Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 10 23270 730886 422490 2026-10-29T03:45:50Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730886 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><templatestyles src="Citakan:Hidden begin/styles.css"/><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible {{#ifeq:{{{showhide|{{{toggle|}}}}}}|left|mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle}} {{#if:{{{expand|{{{expanded|}}}}}}||mw-collapsed}} {{{class|}}}" style="{{#if:{{{width|}}}|width:{{{width}}};}} {{#if:{{{border|}}}|border:{{{border}}};}} {{#if:{{{bgcolor|}}}|background-color:{{{bgcolor}}};color:inherit;}} {{{style|}}}"><!-- --><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="{{#if:{{{ta1|}}}|text-align:{{{ta1}}};}} {{#if:{{{titlebgcolor|}}}|background-color:{{{titlebgcolor}}};color:inherit;}} {{{titlestyle|}}}">{{{title|{{{header|}}}}}}</div><!-- --><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="{{#if:{{{ta2|}}}|text-align:{{{ta2}}};}} {{#if:{{{contentbgcolor|}}}|background-color:{{{contentbgcolor}}};color:inherit;}} {{{contentstyle|{{{bodystyle|}}}}}}"><!-- Content added after the template --></includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> k1u7x799h00z6bxp8w587w055lloqx8 0 26422 730863 728652 2026-10-28T20:35:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Disease | Name = Diabétes méllitus | Image = Blue circle for diabetes.svg | Caption = Lambang buleudan bulao [[Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa|PBB]] pikeun diabétes.<ref>{{cite web |title=IDF Chooses Blue Circle to Represent UN Resolution Campaign |url=http://www.unitefordiabetes.org/news/campaign/idf_chooses_blue_circle_to_represent_un_resolution_campaign/index.html |date=17 March 2006 |publisher=Unite for Diabetes |accessdate=23 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926030232/http://www.unitefordiabetes.org/news/campaign/idf_chooses_blue_circle_to_represent_un_resolution_campaign/index.html |archivedate=26 September 2008 }}</ref> | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|10||e|10}}–{{ICD10|E|14||e|10}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|250}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001214 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 546 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|134}} | MeshName = Diabetes | MeshNumber = C18.452.394.750 }} '''Diabétes mélitus''' ('''''diabetes mellitus'''''; {{IPAEng|ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz}} at. {{IPA|/ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/}}, {{IPA|/məˈlaɪtəs/}} at. {{IPA|/ˈmɛlətəs/}}), atawa 'nénéh'na '''diabétes''', '''diabét''', '''DM''', atawa ceuk urang mah '''kencing manis''' atawa '''kasakit gula''', hartina [[sindrom]] anu cirina mangrupa gangguan [[métabolismeu]] jeung luhurna kadar [[gula getih]] ([[hiperglikemia]]) alatan kurangna [[hormon]] [[insulin]] atawa [[résistansi insulin]] anu dibarung ku kurangna sékrési insulin<ref name="diag">{{cite book | last = L M Tierney, S J McPhee | first = M A Papadakis | title = Current medical Diagnosis & Treatment. International edition | publisher = Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill | date = 2002 | pages = 1203-1215 | location = New York | isbn = 0-07-137688-7 }}</ref>. Gejala nu utamana nyaéta loba kiih ([[poliuria]]), hanaang waé sarta cacai nu asup kaleuleuwihi ([[polidipsia]]), jeung tetempoan rarang-rorong kurang atra. Mun teu pati parna, gejala-gejala kitu téh bisa waé teu karasa ku nu ngalamanana. [[World Health Organization|WHO]] nyebutkeun tilu wangun diabétes: ''[[diabétes mélitus tipeu 1]]'', ''[[diabétes mélitus tipe 2|tipeu 2]]'', jeung ''[[diabétes reuneuh]]'' (narajang ukur nalika [[reuneuh|kakandungan]])<ref name ="WHO1999-DefDiagClass">{{cite web | author=[[World Health Organisation]] Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance | title=Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications | year=1999 | url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=2008-01-23 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030308005119/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf | archivedate=2003-03-08 }}</ref>, balukarna tina rupa-rupa faktor jeung béda-béda sebaranana dina unggal populasi. Najan ieu kasakit téh alatan gagalna [[sél béta]] dina [[pangkréas]] ngahasilkeun insulin nu cukup pikeun ngahalangan hiperglikemia, tapi anu jadi sababna mah béda-béda<ref name=Rother>{{cite journal |last=Rother |first=KI |year=2007 |title=Diabetes Treatment — Bridging the Divide |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=356 |issue=15 |pages=1499-1501 |id= |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/15/1499 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903054037/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/15/1499 |archive-date=2009-09-03 |accessdate=2008-01-23 }}</ref>. Diabétes tipeu 1 biasana alatan karuksakan sél béta [[kasakit otoimun|otoimun]]. Diabétes tipeu 2 dicirikeun ku résistansi insulin dina jaringan tujul, antukna insulin nu dipikabutuh kadarna kudu leuwih luhur anu teu bisa kahontal ku sél béta. Diabétes anu keuna ka nu keur kakandungan sarupa jeung tipeu 2, alatan ayana hormon-hormon dina mangsa kakandungan (pikeun wanoja-wanoja anu sacara génétik gampang kakeunaan) anu ngabalukarkeun résistansi insulin. == Tanda & gejala == [[File:Main symptoms of diabetes.png|thumb|300px|Gejala umum diabétes]] Gejala umum diabétes anu teu ditambaan nyaéta awak ngabegangan, [[poliuria]] (kerep kiih), [[polidipsia]] (gampang hanaang), jeung [[polifagia]] (gampang lapar).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Cooke DW, Plotnick L | title = Type 1 diabetes mellitus in pediatrics | journal = Pediatr Rev | volume = 29 | issue = 11 | pages = 374–84; quiz 385 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18977856 | doi = 10.1542/pir.29-11-374 }}</ref> Pikeun DM tipeu 1, gejala-gejalana bisa katangén pisan dina jangka waktu sababaraha minggu. Anapon dina DM tipeu 2, gejala-gejalana lila pisan atawa bisa jadi teu katémbong karasa ku nu ngalamanana. == Tipe == Panyakit diabétes melitus kabagi jadi dua, nyaéta tipe 1 jeung tipe 2. Diabetes tipe 1 mangrupa panyakit kawedelan awak, waktu antibodi hiji jalma ngaruksak [[Sél (biologi)|sél]]-sél [[Pankreas|pankréas]] anu ngahasilkeun [[insulin]] dina awak jalma. Jalma anu keuna ku panyakit diabetes tipe 1 awakna rada begang, henteu ngahasilkeun insulin, jeung merlukeun suntikan insulin sababaraha kali dina waktu sapoé. Loba di antarana pasién anu kakeunaan alatan ku turunan [[Génétika|gén]] anu tangtu bakal méré kode unsur-unsur dina sistem imun. Sabalikna, diabetes tipe 2 ngalibetkeun ngaronjatna résistansi sél-sél awak kana insulin anu dihasilkeun ku awak sorangan, nepi ka sél-sél gagal nyandak [[glukosa]] dina laju normal. Salila pankreas tiasa ngaréspon ku ngaleupaskeun leuwih loba insulin, résistansi sél-sél ieu bisa diungkulan nepi gula [[getih]] tetep dina wates anu normal. Tapi pamustunganana pankréas bakal kacapéan, nu ngabalukarkeun moal bisa deui ngahasilkeun hormon insulin anu cukup, jadi kadar glukosa naék nu ngabalukarkeun pasién kaserang diabetes. Pasien diabetes tipe 2 biasana deukeut kana obesitas dina awakna.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The World Until Yesterday|last=Diamond|first=Jared|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|year=2017|isbn=9786024241926|pages=538}}</ref> == Patofisiologi == [[File:Glucose-insulin-release.svg|thumb|Mékanismeu sékrési insulin dina sél béta pangkréas normal - produksi insulin kurang leuwih matuh dina sél béta. Leupasna dirangsang ku asupna kadaharan, utamana kadaharan anu ngandung [[glukosa]] anu bisa diserep.]] [[Insulin]] téh hormon utama anu ngatur diserepna [[glukosa]] tina getih kana sél-sél anu aya dina jero awak, utamana [[ati (organ)|haté]], [[otot]], jeung [[jaringan adiposa]]. Ku kituna, kakurangan insulin atawa insénsitivitas [[reséptor (biokimia)|reseptor]]na boga peran penting dina sakabéh bentuk DM.<ref>{{cite web|title=Insulin Basics|url=http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/medication/insulin/insulin-basics.html|publisher=American Diabetes Association|accessdate=24 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214180514/http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/medication/insulin/insulin-basics.html|archivedate=14 February 2014}}</ref> Awak urang narima glukosa tina tilu sumber utama nyaéta peujit tina hasil nyerna kadaharan, [[glikogén]] dina ati, jeung [[glukonéogenesis]].<ref name="GreenspanEndo">{{cite book|last=Shoback|first=edited by David G. Gardner, Dolores|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=9780071622431|edition=9th ed.}}</ref> Insulin penting pikeun ngatur kasaimbangan kadar glukosa dina jero awak. Insulin bisa ngahalangan dibongkarna glukosa tina glikogén jeung glukonéogenesis, ngarangsang diakutna glukosa kana sél lemak jeung otot, sarta ngarangsang direundeunna glukosa dina wangun [[glikogén]].<ref name="GreenspanEndo" /> [[Insulin]] dileupaskeun kana sirkulasi getih ku [[sél béta]] (sél-β) anu aya dina [[islét Langerhans]] dina pangkréas salaku réspons kana naékna kadar glukosa dina sirkulasi, nyaéta sanggeus urang barang tuang. Insulin dipaké ku k.l. dua per tilu sél awak pikeun nyerep glukosa tina sirkulasi keur kawangunna énérgi, konversi jadi molekul anu dipikabutuh, atawa pikeun cadangan tanaga awak. Lamun kadar glukosa dina sirkulasi turun, kadar insulin anu dileupaskeun ku sél-β ogé nuturkeun turun. Ieu prosés diatur ku [[glukagon]], hormon anu fungsina sabalikna tina insulin.<ref name=GanongsPhys>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=Kim E. Barrett, ... [et|title=Ganong's review of medical physiology.|url=https://archive.org/details/ganongsreviewofm0000unse|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=0071780033|edition=24th ed.}}</ref> ==Tamba== DM kaasup [[panyakit kronis]] anu can kapanggih ubarna. Nambaanana ogé museur kana ngajaga sangkan kadar gula getih tetep aya dina wates anu normal (euglikémia) ulah nepi ngabalukarkeun hipoglikémia. Carana ku ngajaga dahareun, olahraga, jeung ubar husus (utamana insulin dina kasus DM tipeu 1). Kadar gula getih anu dijaga penting pisan pikeun ngurangan DM anu beuki parna.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, Raskin P, Zinman B | title = Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2005-12-22_353_25/page/2643 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 353 | issue = 25 | pages = 2643–53 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16371630 | pmc = 2637991 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa052187 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group | title = The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1995-04-15_122_8/page/n54 | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 122 | issue = 8 | pages = 561–8 | date = April 1995 | pmid = 7887548 | doi = 10.1059/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00001 }}</ref> Lian ti éta, perlu ogé niténan kabiasaan anu bisa nambahan parnana ka nu ngalaman DM, nyaéta dipahing nga[[roko]], [[hiperkoléstérolémia]], [[obésitas]], [[hiperténsi]], jeung kurang ngalakukeun [[olahraga]].<ref name=NICE66>{{NICE|66|Type 2 diabetes|2008}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Diabétes| ]] [[Kategori:Gizi]] [[Kategori:Panyakit éndokrin]] 06qzgcs2eizi3n6jds5hnuxvblys0oj 0 30538 730872 729345 2026-10-28T20:56:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730872 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Cholecalciferol-3d.png|thumb|[[Kolékalsiférol]] (D₃)]] '''Vitamin D''' nyaéta sagorombol [[prohormon]] nu leyur-lemak, dua di antarana anu utama nyaéta vitamin D₂ (atawa [[érgokalsiférol]]) jeung vitamin D₃ (atawa [[kolékalsiférol]])<ref name = FactD>{{cite web|url=http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp|title=Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=2007-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716065832/http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp|archivedate=2007-07-16}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716065832/http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp |date=2007-07-16 }}</ref>. Istilah vitamin D ogé nujul ka sakur [[métabolit]] jeung analog ieu zat. Vitamin D₃ dihasilkeun dina kulit nu [[cahya|kasorot]] [[panonpoé]], hususna radiasi B [[ultrabungur]]. Vitamin D gedé gunana dina ngokolakeun sistem [[organ (anatomi)|organ]]<ref name= Merck>{{MerckManual|01|004|k|BABBBEAE|Vitamin D}}</ref>: *Vitamin D ngatur kadar [[kalsium]] jeung [[fosfor]] dina [[getih]] ku cara absorpsi tina katuangan dina [[peujit]] jeung ré-absorpsi kalsium dina [[ginjal]], antukna mineralisasi [[tulang]] bisa lumangsung sakumaha mistina sarta nyegah [[tétanus]] hipokalsémia. Ieu zat ogé dipikabutuh pikeun tumuwuh & mekarna tulang ku [[ostéoblast]] jeung [[ostéoklast]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=van den Berg H |title=Bioavailability of vitamin D |journal=Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=51 Sup. 1 |issue= |pages=S76–9 |year=1997 |month=January |pmid=9023488 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cranney A, Horsley T, O'Donnell S, ''et al.'' |title=Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health |journal=Evid. Rep. Technol. Assess. |volume= |issue=158 |pages=1–235 |year=2007 |month=Agustus |pmid=18088161 |doi= |url=}}</ref>. *Tanpa ayana [[vitamin K]] atawa ubar (hususna pangéncér getih) nu ngaganggu [[métabolismeu]] vitamin K, vitamin D bisa ngarojong [[kalsifikasi]] jaringan leuleus<ref>{{cite journal |author=Price PA, Faus SA, Williamson MK |title=Warfarin-induced artery calcification is accelerated by growth and vitamin D |journal=Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=317–27 |year=2000 |month=Pébruari |pmid=10669626 |doi= |url=http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10669626 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120707184324/http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10669626 |date=2012-07-07 }}</ref>. *Nginhibisi sékrési [[hormon paratiroid]] ti kelenjar [[paratiroid]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Silver J, Russell J, Sherwood LM |title=Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of messenger ribonucleic acid for preproparathyroid hormone in isolated bovine parathyroid cells |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=82 |issue=12 |pages=4270–3 |year=1985 |month=Juni |pmid=3858880 |pmc=397979 |doi= |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3858880}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Silver J, Naveh-Many T, Mayer H, Schmelzer HJ, Popovtzer MM |title=Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of parathyroid hormone gene transcription in vivo in the rat |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=1296–301 |year=1986 |month=Nopémber |pmid=3771798 |pmc=423816 |doi=10.1172/JCI112714 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-investigation_1986-11_78_5/page/1296}}</ref>. *Mangaruhan [[sistem imun]] ku ngarojong [[fagositosis]], aktivitas anti-tumor, jeung fungsi imunomodulatoris<ref name = SciAmNov2007/>. Kakurangan vitamin D bisa disababkeun ku (1) kurangna asupan nu dibarung ku kurang kasorot panonpoé, (2) cacad nu ngawates absorpsina, (3) kaayaan nu ngaganggu konversi vitamin D jadi [[métabolit]] aktif (kayaning cacad/gangguan [[ati]] atawa [[ginjal]]), atawa (4) sababaraha cacad turunan anu ahéng<ref name= Merck/>. Balukarna, mineralisasi tulang jadi kaganggu, nu antukna ngaleuleuskeun tulang, [[rakhitis]] pikeun barudak atanapi [[ostéomalasia]] pikeun nu sawawa, sarta béh dituna kana [[ostéoporosis]]. Najan kitu, kasorot panonpoé ogé henteu salawasna hadé, sabab mun kaleuleuwihi bisa ngabalukarkeun [[kangker kulit]]. == Bentuk == {| class = "prettytable" style = "width:40%; float:right; font-size:90%; margin-left:25px" | width="80px" align="center" |'''Ngaran''' || align="center" | '''Kandungan kimia''' || align="center" | '''Wangun''' |- | align="center" | '''Vitamin D₁''' || sanyawaan [[érgokalsiférol]] jeung [[lumistérol]], 1:1 || align="center" | |- | align="center" |''' Vitamin D₂''' || [[érgokalsiférol]] (tina [[érgostérol]]) || align="center" | [[Image:Ergocalciferol.svg|70px| Aya [[beungkeut ganda]] di luhur-tengah]] |- | align="center" | '''Vitamin D₃'''|| [[kolékalsiférol]] (tina [[7-dehidrokoléstérol]] dina kulit) || align="center" | [[Image:Cholecalciferol.svg|70px]] |- | align="center" | '''Vitamin D₄''' || [[22-dihidroérgokalsiférol]]||align="center"| [[Image:22-Dihydroergocalciferol.svg|70px]] |- | align="center" |'''Vitamin D₅''' || [[sitokalsiférol]] (tina [[7-dehidrositostérol]]) ||align="center" | [[Image:Vitamin D5 structure.svg|80px]] |} Sababaraha bentuk ([[vitamér]]) vitamin D geus kapanggih (tempo tabel). Dua bentuk utama nyaéta vitamin D₂ atawa [[érgokalsiférol]] jeung vitamin D₃ atawa [[kolékalsiférol]], nu duanana katelah '''kalsiférol'''<ref>''Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary'', dina Vitamin (Table of Vitamins)</ref>. Tina jihat kimia, rupa-rupa bentuk vitamin D téh kaasup kana [[sékostéroid]], nyaéta [[stéroid]] anu hiji beungkeut dina cingcin stéroidna pegat<ref name= River>[http://vitamind.ucr.edu/about.html About Vitamin D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115060853/http://vitamind.ucr.edu/about.html |date=2011-11-15 }} Including Sections: History, Nutrition, Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Diseases. University of California Riverside</ref>. Wangun anu béda antara vitamin D₂ jeung vitamin D₃ ukur aya dina [[ranté gigir]]na. Ranté gigir D₂ ngandung beungkeut ganda antara [[karbon]] 22 jeung 23, sarta hiji gugus métil dina karbon 24. Vitamin D₂ diturunkeun tina sumber-sumber nabati ([[fungi]] jeung [[tutuwuhan]]), henteu dijieun ku awak manusa. Vitamin D₃ diturunkeun tina sumber-sumber héwani sarta dijieun dina kulit nalika [[7-dehidrokoléstérol]] karadiasi UVB dina [[panjang gelombang]] 270–300&nbsp;nm, nu puncak sintésisna antara 295-297&nbsp;nm<ref name= Norman>{{cite journal |author=Norman AW |title=Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=1108–10 |year=1998 |month=Juni |pmid=9625080 |doi= |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9625080}}</ref><ref name=MacLaughlin>{{cite journal |author=MacLaughlin JA, Anderson RR, Holick MF |title=Spectral character of sunlight modulates photosynthesis of previtamin D3 and its photoisomers in human skin |journal=Science (journal) |volume=216 |issue=4549 |pages=1001–3 |year=1982 |month=Méi |pmid=6281884 |doi= |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6281884}}</ref>. Ieu panjang gelombang aya dina cahya panonpoé nalika [[indéks UV]]na leuwih ti 3 (aya sapanjang taun di wewengkon [[tropis]], usum panas jeung gugur di wewengkon sedeng, di wewengkon kutub mah teu aya), vitamin D₃ bisa dihasilkeun cukup ku kasorot salila 10-15 menit dua kali saminggu pikeun raray, leungeun, jeung tonggong buligir. Leuwih lila ti éta bakal aya kasatimbangan antara produksi jeung degradasi, antukna jumlah vitaminna mah sakitu-kitu kénéh<ref name="FactD"/>. Dina awak manusa, D₃ jeung D₂ sarua pangaruhna dina ngaronjatkeun kadar hormon vitamin D dina sirkulasi<ref>{{cite journal |author=Holick MF, Biancuzzo RM, Chen TC, ''et al.'' |title=Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=677–81 |year=2008 |month=Maret |pmc=2266966 |pmid=18089691 |doi=10.1210/jc.2007-2308 |url=}}</ref>, najan aya ogé nu nyebutkeun yén D₃ leuwih matih batan D₂<ref>[[Institute of Medicine]]. (2006) ''Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis: Workshop Summary'', [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11767&page=27 kc. 27]. National Academies Press.</ref>. Dina awak séjén [[spésiés]], contona [[beurit]], vitamin D₂ leuwih jétu pangaruhna batan D₃<ref>{{cite journal | author=Coates, M. E. | title=Requirements of different species for vitamins '''Full Text-pdf''' | journal=Proc. Nutr. Soc. | year=1968 | volume=27 | issue=2 | pages=143&ndash;148 | pmid=5755261 | url=http://docstore.ingenta.com/cgi-bin/ds_deliver/1/u/d/ISIS/33840020.1/cabi/pns/1968/00000027/00000002/art00019/89A25EAB89BAB011116525855554705D47CC65A51B.pdf?link=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/error/delivery&format=pdf | doi=10.1079/PNS19680039 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Boh vitamin D₂ atawa D₃ dipaké salaku panambih/suplemén gizi, kaasup bentuk [[farmasi]] [[kalsitriol]] (1alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), doxercalciferol and [[calcipotriene]].<ref name=PDR>Vitamin D; The Physicians Desk Reference. 2006 Thompson Healthcare.</ref> == Biokimia == Vitamin D téh prohormon, hartina teu boga aktivitas [[hormon]] anu mandiri, tapi dirobah jadi hormon aktif 1,25-D dina mékanismeu sintésis anu diatur. Produksi vitamin D di alam ampir salawasna merlukeun ayana sorot cahya UV; samalah vitamin D dina katuangan gé diturunkeun tina [[organismeu]], ti [[su'ung]] nepi ka héwani, nu teu bisa nyieun sorangan iwal mun aya cahya UV. Pikeun conto, vitamin D dina lauk asalna tina ganggang nu nyintésis éta zat dina cai dé'ét nu katojo ku UV panonpoé. === Produksi dina kulit === [[Image:Skinlayers.png|thumb|250px|right|Lapisan/strata épidermal dina [[kulit]]. Vitamin D paling loba dihasilkeun dina stratum basale (kelir [[beureum]] dina gambar) jeung stratum spinosum (kelir [[oranyeu]]).]] Kulit téh kabagi jadi dua lapisan utama: (1) lapisan jero nu disebut [[dermis]] nu lolobana diwangun ku [[jaringan konéktif]] jeung (2) [[épidermis (kulit)|épidermis]], bagian luar anu leuwih ipis. Épidermis diwangun ku lima ''strata'' nu urutanana (ti luar ka jero) [[stratum corneum]], [[stratum lucidum]], [[stratum granulosum]], [[stratum spinosum]], jeung [[stratum basale]]. Vitamin D₃ dijieun ku cara fotokimia dina [[kulit]] tina [[7-dehidrokoléstérol]] nu paling loba numpuk dina lapisan épidermal, utamana dina stratum basale jeung stratum spinosum<ref name="Norman"/>. Ku kituna, produksi pra-vitamin D₃ paling loba dina dua stratum éta. <!-- Synthesis in the skin involves [[UVB radiation]] which effectively penetrates only the epidermal layers of skin. While 7-Dehydrocholesterol absorbs UV light at [[wavelength]]s between 270–300 [[nanometer|nm]], optimal synthesis occurs in a narrow band of UVB spectra between 295-300 nm. Peak isomerization is found at 297 nm. This narrow segment is sometimes referred to as D-UV.<ref name=MacLaughlin>{{cite journal |author=MacLaughlin JA, Anderson RR, Holick MF |title=Spectral character of sunlight modulates photosynthesis of previtamin D3 and its photoisomers in human skin |journal=Science (journal) |volume=216 |issue=4549 |pages=1001–3 |year=1982 |month=May |pmid=6281884 |doi= |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6281884}}</ref> The two most important factors that govern the generation of pre-vitamin D₃ are the quantity (intensity) and quality (appropriate wavelength) of the UVB irradiation reaching the 7-dehydrocholesterol deep in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum.<ref name= Norman/> A critical determinant of vitamin D₃ production in the skin is the presence and concentration of [[melanin]]. Melanin functions as a light filter in the skin, and therefore the concentration of melanin in the skin is related to the ability of UVB light to penetrate the epidermal strata and reach the 7-dehydrocholesterol-containing stratum basale and stratum spinosum. Under normal circumstances, ample quantities of 7-dehydrocholesterol (about 25-50 [[microgram|µg]]/[[Centimetre|cm]]² of skin) are available in the stratum spinosum and stratum basale of human skin to meet the body's vitamin D requirements,<ref name= Norman/> and melanin content does not alter the amount of vitamin D that can be produced.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Haddad JG, Kolm P, Hollis BW |title=Racial pigmentation and the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=536–8 |year=1991 |month=April |pmid=1848745 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Thus, individuals with higher skin melanin content will simply require more time in sunlight to produce the same amount of vitamin D as individuals with lower melanin content. As noted below, the amount of time an individual requires to produce a given amount of Vitamin D may also depend upon the person's distance from the equator and on the season of the year. <br style="clear:both" /> ===Synthesis mechanism (form 3)=== <table border=1><tr><td> Vitamin D₃ is synthesized from [[7-dehydrocholesterol]], a derivative of [[cholesterol]], which is then [[photochemistry|photolyzed]] by ultraviolet light in 6-electron [[conrotatory]] [[electrocyclic reaction]]. The product is ''[[previtamin D3|pre-vitamin D₃]]''.</td><td> [[Image:Reaction-Dehydrocholesterol-PrevitaminD3.png|400px]]</td></tr> <tr><td> Pre-vitamin D₃ then spontaneously [[Isomer|isomerize]]s to Vitamin D₃ in a [[antarafacial]] hydride [1,7] [[Sigmatropic shift]].</td><td> [[Image:Reaction-PrevitaminD3-VitaminD3.png|400px]]</td></tr> <tr><td> Whether it is made in the skin or ingested, vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol) is then [[hydroxylated]] in the [[liver]] to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D₃ or [[calcidiol]]) by the enzyme [[25-hydroxylase]] produced by [[hepatocytes]], and stored until it is needed. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is further hydroxylated in the [[kidneys]] by the enzyme [[1α-hydroxylase]], into two dihydroxylated metabolites, the main biologically active hormone 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D₃ or calcitriol) and 24R,25(OH)2D₃. This conversion occurs in a tightly regulated fashion, with renal 1α-hydroxylase being stimulated by either [[PTH|parathyroid hormone]] or [[hypophosphatemia]]. Calcitriol is represented below right (hydroxylated Carbon 1 is on the lower ring at right, hydroxylated Carbon 25 is at the upper right end).</td><td> [[Image:Reaction-VitaminiD3-Calcitriol.png|400px]]</td></tr></table> ===Mechanism of action=== After vitamin D is produced in the skin or consumed in food, it is converted in the [[liver]] and [[kidney]] to form 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, (1,25(OH)₂D) the physiologically active form of vitamin D (when "D" is used without a subscript it refers to either D₂ or D₃). This metabolically active form of vitamin D is known as calcitriol. Following this conversion, calcitriol is released into the circulation, and by binding to a carrier protein in the [[blood plasma|plasma]], [[GC (gene)|vitamin D binding protein (VDBP)]], it is transported to various target organs.<ref name= River>[http://vitamind.ucr.edu/about.html About Vitamin D] Including Sections: History, Nutrition, Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Diseases. University of California Riverside</ref> The hormonally active form of vitamin D mediates its biological effects by binding to the [[vitamin D receptor]] (VDR), which is principally located in the [[Cell nucleus|nuclei]] of target cells.<ref name= River/> The binding of calcitriol to the VDR allows the VDR to act as a [[transcription factor]] that modulates the [[gene expression]] of transport proteins (such as [[TRPV6]] and [[calbindin]]), which are involved in calcium absorption in the intestine. The Vitamin D receptor belongs to the [[nuclear receptor]] superfamily of [[Steroid hormone receptor|steroid/thyroid hormone receptors]], and VDR are expressed by cells in most [[organ (biology)|organs]], including the [[brain]], [[heart]], [[skin]], [[gonads]], [[prostate]], and [[breast]]. VDR activation in the intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland cells leads to the maintenance of [[calcium]] and [[phosphorus]] levels in the [[blood]] (with the assistance of [[parathyroid hormone]] and [[calcitonin]]) and to the maintenance of [[bone]] content.<ref name= Sun>{{cite journal | author=Holick MF | title=Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease | journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition '''Full Text''' | year=2004 | pages=1678S–88S| volume=80 | issue=6 | url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/6/1678S | pmid=15585788 }}</ref> The VDR is known to be involved in [[cell proliferation]] and [[cellular differentiation|differentiation]]. Vitamin D also [[#Role in immunomodulation|affects the immune system]], and VDR are expressed in several [[white blood cell]]s including [[monocyte]]s and activated [[T cell|T]] and [[B cell]]s.<ref name=PDR>[http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/vit_0265.shtml Vitamin D] The Physicians Desk Reference. 2006 Thompson Healthcare.</ref> --> == Rujukan == <!-- --------------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref> & </ref> tags and the {{Reflist}} template -------------------------------------------------------------------- --> * ''[[:en:Vitamin D|Vitamin D]]''. Wikipédia basa Inggris (disalin 4 Maret 2009). {{Reflist|2}} == Bacaan salajengna == *[http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp Vitamin D Fact Sheet] ti [[National Institutes of Health]] [[AS]] *[http://www.dairycouncilofca.org/PDFs/vitaminD.pdf Vitamin D: An Old Vitamin With New Health Implications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227133235/http://www.dairycouncilofca.org/PDFs/vitaminD.pdf |date=2009-02-27 }} *{{dmoz|Health/Nutrition/Nutrients/Vitamins_and_Minerals/Vitamin_D/}} *[http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.txt.asp?a=414 History of Vitamin D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204111737/http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.txt.asp?a=414 |date=2013-02-04 }} *[http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/ The Vitamin D Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509091115/http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * {{cite journal |author=Tavera-Mendoza LE, White JH |title=Cell defenses and the sunshine vitamin |journal=Sci. Am. |volume=297 |issue=5 |pages=62–5, 68–70, 72 |year=2007 |month=Nopémber |pmid=17990825 |doi= |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=cell-defenses-and-the-sunshine-vitamin }} *Quirks & Quarks, CBC Radio. 7 Juni 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080611041538/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/archives/07-08/jun07.html The Vitamin D Miracle Cure] Pintonan kaélmuan ti Kanada nu diasuh ku [[Bob McDonald (wartawan)|Bob McDonald]] *[http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2007/may2007_report_vitamind_03.htm Leuwih ti saratus rujukan ilmiah]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{vitamin}} {{hormon}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Vitamin|D]] sdm3c95da53uhgrtk1xw2bveh5antpe 10 44232 730882 451274 2026-10-29T03:30:06Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cmbox | type = notice | image = [[File:Category.svg|80px|alt=|link=]] | text =<div style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold; width: 87%; margin: 0px auto 0px 0px">Ieu téh mangrupa [[:Category:Kategori keur nyusud|kategori keur nyusud]]</div>''Dipaké keur ngawangun tur ngaropéa daptar kaca&mdash;utamana mah keur kapentingan daptarna sorangan. Lain bagian tina '''[[Wikipedia:Kategorisasi|pola kategorisasi énsiklopédia]]'''.''{{#if:{{{text|}}}|<br />{{{text|}}}}}__HIDDENCAT__ {{cot|b-color=transparent|bg=transparent|left=yes|Informasi tambahan:|border2=transparent|bg2=transparent|width=95%}} * Kategori ieu téh '''[[Wikipedia:Kategorisasi#Nyumputkeun kategori|teu ditémbongkeun]]''' dina [[:Category:Hidden categories|kaca nu dibéré kategori ieu]]&mdash;kajaba lamun [[Special:Preferences|préferénsi pamaké]] diatur pikeun némbongkeun kategori nu nyarumput. * Kategori ieu dipaké keur nyusud, nyusun jeung ngatur daptar kaca nu merlukeun "perhatosan sacara ''massal''" (misalna, kaca nu maké [[Sintaks|sintaksis]] nu teu dipaké deui), atawa kaca kalawan kasalahan sintaksis nu teu sakabéh pamaké mampuh pikeun ngédit éta. * Kategori ieu ogé ngalayanan pikeun ngahijikeun anggota tina sababaraha daptar atawa subkategori kana daptar nu leuwih gedé jeung leuwih éfisién (''dibédakeun ku klasifikasi''). {{Cob}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{container}}}|yes|{{CatTrack|Error=no}}{{Cmbox | type = notice | text = Ieu téh mangrupa '''[[:Kategori:Wadah kategori|wadah kategori]]'''. Alatan hontalanana, ieu kategori ''ukur'' ngandung '''[[Wikipedia:Kategorisasi#Subkategorisasi|subkategori]]'''. <includeonly>{{Single namespace|category|[[Kategori:Wadah kategori]]}}</includeonly>}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|<p>{{{1}}}|}} }}<includeonly>{{Single namespace|category|{{#ifeq:{{{category|}}}|no||{{{category|[[Kategori:Kategori keur nyusud]]}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> olqreppd9m0dzewp952ztufk51c460z 730883 730882 2026-10-29T03:31:17Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cmbox | type = notice | image = [[File:Category.svg|80px|alt=|link=]] | text =<div style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold; width: 87%; margin: 0px auto 0px 0px">Ieu téh mangrupa [[:Category:Kategori keur nyusud|kategori keur nyusud]]</div>''Dipaké keur ngawangun tur ngaropéa daptar kaca&mdash;utamana mah keur kapentingan daptarna sorangan. Lain bagian tina '''[[Wikipedia:Kategorisasi|pola kategorisasi énsiklopédia]]'''.''{{#if:{{{text|}}}|<br />{{{text|}}}}}__HIDDENCAT__ {{cot|b-color=transparent|bg=transparent|left=yes|Informasi tambahan:|border2=transparent|bg2=transparent|width=95%}} * Kategori ieu téh '''[[Wikipedia:Kategorisasi#Nyumputkeun kategori|teu ditémbongkeun]]''' dina [[:Kategori:Kategori nu nyarumput|kaca nu dibéré kategori ieu]]&mdash;kajaba lamun [[Special:Preferences|préferénsi pamaké]] diatur pikeun némbongkeun kategori nu nyarumput. * Kategori ieu dipaké keur nyusud, nyusun jeung ngatur daptar kaca nu merlukeun "perhatosan sacara ''massal''" (misalna, kaca nu maké [[Sintaks|sintaksis]] nu teu dipaké deui), atawa kaca kalawan kasalahan sintaksis nu teu sakabéh pamaké mampuh pikeun ngédit éta. * Kategori ieu ogé ngalayanan pikeun ngahijikeun anggota tina sababaraha daptar atawa subkategori kana daptar nu leuwih gedé jeung leuwih éfisién (''dibédakeun ku klasifikasi''). {{Cob}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{container}}}|yes|{{CatTrack|Error=no}}{{Cmbox | type = notice | text = Ieu téh mangrupa '''[[:Kategori:Wadah kategori|wadah kategori]]'''. Alatan hontalanana, ieu kategori ''ukur'' ngandung '''[[Wikipedia:Kategorisasi#Subkategorisasi|subkategori]]'''. <includeonly>{{Single namespace|category|[[Kategori:Wadah kategori]]}}</includeonly>}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|<p>{{{1}}}|}} }}<includeonly>{{Single namespace|category|{{#ifeq:{{{category|}}}|no||{{{category|[[Kategori:Kategori keur nyusud]]}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> bbzlv8r127xo6da4qoz6q0l2vi2j2nt 730884 730883 2026-10-29T03:39:51Z Rafka Aditia 29183 /* */ 730884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cmbox | type = notice | image = [[File:Category.svg|80px|alt=|link=]] | text =<div style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold; width: 87%; margin: 0px auto 0px 0px">Ieu téh mangrupa [[:Category:Kategori keur nyusud|kategori keur nyusud]]</div>''Dipaké keur ngawangun tur ngaropéa daptar kaca{{#if:{{{template|{{{templat|{{{citakan|}}}}}}}}}|&#32;nu maké {{tl|{{{template|{{{templat|{{{citakan}}}}}}}}}}}|}}&mdash;utamana mah keur kapentingan daptarna sorangan. Lain bagian tina '''[[Wikipedia:Kategorisasi|pola kategorisasi énsiklopédia]]'''.''{{#if:{{{text|}}}|<br />{{{text|}}}}}__HIDDENCAT__ {{Hidden begin|title=Informasi selengkapnya:|style=width:95%;margin:auto;font-size:100%}} * Kategori ieu téh '''[[Wikipedia:Kategorisasi#Nyumputkeun kategori|teu ditémbongkeun]]''' dina [[:Kategori:Kategori nu nyarumput|kaca nu dibéré kategori ieu]]&mdash;kajaba lamun [[Special:Preferences|préferénsi pamaké]] diatur pikeun némbongkeun kategori nu nyarumput. * Kategori ieu dipaké keur nyusud, nyusun jeung ngatur daptar kaca nu merlukeun "perhatosan sacara ''massal''" (misalna, kaca nu maké [[Sintaks|sintaksis]] nu teu dipaké deui), atawa kaca kalawan kasalahan sintaksis nu teu sakabéh pamaké mampuh pikeun ngédit éta. * Kategori ieu ogé ngalayanan pikeun ngahijikeun anggota tina sababaraha daptar atawa subkategori kana daptar nu leuwih gedé jeung leuwih éfisién (''dibédakeun ku klasifikasi''). {{Hidden end}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{container}}}|yes|{{CatTrack|Error=no}}{{Cmbox | type = notice | text = Ieu téh mangrupa '''[[:Kategori:Wadah kategori|wadah kategori]]'''. Alatan hontalanana, ieu kategori ''ukur'' ngandung '''[[Wikipedia:Kategorisasi#Subkategorisasi|subkategori]]'''. <includeonly>{{Single namespace|category|[[Kategori:Wadah kategori]]}}</includeonly>}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|<p>{{{1}}}|}} }}<includeonly>{{Single namespace|category|{{#ifeq:{{{category|}}}|no||{{{category|[[Kategori:Kategori keur nyusud]]}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> 8lcwjwa0qlykrw7oancpmg40d55fbff 10 44233 730881 700101 2026-10-29T03:14:09Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Mindahkeun ka [[Citakan:Kategori keur nyusud]] 730881 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Citakan:Kategori keur nyusud]] pu7vvatw66t8l9je0qbfgwx6t9h84fs 828 44264 730880 730728 2026-10-29T03:02:18Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Narjamahkeun 730880 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); -- make a language object for the local language; used here for languages and dates --[[--------------------------< S E T T I N G S >-------------------------------------------------------------- boolean settings used to control various things. these setting located here to make them easy to find ]] -- these settings local to this module only local local_digits_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local_digits'] from MediaWiki; manual fill required else; always false at en.wiki local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short'] from MediaWiki; -- manual translation required else; ; always false at en.wiki -- these settings exported to other modules local use_identifier_redirects = true; -- when true use redirect name for identifier label links; always true at en.wiki local local_lang_cat_enable = false; -- when true categorizes pages where |language=<local wiki's language>; always false at en.wiki local date_name_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates English month-names to the local-wiki's language month names; always false at en.wiki local date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates Western date digit to the local-wiki's language digits (date_names['local_digits']); always false at en.wiki local enable_sort_keys = true; -- when true module adds namespace sort keys to error and maintenance category links --[[--------------------------< U N C A T E G O R I Z E D _ N A M E S P A C E S >------------------------------ List of namespaces identifiers for namespaces that will not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default. For wikis that have a current version of Module:cs1 documentation support, this #invoke will return an unordered list of namespace names and their associated identifiers: {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|uncategorized_namespace_lister|all=<anything>}} ]] local uncategorized_namespaces_t = {[2]=true}; -- init with user namespace id for k, _ in pairs (mw.site.talkNamespaces) do -- add all talk namespace ids uncategorized_namespaces_t[k] = true; end local uncategorized_subpages = {'/[Kk]otrétan', '/[Kk]asus uji', '/[^/]*[Ll]og', '/[Aa]rsip'}; -- list of Lua patterns found in page names of pages we should not categorize --[[ at en.wiki Greek characters are used as sort keys for certain items in a category so that those items are placed at the end of a category page. See Wikipedia:Categorization#Sort_keys. That works well for en.wiki because English is written using the Latn script. This may not work well for other languages. At en.wiki it is desireable to place content from certain namespaces at the end of a category listing so the module adds sort keys to error and maintenance category links when rendering a cs1|2 template on a page in that namespace. i18n: if this does not work well for your language, set <enable_sort_keys> to false. ]] local name_space_sort_keys = { -- sort keys to be used with these namespaces: [4] = 'ω', -- wikipedia; omega [10] = 'τ', -- template; tau [118] = 'Δ', -- draft; delta ['other'] = 'ο', -- all other non-talk namespaces except main (article); omicron } --[[--------------------------< M E S S A G E S >-------------------------------------------------------------- Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] local messages = { ['agency'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is agency ['archived-dead'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti $1 tanggal $2', ['archived-live'] = '$1 ti vérsi aslina tanggal $2', ['archived-missing'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti vérsi asli $1 tanggal $2', ['archived-unfit'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti vérsi asli pada ', ['archived'] = 'Diarsipkeun', ['by'] = 'Ku', -- contributions to authored works: introduction, foreword, afterword ['cartography'] = 'Kartografi ku $1', ['editor'] = 'éd.', ['editors'] = 'éd.', ['edition'] = '(Édisi $1)', ['episode'] = 'Épisode $1', ['et al'] = 'et&nbsp;al.', ['in'] = 'Dina', -- edited works ['inactive'] = 'teu aktip', ['inset'] = 'insét $1', ['interview'] = 'Diwawancara ku $1', ['mismatch'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code> mismatch', -- $1 is year param name; $2 is date param name ['newsgroup'] = '[[Usenet newsgroup|Newsgroup]]:&nbsp;$1', ['notitle'] = 'Tanpa judul', -- for |title=(()) and (in the future) |title=none ['original'] = 'asli', ['origdate'] = ' [$1]', ['published'] = ' (dipublikasikeun $1)', ['retrieved'] = 'Diaksés tanggal $1', ['season'] = 'Musim $1', ['section'] = '§&nbsp;$1', ['sections'] = '§§&nbsp;$1', ['series'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is series ['seriesnum'] = 'Séri $1', ['translated'] = 'Ditarjamahkeun ku $1', ['type'] = ' ($1)', -- for titletype ['written'] = 'Ditulis ku $1', ['vol'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; bold journal style volume is in presentation{} ['vol-no'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, no.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, issue (alternatively insert $1 after $2, but then we'd also have to change capitalization) ['issue'] = '$1 No.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['art'] = '$1 Art.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; for {{cite conference}} only ['vol-art'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, art.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, article-number; for {{cite conference}} only ['j-vol'] = '$1 $2', -- sepc, volume; bold journal volume is in presentation{} ['j-issue'] = ' ($1)', ['j-article-num'] = ' $1', -- TODO: any punctuation here? static text? ['nopp'] = '$1 $2'; -- page(s) without prefix; $1 is sepc ['p-prefix'] = "$1 hlm.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['pp-prefix'] = "$1 hlm.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['j-page(s)'] = ': $1', -- same for page and pages ['sheet'] = '$1 Lembar&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['sheets'] = '$1 Lembar&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['j-sheet'] = ': Lembar&nbsp;$1', ['j-sheets'] = ': Lembar&nbsp;$1', ['language'] = '(Dina basa $1)', ['via'] = " &ndash; via $1", ['event'] = 'Kajadian di', ['minutes'] = 'menit di', -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = ' ', ['help page label'] = ' ', -- categories ['cat wikilink'] = '[[Kategori:$1]]', -- $1 is the category name ['cat wikilink sk'] = '[[Kategori:$1|$2]]', -- $1 is the category name; $2 is namespace sort key [':cat wikilink'] = '[[:Kategori:$1|tumbu]]', -- category name as maintenance message wikilink; $1 is the category name -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Dipanggil kalawan kondisi kasalahan nu teu ditangtukeun', ['unknown_ID_key'] = 'Konci ID teu dipikanyaho: ', -- an ID key in id_handlers not found in ~/Identifiers func_map{} ['unknown_ID_access'] = 'Kata kunci akses ID tidak dikenal: ', -- an ID access keyword in id_handlers not found in keywords_lists['id-access']{} ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Peta argumén teu ditangtukeun pikeun variabel ieu', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'URL kosong kapanggih tapi indikator asal nyaéta nihil atawa kosong', ['warning_msg_e'] = '<span style="color:#d33">Hiji atawa leuwih citakan <code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code> ngabogaan kasalahan</span>; talatah bisa disumputkeun ([[Help:Galat_CS1#Controlling_error_message_display|pitulung]]).'; -- $1 is template link ['warning_msg_m'] = '<span style="color:#3a3">Hiji atawa leuwih citakan <code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code> ngabogaan talatah pamiaraan</span>; talatah bisa disumputkeun ([[Help:Galat_CS1#Controlling_error_message_display|pitulung]]).'; -- $1 is template link } --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N _ C L A S S _ M A P >------------------------------------------ this table maps the value assigned to |CitationClass= in the cs1|2 templates to the canonical template name when the value assigned to |CitationClass= is different from the canonical template name. |CitationClass= values are used as class attributes in the <cite> tag that encloses the citation so these names may not contain spaces while the canonical template name may. These names are used in warning_msg_e and warning_msg_m to create links to the template's documentation when an article is displayed in preview mode. Most cs1|2 template |CitationClass= values at en.wiki match their canonical template names so are not listed here. ]] local citation_class_map_t = { -- TODO: if kept, these and all other config.CitationClass 'names' require some sort of i18n ['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['audio-visual'] = 'AV media', ['AV-media-notes'] = 'AV media notes', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['encyclopaedia'] = 'encyclopedia', ['mailinglist'] = 'mailing list', ['medrxiv'] = 'medRxiv', ['pressrelease'] = 'press release', ['ssrn'] = 'SSRN', ['techreport'] = 'tech report', } --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in name text (author, editor, etc.). The main module uses these to identify and emit the 'etal' message. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. "%[%[ *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%]%]", -- a wikilinked form "%(%( *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%)%)", -- a double-bracketed form (to counter partial removal of ((...)) syntax) "[%(%[] *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *[%)%]]", -- a bracketed form } --[[--------------------------< P R E S E N T A T I O N >------------------------ Fixed presentation markup. Originally part of citation_config.messages it has been moved into its own, more semantically correct place. ]] local presentation = { -- .citation-comment class is specified at Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display ['hidden-error'] = '<span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['hidden-maint'] = '<span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">$1</span>', ['accessdate'] = '<span class="reference-accessdate">$1$2</span>', -- to allow editors to hide accessdate using personal CSS ['bdi'] = '<bdi$1>$2</bdi>', -- bidirectional isolation used with |script-title= and the like ['cite'] = '<cite class="$1">$2</cite>'; -- for use when citation does not have a namelist and |ref= not set so no id="..." attribute ['cite-id'] = '<cite id="$1" class="$2">$3</cite>'; -- for use when when |ref= is set or when citation has a namelist ['format'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">($1)</span>', -- for |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. ['interwiki'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[in $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-language-linked author, editor, etc ['interproj'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[at $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-project-linked author, editor, etc (:d: and :s: supported; :w: ignored) -- various access levels, for |access=, |doi-access=, |arxiv=, ... -- narrow no-break space &#8239; may work better than nowrap CSS. Or not? Browser support? ['ext-link-access-signal'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', -- external link with appropriate lock icon ['free'] = {class='id-lock-free', title='Freely accessible'}, -- classes defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css ['registration'] = {class='id-lock-registration', title='Free registration required'}, ['limited'] = {class='id-lock-limited', title='Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required'}, ['subscription'] = {class='id-lock-subscription', title='Paid subscription required'}, ['interwiki-icon'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', ['class-wikisource'] = 'cs1-ws-icon', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['kern-left'] = '<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>$1', -- spacing to use when title contains leading single or double quote mark ['kern-right'] = '$1<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>', -- spacing to use when title contains trailing single or double quote mark ['nowrap1'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span>', -- for nowrapping an item: <span ...>yyyy-mm-dd</span> ['nowrap2'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span> $2', -- for nowrapping portions of an item: <span ...>dd mmmm</span> yyyy (note white space) ['ocins'] = '<span title="$1" class="Z3988"></span>', ['parameter'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', ['ps_cs1'] = '.'; -- CS1 style postscript (terminal) character ['ps_cs2'] = ''; -- CS2 style postscript (terminal) character (empty string) ['quoted-text'] = '<q>$1</q>', -- for wrapping |quote= content ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['sep_cs1'] = '.', -- CS1 element separator ['sep_cs2'] = ',', -- CS2 separator ['sep_nl'] = ';', -- CS1|2 style name-list separator between names is a semicolon ['sep_nl_and'] = ' and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 2 items ['sep_nl_end'] = '; and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 3+ names ['sep_name'] = ', ', -- CS1|2 style last/first separator is <comma><space> ['sep_nl_vanc'] = ',', -- Vancouver style name-list separator between authors is a comma ['sep_name_vanc'] = ' ', -- Vancouver style last/first separator is a space ['sep_list'] = ', ', -- used for |language= when list has 3+ items except for last sep which uses sep_list_end ['sep_list_pair'] = ' and ', -- used for |language= when list has 2 items ['sep_list_end'] = ', and ', -- used as last list sep for |language= when list has 3+ items ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;''$1''&#93;", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", -- for |trans-title= and |trans-quote= ['vol-bold'] = '$1 <b>$2</b>', -- sepc, volume; for bold journal cites; for other cites ['vol'] in messages{} } --[[--------------------------< A L I A S E S >--------------------------------- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters. Parameter names on the right side in the assignments in this table must have been defined in the Whitelist before they will be recognized as valid parameter names ]] local aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = {'access-date', 'accessdate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArchiveFormat'] = 'archive-format', ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArticleNumber'] = 'article-number', ['ASINTLD'] = 'asin-tld', ['At'] = 'at', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Authors'] = {'people', 'credits'}, ['BookTitle'] = {'book-title', 'booktitle'}, ['Cartography'] = 'cartography', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article', 'section'}, ['ChapterFormat'] = {'chapter-format', 'contribution-format', 'entry-format', 'article-format', 'section-format'}; ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'contribution-url', 'entry-url', 'article-url', 'section-url'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ChapterUrlAccess'] = {'chapter-url-access', 'contribution-url-access', 'entry-url-access', 'article-url-access', 'section-url-access'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Class'] = 'class', -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifier ['Collaboration'] = 'collaboration', ['Conference'] = {'conference', 'event'}, ['ConferenceFormat'] = 'conference-format', ['ConferenceURL'] = 'conference-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Date'] = {'date', 'air-date', 'airdate'}, -- air-date and airdate for cite episode and cite serial only ['Degree'] = 'degree', ['DF'] = 'df', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {'display-authors', 'display-subjects'}, ['DisplayContributors'] = 'display-contributors', ['DisplayEditors'] = 'display-editors', ['DisplayInterviewers'] = 'display-interviewers', ['DisplayTranslators'] = 'display-translators', ['Docket'] = 'docket', ['DoiBroken'] = 'doi-broken-date', ['Edition'] = 'edition', ['Embargo'] = 'pmc-embargo-date', ['Encyclopedia'] = {'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['Episode'] = 'episode', -- cite serial only TODO: make available to cite episode? ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID'}, ['Inset'] = 'inset', ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'lang'}, ['MailingList'] = {'mailing-list', 'mailinglist'}, -- cite mailing list only ['Map'] = 'map', -- cite map only ['MapFormat'] = 'map-format', -- cite map only ['MapURL'] = {'map-url', 'mapurl'}, -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['MapUrlAccess'] = 'map-url-access', -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Mode'] = 'mode', ['NameListStyle'] = 'name-list-style', ['Network'] = 'network', ['Newsgroup'] = 'newsgroup', -- cite newsgroup only ['NoPP'] = {'no-pp', 'nopp'}, ['NoTracking'] = {'no-tracking', 'template-doc-demo'}, ['Number'] = 'number', -- this case only for cite techreport ['OrigDate'] = {'orig-date', 'orig-year', 'origyear'}, ['Others'] = 'others', ['Page'] = {'page', 'p'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Pages'] = {'pages', 'pp'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'website', 'work'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publication-date', 'publicationdate'}, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace'}, ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'institution'}, ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['QuotePage'] = 'quote-page', ['QuotePages'] = 'quote-pages', ['Ref'] = 'ref', ['Scale'] = 'scale', ['ScriptChapter'] = {'script-chapter', 'script-contribution', 'script-entry', 'script-article', 'script-section'}, ['ScriptEncyclopedia'] = {'script-encyclopedia', 'script-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['ScriptMap'] = 'script-map', ['ScriptPeriodical'] = {'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-website', 'script-work'}, ['ScriptQuote'] = 'script-quote', ['ScriptTitle'] = 'script-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Season'] = 'season', ['Sections'] = 'sections', -- cite map only ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesLink'] = {'series-link', 'serieslink'}, ['SeriesNumber'] = {'series-number', 'series-no'}, ['Sheet'] = 'sheet', -- cite map only ['Sheets'] = 'sheets', -- cite map only ['Station'] = 'station', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = 'time-caption', ['Title'] = 'title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleLink'] = {'title-link', 'episode-link', 'episodelink'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleNote'] = {'title-note', 'department'}, ['TitleType'] = {'type', 'medium'}, ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-article', 'trans-chapter', 'trans-contribution', 'trans-entry', 'trans-section'}, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptFormat'] = 'transcript-format', ['TranscriptURL'] = 'transcript-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TransEncyclopedia'] = {'trans-encyclopedia', 'trans-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['TransMap'] = 'trans-map', -- cite map only ['TransPeriodical'] = {'trans-journal', 'trans-magazine', 'trans-newspaper', 'trans-periodical', 'trans-website', 'trans-work'}, ['TransQuote'] = 'trans-quote', ['TransTitle'] = 'trans-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlAccess'] = 'url-access', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlStatus'] = 'url-status', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Vauthors'] = 'vauthors', ['Veditors'] = 'veditors', ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"first#", "author-first#", "author#-first", "author-given#", "author#-given", "subject-first#", "subject#-first", "subject-given#", "subject#-given", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"last#", "author-last#", "author#-last", "author-surname#", "author#-surname", "subject-last#", "subject#-last", "subject-surname#", "subject#-surname", "author#", 'host#', "subject#", "surname#"}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author-link#", "author#-link", "subject-link#", "subject#-link", "authorlink#", "author#link"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author-mask#", "author#-mask", "subject-mask#", "subject#-mask"}, ['ContributorList-First'] = {'contributor-first#', 'contributor#-first', 'contributor-given#', 'contributor#-given'}, ['ContributorList-Last'] = {'contributor-last#', 'contributor#-last', 'contributor-surname#', 'contributor#-surname', 'contributor#'}, ['ContributorList-Link'] = {'contributor-link#', 'contributor#-link'}, ['ContributorList-Mask'] = {'contributor-mask#', 'contributor#-mask'}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor-first#", "editor#-first", "editor-given#", "editor#-given"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor-last#", "editor#-last", "editor-surname#", "editor#-surname", "editor#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor-link#", "editor#-link"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor-mask#", "editor#-mask"}, ['InterviewerList-First'] = {'interviewer-first#', 'interviewer#-first', 'interviewer-given#', 'interviewer#-given'}, ['InterviewerList-Last'] = {'interviewer-last#', 'interviewer#-last', 'interviewer-surname#', 'interviewer#-surname', 'interviewer#'}, ['InterviewerList-Link'] = {'interviewer-link#', 'interviewer#-link'}, ['InterviewerList-Mask'] = {'interviewer-mask#', 'interviewer#-mask'}, ['TranslatorList-First'] = {'translator-first#', 'translator#-first', 'translator-given#', 'translator#-given'}, ['TranslatorList-Last'] = {'translator-last#', 'translator#-last', 'translator-surname#', 'translator#-surname', 'translator#'}, ['TranslatorList-Link'] = {'translator-link#', 'translator#-link'}, ['TranslatorList-Mask'] = {'translator-mask#', 'translator#-mask'}, } --[[--------------------------< P U N C T _ S K I P >--------------------------- builds a table of parameter names that the extraneous terminal punctuation check should not check. ]] local punct_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'BookTitle', 'Chapter', 'ScriptChapter', 'ScriptTitle', 'Title', 'TransChapter', 'Transcript', 'TransMap', 'TransTitle', -- title-holding parameters 'AuthorList-Mask', 'ContributorList-Mask', 'EditorList-Mask', 'InterviewerList-Mask', 'TranslatorList-Mask', -- name-list mask may have name separators 'PostScript', 'Quote', 'ScriptQuote', 'TransQuote', 'Ref', -- miscellaneous 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- URL-holding parameters } local url_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'ID', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- parameters allowed to hold urls 'Page', 'Pages', 'At', 'QuotePage', 'QuotePages', -- insource locators allowed to hold urls } local function build_skip_table (skip_t, meta_params) for _, meta_param in ipairs (meta_params) do -- for each meta parameter key local params = aliases[meta_param]; -- get the parameter or the table of parameters associated with the meta parameter name if 'string' == type (params) then skip_t[params] = 1; -- just a single parameter else for _, param in ipairs (params) do -- get the parameter name skip_t[param] = 1; -- add the parameter name to the skip table local count; param, count = param:gsub ('#', ''); -- remove enumerator marker from enumerated parameters if 0 ~= count then -- if removed skip_t[param] = 1; -- add param name without enumerator marker end end end end return skip_t; end local punct_skip = {}; local url_skip = {}; --[[--------------------------< S I N G L E - L E T T E R S E C O N D - L E V E L D O M A I N S >---------- this is a list of tlds that are known to have single-letter second-level domain names. This list does not include ccTLDs which are accepted in is_domain_name(). ]] local single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = {'cash', 'company', 'foundation', 'media', 'org', 'today'}; --[[-----------< S P E C I A L C A S E T R A N S L A T I O N S >------------ This table is primarily here to support internationalization. Translations in this table are used, for example, when an error message, category name, etc., is extracted from the English alias key. There may be other cases where this translation table may be useful. ]] local is_Latn = 'A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191'; local special_case_translation = { ['AuthorList'] = 'daptar pangarang', -- used to assemble maintenance category names ['ContributorList'] = 'daptar kontributor', -- translation of these names plus translation of the base maintenance category names in maint_cats{} table below ['EditorList'] = 'daptar éditor', -- must match the names of the actual categories ['InterviewerList'] = 'daptar pangwawancara', -- this group or translations used by name_has_ed_markup() and name_has_mult_names() ['TranslatorList'] = 'daptar panarjamah', -- Lua patterns to match pseudo-titles used by InternetArchiveBot and others as placeholder for unknown |title= value ['archived_copy'] = { -- used with CS1 maint: Archive[d] copy as title ['en'] = '^archived?%s+copy$', -- for English; translators: keep this because templates imported from en.wiki ['local'] = '^salinan?%s+arsip$', -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language }, -- Lua patterns to match generic titles; usually created by bots or reference filling tools -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language -- generic titles and patterns in this table should be lowercase only -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic title in your language -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches; 'false' for pattern searches ['generic_titles'] = { ['accept'] = { }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'^wayback%s+machine$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'are you a robot', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'hugedomains', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?no +title[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?euweuh +judul[>}%]%)]?$', false}}, {['en'] = {'page not found', true}, ['local'] = {'kaca teu kapanggih', true}}, {['en'] = {'subscribe to read', true}, ['local'] = {'ngalanggan pikeun maca', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?unknown[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?teu +dipikanyaho[>}%]%)]?$', false}}, {['en'] = {'website is for sale', true}, ['local'] = {'ramatloka dijual', true}}, {['en'] = {'^404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'error[ %-]404', false}, ['local'] = {'kasalahan[ %-]404', false}}, {['en'] = {'internet archive wayback machine', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'log into facebook', true}, ['local'] = {'asup log ka facebook', true}}, {['en'] = {'login • instagram', true}, ['local'] = {'asup log • instagram', true}}, {['en'] = {'redirecting...', true}, ['local'] = {'ngalihkeun...', true}}, {['en'] = {'usurped title', true}, ['local'] = {'gelar nu direbut', true}}, -- added by a GreenC bot {['en'] = {'webcite query result', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'wikiwix\'s cache', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } }, -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches, search string must be lowercase only -- boolean 'false' for pattern searches -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic name in your language ['generic_names'] = { ['accept'] = { {['en'] = {'%[%[[^|]*%(author%) *|[^%]]*%]%]', false}, ['local'] = {'%[%[[^|]*%(pangarang%) *|[^%]]*%]%]', false}}, }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'about us', true}, ['local'] = {'ngeunaan arurang', true}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]dvisor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'allmusic', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]uthor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Pp]angarang%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'^[Bb]ureau$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Bb]iro$', false}}, {['en'] = {'business', true}, ['local'] = {'bisnis', true}}, {['en'] = {'cnn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'collaborator', true}, ['local'] = {'kolaborator', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Cc]ompany$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Pp]ausahaan$', false}}, {['en'] = {'contributor', true}, ['local'] = {'kontributor', true}}, {['en'] = {'contact us', true}, ['local'] = {'hubungi arurang', true}}, {['en'] = {'correspondent', true}, ['local'] = {'koréspondén', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Dd]esk$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Mm]éja +[Kk]erja$', false}}, {['en'] = {'directory', true}, ['local'] = {'diréktori', true}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%(%[][%(%[]%s*eds?%.?%s*[%)%]]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[,%.%s]%f[e]eds?%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^eds?[%.,;]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[]%s*[Ee][Dd][Ss]?%.?%s*[%)%]]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]dited%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Dd]iédit%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]ditors?%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Éé]ditor?%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]mail%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Ss]urélék%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'google', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Gg]roup$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Gg]orombolan$', false}}, {['en'] = {'home page', true}, ['local'] = {'beranda', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Ii]nc%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'interviewer', true}, ['local'] = {'pangwawancara', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Ll]imited$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'linkedIn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Nn]ews$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Ww]arta$', false}}, {['en'] = {'[Nn]ews[ %-]?[Rr]oom', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'pinterest', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'policy', true}, ['local'] = {'kawijakan', true}}, {['en'] = {'privacy', true}, ['local'] = {'privasi', true}}, {['en'] = {'reuters', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'translator', true}, ['local'] = {'panarjamah', true}}, {['en'] = {'tumblr', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'twitter', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'site name', true}, ['local'] = {'ngaran loka', true}}, {['en'] = {'statement', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'submitted', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'super.?user', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f['..is_Latn..'][Uu]ser%f[^'..is_Latn..']', false}, ['local'] = {'%f['..is_Latn..'][Pp]amaké%f[^'..is_Latn..']', false}}, {['en'] = {'verfasser', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } } } --[[--------------------------< D A T E _ N A M E S >---------------------------------------------------------- This table of tables lists local language date names and fallback English date names. The code in Date_validation will look first in the local table for valid date names. If date names are not found in the local table, the code will look in the English table. Because citations can be copied to the local wiki from en.wiki, the English is required when the date-name translation function date_name_xlate() is used. In these tables, season numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) Specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. CS1|2 only supports generic seasons. EDTF does support the distinction between north and south hemisphere seasons but CS1|2 has no way to make that distinction. 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) The standard does not address 'named' dates so, for the purposes of CS1|2, Easter and Christmas are defined here as 98 and 99, which should be out of the ISO 8601 (EDTF) range of uses for a while. local_date_names_from_mediawiki is a boolean. When set to: true – module will fetch local month names from MediaWiki for both date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; this will unconditionally overwrite manual translations false – module will *not* fetch local month names from MediaWiki Caveat lector: There is no guarantee that MediaWiki will provide short month names. At your wiki you can test the results of the MediaWiki fetch in the debug console with this command (the result is alpha sorted): =mw.dumpObject (p.date_names['local']) While the module can fetch month names from MediaWiki, it cannot fetch the quarter, season, and named date names from MediaWiki. Those must be translated manually. ]] local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = true; -- when false, manual translation required for date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; overwrites manual translations -- when true, module fetches long and short month names from MediaWiki local date_names = { ['en'] = { -- English ['long'] = {['January'] = 1, ['February'] = 2, ['March'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['June'] = 6, ['July'] = 7, ['August'] = 8, ['September'] = 9, ['October'] = 10, ['November'] = 11, ['December'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Feb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Aug'] = 8, ['Sep'] = 9, ['Oct'] = 10, ['Nov'] = 11, ['Dec'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['First Quarter'] = 33, ['Second Quarter'] = 34, ['Third Quarter'] = 35, ['Fourth Quarter'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Winter'] = 24, ['Spring'] = 21, ['Summer'] = 22, ['Fall'] = 23, ['Autumn'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Easter'] = 98, ['Christmas'] = 99}, }, -- when local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false ['local'] = { -- replace these English date names with the local language equivalents ['long'] = {['Januari'] = 1, ['Pébruari'] = 2, ['Maret'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['Méi'] = 5, ['Juni'] = 6, ['Juli'] = 7, ['Agustus'] = 8, ['Séptémber'] = 9, ['Oktober'] = 10, ['Nopémber'] = 11, ['Désémber'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Péb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['Méi'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Agu'] = 8, ['Sép'] = 9, ['Okt'] = 10, ['Nop'] = 11, ['Dés'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['Kuartal Kahiji'] = 33, ['Kuartal Kadua'] = 34, ['Kuartal Katilu'] = 35, ['Kuartal Kaopat'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Usum Tiris'] = 24, ['Usum Semi'] = 21, ['Usum Panas'] = 22, ['Usum Gugur'] = 23,}, ['named'] = {['Paskah'] = 98, ['Natal'] = 99}, }, ['inv_local_long'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].long where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_short'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].short where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_quarter'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].quarter where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_season'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].season where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_named'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].named where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['local_digits'] = {['0'] = '0', ['1'] = '1', ['2'] = '2', ['3'] = '3', ['4'] = '4', ['5'] = '5', ['6'] = '6', ['7'] = '7', ['8'] = '8', ['9'] = '9'}, -- used to convert local language digits to Western 0-9 ['xlate_digits'] = {}, } if local_date_names_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local month names from MediaWiki is enabled local long_t = {}; local short_t = {}; for i=1, 12 do -- loop 12x and local name = lang_obj:formatDate('F', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get long month name for each i long_t[name] = i; -- save it name = lang_obj:formatDate('M', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get short month name for each i short_t[name] = i; -- save it end date_names['local']['long'] = long_t; -- write the long table – overwrites manual translation date_names['local']['short'] = short_t; -- write the short table – overwrites manual translation end -- create inverted date-name tables for reformatting and/or translation for _, invert_t in pairs {{'long', 'inv_local_long'}, {'short', 'inv_local_short'}, {'quarter', 'inv_local_quarter'}, {'season', 'inv_local_season'}, {'named', 'inv_local_named'}} do for name, i in pairs (date_names['local'][invert_t[1]]) do -- this table is ['name'] = i date_names[invert_t[2]][i] = name; -- invert to get [i] = 'name' for conversions from ymd end end if local_digits_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local digits from MediaWiki is enabled local digits_t = {}; for i=0, 9 do -- loop 10x and digits_t [lang_obj:formatNum (i)] = tostring (i); -- format the loop indexer as local lang table index and assign loop indexer (a string) as the value end date_names['local_digits'] = digits_t; end for ld, ed in pairs (date_names.local_digits) do -- make a digit translation table for simple date translation from en to local language using local_digits table date_names.xlate_digits [ed] = ld; -- en digit becomes index with local digit as the value end local df_template_patterns = { -- table of redirects to {{Use dmy dates}} and {{Use mdy dates}} '{{ *[Uu]se +(dmy) +dates *[|}]', -- 1159k -- sorted by approximate transclusion count '{{ *[Uu]se +(mdy) +dates *[|}]', -- 212k '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) +dates *[|}]', -- 788 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) +dates *[|}]', -- 343 '{{ *([Mm]dy) *[|}]', -- 176 '{{ *[Uu]se *(dmy) *[|}]', -- 156 + 18 '{{ *[Uu]se *(mdy) *[|}]', -- 149 + 11 '{{ *([Dd]my) *[|}]', -- 56 '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) *[|}]', -- 5 '{{ *([Dd]MY) *[|}]', -- 3 '{{ *[Uu]se(mdy)dates *[|}]', -- 1 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) *[|}]', -- 0 '{{ *([Mm]DY) *[|}]', -- 0 } local title_object = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); local content; -- done this way so that unused templates appear in unused-template-reports; self-transcluded makes them look like they are used if 10 ~= title_object.namespace then -- all namespaces except Template content = title_object:getContent() or ''; -- get the content of the article or ''; new pages edited w/ve do not have 'content' until saved; ve does not preview; phab:T221625 end local function get_date_format () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end for _, pattern in ipairs (df_template_patterns) do -- loop through the patterns looking for {{Use dmy dates}} or {{Use mdy dates}} or any of their redirects local start, _, match = content:find(pattern); -- match is the three letters indicating desired date format if match then local use_dates_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *[lsy][sy]?') then -- look for |cs1-dates=publication date length access-/archive-date length return match:lower() .. '-' .. use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *([lsy][sy]?)'); else return match:lower() .. '-all'; -- no |cs1-dates= k/v pair; return value appropriate for use in |df= end end end end local global_df; -- TODO: add this to <global_cs1_config_t>? --[[-----------------< V O L U M E , I S S U E , P A G E S >------------------ These tables hold cite class values (from the template invocation) and identify those templates that support |volume=, |issue=, and |page(s)= parameters. Cite conference and cite map require further qualification which is handled in the main module. ]] local templates_using_volume = {'citation', 'audio-visual', 'book', 'conference', 'encyclopaedia', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'report', 'techreport', 'thesis'} local templates_using_issue = {'citation', 'conference', 'episode', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'podcast'} local templates_not_using_page = {'audio-visual', 'episode', 'mailinglist', 'newsgroup', 'podcast', 'serial', 'sign', 'speech'} --[[ These tables control when it is appropriate for {{citation}} to render |volume= and/or |issue=. The parameter names in the tables constrain {{citation}} so that its renderings match the renderings of the equivalent cs1 templates. For example, {{cite web}} does not support |volume= so the equivalent {{citation |website=...}} must not support |volume=. ]] local citation_no_volume_t = { -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used 'website', 'mailinglist', 'script-website', } local citation_issue_t = { -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used 'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'work', 'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-work', } --[[ Patterns for finding extra text in |volume=, |issue=, |page=, |pages= ]] local vol_iss_pg_patterns = { good_ppattern = '^P[^%.PpGg]', -- OK to begin with uppercase P: P7 (page 7 of section P), but not p123 (page 123); TODO: this allows 'Pages' which it should not bad_ppatterns = { -- patterns for |page= and |pages= '^[Pp][PpGg]?%.?[ %d]', '^[Pp][Pp]?%.&nbsp;', -- from {{p.}} and {{pp.}} templates '^[Pp]ages?', '^[Pp]gs.?', }, vi_patterns_t = { -- combined to catch volume-like text in |issue= and issue-like text in |volume= '^volumes?', -- volume-like text '^vols?[%.:=]?', '^issues?', --issue-like text '^iss[%.:=]?', '^numbers?', '^nos?%A', -- don't match 'november' or 'nostradamus' '^nr[%.:=]?', '^n[%.:= ]', -- might be a valid issue without separator (space char is sep char here) '^n°', -- 'n' with degree sign (U+00B0) '^№', -- precomposed unicode numero character (U+2116) }, } --[[--------------------------< K E Y W O R D S >------------------------------- These tables hold keywords for those parameters that have defined sets of acceptable keywords. ]] --[[-------------------< K E Y W O R D S T A B L E >-------------------------- this is a list of keywords; each key in the list is associated with a table of synonymous keywords possibly from different languages. for I18N: add local-language keywords to value table; do not change the key. For example, adding the German keyword 'ja': ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y', 'ja'}, Because CS1|2 templates from en.wiki articles are often copied to other local wikis, it is recommended that the English keywords remain in these tables. ]] local keywords = { ['amp'] = {'&', 'amp', 'ampersand'}, -- |name-list-style= ['and'] = {'and', 'serial'}, -- |name-list-style= ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- |no-tracking=, |no-pp= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['afterword'] = {'afterword'}, -- |contribution= ['bot: unknown'] = {'bot: unknown'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['cs1'] = {'cs1'}, -- |mode= ['cs2'] = {'cs2'}, -- |mode= ['dead'] = {'dead', 'deviated'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['dmy'] = {'dmy'}, -- |df= ['dmy-all'] = {'dmy-all'}, -- |df= ['foreword'] = {'foreword'}, -- |contribution= ['free'] = {'free'}, -- |<id>-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['harv'] = {'harv'}, -- |ref=; this no longer supported; is_valid_parameter_value() called with <invert> = true ['introduction'] = {'introduction'}, -- |contribution= ['limited'] = {'limited'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['live'] = {'live'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['mdy'] = {'mdy'}, -- |df= ['mdy-all'] = {'mdy-all'}, -- |df= ['none'] = {'none'}, -- |postscript=, |ref=, |title=, |type= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['off'] = {'off'}, -- |title= (potentially also: |title-link=, |postscript=, |ref=, |type=) ['preface'] = {'preface'}, -- |contribution= ['registration'] = {'registration'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['subscription'] = {'subscription'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['unfit'] = {'unfit'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['usurped'] = {'usurped'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['vanc'] = {'vanc'}, -- |name-list-style= ['ymd'] = {'ymd'}, -- |df= ['ymd-all'] = {'ymd-all'}, -- |df= -- ['yMd'] = {'yMd'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki -- ['yMd-all'] = {'yMd-all'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki } --[[------------------------< X L A T E _ K E Y W O R D S >--------------------- this function builds a list, keywords_xlate{}, of the keywords found in keywords{} where the values from keywords{} become the keys in keywords_xlate{} and the keys from keywords{} become the values in keywords_xlate{}: ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- in keywords{} becomes ['yes'] = 'affirmative', -- in keywords_xlate{} ['true'] = 'affirmative', ['y'] = 'affirmative', the purpose of this function is to act as a translator between a non-English keyword and its English equivalent that may be used in other modules of this suite ]] local function xlate_keywords () local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for k, keywords_t in pairs (keywords) do -- spin through the keywords table for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_t) do -- for each keyword out_table[keyword] = k; -- create an entry in the output table where keyword is the key end end return out_table; end local keywords_xlate = xlate_keywords (); -- the list of translated keywords --[[----------------< M A K E _ K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T >--------------------- this function assembles, for parameter-value validation, the list of keywords appropriate to that parameter. keywords_lists{}, is a table of tables from keywords{} ]] local function make_keywords_list (keywords_lists) local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for _, keyword_list in ipairs (keywords_lists) do -- spin through keywords_lists{} and get a table of keywords for _, keyword in ipairs (keyword_list) do -- spin through keyword_list{} and add each keyword, ... table.insert (out_table, keyword); -- ... as plain text, to the output list end end return out_table; end --[[----------------< K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T S >----------------------------- this is a list of lists of valid keywords for the various parameters in [key]. Generally the keys in this table are the canonical en.wiki parameter names though some are contrived because of use in multiple differently named parameters: ['yes_true_y'], ['id-access']. The function make_keywords_list() extracts the individual keywords from the appropriate list in keywords{}. The lists in this table are used to validate the keyword assignment for the parameters named in this table's keys. ]] local keywords_lists = { ['yes_true_y'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.affirmative}), ['contribution'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.afterword, keywords.foreword, keywords.introduction, keywords.preface}), ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all']}), -- ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all'], keywords.yMd, keywords['yMd-all']}), -- not supported at en.wiki ['mode'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.cs1, keywords.cs2}), ['name-list-style'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.amp, keywords['and'], keywords.vanc}), ['ref'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.harv}), -- inverted check; |ref=harv no longer supported ['url-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.subscription, keywords.limited, keywords.registration}), ['url-status'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dead, keywords.live, keywords.unfit, keywords.usurped, keywords['bot: unknown']}), ['id-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.free}), } --[[--------------------------< C S 1 _ C O N F I G _ G E T >-------------------------------------------------- fetch and validate values from {{cs1 config}} template to fill <global_cs1_config_t> no error messages; when errors are detected, the parameter value from {{cs1 config}} is blanked. Supports all parameters and aliases associated with the metaparameters: DisplayAuthors, DisplayContributors, DisplayEditors, DisplayInterviewers, DisplayTranslators, NameListStyle, and Mode. The DisplayWhatever metaparameters accept numeric values only (|display-authors=etal and the like is not supported). ]] local global_cs1_config_t = {}; -- TODO: add value returned from get_date_format() to this table? local function get_cs1_config () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end local start = content:find('{{ *[Cc][Ss]1 config *[|}]'); -- <start> is offset into <content> when {{cs1 config}} found; nil else if start then local cs1_config_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if not cs1_config_template then return nil; end local params_t = mw.text.split (cs1_config_template:gsub ('^{{%s*', ''):gsub ('%s*}}$', ''), '%s*|%s*'); -- remove '{{' and '}}'; make a sequence of parameter/value pairs (split on the pipe) table.remove (params_t, 1); -- remove the template name because it isn't a parameter/value pair local config_meta_params_t = {'DisplayAuthors', 'DisplayContributors', 'DisplayEditors', 'DisplayInterviewers', 'DisplayTranslators', 'NameListStyle', 'Mode'}; local meta_param_map_t = {}; -- list of accepted parameter names usable in {{cs1 config}} goes here for _, meta_param in ipairs (config_meta_params_t) do -- for i18n using <config_meta_params_t>, map template parameter names to their metaparameter equivalents if 'table' == type (aliases[meta_param]) then -- if <meta_param> is a sequence, for _, param in ipairs (aliases[meta_param]) do -- extract its contents meta_param_map_t[param] = meta_param; -- and add to <meta_param_map_t> end else meta_param_map_t[aliases[meta_param]] = meta_param; -- not a sequence so just add the parameter to <meta_param_map_t> end end local keywords_t = {}; -- map valid keywords to their associate metaparameter; reverse form of <keyword_lists[key] for these metaparameters for _, metaparam_t in ipairs ({{'NameListStyle', 'name-list-style'}, {'Mode', 'mode'}}) do -- only these metaparameter / keywords_lists key pairs for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_lists[metaparam_t[2]]) do -- spin through the list of keywords keywords_t[keyword] = metaparam_t[1]; -- add [keyword] = metaparameter to the map end end for _, param in ipairs (params_t) do -- spin through the {{cs1 config}} parameters and fill <global_cs1_config_t> local k, v = param:match ('([^=]-)%s*=%s*(.+)'); -- <k> is the parameter name; <v> is parameter's assigned value if k then if k:find ('^display') then -- if <k> is one of the |display-<namelist>= parameters if v:match ('%d+') then -- the assigned value must be digits; doesn't accept 'etal' global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the display param and its value to globals table end else if keywords_t[v] == meta_param_map_t[k] then -- keywords_t[v] returns nil or the metaparam name; these must be the same global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the parameter and its value to globals table end end end end end end get_cs1_config (); -- fill <global_cs1_config_t> --[[---------------------< S T R I P M A R K E R S >---------------------------- Common pattern definition location for stripmarkers so that we don't have to go hunting for them if (when) MediaWiki changes their form. ]] local stripmarkers = { ['any'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-(%a+)%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- capture returns name of stripmarker ['math'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-math%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127' -- math stripmarkers used in coins_cleanup() and coins_replace_math_stripmarker() } --[[------------< I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R A C T E R S >--------------------- This table holds non-printing or invisible characters indexed either by name or by Unicode group. Values are decimal representations of UTF-8 codes. The table is organized as a table of tables because the Lua pairs keyword returns table data in an arbitrary order. Here, we want to process the table from top to bottom because the entries at the top of the table are also found in the ranges specified by the entries at the bottom of the table. Also here is a pattern that recognizes stripmarkers that begin and end with the delete characters. The nowiki stripmarker is not an error but some others are because the parameter values that include them become part of the template's metadata before stripmarker replacement. ]] local invisible_defs = { del = '\127', -- used to distinguish between stripmarker and del char zwj = '\226\128\141', -- used with capture because zwj may be allowed } local invisible_chars = { {'replacement', '\239\191\189'}, -- U+FFFD, EF BF BD {'zero width joiner', '('.. invisible_defs.zwj .. ')'}, -- U+200D, E2 80 8D; capture because zwj may be allowed {'zero width space', '\226\128\139'}, -- U+200B, E2 80 8B {'hair space', '\226\128\138'}, -- U+200A, E2 80 8A {'soft hyphen', '\194\173'}, -- U+00AD, C2 AD {'horizontal tab', '\009'}, -- U+0009 (HT), 09 {'line feed', '\010'}, -- U+000A (LF), 0A {'no-break space', '\194\160'}, -- U+00A0 (NBSP), C2 A0 {'carriage return', '\013'}, -- U+000D (CR), 0D {'stripmarker', stripmarkers.any}, -- stripmarker; may or may not be an error; capture returns the stripmaker type {'delete', '('.. invisible_defs.del .. ')'}, -- U+007F (DEL), 7F; must be done after stripmarker test; capture to distinguish isolated del chars not part of stripmarker {'C0 control', '[\000-\008\011\012\014-\031]'}, -- U+0000–U+001F (NULL–US), 00–1F (except HT, LF, CR (09, 0A, 0D)) {'C1 control', '[\194\128-\194\159]'}, -- U+0080–U+009F (XXX–APC), C2 80 – C2 9F -- {'Specials', '[\239\191\185-\239\191\191]'}, -- U+FFF9-U+FFFF, EF BF B9 – EF BF BF -- {'Private use area', '[\238\128\128-\239\163\191]'}, -- U+E000–U+F8FF, EE 80 80 – EF A3 BF -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-A', '[\243\176\128\128-\243\191\191\189]'}, -- U+F0000–U+FFFFD, F3 B0 80 80 – F3 BF BF BD -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-B', '[\244\128\128\128-\244\143\191\189]'}, -- U+100000–U+10FFFD, F4 80 80 80 – F4 8F BF BD } --[[ Indic script makes use of zero width joiner as a character modifier so zwj characters must be left in. This pattern covers all of the unicode characters for these languages: Devanagari 0900–097F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Devanagari extended A8E0–A8FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf Bengali 0980–09FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf Gurmukhi 0A00–0A7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf Gujarati 0A80–0AFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A80.pdf Oriya 0B00–0B7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf Tamil 0B80–0BFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf Telugu 0C00–0C7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C00.pdf Kannada 0C80–0CFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C80.pdf Malayalam 0D00–0D7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf plus the not-necessarily Indic scripts for Sinhala and Burmese: Sinhala 0D80-0DFF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf Myanmar 1000-109F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1000.pdf Myanmar extended A AA60-AA7F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAA60.pdf Myanmar extended B A9E0-A9FF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA9E0.pdf the pattern is used by has_invisible_chars() and coins_cleanup() ]] local indic_script = '[\224\164\128-\224\181\191\224\163\160-\224\183\191\225\128\128-\225\130\159\234\167\160-\234\167\191\234\169\160-\234\169\191]'; -- list of emoji that use a zwj character (U+200D) to combine with another emoji -- from: https://unicode.org/Public/emoji/16.0/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt; version: 16.0; 2024-08-14 -- table created by: [[:en:Module:Make emoji zwj table]] local emoji_t = { -- indexes are decimal forms of the hex values in U+xxxx [8596] = true, -- U+2194 ↔ left right arrow [8597] = true, -- U+2195 ↕ up down arrow [9760] = true, -- U+2620 ☠ skull and crossbones [9792] = true, -- U+2640 ♀ female sign [9794] = true, -- U+2642 ♂ male sign [9877] = true, -- U+2695 ⚕ staff of aesculapius [9878] = true, -- U+2696 ⚖ scales [9895] = true, -- U+26A7 ⚧ male with stroke and male and female sign [9992] = true, -- U+2708 ✈ airplane [10052] = true, -- U+2744 ❄ snowflake [10084] = true, -- U+2764 ❤ heavy black heart [10145] = true, -- U+27A1 ➡ black rightwards arrow [11035] = true, -- U+2B1B ⬛ black large square [127752] = true, -- U+1F308 🌈 rainbow [127787] = true, -- U+1F32B 🌫 fog [127806] = true, -- U+1F33E 🌾 ear of rice [127859] = true, -- U+1F373 🍳 cooking [127868] = true, -- U+1F37C 🍼 baby bottle [127876] = true, -- U+1F384 🎄 christmas tree [127891] = true, -- U+1F393 🎓 graduation cap [127908] = true, -- U+1F3A4 🎤 microphone [127912] = true, -- U+1F3A8 🎨 artist palette [127979] = true, -- U+1F3EB 🏫 school [127981] = true, -- U+1F3ED 🏭 factory [128102] = true, -- U+1F466 👦 boy [128103] = true, -- U+1F467 👧 girl [128104] = true, -- U+1F468 👨 man [128105] = true, -- U+1F469 👩 woman [128139] = true, -- U+1F48B 💋 kiss mark [128165] = true, -- U+1F4A5 💥 collision symbol [128168] = true, -- U+1F4A8 💨 dash symbol [128171] = true, -- U+1F4AB 💫 dizzy symbol [128187] = true, -- U+1F4BB 💻 personal computer [128188] = true, -- U+1F4BC 💼 brief case [128293] = true, -- U+1F525 🔥 fire [128295] = true, -- U+1F527 🔧 wrench [128300] = true, -- U+1F52C 🔬 microscope [128488] = true, -- U+1F5E8 🗨 left speech bubble [128640] = true, -- U+1F680 🚀 rocket [128658] = true, -- U+1F692 🚒 fire engine [129001] = true, -- U+1F7E9 🟩 large green square [129003] = true, -- U+1F7EB 🟫 large brown square [129309] = true, -- U+1F91D 🤝 handshake [129455] = true, -- U+1F9AF 🦯 probing cane [129456] = true, -- U+1F9B0 🦰 emoji component red hair [129457] = true, -- U+1F9B1 🦱 emoji component curly hair [129458] = true, -- U+1F9B2 🦲 emoji component bald [129459] = true, -- U+1F9B3 🦳 emoji component white hair [129466] = true, -- U+1F9BA 🦺 safety vest [129468] = true, -- U+1F9BC 🦼 motorized wheelchair [129469] = true, -- U+1F9BD 🦽 manual wheelchair [129489] = true, -- U+1F9D1 🧑 adult [129490] = true, -- U+1F9D2 🧒 child [129657] = true, -- U+1FA79 🩹 adhesive bandage [129778] = true, -- U+1FAF2 🫲 leftwards hand } --[[----------------------< L A N G U A G E S U P P O R T >------------------- These tables and constants support various language-specific functionality. ]] --local this_wiki_code = mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code local this_wiki_code = lang_obj:getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code if string.match (mw.site.server, 'wikidata') then this_wiki_code = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('int', {'lang'}); -- on Wikidata so use interface language setting instead end local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_code, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to Wikimedia; used for interwiki tests local mw_languages_by_name_t = {}; for k, v in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- build a 'reversed' table name/tag language pairs know to MediaWiki; used for |language= v = mw.ustring.lower (v); -- lowercase for tag fetch; get name's proper case from mw_languages_by_tag_t[<tag>] if mw_languages_by_name_t[v] then -- when name already in the table if 2 == #k or 3 == #k then -- if tag does not have subtags mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- prefer the shortest tag for this name end else -- here when name not in the table mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- so add name and matching tag end end local inter_wiki_map = {}; -- map of interwiki prefixes that are language-code prefixes for k, v in pairs (mw.site.interwikiMap ('local')) do -- spin through the base interwiki map (limited to local) if mw_languages_by_tag_t[v["prefix"]] then -- if the prefix matches a known language tag inter_wiki_map[v["prefix"]] = true; -- add it to our local map end end --[[--------------------< S C R I P T _ L A N G _ C O D E S >------------------- This table is used to hold ISO 639-1 two-character and ISO 639-3 three-character language codes that apply only to |script-title= and |script-chapter= ]] local script_lang_codes = { 'ab', 'am', 'ar', 'az', 'be', 'bg', 'bn', 'bo', 'bs', 'ce', 'chr', 'dv', 'dz', 'el', 'fa', 'grc', 'gu', 'he', 'hi', 'hy', 'ja', 'ka', 'kk', 'km', 'kn', 'ko', 'ku', 'ky', 'lo', 'mk', 'ml', 'mn', 'mni', 'mr', 'my', 'ne', 'or', 'ota', 'pa', 'ps', 'ru', 'sd', 'si', 'sr', 'syc', 'ta', 'te', 'tg', 'th', 'ti', 'tt', 'ug', 'uk', 'ur', 'uz', 'yi', 'yue', 'zh', 'zgh' }; --[[---------------< L A N G U A G E R E M A P P I N G >---------------------- These tables hold language information that is different (correct) from MediaWiki's definitions For each ['<tag>'] = 'language name' in lang_code_remap{} there must be a matching ['language name'] = {'language name', '<tag>'} in lang_name_remap{} lang_tag_remap{}: key is always lowercase ISO 639-1, -2, -3 language tag or a valid lowercase IETF language tag value is properly spelled and capitalized language name associated with <tag> only one language name per <tag>; key/value pair must have matching entry in lang_name_remap{} lang_name_remap{}: key is always lowercase language name value is a table the holds correctly spelled and capitalized language name [1] and associated tag [2] (tag must match a tag key in lang_tag_remap{}) may have multiple keys referring to a common preferred name and tag; For example: ['kolsch'] and ['kölsch'] both refer to 'Kölsch' and 'ksh' ]] local lang_tag_remap = { -- used for |language= and |script-title= / |script-chapter= ['als'] = 'Tosk Albanian', -- MediaWiki returns Alemannisch ['bh'] = 'Bihari', -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bla'] = 'Blackfoot', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['bn'] = 'Bengali', -- MediaWiki returns Bangla ['ca-valencia'] = 'Valencian', -- IETF variant of Catalan ['fkv'] = 'Kven', -- MediaWiki returns Kvensk ['gsw'] = 'Swiss German', ['ilo'] = 'Ilocano', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['ksh'] = 'Kölsch', -- MediaWiki: Colognian; use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['ksh-x-colog'] = 'Colognian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Colognian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['mis-x-ripuar'] = 'Ripuarian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Ripuarian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['nan-tw'] = 'Taiwanese Hokkien', -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese and support en.wiki preferred name ['sr-ec'] = 'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', -- MediaWiki returns српски (ћирилица) ['sr-el'] = 'Serbian (Latin script)', -- MediaWiki returns srpski (latinica) } local lang_name_remap = { -- used for |language=; names require proper capitalization; tags must be lowercase ['alemannic'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- ISO 639-2, -3 alternate for Swiss German; MediaWiki mediawiki returns Alemannic for gsw; en.wiki preferred name ['alemannisch'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- not an ISO or IANA language name; MediaWiki uses 'als' as a subdomain name for Alemannic Wikipedia: als.wikipedia.org ['bangla'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki returns Bangla (the endonym) but we want Bengali (the exonym); here we remap ['bengali'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki doesn't use exonym so here we provide correct language name and 639-1 code ['bhojpuri'] = {'Bhojpuri', 'bho'}, -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bihari'] = {'Bihari', 'bh'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Bihari' with 'Bhojpuri' so 'Bihari' cannot be found ['blackfoot'] = {'Blackfoot', 'bla'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['colognian'] = {'Colognian', 'ksh-x-colog'}, -- MediaWiki preferred name for ksh ['ilocano'] = {'Ilocano', 'ilo'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['kolsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name (use non-diacritical o instead of umlaut ö) ['kölsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['kven'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- Unicode CLDR have decided not to support English language name for these two... ['kvensk'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- ...they say to refer to IANA registry for English names ['ripuarian'] = {'Ripuarian', 'mis-x-ripuar'}, -- group of dialects; no code in MediaWiki or in IANA/ISO 639 ['serbian (cyrillic script)'] = {'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', 'sr-cyrl'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-ec ['serbian (latin script)'] = {'Serbian (Latin script)', 'sr-latn'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-el ['swiss german'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, ['taiwanese hokkien'] = {'Taiwanese Hokkien', 'nan-tw'}, -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese ['tosk albanian'] = {'Tosk Albanian', 'als'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Tosk Albanian' with 'Alemannisch' so 'Tosk Albanian' cannot be found ['valencian'] = {'Valencian', 'ca-valencia'}, -- variant of Catalan; categorizes as Valencian } --[[---------------< P R O P E R T I E S _ C A T E G O R I E S >---------------- Properties categories. These are used for investigating qualities of citations. ]] local prop_cats = { ['foreign-lang-source'] = 'CS1 sumber basa $1 ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is foreign-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code ['foreign-lang-source-2'] = 'CS1 sumber basa asing (ISO 639-2)|$1', -- |language= category; a cat for ISO639-2 languages; $1 is the ISO 639-2 code used as a sort key ['interproj-linked-name'] = 'CS1 ngaran kalawan tutumbu antarproyék|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interproject link; $1 is interproject tag used as a sort key ['interwiki-linked-name'] = 'CS1 ngaran kalawan tutumbu interwiki|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interwiki link; $1 is interwiki tag used as a sort key; yeilds to interproject ['local-lang-source'] = 'CS1 sumber basa $1 ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is local-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code; not emitted when local_lang_cat_enable is false ['location-test'] = 'CS1 uji lokasi', ['long-vol'] = 'CS1: volume bernilai panjang', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |volume= values longer than 4 characters ['script'] = 'CS1 maké aksara basa $1 ($2)', -- |script-title=xx: has matching category; $1 is language name, $2 is language tag ['tracked-param'] = 'CS1 paraméter kalacak: $1', -- $1 is base (enumerators removed) parameter name ['unfit'] = 'CS1: URL teu cocok', -- |url-status=unfit or |url-status=usurped; used to be a maint cat ['vanc-accept'] = 'CS1:Vancouver names with accept markup', -- for |vauthors=/|veditors= with accept-as-written markup ['year-range-abbreviated'] = 'CS1: rentang tahun disingkat', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |date=, |year= values using YYYY–YY form } --[[-------------------< T I T L E _ T Y P E S >-------------------------------- Here we map a template's CitationClass to TitleType (default values for |type= parameter) ]] local title_types = { ['AV-media-notes'] = 'Media notes', ['document'] = 'Document', ['interview'] = 'Interview', ['mailinglist'] = 'Mailing list', ['map'] = 'Map', ['podcast'] = 'Podcast', ['pressrelease'] = 'Press release', ['report'] = 'Report', ['speech'] = 'Speech', ['techreport'] = 'Technical report', ['thesis'] = 'Thesis', } --[[--------------------------< B U I L D _ K N O W N _ F R E E _ D O I _ R E G I S T R A N T S _ T A B L E >-- build a table of doi registrants known to be free-to-read In a doi, the registrant ID is the series of digits between the '10.' and the first '/': in doi 10.1100/sommat, 1100 is the registrant ID see §3.2.2 DOI prefix of the Doi Handbook p. 43 https://www.doi.org/doi-handbook/DOI_Handbook_Final.pdf#page=43 ]] local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() local registrants_t = {}; for _, v in ipairs ({ '1045', '1074', '1096', '1100', '1155', '1186', '1194', '1371', '1629', '1989', '1999', '2147', '2196', '3285', '3389', '3390', '3748', '3814', '3847', '3897', '4061', '4089', '4103', '4172', '4175', '4230', '4236', '4239', '4240', '4249', '4251', '4252', '4253', '4254', '4291', '4292', '4329', '4330', '4331', '5194', '5210', '5306', '5312', '5313', '5314', '5315', '5316', '5317', '5318', '5319', '5320', '5321', '5334', '5402', '5409', '5410', '5411', '5412', '5492', '5493', '5494', '5495', '5496', '5497', '5498', '5499', '5500', '5501', '5527', '5528', '5662', '6064', '6219', '7167', '7217', '7287', '7482', '7490', '7554', '7717', '7759', '7766', '11131', '11569', '11647', '11648', '12688', '12703', '12715', '12942', '12998', '13105', '14256', '14293', '14303', '15215', '15347', '15412', '15560', '16995', '17645', '18637', '19080', '19173', '20944', '21037', '21468', '21767', '22261', '22323', '22459', '24105', '24196', '24966', '26775', '30845', '32545', '35711', '35712', '35713', '35995', '36648', '37126', '37532', '37871', '47128', '47622', '47959', '52437', '52975', '53288', '54081', '54947', '55667', '55914', '57009', '58647', '59081', }) do registrants_t[v] = true; -- build a k/v table of known free-to-read doi registrants end return registrants_t; end local extended_registrants_t = { -- known free registrants identifiable by the doi suffix incipit ['1002'] = {'aelm', 'leap'}, -- Advanced Electronic Materials, Learned Publishing ['1016'] = {'j.heliyon', 'j.nlp', 'j.proche'}, -- Heliyon, Natural Language Processing, Procedia Chemistry ['1017'] = {'nlp'}, -- Natural Language Processing Journal ['1046'] = {'j.1365-8711', 'j.1365-246x'}, -- MNRAS, GJI ['1093'] = {'mnras', 'mnrasl', 'gji', 'rasti'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI, RASTI ['1099'] = {'acmi', 'mic', '00221287', 'mgen'}, -- Access Microbiology, Microbiology, Journal of General Microbiology, Microbial Genomics ['1111'] = {'j.1365-2966', 'j.1745-3933', 'j.1365-246X'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI ['1210'] = {'jendso','jcemcr'}, -- Journal of the Endocrine Society, JCEM Case Reports ['4171'] = {'dm','mag'}, -- Documenta Mathematica, EMS Magazine ['14231'] = {'ag'}, -- Algebraic Geometry } --[[===================<< E R R O R M E S S A G I N G >>====================== ]] --[[----------< E R R O R M E S S A G E S U P P L I M E N T S >------------- I18N for those messages that are supplemented with additional specific text that describes the reason for the error TODO: merge this with special_case_translations{}? ]] local err_msg_supl = { ['char'] = 'invalid character', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['check'] = 'checksum', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['flag'] = 'flag', -- |archive-url= ['form'] = 'invalid form', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['group'] = 'invalid group id', -- |isbn= ['initials'] = 'initials', -- Vancouver ['invalid language code'] = 'invalid language code', -- |script-<param>= ['journal'] = 'journal', -- |bibcode= ['length'] = 'length', -- |isbn=, |bibcode=, |sbn= ['liveweb'] = 'liveweb', -- |archive-url= ['missing comma'] = 'missing comma', -- Vancouver ['missing prefix'] = 'missing prefix', -- |script-<param>= ['missing title part'] = 'missing title part', -- |script-<param>= ['name'] = 'name', -- Vancouver ['non-Latin char'] = 'non-Latin character', -- Vancouver ['path'] = 'path', -- |archive-url= ['prefix'] = 'invalid prefix', -- |isbn= ['punctuation'] = 'punctuation', -- Vancouver ['save'] = 'save command', -- |archive-url= ['suffix'] = 'suffix', -- Vancouver ['timestamp'] = 'timestamp', -- |archive-url= ['unknown language code'] = 'unknown language code', -- |script-<param>= ['value'] = 'value', -- |bibcode= ['year'] = 'year', -- |bibcode= } --[[--------------< E R R O R _ C O N D I T I O N S >--------------------------- Error condition table. This table has two sections: errors at the top, maintenance at the bottom. Maint 'messaging' does not have a 'message' (message=nil) The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors TODO: rename error_conditions{} to something more generic; create separate error and maint tables inside that? ]] local error_conditions = { err_accessdate_missing_url = { message = ' ', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanggal aksés tanpa URL', hidden = false }, err_apostrophe_markup = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'apostrophe_markup', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: markah', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_missing_url = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_date_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_url_ts_mismatch = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_date_url_ts_mismatch', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_date = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_url = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'archive_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_arxiv_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'arxiv_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: arXiv', -- same as bad arxiv hidden = false }, err_asintld_missing_asin = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'asintld_missing_asin', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_arxiv = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_arxiv', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: arXiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_asin', category ='Kasalahan CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin_tld = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_asin_tld', category ='Kasalahan CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_bibcode = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_bibcode', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bibcode', hidden = false }, err_bad_biorxiv = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_biorxiv', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bioRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_citeseerx = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_citeseerx', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: citeseerx', hidden = false }, err_bad_date = { message = ' ', -- $1 is a parameter name list anchor = 'bad_date', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanggal', hidden = false }, err_bad_doi = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: DOI', hidden = false }, err_bad_hdl = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_hdl', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: HDL', hidden = false }, err_bad_isbn = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ISBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ismn = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_ismn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ISMN', hidden = false }, err_bad_issn = { message = ' ', -- $1 is 'e' or '' for eissn or issn anchor = 'bad_issn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ISSN', hidden = false }, err_bad_jfm = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_jfm', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: JFM', hidden = false }, err_bad_jstor = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_jstor', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: JSTOR', hidden = false }, err_bad_lccn = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_lccn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: LCCN', hidden = false }, err_bad_medrxiv = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_medrxiv', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: medRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_mr = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_mr', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: MR', hidden = false }, err_bad_oclc = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_oclc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: OCLC', hidden = false }, err_bad_ol = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: OL', hidden = false }, err_bad_osti = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_osti', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: OSTI', hidden = false }, err_bad_paramlink = { -- for |title-link=, |author/editor/translator-link=, |series-link=, |episode-link= message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_paramlink', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tutumbu paraméter', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmc = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_pmc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: PMC', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmid = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_pmid', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: PMID', hidden = false }, err_bad_rfc = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_rfc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: RFC', hidden = false }, err_bad_s2cid = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_s2cid', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: S2CID', hidden = false }, err_bad_sbn = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_sbn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: SBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ssrn = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_ssrn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_bad_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL', hidden = false }, err_bad_usenet_id = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_message_id', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ID talatah', hidden = false }, err_bad_zbl = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_zbl', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: Zbl', hidden = false }, err_bare_url_missing_title = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tutumbu atah', hidden = false }, err_biorxiv_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'biorxiv_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bioRxiv', -- same as bad bioRxiv hidden = false }, err_chapter_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'chapter_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bab dipaliré', hidden = false }, err_citation_missing_title = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: judul leungit', hidden = false }, err_citeseerx_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'citeseerx_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: citeseerx', -- same as bad citeseerx hidden = false }, err_cite_web_url = { -- this error applies to cite web and to cite podcast message = ' ', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: butuh URL', hidden = false }, err_class_ignored = { message = ' ', anchor = 'class_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: kelas', hidden = false }, err_contributor_ignored = { message = ' ', anchor = 'contributor_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: kontributor', hidden = false }, err_contributor_missing_required_param = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'contributor_missing_required_param', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: kontributor', hidden = false }, err_deprecated_params = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'deprecated_params', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter nu teu dipaké deui', hidden = false }, err_disp_name = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name; $2 is the assigned value anchor = 'disp_name', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ngaran pidangan', hidden = false, }, err_doibroken_missing_doi = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'doibroken_missing_doi', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: DOI', hidden = false }, err_embargo_missing_pmc = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'embargo_missing_pmc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: PMC embargo', hidden = false }, err_empty_citation = { message = ' ', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: cutatan kosong', hidden = false }, err_etal = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'explicit_et_al', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: pamakéan et al.', hidden = false }, err_extra_text_edition = { message = ' ', anchor = 'extra_text_edition', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: édisi', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_issue = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_issue', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: nomer', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_pages = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_pages', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: kaca', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_volume = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_volume', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: volume', hidden = false, }, err_first_missing_last = { message = ' ', -- $1 is first alias, $2 is matching last alias anchor = 'first_missing_last', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanpa ngaran', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_format_missing_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is format parameter $2 is url parameter anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: format tanpa URL', hidden = false }, err_generic_name = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'generic_name', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ngaran generik', hidden = false, }, err_generic_title = { message = ' ', anchor = 'generic_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: judul generik', hidden = false, }, err_invalid_isbn_date = { message = ' ', anchor = 'invalid_isbn_date', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanggal ISBN', hidden = true }, err_invalid_param_val = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is parameter value anchor = 'invalid_param_val', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: nilai paraméter teu sah', hidden = false }, err_invisible_char = { message = ' ', -- $1 is invisible char $2 is parameter name $3 is position number anchor = 'invisible_char', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: karakter teu katémbong', hidden = false }, err_medrxiv_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'medrxiv_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: medRxiv', -- same as bad medRxiv hidden = false }, err_missing_name = { message = ' ', -- $1 is modified NameList; $2 is enumerator anchor = 'missing_name', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: teu ngabogaan panulis atawa éditor', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_missing_periodical = { message = ' ', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical periodical parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_periodical', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: periode leungit', hidden = false }, err_missing_pipe = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'missing_pipe', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: pipa leungit', hidden = false }, err_missing_publisher = { message = ' ', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical publisher parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_publisher', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: pamedal leungit', hidden = false }, err_numeric_names = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name', anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ngaran dina wangun angka', hidden = false, }, err_param_access_requires_param = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_access_requires_param', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: aksés paraméter', hidden = false }, err_param_has_ext_link = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_ext_link', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tumbu luar', hidden = false }, err_param_has_twl_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_twl_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter teu didukung', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = ' ', -- $1 is unknown parameter $2 is suggested parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: parameter teu didukung', hidden = false }, err_periodical_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'periodical_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: periode dipaliré', hidden = false }, err_redundant_parameters = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter leuwihan', hidden = false }, err_script_parameter = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is script language code or error detail anchor = 'script_parameter', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter aksara', hidden = false }, err_ssrn_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'ssrn_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_text_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is ignored text anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter nu teu dipikanyaho', hidden = false }, err_trans_missing_title = { message = ' ', -- $1 is base parameter name anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: judul teu ditarjamahkeun', hidden = false }, err_param_unknown_empty = { message = ' ', -- $1 is 's' or empty space; $2 is emty unknown param list anchor = 'param_unknown_empty', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter kosong nu teu dipikanyaho', hidden = false }, err_vancouver = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error detail, $2 is the nth name anchor = 'vancouver', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: gaya Vancouver', hidden = false }, err_wikilink_in_url = { message = ' ', -- uses ndash anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: konflik URL–wikilink', -- uses ndash hidden = false }, --[[--------------------------< M A I N T >------------------------------------- maint messages do not have a message (message = nil); otherwise the structure is the same as error messages ]] maint_archived_copy = { message = nil, anchor = 'archived_copy', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Salinan kaarsipkeun salaku judul', hidden = true, }, maint_bibcode = { message = nil, anchor = 'bibcode', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: bibcode', hidden = true, }, maint_location_no_publisher = { -- cite book, conference, encyclopedia; citation as book cite or encyclopedia cite message = nil, anchor = 'location_no_publisher', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Lokasi tanpa pamedal', hidden = true, }, maint_bot_unknown = { message = nil, anchor = 'bot:_unknown', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: BOT: status url asli teu dipikanyaho', hidden = true, }, maint_date_auto_xlated = { -- date auto-translation not supported by en.wiki message = nil, anchor = 'date_auto_xlated', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Tanggal ditarjamahkeun otomatis', hidden = true, }, maint_date_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Format tanggal', hidden = true, }, maint_date_year = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_year', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Tanggal jeung taun', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_ignore', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Kasalahan DOI nu dipaliré', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: DOI nonaktif', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive_dated = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive_dated', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: DOI nonaktif per $2$3$1', -- $1 is year, $2 is month-name or empty string, $3 is space or empty string hidden = true, }, maint_doi_unflagged_free = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_unflagged_free', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: DOI bébas tanpa ditandaan', hidden = true, }, maint_extra_punct = { message = nil, anchor = 'extra_punct', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Tanda baca tambahan', hidden = true, }, maint_id_limit_load_fail = { -- applies to all cs1|2 templates on a page; message = nil, -- maint message (category link) never emitted anchor = 'id_limit_load_fail', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: pamuatan wates ID gagal', hidden = true, }, maint_isbn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_isbn_err', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Kasalahn ISBN nu dipaliré', hidden = true, }, maint_issn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_issn', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Kasalahan ISSN nu dipaliré', hidden = true, }, maint_jfm_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'jfm_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Format JFM', hidden = true, }, maint_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'location', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Lokasi', hidden = true, }, maint_mr_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'mr_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Format MR', hidden = true, }, maint_mult_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'mult_names', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Loba ngaran: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_numeric_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Ngaran numerik: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_others = { message = nil, anchor = 'others', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Nu lian', hidden = true, }, maint_others_avm = { message = nil, anchor = 'others_avm', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Nu lian dina cite AV media (notes)', hidden = true, }, maint_overridden_setting = { message = nil, anchor = 'overridden', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Pangaturan diambil alih', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_embargo = { message = nil, anchor = 'embargo', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Émbargo PMC kadaluwarsa', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'pmc_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Format PMC', hidden = true, }, maint_postscript = { message = nil, anchor = 'postscript', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Postscript', hidden = true, }, maint_publisher_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'publisher_location', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Lokasi pamedal', hidden = true, }, maint_ref_duplicates_default = { message = nil, anchor = 'ref_default', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Ref ngaduplikasi bawaan', hidden = true, }, maint_unknown_lang = { message = nil, anchor = 'unknown_lang', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Basa nu teu dipikanyaho', hidden = true, }, maint_untitled = { message = nil, anchor = 'untitled', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Periode tanpa judul', hidden = true, }, maint_url_status = { message = nil, anchor = 'url_status', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Status URL', hidden = true, }, maint_year= { message = nil, anchor = 'year', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Taun', hidden = true, }, maint_zbl = { message = nil, anchor = 'zbl', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Zbl', hidden = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< I D _ L I M I T S _ D A T A _ T >---------------------------------------------- fetch id limits for certain identifiers from c:Data:CS1/Identifier limits.tab. This source is a json tabular data file maintained at wikipedia commons. Convert the json format to a table of k/v pairs. The values from <id_limits_data_t> are used to set handle.id_limit. From 2025-02-21, MediaWiki is broken. Use this link to edit the tablular data file: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab&action=edit See Phab:T389105 ]] local id_limits_data_t = {}; local use_commons_data = true; -- set to false if your wiki does not have access to mediawiki commons; then, if false == use_commons_data then -- update this table from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab; last update: 2025-02-21 id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = 10450000000, ['OSTI'] = 23010000, ['PMC'] = 11900000, ['PMID'] = 40400000, ['RFC'] = 9300, ['SSRN'] = 5200000, ['S2CID'] = 276000000}; -- this table must be maintained locally else -- here for wikis that do have access to mediawiki commons local load_fail_limit = 99999999999; -- very high number to avoid error messages on load failure id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = load_fail_limit, ['OSTI'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMC'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMID'] = load_fail_limit, ['RFC'] = load_fail_limit, ['SSRN'] = load_fail_limit, ['S2CID'] = load_fail_limit}; local id_limits_data_load_fail = false; -- flag; assume that we will be successful when loading json id limit tabular data local tab_data_t = mw.ext.data.get ('CS1/Identifier limits.tab').data; -- attempt to load the json limit data from commons into <tab_data_t> if false == tab_data_t then -- undocumented 'feature': mw.ext.data.get() sometimes returns false id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- set the flag so that Module:Citation/CS1 can create an unannotated maint category else for _, limit_t in ipairs (tab_data_t) do -- overwrite default <load_fail_limit> values id_limits_data_t[limit_t[1]] = limit_t[2]; -- <limit[1]> is identifier; <limit[2]> is upper limit for that identifier end end end --[[--------------------------< I D _ H A N D L E R S >-------------------------------------------------------- The following contains a list of values for various defined identifiers. For each identifier we specify a variety of information necessary to properly render the identifier in the citation. parameters: a list of parameter aliases for this identifier; first in the list is the canonical form link: Wikipedia article name redirect: a local redirect to a local Wikipedia article name; at en.wiki, 'ISBN (identifier)' is a redirect to 'International Standard Book Number' q: Wikidata q number for the identifier label: the label preceding the identifier; label is linked to a Wikipedia article (in this order): redirect from id_handlers['<id>'].redirect when use_identifier_redirects is true Wikidata-supplied article name for the local wiki from id_handlers['<id>'].q local article name from id_handlers['<id>'].link prefix: the first part of a URL that will be concatenated with a second part which usually contains the identifier suffix: optional third part to be added after the identifier encode: true if URI should be percent-encoded; otherwise false COinS: identifier link or keyword for use in COinS: for identifiers registered at info-uri.info use: info:.... where '...' is the appropriate identifier label for identifiers that have COinS keywords, use the keyword: rft.isbn, rft.issn, rft.eissn for |asin= and |ol=, which require assembly, use the keyword: url for others make a URL using the value in prefix/suffix and #label, use the keyword: pre (not checked; any text other than 'info', 'rft', or 'url' works here) set to nil to leave the identifier out of the COinS separator: character or text between label and the identifier in the rendered citation id_limit: for those identifiers with established limits, this property holds the upper limit access: use this parameter to set the access level for all instances of this identifier. the value must be a valid access level for an identifier (see ['id-access'] in this file). custom_access: to enable custom access level for an identifier, set this parameter to the parameter that should control it (normally 'id-access') ]] local id_handlers = { ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'eprint'}, link = 'arXiv', redirect = 'arXiv', q = 'Q118398', label = 'arXiv', prefix = 'https://arxiv.org/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Nomor Idéntifikasi Standar Amazon', redirect = 'ASIN', q = 'Q1753278', label = 'ASIN', prefix = 'https://www.amazon.', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode'}, link = 'Bibcode', redirect = 'Bibcode', q = 'Q25754', label = 'Bibcode', prefix = 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', custom_access = 'bibcode-access', }, ['BIORXIV'] = { parameters = {'biorxiv'}, link = 'bioRxiv', redirect = 'bioRxiv', q = 'Q19835482', label = 'bioRxiv', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['CITESEERX'] = { parameters = {'citeseerx'}, link = 'CiteSeerX', redirect = 'CiteSeerX', q = 'Q2715061', label = 'CiteSeerX', prefix = 'https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['DOI'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI'}, link = 'Pangidentifikasi Objék Digital', redirect = 'DOI', q = 'Q25670', label = 'doi', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'doi-access', }, ['EISSN'] = { parameters = {'eissn', 'EISSN'}, link = 'Nomor Séri Standar Internasional#ISSN Elektronik', redirect = 'ISSN', q = 'Q46339674', label = 'eISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.eissn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['HDL'] = { parameters = { 'hdl', 'HDL' }, link = 'Handle System', redirect = 'hdl', q = 'Q3126718', label = 'hdl', prefix = 'https://hdl.handle.net/', COinS = 'info:hdl', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'hdl-access', }, ['ISBN'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN'}, link = 'Nomor Buku Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISBN', q = 'Q33057', label = 'ISBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISMN'] = { parameters = {'ismn', 'ISMN'}, link = 'Nomor Musik Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISMN', q = 'Q1666938', label = 'ISMN', prefix = '', -- not currently used; COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'Nomor Séri Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISSN', q = 'Q131276', label = 'ISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', redirect = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', q = '', label = 'JFM', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', redirect = 'JSTOR', q = 'Q1420342', label = 'JSTOR', prefix = 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', custom_access = 'jstor-access', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'lccn', 'LCCN'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', redirect = 'LCCN', q = 'Q620946', label = 'LCCN', prefix = 'https://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'info:lccn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MEDRXIV'] = { parameters = {'medrxiv'}, link = 'medRxiv', redirect = 'medRxiv', q = 'Q58465838', label = 'medRxiv', prefix = 'https://www.medrxiv.org/content/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'mr', 'MR'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', redirect = 'Mathematical Reviews', q = 'Q211172', label = 'MR', prefix = 'https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'oclc', 'OCLC'}, link = 'OCLC', redirect = 'OCLC ', q = 'Q190593', label = 'OCLC', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OCLC or 0, }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', redirect = 'Open Library', q = 'Q1201876', label = 'OL', prefix = 'https://openlibrary.org/', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = true, custom_access = 'ol-access', }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'osti', 'OSTI'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', redirect = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', q = 'Q2015776', label = 'OSTI', prefix = 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OSTI or 0, custom_access = 'osti-access', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'pmc', 'PMC'}, link = 'PubMed Central', redirect = 'PubMed', q = 'Q229883', label = 'PMC', prefix = 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = '', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'pmid', 'PMID'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', redirect = 'PubMed', q = 'Q2082879', label = 'PMID', prefix = 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMID or 0, }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'rfc', 'RFC'}, link = 'Request for Comments', redirect = 'Request for Comments', q = 'Q212971', label = 'RFC', prefix = 'https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.RFC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['SBN'] = { parameters = {'sbn', 'SBN'}, link = 'Standard Book Number', -- redirect to International_Standard_Book_Number#History redirect = 'Standard Book Number', label = 'SBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/0-', -- prefix has leading zero necessary to make 9-digit sbn a 10-digit isbn COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'ssrn', 'SSRN'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', redirect = 'SSRN', q = 'Q7550801', label = 'SSRN', prefix = 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.SSRN or 0, custom_access = 'ssrn-access', }, ['S2CID'] = { parameters = {'s2cid', 'S2CID'}, link = 'Semantic Scholar', redirect = 'S2CID', q = 'Q22908627', label = 'S2CID', prefix = 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.S2CID or 0, custom_access = 's2cid-access', }, ['USENETID'] = { parameters = {'message-id'}, link = 'Usenet', redirect = 'Usenet', q = 'Q193162', label = 'Usenet:', prefix = 'news:', encode = false, COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'zbl', 'ZBL' }, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', redirect = 'Zentralblatt', q = 'Q190269', label = 'Zbl', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >--------------------------------- ]] return { use_identifier_redirects = use_identifier_redirects, -- booleans defined in the settings at the top of this module local_lang_cat_enable = local_lang_cat_enable, date_name_auto_xlate_enable = date_name_auto_xlate_enable, date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = date_digit_auto_xlate_enable, enable_sort_keys = enable_sort_keys, -- tables and variables created when this module is loaded global_df = get_date_format (), -- this line can be replaced with "global_df = 'dmy-all'," to have all dates auto translated to dmy format. global_cs1_config_t = global_cs1_config_t, -- global settings from {{cs1 config}} punct_skip = build_skip_table (punct_skip, punct_meta_params), url_skip = build_skip_table (url_skip, url_meta_params), known_free_doi_registrants_t = build_free_doi_registrants_table(), id_limits_data_load_fail = id_limits_data_load_fail, -- true when commons tabular identifier-limit data fails to load name_space_sort_keys = name_space_sort_keys, aliases = aliases, special_case_translation = special_case_translation, date_names = date_names, err_msg_supl = err_msg_supl, error_conditions = error_conditions, editor_markup_patterns = editor_markup_patterns, et_al_patterns = et_al_patterns, extended_registrants_t = extended_registrants_t, id_handlers = id_handlers, keywords_lists = keywords_lists, keywords_xlate = keywords_xlate, stripmarkers = stripmarkers, invisible_chars = invisible_chars, invisible_defs = invisible_defs, indic_script = indic_script, emoji_t = emoji_t, maint_cats = maint_cats, messages = messages, presentation = presentation, prop_cats = prop_cats, script_lang_codes = script_lang_codes, lang_tag_remap = lang_tag_remap, lang_name_remap = lang_name_remap, this_wiki_code = this_wiki_code, title_types = title_types, uncategorized_namespaces = uncategorized_namespaces_t, uncategorized_subpages = uncategorized_subpages, templates_using_volume = templates_using_volume, templates_using_issue = templates_using_issue, templates_not_using_page = templates_not_using_page, vol_iss_pg_patterns = vol_iss_pg_patterns, single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t, inter_wiki_map = inter_wiki_map, mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw_languages_by_tag_t, mw_languages_by_name_t = mw_languages_by_name_t, citation_class_map_t = citation_class_map_t, citation_issue_t = citation_issue_t, citation_no_volume_t = citation_no_volume_t, } p3bynq9eu3yo94vc7eo9rrsicbelvus 4 45565 730858 730851 2026-10-28T12:17:23Z Oceanmuse 22609 /* Satuju */ 730858 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{hider kaca sawala|Ajuan|alpha=yes|start=100| Ide anyar sarta ajuan mah disawalakeunna didieu ''saméméh prung'' téh: * Ajuan parobahan '''pakakas lemes''' mah kudu di [[phabricator:|Pabrikator]] (parobahan pangaturan kudu di [[meta:Requesting wiki configuration changes|pamundut meta]]). * Ajuan parobahan '''kawijakan''' mah kudu di [[Wikipedia:Sawala (kawijakan)]]. * Ajuan '''wiki anyar''' mah kudu [[meta:Proposals for new projects|ajuan proyék anyar meta]]. * Ajuan '''artikel anyar''' mah kudu di [[Wikipedia:Artikel pamundut]]. |WP:SA|WP:SAJU}}__NEWSECTIONLINK__<!-- -->[[<!-- OK -->Category:Sawala Wikipedia]] __TOC__ <span id="below_toc"></span> {{clear}} <!-- TULISNA HANDAPEUN KALIMAH IEU --></noinclude> == Usulan kaca Tepas anyar == Sampurasun baraya sadaya!<br> Aya usulah ti simkuring pikeun ngarobah kaca Tepas Wikipédia Sunda. Kaca anyarna saheulaanan aya dina kotrétan kaca pamaké kuring <big>[[Pamaké:Uchup19/Kotrétan|'''nu ieu''']]</big>, mangga baraya sadaya ngedalkeun pamendakna perkawis ieu usulan.--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font color="#">Uchup19 (SAB17)</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 29 Méi 2019 00.36 (UTC)<br> :Tembusan birokrat abah {{gero|Kumincir}}, para-''sysop'': {{gero|Ilham.nurwansah}}, {{gero|A.R Dipusparaga}}, {{gero|RXerself}}, {{gero|Mssetiadi}}. :hatur nuhun ka sadaya nu parantos nga-''vote'', margi tos kaétang samingon ti awal ajuan, mangka ieu usulan dianggap satuju sadaya. Cag!--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font color="#">yusup_ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 4 Juni 2019 08.44 (UTC) === Satuju === <!--{{done|pamendakna}}--~~~~--> *{{vote|Y}} [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 29 Méi 2019 00.45 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} [[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 29 Méi 2019 01.06 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 29 Méi 2019 03.57 (UTC) === Teu satuju === <!--{{not done|pamendakna}}--~~~~--> === Kumabaé === * == Penghargaan Sukarelawan Wikimedia 2020 == [[File:Spanduk Penghargaan Sukarelawan Wikimedia 2020.png|right|500px]] Tahun 2020 telah berlalu, tidak terhitung betapa banyaknya jasa sukarelawan Wikimedia dalam upaya membebaskan pengetahuan bagi khalayak Indonesia khususnya, dan khalayak dunia pada umumnya. Wikimedia Indonesia berterima kasih kepada para sukarelawan Wikimedia yang telah turut serta berurun daya, waktu, ilmu, dan sebagainya. Karena itu, terlintas di benak kami perlunya penganugerahan penghargaan kepada sukarelawan terbaik. Untuk itu, diadakanlah Penghargaan Sukarelawan Wikimedia 2020 ini. Sisihkan waktu Anda sejenak untuk memberikan kepada kami rekomendasi siapakah yang menurut Anda layak mendapatkan Penghargaan Sukarelawan Wikimedia 2020 melalui tautan berikut ini: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXR1vVhfeCNq0791g4K0ompjQZgbjWV6cmnMOEUnd9jtXbpg/viewform bit.ly/wmid-penghargaansukarelawan2020] Salam, [[Pamaké:Hillun Vilayl Napis (WMID)|Hillun Vilayl Napis (WMID)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Hillun Vilayl Napis (WMID)|sawala]]) 20 Januari 2021 08.52 (UTC) == IMPORTANT: Admin activity review == Hello. A policy regarding the removal of "advanced rights" (administrator, bureaucrat, interface administrator, etc.) was adopted by [[:m:Requests for comment/Activity levels of advanced administrative rights holders|global community consensus]] in 2013. According to this policy, the [[:m:stewards|stewards]] are reviewing administrators' activity on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis with no inactivity policy. To the best of our knowledge, your wiki does not have a formal process for removing "advanced rights" from inactive accounts. This means that the stewards will take care of this according to the [[:m:Admin activity review|admin activity review]]. We have determined that the following users meet the inactivity criteria (no edits and no logged actions for more than 2 years): #A.R Dipusparaga (administrator) These users will receive a notification soon, asking them to start a community discussion if they want to retain some or all of their rights. If the users do not respond, then their advanced rights will be removed by the stewards. However, if you as a community would like to create your own activity review process superseding the global one, want to make another decision about these inactive rights holders, or already have a policy that we missed, then please notify the [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard|stewards on Meta-Wiki]] so that we know not to proceed with the rights review on your wiki. Thanks, [[Pamaké:علاء|علاء]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:علاء|sawala]]) 7 Pébruari 2021 18.56 (UTC) == Usulan perobihan rohang ngaran == Simkuring hoyong ngusulkeun perobihan sababaraha rohang ngaran dina proyék ieu. Di handap ieu nyaéta sababaraha rohang ngaran anu hoyong dirobih: * '''Gambar''' → '''Berkas''' (File/Berkas) * '''Obrolan gambar''' → '''Obrolan berkas''' (File talk/Pembicaraan Berkas) * '''Wikipedia''' → '''Wikipédia''' (Wikipedia) * '''Obrolan Wikipedia''' → '''Obrolan Wikipédia''' (Wikipedia talk/Pembicaraan Wikipedia) * '''Pembicaraan Modul''' → '''Obrolan modul''' (Module talk/Pembicaraan Modul) * '''Pembicaraan Acara''' → '''Obrolan acara''' (Event talk/Pembicaraan Acara) Mangga baraya sadaya pikeun ngedalkeun pamendakna perkawis ieu usulan. Simkuring ogé ngulem ka {{Ping|A2613|Badak Jawa|Deepturquoise|Hayati Mayang Arum|Ilham.nurwansah|Kumincir|Mirani Pramitasari|Mssetiadi|Oceanmuse|Pijri Paijar|Zulf}} pikeun ngedalkeun pamendakna sareng sorana dina ieu usulan. Hatur nuhun [[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 26 Oktober 2026 22.11 (UTC) === Satuju === <!-- {{Satuju}} pamendakna ~~~~ --> * {{Satuju}} salaku pangusul [[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 26 Oktober 2026 22.12 (UTC) * {{Satuju}} [[Pamaké:Mirani Pramitasari|Mirani Pramitasari]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mirani Pramitasari|sawala]]) 28 Oktober 2026 06.50 (UTC) * {{Satuju}} [[Pamaké:Oceanmuse|Oceanmuse]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Oceanmuse|sawala]]) 28 Oktober 2026 12.17 (UTC) === Teu satuju === <!-- {{Teu satuju}} pamendakna ~~~~ --> * === Kumabaé === * gy5ixm9pxf1jpgyb6nw5v9vahcfk7gy 730891 730858 2026-10-29T06:33:58Z Henri Aja 25056 /* Satuju */ {{vote}} 730891 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{hider kaca sawala|Ajuan|alpha=yes|start=100| Ide anyar sarta ajuan mah disawalakeunna didieu ''saméméh prung'' téh: * Ajuan parobahan '''pakakas lemes''' mah kudu di [[phabricator:|Pabrikator]] (parobahan pangaturan kudu di [[meta:Requesting wiki configuration changes|pamundut meta]]). * Ajuan parobahan '''kawijakan''' mah kudu di [[Wikipedia:Sawala (kawijakan)]]. * Ajuan '''wiki anyar''' mah kudu [[meta:Proposals for new projects|ajuan proyék anyar meta]]. * Ajuan '''artikel anyar''' mah kudu di [[Wikipedia:Artikel pamundut]]. |WP:SA|WP:SAJU}}__NEWSECTIONLINK__<!-- -->[[<!-- OK -->Category:Sawala Wikipedia]] __TOC__ <span id="below_toc"></span> {{clear}} <!-- TULISNA HANDAPEUN KALIMAH IEU --></noinclude> == Usulan kaca Tepas anyar == Sampurasun baraya sadaya!<br> Aya usulah ti simkuring pikeun ngarobah kaca Tepas Wikipédia Sunda. Kaca anyarna saheulaanan aya dina kotrétan kaca pamaké kuring <big>[[Pamaké:Uchup19/Kotrétan|'''nu ieu''']]</big>, mangga baraya sadaya ngedalkeun pamendakna perkawis ieu usulan.--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font color="#">Uchup19 (SAB17)</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 29 Méi 2019 00.36 (UTC)<br> :Tembusan birokrat abah {{gero|Kumincir}}, para-''sysop'': {{gero|Ilham.nurwansah}}, {{gero|A.R Dipusparaga}}, {{gero|RXerself}}, {{gero|Mssetiadi}}. :hatur nuhun ka sadaya nu parantos nga-''vote'', margi tos kaétang samingon ti awal ajuan, mangka ieu usulan dianggap satuju sadaya. Cag!--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font color="#">yusup_ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 4 Juni 2019 08.44 (UTC) === Satuju === <!--{{done|pamendakna}}--~~~~--> *{{vote|Y}} [[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 29 Méi 2019 00.45 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} [[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 29 Méi 2019 01.06 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 29 Méi 2019 03.57 (UTC) === Teu satuju === <!--{{not done|pamendakna}}--~~~~--> === Kumabaé === * == Penghargaan Sukarelawan Wikimedia 2020 == [[File:Spanduk Penghargaan Sukarelawan Wikimedia 2020.png|right|500px]] Tahun 2020 telah berlalu, tidak terhitung betapa banyaknya jasa sukarelawan Wikimedia dalam upaya membebaskan pengetahuan bagi khalayak Indonesia khususnya, dan khalayak dunia pada umumnya. Wikimedia Indonesia berterima kasih kepada para sukarelawan Wikimedia yang telah turut serta berurun daya, waktu, ilmu, dan sebagainya. Karena itu, terlintas di benak kami perlunya penganugerahan penghargaan kepada sukarelawan terbaik. Untuk itu, diadakanlah Penghargaan Sukarelawan Wikimedia 2020 ini. Sisihkan waktu Anda sejenak untuk memberikan kepada kami rekomendasi siapakah yang menurut Anda layak mendapatkan Penghargaan Sukarelawan Wikimedia 2020 melalui tautan berikut ini: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXR1vVhfeCNq0791g4K0ompjQZgbjWV6cmnMOEUnd9jtXbpg/viewform bit.ly/wmid-penghargaansukarelawan2020] Salam, [[Pamaké:Hillun Vilayl Napis (WMID)|Hillun Vilayl Napis (WMID)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Hillun Vilayl Napis (WMID)|sawala]]) 20 Januari 2021 08.52 (UTC) == IMPORTANT: Admin activity review == Hello. A policy regarding the removal of "advanced rights" (administrator, bureaucrat, interface administrator, etc.) was adopted by [[:m:Requests for comment/Activity levels of advanced administrative rights holders|global community consensus]] in 2013. According to this policy, the [[:m:stewards|stewards]] are reviewing administrators' activity on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis with no inactivity policy. To the best of our knowledge, your wiki does not have a formal process for removing "advanced rights" from inactive accounts. This means that the stewards will take care of this according to the [[:m:Admin activity review|admin activity review]]. We have determined that the following users meet the inactivity criteria (no edits and no logged actions for more than 2 years): #A.R Dipusparaga (administrator) These users will receive a notification soon, asking them to start a community discussion if they want to retain some or all of their rights. If the users do not respond, then their advanced rights will be removed by the stewards. However, if you as a community would like to create your own activity review process superseding the global one, want to make another decision about these inactive rights holders, or already have a policy that we missed, then please notify the [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard|stewards on Meta-Wiki]] so that we know not to proceed with the rights review on your wiki. Thanks, [[Pamaké:علاء|علاء]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:علاء|sawala]]) 7 Pébruari 2021 18.56 (UTC) == Usulan perobihan rohang ngaran == Simkuring hoyong ngusulkeun perobihan sababaraha rohang ngaran dina proyék ieu. Di handap ieu nyaéta sababaraha rohang ngaran anu hoyong dirobih: * '''Gambar''' → '''Berkas''' (File/Berkas) * '''Obrolan gambar''' → '''Obrolan berkas''' (File talk/Pembicaraan Berkas) * '''Wikipedia''' → '''Wikipédia''' (Wikipedia) * '''Obrolan Wikipedia''' → '''Obrolan Wikipédia''' (Wikipedia talk/Pembicaraan Wikipedia) * '''Pembicaraan Modul''' → '''Obrolan modul''' (Module talk/Pembicaraan Modul) * '''Pembicaraan Acara''' → '''Obrolan acara''' (Event talk/Pembicaraan Acara) Mangga baraya sadaya pikeun ngedalkeun pamendakna perkawis ieu usulan. Simkuring ogé ngulem ka {{Ping|A2613|Badak Jawa|Deepturquoise|Hayati Mayang Arum|Ilham.nurwansah|Kumincir|Mirani Pramitasari|Mssetiadi|Oceanmuse|Pijri Paijar|Zulf}} pikeun ngedalkeun pamendakna sareng sorana dina ieu usulan. Hatur nuhun [[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 26 Oktober 2026 22.11 (UTC) === Satuju === <!-- {{Satuju}} pamendakna ~~~~ --> * {{Satuju}} salaku pangusul [[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 26 Oktober 2026 22.12 (UTC) * {{Satuju}} [[Pamaké:Mirani Pramitasari|Mirani Pramitasari]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mirani Pramitasari|sawala]]) 28 Oktober 2026 06.50 (UTC) * {{Satuju}} [[Pamaké:Oceanmuse|Oceanmuse]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Oceanmuse|sawala]]) 28 Oktober 2026 12.17 (UTC) * {{Satuju}} <span style="font-family:Candara">[[User:Henri_Aja|🅷🅴🅽🆁🅸]][[User_Talk:Henri_Aja|<span style="text-shadow: 2px 5px 2px #7A7A7A;"> <small>^{'''nyarios?'''}</small> &#9993;</span>]]</span> 29 Oktober 2026 06.33 (UTC) === Teu satuju === <!-- {{Teu satuju}} pamendakna ~~~~ --> * === Kumabaé === * 7420e62l6quz41lqmhfml3opc43cixz 0 46583 730873 712416 2026-10-28T21:02:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tropocollagen cross-linkage lysyl oxidase (EN).svg|thumb|Gambar oxidase ''lysyl'']] '''Kolagén''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[protéin]] anu aya dina [[awak]] [[manusa]]. Jumlahna dina sakujur awak nepika 30%. Kolagén mangrupa hiji struktur organik pikeun ngawangun [[tulang]], [[huntu]], [[sendi]], [[otot]], jeun [[kulit]]. Ramat Kolagén mibanda daya tahan kuat tina pangaruh tekenan. Kolagén mimitina tina [[basa Yunani]] anu hartina (cepel atawa mibanda sipat cepel).<ref>[http://kesehatan-surabaya.blogspot.co.id/2014/07/Pengertian-Kolagen-dan-Fungsi-Kolagen.html Kolangen nyaéta]</ref> Kolagén mangrupa protéin utama anu ngawangun otot jeung tulang, ogé méré kakuatan jeung daya tahan kulit. Kurangna produksi kolagén ngabalukarkeun kolagén dina kulit ngipisan. Kulit katempo péot jeung kendor. Di dieu pisan anu disebut ngolotan.<ref>[http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/kolagen/ Kamus Kaséhatan-Ditempo 14 Séptémber 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105155035/http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/kolagen |date=2016-01-05 }}</ref><ref>[http://kesehatan-surabaya.blogspot.co.id/2014/07/Pengertian-Kolagen-dan-Fungsi-Kolagen.html Mangpaat kolagen]</ref> ==Mangpaat Kolagén== Kolagén mibanda mangpaat anu gedé pikeun kalumangsungan hirup manusa Mangpaat Kolagén di antarana :<ref>[http://kesehatan-surabaya.blogspot.co.id/2014/07/Pengertian-Kolagen-dan-Fungsi-Kolagen.html]</ref> *Ngahasilkeun [[asam amino]] umpamana prolin, glisin jeung lisin *Ngajaga organ–organ anu penting dina jeroeun [[awak]] *Ngajaga [[kulit]] supaya séhat, henteu [[garing]] jeung péot *Ngajaga kulit supaya henteu garing *Ngawangun otot, [[huntu]], [[sendi]], [[tulang]] jeung jeung [[kulit]] *Ngajaga kasaimbangan [[métabolisme]] *Ngajaga kaséhatana [[buuk]] jeung kuku awak *Ngabantu ngalancarkeun [[getih]] *Ngabantu nyerep [[kalsium]] *Ngajaga ngarah awét ngora *Jeung réa-réa deui. ==Unsur pangwangun== '''[[Protéin]]''' kolagén diwangun tina ''triple helix'' , biasana kawangun tina dua kantétan anu sarua ( α1 ) jeung kantétan tambahan anu rada béda dina ''komposisi'' [[kimia]]na ( α2 ) . Komposisi ''asam amino'' kolagén nyaéta bahan pikeun ngawangun protéin, utamana dina kandungan ''hidroksiprolin'' anu kawilang loba. Paling umum [[asam amino]] kolagén nyaéta ''glisin - prolin - X'' jeung ''glisin - X - hidroksiprolin'', di mana X nyaéta unggal ''asam amino'' séjén tina ''glisin'', prolin atawa ''hidroksiprolin''. Komposisi asam amino ieu rata-rata diperlukeun pikeun [[lauk]] jeung [[kulit]] [[mamalia]] .<ref name="SzpakJAS">{{Cite journal |last=Szpak |first=Paul |title=Fish bone chemistry and ultrastructure: implications for taphonomy and stable isotope analysis | url=https://www.academia.edu/801925/Fish_Bone_Chemistry_and_Ultrastructure_Implications_for_Taphonomy_and_Stable_Isotope_Analysis |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |year=2011 |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=3358–3372 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2011.07.022 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Asam Amino !! Aya dina kulit [[mamalia]] <br>([[Residu]]/1000) !! Aya dina kulit [[lauk]]<Br>(Residu/1000) |- | [[Glisin]] || 329 || 339 |- | [[Prolin]] || 126 || 108 |- | [[Alanin]] || 109 || 114 |- | [[Hidroxiprolin]] || 95 || 67 |- | [[Asam glutamat]] || 74 || 76 |- | [[Arginin]] || 49 || 52 |- | [[Asam aspartat]] || 47 || 47 |- | [[Serine]] || 36 || 46 |- | [[Lisin]] || 29 || 26 |- | [[Lleusin]] || 24 || 23 |- | [[Valine]] || 22 || 21 |- | [[Threonine]] || 19 || 26 |- | [[Fénilalanin]] || 13 || 14 |- | [[Isoleucine]] || 11 || 11 |- | [[Hidroxilisin]] || 6 || 8 |- | [[Methionine]] || 6 || 13 |- | [[Histidine]] || 5 || 7 |- | [[Tirosin]] || 3 || 3 |- | [[Sistéin]] || 1 || 1 |- | [[Triptofan]] || 0 || 0 |} ==Ciri Mandiri== Kolagén mangrupa salah sahiji struktural serat. Ieu protéin mibanda kagunaan anu béda jeung [[protéin globular]], saperti [[énzim]]. Beungkeutan kolagén anu kuat disebut serat kolagén, kalawan bahan utamana ''matrix extracellular'' paling ngarojong kana jaringan jeung méré ''struktur'' sél saluareunna. Kolagén ogé kapanggih di jeroeun sababaraha sél anu tangtu. Kolagén mibanda ''tensile'' kuat (henteu pegat dibetot) , sarta mangrupa komponén utama ''fascia'' , ''kartilage'', ''ligamén'', ''tendons'', tulang jeung kulit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fratzl |first=P. |title=Collagen: Structure and Mechanics |url=https://archive.org/details/collagenstructur0000unse |publisher=Springer |location=New York |year=2008 |isbn=0-387-73905-X }}</ref> Marengan keratin leuleus, tanggung jawabna ngajaga kakuatan kulit jeung ''élastisitas''na <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buehler |first=M. J. |title=Nature designs tough collagen: Explaining the nanostructure of collagen fibrils |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2006-08-15_103_33/page/12285 |journal=PNAS |year=2006 |volume=103 |pmid=16895989 |issue=33 |pages=12285–12290 |pmc=1567872 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0603216103 |bibcode = 2006PNAS..10312285B }}</ref><ref name=ZL11>{{cite journal| last1=Zylberberg |first1=L. | last2=Laurin|first2=M.|year=2011 |title=Analysis of fossil bone organic matrix by transmission electron microscopy |journal=Comptes rendus Palevol |volume=11 |issue=5–6 |pages=357–366 | doi = 10.1016/j.crpv.2011.04.004}}</ref> ==Sajarah== Struktur jeung bungkus [[molekul]] kolagén geus mangpuluh-puluh taun jadi bahan panalungtikan para [[élmuwan]]. Buktina sajeroeun taun [[1930]]-an dititénan yén kolagén mibanda struktur anu rapih dina molekulérna .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wyckoff |first=R. |first2=R. |last2=Corey |lastauthoramp=yes |first3=J. |last3=Biscoe |title=X-ray reflections of long spacing from tendon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1935-08-23_82_2121/page/175 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |year=1935 |volume=82 |pmid=17810172 |issue=2121 |pages=175–176 |doi=10.1126/science.82.2121.175 |bibcode = 1935Sci....82..175W }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=G. |last2=Parker |first2=E. |last3=Schaad |first3=J. |lastauthoramp=yes |last4=Warren |first4=W. J. |title=New measurements of previously unknown large interplanar spacings in natural materials |journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society|J. Amer. Chem. Soc]] |year=1935 |volume=57 |issue=8 |page=1509 |doi=10.1021/ja01311a504 }}</ref> Ti saprak harita, para élmuwan, kasup anu kungsi dilélér [[nobel]] Crick, Pauling, aya ogé Yonath, jeung anu lain-na, sarta Brodsky, Berman, jeung Ramachandran, museurkeun panalungtikan kana [[monomér]] kolagén ieu. Sababaraha modél silih ganti pikeun mintonkeun hasilna, sanajan bener aya patalina jeung konfirmasi unggal ranté kantétan [[péptida]] individu, masih dibutuhkeun sababaraha bukti anu ngadukung pikeun nyampurnakeunna tapi sanajan kitu ieu geus meré jalan pikeun modél ''triple-heliks "Madras" Ramachandran'', modél anu disadiakeun dasarna bener struktur kuaterner molekul <ref>{{cite journal |journal=Resonance |volume=6 | issue= 10 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/php/toc.php?vol=06&issue=10 |title=GNR — A Tribute |author=Balasubramanian, D .|date=October 2001 |publisher= Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leonidas |first=Demetres D. |year=2001 |first2=GB |last3=Jardine |first3=AM |last4=Li |first4=S |last5=Shapiro |first5=R |last6=Acharya |first6=KR |title=Binding of Phosphate and pyrophosphate ions at the active site of human angiogenin as revealed by X-ray crystallography |journal=Protein Science |pmid=11468363 |volume=10 |issue=8 |pmc=2374093 |pages=1669–1676 |doi=10.1110/ps.13601 |displayauthors=2 |last2=Chavali }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subramanian |first=Easwara |year=2001 |title=Obituary: G.N. Ramachandran |journal=[[Nature Structural & Molecular Biology]] |pmid=11373614 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=489–491 |doi=10.1038/88544 }}</ref> Struktur rupa bungkus kolagén di luar acan dipuguhkeun sarua dina tingkat [[fibril]] kolagen, sanajan geus lila dipikawanoh mibanda [[heksagonal]] atawa kuasi-heksagonal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okuyama |first=K. |first2=K |last3=Arnott |first3=S |last4=Takayanagi |first4=M |last5=Kakudo |first5=M |title=Crystal and molecular structure of a collagen-like polypeptide (Pro-Pro-Gly)₁₀ |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-biology_1981-10-25_152_2/page/427 |journal=J Mol Biol |volume=152 |issue=2 |pages=427–443 |year=1981 |pmid=7328660 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(81)90252-7 |displayauthors=2 |last2=Okuyama }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Traub |first=W. |first2=A. |last2=Yonath |lastauthoramp=yes |first3=D. M. |last3=Segal |title=On the molecular structure of collagen |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1969-03-08_221_5184/page/n43 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |year=1969 |volume=221 |issue=5184 |pages=914–917 |doi=10.1038/221914a0 |bibcode = 1969Natur.221..914T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bella |first=J. |first2=M. |last2=Eaton |first3=B. |last3=Brodsky |first4=H. M. |last4=Berman |title=Crystal and molecular structure of a collagen-like peptide at 1.9 A resolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1994-10-07_266_5182/page/13 |journal=Science |year=1994 |volume=266 |issue=5182 |pmid=7695699 |pages=75–81 |doi=10.1126/science.7695699 |bibcode = 1994Sci...266...75B }}</ref> Saperti struktur modél monomér kalawan ngébréhkeun, sababaraha anu ngajelaskeun susunan bungkus molekul kolagén nyaéta 'kawas lambaran' atawa ''microfibrillar''.<ref name="Hulmes Miller 1979">{{Cite journal |last=Hulmes |first=D. J. |lastauthoramp=yes |first2=A. |last2=Miller |title=Quasi-hexagonal molecular packing in collagen fibrils |journal=Nature |year=1979 |volume=282 |pmid=514368 |issue=5741 |pages=878–880 |doi=10.1038/282878a0 |bibcode = 1979Natur.282..878H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jesior |first=J. C. |first2=A. |last2=Miller |lastauthoramp=yes |first3=C. |last3=Berthet-Colominas |title=Crystalline three-dimensional packing is general characteristic of type I collagen fibrils |journal=FEBS Lett |year=1980 |volume=113 |pmid=7389896 |issue=2 |pages=238–240 |doi=10.1016/0014-5793(80)80600-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=R. D. B. |lastauthoramp=yes |first2=T. P. |last2=MacRae |title=Unit cell and molecular connectivity in tendon collagen |journal=[[International Journal of Biological Macromolecules|Int. J. Biol. Macromol.]] |year=1981 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=193–200 |doi=10.1016/0141-8130(81)90063-5 }}</ref> Struktur ''microfibrillar fibril'' kolagen dina [[téndon]], [[kornea]] jeung [[tulang rangu]] geus langsung diéceéskeun ku [[mikroskop éléktron]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=R. D. |first2=T. P. |last2=MacRae |first3=A. |last3=Miller |title=Molecular packing in type I collagen fibrils |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-biology_1987-01-05_193_1/page/115 |journal=J Mol Biol |year=1987 |volume=193 |pmid=3586015 |issue=1 |pages=115–125 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(87)90631-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wess |first=T. J. |first2=AP |last3=Wess |first3=L |last4=Miller |first4=A |title=Molecular packing of type I collagen in tendon |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-biology_1998-01-16_275_2/page/255 |journal=J Mol Biol |year=1998 |volume=275 |issue=2 |pmid=9466908 |pages=255–267 |doi=10.1006/jmbi.1997.1449 |displayauthors=2 |last2=Hammersley }}</ref> Struktur ''microfibrillar'' buntut téndon, umpamana anu ditétélakeun ku Fraser, Miller, jeung Wess, digambarkeun ngajadi pangdeukeutna jeung struktur anu keur dititénan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=D. F. |last2=Gilpin |first2=C. J. |last3=Baldock |first3=C. |last4=Ziese |first4=U. |last5=Koster |first5=A. J. |last6=Kadler |first6=K. E. |title=Corneal collagen fibril structure in three dimensions: Structural insights into fibril assembly, mechanical properties, and tissue organization |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |year=2001 |volume=98 |pmid=11390960 |issue=13 |pages=7307–7312 |pmc=34664 |doi=10.1073/pnas.111150598 |bibcode = 2001PNAS...98.7307H }}</ref> Sanajan dibasajankeun, kamajuan [[topologi]] tatangga molekul kolagen, jeung ku sabab éta henteu kasawang konfirmasi anu bener tina Pangatur D-periodik kapegat [[péntamérik]] disebut basajan: ''mikrofibril''. Loba bagéan silang umpama [[L-Dopaquinone]], [[embelin]], [[kalium embelate]] jeung 5-O-metil embelin bisa dimekarkeun jadi bagéan silang atawa stabilisasi potensi kolagén jeung aplikasinya disadiakeun pikeunn lambar ''wound dressing'' dina aplikasi ''klinis'' .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narayanaswamy |first=Radhakrishnan |last2=Shanmugasamy |first2=Sangeetha |title= Bioinformatics in crosslinking chemistry of collagen with selective crosslinkers|journal=BMC |year=2011 |volume=4| page=399 |doi=10.1186/1756-0500-4-399 |last3=Shanmugasamy |first3=Sangeetha |last4=Gopal |first4=Ramesh |last5=Mandal |first5=Asit }}</ref> ==Tutumbu Kaluar== #[http://kesehatan-surabaya.blogspot.co.id/2014/07/Pengertian-Kolagen-dan-Fungsi-Kolagen.html Kolagen jeung Kaséhatan ] #[http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/kolagen/ Kamus Kaséhatan-Ditempo 14 Séptémber 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105155035/http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/kolagen |date=2016-01-05 }} ==Dicutat Tina== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Category:Protéin]] 3l2adja23q0v1nkpwkcbm9rydlr8ffz 0 73211 730869 651146 2026-10-28T20:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |name = Kukuk<br>''Lagenaria siceraria'' |image = Courge encore verte.jpg |image_caption = Buah kukuk héjo nu tumuwuh tina rambahtan tangkalna |genus = Lagenaria |species = siceraria |authority = ([[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]]) [[Paul Carpenter Standley|Standl.]] |synonyms = *''Cucurbita lagenaria'' <small>(L.) L.</small> *''Lagenaria vulgaris'' <small>Ser.</small> }}'''Kukuk''' (disebut ogé '''waluh botol'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=LA|taxon=Lagenaria siceraria|accessdate=22 January 2016}}</ref> atawa '''waluh cai'''; {{Lang-id|'''labu air'''}}; {{Lang-en|'''calabash'''}} atawa '''''white-flowered gourd'''''<ref name="BSBI07">{{cite web|url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls|title=BSBI List 2007|publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland|format=xls|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls|archive-date=25 January 2015|accessdate=2014-10-17|deadurl=yes|df=dmy}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193126/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>; [[basa Latin]]: '''''Lagenaria siceraria'''''; sok dipaké ogé istilah '''mélon panjang''', '''buncis Nugini''' jeung '''buncis Tasmania'''<ref>http://www.thekitchn.com/ingredient-spotlight-cucuzza-s-94464</ref>) nyaéta tuwuhan nu dipelak jang alaeun buahna, boh dipanén sabot keur ngora jang sayurkeuneun, boh dipanén sabot buah geus asak pikeun digaringkeun laju dipaké minangka [[parabot]]. Keur seger kénéh mah buahna téh mibanda kulit nu lemes warna héjo ngora sarta daging buahna bodas."<ref name=”De ”>{{Cite book| url =https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten04heyn| title =De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Technische- en Handelsbotanie te Buitenzorg| last =Heyne| first =K. | publisher =Batavia, Ruygrok| location =Museum voor Economische Botanie (Bogor, Indonesia)| year =1913|ISBN=|pages =181}} Disungsi22 Méi 2022 </ref>" Ari buah kukuk rupa-rupa pisan wangunna, aya nu wangunna badag jeung buleud, aya nu leutik jeung kawas [[botol]], aya ogé nu lenjang jeung luak-léok wangunna, jeung deuih ieu buah téh bisa tumuwuh nepi ka leuwih ti samétér panjangna. Wangun nu [[buleud]] mah biasana sok digolongkeun kana wawaluhan. [[Waluh]] téh salah sahiji pepelakan budidaya munggaran di dunya nu tumuwuh teu ngan saukur jang dahareun, tapina ogé sok dipaké pikeun wawadahan. Kukuk téh meureun geus dibawa ti [[Afrika]] ka [[Asia]], [[Éropa]], jeung [[Amérika (disambiguasi)|Amérika]] dina langlangan [[migrasi manusa]]<ref name="pmid163527162">{{cite journal|last1=Erickson|first1=D. L|last2=Smith|first2=B. D|last3=Clarke|first3=A. C|last4=Sandweiss|first4=D. H|last5=Tuross|first5=N|year=2005|title=An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2005-12-20_102_51/page/18315|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=102|issue=51|pages=18315–20|doi=10.1073/pnas.0509279102|pmc=1311910|pmid=16352716}}</ref>, atawa ku [[siki]] nu angkleung-angkleungan di lautan na jero buah kukukna. Geus kabukti aya di daratan [[Amérika (buana)|Amérika]] méméh datangna [[Christopher Columbus|Kolombus]].<ref name="ucla">{{cite web|url=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Cucurbita/|title=Cucurbitaceae--Fruits for Peons, Pilgrims, and Pharaohs|publisher=University of California at Los Angeles|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016003715/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Cucurbita/|archivedate=16 October 2013|accessdate=September 2, 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016003715/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Cucurbita/ |date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} i4kmylbljypoc7bmuhnwut05oq1ra1o 0 98669 730866 730008 2026-10-28T20:43:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lain|Béntang}} {{multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=1e7m comparison Uranus Neptune Sirius B Earth Venus.png|image2=1e6m comparison Mars Mercury Moon Pluto Haumea - no transparency.png|width=300|caption2=Skala objék saukuran planét: <br> Baris luhur: [[Uranus]] jeung [[Néptunus]]; <br> baris kadua: [[Bumi]], béntang [[katé bodas]] [[Sirius B]], [[Vénus]]; <br> baris handap (digedékeun) – luhur: [[Mars]] jeung [[Mérkurius]]; <br> handap: [[Bulan]], [[planit katé]] [[Pluto]], jeung [[Haumea (planit katé)|Haumea]]}} '''Planét''' atawa '''planit''' (Basa Sunda buhun: '''béntang ider''' atawa '''béntang jarah''') nyaéta [[objék astronomi]] anu [[orbit|ngulilingan]] hiji [[béntang]] atawa [[Sésa béntang|sésa béntang]]. Sangkan hiji objék bisa disebut planét, aya tilu kritéria utama numutkeun [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional]] (IAU): # Miboga [[massa]] anu cukup gedé pikeun nyiptakeun [[gravitasi]] sorangan sangkan wangunna buleud (kasatimbangan hidrostatis). # Teu badag teuing nepi ka bisa ngabalukarkeun [[fusi termonuklir]] (henteu jadi béntang). # Geus "meresihan" daérah di sabudeureun orbitna tina [[planétésimal]] (benda-benda langit leutik séjénna).<ref group="lower-alpha" name="footnoteA">Ieu [[Wangenan planét|wangenan]] dumasar kana dua déklarasi IAU (2001 jeung 2006).</ref><ref name="IAU">{{cite web |title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes |url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |publisher=IAU |year=2006 |accessdate=2019-12-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230134246/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |archivedate=2009-12-30 }}</ref> Istilah "planét" asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''planētēs'' anu hartina "pangumbara" (tukang ngumbara). Dina basa Sunda, istilah "béntang" mindeng dipaké sacara umum pikeun sakabéh barang langit anu moncorong ti peuting, padahal planét mah henteu ngaluarkeun cahaya sorangan (ngan saukur nyinarkeun pantulan cahaya ti béntang).<ref name="WSGESP">{{cite web |year=2001 |title=Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) |work=IAU |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |accessdate=2019-12-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916161707/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |archivedate=2006-09-16 }}</ref> == Sajarah jeung kapercayaan == Kecap ''planit'' geus lila dipikawanoh sarta miboga hubungan anu raket jeung [[sajarah]], [[sains]], [[mitologi]], sarta [[agama]]. Ku rupa-rupa [[peradaban]] kuna, planét téh dianggap salaku hal anu sakral atawa wawakil ti para [[déwa]]. Sanajan kitu, kalayan majuna élmu kanyaho, sawangan manusa kana planét ogé milu robah, tina dianggap barang gaib jadi objék astronomi anu bisa ditalungtik. == Bédana "Bintang" jeung "Béntang" == Dina [[Basa Sunda]], aya bédana harti anu kacida jéntréna antara kecap '''bintang''' jeung '''béntang''', dumasar kana asal-usul cahaya sarta sipatna: * '''Bintang''' (planét): Nyaéta barang langit anu teu bisa ngahasilkeun cahyana sorangan, tapi ngan saukur mantulkeun cahaya ti béntang séjénna. Dina istilah astronomi modérn, ieu disebutna [[planét]]. * '''Béntang''' (''star''): Nyaéta barang langit anu bisa ngahasilkeun cahaya sorangan tina prosés fusi nuklir dina jerona.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Cit. 1|title=Kamus Basa Sunda|publisher=Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda & PT Kiblat Buku Utama|date=2006|location=Bandung|isbn=9793631910|last=Danadibrata, R. A.}}</ref> Dina kabudayaan Sunda, planét ogé mindeng disebut '''béntang ider''' atawa '''béntang jarah'''. Istilah ieu dipaké pikeun ngabédakeunana jeung béntang sajati anu katémpona cicing (''fixed stars''), sabab planét mah katémpona "ngumbara" atawa nyimpang tina jalur béntang-béntang séjénna. Dina taun 2006, [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional]] (IAU) ngesahkeun hiji résolusi resmi anu nangtukeun [[wangenan planét IAU|wangenan (definisi) planét]] di [[Tata Surya]]. Wangenan ieu dipuji nanging ogé dikritik sarta masih diperdebatkeun ku sawatara élmuwan, lantaran dianggap teu ngawengku banda-banda [[planemo|bermassa planét]] séjénna anu ngan ditangtukeun dumasar kana orbitna. Sanajan dalapan banda planét anu dipanggihan méméh taun 1950 masih dianggap "planét" dumasar kana wangenan modéren, sawatara banda angkasa saperti [[Ceres (planét kerdil)|Cérés]], [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], [[3 Juno|Juno]], sarta [[4 Vesta|Vésta]] (masing-masing mangrupa objék di sabuk astéroid Panonpoé), kitu ogé [[Pluto]] (objék trans-Néptunus anu munggaran dipanggihan) anu baheulana dianggap planét, ayeuna mah geus henteu dianggap planét deui sarta turun statusna jadi [[planét kerdil]]. [[Ptolomeus]] nganggap yén planét ngurilingan Bumi kalawan gerakan [[deferen jeung épisiklus]]. Sanajan ideu [[Hélioséntrisme|planét ngurilingan Panonpoé]] geus lila diutarakeun, kakara dina abad ka-17 ideu ieu kabukti sacara ilmiah ngaliwatan pangamatan [[téléscop]] ku [[Galileo Galilei]]. Kalawan analisis data obsérvasi anu kacida taliti, [[Johannes Kepler]] manggihan yén orbit planét téh wangunna lain bunderan (lingkaran) sampurna, nanging mangrupa [[orbit elips|élips]]. [Image of Kepler's laws of planetary motion illustrating elliptical orbits] Sajalan jeung kamekaran pakakas obsérvasi, para [[astronom]] niténan yén planét téh rotasi dina sumbu anu miring, sarta sababaraha di antarana miboga [[beting és]] (ice caps) jeung parobahan [[usum]] lir ibarat di Bumi. Ti saprak asup ka [[Jaman Angkasa]], pangamatan jarak deukeut ku [[wahana antariksa]] ngabuktikeun yén Bumi jeung planét-planét séjénna miboga ciri-ciri géologis anu sarupa, saperti [[gunung seuneu|vulkanisme]], [[angin ribut]], [[téktonik]], malah nepi ka gejala [[hidrologi]]. Sacara umum, planit kabagi ngajadi dua jinis utama: [[raksasa gas]] gedé anu kapadetanana handap jeung [[planét kabumian|raksasa darat]] leutik batuan. Sasuay définisi IAU, aya dalapan planit di Tata Surya. Nurutkeun anggangna ti [[Panonpoé]] (deukeut ka jauh), aya opat planit kabumian, [[Mérkurius]], [[Vénus]], [[Bumi]], jeung [[Mars]], tuluy opat raksasa gas, [[Jupiter]], [[Saturnus]], [[Uranus]], jeung [[Néptunus]]. Genep planit di antarana dikurilingan ku hiji [[satelit alam]] atawa leuwih. Salian ti éta, IAU ngakuan lima [[planit katé]]<ref>[[Ceres (planét katé)|Ceres]], [[Pluto]] (saméméhns mangrupa planit ka-9 di Tata Surya), [[Makemake (planit katé)|Makemake]], [[Haumea (planét katé)|Haumea]], jeung [[Eris (planét katé)|Eris]]</ref> jeung baratus-ratus rébu [[banda leutik Tata Surya]]. Maranéhna masih nimbang-nimbang banda-banda séjén pikeun digolongkeun jadi planit.<ref>http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614202942/http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |date=2011-06-14 }}</ref> Ti semet 1992, mangratus-ratus planit anu ngurilingan béntang-béntang séjén ("[[planit luar surya]]" atawa "éksoplanét") di [[Bima Sakti]] enggeus dipanggihkeun. Per {{Extrasolar planet counts|asof}}, {{Extrasolar planet counts|planet_count}} planet luar surya anu dipikanyaho (di {{Extrasolar planet counts|system_count}} [[sistem planet]] jeung {{Extrasolar planet counts|multiplanetsystem_count}} [[Daftar sistim multiplanet|sistim multiplanet]]) kadaftar di [[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]]. Ukuranana rupa-rupa, ti mimiti planét daratan siga Bumi nepi raksasa gas nu leuwih gedé tibatan Jupiter.<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{cite web |title=Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog |work=[[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php |last=Schneider |first=Jean |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-15 }}</ref> Dina tanggal 20 Désémber 2011, tim [[Kepler (wahana antariksa)|Teleskop Luar Angkasa Kepler]] manggihkeun dua planit luar surya saukuran Bumi, [[Kepler-20e]]<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220">{{cite web |author=[[NASA|NASA Staff]] |title=Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20e |url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/ |date=20 December 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2011-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222162400/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20e/ |archivedate=2013-02-22 }}</ref> dan [[Kepler-20f]],<ref name="Kepler20f-20111220">{{cite web |author=[[NASA|NASA Staff]] |title=Kepler: A Search For Habitable Planets – Kepler-20f |url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20f/ |date=20 December 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2011-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614161345/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler20f/ |archivedate=2012-06-14 }}</ref> anu ngorbit [[analog Panonpoé|béntang diga Panonpoé]], [[Kepler-20]].<ref name="NASA-20111220">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Michele|title=NASA Discovers First Earth-size Planets Beyond Our Solar System|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=20 December 2011|accessdate=2011-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504012546/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html|archivedate=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref name="Nature-20111220">{{cite journal |last=Hand |first=Eric |title=Kepler discovers first Earth-sized exoplanets |doi=10.1038/nature.2011.9688 |date=20 December 2011 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20111220">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=Two Earth-Size Planets Are Discovered|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/21/science/space/nasas-kepler-spacecraft-discovers-2-earth-size-planets.html|date=20 December 2011|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2011-12-21 }}</ref> Studi taun 2012 nu nganalisis data [[mikrolensa gravitasi]] ngira-ngira satiap béntang di Catang Bobo [[rata-rata aritmetik|rata-rata]] dikurilingan ku saeutikna 1,6 planét.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cassan|first=Arnaud|author2=D. Kubas, J.-P. Beaulieu, M. Dominik, K. Horne, J. Greenhill, J. Wambsganss, J. Menzies, A. Williams, U. G. Jørgensen, A. Udalski, D. P. Bennett, M. D. Albrow, V. Batista, S. Brillant, J. A. R. Caldwell, A. Cole, Ch. Coutures, K. H. Cook, S. Dieters, D. Dominis Prester, J. Donatowicz, P. Fouqué, K. Hill, N. Kains et al.|title=One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations|journal=Nature|date=12 January 2012|volume=481|pages=167–169|doi=10.1038/nature10684|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7380/full/nature10684.html|accessdate=11 January 2012|issue=7380|bibcode = 2012Natur.481..167C|pmid=22237108|arxiv = 1202.0903 }}</ref> Sawatara astronom di [[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics]] (CfA) ngalaporkeun dina Januari 2013 yén saeutikna 17 miliar éksoplanét saukuran Bumi (tepatna 0,8–1,25 [[massa Bumi]]) anu periode orbitna 85 poé atawana kurang ayana di galaksi Catang Bobo.<ref name="Space-20130107">{{cite web |title=17 Billion Earth-Size Alien Planets Inhabit Milky Way |url=http://www.space.com/19157-billions-earth-size-alien-planets-aas221.html |date=January 7, 2013 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=January 8, 2013 |author=Staff }}</ref> == Sajarah == {{see|Sejarah astronomi|Definisi planet}} {{see also|Garis waktu astronomi Tata Surya}} [[File:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png|jmpl|ka|250px|Cetakan model kosmologi geosentris dari ''Cosmographia'', Antwerp, 1539]] Sawangan ngeunaan planét téh parantos loba robahna sapanjang lalakon sajarah, kawitna mah mung dianggap salaku [[béntang ngumbara]] anu langgeng dina jaman bihari, dugi ka kiwari dianggap salaku objék anu mibanda sipat nu sarupa sareng bumi. Ieu konsép téh beuki ngajembaran, henteu mung kawatesan di lingkungan Tata Surya wungkul, nanging parantos ngambah ka mangratus-ratus sistem luar surya sanésna. Ayana kahengkeran (ambiguitas) dina nangtukeun wangenan (définisi) planét téh parantos janten pasalia paham (kontrovérsi) di kalangan para élmuwan. Lima [[planit klasik]] anu tiasa katingal ku panon sacara langsung parantos dipikawanoh ti jaman bihari, sarta mibanda pangaruh anu kacida ageungna dina widang [[mitologi]], [[kosmologi agama]], sarta [[palintangan]] kuna. Dina mangsa harita, para astronom parantos nitenan kumaha cahaya-cahaya tinangtu téh léngkahna béda sarta ngalangkungan langit upami dibandingkeun sareng béntang-béntang sanésna. Éta cahaya ku bangsa Yunani disebut {{lang|grc|πλάνητες ἀστέRES}} ({{Transl|grc|''planetes asteres''}}, "béntang ngumbara") atanapi "{{lang|grc|πλανήτοι}}" baé ({{Transl|grc|''planētoi''}}, "pangalalana"),<ref>H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', ninth edition, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940).</ref> anu janten dadasar kawangunna kecap "planét".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planet |title=Definition of planet |publisher=Merriam-Webster OnLine |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref><ref name="oed" /> Di [[Yunani]], [[Cina]], [[Babilonia]] kuna, sarta sakumna peradaban pra-modéren,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Otto E. |last=Neugebauer |year=1945 |title=The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1086/370729}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Colin|last=Ronan|title=Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan|edition=Walker|chapter=Astronomy Before the Telescope|pages=264–265}}</ref> diyakinkeun yén Bumi téh mangrupa [[géosentris|puseur Alam Semesta]] sarta sakumna "planét" téh ngurilingan Bumi. Alesan anu ngadasaran ieu sawangan nyaéta béntang sarta planét katingal muter ngalingkung Bumi unggal dinten,<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas S.|last=Kuhn|title=The Copernican Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/copernicanrevolu0000kuhn_p2a0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/copernicanrevolu0000kuhn_p2a0/page/5 5]–20|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1957|isbn=0-674-17103-9}}</ref> sarta ayana anggepan sacara [[akal séhat]] yén Bumi téh sipatna padet tur manceg, henteu oyag sarta cicing. === Babilonia === {{main|Astronomi Babilonia}} Peradaban munggaran anu dipikawanoh mibanda tiori ''fungsional'' ngeunaan planét téh nyaéta bangsa [[Babilonia]], padumuk [[Mesopotamia]] dina milénium kahiji sarta kadua SM. Téks astronomi planét pangmimitina anu masih aya dugi ka ayeuna nyaéta [[Tablét Vénus ti Ammisaduqa]], mangrupa salinan daptar paniténan gerak planét Vénus ti abad ka-7 SM anu disangka parantos disusun ti milénium kadua SM.<ref name="practice" /> [[MUL.APIN]] mangrupa sapasang tablét [[kuneiform]] ti abad ka-7 SM anu nyatet gerakan Panonpoé, Bulan, sarta planét-planét sapanjang taun.<ref>{{cite book|author= Francesca Rochberg|chapter=Astronomy and Calendars in Ancient Mesopotamia|title= Civilizations of the Ancient Near East|volume= III|editor=Jack Sasson|year=2000|page=1930}}</ref> Sawatara [[Astrologi Babilonia|astrolog Babilonia]] ogé nunda dadasar pikeun [[astrologi Kulon]].<ref name="book">{{cite book|last=Holden|first=James Herschel|title=A History of Horoscopic Astrology|year=1996|publisher=AFA|isbn=978-0-86690-463-6|page=1}}</ref> ''[[Enuma anu enlil]]'', anu ditulis dina mangsa periode [[Neo-Assyria]] abad ka-7 SM,<ref>{{cite book|volume=8|series=State Archives of Assyria|title=Astrological reports to Assyrian kings|editor=Hermann Hunger|year=1992|publisher=Helsinki University Press|isbn=951-570-130-9}}</ref> eusina ngawengku daptar [[omen]] (tanda alam) sarta hubunganana sareng rupa-rupa fénoména langit, kalebet gerakan planét-planét.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part One. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablet 63: The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_january-march-1987_107_1/page/93 |first=W. G. |last=Lambert |year=1987 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |doi=10.2307/602955 |volume=107 |issue=1 |author2=Reiner |first2=Erica |jstor=602955 |pages=93–96}}</ref><ref name="ancientmes">{{cite journal |url=http://www.folklore.ee/Folklore/vol16/planets.pdf |format=PDF |author=Kasak, Enn; Veede, Raul |title=Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia (PDF) |journal=Electronic Journal of Folklore |accessdate=2008-02-06 |volume=16 |year=2001 |pages=7–35 |publisher=Estonian Literary Museum |editor=Mare Kõiva and Andres Kuperjanov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204141254/http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol16/planets.pdf |archive-date=2019-02-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204141254/http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol16/planets.pdf |date=2019-02-04 }}</ref> [[Vénus]], [[Mérkurius]], sarta planét-planét périfér (pangluarna) sapertos [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]], sarta [[Saturnus]] parantos diidéntifikasi ku para [[astronomi Babilonia|astronom Babilonia]]. Sadayana mangrupa planét anu dipikawanoh ku manusa dugi ka diciptakeunana [[téléskop]] dina awal jaman modéren.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Babylonian Observational Astronomy |author=A. Sachs |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]] |volume=276 |issue=1257 |date=May 2, 1974 |pages=43–50 [45 & 48–9] |publisher=[[Royal Society of London]] |jstor=74273 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0008 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...43S}}</ref> === Astronomi Yunani-Romawi === {{Tempo ogé|Astronomi Yunani}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |+ 7 Planét Ptolomeus |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Bulan <br> [[File:Moon decrescent symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☾}}]] || 2 <br> Mérkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 3 <br> Vénus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 4 <br> Panonpoé <br> [[File:Sun symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☉}}]] || 5 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 6 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 7 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] |} Bangsa Yunani Kuna kawitna mah henteu pati mibanda karesep sapertos bangsa Babilonia dina nalungtik perkara planét. [[Pangiring Pythagoras]] dina abad ka-6 sarta ka-5 SM rupina parantos ngamekarkeun tiori kaplanétan sorangan, anu di jerona ngajelaskeun yén Bumi, Panonpoé, Bulan, sarta planét-planét téh ngurilingan "Seuneu Tengah" anu janten puseur Alam Semesta. [[Pythagoras]] atanapi [[Parmenides]] kawartoskeun mangrupa jalma munggaran anu mampuh ngaidéntifikasi yén béntang burit sarta béntang isuk ([[Vénus]]) téh saenyana mangrupa hiji banda langit anu sarua.<ref name="burnet">{{cite book|first=John|last=Burnet|title= Greek philosophy: Thales to Plato|year=1950|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|pages=7–11|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7yUAmmqHHEgC&pg=PR4|accessdate=2008-02-07|isbn=978-1-4067-6601-1}}</ref> Dina abad ka-3 SM, [[Aristarkhus ti Samos]] ngusulkeun sistem [[heliosentrisme|hélioséntris]], anu mibanda harti yén Bumi sarta planét téh ngalingkung Panonpoé. Nanging, sistem géoséntris tetep janten anggepan utama (didominasi) dina peradaban dunya dugi ka lumangsungna [[Révolusi Ilmiah]]. Dina [[periode Hélénistik]] abad ka-1 SM, bangsa Yunani mimiti ngamekarkeun skéma matématika pikeun maham sarta ngira-ngira posisi planét-planét. Ieu skéma anu dumasar kana géométri, bénten sareng aritmetika Babilonia, nu satuluyna ngajantenkeun tiori kaplanétan langkung kompléks sarta pepek. Kalolobaan gerakan astronomis anu dititénan ti Bumi ku panon sacara langsung téh diukur ngagunakeun ieu skéma. Tiori Yunani ieu nembé tiasa dijelaskeun sacara mundel dina kitab ''[[Almagest]]'' karya [[Ptolomeus]] dina abad ka-2 M. Modél Ptolomeus téh kacida lengkepna sarta dominan, dugi ka sadaya tiori astronomi sateuacanna dianggap parantos katingaleun jaman (basi), sarta ''Almagest'' janten téks astronomi resmi di dunya Kulon salami 13 abad.<ref name="practice" /><ref name="almagest" /> Bangsa Yunani sarta Romawi mikawanoh tujuh planét, anu masing-masing dianggap [[modél géoséntris|ngurilingan Bumi]] luyu sareng hukum kompléks Ptolomeus. Éta planét-planét téh nyaéta (luyu sareng urutan Ptolomeus ti Bumi): Bulan, Mérkurius, Vénus, Panonpoé, Mars, Jupiter, sarta Saturnus.<ref name="oed">{{cite web | url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50180718?query_type=word&queryword=planet |publisher = Oxford English Dictionary | title = planet, n | accessdate=2008-02-07|year=2007}} ''Note: select the Etymology tab ''</ref><ref name="almagest">{{cite journal |first=Bernard R. |last=Goldstein |title=Saving the phenomena: the background to Ptolemy's planetary theory | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=1–12 |location=Cambridge (UK) |bibcode=1997JHA....28....1G}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ptolemy's Almagest|author= Ptolemy|authorlink=Ptolemy|author2=[[G. J. Toomer|Toomer, G. J.]]|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-691-00260-6}}</ref> === India === {{main|Astronomi India|Kosmologi Hindu}} Dina taun 499 CE, astronom India [[Aryabhata]] nyusun modél planét anu ngalebetkeun unsur [[rotasi Bumi]] dina sumbuna. Anjeunna ngajelaskeun yén éta hal téh mangrupa sabab musabab béntang-béntang katingal obah ka arah kulon. Aryabhata ogé mibanda kayakinan yén orbit planét téh wangunna [[élips]].<ref>J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html Aryabhata the Elder], [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''<nowiki/>''</ref> Pangiring Aryabhata kacida seueurna di [[India Kidul]], hiji wewengkon di mana prinsip-prinsip ngeunaan rotasi diurnal Bumi diaku, sarta sababaraha karya susulan anu dumasar kana éta tiori parantos dihasilkeun.<ref>[[K. V. Sarma|Sarma, K. V.]] (1997) "Astronomy in India" in [[Helaine Selin|Selin, Helaine]] (editor) ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-4066-3, p. 116</ref> Dina taun 1500, [[Nilakantha Somayaji]] ti [[madhab astronomi sarta matématika Kerala]] parantos ngaropéa (ngarévisi) modél Aryabhata dina karyana anu judulna ''[[Tantrasangraha]]''.<ref name="MOPM">{{cite journal |title=Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers |last==Ramasubramanian |first=K. |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |volume=26 |pages=11–31 [23–4] |year=1998 |bibcode=1998BASI...26...11R}}</ref> Dina ''Aryabhatiyabhasya'', anu mangrupa ulasan (koméntar) kana kitab ''Aryabhatiya'' karya Aryabhata, anjeunna ngamekarkeun modél planét di mana Mérkurius, Vénus, Mars, Jupiter, sarta Saturnus téh ngalingkung Panonpoé, sedengkeun Panonpoé ngurilingan Bumi. Ieu modél téh sawanda sareng [[sistim Tychonik]] anu diusulkeun ku [[Tycho Brahe]] dina ahir abad ka-16. Kalolobaan astronom ti madhab Kerala anu janten pangiringna nampi éta modél planét hasil usulanana.<ref name="MOPM" /><ref>Ramasubramanian etc. (1994)</ref> === Astronomi Islam abad pertengahan === {{main|Astronomi Islam abad pertengahan|Kosmologi Islam}} Dina abad ka-11, kajadian [[transit Vénus]] parantos dititénan ku [[Ibnu Sina]], anu satuluyna netepkeun yén [[Vénus]] téh aya kalana nuju aya di handapeun Panonpoé.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā |author=Sally P. Ragep |editor=Thomas Hockey |encyclopedia=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2007 |pages=570–572 |doi=10.1888/0333750888/3736 |bibcode=2000eaa..bookE3736. |isbn=0-333-75088-8}}</ref> Dina abad ka-12, [[Ibnu Bajjah]] nitenan ayana "dua planét anu mangrupa titik hideung dina beungeut Panonpoé", anu dina mangsa nu bakal datang dipikawanoh salaku [[transit Mérkurius]] sarta Vénus ku astronom ti [[Observatorium Maragheh|Maragha]], [[Qotb al-Din Shirazi]], dina abad ka-13.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of oriental astronomy: proceedings of the joint discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), held in Kyoto, August 25–26, 1997|author=S. M. Razaullah Ansari|publisher=Springer|year=2002|isbn=1-4020-0657-8|page=137}}</ref> Nanging hanjakalna, Ibnu Bajjah dianggap pamohalan upami parantos nitenan transit Vénus, jalaran éta fénoména téh saenyana henteu kantos lumangsung saumur hirup anjeunna.<ref name="transit catalog">{{cite web|url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/VenusCatalog.html|author=Fred Espenak|publisher= NASA/GSFC|title=Six millennium catalog of Venus transits: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE|accessdate=11 February 2012}}</ref> === Renaisans Éropa === {{Tempo ogé|Hélioséntrisme}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planét Renaisans, s.k. 1543 dugi ka 1781 |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Mérkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Vénus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] |} Ku dimimitianana [[Révolusi Ilmiah]], wangenan (définisi) kecap "planét" téh robah sacara sasar (mendasar); anu kawitna dianggap salaku objék anu bagerak di langit (rélatif kana [[béntang maneuh|latar béntang]]), janten banda anu ngurilingan Bumi (géoséntris), sarta ahirna janten banda anu sacara langsung ngalilingan Panonpoé (hélioséntris). Ieu parobahan téh lumangsung sabada [[modél hélioséntris]] karya [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]], [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], sarta [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] mimiti ditarima ku masarakat élmuwan dina abad ka-16. [Image of Heliocentric model of the solar system] Ku kituna, Bumi sorangan mimiti dilebetkeun kana daptar planét,<ref name="galileo_project" /> samentara Panonpoé sarta Bulan mah dikaluarkeun tina éta daptar. Nalika satelit-satelit munggaran Jupiter sarta Saturnus kapanggih dina abad ka-17, istilah "planét" sarta "satelit" téh mimitina mah mindeng dipaké silih ganti. Nanging, istilah "satelit" janten beuki umum sarta baku dipaké dina abad salajengna.<ref>Tempo sitasi utama di [[:en:Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons#References|Garis waktu papanggihan planét-planét Tata Surya jeung bulanna]]</ref> Dugi ka pertengahan abad ka-19, jumlah "planét" téh nambihan kacida gancangna, jalaran unggal banda anyar anu kapanggih ngurilingan Panonpoé téh langsung digolongkeun salaku planét ku komunitas élmuwan. === Abad ka-19 === {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |+ Planét anyar, 1807–1845 |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Merkurius <br> [[file:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Vénus <br> [[file:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[file:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[file:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Vésta <br> [[file:Vesta symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚶}}]] || 6 <br> Juno <br> [[file:Juno symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚵}}]] || 7 <br> Cérés <br> [[file:Ceres symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚳}}]] || 8 <br> Pallas <br> [[file:Pallas symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⚴}}]] || 9 <br> Yupiter <br> [[file:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 10 <br> Saturnus <br> [[file:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 11 <br> Uranus <br> [[file:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] |} Dina abad ka-19, para astronom mimiti sadar yén banda-banda anyar anu saméméhna digolongkeun salaku planét salila ampir satengah abad (saperti [[Ceres (planét kerdil)|Cérés]], [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], sarta [[4 Vesta|Vésta]]) miboga sipat anu jauh béda ti planét tradisional. Banda-banda ieu aya dina kawasan anu sarua antara Mars jeung Yupiter ([[sabuk astéroid]]) sarta miboga massa anu jauh leuwih leutik. Ku lantaran kitu, objék-objék kasebut mimiti digolongkeun salaku "[[astéroid]]". [Image of the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter] Alatan can aya wangenan (definisi) resmi, kecap "planét" dina mangsa éta dipikaharti salaku banda "badag" naon baé anu ngulilingan Panonpoé. Sanggeus kanyahoan aya bédana ukuran anu kacida badag antara astéroid jeung planét, sarta dituturkeun ku kapanggihna [[Néptunus]] dina taun 1846, kabutuhan pikeun miboga wangenan resmi jadi beuki kuat.<ref>{{cite web |last =Hilton |first =James L. |date =2001-09-17 |url =http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |title =When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets? |publisher =U.S. Naval Observatory |accessdate =2007-04-08 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070921162818/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |archivedate =2007-09-21 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612180437/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |date=2016-06-12 }}</ref> === Abad ka-20 === {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:right; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planét 1854–1930, 2006–ayeuna |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Mérkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Venus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 7 <br> Uranus <br> [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] || 8 <br> Neptunus <br> [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] |} Dina abad ka-20, [[Pluto]] dipanggihkeun. Sanggeus saruntuyan pangamatan awal nyimpulkeun banda ieu leuwih gedé tibatan Bumi,<ref>{{cite book|title = Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems|url = https://archive.org/details/planetquestepicd0000cros|first = K.|last=Croswell|publisher = The Free Press|year = 1997|page = [https://archive.org/details/planetquestepicd0000cros/page/57 57]|isbn = 978-0-684-83252-4}}</ref> objék ieu langsung ditarima sabagé planét kasalapan. Pangamatan saterusna justru ngabuktikeun yén banda ieu ukuranana leuwih leutik: tahun 1936, [[Raymond Lyttleton]] boga pamadegan yén Pluto bisa jadi satelit [[Néptunus]] anu kaluar jalur,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lyttleton |first=Raymond A. |year=1936 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=97 |page=108 |title= On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system |bibcode=1936MNRAS..97..108L}}</ref> jeung dina taun 1964 [[Fred Lawrence Whipple|Fred Whipple]] boga pamadegan yén Pluto meureun baé mangrupa komét.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=52 |pages=565–594 |last=Whipple |first=Fred |year=1964 |bibcode=1964PNAS...52..565W |title= The History of the Solar System | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1964-08_52_2/page/565 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.52.2.565 | pmid=16591209 | issue=2 | pmc=300311}}</ref> Ngan lantaran ukuranana leuwih gedé tibatan kabéh astéroid anu dipikanyaho sarta sigana henteu éksis di jero populasi anu leuwih gedé,<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Scientific American |year=1996 |pages=46–52 |last=Luu |first=Jane X. |author2=Jewitt, David C. |title=The Kuiper Belt | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1996-05_274_5/page/n55 |volume=274 |issue=5 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0596-46}}</ref> status Pluto tetep planet nepi ka taun 2006. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:right; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planet 1930–2006 |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br> Merkurius <br> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br> Venus <br> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br> Bumi <br> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br> Mars <br> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br> Jupiter <br> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br> Saturnus <br> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 7 <br> Uranus <br> [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] || 8 <br> Neptunus <br> [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] || 9 <br> Pluto <br> [[File:Pluto symbol (large orb).svg|16px|{{unicode|♇}}]] |} Dina taun 1992, astronom [[Aleksander Wolszczan]] jeung [[Dale Frail]] manggihan sajumlah planét anu ngurilingan hiji [[pulsar]], [[PSR B1257+12]].<ref name="Wolszczan" /> Papanggihan ieu umumna dianggap minangka detéksi pasti kana sistim planit anu ngabuder béntang lian. Tuluy dina 6 Oktober 1995, [[Michel Mayor]] jeung [[Didier Queloz]] ti [[Universitas Jenewa]] ngalaksanakeun detéksi pasti kahiji ka éksoplanét anu ngurilingan hiji béntang [[deret utama]] biasa ([[51 Pegasi]]).<ref name="Mayor">{{cite journal | last=Mayor |first=Michel |author2=Queloz, Didier | title=A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star | journal=Nature | year=1995 | volume=378 | issue=6356 | pages=355–359 | doi= 10.1038/378355a0 | bibcode=1995Natur.378..355M}}</ref> Papanggihan planét luar surya nungtung kana ambiguitas séjén ngeunaan définisi planet, dina titik waktu planit ngajadi béntang. Réa planit luar surya anu enggeus dipikanyaho massana leuwih gedé tibatan Jupiter, ngadeukeutan banda-banda béntang anu dikenal sabagé "[[katé coklat]]".<ref>{{cite web | year=2006 |title=IAU General Assembly: Definition of Planet debate | url=http://astro2006.meta.mediastream.cz/Astro2006-060822-01.asx |format=.wmv |publisher=MediaStream.cz |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Katé coklat umumna dianggap béntang sabab mampuh ngalakukeun fusi [[deuterium]], isotop [[hidrogén]] anu leuwih beurat. Lamun béntang anu ukuranana 75 kalieun Jupiter mampuh ngafusikeun hidrogén, ngan béntang anu ukuranana 13 kalieun Jupiter anu bisa ngafusikeun deuterium. Tatapi, deuterium rada langka jeung sabagian gedé katé coklat enggeus tiheula anggeus ngafusikeun deuterium saméméh dipanggihkeun, nu matak hésé dibédakeun ti planit-planit supermasif.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Basri |first=Gibor |title= Observations of Brown Dwarfs |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2000 |volume=38 | issue=1 |page=485 |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.485 |bibcode=2000ARA&A..38..485B}}</ref> === Abad ka-21 === Ku dipanggihanana réa objék di Tata Surya jeung objék anu leuwih gedé di sistim lian dina paruh akhir abad ka-20, timbul pamasalahan ngeunaan hal-hal anu ngawangun hiji planit. Aya sawala ngeunaan naha hiji objék bisa dianggap planit lamun ayana di jero populasi jauh saperti [[sabuk astéroid|sabuk]] atawa cukup gedé pikeun nyiptakeun énergi sorangan ngaliwatan [[fusi termonuklir]] [[deuterium]]. Réa astronom anu boga pamadegan supaya Pluto dikaluarkan ti kolompok planit, sabab réa banda sajinis anu ukuranana siga dipanggihkeun di wilayah Tata Surya anu sarua ([[sabuk Kuiper]]) dina tauun 1990-an jeung awal 2000-an. Pluto kabuktian nya ngan hiji banda leutik di antarana barébu-rébu banda sarupa lianna. Sajumlah banda saperti [[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]], [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]], jeung [[Eris (planit katé)|Eris]] disebutkeun minangka [[planet kasapuluh]] ku pers, tatapi henteu diakuan sacara jembar ku komunitas ilmuwan. Papanggihan Eris taun 2005, banda anu 27% leuwih gedé tibatab Pluto, nyiptakeun rasa panasaran publik ngeunaan définisi planét sacara resmi. Nénjo masalah ieu, IAU ngarancang [[définisi planét]] sarta netepkeunana dina Agustus 2006. Jumlah planét ngurangan ngajadi dalapan banda gedé anu enggeus "[[ngaberesihkeun lingkungan|ngaberesihkeun]]" orbitna (Mérkurius, Vénus, Bumi, Mars, Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, jeung Neptunus). IAU ogé nyieun kolompok [[planét katé]] anu awalna ditempatan tilu banda ([[Ceres (planet katé)|Ceres]], [[Pluto]], jeung [[Eris (planet katé)|Eris]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Green |first=D. W. E. |version=Circular No. 8747 |publisher=Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, International Astronomical Union |date=2006-09-13 |title=(134340) Pluto, (136199) Eris, and (136199) Eris I (Dysnomia) |url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08700/08747.html |accessdate=2011-07-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624225029/http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/special/08747.pdf |archivedate=2008-06-24 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==== Définisi planét luar surya ==== Pada tahun 2003, [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) Working Group on Extrasolar Planets nyieun pertélaan ngeunaan définisi planit anu ngawengku définisi pamuka kieu, réréana fokus kana watesan antara planit jeung katé coklat:<ref name="WSGESP" /> {{TNO imagemap|250px}} # Objék anu [[massa sajati]]na di bawah wates massa pikeun fusi térmonuklir deuterium (ayeuna ieu kaitung 13 kalieun massa Jupiter pikeun objék kalawan [[kalimpahan alami|kalimpahan isotop]] anu satimbang jeung Panonpoé<ref>{{cite journal | last=Saumon |first=D. |author2=Hubbard, W. B.; Burrows, A.; Guillot, T.; Lunine, J. I.; Chabrier, G. |title=A Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planets | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1996-04-01_460_2/page/993 |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=1996 |volume=460 |pages=993–1018 |bibcode=1996ApJ...460..993S |doi=10.1086/177027|arxiv = astro-ph/9510046 }}</ref>) anu gorbit béntang atawa sésa béntang téh "planit" (henteu penting kumaha kawangunna). Massa jeung ukuran minimal anu disaratkeun pikeun objék luar surya supaya bisa dianggap planit kudu sarua saperti sarat planet Tata Surya. # Objek subbintang anu massa sajatina di luhur wates massa pikeun fusi termonuklir deuterium téh "[[katé coklat]]", henteu penting kumaha kawangunna atawa di mana lokasina. # Objék ngalalana bébas di [[gugus béntang]] ngora anu massana di bawah wates massa pikeun fusi térmonuklir deuterium nya lain "planit", tatapi "katé sub-coklat" (atawa ngaran naon baé anu pantes). Définisi ieu mimiti dipaké sacara jembar ku astronom waktu nerbitkeun papanggihan éksoplanét di [[jurnal akademik]].<ref>See for example the list of references for: {{cite web |author=Butler, R. P. ''et al.'' |year=2006 |url=http://exoplanets.org/ |title=Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets |publisher=University of California and the Carnegie Institution |accessdate=2008-08-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119143348/http://exoplanets.org/esp/hd117618/hd117618.shtml |date=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Najan samentara, definisi ieu mimiti éféktif nepi ka définisi permanén sacara resmi diadopsi. Hanjakalna, definisi ieu henteu nanganan masalah wates rendah massa,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/outerplanets-04b.html|title=Gravity Rules: The Nature and Meaning of Planethood|last=Stern|first=S. Alan|date=2004-03-22|publisher=SpaceDaily|accessdate=2008-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104012331/http://www.spacedaily.com/news/outerplanets-04b.html|archive-date=2012-11-04}}</ref> nu matak ngajauhan kontrovérsi sabuder objék di jero Tata Surya. Définisi ieu ogé henteu nanganan status planét katé coklat anu boga orbit, saperti [[2M1207b]]. Salah sahiji définisi [[katé sub-coklat]] téh banda bamassa planet anu kawangun ngaliwatan kolaps méga, lain [[akresi (astrofisika)|akresi]]. Pangbéda pambentukan antara katé sub-coklat jeung planit ieu tacan diakuan sacara universal. Para astronom masih kabagi jadi dua kubu dina nimbangkeun prosés pambentukan planit minangka bagéan tina pangolompokanana.<ref name="Cha110913">{{cite web |date=2005-11-29 |title=A Planet With Planets? Spitzer Finds Cosmic Oddball |publisher=NASA |author=Whitney Clavin |url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzerf-20051129.html |accessdate=2006-03-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011011111/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzerf-20051129.html |archivedate=2012-10-11 }}</ref> Hiji alesan kakuciwaan ieu téh kadang pamohalan nangtukeun prosés pambentukan planit. Upamana, planit pangorbit béntang anu kawangun ku akresi bisa kaalungkeun ti sistim tur jadi pangalalana bébas. Sabalikna, katé sub-coklat anu kawangun ku kolaps méga kawangun sorangan di hiji gugus béntang anu bisa kataheun dina orbit hiji béntang. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:16px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Planét katai 2007–ayeuna |- style="font-size: smaller;" align=center | Ceres <br /> [[File:Ceres symbol.svg|16px|⚳]] || Orcus <br /> [[File:Orcus symbol.svg|16px]] || Pluto <br /> [[File:Pluto symbol (large orb).svg|16px|⯓]] || Haumea <br /> [[File:Haumea symbol.svg|16px]] || Quaoar <br /> [[File:Quaoar symbol.svg|16px]] || Makemake <br /> [[File:Makemake symbol.svg|16px]] || Gonggong <br /> [[File:Gonggong symbol.svg|16px]] || Eris <br /> [[File:Eris symbol.svg|16px|⯰]] || Sedna <br /> [[File:Sedna symbol.svg|16px|⯲]] |} Sarat 13 kali massa Jupiter téh kira-kira, lain hal anu sipatna pasti. Hiji pananya gé muncul: Naon ari [[pangbakaran deuterium]] téh? Pananya ieu muncul karana objék-objék gedé bakal ngaduruk sabagian gedé deuteriumna jeung objék leutik ngan meuleum saeutik, jeung 13 massa Jupiter ayana di antara duanana. Jumlah deuterium anu dibeuleum henteu ngan gumantung kana massa, tatapi ogé komposisi planétna, tepatna dina jumlah [[hélium]] jeung [[deuterium]] nu aya.<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint=1008.5150 |author1=Spiegel |author2=Adam Burrows |author3=Milsom |title=The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets |class=astro-ph.EP |year=2010}}</ref> Kriteria séjén anu misahkeun planit jeung katé coklat salian ti pangbakaran deuterium, prosés pambentukan, atawa lokasi téh naha [[tekenan]] intina didominasi ku [[tekenan lateral bumi#Teori Coulomb|tekenan coulomb]] atawa [[tekenan degenerasi éléktron]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Basri, Gibor; Brown, Michael E.|doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125058 |journal=Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. |volume=34 |title=Planetesimals To Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet? |pages=193–216 |year=2006 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608417 |bibcode=2006AREPS..34..193B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Boss, Alan P. |author2=Basri, Gibor |author3=Kumar, Shiv S. |author4=Liebert, James |author5=Martín, Eduardo L. |author6=Reipurth, Bo |author7=Zinnecker, Hans |title=Nomenclature: Brown Dwarfs, Gas Giant Planets, and ? |journal=Brown Dwarfs |volume=211 |page=529 |year=2003 |bibcode=2003IAUS..211..529B |author2=Basri |author3=Kumar |author4=Liebert |author5=Martín |author6=Reipurth |author7=Zinnecker}}</ref> ==== Definisi 2006 ====<!-- maybe: Rigorous definition --> {{main|Definisi planet IAU}} Masalah watesan rendah ditepikeun dina rapat [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional#Majelis Umum ke-XXVI dan definisi planet|Majelis Umum IAU]] taun 2006. Sanggeus debat panjang jeung hiji proposal gagal, majelis mungut soara pikeun ngesahkan résolusi anu ngadéfinisikeun planét di Tata Surya sabagé:<ref name="IAU2">{{cite web |author =Staff |year =2006 |url =http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0603/ |title =IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU resolution votes |publisher =IAU |accessdate =2007-05-11 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080913172129/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0603/ |archivedate =2008-09-13 }}</ref> {{quotation|Objék langit anu (a) ayana di orbit ngabuder Panonpoé, (b) miboga massa anu cukup supaya gravitasina ngaleuwihan gaya banda tegar sahingga miboga [[kasatimbangan hidrostatik]] (méh buleud), jeung (c) enggeus [[meresihkeun lingkungan]] di sabudereun orbitna.}} Sasuay définisi téa, Tata Surya dianggap miboga dalapan planit. Banda-banda anu minuhan dua sarat kahiji tapi henteu nu katilu (saperti Pluto, Makemake, jeung Eris) dikolompokkeun sabagé [[planit katé]] kalawan sarat maranéhna ogé lain mangrupa [[satelit alami]] planit séjén. Awalna komite IAU gusulkan définisi anu ngawengku réa planit karana poin (c) tacan dijieun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4795755.stm|title=Planets plan boosts tally 12|publisher=BBC|date=2006-08-16|accessdate=2008-08-23|first=Paul|last=Rincon}}</ref> Sanggeus diskusi panjang, pamungutan soara satuluyna mutuskeun banda-banda téa digolongkeun planit katé.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/5282440.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Pluto loses status as a planet|date=2006-08-24|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Definisi ieu didasarkeun kana tiori-tiori pambentukan planit, nyaéta waktu embrio planit enggeus meresihkeun orbitna tina objek-objek leutik. Saperti anu diécéskeun astronom [[Steven Soter]]:<ref>{{cite journal | last = Soter |first = Steven |title = What is a Planet | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2006-12_132_6/page/2513 |journal = Astronomical Journal |volume = 132 |issue = 6 |pages = 2513–19 |year = 2006 |doi=10.1086/508861 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608359 |bibcode=2006AJ....132.2513S}}</ref> {{quotation|Hasil ahir tina akresi cakram kadua téh saeutikna banda anu relatif gedé (planit) boh di orbit bèbas atawa resonan anu nyegah tabrakan antarbanda. Planit jeung komét leutik, kaabus KBO [objék beubeur Kuiper] aya bédana ti planit sabab bisa patabrakan jeung planit atawa pada batur.}} Pasca pamungutan soara IAU taun 2006, muncul kontroversi jeung sawala sabuder definisi ieu.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5283956.stm|title=Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt|first=Paul|last=Rincon|date=2006-08-25|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date=2006-08-24 |first=Robert Roy |last=Britt |title=Pluto Demoted: No Longer a Planet in Highly Controversial Definition |work= Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060824_planet_definition.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Réa astronom anu mutuskeun henteu ngagunakeunana.<ref>{{cite web | date=2006-08-31 |first=Robert Roy |last=Britt |title=Pluto: Down But Maybe Not Out |work= Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060831_planet_definition.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Sabagian sawala téa museurk kana kayakinan yén poin (c) (meresihkeun orbit) sakuduna henteu disartakeun jeung objék-objék anu ayeuna dikatégorikeun planit katé kuduna ngajadi bagéan tina définisi planit anu leuwih jembar. Di luar komunitas ilmuwan, Pluto miboga dampak budaya anu kuat di masarakat sabab status planitna ti semet dipanggihkeun taun 1930. Papanggihan Eris diwartakeun gedé-gedéan ku [[média massa|media]] minangka [[planit kasapuluh]], sahingga klasifikasi ulang katilu objék téa minangka planit katé loba narik ati média jeung publik.<ref>{{cite news|first=Clara|last=Moskowitz|title=Scientist who found '10th planet' discusses downgrading of Pluto|publisher=Stanford news|date=2006-10-18|url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2006/october18/mbrown-101806.html|accessdate=2008-08-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513221522/http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/october18/mbrown-101806.html |date=2013-05-13 }}</ref> === Klasifikasi sateuacana === Tabél di handap ieu dieusi daftar banda-banda [[Tata Surya]] anu saméméhna diklasifikasikeun minangka planit: {| class="wikitable" |- ! |Banda ! |Klasifikasi mutahir ! |Catetan |- | [[Bulan]] || Satelit | style="font-size:90%;"| Digolongkeun minangka planit dina [[sajarah kuna|zaman antik]] saluyu [[modél géoséntris]] anu ayeuna kolot. |- | [[Io (satelit)|Io]], [[Europa (satelit)|Europa]], [[Ganimédé (satelit)|Ganimédé]], jeung [[Callisto (satelit)|Callisto]] || Satelit | style="font-size:90%;"| Opat satelit panggedéna [[Jupiter]], katelah ogé [[satelit-satelit Galileo]]. [[Galileo Galilei]] nyebutna "Planit-Planit Medici" anu dialap tina ngaran [[Patronase|patronnya]], [[Medici|kulawarga Medici]]. |- | [[Titan (satelit)|Titan]],<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteB>Referred to by Huygens as a ''Planetes novus'' ("new planet") in his [http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens-text.htm ''Systema Saturnium'']</ref> [[Iapetus (satelit)|Iapetus]],{{refn|Both labelled ''nouvelles planétes'' (new planets) by Cassini in his ''Découverte de deux nouvelles planetes autour de Saturne''<ref>Giovanni Cassini (1673). Decouverte de deux Nouvelles Planetes autour de Saturne. Sabastien Mabre-Craniusy. pp. 6–14.</ref>|name=footnoteC|group=lower-alpha}} [[Rhea (satelit)|Rhea]],<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteC /> [[Tethys (satelit)|Tethys]],<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD>Both once referred to as "planets" by Cassini in his [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0260-7085%281686%2F1692%2916%3C79%3AAEOTJD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J ''An Extract of the Journal Des Scavans...'']. The term "satellite", however, had already begun to be used to distinguish such bodies from those around which they orbited ("primary planets").</ref> dan [[Dione (satelit)|Dione]]<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD /> || Satelit | style="font-size:90%;"| Lima [[satelit Saturnus|satelit panggedéna Saturnus]], ditimukeun ku [[Christiaan Huygens]] jeung [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]]. |- | [[Ceres (planit katé)|Ceres]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Classified as a [[dwarf planet]] in 2006.</ref>|| Planit katé | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"| [[Astéroid]] kahiji anu dipikanyaho ti semet ditimukeun antara 1801 jeung 1807 tepi ka digolongkeun deui jadi astéroid taun 1850-an.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hilton, James L. |title=When did the asteroids become minor planets? |work=U.S. Naval Observatory |url=http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |accessdate=2008-05-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324182332/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |archivedate=2008-03-24 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612180437/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |date=2016-06-12 }}</ref> Ceres enggeus digolongkeun jadi [[planit katé]] taun 2006. |- | [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], [[3 Juno|Juno]], dan [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] || Asteroid |- | [[5 Astraea|Astrea]], [[6 Hebe|Hebe]], [[7 Iris|Iris]], [[8 Flora|Flora]], [[9 Metis|Metis]], [[10 Hygiea|Hygeia]], [[11 Parthenope|Parthenope]], [[12 Victoria|Victoria]], [[13 Egeria|Egeria]], [[14 Irene|Irene]], [[15 Eunomia|Eunomia]] || Astéroid | style="font-size:90%;"| Réa astéroid ditimukeun antara 1845 jeung 1851. Kamekaran daftar planit anu téréh ngajurung pangolompokan ulang banda-banda ieu sabagé astéroid ku para astronom. Klaim ieu kakara diakua dina taun 1854.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Planet Hygea |year=1849 |work=spaceweather.com |url=http://spaceweather.com/swpod2006/13sep06/Pollock1.jpg |accessdate=2008-04-18}}</ref> |- | [[Pluto]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Regarded as a planet from its discovery in 1930 until redesignated as a [[Trans-Neptunian object|trans-Neptunian]] dwarf planet in August 2006.</ref>|| Planit katé | style="font-size:90%;"| [[Banda trans-Néptunus]] kahiji anu dipikanyaho (nyaéta planet minor kalawan [[sumbu semi-mayor]] di luar [[Néptunus]]). Dina taun 2006, Pluto digolongkeun jadi planit katé. |- | [[Eris (planit katé)|Eris]] || Planit katé | style="font-size:90%;"| Ditimukeun taun 2003, banda trans-Neputunus ieu diakuan dina taun 2005 saméméh tungtungna digolongkeun jadi planit katé saperti [[Pluto]] dina taun 2006. |} == Mitologi jeung paméré ngaran == {{see also|Nama hari|Planet mata telanjang}} [[File:Olympians.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|250px|Dewa-dewa [[Gunung Olympus|Olympus]] yang menjadi sumber nama planet di Tata Surya]] Ngaran-ngaran planit di dunya Barat asalna ti praktik paméré ngaran Romawi, anu justru asalna ti kabiasaan bangsa Yunani jeung Babilonia. Di [[Yunani kuna]], dua objék moncorong raksasa, Panonpoé jeung Bulan, disebut ''[[Helios]]'' jeung ''[[Selene]]''; planit pangjauhna (Saturnus) disebut ''Phainon'', sang panerang; diikuti oleh ''Phaethon'' (Jupiter), "cerah"; planit beureum (Mars) katelah ku sesebutan ''Pyroeis'', "ngagedur"; planit pangcaangna (Venus) disebut ''Phosphoros'', pamawa cahaya;jeung planit panungtung (Merkurius) disebut ''Stilbon'', marahmay. Bangsa Yunani ogé nyieun satiap planit suci keur ka salah sahiji déwana, [[Dua Welas Déwa Olimpus]]: Helios jeung Selene téh ngaran planit jeung déwa; Phainon disanggakeun ka [[Cronus]], [[Titan (mitologi)|Titan]] anu mangrupa bapana para déwa Olimpus; Phaethon disanggakeun ka [[Zeus]], putra Cronus anu ngagulingkeunana ti tahta raja; Pyroeis disanggakeun ka [[Ares]], putra Zeus jeung déwa perang; Phosphoros dipingpin ku [[Afrodit]], déwi asih; jeung [[Hermes]], perantara para déwa jeung déwa élmu jeung akal, mingpin Stilbon.<ref name="practice">{{cite book|title=The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy|first=James|last=Evans|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|pages=296–7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17 |accessdate=2008-02-04|isbn=978-0-19-509539-5}}</ref> Adat kabiasaan bangsa Yunani dina maparin nami-nami planét dumasar kana nami déwana téh ampir sagemblengna mangrupa pangaruh ti kabiasaan bangsa [[Babilonia]]. Bangsa Babilonia nyandak nami [[Hesperus#Variasi nama|Phosphoros]] tina nami déwi asihna, nyaéta ''[[Ishtar]]''; Pyroeis tina nami déwa perang, ''[[Nergal]]''; Stilbon tina nami déwa kawijaksanaan, [[Nabu]]; sarta Phaethon tina nami déwa pamingpin, nyaéta ''[[Marduk]]''.<ref name="nergal">{{cite web |first=Kelley L. |last=Ross |year=2005 |title=The Days of the Week |url=http://www.friesian.com/week.htm |publisher=The Friesian School |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> Aya seueur kasaruaan dina aturan paparin nami antara bangsa Yunani sarta Babilonia, sanajan kaduana mibanda bentang jaman anu bénten.<ref name="practice" /> Nanging, tarjamahanana henteu salawasna sampurna. Contona, Nergal ti Babilonia téh mangrupa déwa perang, ku kituna bangsa Yunani nyaruakeun anjeunna sareng Ares. Nanging bénten sareng Ares, Nergal mah saenyana ogé dianggap salaku déwa panyakit sarta alam ahérat.<ref>{{cite book|title=Martian Metamorphoses: The Planet Mars in Ancient Myth and Tradition|first=Ev|last=Cochrane|year=1997|publisher=Aeon Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jz3eqRGuM0wC&pg=PP9&dq=ares+nergal+planet+pestilence|accessdate=2008-02-07|isbn=0-9656229-0-8}}</ref> Kiwari, réa jelema di dunya Barat mikawanoh planit kalawan ngaran-ngaran anu dialap tina déwa-déwa Olympus. Lamun bangsa Yunani modéren masih maké ngaran kuna pikeun nyebut planit, sawatara basa Éropa justru maké ngaran Romawi (Latén) karana pangaruh [[Kekaisaran Romawi|Kakaisaran Romawi]] jeung [[Gereja Katolik|Garéja Katolik]]. Bangsa Romawi, saperti Yunani, nyaéta [[mitologi Indo-Eropa|urang Indo-Eropa]] anu silih babagi [[mitologi Romawi|mitologi]] jeung ngaran-ngaran anu béda, ngan hanteu boga tradisi narasi saperti anu disanggakeun budaya sastra Yunani pikeun [[mitologi Yunani|déwa-déwana]]. Dina mangsa ahir [[Republik Romawi|Républik Romawi]], para panulis nginjeum réa pisan narasi Yunani tur ngalarapkeunana ka mitologi maranéhna nepi ka duanana hanteu bisa dibédakeun.<ref>{{cite book|title=Greek Mythography in the Roman World|url=https://archive.org/details/greekmythography0000came|first=Alan|last=Cameron|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-517121-7}}</ref> Mangsa bangsa Romawi ngulik astronomi Yunani, maranéhna méré ngaran planit luyu jeung ngaran déwa-déwana sorangan: ''[[Merkurius (mitologi)|Mercurius]]'' (keur ka Hermes), ''[[Venus (mitologi)|Venus]]'' (Afrodit), ''[[Mars (mitologi)|Mars]]'' (Ares), ''[[Jupiter (mitologi)|Iuppiter]]'' (Zeus), jeung ''[[Saturnus (mitologi)|Saturnus]]'' (Cronus). Waktu planit-planit saterusna ditimukeun dina abad ka-18 jeung 19, praktik paméréan ngaranna tumuluy pikeun ''[[Neptunus (mitologi)|Neptūnus]]'' ([[Poseidon]]). Uranus unik lantaran dialap tina ngaran [[Uranus (mitologi)|déwa Yunani]] gaganti [[Caelus|vérsi Romawina]]. Sawatara urang [[Romawi Kuno|Romawi]], saluyu kapercayaan anu meureun asalna ti [[Mesopotamia|Mésopotamia]] tatapi mekar di [[Mesir Yunani]],<!--<ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Arnett |year=2006 |title=Appendix 5: Planetary Linguistics |url=http://www.nineplanets.org/days.html |publisher=www.nineplanets.org |accessdate=2008-02-02}}{{Verify credibility|date=February 2008}}</ref>--> parcaya yén tujuh déwa anu ngajadi sumber ngaran planit téa ngajaga Bumi sacara bagilir. Urutan giliran téa ti jauh ka deukeut nyaéta Saturnus, Jupiter, Mars, Matahari, Venus, Mérkurius, Bulan.<ref name="zerubavel">{{cite book|first=Eviatar|last=Zerubavel|year=1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-98165-7|title= The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week|page=14|url=http://books.google.com/?id=aGahKeojIUoC&pg=PA14|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> Hasilna, poé kahiji dimimitian ku Saturnus (jam ka-1), poé kadua ku Panonpoé (jam ka-25), dituturkeun Bulan (jam ka-49), Mars, Mérkurius, Jupiter, jeung Vénus. Karana satiap poé dibéré ngaran saluyu déwa anu ngawalana, kitu deui jeung urutan [[nama hari|ngaran poé]] dina [[kalender Romawi|kalénder Romawi]] anu masih dipaké di sawatara basa modéren sanggeus [[Kalender Romawi#Siklus Nundinal|siklus Nundinal]] ditolak.<ref name="weekdays">{{cite journal | first=Michael |last=Falk |title=Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-royal-astronomical-society-of-canada_1999-06_93_3/page/122 |journal=Journal of the [[Royal Astronomical Society of Canada]] |year=1999 |volume=93 |pages=122–133 |bibcode=1999JRASC..93..122F |doi=10.1016/j.newast.2003.07.002 | last2=Koresko | first2=Christopher}}</ref> Dina basa Inggris, ''Saturday, Sunday,'' jeung ''Monday'' téh tarjamahan langsung tina ngaran-ngaran Romawi ieu. Ngaran poé anu séjén asalna tina ''[[Týr|Tiw]]'', (Tuesday) ''[[Woden|Wóden]]'' (Wednesday), ''[[Thor|Thunor]]'' (Thursday), jeung ''[[Frige|Fríge]]'' (Friday), [[dewa Anglo-Saxon]] anu sarua saperti Mars, Mérkurius, Jupiter, jeung Vénus. Bumi (''Earth'') nyaéta hiji-hijina planit anu ngaranna dina basa Inggris hanteu dialap tina mitologi Yunani-Romawi. Karana Bumi sorangan kakara diakuan minangka planit dina abad ka-17,<ref name="galileo_project">{{cite web | last=Van Helden |first=Al |year=1995 |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html |title=Copernican System |publisher=The Galileo Project |accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> henteu aya tradisi méréna ngaran saluyu ngaran déwa. Kecap ''Earth'' asalna tina basa [[bahasa Inggris Lama|Anglo-Saxon]] ''erda'' anu hartina daratan atau tanah tur munggaran dipaké pikeun nyebut Bumi kira-kira taun 1300.<ref>{{cite web | publisher= Oxford English Dictionary |url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50071589?query_type=word&queryword=earth&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=1&search_id=7aas-q054tm-4631&hilite=50071589 | title = earth, n |accessdate = 2008-02-06 |year = 1989}}</ref><ref name="etymearth">{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas |date = 2001-09 |url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=earth |title = Earth |work= Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate = 2008-08-23}}</ref> Sakumaha [[rumpun bahasa Jermanik|basa Jermanik]] lianna, kecap ieu asalna tina basa [[Proto-Jerman]] ''ertho'', "daratan",<ref name="etymearth"/> tur katénjo kasaruaanana dina kecap ''earth'' dina basa Inggris, ''Erde'' dina basa Jerman, ''aarde'' dina basa Walanda, jeung ''jord'' dina basa Skandinavia. Réa [[rumpun bahasa Roman|basa Roman]] anu maké kecap Roman heubeul ''[[Terra (mitologi)|terra]]'' (atawa variasina). Kecap téa dipaké ku ma'na "daratan garing", lain "laut".<ref>{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |date=2001-09 |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=terrain |title=Etymology of "terrain" |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> Basa-basa non-Roman maké kecapna sorangan. Bangsa Yunani angger maké ngaran asli maranéhna, ''[[Gaia (mitologi)|Γή]]'' ''(Ge)''. Budaya non-Éropa maké sistim panamaan planit anu béda. [[India]] maké sistim dumasar kana [[Navagraha]], anu ngawemgku tujuh planit tradisional ([[Surya]] keur ka Panonpoé, [[Chandra]] keur ka Bulan, jeung [[Budha]], [[Shukra]], [[Mangala]], [[Bṛhaspati|{{IAST|Bṛhaspati}}]], jeung [[Shani]] keur ka Mérkurius, Vénus, Mars, Jupiter, jeung Saturnus) jeung [[nodus bulan]] unggah jeung turun [[Rahu]] jeung [[Ketu (mitologi)|Ketu]]. [[Cina]] katut jeung nagara-nagara Asia Wétan enggeus lila kakeunaan [[Sinosfer|psngaruh budaya Cina]] (saperti [[Jepang]], [[Korea|Koréa]], jeung [[Vietnam|Viétnam]]) kalawan sistim panamaan anu didasaran dina [[Wu Xing|lima unsur Cina]]: cai (Mérkurius), [[Logam (elemen klasik)|logam]] (Vénus), [[Api (elemen klasik)|seuneun]] (Mars), [[Kayu (elemen klasik)|kai]] (Jupiter), jeung [[Tanah (elemen klasik)|taneuh]] (Saturnus).<ref name="weekdays" /> == Ngawujudna == {{main|Hipotesis nebula}} [[File:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg|kiri|jmpl|250px|Ilustrasi cakram protoplanet]] Tacan dipikanyaho sacara pasti kumaha planit kawangun. Tiori anu kiwari ngadominasi téh planit kawangun mangsa hiji [[nebula|nébula]] barobah ngajadi cakram gas jeung lebu ipis. Hiji [[protobintang]] kawangun di intina tur dikurilingan ku [[cakram protoplanet]] anu muter. Ngaliwatan [[akresi (astrofisika)|akrési]] (prosés tabrakan tempel), partikel-partikel kekebul di cakram lalaunan ngumpulkeun massa pikeun ngawangun banda anu jauh leuwih gedé. Konsentrasi massa di hiji tempat disebut sabagé wangun [[planetesimal]] jeung konséntrasi téa ngagancangkeun prosés akresi ku jalan narik material tambahan ngagunakeun daya tarik gravitasina. Konséntrasi téa samingkin padet nepi ka tungtungna kolaps ka jero seug ngawangun [[protoplanet]].<ref>{{cite journal | first=G. W. |last=Wetherill |title=Formation of the Terrestrial Planets |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=1980 |volume=18 | issue=1 |pages=77–113 |bibcode=1980ARA&A..18...77W |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.000453}}</ref> Sanggeus mibanda diaméter leuwih gedé ti batan Bulan Bumi, planét téa ngawangun atmosfer tambahan, sahingga ningkatkeun daya tarik planetesimal kalawan [[gaya hambat|gaya hambat atmosfer]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Inaba, S.; Ikoma, M. |title=Enhanced Collisional Growth of a Protoplanet that has an Atmosphere |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2003 |volume=410 | issue=2 |pages=711–723 |bibcode=2003A&A...410..711I |doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20031248}}</ref> [[File:PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Tabrakan asteroid - membentuk planet (konsep artis).]] Waktu protobintang tumuwuh sakitu gedéna nepi ka bisa "ngahurungkeun diri" ngajadi [[bintang]], cakram anu nyésa dimusnakeun ti jero ka luar ku [[fotoevaporasi]], [[angin matahari|angin panonpoé]], [[efek Poynting–Robertson|gaya hambat Poynting–Robertson]], jeung pangaruh lian.<ref>{{cite journal |last =Dutkevitch |first =Diane |year =1995 |url =http://www.astro.umass.edu/theses/dianne/thesis.html |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20071125124958/http://www.astro.umass.edu/theses/dianne/thesis.html |archivedate =2007-11-25 |title =The Evolution of Dust in the Terrestrial Planet Region of Circumstellar Disks Around Young Stars |publisher =PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst |accessdate =2008-08-23 |bibcode =1995PhDT..........D }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125124958/http://www.astro.umass.edu/theses/dianne/thesis.html |date=2007-11-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Matsuyama, I.; Johnstone, D.; Murray, N. |title=Halting Planet Migration by Photoevaporation from the Central Source |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year = 2005 |volume=585 |issue=2 |pages=L143–L146 |bibcode=2003astro.ph..2042M |doi = 10.1086/374406|arxiv = astro-ph/0302042 }}</ref> Masih réa protoplanet anu ngurilingan béntang atawa pada batur, ngain lawas ti lawas sabagian gedé di antarana bakal patabrak ngawangun hiji planit anu leuwih gedé atawa ngaleupaskeun material supaya diserep protoplanet atawa planét anu leuwih gedé.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kenyon |first=Scott J. |author2=Bromley, Benjamin C. |journal=Astronomical Journal |volume=131 | issue=3 |page=1837 | year=2006 |doi=10.1086/499807 |title= Terrestrial Planet Formation. I. The Transition from Oligarchic Growth to Chaotic Growth | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2006-03_131_3/page/1837 |laysummary = http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~kenyon/pf/terra/index.html |laysource = Kenyon, Scott J. Personal web page | bibcode=2006AJ....131.1837K|arxiv = astro-ph/0503568 }}</ref> Objék-objék anu meujeuhna gedé téa bakal nangkep sabagian materi di lingkungan orbitna tur ngajadi planit. Samentara éta, protoplanét anu hasil nyingkahan tabrakan baris ngajadi [[satelit alami]] planit ngaliwatan prosés tangkapan gravitasi atawa tetep aya di sabuk objék lian tur ngajadi planit katé atawa [[benda kecil Tata Surya|banda leutik]]. Balukar énergi planetesimal leutik (sarta [[peluruhan radioaktif|paluruhan radioaktif]]) baris ngahaneutkeun planit anu eukeur tumuwuh, jadi éta planit sahanteuna satengah lééh. Interior planét mimiti béda-béda massana tur nyiptakeun inti anu leuwih padet.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Icarus |year=1987 |volume=69 | issue=2 |page=239 |last=Ida |first=Shigeru |author2=Nakagawa, Yoshitsugu; Nakazawa, Kiyoshi |title= The Earth's core formation due to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability | url=https://archive.org/details/icarus_1987-02_69_2/page/239 |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(87)90103-5 |bibcode=1987Icar...69..239I}}</ref> Planit-planit kabumian anu leuwih leutik kaleungitan sabagian gedé atmosférna ku sabab akrési ieu, tatapi gas anu leungit bisa kagantikeun ku gas anu kaluar tina mantel jeung tubrukan [[komet]] (planit leutik bakal kaleungitan atmosfér anu dibeunangkeun ngaliwatan rupa-rupa jinis [[pelepasan atmosfer|mekanisme palepasan]]).<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kasting |first=James F. |title=Earth's early atmosphere | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1993-02-12_259_5097/page/920 |journal=Science |year=1993 |volume=259 |bibcode=1993Sci...259..920K |doi=10.1126/science.11536547 |pmid=11536547 |issue=5097 | pages=920–6}}</ref> Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa papanggihan sarta paniténan ngeunaan [[sistem keplanetan|sistim kaplanétan]] di sakuriling béntang-béntang sanés salian ti Tata Surya, para élmuwan parantos mampuh ngoréhan, ngoméan (ngarévisi), atanapi malah ngaganti tiori-tiori anu parantos aya. Tingkat [[metalisitas]], nyaéta hiji istilah astronomi anu ngajelaskeun ngeunaan kalimpahan [[elemen kimia|unsur kimia]] kalawan [[nomor atom|nomer atom]] anu langkung ageung batan 2 ([[helium|hélium]]), kiwari diyakinan janten faktor panangtu tina kamungkinan hiji béntang dikulilingan ku planét.<ref>{{cite press release |first1=David |last1=Aguilar |first2=Christine |last2=Pulliam |date=2004-01-06 |url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/archive/pr0404.html |title=Lifeless Suns Dominated The Early Universe |publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref> Ku kituna, sababaraha panalungtik boga sawangan yén [[bintang populasi I|béntang populasi I]] anu beunghar ku logam téh mibanda kamungkinan anu langkung ageung pikeun mibanda sistim planét anu langkung jéntré, upami dibandingkeun sareng [[bintang populasi II|béntang populasi II]] anu kandungan logamna kawatesan (kurang). == Tata Surya == [[File:Solar System size to scale.svg|ka|400px|jmpl|Planét sarta [[planét katé]] di Tata Surya ''(ukuran tiasa dibandingkeun, nanging anggangna henteu)'']] [[File:4 Terrestrial Planets Size Comp True Color.png|jmpl|400px|Planét bagian jero. Ti kénca ka katuhu: [[Mérkurius]], [[Vénus]], [[Bumi]], sarta [[Mars]] kalawan warna aslina. ''(ukuran tiasa dibandingkeun, nanging anggangna henteu)'']] [[File:Gas giants and the Sun (1 px = 1000 km).jpg|jmpl|400px|Opat raksasa gas; Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, sarta Néptunus ''(ukuran tiasa dibandingkeun, nanging anggangna henteu)'']] {{Utama|Tata Surya}} {{Tempo ogé|Daftar banda buleud mibanda gravitasi di Tata Surya}} Dumasar kana katetepan [[Persatuan Astronomi Internasional|IAU]], aya dalapan planét sarta lima planét katé anu diaku di [[Tata Surya]]. Nurutkeun anggangna ti [[Panonpoé]] (ti mimiti anu pangcaketna dugi ka anu pangtebihna), éta planét-planét téh nyaéta: # [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] '''[[Merkurius|Mérkurius]]''' # [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] '''[[Venus|Vénus]]''' # [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] '''[[Bumi]]''' # [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] '''[[Mars]]''' # [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] '''[[Jupiter]]''' # [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] '''[[Saturnus]]''' # [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] '''[[Uranus]]''' # [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] '''[[Neptunus|Néptunus]]''' Jupiter téh planit panggedéna kalawan massa 318 kalieun Bumi, sedeng Mérkurius mah planit pangleutikna kalawan massa 0,055 kalieun Bumi. Planit di Tata Surya beunang dibagi ngajadi sababaraha katégori dumasar komposisina: * '''[[Planet kebumian|Daratan]]''': Planit-planit mirib Bumi anu beungeutna katutup [[batuan]]: Mérkurius, Vénus, Bumi, jeung Mars. Kalawan massa 0,055 kalieun Bumi, Mérkurius téh planit daratan pangleutikna (sakaligus planit pangleutikna) di Tata Surya, sedeng Bumi mah planit daratan panggedéna. * '''[[Raksasa gas]] (Jovian)''': Planit-planit anu kawangun tina material [[gas]] tur leuwih gedé ti manan planit kabumian: Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus, Néputunus. Jupiter, kalawan massa 318 tikeleun Bumi, nya éta planit panggedéna di Tata Surya, demi Saturnus ngan sepertiluna jeung ukuran 95 tikeleun massa Bumi. ** '''[[Raksasa es|Raksasa és]]''', diwangun ku tina Uranus jeung Néptunus, nya éta subkelas raksasa és yang béda ti raksasa gas karana massana jauh leuwih leutik (ngan 14 jeung 17 tikeleun massa Bumi) tur saeutikna hidrogén jeung hêlium di atmosfér sakaligus proporsi batu jeung és anu justru leuwih luhur. * '''[[Planet katai|Planet katé]]''': Saméméh [[definisi planet IAU|kaputusan Agustus 2006]], sawatara objék diusulkeun minangka planit ku para astronom. Tatapi dina taun 2006, sababarah objék digolongkeun ulang ngajadi planit katé, béda jeung planit. Kiwari aya lima planit katé di Tata Surya anu diakuan hal ayana ku IAU: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, jeung Eris. Sababaraha objék lian di [[sabuk asteroid]] jeung [[sabuk Kuiper]] eukeur dipertimbangkeun; 50 di antarana kamungkinan gedéna diakuan. Aya 200 objék anu beunang ditimukeun sanggeus sakabéh sabuk Kuiper anggeus dijalajahan. Planit katé miboga ciri-ciri anu sarua jeung planit, tapi ogé aya sababaraha bédana, salah sahijina téh planit katé hanteu [[membersihkan lingkungan|dominan di orbitna]]. Saluyu dipinisina, kabéh planit katé téh anggota tina [[populasi]] anu leuwih gedé. Ceres téh banda panggedéna di sabuk astéroid, sedeng Pluto, Haumea, jeung makemake mah anggota sbauk Kuiper sarta Eris mah anggota [[cakram tersebar|cakram panggedéna]]. Sababaraha panaliti saperti [[Michael E. Brown|Mike Brown]] parcaya yén mungkin aya leuwih ti saratus [[objek trans-Neptunus|objék trans-Néptunus]] anu beunang digolongkeun sabagé planit katé per dipinisi IAU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/dps.html |title=Astronomer Mike Brown |publisher=Gps.caltech.edu |accessdate=2011-11-04}}</ref><!---<ref>{{cite web | first=Brad |last=Amburn |title=Behind the Pluto Mission: An Interview with Project Leader Alan Stern |work=Space.com |date=2006-02-28 |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060228_stern_interview.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref>---> === Ciri-ciri planit === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center" |- !|Jinis !|Ngaran !|Diameter <br> katulistiwa<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteA /> !|Massa<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteA /> !|Radius <br> orbit ([[Satuan astronomi|AU]]) !|[[Periode orbit]] <br> (taun)<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteA /> !|[[Inklinasi|Inklinasi <br> kana katulistiwa Matapoé]] (°) !|[[Eksentrisitas orbit|Ékséntrisitas <br> orbit]]<!--hyphen for small monitors--> !|[[Periode rotasi]] <br> (poé) !|[[Satelit alami|Bulan]] <br> anu diakuan<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteC /> !|[[Kemiringan sumbu]] (°) !|Cincin !|[[Atmosfer]] |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Planet kebumian|Planit daratan]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Merkurius|Mérkurius]] | 0,382 | 0,06 | 0,31–0,47 | 0,24 | 3,38 | 0,206 | 58,64 | 0 | 0,04 | tidak | minimal |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Venus|Vénus]] | 0,949 | 0,82 | 0,72 | 0,62 | 3,86 | 0,007 | −243,02 | 0 | 177,36 | tidak | [[Karbon dioksida|CO₂]], [[Nitrogén|N₂]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Bumi]]<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteB /> | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 7,25 | 0,017 | 1,00 | [[Bulan|1]]<!--Moon (Luna)--> | 23,44 | tidak | N₂, [[Oksigén|O₂]], [[Argon|Ar]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Mars]] | 0,532 | 0,11 | 1,52 | 1,88 | 5,65 | 0,093 | 1,03 | [[Satelit Mars|2]]<!--Phobos and Deimos--> | 25,19 | tidak | CO₂, N₂, Ar |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Raksasa gas]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Jupiter]] | 11,209 | 317,8 | 5,20 | 11,86 | 6,09 | 0,048 | 0,41 | [[Satelit Jupiter|67]]<!--50 named, 67 verified, 67 known--> | 3,13 | [[Cincin Jupiter|ya]] | [[Hidrogen|H₂]], [[Hélium|He]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Saturnus]] | 9,449 | 95,2 | 9,54 | 29,46 | 5,51 | 0,054 | 0,43 | [[Satelit Saturnus|62]]<!--53 named, 62 verified, ~200 known--> | 26,73 | [[Cincin Saturnus|ya]] | H₂, He |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Uranus]] | 4,007 | 14,6 | 19,22 | 84,01 | 6,48 | 0,047 | −0,72 | [[Satelit Uranus|27]]<!--all known moons are named--> | 97,77 | [[Cincin Uranus|ya]] | H₂, He, [[Metana|CH₄]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Neptunus]] | 3,883 | 17,2 | 30,06 | 164,8 | 6,43 | 0,009 | 0,67 | [[Satelit Neptunus|13]]<!--all known moons are named--> | 28,32 | [[Cincin Neptunus|ya]] | H₂, He, CH₄ |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#def;"|[[Planet katai|Planit katé]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Ceres (planet katai)|Ceres]] | 0,08 | 0,000&nbsp;2 | 2,5–3,0 | 4,60 | 10,59 | 0,080 | 0,38 | 0 | ? | tidak | tidak ada |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Pluto]] | 0,18 | 0,002&nbsp;2 | 29,7–49,3 | 248,09 | 17,14 | 0,249 | −6,39 | [[Satelit Pluto|5]]<!--Charon, Nix, S/2011 P 1, Hydra--> | ? | ? | sementara |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Haumea (planet katai)|Haumea]] | 0,15×0,12×0,08 | 0,000&nbsp;7 | 35,2–51,5 | 282,76 | 28,19 | 0,189 | 0,16 | [[Satelit Haumea|2]]<!--Hi'iaka, Namaka--> | ? | ya | ? |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Makemake (planet katai)|Makemake]] | ~0,12 | 0,000&nbsp;7 | 38,5–53,1 | 309,88 | 28,96 | 0,159 | ? | 0 | ? | ? | ? <ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD /> |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Eris (planet katai)|Eris]] | 0,19 | 0,002&nbsp;5 | 37,8–97,6 | ~557 | 44,19 | 0,442 | ~0,3 | [[Dysnomia (satelit)|1]]<!--Dysnomia--> | ? | ? | ? <ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteD /> |} <div class="references-small" style="margin-bottom:0;"> :{{note label|a|a|a}} Diukur relatif kana Bumi. :{{note label|b|b|b}} Ilikan artikel [[Bumi]] pikeun angka anu leuwih absolut. :{{note label|c|c|c}} Jupiter miboga satelit panglobana (67) di Tata Surya.<ref name="Sheppard">{{cite web |title=The Jupiter Satellite Page (Now Also The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page) |publisher=Carnegie Institution for Science |author=Scott S. Sheppard |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |accessdate=2013-04-12 |date=2013-01-04 |authorlink=Scott S. Sheppard |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607094153/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |archivedate=2009-06-07 }}</ref> :{{note label|d|d|d}} Saperti Pluto, waktu aya di [[Apsis|perihelion]], atmosfer saheulaanan kawangun. </div> == Periode rotasi == {{utama|Periode rotasi}} Périodeu rotasi hiji [[benda astronomi|banda]] [[astronomi]]s nya étw waktu anu dibutuhkeun pikeun nganggeuskeun sahiji révolusi muteran [[sumbu rotasi|sumbu rotasina]] relatif ka béntang di tukangna. Periodeu ieu béda jeung [[hari sinodis|poé matapoé]] planit, anu ngawengku rotasi tambahan pikeun minuhan bagian [[periode orbit]] planit salila sapoé. === Périodeu rotasi sababaraha banda angkasa === <center> {|class="wikitable" !Planit || colspan="2" | Périodeu rotasi |- |[[Matahari|Matapoé]]|| 25,379995 poé (katulistiwa)<ref>[http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/WGCCRE/constants/iau2000_table1.html Rotation and pole position for the Sun and planets] Rotation period in days is 360° divided by the coefficient of ''d''.</ref><ref>{{pdflink|[http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/ISPRS/PREPRINTS/IAU2000/IAU2000_preprint.pdf Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 2000]|215KB}} pp7–8</ref> <br> 35 poé (lintang luhur) || 25{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 7{{smallsup|m}} 11.6{{smallsup|s}} <br> 35{{smallsup|d}} |- |[[Merkurius|Mérkurius]]|| 58,6462 poé<ref name=Allen296>{{cite book|title=''Allen's Astrophysical Quantities''|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA296|author=Clabon Walter Allen and Arthur N. Cox|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=0387987460|pages=296}}</ref> || 58{{smallsup|d}} 15{{smallsup|h}} 30{{smallsup|m}} 30{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Venus|Vénus]]|| –243,0187 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name="negative">This rotation is negative because the pole which points north of the [[ecliptic]] rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets.</ref>|| –243{{smallsup|d}} 0{{smallsup|h}} 26{{smallsup|m}} |- |[[Bumi]]|| 0,99726968 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref>Reference adds about 1 ms to Earth's stellar day given in mean solar time to account for the length of Earth's mean solar day in excess of 86400 SI seconds.</ref> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 23{{smallsup|h}} 56{{smallsup|m}} 4.100{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Bulan]]|| 27,321661 poé<ref name=Allen>{{cite book|title=''Allen's Astrophysical Quantities''|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w8PK2XFLLH8C&pg=PA308|author=Clabon Walter Allen and Arthur N. Cox|publisher=Springer|year=2000|isbn=0387987460|pages=308}}</ref> <br> ([[Rotasi sinkronis|sinkronis]] kana Bumi) || 27{{smallsup|d}} 7{{smallsup|h}} 43{{smallsup|m}} 11.5{{smallsup|s}} <br> &nbsp; |- |[[Mars]]|| 1,02595675 poé<ref name=Allen296/> || 1{{smallsup|d}} 0{{smallsup|h}} 37{{smallsup|m}} 22.663{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[1 Ceres|Ceres]]|| 0,37809 poé<ref name="Chamberlain2007">{{cite journal |last=Chamberlain |first=Matthew A. |coauthors=Sykes, Mark V.; Esquerdo, Gilbert A. |title=Ceres lightcurve analysis – Period determination |journal=Icarus|volume=188 |issue=2|pages=451–456|year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.025 |bibcode=2007Icar..188..451C }}</ref> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 4{{smallsup|m}} 27.0{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Jupiter]]|| 0,4135344 poé (interior dalam)<ref name=mag>Rotation period of the deep interior is that of the planet's magnetic field.</ref> <br> 0,41007 poé (katulistiwa) <br> 0,41369942 poé (lintang luhur) || 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 55{{smallsup|m}} 29.37{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 50{{smallsup|m}} 30{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 55{{smallsup|m}} 43.63{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> |- |[[Saturnus]]|| 0,44403 poé (interior jero)<ref name=mag/> <br> 0,426 poé (katulistiwa) <br> 0,443 poé (lintang luhur) || 0{{smallsup|d}} 10{{smallsup|h}} 39{{smallsup|m}} 24{{smallsup|s}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 10{{smallsup|h}} 14{{smallsup|m}}<ref name=Allen296/> <br> 0{{smallsup|d}} 10{{smallsup|h}} 38{{smallsup|m}}<ref name=Allen296/> |- |[[Uranus]]|| –0,71833 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name=negative/><ref name=mag/> || –0{{smallsup|d}} 17{{smallsup|h}} 14{{smallsup|m}} 24{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Neptunus|Néptunus]]|| 0,67125 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name=mag/> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 16{{smallsup|h}} 6{{smallsup|m}} 36{{smallsup|s}} |- |[[Pluto]]||–6,38718 poé<ref name=Allen296/><ref name=negative/> <br> (sinkronis jeung [[Charon (satelit)|Charon]]) || –6{{smallsup|d}} 9{{smallsup|h}} 17{{smallsup|m}} 32{{smallsup|s}} <br> &nbsp; |- |[[Haumea (planet kerdil)|Haumea]]||0,163145 poé<ref name="hour"> {{cite journal |title=High-Precision Photometry of Extreme KBO 2003 EL61 |author=Pedro Lacerda, David Jewitt and Nuno Peixinho |date=2008-04-02 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume= 135 |issue=5 |pages=1749–1756 |url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1538-3881/135/5/1749 |accessdate=2008-09-22 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/135/5/1749 |bibcode=2008AJ....135.1749L}}</ref> || 0{{smallsup|d}} 3{{smallsup|h}} 54{{smallsup|m}} 56{{smallsup|s}} |} </center> == Planét luar surya == {{Utama|Planét luar surya}} [[File:Exoplanet Discovery Methods Bar.png|jmpl|320px|Éksoplanét dumasar kana taun papanggihanana (data dugi ka 1 Januari 2013)]] [[File:Kepler 20 - planet lineup.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Babandingan antara [[Kepler-20e]]<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220" /> sarta [[Kepler-20f]]<ref name="Kepler20f-20111220" /> upami dibandingkeun sareng [[Vénus]] sarta [[Bumi]].]] Planét luareun surya (''extrasolar planet'' atanapi ''exoplanet'') nyaéta planét anu perenahna aya di luareun Tata Surya. Dugi ka kiwari, parantos kapanggih rébu-rébu sistem planét sanésna di jagat raya. {{Extrasolar planet counts|full}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/ExoTables/nph-exotbls?dataset=planets|title=Exoplanet Archive Planet Counts|publisher=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121212212538/http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/ExoTables/nph-exotbls?dataset=planets |date=2012-12-12 }}</ref><ref name="kepler1700">{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Michele |last2=Harrington |first2=J.D. |title=NASA's Kepler Mission Announces a Planet Bonanza, 715 New Worlds |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/ |date=February 26, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=February 26, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226202703/http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/ |archivedate=February 26, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog|title=The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo|publisher=}}</ref> Dina awal taun 1992, astronom radio [[Aleksander Wolszczan]] sarta [[Dale Frail]] mendakan dua planét anu ngurilingan [[pulsar]] [[PSR 1257+12]].<ref name="Wolszczan">{{cite doi|10.1038/355145a0}}</ref> Ieu papanggihan téh parantos dibuktikeun leres sarta diaku salaku detéksi pasti munggaran ngeunaan éksoplanét di dunya. Éta planét-planét pulsar téh diyakinan kawangun tina sésa-sésa [[supernova]] anu ngahasilkeun pulsar dina hambalan (tahap) kadua ngawujudna planét, atanapi mangrupa sésa inti batuan [[raksasa gas]] anu salamet tina bituna supernova sarta satuluyna pindah ka orbitna anu ayeuna. Papanggihan planét luar surya munggaran anu ngorbit béntang dérét utama lumangsung dina kaping 6 Oktober 1995, nalika [[Michel Mayor]] sarta [[Didier Queloz]] ti [[Universitas Jenéwa]] mendakan hiji éksoplanét di sakuriling béntang [[51 Pegasi]]. Ti {{Extrasolar planet counts|planet_count}} planét luar surya anu parantos kapanggih dugi ka {{Extrasolar planet counts|asof}},<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> sabagian ageung di antarana mibanda massa anu tiasa dibandingkeun sareng Jupiter, atanapi malah langkung ageung deui. Aya ogé planét anu massana langkung alit batan Mérkurius, sarta aya ogé anu langkung ageung batan Jupiter.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> Planét luar surya pangalitna anu kantos kapanggih téh nyaéta anu ngorbit sésa-sésa béntang anu disebut [[pulsar]], contona [[PSR B1257+12]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Barbara|last=Kennedy|title=Scientists reveal smallest extra-solar planet yet found|publisher=SpaceFlight Now|date=2005-02-11|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0502/11exoplanet/}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Enggeus aya sakitar salusin planit luareun surya anu ditimukeun anu 10 tepi ka 20 kalieun massana Bumi,<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> kayaning planit-planit anu ngorbit béntang [[Mu Arae]], [[55 Cancri]], jeung [[Gliese 436|GJ 436]].<ref>{{cite press release |first1=Nuno |last1=Santos |first2=François |last2=Bouchy |first3=Sylvie |last3=Vauclair |first4=Didier |last4=Queloz |first5=Michel |last5=Mayor |title=Fourteen Times the Earth |publisher=European Southern Observatory |date=2004-08-25 |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0427/ |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref> Katégori anu nembé muncul nyaéta "[[super-Bumi]]", anu disangka mangrupa [[planet kebumian|planét kabumian]] kalawan ukuran anu langkung ageung batan Bumi nanging langkung alit batan Néptunus atanapi Uranus. Dugi ka danget ieu, sakitar 20 super-Bumi (gumantung kana wates massana) parantos kapanggih, kalebet [[OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb]] sarta [[MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb]], nyaéta dua planét és anu kapanggih ngaliwatan [[mikrolensa gravitasi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Small Planet Discovered Orbiting Small Star |work=ScienceDaily |year=2008 |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080602131105.htm |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first=J.-P. |last=Beaulieu |title=Discovery of a Cool Planet of 5.5 Earth Masses Through Gravitational Microlensing | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-01-26_439_7075/page/437 |journal=Nature |date=2006-01-26 |volume=439 |pages=437–440 |doi = 10.1038/nature04441 |author2=D. P. Bennett; P. Fouqué; A. Williams; ''et al.'' |pmid=16437108 |issue=7075 |bibcode=2006Natur.439..437B|arxiv = astro-ph/0601563 }}</ref> sarta [[Kepler 10b]], hiji planét anu diaméterna 1,4 kali lipat Bumi (ngajantenkeunana super-Bumi pangalitna anu kantos diukur).<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA'S Kepler Mission Discovers Its First Rocky Planet |publisher=NASA |year=2011 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/rocky_planet.html |accessdate=2011-06-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627200219/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/rocky_planet.html |archivedate=2015-06-27 }}</ref> Salian ti éta, aya lima tina genep planét anu ngalingkung béntang [[katai merah]] [[Gliese 581]]. [[Gliese 581 d]] sacara gurat badag mibanda massa 7,7 kali lipat Bumi,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gliese 581 d |work=The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia |url=http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=Gl+581 |accessdate=2008-09-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510094317/http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=Gl+581 |archivedate=2012-05-10 }}</ref> sedengkeun massa [[Gliese 581 c]] nyaéta lima kali lipat Bumi sarta kawitna dianggap salaku planét kabumian munggaran anu kapanggih dina [[zona terhunikan]] (zona anu tiasa dicicingan) hiji béntang.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6589157.stm|title=New 'super-Earth' found in space|accessdate = 2008-08-23|date=25 April 2007|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Panalungtikan anu langkung jero nétélakeun yén ieu planét téh teuing caket kana béntangna; nanging planét anu pangtebihna dina ieu sistem, nyaéta Gliese 581 d, sanajan langkung tiis batan Bumi, tetep mibanda kamungkinan tiasa dicicingan upami atmosfirna ngandung gas imah kaca dina jumlah anu nyukupan.<ref name="blo07">{{cite journal |bibcode=2007A&A...476.1365V |author=von Bloh et al. |year=2007 |title=The Habitability of Super-Earths in Gliese 581 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=476 |issue=3 |pages=1365–1371 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20077939|arxiv = 0705.3758 |last2=Bounama |first2=C. |last3=Cuntz |first3=M. |last4=Franck |first4=S. }}</ref> Super-Bumi sanésna, [[Kepler-22b]], kapanggih ngorbit dina zona anu tiasa dicicingan (zona terhunikan) tina béntangna.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Borucki|first=William J|url=http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1112/1112.1640.pdf|title=Kepler-22b: A 2.4 Earth-radius Planet in the Habitable Zone of a Sun-like Star|bibcode=2012ApJ...745..120B|last2=Koch|last3=Batalha|last4=Bryson|last5=Rowe|last6=Fressin|last7=Torres|last8=Caldwell|last9=Christensen-Dalsgaard|volume=745|year=2012|pages=120|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/120|issue=2}}</ref> Dina kaping 20 Désémber 2011, tim [[Kepler (wahana antariksa)|Téléskop Antariksa Kepler]] mendakan [[planet luar surya]] [[planet kebumian|saukur Bumi]] munggaran, nyaéta [[Kepler-20e]]<ref name="Kepler20e-20111220" /> sarta [[Kepler-20f]],<ref name="Kepler20f-20111220" /> anu kapanggih nuju ngalingkung béntang anu sarupa sareng Panonpoé ([[analog Matahari]]), nyaéta [[Kepler-20]].<ref name="NASA-20111220" /><ref name="Nature-20111220" /><ref name="NYT-20111220" /> [Image of Kepler-22b in the habitable zone of its star] [[File:Exoplanet Comparison HR 8799 c.png|jmpl|kénca|250px|Babandingan ukuran [[HR 8799 c]] (abu-abu) sareng [[Jupiter]]. Kalolobaan éksoplanét anu kapanggih mibanda ukuran anu langkung ageung batan Jupiter.]] Dugi ka danget ieu, masih tacan jéntré naha planét-planét raksasa anu nembé kapanggih téh sarupa sareng raksasa gas di Tata Surya urang atanapi saenyana mah bénten jinisna, contona sapertos raksasa amonia atanapi [[planet karbon]]. Sababaraha planét anu nembé kapanggih sarta katelah ku sebutan [[Jupiter panas]] mibanda orbit anu kacida caketna sareng béntang indukna, sarta wangun orbitna ampir buleud sampurna. Éta planét-planét téh nampi [[radiasi matahari|radiasi béntang]] anu langkung seueur batan raksasa gas di Tata Surya, sahingga janten patarosan naha éta planét téh kalebet jinis anu sarua atanapi sanés. Salian ti éta, aya sakelompok banda langit jinis Jupiter panas anu disebut [[planet Chthonia]], anu disangka éksis di sababaraha tempat. Planét Chthonia ieu mibanda orbit anu sakitu caketna kana béntangna, dugi ka atmosfirna sorangan kabawa palid (kumbah) ku radiasi béntangna. Seueur banda langit jinis Jupiter panas anu kapanggih nuju ngalaman prosés palidna atmosfir, nanging dugi ka taun 2008, tacan aya sahiji-hiji acan planét Chthonia anu kapanggih sacara pasti.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lecavelier des Etangs |first=A. |author2=Vidal-Madjar, A.; McConnell, J. C.; Hébrard, G. |title=Atmospheric escape from hot Jupiters |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2004 |volume=418 | issue=1 |pages=L1–L4 |bibcode=2004A&A...418L...1L |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040106|arxiv = astro-ph/0403369 }}</ref> Paniténan planét luar surya anu langkung taliti téh peryogi generasi pakakas anu énggal, sapertos [[téléstop luar angkasa]]. Dina danget ieu, wahana antariksa [[COROT]] sarta [[Misi Kepler|Kepler]] nuju milarian variasi luminositas béntang jalaran ayana [[transit astronomi|transit planét]]. Sababaraha proyék pangwangunan jaringan t सकारात्मकéléskop luar angkasa ogé parantos diajukeun. Éta proyék-proyék téh mibanda tujuan pikeun milarian planét luar surya anu massana satara sareng Bumi. Sababaraha di antarana nyaéta [[Terrestrial Planet Finder]] sarta [[Space Interferometry Mission]] ti NASA, ogé [[PEGASE]] ti CNES.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spacetoday.org/DeepSpace/Stars/Planets/PlanetFindingMissions.html |title =Future American and European Planet Finding Missions |publisher = Space Today Online |editor = Anthony R. Curtis |accessdate = 2008-02-06}}</ref> [[New Worlds Mission]] mangrupa pakakas palengkep anu beroperasi sareng [[Téléskop Antariksa James Webb]]. Nanging hanjakalna, anggaran pikeun ieu proyék-proyék téh masih kénéh tacan jéntré. Spektrum planét luar surya munggaran kapanggih dina bulan Pébruari 2007 ([[HD 209458 b]] sarta [[HD 189733 b]]).<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/251-ssc2007-04-NASA-s-Spitzer-First-To-Crack-Open-Light-of-Faraway-Worlds |title=NASA's Spitzer First To Crack Open Light of Faraway Worlds |date=2007-02-21 |first1=Tabatha |last1=Thompson |first2=Whitney |last2=Clavin |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology |accessdate=2011-11-23 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071015221757/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2007-04/release.shtml |archivedate=2007-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Richardson |first=L. Jeremy |author2=Deming, Drake; Horning, Karen; Seager, Sara; Harrington, Joseph |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=445 title=A spectrum of an extrasolar planet |doi=10.1038/nature05636 |pmid=17314975 |issue=7130 |bibcode=2007Natur.445..892R | pages=892–5|arxiv = astro-ph/0702507 }}</ref> Frékuénsi mucunghulna planét-planét kabumian sapertos kitu téh mangrupa salah sahiji variabel dina [[persamaan Drake]] anu digunakeun pikeun ngira-ngira jumlah [[kehidupan luar Bumi|peradaban cerdas]] di galaksi Bima Sakti.<ref>{{cite news|last=Drake|first=Frank|title=The Drake Equation Revisited|publisher=Astrobiology Magazine|date=2003-09-29|url=http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_retrospection&task=detail&id=610|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180502/http://www.astrobio.net/index.php?option=com_retrospection&task=detail&id=610|archivedate=2011-06-28|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> == Banda mibanda massa planét == '''Banda mibanda massa planét''' (''Objek bermassa planet''), '''PMO''', atanapi '''planémo''' nyaéta banda langit anu massana aya dina watesan définisi planét: cekap ageung pikeun mibanda kasatimbangan hidrostatik (buleud alatan gravitasina sorangan), nanging henteu cekap ageung pikeun mibanda fusi inti sapertos béntang.<ref>G. Basri & E.M. Brown, 2006. ''Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences'', '''34''': 193–216</ref> Luyu sareng définisina, sadaya planét téh mangrupa ''banda mibanda massa planét'', nanging tujuan tina ieu istilah téh nyaéta pikeun ngajelaskeun banda-banda anu henteu minuhan sarat salaku planét sacara umum. Objék-objék kasebut di antarana nyaéta [[planét katé]], [[satelit alami|satelit]] anu ukuranna langkung ageung, planét pangumbara anu henteu ngorbit kana béntang (sapertos planét liar anu kakaluarkeun tina sistemna), sarta objék anu kawangun tina prosés runtuhna méga gas (''cloud collapse'') tinimbang akrési (kadangkala disebut ogé [[katai sub-coklat]]). === Planét liar === {{Utama|Planét liar}} Sababaraha [[simulasi komputer]] ngeunaan ngawujudna sistim béntang sarta planét némbongkeun yén sajumlahing banda mibanda massa planét bakal kalungtik (kabalang) ka [[luar angkasa|luar angkasa]] antarbéntang.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lissauer | first= J. J. | title= Timescales for Planetary Accretion and the Structure of the Protoplanetary disk | url=https://archive.org/details/icarus_1987-02_69_2/page/249 | journal= Icarus | volume= 69 | issue=2 | pages=249–265 | year=1987 | doi=10.1016/0019-1035(87)90104-7 | bibcode=1987Icar...69..249L}}</ref> Sababaraha élmuwan mibanda pamadegan yén banda sapertos kitu anu kapanggih ngumbara di jomantara téh kedah digolongkeun salaku "planét", nanging sabagian deui boga sawangan yén éta objék téh bisa jadi mangrupa béntang anu mibanda massa handap.<ref name="Luhman">{{cite journal | journal=Astrophysical Journal |last=Luhman |first=K. L. |author2=Adame, Lucía; D'Alessio, Paola; Calvet, Nuria |title= Discovery of a Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk |volume=635 | issue=1 |pages=L93 |doi=10.1086/498868 |year= 2005 |laysummary=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzerf-20051129.html |laysource=NASA Press Release |laydate=2005-11-29 |bibcode=2005ApJ...635L..93L|arxiv = astro-ph/0511807 }}</ref><ref name="Clavin">{{cite web |url=http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/happenings/20051129/ |title=A Planet with Planets? Spitzer Finds Cosmic Oddball |last=Clavin |first=Whitney |date=November 9, 2005 |work=Spitzer Space Telescope Newsroom |accessdate=2009-11-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711171654/http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/happenings/20051129/ |archivedate=July 11, 2007}}</ref> === Katai sub-coklat === {{Utama|Katai sub-coklat}} Béntang kawangun ngaliwatan prosés runtuhna gravitasi méga gas (''cloud collapse''), nanging banda-banda anu langkung alit ogé tiasa kawangun ngaliwatan prosés runtuhna méga anu sarupa. Banda mibanda massa planét anu kawangun ku cara kitu téh kadangkala disebut ogé [[katai sub-coklat]]. Katai sub-coklat tiasa ngumbara sacara bébas (contona [[Cha 110913-773444]]) atanapi ngorbit kana banda langit anu langkung ageung (contona [[2MASS J04414489+2301513]]). Dina taun 2006, komunitas astronom kantos yakin yén maranéhna parantos mendakan sistim binér katai sub-coklat, nyaéta [[Oph 162225-240515]], anu ku nu manggihanana disebut salaku "planémo" atanapi "banda mibanda massa planét". Nanging, dumasar kana analisis panganyarna, ditetepkeun yén massa masing-masing objék kasebut téh tétéla langkung ageung batan 13 kali massa Jupiter, sahingga duanana digolongkeun salaku [[katai coklat]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Wide Brown Dwarf Binary Oph 1622–2405 and Discovery of A Wide, Low Mass Binary in Ophiuchus (Oph 1623–2402): A New Class of Young Evaporating Wide Binaries? | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-05-10_660_2/page/1492 |journal= Astrophysical Journal |author=Close, Laird M. ''et al.'' |volume=660 | issue=2 |page=1492 |doi=10.1086/513417 |year=2007 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608574 |bibcode=2007ApJ...660.1492C | last2=Zuckerman | first2=B. | last3=Song | first3=Inseok | last4=Barman | first4=Travis | last5=Marois | first5=Christian | last6=Rice | first6=Emily L. | last7=Siegler | first7=Nick | last8=MacIntosh | first8=Bruce | last9=Becklin | first9=E. E.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Luhman |first=K. L. |year=2007 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |title=Ophiuchus 1622–2405: Not a Planetary-Mass Binary |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-04-20_659_2/page/1629 |volume=659 |issue=2 |pages=1629–36 |doi=10.1086/512539 |last2=Allers |first2=K. N. |last3=Jaffe |first3=D. T. |last4=Cushing |first4=M. C. |last5=Williams |first5=K. A. |last6=Slesnick |first6=C. L. |last7=Vacca |first7=W. D. |bibcode=2007ApJ...659.1629L|arxiv = astro-ph/0701242 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planet_photo_040910.html |title=Likely First Photo of Planet Beyond the Solar System |first=Robert Roy |last=Britt | work=Space.com |date=2004-09-10 |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> === Tilas béntang === Dina sistim [[bintang biner|béntang binér]] anu caket, salah sahiji béntang tiasa kaleungitan massana jalaran diseuseup ku béntang sanésna anu langkung beurat (tempo [[pulsar bertenaga akresi]]). Béntang anu nyusut kasebut satuluyna robah janten banda mibanda massa planét. Contona nyaéta hiji objék mibanda massa Jupiter anu ngorbit [[pulsar]] [[PSR J1719-1438]].<ref>{{cite journal |arxiv=1108.5201 |bibcode=2011Sci...333.1717B |doi=10.1126/science.1208890 |title=Transformation of a Star into a Planet in a Millisecond Pulsar Binary |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-09-23_333_6050/page/1717 |year=2011 |last1=Bailes |first1=M. |last2=Bates |first2=S. D. |last3=Bhalerao |first3=V. |last4=Bhat |first4=N. D. R. |last5=Burgay |first5=M. |last6=Burke-Spolaor |first6=S. |last7=d'Amico |first7=N. |last8=Johnston |first8=S. |last9=Keith |first9=M. J. |journal=Science |volume=333 |issue=6050 |pages=1717–20 |pmid=21868629}}</ref> === Planét satelit sarta planét sabuk === Sababaraha satelit mibanda ukuran anu sarua atanapi langkung ageung batan [[Mérkurius]], contona [[satelit Galileo]] sarta [[Titan (satelit)|Titan]] nu Jupiter. [[Alan Stern]] mibanda pamadegan yén lokasi (orbit) téh sanés mangrupa pasualan utama, sarta mung ciri-ciri géofisikna hungkul anu kedah diperhatoskeun dina nangtukeun wangenan (définisi) planét. Anjeunna ngusulkeun istilah ''planét satelit'' pikeun nyebut satelit anu mibanda ukuran saukur planét. Pon kitu deui, planét-planét katé di [[sabuk asteroid]] sarta [[sabuk Kuiper]] téh kedah dianggap salaku planét nurutkeun Stern.<ref name="satelliteplanet">{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html |title=Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'? |publisher=News.discovery.com |date=2010-05-14 |accessdate=2011-11-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505221146/http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html#post-a-comment |archivedate=2012-05-05 }}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Sanaos masing-masing planét mibanda ciri fisik anu mandiri (khas), aya sababaraha sasaruaan di antawisna. Ciri-ciri sapertos cingcin atanapi satelit alami, dugi ka danget ieu nembé tiasa ditalungtik dina planét-planét di Tata Surya, sedengkeun dina planét luar surya mah aya deui ciri-ciri sanésna. === Ciri-ciri dinamis === {{Tempo ogé|Hukum gerakan planét Kepler}} ==== Orbit ==== [[File:TheKuiperBelt Orbits Pluto Ecliptic.svg|jmpl|ka|300px|Orbit planét Néptunus upami dibandingkeun sareng [[Pluto]]. Tingal perpanjangan orbit Pluto dibandingkeun Néptunus ([[ékstréntisitas orbit|ékstréntisitas]]), sarta juru ékliptikna anu ageung ([[inklinasi]]).]] == Orbit jeung Révolusi == Dumasar kana wangenan (definisi) panganyarna, sakabéh planét kudu ngurilingan (révolusi) hiji béntang, sahingga potensi ayana "[[planét liar]]" dianggap euweuh. Dina Tatasurya, sakabéh planét ngorbit ka [[Panonpoé]] kalayan arah anu sarua jeung rotasi Panonpoé (lawan arah jarum jam upami ditingal tina kutub kalérna). Nanging, sahenteuna aya hiji planét luar surya, nyaéta [[WASP-17b]], anu kapendak ngorbit kalayan arah anu papalingpang (''retrograde'') jeung rotasi béntangna.<ref>{{cite arxiv | author = D. R. Anderson ''et al.'' | title = WASP-17b: an ultra-low density planet in a probable retrograde orbit | eprint = 0908.1553 | class = astro-ph.EP | year = 2009 }}</ref> Lilana waktu pikeun planét ngalakukeun sakali révolusi disebut [[Période sidéréal]] atawa hiji '''[[taun]]'''.<ref name="young">{{cite book|first=Charles Augustus|last=Young|year=1902|title=Manual of Astronomy: A Text Book|publisher=Ginn & company|pages=324–7}}</ref> Lilana taun hiji planét gumantung kana jarakna ti béntang; beuki jauh jarak planét tina béntangna, beuki jauh ogé lintasan anu kudu ditempuh sarta beuki laun kacepetanana, sabab pangaruh [[gravitasi]] béntangna henteu pati kuat. Kusabab euweuh orbit planét anu bentukna buleud sampurna (''lingkaran sempurna''), jarak unggal planét téh robah-robah sapanjang taun. * Titik pangdeukeutna planét jeung béntangna disebut [[periastron]] (di Tatasurya disebut [[perihelion]]). * Titik pangjauhna disebut [[apastron]] ([[aphelion]]). Nalika hiji planét ngadeukeutan periastron (titik pangcaketna), kacepetanana bakal nambahan jalaran énergi poténsial gravitasi robah janten énergi kinétik; sabalikna, nalika éta planét ngadeukeutan apastron (titik pangtebihna), kacepetanana bakal ngirangan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dvorak, R.; Kurths, J.; Freistetter, F.|year=2005|title=Chaos And Stability in Planetary Systems|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=3-540-28208-4}}</ref> Saban orbit planét diwangun ku sajumlahing [[elemen orbit|elemén]]: * ''[[Ékséntrisitas orbit|Ékséntrisitas]]'' hiji orbit nuduhkeun sabaraha lonjong orbit hiji planét. Planét anu ékséntrisitasna handap mibanda orbit anu ampir buleud (melingkar), sedengkeun planét kalawan ékséntrisitas luhur mibanda orbit anu langkung élips. Planét-planét di Tata Surya mibanda ékséntrisitas anu kacida handapna, sahingga orbitna méh nyaruaan bunderan.<ref name="young"/> Komét sarta banda-banda sabuk Kuiper (kaasup sababaraha planét luar surya) mibanda ékséntrisitas anu kacida luhurna, sahingga orbitna tiasa janten kacida élipsna.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Eccentricity evolution of giant planet orbits due to circumstellar disk torques |author=Moorhead, Althea V.; Adams, Fred C. |journal=Icarus |year=2008 |volume=193 |issue=2 |page=475 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.009 |arxiv=0708.0335 |bibcode=2008Icar..193..475M}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Planets – Kuiper Belt Objects |work=The Astrophysics Spectator |date=2004-12-15 | url=http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/KuiperBelt.html |accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> * [[File:Semimajoraxis.svg|jmpl|250px|Ilustrasi sumbu semi-mayor]] ''[[Sumbu semi-mayor]]'' nyaéta anggang (jarak) ti hiji planét ka titik satengah jalan dina sapanjang diaméter orbit élips pangpanjangna (tingal gambar). Ieu anggang téh teu sarua sareng apastronna, jalaran teu aya hiji ogé orbit planét anu titik tengahna pas pisan perenahna aya dina béntang.<ref name="young" /> * ''Inklinasi'' planét nuduhkeun sabaraha tebih luhur atanapi handapna posisi planét tina widang référénsina. Di Tata Surya, widang référénsina nyaéta widang orbit Bumi anu disebut [[ékliptika]]. Kanggo planét luar surya, widang anu disebut ''widang langit'' ieu mangrupa widang garis paneuteup tina panénjo di Bumi.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://astrowww.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/celmechs.html|title=Celestial Mechanics|year=2007|chapter=17. Visual binary stars|first=J. B.|last=Tatum|accessdate=2008-02-02|publisher=Personal web page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706031613/http://astrowww.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/celmechs.html|archive-date=2007-07-06}}</ref> Kadalapan planét Tata Surya perenahna kacida caketna kana ékliptika; sedengkeun komét sarta banda [[sabuk Kuiper]] sapertos Pluto mibanda juru (sudut) anu langkung ékstrim kana ékliptika.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Correlation between Inclination and Color in the Classical Kuiper Belt | last=Trujillo |first=Chadwick A. |author2= Brown, Michael E. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |year=2002 |bibcode=2002ApJ...566L.125T | volume=566 |issue=2 | pages=L125 |doi=10.1086/339437|arxiv = astro-ph/0201040 }}</ref> Titik nalika planét meuntas di luhur sarta di handap widang référénsina disebut [[nodus naik]] sarta [[nodus turun]].<ref name="young" /> [[Bujur nodus naik]] nyaéta juru antara bujur 0 widang référénsi sarta nodus naik planét. [[Argumén periapsis]] (atanapi perihelion di Tata Surya) nyaéta juru antara nodus naik planét sarta titik pangcaketna kana béntangna.<ref name="young" /> ==== Kamiringan sumbu ==== [[File:AxialTiltObliquity.png|jmpl|ka|250px|Kamiringan sumbu Bumi kira-kira 23°.]] Planét ogé mibanda [[kamiringan sumbu]] anu rupa-rupa darajatna. Kamiringan sumbu perenahna dina juru (sudut) kana [[bidang Referensi|widang]] [[inklinasi|khatulistiwa béntangna]]. Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun jumlah cahaya anu ditarima ku saban belahan planét téh teu angger sapanjang taun; nalika belahan kalér ngajauhan béntang, belahan kidul justru ngadeukeutan béntang, pon kitu deui sabalikna. Jalaran kitu, saban planét mibanda [[musim|usum]]; nyaéta parobahan iklim sapanjang taun. Masa nalika saban belahan aya dina titik pangtebihna atanapi pangcaketna tina béntangna disebut [[titik balik matahari]] (solstis). Saban planét mibanda dua titik balik dina orbitna; nalika hiji belahan nepi kana titik balik usum panas (beurang panglilana), belahan sanésna nepi kana titik balik usum tiris (beurang pangpondokna). Jumlah cahaya sarta panas anu teu angger ieu nyiptakeun parobahan pola cuaca taunan pikeun saban belahan planét. Kamiringan sumbu Jupiter kacida alitna sahingga variasi usumna ogé sakedik pisan. Di sisi sanésna, Uranus mibanda kamiringan sumbu anu kacida ageungna dugi ka tiasa ngalaman beurang abadi atanapi peuting abadi nalika nepi kana titik balikna.<ref name="Weather">{{cite web |last=Harvey |first=Samantha |date=2006-05-01 |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=725 |title=Weather, Weather, Everywhere? |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2008-08-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414055517/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=725 |archivedate=2009-04-14 }}</ref> Di kalangan planét luar surya, kamiringan sumbu téh tacan kanyahoan sacara pasti, sanaos seueur banda Jupiter panas anu dipercaya mibanda saeutik kamiringan sumbu atanapi taya pisan jalaran perenahna anu kacida caketna sareng béntangna.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Obliquity Tides on Hot Jupiters |author=Winn, Joshua N.; Holman, Matthew J. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year=2005 | doi=10.1086/432834 | volume=628 |issue=2 |pages=L159 |bibcode=2005ApJ...628L.159W|arxiv = astro-ph/0506468 }}</ref> ==== Rotasi ==== Planét muter (berotasi) dina sumbu sawangan (kasat mata) anu nembus titik pusatna. [[Periode rotasi]] hiji planét disebut ogé [[hari|poé béntang]]. Lolobana planét di Tata Surya berotasi kalayan arah anu sarua sareng orbitna, nyaéta berlawanan arah jarum jam upami ditingal tina [[Kutub benda astronomi#Kutub geografis|kutub kalér]] Panonpoé, iwal [[Vénus]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rotation of Venus: Period Estimated from Radar Measurements |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1963-03-08_139_3558/page/910 |author=Goldstein, R. M.; Carpenter, R. L. |year=1963 |journal =Science |volume=139 |doi=10.1126/science.139.3558.910 |pmid=17743054 |issue=3558 |bibcode=1963Sci...139..910G |pages=910–1}}</ref> sarta [[Uranus]]<ref>{{cite journal |contribution=Rotational properties of Uranus and Neptune |first=M. J. S. |last=Belton |author2=Terrile R. J. |title=Uranus and Neptune |year=1984 |journal=In its Uranus and Neptune pp. 327–347 (SEE N85-11927 02-91) |bibcode=1984urnp.nasa..327B |volume=2330 |page=327 |editor=Bergstralh, J. T.}}</ref> anu muterna saluyu sareng arah jarum jam. [Image of planetary rotation directions in the solar system] Nanging, kamiringan sumbu Uranus anu kacida ageungna téh ngabalukarkeun ayana bédana konvénsi ngeunaan kutub mana anu disebut "kalér" sarta naha éta planét téh muter saluyu sareng arah jarum jam atanapi sanés.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Outer Worlds; Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and Beyond|pages=195–206|year=2006|first=Michael P.|last=Borgia|publisher=Springer New York}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, sakumaha baé konvénsina, Uranus mibanda [[rotasi mundur]] (rétrograd) upami dibandingkeun sareng orbitna. Rotasi hiji planét tiasa kawangun ku sababaraha faktor nalika prosés ngawujudna. [[Momentum sudut]] bersihna tiasa kacipta ku momentum sudut anu asalna tina objék-objék akrési. Akrési gas ku raksasa gas ogé mangaruhan kana momentum sudut. Dina tahapan ahir ngawujudna planét, [[proses stokastik]] mangrupa akrési protoplanét tiasa ngarobah sumbu puter planét sacara acak.<ref name="araa31">{{cite journal | title=Planet formation |last=Lissauer | series=31 |first=Jack J. |journal=Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics |volume=(A94-12726 02–90) | issue=1 |pages=129–174 |year=1993 |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.001021 |bibcode=1993ARA&A..31..129L}}</ref> Aya bédana lilana poé anu kacida jauhna antarplanét. Vénus peryogi 243 poé Bumi pikeun sakali rotasi, sedengkeun raksasa gas mah mung peryogi sababaraha jam hungkul.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planet tables |url=http://www.astronomynotes.com/tables/tablesb.htm |first=Nick |last=Strobel |publisher=astronomynotes.com |accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Période rotasi planét luar surya mah tacan kanyahoan sacara pasti. Nanging, perenahna anu caket kana béntangna téh ngandung harti yén banda-banda [[Jupiter panas]] mibanda sifat [[penguncian gelombang|kakonci sacara tidal]] (orbitna sinkron sareng rotasina). Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun éta planét ngan némbongkeun hiji sisi ka béntangna, sahingga hiji sisi salawasna beurang, sedengkeun sisi sanésna salawasna peuting.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Magnetically-Driven Planetary Radio Emissions and Application to Extrasolar Planets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysics-and-space-science_2001-06_277_1-2/page/293 | last=Zarka |first=Philippe |author2=Treumann, Rudolf A.; Ryabov, Boris P.; Ryabov, Vladimir B. |year=2001 |journal=Astrophysics & Space Science |volume=277 |issue=1/2 |page=293 |doi = 10.1023/A:1012221527425|bibcode = 2001Ap&SS.277..293Z }}</ref> ==== Meresihan orbit ==== Ciri dinamis utama anu nangtukeun hiji planét nyaéta éta banda langit téh parantos [[membersihkan lingkungan|meresihan lingkungan]] orbitna. Planét anu parantos meresihan lingkunganana mibanda massa anu cekap pikeun nyapu sadaya [[planetesimal]] dina jalur orbitna. Hasilna, éta planét téh ngorbit kana béntangna sacara tetep, sarta henteu babagi orbit sareng sababaraha objék sanés anu ukuranna mirupa. Ciri ieu kacantum dina [[definisi planet 2006|définisi resmi planét]] [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] bulan Agustus 2006. Kritéria kasebut henteu ngawengku banda-banda ka-planét-an sapertos [[Pluto]], [[Eris (planet katai)|Eris]], sarta [[Ceres (planet katai)|Ceres]], sahingga maranéhna digolongkeun salaku [[planét katé]].<ref name="IAU" /> Sanaos dugi ka ayeuna ieu kritéria téh nembé lumaku di Tata Surya hungkul, sajumlahing sistim luar surya anom (muda) kapanggih mibanda bukti ayana prosés meresihan orbit dina cakram sirkumbéntangna.<ref>{{cite arxiv |title=The Total Number of Giant Planets in Debris Disks with Central Clearings |date=2007-07-12 |author=Faber, Peter; Quillen, Alice C. |eprint=0706.1684 |class=astro-ph}}</ref> === Ciri-ciri fisik === ==== Massa ==== Ciri fisik utama anu nangtukeun hiji planét nyaéta naha éta banda langit téh cukup ageung pikeun maksa gravitasi sorangan ngawasa (ngadominasi) [[gaya elektromagnetik]] anu mungkus struktur fisikna, sahingga nyiptakeun [[kesetimbangan hidrostatik]]. Ieu ngandung harti yén sadaya planét téh mibanda wangun sfer (bola) atanapi sferoidal. Nepi ka titik massa tinangtu, wangun hiji objék téh bisa waé teu tangtu (acak), nanging upami parantos ngaliwatan éta titik (anu variasina gumantung kana susunan kimiawi bahanna), gravitasi bakal mimiti narik éta objék ka puseur massana dugi ka éta objék téh ngawujud jadi bola.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dwarf Planets |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/ |authorlink=Michael E. Brown |last=Brown |first=Michael E. |work=California Institute of Technology |year=2006 |accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Massa ogé mangrupa ciri utama anu ngabédakeun planét sareng [[béntang]]. Wates massa luhur pikeun hiji planét nyaéta 13 kali massa Jupiter (13 MJ) pikeun objék-objék kalawan [[kelimpahan isotop]] panonpoé. Upami langkung ti éta, hiji objék bakal mibanda kaayaan anu pas pikeun ngayakeun [[fusi nuklir]]. Sajabi ti Panonpoé, teu aya deui objék mibanda massa sapertos kitu di Tata Surya; nanging aya éksoplanét anu ukuranana saukur Panonpoé. Wates 13 MJ ieu tacan diaku sacara universal, sarta [[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] masih ngasupkeun objék-objék mibanda massa 20 kali Jupiter,<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=exoplanet-catalogue How One Astronomer Became the Unofficial Exoplanet Record-Keeper], www.scientificamerican.com</ref> sedengkeun [[Exoplanet Data Explorer]] ngasupkeun objék dugi ka 24 kali massa Jupiter.<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint=1012.5676 |author1=Jason T Wright |author2=Onsi Fakhouri |author3=Marcy |author4=Eunkyu Han |author5=Ying Feng |author6=John Asher Johnson |author7=Howard |author8=Fischer |author9=Valenti |title=The Exoplanet Orbit Database |class=astro-ph.SR |year=2010}}</ref> Planét pangleutikna anu kungsi kanyahoan, henteu kaasup planét katé sarta satelit, nyaéta [[PSR B1257+12A]]. Ieu mangrupa salah sahiji planét luar surya munggaran anu kapanggih dina taun 1992 sarta ngulilingan hiji [[pulsar]]. Massana kira-kira satengah tina massa planét Mérkurius.<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> Planét pangleutikna anu ngorbit béntang dérét utama sajabi ti Panonpoé nyaéta [[Kepler-37b]]. Massa sarta radiusna sakedik langkung ageung batan [[Bulan]]. ==== Diferénsiasi internal ==== [[File:Jupiter interior.png|lurus|jmpl|250px|Ilustrasi interior Jupiter kalawan inti tina batu anu dilingkung ku lapisan hidrogén métalik anu kandel]] Saban planét ngamimitian ayana (éksisténsina) dina wangun éncér (cair); nalika prosés ngawujudna, matéri anu langkung padet sarta beurat tilelep ka bagian tengah, sedengkeun matéri anu hampang tetep aya dina bagian luhur (beungeut). Masing-masing mibanda bagian jero (interior) [[diferensiasi planet|anu béda-béda]], anu diwangun ku [[inti planet|inti planét]] padet sarta dilingkung ku [[mantel (geologi)|mantel]] éncér atanapi padet. Planét-planét kabumian (térestrial) kalingkung ku [[kerak (geologi)|kerak]] padet,<ref name="terrestrial">{{cite web |title=Planetary Interiors |work=Department of Physics, University of Oregon |url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec16.html |accessdate=2008-08-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808155809/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec16.html |archivedate=2012-08-08 }}</ref> nanging dina raksasa gas mah, mantelna téh lényéh sarta ngahiji jadi lapisan méga pangluhurna. Planét kabumian mibanda inti tina élemén magnétik sapertos [[beusi]] sarta [[nikél]], sarta mantel [[silikat]]. [[Jupiter]] sarta [[Saturnus]] dipercaya mibanda inti tina batu sarta logam anu dilingkung ku mantel [[hidrogén métalik]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Linda T.|last=Elkins-Tanton|year=2006|title=Jupiter and Saturn|url=https://archive.org/details/jupitersaturn0000elki_t3r5|publisher=Chelsea House|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-5196-8}}</ref> [[Uranus]] sarta [[Néptunus]], anu ukuranana langkung alit, mibanda inti batu anu dilingkung ku mantel [[cai]], [[amonia]], [[métana]], sarta [[bahan volatil|és]].<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5}}</ref> Gerakan cairan di jero inti planét-planét kasebut ngahasilkeun [[geodinamo]] anu nyiptakeun [[médan magnét]].<ref name="terrestrial" /> ==== Atmosfir ==== {{Tempo ogé|Atmosfir ékstratéréstrial}} [[File:Top of Atmosphere.jpg|jmpl|kénca|250px|Atmosfir Bumi]] Sadaya planét di Tata Surya sajabi ti [[Mérkurius]]<ref>Hunten D. M., Shemansky D. E., Morgan T. H. (1988), ''The Mercury atmosphere'', In: Mercury (A89-43751 19–91). University of Arizona Press, pp. 562–612</ref> mibanda [[atmosfir]] dasar jalaran gravitasi massana anu kacida ageungna cekap kiat pikeun nahan gas supados tetep caket kana beungeut planét. Planét raksasa gas mibanda ukuran anu cukup badag pikeun nahan sajumlahing gas hampang sapertos [[hidrogén]] sarta [[hélium]], sedengkeun dina planét-planét leutik mah éta gas téh lolos ka [[luar angkasa]].<ref>{{cite doi | 10.1086/426329 }}</ref> Komposisi atmosfir Bumi bénten sareng planét sanésna jalaran ayana rupa-rupa prosés [[kahirupan]] anu lumangsung di ieu planét, anu parantos ngahasilkeun molekul [[oksigén]] bébas.<ref name="zeilik">{{cite book|last=Zeilik|first=Michael A.|author2=Gregory, Stephan A.|title=Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics|url=https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil|edition=4th|year=1998|publisher=Saunders College Publishing|isbn=0-03-006228-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil/page/67 67]}}</ref> Atmosfir planét dipangaruhan ku rupa-rupa [[insolasi]] (radiasi panonpoé) atanapi énergi internal, sahingga ngabalukarkeun kawangunna [[sistem cuaca|sistim cuaca]] dinamis sapertos [[badai]] (di Bumi), [[badai debu|badai lebu]] sa-planét (di Mars), [[badai antisiklon|antisiklon]] saukuran Bumi (di Jupiter; disebut [[Bintik Beureum Gedé]]), sarta [[Titik Gelap Besar|liang dina atmosfir]] (di Néptunus).<ref name="Weather" /> Sahenteuna aya hiji planét luar surya, [[HD 189733 b]], anu diklaim mibanda sistim cuaca sapertos kitu, sarupa sareng Bintik Beureum Gedé nanging ukuranana dua kali lipet langkung ageung.<ref name="knutson">{{cite journal | last=Knutson |first=Heather A. |author2=Charbonneau, David; Allen, Lori E.; Fortney, Jonathan J. |title=A map of the day-night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733 b | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-05-10_447_7141/page/183 |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=447 |doi=10.1038/nature05782 |laysummary=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2007/pr200713.html |laysource=Center for Astrophysics press release |laydate=2007-05-09 |pmid=17495920 |issue=7141 |bibcode=2007Natur.447..183K | pages=183–6|arxiv = 0705.0993 }}</ref> Jalaran perenahna anu kacida caketna sareng béntang indungna, banda-banda Jupiter panas kaleungitan atmosfirna akibat radiasi béntang, mirupa buntut komét.<ref>{{cite press release |first1=Donna |last1=Weaver |first2=Ray |last2=Villard |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/07/full/ |title=Hubble Probes Layer-cake Structure of Alien World's Atmosphere |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |date=2007-01-31 |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=Nature |last=Ballester |first=Gilda E. |author2=Sing, David K.; Herbert, Floyd |title=The signature of hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-02-01_445_7127/page/511 |volume=445 |year=2007 |doi=10.1038/nature05525 |pmid=17268463 |issue=7127 |bibcode=2007Natur.445..511B | pages=511–4}}</ref> Ieu planét-planét téh mibanda béda suhu beurang sareng peuting anu kacida jauhna, dugi ka tiasa ngahasilkeun angin supersonik.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Harrington |first=Jason |author2=Hansen, Brad M.; Luszcz, Statia H.; Seager, Sara |title=The phase-dependent infrared brightness of the extrasolar planet Andromeda b | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-10-27_314_5799/page/623 |journal=Science |volume=314 |year=2006 |doi=10.1126/science.1133904 |laysummary=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzer-20061012.html |laysource=NASA press release |laydate=2006-10-12 |pmid=17038587 |issue=5799 |bibcode=2006Sci...314..623H | pages=623–6|arxiv = astro-ph/0610491 }}</ref> Nanging, sisi beurang sareng peuting dina [[HD 189733 b]] mah katingal mibanda suhu anu sarua, anu nuduhkeun yén atmosfir ieu planét téh éféktif pisan dina ngadistribusikeun deui énergi béntang ka sakuliah bagian planétna.<ref name="knutson" /> ==== Magnétosfir ==== [[File:Structure of the magnetosphere-en.svg|jmpl|ka|300px|Skéma [[medan magnet Bumi|magnétosfir Bumi]]]] Salah sahiji ciri penting tina hiji planét nyaéta [[momen magnet|momen magnét]] intrinsikna anu janten bibit buit (cikal bakal) tina [[magnetosfer|magnétosfirna]]. Ayana médan magnét nuduhkeun yén éta planét téh sacara géologi masih kénéh "hirup". Kalayan kecap sanés, planét anu mibanda sipat magnét mibanda aliran bahan [[konduktivitas listrik|konduktor listrik]] dina bagian jerona (interior) anu nyiptakeun médan magnét. Ieu médan téh kacida mangaruhanana kana interaksi planét sareng angin surya. Planét anu mibanda sipat magnét bakal nyiptakeun panyalindung anu disebut magnétosfir, anu teu tiasa ditembus ku angin surya. Ukuran magnétosfir tiasa langkung ageung batan planétna sorangan. Sabalikna, planét anu teu mibanda sipat magnét mah mibanda magnétosfir anu alit, anu kawangun ku interaksi [[ionosfer|ionosfir]] sareng angin surya, nanging teu tiasa nangtayungan éta planét sacara éféktif.<ref name="Kivelson2007" /> Tina dalapan planét di Tata Surya, ngan Vénus sarta Mars anu teu mibanda médan magnét.<ref name="Kivelson2007" /> Sajaba ti éta, satelit Jupiter [[Ganymede (satelit)|Ganyméde]] ogé mibanda médan magnét. Tina sadaya planét anu mibanda sipat magnét, médan Mérkurius mangrupa anu panghéngkérna (lemah) sahingga teu mampuh nahan [[angin surya|angin surya]]. Médan magnét Ganyméde sababaraha kali lipet langkung ageung, sedengkeun médan Jupiter mangrupa anu pangkiatna di Tata Surya (kacida kiatna sahingga ieu planét téh mibanda ancaman kaséhatan anu sérius pikeun misi berawak ka satelit-satelitna dina mangsa ka hareup). Médan magnét planét-planét raksasa sanésna mibanda kakuatan anu ampir sarua sareng Bumi, nanging momen magnétna langkung ageung. Médan magnét Uranus sarta Néptunus kacida miringna upami dibandingkeun sareng [[sumbu rotasi]] sarta perenahna misah tina puseur (pusat) planétna.<ref name="Kivelson2007">{{cite book|last=Kivelson|first=Margaret Galland|author2=Bagenal, Fran|chapter=Planetary Magnetospheres|title=Encyclopedia of the Solar System|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W8-BGD-739|year=2007|publisher=Academic Press|editor= Lucyann Mcfadden, Paul Weissman, Torrence Johnson|isbn=978-0-12-088589-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_W8-BGD-739/page/519 519]}}</ref> Dina taun 2004, tim astronom di Hawaii nalungtik hiji planét luar surya anu ngulilingan béntang [[HD 179949]]. Ieu planét katingal nyiptakeun titik panonpoé (sunspot) dina beungeut béntang indungna. Éta tim mibanda hipotésis yén magnétosfir éta planét téh keur mentransfer énergi ka beungeut béntang sarta ngalantarankeun suhuna naék tina 7.760 °C janten 8.160 °C.<ref>{{cite web | title=Magnetic planet |first=Amanda | last=Gefter | work=Astronomy |date=2004-01-17 |url=http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2090 |accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref> === Ciri-ciri sekundér === Sababaraha planét atanapi planét katé di Tata Surya (sapertos [[Néptunus]] atanapi [[Pluto]]) mibanda période orbit anu [[resonansi orbit|saluyu]] (résonansi) hiji sareng nu sanésna atanapi sareng banda-banda langit anu langkung alit (hal ieu lumrah lumangsung dina sistim satelit). Sadaya planét iwal [[Mérkurius]] sareng [[Vénus]] mibanda [[satelit alami]] anu biasana disebut "bulan". Bumi mibanda hiji satelit, Mars dua, sarta [[raksasa gas]] mibanda sababaraha satelit kalayan sistim ka-planét-an anu kompléks. Loba satelit raksasa gas mibanda ciri-ciri anu sarua sareng planét kabumian sarta planét katé. Sababaraha di antarana malah dianggap mibanda lingkungan anu merenah pikeun kahirupan (utamana [[Europa (satelit)|Europa]]).<ref name="Grasset2000">{{cite journal | last= Grasset |first=O. |author2=Sotin C.; Deschamps F. |title = On the internal structure and dynamic of Titan | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_planetary-and-space-science_june-july-2000_48_7-8/page/617 |year = 2000 |journal = Planetary and Space Science |volume = 48 | issue= 7–8 | pages = 617–636 |doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00039-8 | bibcode=2000P&SS...48..617G}}</ref><ref name="Fortes2000">{{cite journal | journal = Icarus |volume= 146 |issue = 2 |pages = 444–452 |year= 2000 |doi = 10.1006/icar.2000.6400 |title = Exobiological implications of a possible ammonia-water ocean inside Titan |author = Fortes, A. D. |bibcode=2000Icar..146..444F}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nicola|last=Jones|date=2001-12-11|work=New Scientist Print Edition|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn1647|title=Bacterial explanation for Europa's rosy glow|accessdate=2008-08-23}}</ref> [[File:Voyager 2 - Saturn Rings - 3085 7800 2.png|jmpl|kénca|lurus|250px|[[Cincin Saturnus|Cingcin Saturnus]]]] Opat raksasa gas ogé dikulilingan ku [[cincin planet|cingcin planét]] kalayan ukuran sarta karumitan anu rupa-rupa. Ieu cingcin téh diwangun ku lebu atanapi partikel, nanging tiasa ogé janten tempat cicingna '[[Cincin Saturnus#Anak bulan|anak bulan]]' anu mungil, anu gravitasi na nangtukeun sarta miara struktur éta cingcin. Sanaos asal-usul kawangunna tacan kanyahoan sacara pasti, cingcin planét dipercaya salaku hasil tina satelit alami anu asup kana [[batas Roche]] planét indungna, lajeng hancur akibat [[gaya gelombang pasang|gaya pasang surut]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Molnar, L. A.; Dunn, D. E. |title=On the Formation of Planetary Rings |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |year=1996 |volume=28 |pages=77–115 |bibcode=1996DPS....28.1815M | last2=Dunn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Encrenaz|last=Thérése|year=2004|title=The Solar System|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783540002413|edition=Third|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783540002413/page/388 388]–390|publisher=Springer|isbn=3-540-00241-3}}</ref> Taya ciri sekundér anu katingal dina planét-planét luar surya. Nanging, [[katai sub-coklat]] [[Cha 110913-773444]], anu dianggap salaku [[planet liar]], dipercaya dilingkung ku hiji [[cakram protoplanet]] anu mungil.<ref name="Luhman" /> {{Clear}} == Istilah patali == <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Komet|Komét]] * [[Mnemonik planet|Mnémonik planét]] * [[Planet ganda|Planét ganda]] * [[Planet katai|Planét katé]] * [[Planet liar|Planét liar]] * [[Planet luar surya|Planét luar surya]] (atanapi Éksoplanét) – banda langit di luar Tata Surya * [[Mesoplanet|Mésoplanét]] * [[Planet minor|Planét minor]] – banda langit anu langkung alit batan planét * [[Planetar (astronomi)|Planétar]] * [[Planetesimal|Planétésimal]] * [[Protoplanet|Protoplanét]] </div> == Lihat pula == {{portal|Astronomi}} <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Langit ekstraterestrial]] * [[Daftar benda hipotesis di Tata Surya]] * [[Pendaratan di planet lain]] * [[Penjelajahan luar angkasa]] * [[Keterhunian planet]] * [[Ilmu keplanetan]] * [[Eksoplanetologi]] * [[Planetologi teoretis]] * [[Planet di astrologi]] * [[Planet di fiksi ilmiah]] </div> == Catatan kaki == {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Referensi == {{Reflist|30em}} == Pranala luar == {{Commons category|Planets}} {{Wiktionary|planet}} * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union website] * [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ Photojournal NASA] * [http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/ NASA Planet Quest – Exoplanet Exploration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225110149/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/ |date=2011-02-25 }} * [http://www.co-intelligence.org/newsletter/comparisons.html Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets with each other, the Sun, and other stars] * {{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |title=IAU Press Releases since 1999 "The status of Pluto: A Clarification" |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214043704/http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |archivedate=2007-12-14 |accessdate=2019-12-25 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214043704/http://www.iau.org/STATUS_OF_PLUTO.238.0.html |date=2007-12-14 }} * [http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/planet_def.html "Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes."] article by Stern and Levinson * [http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/ ''Planetary Science Research Discoveries''] (educational site with illustrated articles) {{artikel pilihan}} {{Tata surya}} [[Kategori:Planét]] [[Kategori:Astronomi pengamatan]] [[Kategori:Ilmu keplanetan]] 2isb1fcnpdmren09wdswmdlyqaazjom 0 101944 730874 712375 2026-10-28T21:03:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Nilaparvata lugens'' | image = Nilaparvata lugens - Brown planthopper - UGA5190055.jpg | image_width = 220px | image_caption = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | classis = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Hemiptera]] | familia = [[Delphacidae]] | genus = [[Nilaparvata]] | species = '''''N. lugens''''' | binomial = ''Nilaparvata lugens'' | binomial_authority = (Stål, ) | synonyms = }} '''Wereng coklat''' (''Nilaparvata lugens'') nyaéta gegeremet anu asalna tina kulawarga ''[[Delphacidae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Khush |first=GS |title=Green revolution: preparing for the 21st century |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_genome_1999-08_42_4/page/646 |journal=Genome |year=1999 |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=646–55 |pmid=10464789 |doi=10.1139/g99-044 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wereng coklat kagolongkeun kana [[hama]] utamana kana tangkal [[paré]], ieu hama anu paling bahaya alatan nimbulkeun karugian anu lain saeutik. Karugian anu dibalukarkeun ku hama wereng coklat bisa nepika 60% tina beubeunangan anu sakuduna, Wereng ieu nyebar di wewengkon [[Australia]] , [[Bangladés]] , [[Bhutan]] , [[Burma]] ([[Myanmar]] ), [[Kamboja]], [[Cina]], [[Fiji]], [[India]], [[Indonésia]], [[Jepang]], [[Koréa Kalér]] sareng [[Kidul]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Papua Nugini]], [[Pilipina]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Taiwan]], [[Thailand]], sareng [[Viétnam]]. Tutuwuhan alternatif aranjeunna sagigireun paré tayalian jukut '' banto'' ''(Leersia hexandra).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Oudhia |first=P. |year=2000 |title=Traditional medicinal knowledge about green leafhopper, Nephotettix spp., in Chhattisgarh (India) |url=https://archive.org/details/international-rice-research-notes_2000_25_3/page/40 |journal=International Rice Research Notes |volume=25 |issue=3 |page=40}}</ref> '' ==Ciri mandiri == Wereng coklat nyaéta ''dimorphic''tayalian mibanda wujud anu katempo beda bikang jeung jaluna, kalayan wujudna 'macropterous' ogé 'brachypterous' jangjangna purek ''truncate''. Wujudna ''macropterous'' ieu bisa hiber pindah ka tempat séjén (''migrasi''), tangtuna baris nimbulkeun karuksakan anyar ditempat anu dieuntreupanna. Dimana geus netep dina tangkal paré, wereng coklat mimiti baranahan (endogan). Ilaharna anu bikangna salaku ''brachirger'' sareng jaluna salaku ''makroprop''. Wereng coklat biasana kawin isuk-isuk, sapoé ti harita bikangna mimiti ngendog. Sakali endogan ''brachypterous'' aya 300 dugi ka 350 siki, sedengkeun bikang ''macropterous'' endog langkung seueur. Endogna ngawangun garis/gurat lempeng ilaharna manjang dina tengah-tengah daun. Heuleut sa minggu nepika salapan poé, endogna mimiti megar. Nimfa anu nembé megar hatched katempo bararodas, dina waktu sajam janten robah coklat wungu. Maranéhna ngahakan geutah tutuwuhan, Aranjeunna nembus lima u dakan/instars sateuacan janten déwasa.<ref name=“talas”>{{Cite book | title =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HE-WWgPsBXUC&pg=PA100&dq=talas&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj188O_lb7vAhUn63MBHdA8BoI4ChDoATAEegQIBRAC#v=onepage&q=talas&f=false| first =Purnomo| last =Dan Hanny P| publisher =Niaga Swadaya| location =Jakarta| year =2007| pages =111|ISBN=9789790020283|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tokOAQAAMAAJ&q=papangge&dq=papangge&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiaru2So_ruAhVFfSsKHTRnAAcQ6AEwBHoECAUQAg|accessdate=(disungsi – 21 Maret 2021)}}</ref> ==Karuksakan== Wereng coklat nginféksi pepelakan paré di sadaya tahapan, ti kawit tandur dugi ka bijil paré. Kusabab tuangeun boh lava kitu deui déwasa dina tutuwuhan palawija, ngabalukarkeun pepelakan konéng sareng gancang garing. Salila mimiti kaserang, tambalan konéng buleud nembongan, anu teu lami janten coklat terus tutuwuhan jadi garing. Kaayaan ieu disebut '''hopper burn'''. Suhu mangrupikeun faktor kritis anu mangaruhan kana kagiatan kahirupan ieu gegermet. Lobana endog anu megar tur hirup dina suhu 25 ° C. Endogna sénsitip pisan kana ''desiccation'' sareng henteu lami deui ngaleutikan nalika pepelakan anu dieunteupanna mimiti layu. <ref>Noda H, K Ishikawa, H Hibino, T Ornura 1991. [http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/72/10/2425.pdf A reovirus in the brown planthopper, ''Nilaparvata lugens'']{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. J Gen Virol 72: 2425-2430.</ref> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu kaluar == * [http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/name_s/b_2799.htm Gambar di laman csiro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416055503/http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/name_s/b_2799.htm |date=2009-04-16 }} [[Kategori:Hemiptera]] [[Kategori:Hama]] [[Kategori:Nilaparvata]] [[Kategori:Artropoda]] [[Kategori: Gegeremet]] bqiuzfhy26h7k7izun7m3z59c1nauio 0 102357 730867 708338 2026-10-28T20:44:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Paku tihang beureum | image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG | image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' | regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]] | divisio = [[Pteridophyta]] | classis = [[Polypodiopsida]] | ordo = [[Cyatheales]] | familia = [[Cyatheaceae]] | genus = '''''Alsophila''''' | genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]<ref name=PPGI/> }} [[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']] '''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].<ref name=PPGI/> Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].<ref name=PPGI/><ref name=“Heyne”>{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK & Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}</ref><ref name=WeigLehn16>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |bibcode=2016AcBBr..30..336W |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Ciri mandiri == Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .<ref name=FoC_10240/><ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07>{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |bibcode=2007AmJB...94..873K |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.<ref name=WeigLehn16/><ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/><ref name=DongZuo18>{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |bibcode=2018AnMBG.103....1D |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> ==Taksonomi== Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.<ref name=IPNI_328001-2/> Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.<ref name=PPGI/> Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.<ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/> Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]]. ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.<ref name=PPGI/> Dina taun 2018, Dong jeung Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.<ref name=DongZuo18/> {{clade |label1=[[Cyatheaceae]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Cyathea]]'' |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato |2={{clade |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto |2=''Gymnosphaera'' }} }} }} }} Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.<ref name=NZOR/><ref name=LargBrag04/> ==Sebaran sareng habitat== Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].<ref name="POWO_328001-2">{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}</ref><ref name=FoC_10240/> Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.<ref name=FoC_10240/> ==Budidaya== ''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan. Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&nbsp;rebeccae]]''.<ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/> Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.<ref>{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}</ref> ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.<ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18>{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> ==Kabudayaan== ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.<ref name=TeAra>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26 }}</ref> Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina "Henry Graham" sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.<ref name=FoC_10240>{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan <!--|year=1994 onwards--> |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> == Kagunaan == Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat: * Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.<ref name=“Heyne”/><ref name=WaltBradBricCull86>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> * Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.<ref name=“Heyne”/><ref name=IPNI_328001-2>{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}</ref> ===Spésiés=== Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.<ref name=PPGI/> {{As of|2019|August}}, ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :<ref name=CFLWg/> {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'') *''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'') *''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'') *''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'') *''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'') *''[[Alsophila acutula]]'' *''[[Alsophila albida]]'' *''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'') *''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'') *''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'') *''[[Alsophila alta]]'' *''[[Alsophila alternans]]'' *''[[Alsophila alticola]]'' *''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'') *''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'') *''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'') *''[[Alsophila angiensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'') *''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'') *''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'') *''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]'' *''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'') *''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'') *''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'') *''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'') *''[[Alsophila auriculata]]'' *''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'') *''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'') *''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'') *''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]'' *''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'') *''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]'' *''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'') *''[[Alsophila binayana]]'' *''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]'' *''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]'' *''[[Alsophila borbonica]]'' *''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'') *[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']] *''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'') *''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'') *''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'') *''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'') *''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]'' *''[[Alsophila bullata]]'' *''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'') *''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'') *''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'') *''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'') *''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'') *''[[Alsophila celebica]]'' *''[[Alsophila celsa]]'' *''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'') *''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'') *''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'') *''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'') *''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'') *''[[Alsophila conantiana]]'' *''[[Alsophila conferta]]'' *''[[Alsophila confinis]]'' *''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'') *''[[Alsophila coursii]]'' *''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'') *''[[Alsophila crinita]]'' *''[[Alsophila cubensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'') *''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'') *''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'') *''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern) *''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'') *''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'') *''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'') *''[[Alsophila dilatata]]'' *''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'') *''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'') *''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'') *''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'') *''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'') *''[[Alsophila elata]]'' *''[[Alsophila emilei]]'' *''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'') *''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'') *''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'') *''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'') *''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'') *[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']] *''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'') *''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'') *''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'') *''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'') *''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'') *''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'') *''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'') *''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]'' *''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'') *''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'') *''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'') *''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'') *''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]'' *''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'') *''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]'' *''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'') *''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'') *''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'') *''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'') *''[[Alsophila hebes]]'' *''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'') *''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'') *''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'') *''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'') *''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'') *''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'') *''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'') *''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'') *''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]'' *''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'') *''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]'' *''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'') *''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'') *''[[Alsophila impolita]]'' *''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'') *''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'') *''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'') *''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'') *''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'') *''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'') *''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'') *''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'') *''[[Alsophila katoi]]'' *''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'') *''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'') *''[[Alsophila kirkii]]'' *''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'') *''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]'' *''[[Alsophila lastii]]'' *''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'') *''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'') *''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]'' *''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'') *''[[Alsophila lepifera]]'' *''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]'' *''[[Alsophila ligulata]]'' *''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'') *''[[Alsophila lisyae]]'' *''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'') *''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'') *''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'') *''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]'' *''[[Alsophila longispina]]'' *''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'') *''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'') *''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'') *''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'') *''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'') *''[[Alsophila major]]'' *''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'') *''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'') *[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'') *''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'') *''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'') *''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'') *''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'') *''[[Alsophila melleri]]'' *''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]'' *''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'') *''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'') *''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'') *''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'') *''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'') *''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'') *''[[Alsophila minervae]]'' *''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'') *''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'') *''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'') *''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'') *''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]'' *''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'') *''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'') *''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'') *''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'') *''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'') *''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'') *''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'') *''[[Alsophila obtecta]]'' *''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'') *''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]'' *''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'') *''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'') *''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'') *''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'') *''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]'' *''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'') *''[[Alsophila pacifica]]'' *''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'') *''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'') *''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'') *''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'') *''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'') *''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'') *''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]'' *''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'') *''[[Alsophila pilosula]]'' *''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'') *''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'') *''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'') *''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'') *''[[Alsophila poolii]]'' *''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'') *''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'') *''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]'' *''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'') *''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'') *''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'') *''[[Alsophila quadrata]]'' *''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'') *''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]'' *''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'') *''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'') == Rujukan == <references> <ref name="PPGI">PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.</ref> </references> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=CFLWg>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02 }}</ref> <ref name=DongZuo18>{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |url=https://archive.org/details/missouri-botanical-garden-annals_2018-04_103_1/page/n0 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> <ref name=FoC_10240>{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan <!--|year=1994 onwards--> |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01 }}</ref> <ref name=IPNI_328001-2>{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}</ref> <ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07>{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> <ref name=LargBrag04>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}</ref> <ref name=NZOR>{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}</ref> <ref name=PPGI>{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}</ref> <ref name=WaltBradBricCull86>{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> <ref name=WeigLehn16>{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}} [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]] [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]] [[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]] [[Kategori:Paku tihang]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Paku]] rrudgycht0lb0dt031v3qkjho161d8m 0 103169 730870 712307 2026-10-28T20:52:33Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Marémé | image = Glochidion ramiflorum.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption =Glochidion borneense | regnum = Plantae | divisio =Magnoliophyta | classis = Magnoliopsida | ordo =Euphorbiales | familia =Euphorbiaceae | genus =Glochidion | species = Glochidion borneense Boerl | binomial = | binomial_authority = | synonyms ={{Collapsible list}}}} '''''Marémé'''''; 'Reuheun'' ''(Glochidion borneense, hook. f)'' nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Euphorbiaceae]].<ref name="Bungbu">{{Cite book|title =Udjung Kulon: The Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros| last= Hoogerwerf| first= A. | coauthors =-| year= 1970|page=31|location=National Library of the Netherlands (original from Leiden University Libraries)| publisher=Brill Archive| url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pc4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=sophora+tomentosa+bungbulan&source=bl&ots=F2HR_Grimb&sig=ACfU3U0JnMtQmW9VQ36gztboIlgK5221VQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGndL0ioTuAhVS6XMBHZWOCzEQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=sophora%20tomentosa%20bungbulan&f=false}}disungsi – 4 Jan 2021</ref><ref name=”DE ”>{{Cite book| url =https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten03heyn/page/67/mode/1up?view=theater| title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| last =HEYNE| first =K. | publisher =Ruygrok & Co BATVIA | location =Linrary New York Botanical Garden| year =1913|ISBN=|pages =67}} Disungsi26 April 2021</ref><ref name=”Pla”>{{Cite book| url =http://plantamor.com/species/info/glochidion/borneense| title =Plantamor| last =Marémé| first =Tangkal| publisher =Plantamor| location =Indonesia| year =2022| ISBN =| pages =}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104125842/http://plantamor.com/species/info/glochidion/borneense |date=2022-01-04 }} Disungsi4 Januari 2022</ref> Di [[Australia]] ieu tangkal sok disebut ''cheese trees'' atawa ''buttonwood'', dina sastra ilmiah dipiwanoh salaku ''leafflower trees''. Ieu tangkal mibanda 300 [[spésiés]]. <ref name="BergstromDugatkin2012">{{cite book|author1=Carl T. Bergstrom|author2=Lee Alan Dugatkin|title=Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeaEZwEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-92592-0|page=630|access-date=2016-10-24|archive-date=2016-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118183851/https://books.google.com/books?id=SeaEZwEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=”Buk”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=iO0ldwKoXvQC&pg=PA68&dq=pohon+mareme&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdh6-p-5X1AhWeH7cAHdaYCvcQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=pohon%20mareme&f=false| title =Buku Pintar Tanaman Obat: 431 jenis tanaman penggempur aneka penyakit| last =GBIF| first =GLOBAL| publisher =AgroMedia | location =Copenhagen, Denmark | year =2008|ISBN=9789790061941|pages =68}} Disungsi2 Januari 2022</ref> ==Habitat jeung sebaran== Tangkal marémé kapanggih hirup ti mimiti [[Madagaskar]] nepi ka [[kapuloan Pasifik]]. ''Glochidion'' spésiés ieu dipaké salaku tutuwuhan pangan ku [[larva]] tina sababaraha [[Lepidoptera]] kaasup spésiés ''[[Aenetus|Aenetus eximia]]'' ogé ''[[Endoclita|Endoclita damor]]''.<ref name= Plants.USDA/> Urang [[Nicobarese]] ngamangpaatkeun tangkal marémé atawa ''G. calocarpum'' salaku ubar, nyebutkeun yén kulitna ogé sikina dimangpaatkeun pikeun ngubaran gangguan padaharan/nyeri beuteung.<ref>See p. 412 in: {{cite journal |last=Hammer |first=K |title=Barilla (Salsola soda, Chenopodiaceae)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-botany_july-september-1990_44_3/page/410 |journal=Economic Botany|volume=44|issue=3 |pages=410–412 |date=1990 |doi=10.1007/bf03183925 |jstor=4255259|s2cid=32113455 }}</ref> Dumasar kana [[Antekologi]] ogé [[koevolusi]] ''Glochidion'' dina hirupna silih gumantung jeung gegeremet tina genus ''[[Epicephala]]'' (ngengat daun bunga), utamana mangsa ''penyerbukan'' kembang—ngabantu tangkal dina ngahasilkeun siki anu alus pikeun pibiniheun —ogé maranéhna ngendog dina dasar kembang, di mana ieu larva mun geus gedé ngadaharna sawaréh siki marémé.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kato | first1 = M. | last2 = Takimura | first2 = A. | last3 = Kawakita | first3 = A. | year = 2003 | title = An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2003-04-29_100_9/page/5264 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA | volume = 100 | issue = 9| pages = 5264–5267 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0837153100| pmc = 154333 | pmid=12695568| bibcode = 2003PNAS..100.5264K | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hembry | first1 = D. H. | last2 = Okamoto | first2 = T. | last3 = Gillespie | first3 = R. G. | year = 2012 | title = Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 258–261 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2011.0771| pmc = 3297384 | pmid=21900312}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luo | first1 = S.-X. | last2 = Yao | first2 = G. | last3 = Wang | first3 = Z. | last4 = Zhang | first4 = D. | last5 = Hembry | first5 = D. H. | year = 2017 | title = A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms | url = https://arizona.openrepository.com/bitstream/10150/623805/1/690623.pdf | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 189 | issue = 4 | pages = 422–435 | doi = 10.1086/690623 | pmid = 28350503 | pmc = 6103454 | hdl = 10150/623805 | s2cid = 3922814 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 2019-09-05 | archive-date = 2021-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211124172948/https://arizona.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10150/623805/690623.pdf;jsessionid=C1EBDAA7FE0678A461C480BB693B1D0A?sequence=1 | url-status = live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124172948/https://arizona.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10150/623805/690623.pdf |date=2021-11-24 }}</ref> Spésiés séjén tina ''Epicephala'' nyaéta ''pollinator'', sarta dina sababaraha kaayaan, sok ngahakan siki marémé, spésiés anu tangtu tutuwuhan dina ''genera'' [[Phyllanthus]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kawakita | first1 = A. | last2 = Kato | first2 = M. | year = 2004 | title = Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian ''Phyllanthus'' (Euphorbiaceae) | url = https://archive.org/details/american-journal-of-botany_2004-03_91_3/page/410 | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 3 | pages = 410–415 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.3.410| pmid = 21653396 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kawakita | first1 = A. | last2 = Kato | first2 = M. | year = 2009 | title = Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-''Epicephala'' association | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume = 276 | issue = 1656 | pages = 417–426 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1226| pmc = 2664352 | pmid=18948251}}</ref> and ''[[Breynia]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kawakita | first1 = A. | last2 = Kato | first2 = M. | year = 2004 | title = Obligate pollination mutualism in ''Breynia'' (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving ''Epicephala'' moths (Gracillariidae) | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 9 | pages = 1319–1325 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.9.1319| pmid = 21652364 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = J. | last2 = Wang | first2 = S. | last3 = Li | first3 = H. | last4 = Hu | first4 = B. | last5 = Yang | first5 = X. | last6 = Wang | first6 = Z. | year = 2012 | title = Diffuse coevolution between two ''Epicephala'' species (Gracillariidae) and two ''Breynia'' species (Phyllanthaceae) | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | page = e41657 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0041657| pmc = 3407192 | pmid=22848559| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...741657Z | doi-access = free }}</ref> duanana raket patalina jeung''Glochidion''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kathriarachchi | first1 = H. | last2 = Samuel | first2 = R. | last3 = Hoffmann | first3 = P. | last4 = Mlinarec | first4 = J. | last5 = Wurdack | first5 = K. J. | last6 = Ralimanana | first6 = H. | last7 = Stuessy | first7 = T. F. | last8 = Chase | first8 = M. W. | year = 2006 | title = Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae: Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 637–655 | doi=10.3732/ajb.93.4.637 | pmid = 21646224| doi-access = free }}</ref> Hubungan ieu sami sareng hubungan antara [[Ficus|ki ara]] sareng [[nyiruan]] kitu deui [[yucca]] sareng [[Prodoxidae|gegeremet yucca]]. Sanajan genus ''Glochidion'' asalna ngan ti Afrika, spésiés Asia Wétan ''[[Glochidion puberum]]'' geus di naturalisasi di sababaraha lokasi di nagara bagian AS [[Alabama]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fearn | first1 = M. L. | last2 = Urbatsch | first2 = L. E. | year = 2001 | title = ''Glochidion puberum'' (Euphorbiaceae) naturalized in southern Alabama | journal = SIDA, Contributions to Botany | volume = 19 | pages = 711–714 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012580 |title=Glochidion puberum in Flora of North America @ |publisher=Efloras.org |date= |accessdate=2021-11-24 |archive-date=2017-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055555/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012580 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055555/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012580 |date=2017-04-11 }}</ref> Dina révisi Phyllanthaceae taun 2006, disarankeun yén ''Glochidion'' diasupkeun kana ''Phyllanthus''.<ref name=hoffmann2006>{{cite journal | last1 = Hoffmann | first1 = Petra | last2 = Kathriarachchi | first2 = Hashendra S. | last3 = Wurdack | first3 = Kenneth J. | year = 2006 | title = A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 61 | issue = 1| pages = 37–53 }}</ref> Kombinasi anyar dina "Phyllanthus" parantos bewarakeun pikeun [[Madagaskar]]. <ref>Hoffmann, P. and McPherson, G., 2003. Transfer of Madagascan Glochidion to Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae sl or Phyllanthaceae). Novon 13(3):307-310.</ref> jeung Kapuloan Pasifik,<ref>Wagner WL, Lorence DH. A nomenclator of Pacific oceanic island Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), including Glochidion. PhytoKeys. 2011(4):67-94</ref>. ==Spésiés dipilih== An incomplete listing: {{Div col|colwidth=21em}} *''[[Glochidion apodogynum]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion barronense]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion benthamianum]]'' {{Au|Domin}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion bourdillonii]]'' *''[[Glochidion calocarpum]]'' *''[[Glochidion christophersenii]]'' *''[[Glochidion carrickii]]'' *''[[Glochidion comitum]]'' *''[[Glochidion disparipes]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion eriocarpum]]'' *''[[Glochidion ferdinandi]]'' {{Au|(Mull.Arg.) F.M.Bailey}} - cheese tree, buttonwood, pencil cedar, water gum, rain tree<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion ferdinandi var. ferdinandi|var. ''ferdinandi'']]<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion ferdinandi var. pubens|var. ''pubens'']] {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion gardneri]]'' {{Au| (Thwaites.) }} *''[[Glochidion grantii]]'' *''[[Glochidion harveyanum]]'' {{Au|Domin}} - buttonwood, daphne buttonwood<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion harveyanum var. harveyanum|var. ''harveyanum'']]<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion harveyanum var. harveyanum|var. ''pubescens'']] {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion hylandii]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion insulare]]'' *''[[Glochidion johnstonei]]'' *''[[Glochidion lanceolarium]]'' *''[[Glochidion lobocarpum]]'' {{Au|(Benth.) F.M.Bailey}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion longfieldiae]]'' *''[[Glochidion manono]]'' *''[[Glochidion marchionicum]]'' *''[[Glochidion moonii]]'' *''[[Glochidion moorei]]'' *''[[Glochidion myrtifolium]]'' *''[[Glochidion nadeaudii]]'' *''[[Glochidion orientalis]]'' *''[[Glochidion papenooense]]'' *''[[Glochidion pauciflorum]]'' *''[[Glochidion perakense]]'' {{Au|Hook.f.}} - umbrella cheese tree, buttonwood<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion perakense var. supra-axillare|var. ''supra-axillare'']] {{Au|(Benth.) Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion philippicum]]'' {{Au|(Cav.) C.B.Rob.}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion pitcairnense]]'' *''[[Glochidion pruinosum]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion puberum]]'' *''[[Glochidion pungens]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion raivavense]]'' *''[[Glochidion ramiflorum]]'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small> *''[[Glochidion rapaense]]'' *''[[Glochidion seemannii]]'' <small>Müll.-Arg.</small><!-- Micronesica 40: 169. --> *''[[Glochidion sessiliflorum]]'' {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion sessiliflorum var. sessiliflorum|var. ''pedicellatum'']] {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion sessiliflorum var. sessiliflorum|var. ''sessiliflorum'']]<ref name=APNI/> :*[[Glochidion sessiliflorum var. sessiliflorum|var. ''stylosum'']] {{Au|Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion sisparense]]'' *''[[Glochidion stellatum]]'' *''[[Glochidion stylosum]]'' *''[[Glochidion sumatranum]]'' {{Au|Miq.}}<ref name=APNI/> *''[[Glochidion symingtonii]]'' *''[[Glochidion taitense]]'' *''[[Glochidion temehaniense]]'' *''[[Glochidion tomentosum]]'' *''[[Glochidion tooviianum]]'' *''[[Glochidion xerocarpum]]'' {{Au|(O.Schwarz) Airy Shaw}}<ref name=APNI/> {{Div col end}} ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist | 27em | refs= <ref name= Plants.USDA>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GLPU6 PLANTS Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510092942/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GLPU6 |date=2013-05-10 }}. USDA.gov. Accessed June 2, 2012.</ref> <ref name=APNI>{{cite web | title= ''Glochidion''% | url= http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Glochidion%25 | access-date= 1 June 2013 | type= listing by % wildcard matching of all taxa relevant to Australia | work= [[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI), Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) database | publisher= Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104130745/https://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?TAXON_NAME=Glochidion%25 |date=4 January 2022 }} <!-- {{APNI | id= 22065 | name= ''Glochidion'' }} --></ref> }} ==Tutumbu ka luar == {{Commons category}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwvrN7EA89Q Youtube video of a ''Glochidion lanceolarium'' flower being pollinated by an ''Epicephala lanceolaria'' moth] {{Taxonbar|from=Q1245856}} [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori : Tutuwuhan ubar ]] [[Kategori : Tutuwuhan Indonésia]] [[Kategori :Euphorbiaceae]] [[Kategori:Lalab]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] i5jvzq8brl7s1jzenktmtivm5peoilm 0 103756 730868 657493 2026-10-28T20:47:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Asam amino}} {{Distinguish|sitosin|sistin|sitisin|sitidin|Sistin}} {{Redirect|Cys}} {{Chembox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 443554430 | Name = {{sm|l}}-Sistéin | ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageFile = L-Cystein - L-Cysteine.svg | ImageCaption = [[Rumus rangka]] <small>L</small>-sistéin | ImageFileL1 = Cysteine-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png | ImageCaptionL1 = [[Modél bal jeung stik]] | ImageFileR1 = L-cysteine-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-sf.png | ImageCaptionR1 = [[Modél ngeusi rohang]] | IUPACName = Cysteine | OtherNames = Asam 2-amino-3-sulphidrilpropanoat | SystematicName = | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | IUPHAR_ligand = 4782 | Abbreviations = '''Cys''', '''C''' | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = K848JZ4886 | UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII1 = A9U1687S1S | UNII1_Comment = (hydrochloride) | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 54943 | InChI = 1/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1 | InChIKey = XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHBU | InChI1 = 1/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6) | InChIKey1 = XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYAC | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6) | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N | CASNo = 52-90-4 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo2 = 52-89-1 | CASNo2_Comment = (hidroklorida) <!-- also verified at CAS Common Chemistry --> | EC_number = 200-158-2 | PubChem = 5862 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 574 | ChemSpiderID_Comment = (Rasemat) | ChemSpiderID1_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID1 = 5653 | ChemSpiderID1_Comment = (<small>L</small>-form) | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00026 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 15356 | SMILES = C([C@@H](C(=O)O)N)S | SMILES1 = C([C@@H](C(=O)[O-])[NH3+])S | SMILES1_Comment = [[Zwitterion]] }} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Properties_ref = <ref>{{RubberBible62nd|page=C-259}}.</ref> | C=3 | H=7 | N=1 | O=2 | S=1 | Appearance = tipung atawa kristal bodas | Density = | MeltingPtC = 240 | MeltingPt_notes = decomposes | SpecRotation = +9.4° (H₂O, ''c'' = 1.3) | Solubility = soluble | SolubleOther = 1.5g/100g étanol 19 degC <ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xteiARU46SQC&pg=PA15 | title = Food Chemistry | isbn = 9783540699330 | last1 = Belitz | first1 = H.-D | last2 = Grosch | first2 = Werner | last3 = Schieberle | first3 = Peter | date = 2009-02-27 }}</ref> }} | Section3 = | Section4 = | Section5 = | Section6 = }} '''Sistéina''' atawa '''sistéin''' (lambang '''Cys''' atawa '''C''';<ref>{{IUPAC-IUB amino acids 1983}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|s|t|ɪ|iː|n}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cysteine|title=cysteine - Definition of cysteine in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries - English|access-date=15 April 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925134245/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cysteine |date=25 September 2016 }}</ref> nyaéta [[asam amino protéinogenik]] semiésénsial<ref name=microbial>{{cite web|title=The primary structure of proteins is the amino acid sequence|url=http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=661|work=The Microbial World|publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison Bacteriology Department|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-date=25 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525095344/http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=661|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525095344/http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=661 |date=25 May 2013 }}</ref> anu [[rumus kimia|rumusna]] HOOC-CH-(NH₂)-CH₂-SH. Ranté gigir [[tiol]] dina sistéin osok kapaké dina réaksi [[énzimatik]] salaku [[nukléopil]]. Nalika aya salaku résidu katalitik deprotonasi, kadang simbol '''Cyz''' dipaké.<ref>{{Cite web |title=python - How can I programmatically add Hydrogen to a PDB structure using BioPython? |url=https://bioinformatics.stackexchange.com/questions/17916/how-can-i-programmatically-add-hydrogen-to-a-pdb-structure-using-biopython |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Bioinformatics Stack Exchange |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=type of docking {{!}} RosettaCommons |url=https://www.rosettacommons.org/node/10906 |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=www.rosettacommons.org}}</ref> Wangun deprotonasi umumna bisa maké simbol '''Cym''' ogé.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amber Workshop - Tutorial A1 - Section 1: Do some editing of the PDB file |url=https://ambermd.org/tutorials/advanced/tutorial1_orig/section1.htm |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=ambermd.org }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522002234/https://ambermd.org/tutorials/advanced/tutorial1_orig/section1.htm |date=2022-05-22 }}</ref> Ieu tiol babari kaoksidasi jadi turunan [[beungkeut disulpida|disulpida]] [[sistin]], anu boga pancén struktural penting dina [[protéin]]. Dina ieu kasus, simbol '''Cyx''' kadang dipaké.<ref name=":0" /> Nalika dipaké aditip dahareun, [[nomer E]]-na E920. Sistéin [[Kode genetik|dikode]] ku [[kodon]] UGU jeung UGC. <!-- Storage --> Sistéin jeung [[métionin]] anu ngandung walirang leuwih babari kaoksidasi batan asam amino lianna.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bin |first1=P |last2=Huang |first2=R |last3=Zhou |first3=X |title=Oxidation Resistance of the Sulfur Amino Acids: Methionine and Cysteine. |journal=BioMed research international |date=2017 |volume=2017 |pages=9584932 |doi=10.1155/2017/9584932 |pmid=29445748 |pmc=5763110}}</ref><ref name="BCLee">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee BC, Dikiy A, Kim HY, Gladyshev VN | title=Functions and evolution of selenoprotein methionine sulfoxide reductases | journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects | volume=1790 | issue=11 | year=2009 | pages=1471–1477 | pmid=19406207 | pmc=3062201 | doi=10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.04.014}}</ref> ==Baca ogé== {{Commons category|Cysteine}} * [[Métabolisme sistéin]] * [[Sistinuria]] * [[Réaksi Saville]] * [[Réaksi Sullivan]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bacaan salajengna== * {{cite journal |vauthors=Nagano N, Ota M, Nishikawa K |title=Strong hydrophobic nature of cysteine residues in proteins |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_febs-letters_1999-09-10_458_1/page/69 |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=458 |issue=1 |pages=69–71 |date=September 1999 |pmid=10518936 |doi=10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01122-9|s2cid=34980474 |doi-access=free }} ==Tutumbu kaluar== * [http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/Spectrums/90eac3d9-ee59-4f02-a245-631bde944b66.aspx Cysteine MS Spectrum] * [http://www.iksi.org International Kidney Stone Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513095547/http://www.iksi.org/ |date=2019-05-13 }} * [http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/bio/aminoacid/cystein_en.html http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/bio/aminoacid/cystein en.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110090138/http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/bio/aminoacid/cystein_en.html |date=2016-11-10 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503021235/http://www.kolumbus.fi/justal/klami/ 952-10-3056-9 Interaction of alcohol and smoking in the pathogenesis of upper digestive tract cancers - possible chemoprevention with cysteine] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130521211422/http://cystinuriaclearinghouse.com/index.html Cystine Kidney Stones] * [http://www.kashrut.com/articles/L_cysteine Kosher View of L-Cysteine] {{Antidot}} {{Asam amino protéinogenik}} {{E number infobox 920-929}} {{Intermédiat métabolisme amino amino}} [[Category:Asam amino protéinogenik]] [[Category:Asam amino glukogenik]] [[Category:Asam amino walirang]] [[Category:Tiol]] [[Category:Aditip dahareun]] [[Category:Aditip nomer-E]] 3lihuqf0plz1a07xbhhiqmdj6r2j0ry 0 103762 730864 652775 2026-10-28T20:36:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Asam α-amino}} {{chembox | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|f|ɛ|n|əl|ˈ|æ|l|ə|n|iː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|f|iː|n|aɪ|l|-}} | ImageFile = L-Phenylalanin - L-Phenylalanine.svg | ImageSize = | ImageName = Rumus rangka | ImageCaption = [[Rumus rangka]] <small>L</small>-pénilalanin | ImageFile1 = 1PhenylalanineAtPhysiologicalpH.svg | ImageSize1 = 180px | ImageCaption1 = <small>L</small>-Pénilalanin dina pH pisiologis | ImageFileL2 = Phenylalanine-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png | ImageSizeL2 = 120px | ImageCaptionL2 = [[Modél bal jeung stik]]<ref name="Ihlefeldt">{{ cite journal | title = The Polymorphs of L‐Phenylalanine | first1 = Franziska Stefanie | last1 = Ihlefeldt | first2 = Fredrik Bjarte | last2 = Pettersen | first3 = Aidan | last3 = von Bonin | first4 = Malgorzata | last4 = Zawadzka | first5 = Prof. Carl Henrik | last5 = Görbitz | journal = [[Angewandte Chemie International Edition|Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.]] | volume = 53 | issue = 49 | pages = 13600–13604 | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1002/anie.201406886 | pmid = 25336255 }}</ref> | ImageFileR2 = Phenylalanine-from-xtal-3D-sf.png | ImageSizeR2 = 120px | ImageCaptionR2 = [[modél ngeusi rohang]]<ref name="Ihlefeldt" /> | SystematicName = Asam (''S'')-2-amino-3-pénilpropanoat | IUPACName = Phenylalanine |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | index1_label = D/L | index2_label = D | index_label = L <!-- needs to be L (natural isomer) so drugbank etc. take correct index_label --> | IUPHAR_ligand = 3313 | UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII1 = 8P946UF12S | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 47E5O17Y3R | UNII2_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII2 = 032K16VRCU | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 301523 | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00021 | InChIKey = COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBBC | SMILES = c1ccc(cc1)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N | SMILES3 = [NH3+][C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C([O-])=O | SMILES3_Comment = L [[Zwitterion]] | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C9H11NO2/c10-8(9(11)12)6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5,8H,6,10H2,(H,11,12)/t8-/m0/s1 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N | InChIKey1 = COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N | InChIKey2 = COLNVLDHVKWLRT-MRVPVSSYSA-N | CASNo1 = 150-30-1 | CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo = 63-91-2 | CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo2 = 673-06-3 | PubChem = 6140 | PubChem1 = 994 | PubChem2 = 71567 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 5910 | ChemSpiderID1_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID1 = 969 | ChemSpiderID2_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID2 = 64639 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank=DB00120 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 17295 | ChEBI2_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI2 = 16998 }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | C=9 | H=11 | N=1 | O=2 | Appearance = | Density = | MeltingPt = | BoilingPt = | pKa=1.83 karboxil), 9.13 (amino)<ref>{{ cite book | vauthors = Dawson RM | title = Data for Biochemical Research | year = 1959 | location = Oxford | publisher = Clarendon Press |display-authors=etal}}</ref> | Solubility = }} |Section3={{Chembox Hazards | NFPA-H = 2 | NFPA-F = 1 | NFPA-R = 0 | MainHazards = | FlashPt = | AutoignitionPt = }} }} '''Pénilalanin''' (lambang '''Phe''' atawa '''F''')<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html | title = Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides | publisher = IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature | year = 1983 | access-date = 5 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023202/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html | archive-date = 9 October 2008 | url-status = dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023202/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html |date=9 October 2008 }}</ref> nyaéta [[asam α-amino|asam amino]] ésénsial anu boga [[rumus kimia]] {{chem|C|9|H|11|N|O|2}}. Ieu molekul bisa dianggap hiji gugus [[bénzil]] [[substituén|diganti]] [[gugus métil]] dina [[alanin]], atawa hiji gugus [[pénil]] ngaganti tungtung hidrogén terminal dina alanin. Ieu [[asam amino ésénsial]] kaasup nétral jeung [[polaritas kimia|nonpolar]] kusabab watek inert jeung [[hidropobik]] ranté gigir gugus [[bénzil]]. [[Kiralitas (kimia)|<small>L</small>-isomér]] dipaké pikeun ngabentuk sacara biokimiawi [[protéin]] anu dikode ku [[DNA]]. Pénilalanin téh prékursor [[tirosin]], [[monoamin neurotransmitter]] [[dopamin]], [[norépinéprin]] (noradrénalin), [[épinéprin]] (adrénalin), jeung [[pigmén]] kulit [[mélanin]]. Pénilalanin [[Kode genetik|dikode]] ku [[kodon]] UUU jeung UUC. Pénilalanin aya dina susu [[mamalia]], dipaké dina manupaktur produk dahareun jeung inumeun sarta dijual salaku suplemén giji kusabab boga pangaruh [[analgesik]] jeung [[antidéprésan]]. Ieu molekul téh prékursor langsung [[neuromodulasi|neuromodulator]] [[pénétilamin]], [[suplemén diet]]. Salaku asam amino ésénsial, pénilalanin teu disintésis [[Sintésis de novo|de novo]] di manusa atawa sato lianna, ku kituna kudu nyokot tina sumber-sumber prot inwanu ngandung pénilalanin. == Rujukan == {{reflist|30em|refs = <!--unused<ref name = "Gibbs_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gibbs RA, Rogers J, Katze MG, Bumgarner R, Weinstock GM, Mardis ER, Remington KA, Strausberg RL, Venter JC, Wilson RK, Batzer MA, Bustamante CD, Eichler EE, Hahn MW, Hardison RC, Makova KD, Miller W, Milosavljevic A, Palermo RE, Siepel A, Sikela JM, Attaway T, Bell S, Bernard KE, Buhay CJ, Chandrabose MN, Dao M, Davis C, Delehaunty KD, Ding Y, Dinh HH, Dugan-Rocha S, Fulton LA, Gabisi RA, Garner TT, Godfrey J, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hines S, Holder M, Hume J, Jhangiani SN, Joshi V, Khan ZM, Kirkness EF, Cree A, Fowler RG, Lee S, Lewis LR, Li Z, Liu YS, Moore SM, Muzny D, Nazareth LV, Ngo DN, Okwuonu GO, Pai G, Parker D, Paul HA, Pfannkoch C, Pohl CS, Rogers YH, Ruiz SJ, Sabo A, Santibanez J, Schneider BW, Smith SM, Sodergren E, Svatek AF, Utterback TR, Vattathil S, Warren W, White CS, Chinwalla AT, Feng Y, Halpern AL, Hillier LW, Huang X, Minx P, Nelson JO, Pepin KH, Qin X, Sutton GG, Venter E, Walenz BP, Wallis JW, Worley KC, Yang SP, Jones SM, Marra MA, Rocchi M, Schein JE, Baertsch R, Clarke L, Csürös M, Glasscock J, Harris RA, Havlak P, Jackson AR, Jiang H, Liu Y, Messina DN, Shen Y, Song HX, Wylie T, Zhang L, Birney E, Han K, Konkel MK, Lee J, Smit AF, Ullmer B, Wang H, Xing J, Burhans R, Cheng Z, Karro JE, Ma J, Raney B, She X, Cox MJ, Demuth JP, Dumas LJ, Han SG, Hopkins J, Karimpour-Fard A, Kim YH, Pollack JR, Vinar T, Addo-Quaye C, Degenhardt J, Denby A, Hubisz MJ, Indap A, Kosiol C, Lahn BT, Lawson HA, Marklein A, Nielsen R, Vallender EJ, Clark AG, Ferguson B, Hernandez RD, Hirani K, Kehrer-Sawatzki H, Kolb J, Patil S, Pu LL, Ren Y, Smith DG, Wheeler DA, Schenck I, Ball EV, Chen R, Cooper DN, Giardine B, Hsu F, Kent WJ, Lesk A, Nelson DL, O'brien WE, Prüfer K, Stenson PD, Wallace JC, Ke H, Liu XM, Wang P, Xiang AP, Yang F, Barber GP, Haussler D, Karolchik D, Kern AD, Kuhn RM, Smith KE, Zweig AS | display-authors = 6 | title = Evolutionary and biomedical insights from the rhesus macaque genome | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-04-13_316_5822/page/222 | journal = Science | volume = 316 | issue = 5822 | pages = 222–34 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17431167 | doi = 10.1126/science.1139247 | bibcode = 2007Sci...316..222. | doi-access = free }}</ref>--> }} == Tutumbu kaluar == {{Commons category|L-Phenylalanine}} *[http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/Spectrums/53729aa2-297a-4bc7-818b-be4515403113.aspx Phenylalanine mass spectrum] *[http://www.chemsynthesis.com/base/chemical-structure-453.html Phenylalanine at ChemSynthesis] {{Asam amino protéinogenik}} {{Intermédiat métabolisme asam amino}} {{Dopaminergics}} {{Opioidergics}} {{Phenethylamines}} [[Category:Produk sato]] [[Category:Asam amino protéinogenik]] [[Category:Asam amino glukogenik]] [[Category:Asam amino ketogenik]] [[Category:Asam amino aromatik]] [[Category:Asam amino ésénsial]] [[Category:Sanyawa pénil]] [[Category:Sanyawa bénzil]] [[Category:Agonis dopamin]] [[Category:Aktipator anhidrase karbonat]] <!--https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29478330--> 7eqyrw2brsgbn99ryw5tnjjmndqamjh 0 103764 730871 712928 2026-10-28T20:53:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Aturan/pola anu nangtukeun translasi émbaran dina materi genetik jadi protéin}} '''Kode genetik''' nyaéta sakumpulan aturan anu dipaké ku [[sél (biologi)|sél]] pikeun [[Translasi (biologi)|marjamahkeun]] émbaran anu dikode dina materi genetik (runtuyan triplét [[nukléotida]] [[DNA]] atawa [[RNA]] anu katelah '''kodon''') jadi [[protéin]]. Translasi dipigawé ku [[ribosom]], anu numbu-numbukeun [[asam amino protéinogenik]] dina runtuyan anu ditangtukeun ku [[mRNA]], maké [[molekul]] [[tRNA]] ) pikeun mawa asam amino sarta maca tilu nukléotida mRNA sakaligus. Kode genetik méh sarua di sakabéh organisme sarta bisa dipidangkeun dina wangun tabel basajan 64 éntri. [[File:RNA-codon.png|thumb|Antayan kodon nyanghareupan mRNA. Unggal kodoon ngandung tilu nukléotida, anu mawa hiji [[asam amino]]. Nukléotida ditingkes jadi hurup A, U, G jeung C. Ieu molekul mRNA bakal nitah [[ribosom]] pikeun nyintésis protéin luyu jeung ieu kode.]] Kodon nangtukeun asam amino naon anu bakal ditambahkeun nalika [[sintésis protéin]]. Iwal ti sababaraha,<ref name="pmid19131629">{{cite journal | vauthors = Turanov AA, Lobanov AV, Fomenko DE, Morrison HG, Sogin ML, Klobutcher LA, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN | title = Genetic code supports targeted insertion of two amino acids by one codon | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-01-09_323_5911/page/259 | journal = Science | volume = 323 | issue = 5911 | pages = 259–61 | date = Jan 2009 | pmid = 19131629 | pmc = 3088105 | doi = 10.1126/science.1164748 }}</ref> hiji kodon tilu nukléotida dina runtuyan asam nukléat nangtukeun hiji asam amino. Ampir kabéh [[gén]] dikode ku skéma tunggal (baca [[Tabel kodon|tabel kodon RNA]]). Anapon kitu, aya sababaraha anu teu akur jeung ieu skéma, di antarana baé génom [[mitokondria]]). ==Baca ogé== * [[Tabel kodon]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} ==Bacaan saterusna== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book | last1 = Griffiths | first1 = Anthony J. F. | last2 = Miller | first2 = Jeffrey H. | last3 = Suzuki | first3 = David T. | last4 = Lewontin | first4 = Richard C. | last5 = Gilbert | first5 = William M. | name-list-style = vanc | title = An Introduction to genetic analysis | publisher = W.H. Freeman | location = San Francisco | date = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-7167-3771-1 | edition = 7th | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926155319/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC |date=2009-09-26 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Alberts | first1 = Bruce | last2 = Johnson | first2 = Alexander | last3 = Lewis | first3 = Julian | last4 = Raff | first4 = Martin | last5 = Roberts | first5 = Keith | last6 = Walter | first6 = Peter | name-list-style = vanc | title = Molecular biology of the cell | publisher = Garland Science | location = New York | date = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-8153-3218-3 | edition = 4th | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2}} * {{cite book | last1 = Lodish | first1 = Harvey F. | last2 = Berk | first2 = Arnold | last3 = Zipursky | first3 = S. Lawrence | last4 = Matsudaira | first4 = Paul | last5 = Baltimore | first5 = David | last6 = Darnell | first6 = James E. | name-list-style = vanc | title = Molecular cell biology | publisher = W.H. Freeman | location = San Francisco | date = 2000 | isbn = 9780716737063 | url = https://archive.org/details/molecularcellbi000lodi | url-access = registration | edition = 4th }} * {{cite journal|vauthors = Caskey CT, Leder P | title = The RNA code: nature's Rosetta Stone | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 111 | issue = 16 | pages = 5758–9 | date = Apr 2014 | pmid = 24756939 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1404819111 | bibcode = 2014PNAS..111.5758C | pmc=4000803| doi-access = free}} {{Refend}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== {{Commons category|Genetic code}} * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi?chapter=cgencodes#SG11 The Genetic Codes: Genetic Code Tables] * The [http://www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/ Codon Usage Database] — Codon frequency tables for many organisms * [http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/nirenberg/ History of deciphering the genetic code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021040426/http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/nirenberg/ |date=2007-10-21 }} {{pondok}} {{Gene expression}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Genetic Code}} [[Category:Éxprési gén]] [[Category:Genetika]] [[Category:Genetika molekulér]] [[Category:Biologi molekulér]] [[Category:Biosintésis protéin]] 5iuqsf5q5ex90dl7ddie1h2aryoeohk 0 104712 730861 712328 2026-10-28T20:31:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Runtuyan asam nukléat pikeun manusa}} {{Infobox genome | image = Human karyotype with bands and sub-bands.png | caption = Skéma [[karyotipe]] diploid manusa, némbongkeun susunan/wangun/organisasi génom dina [[kromosom]], katut '[[Karyotipe#Tipe banding|pita]]' jeung 'sub-pita' [[G banding]]. Ieu gambar némbongkeun pasangan kromosom ka-23 pikeun awéwé (XX) jeung lalaki (XY). Parobahan kromosom nalika [[daur sél]] ditémbongkeun di luhur tengah. [[Genetika mitokondria manusa|Génom mitokondria]] ditémbongkeun di handap kénca.<br>| taxId = 51 | ploidy = diploid | chromosomes = 23 pasang | size = 3.117.275.501 pasang basa (pb)<ref>{{Cite web |title=T2T-CHM13v2.0 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCF_009914755.1/#/st |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> <!-- (basepairs) per haploid genome (including Y and X chromosomes) and 16,569 bp in mtDNA<br /> 6,109,630,944 bp total (female diploid). --> }} '''Génom manusa''' nyaéta runtuyan asam nukléat [[manusa]] anu jejeg, minangka [[DNA]] dina 23 pasang [[kromosom]] dina [[inti sél]] jeung DNA sirkulér dina mitokondria, atawa katelah génom inti jeung génom mitokondria.<ref name="Brown">{{Cite book|coauthors=Brown TA|title=The Human Genome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21134/|publisher=Wiley-Liss|language=en|date=2002|edition=2nd|location=Oxford}}</ref> Génom manusa ngawengku boh runtuyan DNA anu nyandi protéin jeung rupa-rupa DNA anu teu nyandi protéin. Anu panungtung bisa mangrupa DNA anu nyandi RNA husus sarupaning RNA ribosom, RNA transper, ribojim, RNA inti leutik, sarta sababaraha tipe [[RNA|RNA pangatur]] . Aya ogé anu kaasup promotor jeung unsur pangatur génna, DNA anu boga pancén dina pangaturan struktur jeung réplikasi kawas daérah parancah, telomér, séntromér, jeung asal-usul réplikasi. Nu teu éléh lobana nyaéta unsur transposabel, DNA [[virus]] nyelap, pseudogén non-pungsional, ulangan runtuyan, jeung [[intron]]. Génom manusa haploid, nu dikandung dina sél germinal (sél gamét [[endog]] jeung spérma nu dijieun dina pase méiosis réproduksi séksual saméméh [[Fértilisasi|pértilisasi]]) diwangun ku 3.054.815.472 pasangan basa [[DNA]] (lamun maké kromosom X),<ref name="Complete">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|date=April 2022|title=The complete sequence of a human genome|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2022-04-01_376_6588/page/44|journal=Science|volume=376|issue=6588|pages=44–53|bibcode=2022Sci...376...44N|doi=10.1126/science.abj6987|pmc=9186530|pmid=35357919|coauthors=Nurk S, Koren S, Rhie A, Rautiainen M, Bzikadze AV, Mikheenko A, Vollger MR, Altemose N, Uralsky L, Gershman A, Aganezov S, Hoyt SJ, Diekhans M, Logsdon GA, Alonge M, Antonarakis SE, Borchers M, Bouffard GG, Brooks SY, Caldas GV, Chen NC, Cheng H, Chin CS, Chow W, de Lima LG, Dishuck PC, Durbin R, Dvorkina T, Fiddes IT, Formenti G, Fulton RS, Fungtammasan A, Garrison E, Grady PG, Graves-Lindsay TA, Hall IM, Hansen NF, Hartley GA, Haukness M, Howe K, Hunkapiller MW, Jain C, Jain M, Jarvis ED, Kerpedjiev P, Kirsche M, Kolmogorov M, Korlach J, Kremitzki M, Li H, Maduro VV, Marschall T, McCartney AM, McDaniel J, Miller DE, Mullikin JC, Myers EW, Olson ND, Paten B, Peluso P, Pevzner PA, Porubsky D, Potapova T, Rogaev EI, Rosenfeld JA, Salzberg SL, Schneider VA, Sedlazeck FJ, Shafin K, Shew CJ, Shumate A, Sims Y, Smit AF, Soto DC, Sović I, Storer JM, Streets A, Sullivan BA, Thibaud-Nissen F, Torrance J, Wagner J, Walenz BP, Wenger A, Wood JM, Xiao C, Yan SM, Young AC, Zarate S, Surti U, McCoy RC, Dennis MY, Alexandrov IA, Gerton JL, O'Neill RJ, Timp W, Zook JM, Schatz MC, Eichler EE, Miga KH, Phillippy AM}}</ref> anapon génom diploid awéwé (aya dina sél somatik) mibanda dua tikeleunana. Sanajan aya béda anu signifikan antara génom individu manusa (0,1% alatan varian nukléotida tunggal <ref name="nature.com">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|date=November 2012|title=An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-11-01_491_7422/page/56|journal=Nature|volume=491|issue=7422|pages=56–65|bibcode=2012Natur.491...56T|doi=10.1038/nature11632|pmc=3498066|pmid=23128226|coauthors=Abecasis GR, Auton A, Brooks LD, DePristo MA, Durbin RM, Handsaker RE, Kang HM, Marth GT, McVean GA}}</ref> jeung 0,6% lamun ngitung indel),<ref>{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|date=October 2015|title=A global reference for human genetic variation|journal=Nature|volume=526|issue=7571|pages=68–74|bibcode=2015Natur.526...68T|doi=10.1038/nature15393|pmc=4750478|pmid=26432245|coauthors=Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Garrison EP, Kang HM, Korbel JO, Marchini JL, McCarthy S, McVean GA, Abecasis GR}}</ref> ieu kaitung leuwih saeutik batan béda antara manusa jeung baraya pangdeukeutna, bonobo jeung simpanse (~ 1,1% tetep varian nukléotida tunggal <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chimpanzee Sequencing Analysis Consortium|date=September 2005|title=Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-09-01_437_7055/page/69|journal=Nature|volume=437|issue=7055|pages=69–87|bibcode=2005Natur.437...69.|doi=10.1038/nature04072|pmid=16136131|archiveurl=free}}</ref> jeung 4% lamun kaasup indel).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2005|title=Comparing the human and chimpanzee genomes: searching for needles in a haystack|journal=Genome Research|volume=15|issue=12|pages=1746–1758|doi=10.1101/gr.3737405|pmid=16339373|archiveurl=free|coauthors=Varki A, Altheide TK}}</ref> Ukuran pasang basa ogé bisa béda; panjang telomér ngurangan sanggeus unggal rintakan réplikasi DNA. Sanajan runtuyan génom manusa geus jejeg runtuyan DNAna taun 2022 (kaasup métilasi),<ref name="Complete">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|date=April 2022|title=The complete sequence of a human genome|journal=Science|volume=376|issue=6588|pages=44–53|bibcode=2022Sci...376...44N|doi=10.1126/science.abj6987|pmc=9186530|pmid=35357919|coauthors=Nurk S, Koren S, Rhie A, Rautiainen M, Bzikadze AV, Mikheenko A, Vollger MR, Altemose N, Uralsky L, Gershman A, Aganezov S, Hoyt SJ, Diekhans M, Logsdon GA, Alonge M, Antonarakis SE, Borchers M, Bouffard GG, Brooks SY, Caldas GV, Chen NC, Cheng H, Chin CS, Chow W, de Lima LG, Dishuck PC, Durbin R, Dvorkina T, Fiddes IT, Formenti G, Fulton RS, Fungtammasan A, Garrison E, Grady PG, Graves-Lindsay TA, Hall IM, Hansen NF, Hartley GA, Haukness M, Howe K, Hunkapiller MW, Jain C, Jain M, Jarvis ED, Kerpedjiev P, Kirsche M, Kolmogorov M, Korlach J, Kremitzki M, Li H, Maduro VV, Marschall T, McCartney AM, McDaniel J, Miller DE, Mullikin JC, Myers EW, Olson ND, Paten B, Peluso P, Pevzner PA, Porubsky D, Potapova T, Rogaev EI, Rosenfeld JA, Salzberg SL, Schneider VA, Sedlazeck FJ, Shafin K, Shew CJ, Shumate A, Sims Y, Smit AF, Soto DC, Sović I, Storer JM, Streets A, Sullivan BA, Thibaud-Nissen F, Torrance J, Wagner J, Walenz BP, Wenger A, Wood JM, Xiao C, Yan SM, Young AC, Zarate S, Surti U, McCoy RC, Dennis MY, Alexandrov IA, Gerton JL, O'Neill RJ, Timp W, Zook JM, Schatz MC, Eichler EE, Miga KH, Phillippy AM}}</ref> angger can kaharti kabéh. Kaseueuran, tapi henteu sadayana, gen parantos diidentipikasi ku kombinasi pendekatan ékspérimén sareng bioinformatika throughput tinggi, tapi seueur padamelan anu masih kedah dilakukeun pikeun langkung ngajelaskeun fungsi biologis protéin sareng produk [[RNA]]na (khususna, anotasi CHM13v2 lengkep. .0 runtuyan masih lumangsung <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/annotation_euk/Homo_sapiens/110/|title=Homo sapiens Annotation Report|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=17 April 2022}}</ref> ). Sanajan kitu, gén tumpang tindihna cukup umum, dina sababaraha kasus ngamungkinkeun dua gén coding protéin ti unggal untaian ngagunakeun deui pasangan basa dua kali (contona, gén DCDC2 jeung KAAG1).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 1999|title=Antisense translates into sense|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=190|issue=12|pages=1729–1732|doi=10.1084/jem.190.12.1729|pmc=2195709|pmid=10601348|coauthors=Peltz SW, Dougherty JP}}</ref> Hasil panganyarna nunjukkeun yén sabagéan ageung jumlah DNA noncoding dina génom gaduh kagiatan biokimiawi, kalebet pangaturan éksprési gen, organisasi arsitektur kromosom, sareng sinyal anu ngatur warisan épigénétik .{{Fact|date=April 2022}}</link> Aya ogé sajumlah signifikan retrovirus dina DNA manusa, sahenteuna 3 di antarana geus kabuktian mibanda hiji fungsi penting (ie, [[HIV]] -like HERV-K, HERV-W, sarta HERV-FRD maénkeun peran. dina formasi plasénta ku inducing fusi sél-sél). Taun 2021, para élmuwan ngalaporkeun urutan génom jejeg ti wanoja.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_009914755.3|title=CHM13 T2T v1.1 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2021-07-26}}</ref> Runtuyan ieu ngidéntipikasi 19.969 sekuen panyandi [[protéin]], kira-kira 1.5% génom, sarta kabéhna 63.494 gén, anu lolobana mangrupa gén RNA non-nyandi.<ref name="Complete">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|date=April 2022|title=The complete sequence of a human genome|journal=Science|volume=376|issue=6588|pages=44–53|bibcode=2022Sci...376...44N|doi=10.1126/science.abj6987|pmc=9186530|pmid=35357919|coauthors=Nurk S, Koren S, Rhie A, Rautiainen M, Bzikadze AV, Mikheenko A, Vollger MR, Altemose N, Uralsky L, Gershman A, Aganezov S, Hoyt SJ, Diekhans M, Logsdon GA, Alonge M, Antonarakis SE, Borchers M, Bouffard GG, Brooks SY, Caldas GV, Chen NC, Cheng H, Chin CS, Chow W, de Lima LG, Dishuck PC, Durbin R, Dvorkina T, Fiddes IT, Formenti G, Fulton RS, Fungtammasan A, Garrison E, Grady PG, Graves-Lindsay TA, Hall IM, Hansen NF, Hartley GA, Haukness M, Howe K, Hunkapiller MW, Jain C, Jain M, Jarvis ED, Kerpedjiev P, Kirsche M, Kolmogorov M, Korlach J, Kremitzki M, Li H, Maduro VV, Marschall T, McCartney AM, McDaniel J, Miller DE, Mullikin JC, Myers EW, Olson ND, Paten B, Peluso P, Pevzner PA, Porubsky D, Potapova T, Rogaev EI, Rosenfeld JA, Salzberg SL, Schneider VA, Sedlazeck FJ, Shafin K, Shew CJ, Shumate A, Sims Y, Smit AF, Soto DC, Sović I, Storer JM, Streets A, Sullivan BA, Thibaud-Nissen F, Torrance J, Wagner J, Walenz BP, Wenger A, Wood JM, Xiao C, Yan SM, Young AC, Zarate S, Surti U, McCoy RC, Dennis MY, Alexandrov IA, Gerton JL, O'Neill RJ, Timp W, Zook JM, Schatz MC, Eichler EE, Miga KH, Phillippy AM}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNurkKorenRhieRautiainen2022">Nurk S, Koren S, Rhie A, Rautiainen M, Bzikadze AV, Mikheenko A, et&nbsp;al. </cite></ref> Génom diwangun ku runtuyan DNA pangaturan, LINE, SINE, intron, jeung sekuens anu can ditangtukeun pungsina. [[Kromosom Y|Kromosom Y manusa]], diwangun ku 62.460.029 pb ti garis sél anu béda, jejeg dibaca runtuyanana Januari 2022.<ref>{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|date=December 2022|title=The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome|url=http://biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724|language=en|doi=10.1101/2022.12.01.518724|coauthors=Rhie A, Nurk S, Cechova M, Hoyt SJ, Taylor DJ, Altemose N, Hook PW, Koren S, Rautiainen M, Alexandrov IA, Allen J, Asri M, Bzikadze AV, Chen N, Chin C, Diekhans M, Flicek P, Formenti G, Fungtammasan A, Giron CG, Garrison E, Gershman A, Gerton J, Grady PG, Guarracino A, Haggerty L, Halabian R, Hansen NF, Harris R, Hartley GA, Harvey WT, Haukness M, Heinz J, Hourlier T, Hubley RM, Hunt SE, Hwang S, Jain M, Kesharwani RK, Lewis AP, Li H, Logsdon GA, Lucas JK, Makalowski W, Markovic C, Martin FJ, Mc Cartney AM, McCoy RC, McDaniel J, McNulty BM, Medvedev P, Mikheenko A, Munson KM, Murphy TD, Olsen HE, Olson ND, Paulin LF, Porubsky D, Potapova T, Ryabov F, Salzberg SL, Sauria ME, Sedlazeck FJ, Shafin K, Shepelev VA, Shumate A, Storer JM, Surapaneni L, Taravella Oill AM, Thibaud-Nissen F, Timp W, Tomaszkiewicz M, Vollger MR, Walenz BP, Watwood AC, Weissensteiner MH, Wenger AM, Wilson MA, Zarate S, Zhu Y, Zook JM, Eichler EE, O'Neill R, Schatz MC, Miga KH, Makova KD, Phillippy AM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rhie|first=Arang|last2=Nurk|first2=Sergey|last3=Cechova|first3=Monika|last4=Hoyt|first4=Savannah J.|last5=Taylor|first5=Dylan J.|last6=Altemose|first6=Nicolas|last7=Hook|first7=Paul W.|last8=Koren|first8=Sergey|last9=Rautiainen|first9=Mikko|date=2023-08-23|title=The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06457-y|journal=Nature|language=en|pages=1–11|doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06457-y|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Taun 2023, draf rujukan pan-genom manusa diwawarkeun<ref name="2023-human-pangenome-47">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|date=May 2023|title=A draft human pangenome reference|journal=Nature|volume=617|issue=7960|pages=312–324|bibcode=2023Natur.617..312L|doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05896-x|pmc=10172123|pmid=37165242|coauthors=Liao WW, Asri M, Ebler J, Doerr D, Haukness M, Hickey G, Lu S, Lucas JK, Monlong J, Abel HJ, Buonaiuto S, Chang XH, Cheng H, Chu J, Colonna V, Eizenga JM, Feng X, Fischer C, Fulton RS, Garg S, Groza C, Guarracino A, Harvey WT, Heumos S, Howe K, Jain M, Lu TY, Markello C, Martin FJ, Mitchell MW, Munson KM, Mwaniki MN, Novak AM, Olsen HE, Pesout T, Porubsky D, Prins P, Sibbesen JA, Sirén J, Tomlinson C, Villani F, Vollger MR, Antonacci-Fulton LL, Baid G, Baker CA, Belyaeva A, Billis K, Carroll A, Chang PC, Cody S, Cook DE, Cook-Deegan RM, Cornejo OE, Diekhans M, Ebert P, Fairley S, Fedrigo O, Felsenfeld AL, Formenti G, Frankish A, Gao Y, Garrison NA, Giron CG, Green RE, Haggerty L, Hoekzema K, Hourlier T, Ji HP, Kenny EE, Koenig BA, Kolesnikov A, Korbel JO, Kordosky J, Koren S, Lee H, Lewis AP, Magalhães H, Marco-Sola S, Marijon P, McCartney A, McDaniel J, Mountcastle J, Nattestad M, Nurk S, Olson ND, Popejoy AB, Puiu D, Rautiainen M, Regier AA, Rhie A, Sacco S, Sanders AD, Schneider VA, Schultz BI, Shafin K, Smith MW, Sofia HJ, Abou Tayoun AN, Thibaud-Nissen F, Tricomi FF, Wagner J, Walenz B, Wood JM, Zimin AV, Bourque G, Chaisson MJ, Flicek P, Phillippy AM, Zook JM, Eichler EE, Haussler D, Wang T, Jarvis ED, Miga KH, Garrison E, Marschall T, Hall IM, Li H, Paten B}}</ref>, dusamar kana 47 génom ti rupa-rupa bangsa.<ref name="2023-human-pangenome-47" /> == Sékuénsing == [[Génom#Sékuénsing jeung pametaan|Sékuéns génom]] manusa munggaran dipublikasi [[Pébruari]] [[2001]] dina wangun drap ampir jejeg ku [[Human Genome Project|Proyék Génom Manusa]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.genome.gov/10002192 | title = International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium Publishes Sequence and Analysis of the Human Genome | work = National Human Genome Research Institute | publisher = National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources | date = 12 Pébruari 2001 }}</ref> and [[Celera Corporation]].<ref name="Celera2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pennisi E | author-link = Elizabeth Pennisi | title = The human genome | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2001-02-16_291_5507/page/1177 | journal = Science | volume = 291 | issue = 5507 | pages = 1177–1180 | date = February 2001 | pmid = 11233420 | doi = 10.1126/science.291.5507.1177 | s2cid = 38355565 }}</ref> Tarékah pikeun sékuénsing jejeg Human Genome Project diwawarkeun taun [[2004]] ku medalna drap sékuéns génom, nyésakeun 341 karawang dina sékuénsna, anu dina jaman harita can aya téhnologina.<ref name="IHSGC2004" />. Taun 2018, génom ti leuwih ti sayuta manusa geus hasil ditangtukeun sékuénsna maké ''[[next-generation sequencing]]'' (NGS).<ref>{{cite magazine | vauthors = Molteni M | date=19 Nopémber 2018 | title=Now You Can Sequence Your Whole Genome For Just $200 | magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/whole-genome-sequencing-cost-200-dollars/}}</ref> Jumlah [[gén]] anu hasil ditangtukeun geus nepi ka 46.831,<ref>{{cite journal | journal= Science News | title=A recount of human genes ups the number to at least 46,831 | vauthors = Saey TH | date=17 Séptémber 2018| url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/recount-human-genes-ups-number-least-46831}}</ref> katambah 2.300 gén [[mikro-RNA]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alles J, Fehlmann T, Fischer U, Backes C, Galata V, Minet M, Hart M, Abu-Halima M, Grässer FA, Lenhof HP, Keller A, Meese E | display-authors = 6 | title = An estimate of the total number of true human miRNAs | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 47 | issue = 7 | pages = 3353–3364 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30820533 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkz097 | pmc = 6468295 }}</ref> Surpéy populasi taun 2018 manggihan 300 jutaan basa génom manusa anu can aya dina sékuéns rujukan.<ref name="divers">{{cite journal |journal=The Atlantic|title= 300 Million Letters of DNA Are Missing From the Human Genome | vauthors = Zhang S | date=28 Nopémber 2018}}</ref> <!--Prior to the acquisition of the full genome sequence, estimates of the number of human genes ranged from 50,000 to 140,000 (with occasional vagueness about whether these estimates included non-protein coding genes).<ref>{{cite news | title=Number of Human Genes Is Put at 140,000, a Significant Gain | date= 23 September 1999 | vauthors = Wade N | journal=The New York Times | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/092399sci-human-genome.html}}</ref> As genome sequence quality and the methods for identifying protein-coding genes improved,<ref name="IHSGC2004">{{cite journal | author = International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium | title = Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome | journal = Nature | volume = 431 | issue = 7011 | pages = 931–945 | date = Oct 2004 | pmid = 15496913 | doi = 10.1038/nature03001 | bibcode = 2004Natur.431..931H | doi-access = free }}</ref> the count of recognized protein-coding genes dropped to 19,000–20,000.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ezkurdia I, Juan D, Rodriguez JM, Frankish A, Diekhans M, Harrow J, Vazquez J, Valencia A, Tress ML | title = Multiple evidence strands suggest that there may be as few as 19,000 human protein-coding genes | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 23 | issue = 22 | pages = 5866–5878 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 24939910 | pmc = 4204768 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddu309 }}</ref> In June 2016, scientists formally announced [[Human Genome Project - Write|HGP-Write]], a plan to synthesize the human genome.<ref name="NYT-20160602">{{cite news | vauthors = Pollack A |title=Scientists Announce HGP-Write, Project to Synthesize the Human Genome |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/science/human-genome-project-write-synthetic-dna.html |date=2 June 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20160602">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boeke JD, Church G, Hessel A, Kelley NJ, Arkin A, Cai Y, Carlson R, Chakravarti A, Cornish VW, Holt L, Isaacs FJ, Kuiken T, Lajoie M, Lessor T, Lunshof J, Maurano MT, Mitchell LA, Rine J, Rosser S, Sanjana NE, Silver PA, Valle D, Wang H, Way JC, Yang L | display-authors = 6 | title = The Genome Project-Write | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-07-08_353_6295/page/126 | journal = Science | volume = 353 | issue = 6295 | pages = 126–127 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27256881 | doi = 10.1126/science.aaf6850 | bibcode = 2016Sci...353..126B | s2cid = 206649424 }}</ref> In 2022 the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium reported the complete sequence of a human female genome,<ref name="Complete"/> filling all the gaps in the [[X chromosome]] (2020) and the 22 autosomes (May 2021).<ref name="Complete"/><ref name="NatureMile">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wrighton K | title = Filling in the gaps telomere to telomere |journal=Nature Milestones: Genomic Sequencing |date=February 2021 |page=S21 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00117-1}}</ref> The previously unsequenced parts contain [[immune response]] genes that help to adapt to and survive infections, as well as genes that are important for predicting [[drug response]].<ref name="cnn">{{cite web | url =https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/31/health/first-complete-human-genome-sequence/index.html |title=Scientists sequence the complete human genome for the first time|work=CNN| date=31 March 2022| accessdate =1 April 2022}}</ref> The completed human genome sequence will also provide better understanding of human formation as an individual organism and how humans vary both between each other and other species.<ref name="cnn"/>--> == Baca ogé == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Organisasi Génom Manusa|Human Genome Organisation]] * [[Konsorsium Génom Rujukan|Genome Reference Consortium]] * [[Proyék Génom Manusa|Human Genome Project]] * [[Genetika]] * [[Genomika]] * [[Proyék Genographic]] * [[Organisasi génomik]] * [[Karyotype]] * [[Low copy repeats]] * [[Non-coding DNA]] * [[Whole genome sequencing]] * [[Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights]] {{div col end}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|30em}} == Tumbu éksternal == * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/gdv/browser/genome/?id=GCF_009914755.1 annotated (versi 110) génom panempo T2T-CHM13 v2.0] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_009914755.4 Génom manusa lengkep T2T-CHM13 v2.0 (henteu aya sela)] * [https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Genome?db=core;g=ENSG00000139618;r=13:32315086-32400268 Ensembl] The Ensembl Genome Browser Proyék * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/gdv/?org=homo-sapiens&group=catarrhini Perpustakaan Nasional Kedokteran Genom Data Viewer (GDV)] * [https://genome.ucsc.edu/h/GCA_009914755.4 UCSC Genome Browser ngagunakeun T2T-CHM13 v2.0] * [https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000005640 Uniprot: per daptar gén kromosom] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130102065343/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/info.shtml Proyék génom manusa] * [https://www.genome.gov/ National Human Genome Research Institute] * [https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/default.htm Kantor Nasional Genomics Kaséhatan Umum] * [https://grrreggg.github.io/gene/ Panempo Génom Asasi Manusa] {{genom manusa}} [[Kategori:Kromosom (manusa)]] [[Kategori:Épolusi manusa]] [[Kategori:Genetika manusa]] [[Kategori:Genomika]] 6yzfzlrnkuuokw7qh5gprzvt9rvi6al 3 104749 730878 679717 2026-10-28T22:19:23Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730878 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:2px solid #f3e4f2; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:95%; margin-bottom : 1em; padding: 5px;">'''Bagéa, Bray!''' [[Wikipédia:Wilujeng sumping|Wilujeng sumping]] di komunitas '''[[Wikipédia]]''', hususna Wikipédia édisi [[Basa Sunda]].[[Kategori:Wikipédiawan nu gabung bulan Novémber 2022]] Pikeun pangwanoh ka baraya lianna, mangga eusian kaca [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|pamaké {{PAGENAME}}]] ku sababaraha hal nu peryogi kauninga, utamana ngeunaan widang naon waé nu janten minat sadérék. Pikeun hal-hal nu sipatna téhnis, mangga buka kaca : :*[[Wikipédia:Pitulung|Pitulung]], atanapi mangga tingalan [[Wikipédia:NLD|nu loba ditanyakeun]] (sanajan can lengkep) ngeunaan ramatloka ieu. :*Upami sadérék nembéan di Wikipédia ieu, mangga tingali cara maké di [[Wikipedia:Kursus kilat|Kursus kilat]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Cara nyieun artikel|Cara nyieun artikel]] :*Nanyakeun atawa méré usul ngeunaan Wikipédia ieu di '''''[[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]]'''''. :*Pigunakeun '''[[Wikipédia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]]''' pikeun nyobaan ngédit. Pikeun '''nanda tangan''' dina kaca sawala, siga kaca ieu, ketik &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; (opat kali tanda gelombang/''tilde''). {|width="100%" |align="right"|'''[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|Tidak berbahasa Sunda (don't speak Sundanese)?]]''' |} </div><br/> [[Pamaké:Ariandi Lie|Ariandi Lie]] ^{[[Obrolan pamaké:Ariandi Lie|ngobrol didieu]]} 22 Oktober 2023 09.10 (UTC) ==Uleman== sampurasun, sim kuring ngulem ka anjeun pikeun nyatakeun sora di pamundutan pikeun jadi kuncén wikipédia basa sunda di [https://su.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kunc%C3%A9n/Pamundut_jadi_kunc%C3%A9n#Zulf_kanggo_janten_Kunc%C3%A9n_2 diyeu] Diantos Hatur nuhun.[[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 9 Juni 2025 02.57 (UTC) af1e1fxb4o9heiv5d3rv3omfx0g1dva 730879 730878 2026-10-29T01:10:30Z Rafka Aditia 29183 /* Uleman */ bagean anyar 730879 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:2px solid #f3e4f2; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:95%; margin-bottom : 1em; padding: 5px;">'''Bagéa, Bray!''' [[Wikipédia:Wilujeng sumping|Wilujeng sumping]] di komunitas '''[[Wikipédia]]''', hususna Wikipédia édisi [[Basa Sunda]].[[Kategori:Wikipédiawan nu gabung bulan Novémber 2022]] Pikeun pangwanoh ka baraya lianna, mangga eusian kaca [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|pamaké {{PAGENAME}}]] ku sababaraha hal nu peryogi kauninga, utamana ngeunaan widang naon waé nu janten minat sadérék. Pikeun hal-hal nu sipatna téhnis, mangga buka kaca : :*[[Wikipédia:Pitulung|Pitulung]], atanapi mangga tingalan [[Wikipédia:NLD|nu loba ditanyakeun]] (sanajan can lengkep) ngeunaan ramatloka ieu. :*Upami sadérék nembéan di Wikipédia ieu, mangga tingali cara maké di [[Wikipedia:Kursus kilat|Kursus kilat]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Cara nyieun artikel|Cara nyieun artikel]] :*Nanyakeun atawa méré usul ngeunaan Wikipédia ieu di '''''[[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]]'''''. :*Pigunakeun '''[[Wikipédia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]]''' pikeun nyobaan ngédit. Pikeun '''nanda tangan''' dina kaca sawala, siga kaca ieu, ketik &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; (opat kali tanda gelombang/''tilde''). {|width="100%" |align="right"|'''[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|Tidak berbahasa Sunda (don't speak Sundanese)?]]''' |} </div><br/> [[Pamaké:Ariandi Lie|Ariandi Lie]] ^{[[Obrolan pamaké:Ariandi Lie|ngobrol didieu]]} 22 Oktober 2023 09.10 (UTC) ==Uleman== sampurasun, sim kuring ngulem ka anjeun pikeun nyatakeun sora di pamundutan pikeun jadi kuncén wikipédia basa sunda di [https://su.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kunc%C3%A9n/Pamundut_jadi_kunc%C3%A9n#Zulf_kanggo_janten_Kunc%C3%A9n_2 diyeu] Diantos Hatur nuhun.[[User:Rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-weight:bold;font-family:cursive, serif">RaRani</span>]] ^{[[User talk:rarani|<span style="color:#000000;font-size:small;font-family:cursive, serif;">(Talk)</span>]]} 9 Juni 2025 02.57 (UTC) == Uleman == Sampurasun, sim kuring ngulem ka Anjeun pikeun nyatakeun sora perkawis usulan perobihan rohang ngaran (namespace) Wikipédia basa Sunda di [[Wikipedia:Sawala_(ajuan)#h-Usulan_perobihan_rohang_ngaran-20261026221100|dieu]]. Mangga diantos partisipasina kanggo pangwangunan énsiklopédi ieu. Hatur nuhun. [[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 29 Oktober 2026 01.10 (UTC) ns33ciafdz3hnrlcaggj2avqwcp53c7 0 105905 730875 729491 2026-10-28T21:05:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Domain of life whose cells have nuclei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Eukaryota | fossil_range = [[Statherian]]–[[Holocene|Present]] {{long fossil range|1650|0 |earliest=2300}} | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | total_width = 270 | image1 = Rhodomonas salina CCMP 322.jpg | caption1 = [[Cryptista]] | image2 = Ranunculus asiaticus4LEST.jpg | caption2 = [[Viridiplantae]] (plants) | image3 = Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg | caption3 = [[Discoba]] | image4 = Chaos carolinensis Wilson 1900.jpg | caption4 = [[Amoebozoa]] | image5 = Ammonia tepida.jpg | caption5 = [[Rhizaria]] | image6 = Isotricha intestinalis.jpg | caption6 = [[Alveolata]] | image7 = Osmia rufa couple (aka).jpg | caption7 = [[Animalia]] | image8 = Boletus edulis (Tillegem).jpg | caption8 = [[Fungi]] | border = infobox }} | taxon = Eukaryota | authority = ([[Édouard Chatton|Chatton]], 1925) [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Whittaker]] & [[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]], 1978 | subdivision_ranks = [[Supergroup (biology)|Supergroups]] and [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]] | subdivision = * [[Diaphoretickes]] ** [[SAR supergroup]] ** [[Haptista]] ** [[Cryptista]] ** [[Archaeplastida]] (incl. [[Plants]]) ** [[Provora]]<ref name="Provora"/> * [[Hemimastigophora]] * [[Metamonada]] * [[Malawimonadida]] * [[Ancyromonadida]] * [[CRuMs]] * [[Amorphea]] ** [[Amoebozoa]] ** [[Breviatea]] ** [[Apusomonadida]] ** [[Opisthokonta]] *** [[Holomycota]] (incl. [[Fungi]]) *** [[Holozoa]] (incl. [[Animals]]) {{!}}- style="background:#e0d0b0;" {{!}} | synonyms = * Eucarya {{au|[[Carl Woese|Woese]] et al. 1990}}<ref name="w1990"/> * Eukarya {{au|[[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]] 1996}}<ref name="Margulis 1996"/> }} '''Eukariota''' nyaéta sakumpulan organismeu anu sélna mibanda [[nukleus]] anu ngabeungkeut mémbran (lamad). Ieu anu ngabédakeun maranéhanana jeung [[prokariota]], anu sélna teu boga nukleus atawa organél mémbran (lamad).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |title=Sequoia sempervirens |work=The Gymnosperm Database |editor=Earle CJ |date=2017 |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401041103/http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngaran "Eukariota" asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], "eu" anu hartina "hadé" atawa "alus" sarta "karyon" anu hartina "inti". Hal ieu ngagambarkeun ciri husus maranéhanana anu boga inti sél anu ''terorganisir'' jeung alus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eme |first1=Laura |last2=Tamarit |first2=Daniel |last3=Caceres |first3=Eva F. |last4=Stairs |first4=Courtney W. |last5=De Anda |first5=Valerie |last6=Schön |first6=Max E. |last7=Seitz |first7=Kiley W. |last8=Dombrowski |first8=Nina |last9=Lewis |first9=William H. |last10=Homa |first10=Felix |last11=Saw |first11=Jimmy H. |last12=Lombard |first12=Jonathan |last13=Nunoura |first13=Takuro |last14=Li |first14=Wen-Jun |last15=Hua |first15=Zheng-Shuang |last16=Chen |first16=Lin-Xing |last17=Banfield |first17=Jillian F. |last18=John |first18=Emily St |last19=Reysenbach |first19=Anna-Louise |last20=Stott |first20=Matthew B. |last21=Schramm |first21=Andreas |last22=Kjeldsen |first22=Kasper U. |last23=Teske |first23=Andreas P. |last24=Baker |first24=Brett J. |last25=Ettema |first25=Thijs J. G. |title=Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=29 June 2023 |volume=618 |issue=7967 |pages=992–999 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2 |pmid=37316666 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=10307638|bibcode=2023Natur.618..992E }}</ref> Anu kalebet kana eukariota téh naon waé [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], [[fungi]], sareng seueur [[organismeu]] [[unisélular]]. Aranjeunna mangrupakeun kumpulan anu penting dina ngawangun kahirupan barengan jeung dua grup [[prokariot]] : [[Baktéri]] jeung [[Archaea]].<ref name="Hoek 95">{{cite book |last1=van den Hoek |first1=C. |last2=Mann |first2=D.G. |last3=Jahns |first3=H.M. |name-list-style=vanc |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |title=Algae An Introduction to Phycology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-30419-9 |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210172546/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |url-status=live }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi dumasar kana ukuranana umumna leuwih badag, [[biomassa]] global koléktip maranéhanana leuwih badag batan ''prokariot''. ''Eukariota'' kawasna bijil tina ''archaea Asgard'', sareng caket hubunganana sareng ''Heimdallarchaeia''.<ref name=Wood>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gerald |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85112-235-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood |publisher=Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives }}</ref> Ieu tiasa ngandung harti yén ngan aya dua domain kahirupan, [[Baktéri]] jeung ''Archaea'', kalawan ''eukariota'' diasupkeun kana ''Archaea''. Eukariota mimiti aya dina mangsa ''Paleoproterozoikum'', kawasna salaku sél ''flagellated''.<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565">{{cite journal |last1=Seenivasan |first1=Ramkumar |last2=Sausen |first2=Nicole |last3=Medlin |first3=Linda K. |last4=Melkonian |first4=Michael |name-list-style=vanc |title=Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=26 March 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059565 |page=e59565|pmid=23555709 |pmc=3608682 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...859565S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Téori évolusionér anu utama nyaéta aranjeunna diciptakeun ku ''simbiogenesis'' antara ''archaean'' ''Asgard'' anaérobik sareng ''proteobacterium'' aérobik, anu ngawangun ''mitokondria''. Épisode kadua simbiogenesis sareng ''cyanobacterium'' nyiptakeun pepelakan, kalayan kloroplas. Sél ''eukariot'' ngandung organél anu kabeungkeut mémbran sapertos inti, ''retikulum endoplasma'', sareng aparat Golgi. Eukariota bisa jadi uniselulér atawa multiselulér. Dina babandingan, prokariot ilaharna unisélular. Eukariota ''uniséluler'' sakapeung disebut ''protista''. Eukariota bisa réproduksi boh sacara aséksual ngaliwatan ''[[mitosis]]'' jeung séksual ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'' jeung fusi gamét ''(fertilisasi)''. ==Karagaman== Eukariota téh organismeu anu dimimitian tina sél tunggal ''[[mikroskopis]]'', kayaning ''[[picozoans]]'' kurang leuwih handapeun 3 ''microméters'' sakuliah, nepika [[sato]] kawas [[paus biru]]. Beuratna nepi ka 190 [[ton]] jeung panjangna nepi ka 33,6 méter (110 ft), atawa tutuwuhan kawas tangkal [[kai]] pang jangkungna/''[[redwood]]'', jangkungna nepi ka 120 méter (390 ft).<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565"/> Loba eukariota anu unisélular; Eukariota multisélular kaasup [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], jeung [[fungi]], tapi deui, grup ieu ogé ngandung loba spésiés unisélular.<ref name=Wood/> Sél eukariot biasana leuwih badag batan sél prokariot—baktéri jeung ''archaea''—''volume'' kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih gedé.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parfrey |first1=L.W. |last2=Lahr |first2=D.J.G. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2013 |title=Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes |journal=BioEssays |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=339–347 |doi=10.1002/bies.201200143 |pmid=23315654 |s2cid=13872783 |url=http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi, sabab loba di antarana jauh leuwih badag, ''biomassa global'' koléktif maranéhanana (468 gigatons) jauh leuwih badag batan prokariot (77 gigatons), kalawan tutuwuhan nyalira lobana kana leuwih ti 81% tina total ''biomassa Bumi''.<ref name="Hoek 95"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=225 heights=225 caption="Eukariot ukuranana rupa-rupa ti sél tunggal nepi ka organisme anu beuratna ton-tonan"> File:Gram-negative Bacteria and Paramecium forming cyst.jpg|[[Prokaryote]]s (sél cylindrical leutik, [[baktéri]], di kénca) jeung eukariota anu sél tunggal, ''[[Paramecium]]'' File:California Redwood National Park (216450575).jpeg|Tangkal kai pang jangkungna [[Sequoia sempervirens|''Coast redwood'']] File:Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library (rotated).jpg|[[Paus Biru]] </gallery> Eukariota mangrupa garis katurunan anu rupa-rupa, utamana diwangun ku organismeu ''mikroskopis''.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55"/> Multisélularitas dina sababaraha bentuk parantos mekar sacara mandiri sahenteuna 25 kali dina eukariota.<ref name="Grosberg2007">{{cite journal |last1=Grosberg |first1=RK |last2=Strathmann |first2=RR |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=The evolution of multicellularity: A minor major transition? |journal=[[Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst]] |volume=38 |pages=621–654 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 |u b. B: :rl=https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222721/https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Organisme multisélular kompléks, kumpulan amoéba anu teu kaétang pikeun ngabentuk ''molds slime'', ngalaman évolusi ngan dina genep runtuyan katurunan eukariot: [[sasatoan]], [[fungi]] ''symbiomycotan'', [[ganggang coklat]], [[ganggang beureum]], [[ganggang héjo]], jeung tutuwuhan darat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Popper |first1=Zoë A. |last2=Michel |first2=Gurvan |last3=Hervé |first3=Cécile |last4=Domozych |first4=David S. |last5=Willats |first5=William G.T. |last6=Tuohy |first6=Maria G. |last7=Kloareg |first7=Bernard |last8=Stengel |first8=Dagmar B. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2011 |title=Evolution and diversity of plant cell walls: From algae to flowering plants |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-plant-biology_2011_62/page/567 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=62 |pages=567–590 |pmid=21351878 |hdl=10379/6762 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=11961888 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809}}</ref> Eukariota dikumpulkeun dumasar kana kamiripan génomik, ku kituna katempo grup mindeng kakurangan ciri anu kanyahoan.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55">{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Brown |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Simpson |first4=Alastair G.B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=The New Tree of Eukaryotes |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=35 |issue=1 |year=2020 |issn=0169-5347 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008 |pages=43–55|pmid=31606140 |s2cid=204545629 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020TEcoE..35...43B |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1387649/FULLTEXT01 }}</ref> ==Bagéan anu jadi pangbéda== ===Nucleus (Inti)=== Ciri pangdeukeutna eukariot nyaéta sélna boga [[inti]], Ieu masihan aranjeunna namina, tina basa [[Yunani]] εὖ (eu, "well" atawa "alus") jeung κάρυον (karyon, "inti" atawa "puseur"), Sél eukariot boga rupa-rupa struktur kabeungkeut mémbran ''internal'', disebut organél, jeung ''sitoskeleton'' nu nangtukeun [[organisasi]] jeung wangun sél urang.<ref name="OnlineEtDict">{{OEtymD|eukaryotic}}</ref> Nukleus nyimpen DNA sél, nu dibagi kana kebat linier disebut kromosom; ieu dipisahkeun jadi dua sét anj cocog ku ''spindle microtubular'' salila ''division'' [[nuklir]], enggoning prosés ''mitosis eukariot'' anu has.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonev |first1=B |last2=Cavalli |first2=G |name-list-style=vanc |date=14 October 2016 |title=Organization and function of the 3D genome |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=661–678 |doi=10.1038/nrg.2016.112 |pmid=27739532 |hdl=2027.42/151884 |s2cid=31259189 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chromosome Segregation: The Role of Centromeres |last=O'Connor |first=Clare |work=Nature Education |date= 2008|access-date=18 February 2024 |url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/chromosome-segregation-in-mitosis-the-role-of-242/ |quote=eukar }}</ref> ===Biokimia=== Eukariot béda jeung ''prokariot'' dina sababaraha cara, kalayan jalur [[biokimi]]awi unik sapertos sintésis ''sterané''. Protéin tanda tangan eukariot teu boga ''[[homologi]]'' jeung ''[[protéin]]'' dina domain kahirupan séjén, tapi sigana [[universal]] diantara eukariota. Éta kalebet protéin ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', mesin ''[[transkripsi]]'' kompléks, sistem sortir-membran, pori nuklir, jeung sababaraha énzim dina jalur biokimiawi.<ref name="pmid11805300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman H, Fedorov A |title=The origin of the eukaryotic cell: a genomic investigation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=1420–5 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11805300 |pmc=122206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.032658599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.1420H |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Mémbran internal=== {{multiple image | image1 = Prokaryote cell.svg | width1 = 5<!--to scale! the point is this is the relative size, thanks-->0 | caption1 = <small>[[Prokaryote]], to same scale</small> | image2 = Endomembrane system diagram en (edit).svg | width2 = 300 | caption2 = Sél eukariot dengan [[sistem endomembran]] | footer = Sél eukariot kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih badag batan sél prokariot dumasar volumna, sarta ngandung [[organél kabeungkeut mémbran]]. }} Sél eukariot ngawengku rupa-rupa ''[[struktur]]'' anu kabeungkeut mémbran, babarengan ngabentuk sistem [[éndomémbran]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Linka M, Weber AP |chapter=Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells |veditors=Burnap RL, Vermaas WF |title=Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-94-007-1533-2 |page=215 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529130011/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kompartemén basajan,disebut ''[[vesikel]]'' jeung ''[[vakuola]]'', bisa dibentuk ku ''budding'' kaluar mémbran séjén.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors=Marsh M | title=Endocytosis| url=https://archive.org/details/endocytosis0000unse_i6q0 | publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2001| page=vii| isbn=978-0-19-963851-2}}</ref> Loba sél nyerna dahareun jeung bahan séjén ngaliwatan prosés ''[[endositosis]]'', dimana mémbran luar ''invaginates'' lajeng ''pinches'' kaluar pikeun ngabentuk hiji ''[[vesicle]]''. Sababaraha produk sél bisa ninggalkeun dina vesikel ngaliwatan ''exocytosis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stalder |first1=Danièle |last2=Gershlick |first2=David C. |name-list-style=vanc |date=November 2020|title=Direct trafficking pathways from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane |journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology |volume=107 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.001 |pmc=7152905 |pmid=32317144}}</ref> Inti dikurilingan ku mémbran ganda nu katelah amplop nuklir/''[[nuclear envelope]]'', kalawan ''pori'' nuklir nu ngidinan bahan pikeun mindahkeun asup jeung kaluar. Rupa-rupa ''tabung''- jeung lembaran-kawas éksténsi mémbran nuklir ngabentuk ''retikulum endoplasmic'', nu aub dina angkutan [[protéin]] jeung ''maturation''/kadéwasaan.<ref name=TheNuclearEnvelope-NCBI>{{cite journal | vauthors=Hetzer MW | title=The nuclear envelope | journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=a000539 | date=March 2010 | pmid=20300205 | pmc=2829960 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000539 }}</ref> Ieu ngawengku rétikulum ''endoplasma'' kasar, katutupan ku ''ribosom'' nu nyintésis protéin; ieu asup kana rohangan intérior atawa ''lumen''. Salajengna, aranjeunna umumna asup kana ''vesikel'', nu kuncup kaluar lalaunan tina ''[[retikulum endoplasmic]]''. Dina kalolobaan eukariota, vesikel anu mawa protéin ieu dileupaskeun sarta salajengna dirobah dina tumpukan vesikel datar (''cisternae''), puseur pangolahan. Vesikel bisa jadi husus; contona, ''[[lisosom]]'' ngandung énzim ''pencernaan'' anu ngarecah biomolekul dina ''[[sitoplasma]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055727/https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golgi Apparatus |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060218/http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mitochondria=== [[File:Mitochondrion structure.svg |thumb |upright=1.4 |[[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]] v. ]] Mitokondria nyaéta ''organél'' pada sél eukariot.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, Rojas M, Lafyatis R |display-authors=3 |title=Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Pulmonary Circulation |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=131–144 |date=July 1957 |pmid=32166015 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0757-131 |pmc=7052475 |bibcode=1957SciAm.197a.131S }}</ref> Mitokondria biasana disebut "''powerhouse sél''", pikeun fungsina nyadiakeun énérgi ku cara ngoksidasi [[gula]] atawa [[lemak]] pikeun ngahasilkeun [[molekul]] ATP nu nyimpen-énergi.<ref name=Voet>{{cite book | vauthors=Voet D, Voet JC, Pratt CW |name-list-style=vanc |title=Fundamentals of Biochemistry |edition=2nd |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 547, 556] |isbn=978-0471214953 |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 }}</ref> Mitokondria mibanda dua mémbran sakurilingna, masing-masing lapisan ganda ''fosfolipid''; bagian jero nu narilep kana ''invaginations'' disebut ''cristae'' mana réspirasi aérobik lumangsung.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |title=Re: Are there eukaryotic cells without mitochondria? |date=1 May 2006 |work=madsci.org |vauthors=Mack S |access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224700/http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mitokondria ngandung DNA sorangan, nu mibanda kamiripan struktural deukeut jeung DNA baktéri, ti mana asalna, jeung nu ngodekeun rRNA jeung tRNA gén nu ngahasilkeun RNA nu strukturna leuwih deukeut jeung RNA baktéri ti RNA eukariota.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zick |first1=M |last2=Rabl |first2=R |last3=Reichert |first3=AS |name-list-style=vanc |title=Cristae formation-linking ultrastructure and function of mitochondria. |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research |date=January 2009 |volume=1793 |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |pmid=18620004 |doi=10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.013 |doi-access=}}</ref> Sababaraha eukariota, sapertos ''[[metamonads Giardia]]'' sareng ''[[Trichomonas]]'', sareng ''[[amoebozoan Pelomyxa]]'', sigana kurang mitokondria, tapi sadayana ngandung organél turunan mitokondria, seperti ''[[hidrogénosom]]'' atanapi ''mitosom'', kaleungitan mitokondria kadua. Aranjeunna meunang énergi ku aksi énzimatik dina ''sitoplasma''.<ref name="Karn">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karnkowska A, Vacek V, Zubáčová Z, Treitli SC, Petrželková R, Eme L, Novák L, Žárský V, Barlow LD, Herman EK, Soukal P, Hroudová M, Doležal P, Stairs CW, Roger AJ, Eliáš M, Dacks JB, Vlček Č, Hampl V |display-authors=3 |title=A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1274–1284 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27185558 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.053 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016CBio...26.1274K }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria |title=Scientists Shocked To Discover Eukaryote With NO Mitochondria |date=13 May 2016 |vauthors=Davis JL |website=IFL Science |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217214255/https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria/ |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Plastida=== [[File:Chloroplast II.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Jinis [[plastid]] anu paling umum nyaéta [[kloroplas]], anu ngandung [[klorofil]] sareng ngahasilkeun sanyawa [[organik]] ku [[fotosintésis]]. ]] Tutuwuhan jeung sagala rupa golongan ganggang boga plastida ogé mitokondria.<ref name="Kleptoplastidy Hypothesis">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bodył A | s2cid=24613863 | title=Did some red alga-derived plastids evolve via kleptoplastidy? A hypothesis | journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=201–222 | date=February 2018 | pmid=28544184 | doi=10.1111/brv.12340 }}</ref> Plastida, sapertos mitokondria, gaduh [[DNA]] sorangan sareng dikembangkeun tina [[éndosimbion]], dina hal ieu [[sianobaktéri]]. Biasana aya dina bentuk kloroplas anu, seperti sianobakteri, ngandung [[klorofil]] sarta ngahasilkeun sanyawa organik (sapertos glukosa) ngaliwatan fotosintésis.Nu séjénna milu nyimpen dahareun.Sanajan plastida sigana boga asal tunggal,teu sakabéh grup plastid-ngandung patalina raket. Gantina, sababaraha eukariotaaranjeunna geus meunang ti batur ngaliwatan endosymbiosis sekundér atawa ingestion.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=Sato N |year=2006 |pages= 75–102 |title=The Structure and Function of Plastids |volume=23 |veditors=Wise RR, Hoober JK |publisher= Springer Netherlands|chapter=Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids |isbn=978-1-4020-4060-3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_4 |series=Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration}}</ref> Panangkepan sareng sequestering sél fotosintétik sareng kloroplas, kleptoplasti, lumangsung dina loba jenis organismeu eukariot modern.<ref name=pmid18518896>{{cite journal |vauthors=Minnhagen S, Carvalho WF, Salomon PS, Janson S |title=Chloroplast DNA content in Dinophysis (Dinophyceae) from different cell cycle stages is consistent with kleptoplasty |journal=Environ. Microbiol. |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=2411–7 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18518896 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x |bibcode=2008EnvMi..10.2411M }}</ref> ===Struktur sitoskeletal=== Sitoskeleton nyadiakeun ''[[struktur]]'' kaku jeung titik kantétan pikeun struktur motor anu ngamungkinkeun pikeun mindahkeun sél, ngarobah bentuk, atawa angkutan bahan. Struktur ''[[motorik]]'' nyaéta ''[[mikrofilamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'' sareng protéin beungkeut ''[[aktin]]'', kaasup ''α-aktinin'', ''[[fimbrin]]'', sarta ''[[filamin]]'' aya dina beungkeutan lapisan ''[[cortical submembranous]]'' na. Protéin motor ''[[mikrotubulus]]'', ''[[dynein]]'' sareng ''[[kinesin]]'', sarta ''[[miosin]]'' tina ''[[filamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'', nyadiakeun karakter ''[[dinamis]]'' tina kantétan.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Molecular Motors |title=Molecular Biology of the Cell |edition=4th |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |date=2002-01-01 |first1=Bruce |last1=Alberts |first2=Alexander |last2=Johnson |first3=Julian |last3=Lewis |first4=Martin |last4=Raff |first5=Keith |last5=Roberts |first6=Peter |last6=Walter |name-list-style=vanc |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3 |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308094109/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sweeney">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sweeney HL, Holzbaur EL |title=Motor Proteins |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages= a021931|date=May 2018 |pmid=29716949 |pmc=5932582 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a021931 |url=}}</ref> Loba eukariota boga proyéksi ''[[sitoplasma motil]]'' ramping panjang,disebut ''[[flagélla]]'', atawa sababaraha ''struktur'' pondok disebut ''[[silia]]''. Organél ieu rupa-rupa aub dina gerakan, dahar, jeung sénsasi. Utamana diwangun ku ''[[tubulin]]'', sarta sagemblengna béda ti ''[[flagella prokariot]]''.<ref name="Bardy Ng Jarrell 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bardy SL, Ng SY, Jarrell KF | title=Prokaryotic motility structures | journal=Microbiology | volume=149 | issue=Pt 2 | pages=295–304 | date=February 2003 | pmid=12624192 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Silflow Lefebvre 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors=Silflow CD, Lefebvre PA | title=Assembly and motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2001-12_127_4/page/1500 | journal=Plant Physiology | volume=127 | issue=4 | pages=1500–7 | date=December 2001 | pmid=11743094 | pmc=1540183 | doi=10.1104/pp.010807 }}</ref> Éta dirojong ku kebat/amparan ''[[mikrotubulus]]'' anu timbul tina ''[[séntriol]]'', ciri disusun salaku salapan pasang sabudeureun dua singlets. Flagela tiasa gaduh bulu ''(mastigonemes)'', sakumaha dina loba ''Stramenopiles''. Bagian jerona kontinyu sareng sitoplasma sél. ''[[Centrioles]]'' sering aya, sanajan dina sél jeung grup nu teu boga flagella, tapi ''conifers'' jeung tutuwuhan kembangan boga. Aranjeunna umumna lumangsung dina grup anu ngabalukarkeun rupa-rupa akar ''microtubular''. Ieu ngabentuk komponén primér ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', sarta mindeng dirakit ngaliwatan sababaraha divisi sél, kalawan hiji ''[[flagellum]]'' dipikagaduh ti indungna sarta séjéna diturunkeun tina. ''[[Centrioles]]'' ngahasilkeun benang/''spindle'' salila division [[nuklir]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Vorobjev IA, Nadezhdina ES |title=The centrosome and its role in the organization of microtubules |volume=106 |pages=227–293 |year=1987 |pmid=3294718 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61714-3 |isbn=978-0-12-364506-7 |series=International Review of Cytology }}</ref> ===Témbok sél=== Sél tutuwuhan, [[ganggang]], [[fungi]] sareng seueur ''kromalveolat'', tapi sanés [[sato]], dikurilingan ku [[témbok sél]]. Ieu lapisan luar mémbran sél, nyayogikeun sél kalayan dukungan struktural, panyalindungan, jeung mékanisme nyaring. Témbok sél ogé nyegah ékspansi kaleuleuwihan nalika [[cai]] asup kana sél.<ref name="Howland 2000">{{cite book | vauthors=Howland JL | year=2000 | title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life | url=https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl | pages=[https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl/page/69 69]–71 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-511183-5}}</ref> ''[[Polisakarida]]'' utama anu ngawangun dinding sél primér tutuwuhan darat nyaéta ''[[sélulosa]]'', ''[[hémiselulosa]]'', jeung ''[[pektin]]''. ''[[Mikrofibril]]'' sélulosa dihijikeun sareng ''hémiselulosa'', diasupkeun kana matriks pektin. ''[[Hémiselulosa]]'' anu paling umum dina témbok sél primér nyaéta ''[[xyloglucan]]''.<ref name="Fry1989">{{cite journal | vauthors=Fry SC |title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1093/jxb/40.1.1}}</ref> ===Réproduksi séksual=== [[File:Sexual cycle N-2N.svg|thumb|[[Reproduksi séksual]] merlukeun [[siklus hirup biologis|siklus hirup]] anu silih ganti antara fase [[haploid]], kalayan hiji salinan unggal [[kromosom]] dina sél, jeung hiji [[diploid]] fase, kalayan dua salinan. Dina eukariota, haploid [[gamet]]s dihasilkeun ku [[meiosis]]; dua gamét ngahiji ngabentuk diploid [[zigot]].]] Eukariota memiliki siklus hidup yang ngalibatkeun réproduksi séksual, pilihganti antara bagéan ''[[haploid]]'', dimana ngan hiji salinan unggal ''[[kromosom]]'' aya dina unggal [[sél]], jeung nalika ''[[diploid]]'', kalawan dua salinan unggal kromosom dina unggal sél. Fase diploid dibentuk ku ''[[fusi]]'' dua [[gamét]] haploid, sapertos [[endog]] sareng spérmatozoa, pikeun ngabentuk [[zigot]]; Ieu bisa tumuwuh jadi awak, kalayan sélna ngabagi ku ''[[mitosis]]'', sarta dina sababaraha tahap ngahasilkeun ''gamet haploid'' ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'', ''[[division]]'' anu ngurangan jumlah ''kromosom'' sarta nyieun ''[[variability genetik]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Matthew B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Population genetics |url=https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami |url-access=limited |year=2009 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami/page/n69 55]}}</ref> Aya variasi anu kacida penting dina pola ieu. [[Tutuwuhan]] gaduh fase ''[[multisélular]]'' haploid sareng diploid. Eukariot memiliki laju metabolisme yang lebih rendah dan waktu generasi yang lebih lama dibandingkan prokariot, sabab leuwih badag sarta ku kituna boga aréa mun ''[[rasio]]'' volume ''permukaan'' leutik.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=TN |last2=Kerp |first2=H |last3=Hass |first3=H |name-list-style=vanc |year=2005 |title=Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=102 |issue=16 |pages=5892–5897 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0501985102 |pmid=15809414 |pmc=556298 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Évolusi réproduksi séksual bisa jadi ciri mimiti /''[[primordial]]'' eukariota. Dumasar analisis filogenetik, Dacks sareng Roger parantos ngusulkeun yén séks fakultatif aya dina karuhun umum grup éta.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dacks J, Roger AJ |s2cid=9441768 |title=The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1999-06_48_6/page/779 |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=779–783 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10229582 |doi=10.1007/PL00013156 |bibcode=1999JMolE..48..779D }}</ref> Sakumpulan inti gén anu fungsina dina ''meiosis'' aya dina ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]'' sareng ''[[Giardia intestinalis]]'', dua organismeu saméméhna dianggap aséksual. Kusabab dua spésiés ieu turunan tina silsilah anu ''[[diverged]]'' mimiti tina tangkal évolusionér eukariot, gén meiotik inti, sareng ku kituna séks, kemungkinan gede aya dina karuhun umum eukariota.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM |title=A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=185–191 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15668177 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003 |s2cid=17013247 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2005CBio...15..185R }}</ref><ref name=Malik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM |title=An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=e2879 |date=August 2007 |pmid=18663385 |pmc=2488364 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002879 |veditors=Hahn MW |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2879M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Spésiés pernah dianggap aséksual, sapertos parasit ''Leishmania'', gaduh siklus séksual. ''[[Amoebae]]'', saméméhna dianggap aséksual, anu baheulana seksual; grup aséksual kiwari bisa waé mecenghul anu anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E |title=The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1715 |pages=2081–2090 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21429931 |pmc=3107637 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0289 }}</ref> ==Évolusi== [[File:Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity - Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif|thumb|Tangkal eukariota nunjukkeun ''subgrup'' utama sareng ''diagram'' gambar leutik anggota wawakilan unggal grup. Sintésis diropéa dumasar kana rékonstruksi ''[[filogénomik]]'' panganyarna (nepi ka 2023).<ref>{{Cite Q|Q123558544|doi-access=free}}</ref>]] ===Sajarah klasifikasi=== Dina jaman baheula, dua katurunan [[sasatoan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan]] ieu dipikawanoh ku [[Aristoteles]] jeung [[Theophrastus]]. Silsilahna dibéré pangkat [[taksonomi]] Karajaan ku [[Linnaeus]] dina abad ka-18. Padahal anjeunna kaasup [[fungi]] jeung tutuwuhan jeung sababaraha ''[[reservations]]'', éta engkéna baris sadar yén aranjeunna rada béda jeung ngajamin éta karajaan anu misah. Rupa-rupa eukariota sél tunggal asalna disimpen sareng tutuwuhan atanapi sasatoan nalika aranjeunna dipiwanoh.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldfuß |title=Ueber die Classification der Zoophyten |journal=Isis, Oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken |date=1818 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1008–1019 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |trans-title=On the classification of zoophytes |language=de |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324105702/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |url-status=live }} From p. 1008: ''"Erste Klasse. Urthiere. Protozoa."'' (First class. Primordial animals. Protozoa.) [Note: each column of each page of this journal is numbered; there are two columns per page.]</ref> Dina taun 1818, ahli [[biologi]] Jerman [[Georg A. Goldfuss]] nyiptakeun kecap ''[[protozoa]]'' pikeun ngarujuk kana organismeu sapertos ''[[ciliates]]'', sarta grup ieu dimekarkeun nepi ka [[Ernst Haeckel]] ngajadikeun éta karajaan ngawengku sakabéh eukariota sél tunggal, nu ''[[Protista]]'', taun 1866. Eukariota jadi katempona opat karajaan:<ref name=Scamardella1999>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scamardella JM |title=Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista |year=1999 |journal=[[International Microbiology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=207–221 |pmid=10943416 |url=http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614000656/http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=Rothschild1989>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothschild LJ |title=Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name? |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–305 |year=1989 |pmid=11542176 |doi=10.1007/BF00139515 |s2cid=32462158 |authorlink=Lynn J. Rothschild |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204233203/https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Whittaker">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whittaker RH |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1969-01-10_163_3863/page/150 |journal=Science |volume=163 |issue=3863 |pages=150–60 |date=January 1969 |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.5430 |bibcode=1969Sci...163..150W }}</ref> #Karajaan ''Protista'' (mikro organismeu unik) #Karajaan ''Plantae'' (Tutuwuhan) #Karajaan ''Fungi'' #Karajaan ''Animalia''(Sasatoan) Protista dina waktos éta dianggap "bentuk primitif", sahingga hiji kelas évolusionér, dihijikeun ku alam unisélular primitif maranéhanana.<ref name="w1990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |author1-link=Carl Woese |author2-link=Otto Kandler |author3-link=Mark Wheelis |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1990-06_87_12/page/4576 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–4579 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2112744 |pmc=54159 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 |bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Knoll 1992">{{cite journal |last=Knoll |first=Andrew H. |name-list-style=vanc |authorlink=Andrew H. Knoll |title=The Early Evolution of Eukaryotes: A Geological Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1992-05-01_256_5057/page/622 |journal=Science |volume=256 |issue=5057 |year=1992 |doi=10.1126/science.1585174 |pages=622–627 |pmid=1585174 |bibcode=1992Sci...256..622K |quote=Eucarya, or eukaryotes}}</ref> Pamahaman ngeunaan branchings pangkolotna dina tangkal kahirupan ngan dimekarkeun substansi kalawan runtuyan DNA, pangheulana kana sistem domain tinimbang karajaan salaku pangkat tingkat luhur anu diajukeun ku [[Carl Woese]], [[Otto Kandler]], sareng [[Mark Wheelis]] taun 1990, ngahijikeun sakabéh karajaan eukariota dina domain "Eucarya", nyatakeun, kumaha ogé, yén "'eukariota' bakal terus jadi [[sinonim]] umum bisa ditarima".<ref name=Rothschild1989/> Dina taun 1996, ahli biologi évolusionér [[Lynn Margulis]] ngusulkeun pikeun ngagentos Karajaan sareng Domain sareng nami "inklusif" pikeun nyiptakeun "filogéni dumasar simbiosis", masihan katerangan "Eukarya (organismee nukleus turunan simbiosis)".<ref name="Margulis 1996">{{cite journal |last=Margulis |first=Lynn |authorlink=Lynn Margulis |name-list-style=vanc |title=Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=93 |issue=3 |date=6 February 1996 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071 |pages=1071–1076 |pmid=8577716 |pmc=40032 |bibcode=1996PNAS...93.1071M |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Filogéni=== Nepi ka 2014, konsensus kasar mimiti muncul tina studi filogénomik dua dasawarsa saméméhna.<ref name="burki2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F |title=The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=a016147 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24789819 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a016147 |pmc=3996474 }}</ref><ref name="UntanglingEarlyEukaryotes">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F, Kaplan M, Tikhonenkov DV, Zlatogursky V, Minh BQ, Radaykina LV, Smirnov A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=283 |issue=1823 |pages=20152802 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26817772 |pmc=4795036 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 }}</ref> Mayoritas eukariota bisa ditempatkeun dina salah sahiji dua ''[[clades]]'' badag disebut ''[[Amorphea]]'' (komposisi sarupa jeung hipotésa unikont) jeung ''[[Diphoda]]'' (baheulana bikonts), nu ngawengku tutuwuhan jeung lolobana turunan ganggang.<ref name="SchönZlatogursky2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, Poirier C, Wilken S, Mathur V, Strassert JF, Pinhassi J, Worden AZ, Keeling PJ, Ettema TJ |display-authors=3 |title=Picozoa are archaeplastids without plastid |journal=Nature Communications |year=2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6651 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0 |pmid=34789758 |pmc=8599508 |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.04.14.439778 |s2cid=233328713 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189959 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091441/https://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1614928&dswid=-3028 |url-status=live }}</ref> Grup utama katilu, ''[[Excavata]]'', parantos ditinggalkeun salaku grup formal sabab ''[[paraphyletic]]''/ampir sampurna. Filogén anu diusulkeun di handap ieu ngan ukur kalebet hiji kumpulan ékskavasi (Discoba), sareng ngalebetkeun usulan 2021 yén ''[[picozoan]]'' mangrupikeun baraya deukeut ''[[rhodophytes]]''. ''[[Provora]]'' mangrupikeun sakumpulan prédator mikroba anu kapanggih dina 2022.<ref name="Provora">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Gawryluk RM, Belyaev AO, Mathur V, Karpov SA, Zagumyonnyi DG, Borodina AS, Prokina KI, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=December 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=714–719 |pmid=36477531 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..714T |s2cid=254436650 }}</ref> {{stem group kingdoms}} {{clear}} Sisipkan tabel disini Hiji pintonan karajaan hébat sarta grup bobot maranéhanana. ''Metamonada hésé ditempatkeun, jadi adina meureun ka Discob, jigana ka Malawimonada.''<ref name="Brown 2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Heiss |first2=Aaron A. |last3=Kamikawa |first3=Ryoma |last4=Inagaki |first4=Yuji |last5=Yabuki |first5=Akinori |last6=Tice |first6=Alexander K |last7=Shiratori |first7=Takashi |last8=Ishida |first8=Ken-Ichiro |last9=Hashimoto |first9=Tetsuo |last10=Simpson |first10=Alastair |last11=Roger |first11=Andrew |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018-01-19 |title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014 |pmc=5793813|pmid=29360967}}</ref> ===Asal usul eukariota=== [[File:Symbiogenesis 2 mergers.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Dina téori [[simbiogenesis]], ngahiji tina ''[[''archaean'']]'' jeung ''[[baktéri aérobik]]'' nyiptakeun ''[[eukariota]]'', jeung ''[[mitokondria aérobik]]''; ngahiji kadua ditambahkeun ''[[kloroplas]]'', nyieun tutuwuhan héjo.<ref name=latorre/>]] Asal usul sél ''[[eukariot]]'', atawa ''[[eukariogenesis]]'', mangrupakeun milestone (titik hontalan) dina évolusi kahirupan, sabab ''[[eukariota]]'' ngawengku sakabéh sél kompléks jeung ampir sakabéh organismeu [[multisélular]].<ref name="Gabaldón">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabaldón T |title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=631–647 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34343017 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213 |s2cid=236916203 }}</ref> Karuhun umum eukariot panungtung (LECA) tayalian asal hipotétis ti sakabéh eukariota hidup, tur éta paling dipikaresep populasi biologis, lain individu tunggal.<ref name="O'Malley Leger Wideman Ruiz-Trillo pp. 338–344">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Malley MA, Leger MM, Wideman JG, Ruiz-Trillo I |title=Concepts of the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=338–344 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30778187 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0796-3 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..338O |hdl-access=free |s2cid=67790751 |hdl=10261/201794 }}</ref> LECA dipercaya mangrupa [[protista]] nu boga inti, sahenteuna hiji ''[[centriole]]'' sareng ''[[flagellum]]'', mitokondria aérobik fakultatif, kelamin (meiosis jeung syngamy), kista dorman kalawan témbok sél ''[[kitin]]'' atawa ''[[selulosa]]'', sarta ''[[peroksisom]]''. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leander BS |title=Predatory protists |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=R510–R516 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32428491 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.052 |s2cid=218710816 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CBio...30.R510L }}</ref><ref name="RedAlgalDerivedPlastids">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strassert JF, Irisarri I, Williams TA, Burki F |title=A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1879 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33767194 |pmc=7994803 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1879S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Koumandou Wickstead Ginger van der Giezen 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Koumandou |first1=V. Lila |last2=Wickstead |first2=Bill |last3=Ginger |first3=Michael L. |last4=van der Giezen |first4=Mark |last5=Dacks |first5=Joel B. |last6=Field |first6=Mark C. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Molecular paleontology and complexity in the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=48 |issue=4 |year=2013 |doi=10.3109/10409238.2013.821444 |pages=373–396|pmid=23895660 |pmc=3791482 }}</ref> Gabungan éndosimbiotik antara ''[[archaea]]'' ''anaérobik motil'' jeung ''[[alphaproteobacterium]] aérobik'' ngalahirkeun LECA jeung sakabéh [[''eukariota'']], kalawan ''[[mitokondria]]''. Sadetik, loba engké ''[[endosymbiosis]]'' jeung ''[[cyanobacterium]]'' ngahudangkeun karuhun [[tutuwuhan]], kalawan ''[[kloroplas]]''.<ref name=latorre>{{cite book |vauthors=Latorre A, Durban A, Moya A, Pereto J |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |chapter=The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution |title=Origins and Evolution of Life: An astrobiological perspective |veditors=Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, Martin H |year=2011 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=326–339 |isbn=978-0-521-76131-4 |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055723/https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ayana ''biomarker eukariot'' dina [[archaea]] nunjuk ka arah asal ''[[archaeal]]''. ''Genom Asgard archaea'' gaduh seueur gén protéin tanda tangan ''[[Eukariot]]'', nu maénkeun peran kacida penting dina ngembangkeun ''[[sitoskeleton]]'' jeung ''struktur'' sélular kompléks ciri ''eukariota''. Dina 2022, tomografi cryo-éléktron nunjukkeun yén ''[[Asgard archaea]]'' boga [[sitoskeleton]] basis aktin kompléks, nyadiakeun bukti ''visual'' langsung munggaran ngeunaan karuhun ''[[archaeal eukariota]]''.<ref name="Rodrigues-Oliveira et al 2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodrigues-Oliveira T, Wollweber F, Ponce-Toledo RI, etal. |title=Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaean |journal=Nature |volume=613 |pages=332–339 |date=2023 |issue=7943 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y|pmid=36544020 |pmc=9834061 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..332R |hdl=20.500.11850/589210 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ===Fosil=== Waktu asal usul ''[[eukariota]]'' sesah ditetepkeun tapi kapanggihna ''Qingshania magnificia'', ''eukariota multiseluler'' pangheubeulna ti [[Cina]] Kalér nu hirup salila 1,635 milyar taun ka tukang, nunjukkeun yén grup mahkota eukariota asalna ti [[Paleoproterozoic]] ahir (Statherian); [[Eukariota uniseluler]] pangheubeulna [[unequivocal]] nu hirup salila kurang leuwih 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang ogé kapanggih ti Cina Kalér:''Tappania plana'', ''Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum'', ''Dictyosphaera macroreticulata'', ''Germinosphaera alveolata'', sareng ''Valeria lophostriata''. Sababaraha ''[[acritarchs]]'' dipikanyaho ti sahenteuna 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang, jeung fosil, ''[[Grypania]]'', nu bisa jadi [[alga]], nyaéta saloba 2,1 milyar taun. hiji "masalah" fosil Diskagma geus kapanggih dina ''[[paleosol]]'' heubeul 2,2 miliar taun.<ref name="Retallack 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Retallack GJ, Krull ES, Thackray GD, Parkinson DH |title= Problematic urn-shaped fossils from a Paleoproterozoic (2.2 Ga) paleosol in South Africa. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_precambrian-research_2013-09_235/page/71 |journal=Precambrian Research |year=2013 |volume=235 |pages=71–87 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.015 |bibcode=2013PreR..235...71R }}</ref> [[File:Diskagma butonii.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstruksi tina masalah <ref name="Retallack 2013"/> ''[[Diskagma buttonii]]'', fosil terestrial jangkungna kirang ti 1mm, tina batu heubeul sabudeureun 2,2 milyar taun]] Struktur anu diusulkeun pikeun ngagambarkeun "organisme kolonial badag" geus kapanggih dina shales hideung tina ''[[Palaeoproterozoic]]'' kayaning Formasi Francevillian B, di Gabon, dijuluki "biota Francevillian" anu umurna 2,1 milyar taun. <ref name="El Albani Bengtson Canfield 2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, Bekker A, Macchiarelli R, Mazurier A, Hammarlund EU, Boulvais P, Dupuy JJ, Fontaine C, Fürsich FT, Gauthier-Lafaye F, Janvier P, Javaux E, Ossa FO, Pierson-Wickmann AC, Riboulleau A, Sardini P, Vachard D, Whitehouse M, Meunier A |display-authors=3 |s2cid=4331375 |title=Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2010-07-01_466_7302/page/100 |journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=100–104 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20596019 |doi=10.1038/nature09166 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..100A }}</ref> Tapi, status struktur ieu salaku fosil dilombakeun, kalawan pangarang séjén suggesting yén maranéhna bisa ngagambarkeun pseudofossils. Fosil-fosil pangkolotna anu teu jelas ditugaskeun ka eukariota nyaéta ti Grup Ruyang Cina, kira-kira 1,8-1,6 milyar taun ka tukang.<ref name="El Albani 2023">{{cite journal |title=A search for life in Palaeoproterozoic marine sediments using Zn isotopes and geochemistry |last=El Albani |first=Abderrazak |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2023 |volume=623 |page=118169 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118169|bibcode=2023E&PSL.61218169E |s2cid=258360867 |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.science/hal-04095643/file/El%20Albani%20et%20al._EPSL_2023.pdf }}</ref> Fosil anu jelas patali jeung grup modern mimiti muncul kira 1,2 miliar taun ka tukang, dina bentuk ganggang beureum, sanajan karya panganyarna nunjukkeun ayana fosil ganggang filamén dina cekungan Vindhya dating deui meureun 1,6 nepi ka 1,7 miliar taun ka tukang.<ref name="Ossa Ossa Pons Bekker Hofmann 2023">{{cite journal | last1=Ossa Ossa | first1=Frantz | last2=Pons | first2=Marie-Laure | last3=Bekker | first3=Andrey | last4=Hofmann | first4=Axel | last5=Poulton | first5=Simon W. | last6=Andersen | first6=Morten B. | last7=Agangi | first7=Andrea | last8=Gregory | first8=Daniel | last9=Reinke | first9=Christian | last10=Steinhilber | first10=Bernd | last11=Marin-Carbonne | first11=Johanna | last12=Schoenberg | first12=Ronny | display-authors=5 | title=Zinc enrichment and isotopic fractionation in a marine habitat of the c. 2.1 Ga Francevillian Group: A signature of zinc utilization by eukaryotes? | journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume=611 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118147 | page=118147| doi-access=free | bibcode=2023E&PSL.61118147O | url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197720/8/1-s2.0-S0012821X23001607-main.pdf }}</ref> Ayana steranes, biomarker khusus eukariot, dina shales Australia saméméhna nunjukkeun yén eukariota aya dina batuan ieu tanggal 2,7 milyar taun,tapi biomarker Archaean ieu geus rebutted salaku rereged engké. Catetan biomarker valid pangkolotna umurna ngan sakitar 800 juta taun. Sabalikna, analisis jam molekular nunjukkeun mecenghulna biosintésis stérol ti mimiti 2,3 milyar taun ka tukang. Sifat sterana salaku biomarker eukariot langkung rumit ku produksi stérol ku sababaraha baktéri.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wei JH, Yin X, Welander PV |title=Sterol Synthesis in Diverse Bacteria |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |pages=990 |date=2016-06-24 |pmid=27446030 |pmc=4919349 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00990 |doi-access=free |authorlink3=Paula V. Welander }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoshino Y, Gaucher EA |title=Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=25 |pages=e2101276118 |date=June 2021 |pmid=34131078 |pmc=8237579 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101276118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801276H |doi-access=free }}</ref> Iraha waé asal-usulna, eukariot bisa jadi teu jadi dominan sacara ékologis nepi ka engké; kanaékan masif dina komposisi séng sédimén laut 800 juta taun ka tukang geus dikaitkeun kana kabangkitan populasi badag eukariota, nu preferentially meakeun jeung ngasupkeun séng relatif ka prokariot, kira-kira samilyar taun sanggeus asal maranéhanana (paling panganyarna)<ref name="pmid29869832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Isson TT, Love GD, Dupont CL, Reinhard CT, Zumberge AJ, Asael D, Gueguen B, McCrow J, Gill BC, Owens J, Rainbird RH, Rooney AD, Zhao MY, Stueeken EE, Konhauser KO, John SG, Lyons TW, Planavsky NJ |display-authors=3 |title=Tracking the rise of eukaryotes to ecological dominance with zinc isotopes |journal=Geobiology |volume=16|issue=4|pages=341–352|date=June 2018 |pmid=29869832 |doi=10.1111/gbi.12289 |bibcode=2018Gbio...16..341I |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Élmu alam]] [[Kategori:Élmu]] rtgoggxeanllrrohyr7l377rkn7lph3 0 106153 730865 712334 2026-10-28T20:37:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730865 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina biologi molekular, '''RNA nukleolar leutik SNORD106 sareng SNORD12''' (ogé katelah '''U106''' sareng '''HBII-99''' masing-masing) mangrupikeun dua snoRNA anu aya hubunganana sareng kalebet kelas C/D tina RNA nukleolar leutik (snoRNA). Duanana ngandung motif runtuyan kotak C (UGAUGA) jeung D (CUGA) anu dilestarikan <ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2003|title=Identification of 13 novel human modification guide RNAs|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=31|issue=22|pages=6543–51|doi=10.1093/nar/gkg849|pmc=275545|pmid=14602913|coauthors=Vitali P, Royo H, Seitz H, Bachellerie JP, Hüttenhofer A, Cavaillé J}}</ref>{{Infobox rfam|Name=Small nucleolar SNORD12/SNORD106|image=RF00581.jpg|width=|caption=Predicted [[secondary structure]] and [[sequence conservation]] of SNORD12|Symbol=SNORD12|AltSymbols=SNORD106; snoHBII-99|Rfam=RF00581|miRBase=|miRBase_family=|RNA_type=[[Gene]]; [[Small nuclear RNA|snRNA]]; [[Small nucleolar RNA|snoRNA]]; C/D-box|Tax_domain=[[Eukaryota]]|GO={{GO|0006396}} {{GO|0005730}}|SO={{SO|0000593}}|CAS_number=|EntrezGene=|HGNCid=|OMIM=|PDB=|RefSeq=|Chromosome=|Arm=|Band=|LocusSupplementaryData=}}Manusa SNORD12 (HBII-99) nyaéta homolog mouse snoRNA MBII-99. Dina manusa, duanana snoRNA HB11-99 sareng U106 ngabagi gén host anu sami. <ref name="pmid16381836">{{Cite journal|date=January 2006|title=snoRNA-LBME-db, a comprehensive database of human H/ACA and C/D box snoRNAs|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=34|issue=Database issue|pages=D158-62|doi=10.1093/nar/gkj002|pmc=1347365|pmid=16381836|coauthors=Lestrade L, Weber MJ}}</ref> <ref name="pmid21460236">{{Cite journal|date=May 2011|title=SNORD-host RNA Zfas1 is a regulator of mammary development and a potential marker for breast cancer|journal=RNA|volume=17|issue=5|pages=878–91|doi=10.1261/rna.2528811|pmc=3078737|pmid=21460236|coauthors=Askarian-Amiri ME, Crawford J, French JD, Smart CE, Smith MA, Clark MB, Ru K, Mercer TR, Thompson ER, Lakhani SR, Vargas AC, Campbell IG, Brown MA, Dinger ME, Mattick JS}}</ref> euseueurna anggota kulawarga kotak C/D berpungsi dina ngarahkeun métilasi 2'-O-spésifik situs RNA substrat. HBII-99 diprediksi bakal nungtun metilasi 2'O-ribosa tina 28S rRNA G3878. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2001|title=RNomics: an experimental approach that identifies 201 candidates for novel, small, non-messenger RNAs in mouse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_embo-journal_2001-06-01_20_11/page/2943|journal=The EMBO Journal|volume=20|issue=11|pages=2943–53|doi=10.1093/emboj/20.11.2943|pmc=125495|pmid=11387227|coauthors=Hüttenhofer A, Kiefmann M, Meier-Ewert S, O'Brien J, Lehrach H, Bachellerie JP, Brosius J}}</ref> U106 ngandung unsur antisense anu dilestarikan anu bakal ngaramalkeun résidu métilat U106 G1536 sareng U1602 tina 18S rRNA . <ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2002|title=Small nucleolar RNAs: an abundant group of noncoding RNAs with diverse cellular functions|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2002-04-19_109_2/page/n32|journal=Cell|volume=109|issue=2|pages=145–8|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00718-3|pmid=12007400|archiveurl=free|coauthors=Kiss T}}</ref> Nanging, udagan-udagan ieu henteu katingalina dimétilasi sareng U106 tiasa dianggo salaku chaperone RNA salami lipatan rRNA. <ref name="pmid16381836" /> A peran sarupa geus ngusulkeun pikeun H / ACA snoRNAs U17a na U17b <ref name="pmid16381836" /> py7wwqz6dfhds67qz6gy1bai986day3 0 107681 730876 729489 2026-10-28T21:09:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Genetics sidebar}}   [[Gambar:Environmental_shotgun_sequencing.png|jmpl|Dina métagénomik, bahan genetik ( [[DNA]], '''C''' ) diekstrak langsung tina sampel nu dicokot ti lingkungan (misalna taneuh, cai laut, usus manusa, '''A''' ) sanggeus nyaring ( '''B''' ), sarta diurutkeun ( '''E''' ) sanggeus multiplikasi ku kloning ( '''D''' ) dina pendekatan nu disebut shotgun sequencing . Runtuyan pondok ieu lajeng bisa dihijikeun deui ngagunakeun métode assembly ( '''F''' ) pikeun deduce génom individu atawa bagéan génom nu mangrupakeun sampel lingkungan aslina. Inpormasi ieu teras tiasa dianggo pikeun ngulik karagaman spésiés sareng poténsi fungsional komunitas mikroba lingkungan. ]] '''Métagénomika''' nyaéta ulikan ngeunaan sakabéh bahan [[Génétika|génétik]] ti sakabéh [[organismeu]] dina hiji lingkungan, anu nyadiakeun wawasan ngeunaan komposisi pangeusina, karageman, sarta poténsi pungsionalna. Métagénomika geus ngamungkinkeun para panalungtik pikeun ngimeutan kandungan mikroba sampel [[Lingkungan hirup|lingkungan]] jeung klinis tanpa perlu ngultur anu méakkeun waktu. Métagénomika geus ngarobah ékologi mikroba jeung biologi évolusionér ku ngungkab kapabilitas biodiversitas jeung métabolik anu saméméhna nyumput. Ku turunna biaya sekuensing DNA, kiwari studi métagénomik geus matuh ngimeutan ratusan dugi ka rébuan conto, ngamungkinkeun éksplorasi komunitas mikroba skala gedé katut peranna dina kaséhatan sareng ékosistem global. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Pinto|first=Yishay|last2=Bhatt|first2=Ami S.|date=December 2024|title=Sequencing-based analysis of microbiomes|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-024-00746-6|journal=Nature Reviews Genetics|language=en|volume=25|issue=12|pages=829–845|doi=10.1038/s41576-024-00746-6|issn=1471-0064|pmid=38918544}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Luke R.|last2=Sanders|first2=Jon G.|last3=McDonald|first3=Daniel|last4=Amir|first4=Amnon|last5=Ladau|first5=Joshua|last6=Locey|first6=Kenneth J.|last7=Prill|first7=Robert J.|last8=Tripathi|first8=Anupriya|last9=Gibbons|first9=Sean M.|date=November 2017|title=A communal catalogue reveals Earth's multiscale microbial diversity|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2017-11-23_551_7681/page/457|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=551|issue=7681|pages=457–463|bibcode=2017Natur.551..457T|doi=10.1038/nature24621|issn=1476-4687|pmc=6192678|pmid=29088705}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stewart|first=Christopher J.|last2=Ajami|first2=Nadim J.|last3=O’Brien|first3=Jacqueline L.|last4=Hutchinson|first4=Diane S.|last5=Smith|first5=Daniel P.|last6=Wong|first6=Matthew C.|last7=Ross|first7=Matthew C.|last8=Lloyd|first8=Richard E.|last9=Doddapaneni|first9=HarshaVardhan|date=October 2018|title=Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=562|issue=7728|pages=583–588|bibcode=2018Natur.562..583S|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0617-x|issn=1476-4687|pmc=6415775|pmid=30356187}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carlino|first=Niccolò|last2=Blanco-Míguez|first2=Aitor|last3=Punčochář|first3=Michal|last4=Mengoni|first4=Claudia|last5=Pinto|first5=Federica|last6=Tatti|first6=Alessia|last7=Manghi|first7=Paolo|last8=Armanini|first8=Federica|last9=Avagliano|first9=Michele|date=2024-10-03|title=Unexplored microbial diversity from 2,500 food metagenomes and links with the human microbiome|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286742400833X|journal=Cell|volume=187|issue=20|pages=5775–5795.e15|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.039|issn=0092-8674|pmid=39214080}}</ref> Panalungtikan métagénomik biasana maké sékuénsing shotgun atawa sekuensing bacaan panjang (<nowiki><i>long-read</i></nowiki>).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Luke R.|last2=Sanders|first2=Jon G.|last3=McDonald|first3=Daniel|last4=Amir|first4=Amnon|last5=Ladau|first5=Joshua|last6=Locey|first6=Kenneth J.|last7=Prill|first7=Robert J.|last8=Tripathi|first8=Anupriya|last9=Gibbons|first9=Sean M.|date=November 2017|title=A communal catalogue reveals Earth's multiscale microbial diversity|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=551|issue=7681|pages=457–463|bibcode=2017Natur.551..457T|doi=10.1038/nature24621|issn=1476-4687|pmc=6192678|pmid=29088705}}</ref> Widang ieu ogé disebut salaku '''génomika lingkungan''', '''ékogénomika''', '''génomika komunitas''', atanapi '''mikrobiomika''' anu geus muka pangaweruh ngeunaan kahirupan mikroba saluareun anu biasa diungkabkeun ku cara kultur tradisional. Métagénomika béda ti sekuensing amplikon, katelah ogé métabarkoding atawa sekuensing dumasar PCR.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Luke R.|last2=Sanders|first2=Jon G.|last3=McDonald|first3=Daniel|last4=Amir|first4=Amnon|last5=Ladau|first5=Joshua|last6=Locey|first6=Kenneth J.|last7=Prill|first7=Robert J.|last8=Tripathi|first8=Anupriya|last9=Gibbons|first9=Sean M.|date=November 2017|title=A communal catalogue reveals Earth's multiscale microbial diversity|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=551|issue=7681|pages=457–463|bibcode=2017Natur.551..457T|doi=10.1038/nature24621|issn=1476-4687|pmc=6192678|pmid=29088705}}</ref> Béda utamana nyaéta métodologi dasarna, sabab métagénomika nargétkeun sakabéh DNA dina sampel, anapon sekuénsing amplikon mah husus nargétkeun hiji atawa sababaraha gén husus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stewart|first=Christopher J.|last2=Ajami|first2=Nadim J.|last3=O’Brien|first3=Jacqueline L.|last4=Hutchinson|first4=Diane S.|last5=Smith|first5=Daniel P.|last6=Wong|first6=Matthew C.|last7=Ross|first7=Matthew C.|last8=Lloyd|first8=Richard E.|last9=Doddapaneni|first9=HarshaVardhan|date=October 2018|title=Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=562|issue=7728|pages=583–588|bibcode=2018Natur.562..583S|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0617-x|issn=1476-4687|pmc=6415775|pmid=30356187}}</ref> Pamakéan data ogé béda antara dua pendekatan ieu. Sékuénsing amplikon nyadiakeun utamana propil komunitas anu ngawincik taksa nu hadir dina sampel, anapon métagénomika ngawengku ogé énzim jeung jalurna anu disandina.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carlino|first=Niccolò|last2=Blanco-Míguez|first2=Aitor|last3=Punčochář|first3=Michal|last4=Mengoni|first4=Claudia|last5=Pinto|first5=Federica|last6=Tatti|first6=Alessia|last7=Manghi|first7=Paolo|last8=Armanini|first8=Federica|last9=Avagliano|first9=Michele|date=2024-10-03|title=Unexplored microbial diversity from 2,500 food metagenomes and links with the human microbiome|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286742400833X|journal=Cell|volume=187|issue=20|pages=5775–5795.e15|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.039|issn=0092-8674|pmid=39214080}}</ref> Ti heula, sékuénsing amplikon remen dipaké sékuénsing sampel lingkungan pikeun mariksa gén spésipik anu kajaga (''conserved''), kayaning gén rRNA 16S, pikeun nempo profil karageman mikroba. Ieu panalungtikan nunjukkeun yén kalolobaan karageman mikroba teu kabaca ku cara kultur. == Tempo ogé == * Binning * Epidemiologi sareng limbah * Métaproteomik * Ékologi mikroba * Patogenomik * Analisis Virome == Réferénsi == {{Reflist|2|refs=<ref name="Hugenholz1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR | title = Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 180 | issue = 18 | pages = 4765–74 | date = September 1998 | doi = 10.1128/JB.180.18.4765-4774.1998 | pmid = 9733676 | pmc = 107498}}</ref> <ref name="Eisen2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eisen JA | title = Environmental shotgun sequencing: its potential and challenges for studying the hidden world of microbes | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | page = e82 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17355177 | pmc = 1821061 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050082 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="Handelsman1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Handelsman J, Rondon MR, Brady SF, Clardy J, Goodman RM | title = Molecular biological access to the chemistry of unknown soil microbes: a new frontier for natural products | journal = Chemistry & Biology | volume = 5 | issue = 10 | pages = R245-9 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 9818143 | doi = 10.1016/S1074-5521(98)90108-9 | doi-access = free}}.</ref> <ref name="Chen2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen K, Pachter L | title = Bioinformatics for whole-genome shotgun sequencing of microbial communities | journal = PLOS Computational Biology | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 106–12 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16110337 | pmc = 1185649 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010024 | bibcode = 2005PLSCB...1...24C | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="Lane1985">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lane DJ, Pace B, Olsen GJ, Stahl DA, Sogin ML, Pace NR | title = Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1985-10_82_20/page/6955 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 82 | issue = 20 | pages = 6955–9 | date = October 1985 | pmid = 2413450 | pmc = 391288 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.82.20.6955 | bibcode = 1985PNAS...82.6955L | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="Pace1991">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt TM, DeLong EF, Pace NR | title = Analysis of a marine picoplankton community by 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bacteriology_1991-07_173_14/page/4371 | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 173 | issue = 14 | pages = 4371–8 | date = July 1991 | pmid = 2066334 | pmc = 208098 | doi = 10.1128/jb.173.14.4371-4378.1991 | author-link = Norman R. Pace}}</ref> <ref name="Healy1995">{{cite journal | vauthors = Healy FG, Ray RM, Aldrich HC, Wilkie AC, Ingram LO, Shanmugam KT | title = Direct isolation of functional genes encoding cellulases from the microbial consortia in a thermophilic, anaerobic digester maintained on lignocellulose | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-microbiology-and-biotechnology_august-september-1995_43_4/page/667 | journal = Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 667–74 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7546604 | doi = 10.1007/BF00164771 | s2cid = 31384119}}</ref> <ref name="Stein1996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stein JL, Marsh TL, Wu KY, Shizuya H, DeLong EF | title = Characterization of uncultivated prokaryotes: isolation and analysis of a 40-kilobase-pair genome fragment from a planktonic marine archaeon | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bacteriology_1996-02_178_3/page/591 | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 178 | issue = 3 | pages = 591–9 | date = February 1996 | pmid = 8550487 | pmc = 177699 | doi = 10.1128/jb.178.3.591-599.1996}}</ref> <ref name="Beja2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Béjà O, Suzuki MT, Koonin EV, Aravind L, Hadd A, Nguyen LP, Villacorta R, Amjadi M, Garrigues C, Jovanovich SB, Feldman RA, DeLong EF | display-authors = 6 | title = Construction and analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries from a marine microbial assemblage | journal = Environmental Microbiology | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = 516–29 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 11233160 | doi = 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00133.x | bibcode = 2000EnvMi...2..516B | s2cid = 8267748}}</ref> <ref name="Tyson2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tyson GW, Chapman J, Hugenholtz P, Allen EE, Ram RJ, Richardson PM, Solovyev VV, Rubin EM, Rokhsar DS, Banfield JF | display-authors = 6 | title = Community structure and metabolism through reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-03-04_428_6978/page/37 | journal = Nature | volume = 428 | issue = 6978 | pages = 37–43 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 14961025 | doi = 10.1038/nature02340 | bibcode = 2004Natur.428...37T | s2cid = 4420754}}{{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="Breitbart2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Breitbart M, Salamon P, Andresen B, Mahaffy JM, Segall AM, Mead D, Azam F, Rohwer F | display-authors = 6 | title = Genomic analysis of uncultured marine viral communities | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2002-10-29_99_22/page/14250 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 99 | issue = 22 | pages = 14250–5 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12384570 | pmc = 137870 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.202488399 | bibcode = 2002PNAS...9914250B | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="Hugenholz2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hugenholtz P | title = Exploring prokaryotic diversity in the genomic era | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | article-number = REVIEWS0003 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11864374 | pmc = 139013 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2002-3-2-reviews0003 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="Poinar2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Poinar HN, Schwarz C, Qi J, Shapiro B, Macphee RD, Buigues B, Tikhonov A, Huson DH, Tomsho LP, Auch A, Rampp M, Miller W, Schuster SC | display-authors = 6 | title = Metagenomics to paleogenomics: large-scale sequencing of mammoth DNA | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-01-20_311_5759/page/392 | journal = Science | volume = 311 | issue = 5759 | pages = 392–4 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16368896 | doi = 10.1126/science.1123360 | bibcode = 2006Sci...311..392P | s2cid = 11238470}}</ref> <ref name="Edwards2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Edwards RA, Rodriguez-Brito B, Wegley L, Haynes M, Breitbart M, Peterson DM, Saar MO, Alexander S, Alexander EC, Rohwer F | display-authors = 6 | title = Using pyrosequencing to shed light on deep mine microbial ecology | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 7 | article-number = 57 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16549033 | pmc = 1483832 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-7-57 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="rodrigue2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodrigue S, Materna AC, Timberlake SC, Blackburn MC, Malmstrom RR, Alm EJ, Chisholm SW | title = Unlocking short read sequencing for metagenomics | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 7 | article-number = e11840 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20676378 | pmc = 2911387 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0011840 | veditors = Gilbert JA | bibcode = 2010PLoSO...511840R | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="schuster2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schuster SC | title = Next-generation sequencing transforms today's biology | journal = Nature Methods | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–8 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18165802 | doi = 10.1038/nmeth1156 | s2cid = 1465786}}</ref> <ref name="nmeth2009">{{Cite journal | title = Metagenomics versus Moore's law | journal = Nature Methods | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | page = 623 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1038/nmeth0909-623| doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="Burton2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burton JN, Liachko I, Dunham MJ, Shendure J | title = Species-level deconvolution of metagenome assemblies with Hi-C-based contact probability maps | journal = G3 | volume = 4 | issue = 7 | pages = 1339–46 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24855317 | pmc = 4455782 | doi = 10.1534/g3.114.011825}}</ref> <ref name="wooley2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wooley JC, Godzik A, Friedberg I | title = A primer on metagenomics | journal = PLOS Computational Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | article-number = e1000667 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20195499 | pmc = 2829047 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667 | veditors = Bourne PE | bibcode = 2010PLSCB...6E0667W | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="hess2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hess M, Sczyrba A, Egan R, Kim TW, Chokhawala H, Schroth G, Luo S, Clark DS, Chen F, Zhang T, Mackie RI, Pennacchio LA, Tringe SG, Visel A, Woyke T, Wang Z, Rubin EM | display-authors = 6 | title = Metagenomic discovery of biomass-degrading genes and genomes from cow rumen | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-01-28_331_6016/page/463 | journal = Science | volume = 331 | issue = 6016 | pages = 463–7 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21273488 | doi = 10.1126/science.1200387 | bibcode = 2011Sci...331..463H | s2cid = 36572885}}</ref> <ref name="qin2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, Mende DR, Li J, Xu J, Li S, Li D, Cao J, Wang B, Liang H, Zheng H, Xie Y, Tap J, Lepage P, Bertalan M, Batto JM, Hansen T, Le Paslier D, Linneberg A, Nielsen HB, Pelletier E, Renault P, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Turner K, Zhu H, Yu C, Li S, Jian M, Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Li S, Qin N, Yang H, Wang J, Brunak S, Doré J, Guarner F, Kristiansen K, Pedersen O, Parkhill J, Weissenbach J, Bork P, Ehrlich SD, Wang J | display-authors = 6 | title = A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing | journal = Nature | volume = 464 | issue = 7285 | pages = 59–65 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20203603 | pmc = 3779803 | doi = 10.1038/nature08821 | bibcode = 2010Natur.464...59.}}{{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="committee2007">{{Cite book | publisher = The National Academies Press | isbn = 978-0-309-10676-4 | last = Committee on Metagenomics: Challenges and Functional Applications, National Research Council | title = The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2007 | url = http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11902.html | doi = 10.17226/11902 | pmid = 21678629 | bibcode = 2007nap..book11902N }}</ref> <ref name="koonin2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kunin V, Copeland A, Lapidus A, Mavromatis K, Hugenholtz P | title = A bioinformatician's guide to metagenomics | journal = Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | volume = 72 | issue = 4 | pages = 557–78, Table of Contents | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19052320 | pmc = 2593568 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.00009-08}}</ref> <ref name="MEGAN2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huson DH, Mitra S, Ruscheweyh HJ, Weber N, Schuster SC | title = Integrative analysis of environmental sequences using MEGAN4 | journal = Genome Research | volume = 21 | issue = 9 | pages = 1552–60 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21690186 | pmc = 3166839 | doi = 10.1101/gr.120618.111}}</ref> <ref name="sunagawa2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sunagawa S, Mende DR, Zeller G, Izquierdo-Carrasco F, Berger SA, Kultima JR, Coelho LP, Arumugam M, Tap J, Nielsen HB, Rasmussen S, Brunak S, Pedersen O, Guarner F, de Vos WM, Wang J, Li J, Doré J, Ehrlich SD, Stamatakis A, Bork P | display-authors = 6 | title = Metagenomic species profiling using universal phylogenetic marker genes | url = https://archive.org/details/nature-methods_2013-12_10_12/page/1196 | journal = Nature Methods | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 1196–9 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24141494 | doi = 10.1038/nmeth.2693 | s2cid = 7728395}}</ref> <ref name="milanese2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Milanese A, Mende DR, Paoli L, Salazar G, Ruscheweyh HJ, Cuenca M, Hingamp P, Alves R, Costea PI, Coelho LP, Schmidt TS, Almeida A, Mitchell AL, Finn RD, Huerta-Cepas J, Bork P, Zeller G, Sunagawa S | display-authors = 6 | title = Microbial abundance, activity and population genomic profiling with mOTUs2 | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | article-number = 1014 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30833550 | pmc = 6399450 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-019-08844-4 | bibcode = 2019NatCo..10.1014M}}</ref> <ref name="liu2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu B, Gibbons T, Ghodsi M, Treangen T, Pop M | title = Accurate and fast estimation of taxonomic profiles from metagenomic shotgun sequences | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 12 | article-number = S4 | year = 2011 | issue = Suppl 2 | pmid = 21989143 | pmc = 3194235 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-12-S2-S4 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="konopka2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Konopka A | title = What is microbial community ecology? | journal = The ISME Journal | volume = 3 | issue = 11 | pages = 1223–30 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19657372 | doi = 10.1038/ismej.2009.88 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009ISMEJ...3.1223K}}</ref> <ref name="MEGAN2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huson DH, Auch AF, Qi J, Schuster SC | title = MEGAN analysis of metagenomic data | journal = Genome Research | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–86 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17255551 | pmc = 1800929 | doi = 10.1101/gr.5969107}}</ref> <ref name="kurokawa2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kurokawa K, Itoh T, Kuwahara T, Oshima K, Toh H, Toyoda A, Takami H, Morita H, Sharma VK, Srivastava TP, Taylor TD, Noguchi H, Mori H, Ogura Y, Ehrlich DS, Itoh K, Takagi T, Sakaki Y, Hayashi T, Hattori M | display-authors = 6 | title = Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes | journal = DNA Research | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 169–81 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17916580 | pmc = 2533590 | doi = 10.1093/dnares/dsm018 | url =}}</ref> <ref name="simon2009a">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simon C, Daniel R | title = Achievements and new knowledge unraveled by metagenomic approaches | journal = Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 265–76 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19760178 | pmc = 2773367 | doi = 10.1007/s00253-009-2233-z}}</ref> <ref name="simon2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simon C, Daniel R | title = Metagenomic analyses: past and future trends | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 77 | issue = 4 | pages = 1153–61 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21169428 | pmc = 3067235 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.02345-10 | bibcode = 2011ApEnM..77.1153S}}</ref> <ref name="werner2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Werner JJ, Knights D, Garcia ML, Scalfone NB, Smith S, Yarasheski K, Cummings TA, Beers AR, Knight R, Angenent LT | display-authors = 6 | title = Bacterial community structures are unique and resilient in full-scale bioenergy systems | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2011-03-08_108_10/page/4158 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 108 | issue = 10 | pages = 4158–63 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21368115 | pmc = 3053989 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1015676108 | bibcode = 2011PNAS..108.4158W | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="mcinerney2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = McInerney MJ, Sieber JR, Gunsalus RP | title = Syntrophy in anaerobic global carbon cycles | journal = Current Opinion in Biotechnology | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 623–32 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19897353 | pmc = 2790021 | doi = 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.10.001}}</ref> <ref name="kiltgord2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Klitgord N, Segrè D | title = Ecosystems biology of microbial metabolism | journal = Current Opinion in Biotechnology | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 541–6 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21592777 | doi = 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.04.018 | bibcode = 2011COBt...22..541K}}</ref> <ref name="leininger2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leininger S, Urich T, Schloter M, Schwark L, Qi J, Nicol GW, Prosser JI, Schuster SC, Schleper C | display-authors = 6 | title = Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-08-17_442_7104/page/806 | journal = Nature | volume = 442 | issue = 7104 | pages = 806–9 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16915287 | doi = 10.1038/nature04983 | bibcode = 2006Natur.442..806L | s2cid = 4380804 | author-link7 = James I. Prosser}}</ref> <ref name="Kristensen">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kristensen DM, Mushegian AR, Dolja VV, Koonin EV | title = New dimensions of the virus world discovered through metagenomics | journal = Trends in Microbiology | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–9 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 19942437 | pmc = 3293453 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2009.11.003}}</ref> <ref name="Venter2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Venter JC, Remington K, Heidelberg JF, Halpern AL, Rusch D, Eisen JA, Wu D, Paulsen I, Nelson KE, Nelson W, Fouts DE, Levy S, Knap AH, Lomas MW, Nealson K, White O, Peterson J, Hoffman J, Parsons R, Baden-Tillson H, Pfannkoch C, Rogers YH, Smith HO | display-authors = 6 | title = Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea | journal = Science | volume = 304 | issue = 5667 | pages = 66–74 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15001713 | doi = 10.1126/science.1093857 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.124.1840 | bibcode = 2004Sci...304...66V | s2cid = 1454587}}</ref> <ref name="yooseph2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yooseph S, Nealson KH, Rusch DB, McCrow JP, Dupont CL, Kim M, Johnson J, Montgomery R, Ferriera S, Beeson K, Williamson SJ, Tovchigrechko A, Allen AE, Zeigler LA, Sutton G, Eisenstadt E, Rogers YH, Friedman R, Frazier M, Venter JC | display-authors = 6 | title = Genomic and functional adaptation in surface ocean planktonic prokaryotes | journal = Nature | volume = 468 | issue = 7320 | pages = 60–6 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21048761 | doi = 10.1038/nature09530 | bibcode = 2010Natur.468...60Y | doi-access = free}}{{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="zimmer2010">{{cite news|last=Zimmer|first=Carl | name-list-style = vanc |title=How Microbes Defend and Define Us|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/science/13micro.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all|access-date=29 December 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=13 July 2010}}</ref> <ref name="NelsonWhite">{{cite book |author= Nelson KE and White BA |year=2010|chapter=Metagenomics and Its Applications to the Study of the Human Microbiome|title=Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn= 978-1-904455-54-7}}</ref> <ref name="li2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li LL, McCorkle SR, Monchy S, Taghavi S, van der Lelie D | title = Bioprospecting metagenomes: glycosyl hydrolases for converting biomass | journal = Biotechnology for Biofuels | volume = 2 | article-number = 10 | date = May 2009 | issue = 1 | pmid = 19450243 | pmc = 2694162 | doi = 10.1186/1754-6834-2-10 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009BB......2...10L}}</ref> <ref name="jaenicke2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jaenicke S, Ander C, Bekel T, Bisdorf R, Dröge M, Gartemann KH, Jünemann S, Kaiser O, Krause L, Tille F, Zakrzewski M, Pühler A, Schlüter A, Goesmann A | display-authors = 6 | title = Comparative and joint analysis of two metagenomic datasets from a biogas fermenter obtained by 454-pyrosequencing | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | article-number = e14519 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21297863 | pmc = 3027613 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0014519 | veditors = Aziz RK | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...614519J | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="suen2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Suen G, Scott JJ, Aylward FO, Adams SM, Tringe SG, Pinto-Tomás AA, Foster CE, Pauly M, Weimer PJ, Barry KW, Goodwin LA, Bouffard P, Li L, Osterberger J, Harkins TT, Slater SC, Donohue TJ, Currie CR | display-authors = 6 | title = An insect herbivore microbiome with high plant biomass-degrading capacity | journal = PLOS Genetics | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | article-number = e1001129 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20885794 | pmc = 2944797 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001129 | veditors = Sonnenburg J | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="george2010">{{cite book | vauthors = George I, Stenuit B, Agathos SN |year=2010|chapter=Application of Metagenomics to Bioremediation | veditors = Marco D |title=Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn= 978-1-904455-54-7}}</ref> <ref name="booklet2007">{{Cite conference | publisher = The National Academies Press | last = Committee on Metagenomics: Challenges and Functional Applications, National Research Council | title = Understanding Our Microbial Planet: The New Science of Metagenomics | year = 2007 | url = http://dels-old.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/metagenomics_final.pdf | access-date = 30 December 2011 | archive-date = 30 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121030063805/http://dels-old.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/metagenomics_final.pdf | url-status = dead}}</ref> <ref name="wong2010">{{cite book |author= Wong D |year=2010 |chapter=Applications of Metagenomics for Industrial Bioproducts|title=Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications |publisher=Caister Academic Press |isbn= 978-1-904455-54-7}}</ref> <ref name="schloss2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schloss PD, Handelsman J | title = Biotechnological prospects from metagenomics | journal = Current Opinion in Biotechnology | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 303–10 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12849784 | doi = 10.1016/S0958-1669(03)00067-3 | url = http://handelsmanlab.sites.yale.edu/sites/default/files/Biotechnological%20prospects%20from%20metagenomics.pdf | access-date = 20 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024004/http://handelsmanlab.sites.yale.edu/sites/default/files/Biotechnological%20prospects%20from%20metagenomics.pdf | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024004/http://handelsmanlab.sites.yale.edu/sites/default/files/Biotechnological%20prospects%20from%20metagenomics.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> <ref name="Zhu2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu W, Lomsadze A, Borodovsky M | title = Ab initio gene identification in metagenomic sequences | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 38 | issue = 12 | page = e132 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20403810 | pmc = 2896542 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkq275}}</ref> <ref name="kakirde2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kakirde KS, Parsley LC, Liles MR | title = Size Does Matter: Application-driven Approaches for Soil Metagenomics | journal = Soil Biology & Biochemistry | volume = 42 | issue = 11 | pages = 1911–1923 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21076656 | pmc = 2976544 | doi = 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.07.021 | bibcode = 2010SBiBi..42.1911K}}</ref> <ref name="parachin2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Parachin NS, Gorwa-Grauslund MF | title = Isolation of xylose isomerases by sequence- and function-based screening from a soil metagenomic library | journal = Biotechnology for Biofuels | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | page = 9 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21545702 | pmc = 3113934 | doi = 10.1186/1754-6834-4-9 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011BB......4....9P}}</ref> <ref name="paulson2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulson JN, Stine OC, Bravo HC, Pop M | title = Differential abundance analysis for microbial marker-gene surveys | journal = Nature Methods | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 1200–2 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24076764 | pmc = 4010126 | doi = 10.1038/nmeth.2658}}</ref> <ref name="segata2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Segata N, Waldron L, Ballarini A, Narasimhan V, Jousson O, Huttenhower C | title = Metagenomic microbial community profiling using unique clade-specific marker genes | journal = Nature Methods | volume = 9 | issue = 8 | pages = 811–4 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22688413 | pmc = 3443552 | doi = 10.1038/nmeth.2066}}</ref> <ref name="segata2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Segata N, Boernigen D, Tickle TL, Morgan XC, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C | title = Computational meta'omics for microbial community studies | journal = Molecular Systems Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 666 | article-number = 666 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23670539 | pmc = 4039370 | doi = 10.1038/msb.2013.22}}</ref> <ref name="DadiRenard2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dadi TH, Renard BY, Wieler LH, Semmler T, Reinert K | title = SLIMM: species level identification of microorganisms from metagenomes | journal = PeerJ | volume = 5 | article-number = e3138 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28367376 | pmc = 5372838 | doi = 10.7717/peerj.3138 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="jansson2011">{{Cite news | volume = 6 | issue = 7 | page = 309 | last = Jansson | first = Janet | name-list-style = vanc | title = Towards "Tera-Terra": Terabase Sequencing of Terrestrial Metagenomes Print E-mail | work = Microbe | year = 2011 | url = http://www.microbemagazine.org/index.php/07-2011-home/3553-towards-tera-terra-terabase-sequencing-of-terrestrial-metagenomes | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120331040553/http://www.microbemagazine.org/index.php/07-2011-home/3553-towards-tera-terra-terabase-sequencing-of-terrestrial-metagenomes | archive-date = 31 March 2012 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> <ref name="vogel2009">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Vogel TM, Simonet P, Jansson JK, Hirsch PR, Tiedje JM, Van Elsas JD, Bailey MJ, Nalin R, Philippot L | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2119 | title = TerraGenome: A consortium for the sequencing of a soil metagenome | journal = Nature Reviews Microbiology | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | page = 252 | year = 2009 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="terra">{{cite web | title = TerraGenome Homepage | work = TerraGenome international sequencing consortium | access-date = 30 December 2011 | url = http://www.terragenome.org/}}</ref> <ref name="charles2010">{{cite book | vauthors = Charles T|year=2010|chapter=The Potential for Investigation of Plant-microbe Interactions Using Metagenomics Methods|title=Metagenomics: Theory, Methods and Applications|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn= 978-1-904455-54-7}}</ref> <ref name="Perez">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pérez-Cobas AE, Gomez-Valero L, Buchrieser C | title = Metagenomic approaches in microbial ecology: an update on whole-genome and marker gene sequencing analyses | journal = Microbial Genomics | date = 2020 | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pmid = 32706331 | doi = 10.1099/mgen.0.000409 | pmc = 7641418 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="mende">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mende DR, Waller AS, Sunagawa S, Järvelin AI, Chan MM, Arumugam M, Raes J, Bork P | display-authors = 6 | title = Assessment of metagenomic assembly using simulated next generation sequencing data | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | article-number = e31386 | date = 23 February 2012 | pmid = 22384016 | pmc = 3285633 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0031386 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...731386M | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="connectome">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kerepesi C, Grolmusz V | title = Giant viruses of the Kutch Desert | journal = Archives of Virology | volume = 161 | issue = 3 | pages = 721–4 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26666442 | doi = 10.1007/s00705-015-2720-8 | arxiv = 1410.1278 | s2cid = 13145926}}</ref> <ref name="kettes">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kerepesi C, Grolmusz V | title = The "Giant Virus Finder" discovers an abundance of giant viruses in the Antarctic dry valleys | journal = Archives of Virology | volume = 162 | issue = 6 | pages = 1671–1676 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28247094 | doi = 10.1007/s00705-017-3286-4 | arxiv = 1503.05575 | s2cid = 1925728}}</ref> <ref name="Hover_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hover BM, Kim SH, Katz M, Charlop-Powers Z, Owen JG, Ternei MA, Maniko J, Estrela AB, Molina H, Park S, Perlin DS, Brady SF | display-authors = 6 | title = Culture-independent discovery of the malacidins as calcium-dependent antibiotics with activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens | journal = Nature Microbiology | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 415–422 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29434326 | pmc = 5874163 | doi = 10.1038/s41564-018-0110-1}}</ref> <ref name="raes2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raes J, Letunic I, Yamada T, Jensen LJ, Bork P | title = Toward molecular trait-based ecology through integration of biogeochemical, geographical and metagenomic data | journal = Molecular Systems Biology | volume = 7 | article-number = 473 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21407210 | pmc = 3094067 | doi = 10.1038/msb.2011.6}}</ref> <ref name="lavery2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lavery TJ, Roudnew B, Seymour J, Mitchell JG, Jeffries T | title = High nutrient transport and cycling potential revealed in the microbial metagenome of Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) faeces | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | article-number = e36478 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22606263 | pmc = 3350522 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0036478 | veditors = Steinke D | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...736478L | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=Junjie |last2=Li |first2=Ruiqiang |last3=Raes |first3=Jeroen |last4=Arumugam |first4=Manimozhiyan |last5=Burgdorf |first5=Kristoffer Solvsten |last6=Manichanh |first6=Chaysavanh |last7=Nielsen |first7=Trine |last8=Pons |first8=Nicolas |last9=Levenez |first9=Florence |last10=Yamada |first10=Takuji |last11=Mende |first11=Daniel R. |last12=Li |first12=Junhua |last13=Xu |first13=Junming |last14=Li |first14=Shaochuan |last15=Li |first15=Dongfang |date=2010 |title=A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=464 |issue=7285 |pages=59–65 |doi=10.1038/nature08821 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=3779803 |pmid=20203603|bibcode=2010Natur.464...59.}}</ref> <ref name="z">{{cite journal|title=PLOS Computational Biology: Metabolic Reconstruction for Metagenomic Data and Its Application to the Human Microbiome |journal=PLOS Computational Biology |volume=8 |issue=6 |article-number=e1002358 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002358 |pmid=22719234 |pmc=3374609 |year = 2012|last1 = Abubucker|first1 = Sahar|last2=Segata |first2=Nicola |last3=Goll |first3=Johannes |last4=Schubert |first4=Alyxandria M. |last5=Izard |first5=Jacques |last6=Cantarel |first6=Brandi L. |last7=Rodriguez-Mueller |first7=Beltran |last8=Zucker |first8=Jeremy |last9=Thiagarajan |first9=Mathangi |last10=Henrissat |first10=Bernard |last11=White |first11=Owen |last12=Kelley |first12=Scott T. |last13=Methé |first13=Barbara |last14=Schloss |first14=Patrick D. |last15=Gevers |first15=Dirk |last16=Mitreva |first16=Makedonka |last17=Huttenhower |first17=Curtis |bibcode=2012PLSCB...8E2358A |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="vasilakis">{{cite journal|vauthors=Vasilakis N, Tesh RB, Popov VL, Widen SG, Wood TG, Forrester NL, Gonzalez JP, Saluzzo JF, Alkhovsky S, Lam SK, Mackenzie JS, Walker PJ|date=23 May 2019|title=Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters|journal=Viruses|volume=11|issue=5|page=471|doi=10.3390/v11050471|pmc=6563318|pmid=31126128|doi-access=free}}</ref>}} == Tautan éksternal == * [http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/focus/metagenomics/index.html Fokus kana Metagenomik] di situs wéb jurnal ''Nature Reviews Microbiology'' * [http://cami-challenge.org Inisiatif "Penilaian Kritis Interpretasi Metagenom" (CAMI)] pikeun meunteun metode dina metagenomik {{Genomics}} j11wz233atyn7dj5tyj18hja4sww8ez 0 107923 730862 712366 2026-10-28T20:34:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 730862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Monotréma<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=1–2|id=10300001}}</ref> | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Barremian|Recent|[[Kapur Awal]] ([[Barremian]]) – Ayeuna}} | image = <imagemap> File:Monotreme collage.jpg|300px rect 0 510 820 950 [[Platipus]] rect 0 950 820 1560 [[Ékhidna monyong panjang kulon]] rect 1520 510 820 950 [[Ékhidna monyong pondok]] rect 1520 950 820 1560 [[Ékhidna monyong panjang wétan]] </imagemap> | regnum = [[Amal|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mamalia]] | subclassis = [[Prototheria]] | ordo = '''Monotremata''' | authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|C.L. Bonaparte]], 1837<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonaparte |first1=C.L. |title=A New Systematic Arrangement of Vertebrated Animals |journal=Transactions of the Linnean Society of London |date=1837 |volume=18 |issue=3 |page=258 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1838.tb00177.x |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32952956}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Sub-grup | subdivision = *{{extinct}}[[Kollikodontidae]] *{{extinct}}[[Steropodontidae]] *{{extinct}}[[Teinolophidae]] *'''[[Ornithorhynchoidea]]'''<ref name="Flannery2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Flannery |first1=Timothy F. |author-link1=Tim Flannery |last2=McCurry |first2=Matthew R. |last3=Rich |first3=Thomas H. |author-link3=Tom Rich |last4=Vickers-Rich |first4=Patricia |author-link4=Patricia Vickers-Rich |last5=Smith |first5=Elizabeth T. |last6=Helgen |first6=Kristofer M. |date=2024-05-26 |title=A diverse assemblage of monotremes (Monotremata) from the Cenomanian Lightning Ridge fauna of New South Wales, Australia |journal=[[Alcheringa (journal)|Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology]] |volume=48 |issue=2 |language=en |pages=319–337 |doi=10.1080/03115518.2024.2348753 |issn=0311-5518|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Alch...48..319F }}</ref> **{{extinct}}[[Opalionidae]] **[[Ornithorhynchidae]] **[[Ékhidna|Tachyglossidae]] | range_map = Ornithorhynchoids map.jpg }} '''Monotréma''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|n|ə|t|r|iː|m|z}}) nyaéta golongan [[mamalia]] tina ordo '''Monotremata'''. Ieu sato téh hiji-hijina mamalia anu masih kénéh kumelendang kalayan baranahanana ku cara [[Oviparity|ngendog]], batan ngajuru kawas mamalia séjénna. Lima spésiés monotréma anu masih aya nepi ka kiwari nyaéta [[platypus]] sarta opat rupa [[echidna]]. Monotréma diciriikeun ku béda struktur dina uteuk, careeéham, saluran panyernaan/peujit, saluran réproduksi, sarta bagian awak séjénna upama dibandingkeun jeung mamalia saumumna. Sanajan béda jeung mamalia lian kusabab ng endog, monotréma bikang téh tetep kawas mamalia séjén dina perkara nyusuan anakna ku [[milk|susu]]. Monotréma geus dianggap ku sawatara ahli minangka anggota [[Australosphenida]], nyaéta hiji [[clade|''clade'']] anu ngawengku mamalia tumpur ti jaman [[Jurassic]] sarta [[Cretaceous]] di Madagaskar, Amérika Kidul, jeung Australia, tapi ieu papasingan téh masih jadi padu sarta [[#Taxonomy|taksonomina]] masih dipaluruh kénéh. Sakumna spésiés monotréma anu masih aya téh asalna ti [[Australia]] sarta [[New Guinea]], sanajan baheulana kungsi aya dina mangsa ''Late Cretaceous'' sarta ''Paleocene'' di bagian kidul Amérika Kidul, anu ngandung harti yén ieu sato ogé kungsi aya di Antartika sanajan sésa-sésana can kapanggih di dinya. Nami ''monotreme'' asalna tina basa Yunani {{wikt-lang|grc|μονός}} ({{Transliteration|grc|monós}} 'tunggal') sarta {{wikt-lang|grc|τρῆma}} ({{Transliteration|grc|trêma}} 'liang'), anu nujul kana [[cloaca]]. == Ciri-ciri Umum == Kawas mamalia séjénna, monotréma téh kaasup [[endotherm|''endotherm'']]ic kalayan laju métabolismé anu luhur, sanajan teu saluhur mamalia séjén; mibanda [[hair|bulu]] dina awakna; ngahasilkeun susu ngaliwatan kelenjar susu pikeun nyusuan anakna; mibanda hiji tulang dina rahang handapna; sarta mibanda tilu tulang [[middle ear|ceuli tengah]]. Sami jeung [[marsupial]], monotréma teu mibanda struktur panyambung ([[corpus callosum]]) anu dina golongan [[Placentalia|plaséntal]] mah mangrupa jalur komunikasi utama antara belahan uteuk katuhu jeung kénca.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/mammalia/monotremata/order.htm |series=Animal Bytes |title=Order Monotremata |access-date=2009-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223230609/http://seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/mammalia/monotremata/order.htm |archive-date=2010-12-23 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Nanging, [[anterior commissure|''anterior commissure'']] nyadiakeun jalur komunikasi séjén, sarta dina monotréma jeung marsupial mah ieu bagian mawa sakumna [[commissural fiber|''commissural fiber''s]] anu asalna tina [[neocortex|''neocortex'']], sedengkeun dina mamalia plaséntal mah ''anterior commissure'' ngan mawa sabagian tina éta sérat.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ann B. |last1=Butler |first2=William |last2=Hodos |title=Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kGARvykJKMC&pg=PA361 |date=2005 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-73383-6 |page=361}}</ref> Monotréma anu hirup kiwari teu mibanda huntu nalika geus sawawa. Wangun fosil sarta anak platypus mibanda huntu [[molar (tooth)|molar]] wangun ''"tribosphenic"'' (kalayan luhuran [[Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry|occlusal]] anu diwangun ku tilu [[cusp (dentistry)|tonjolan]] anu nyusun segitiga), anu mangrupa salasahiji ciri mandiri mamalia kiwari. Sababaraha panalungtikan anyar nétépkeun yén monotréma meunangkeun ieu wangun huntu sacara mandiri tina plaséntal sarta marsupial,<ref name=Luo01/> sanajan ieu hipotésis masih dipaluruh kénéh.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Weil, A. |journal=Nature |title=Mammalian evolution: Relationships to chew over |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-01-04_409_6816/page/28 |volume=409 |issue=6816 |pages=28–31 |doi=10.1038/35051199 |date=4 January 2001 |pmid=11343097|bibcode=2001Natur.409...28W |s2cid=37912232 }}</ref> Leungitna huntu dina monotréma modéren meureun aya patalina jeung mekarna kamampuh [[electrolocation|''electrolocation'']].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Masakazu Asahara |author2=Masahiro Koizumi |first3=Thomas E. |last3=Macrini |first4=Suzanne J. |last4=Hand |first5=Michael |last5=Archer |title=Comparative cranial morphology in living and extinct platypuses: Feeding behavior, electroreception, and loss of teeth |journal=Science Advances |volume=2 |issue=10 |article-number=e1601329 |year=2016 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601329 |pmid=27757425 |pmc=5061491|bibcode=2016SciA....2E1329A }}</ref> Rahang monotréma diwangun rada béda ti mamalia séjén, sarta otot anu mukakeun rahangna ogé béda. Kawas sakumna mamalia sajati, tulang-tulang leutik anu nganteurkeun sora ka ceuli tengah geus ngahiji sagemblengna kana tangkorak, batan aya dina rahang kawas dina [[cynodont]] non-mamalia sarta [[synapsida|synapsid]] lianna; ieu ciri ogé disebutkeun mekar sacara mandiri dina monotréma sarta [[theria|''theria'']]ns,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rich |first1=T.H. |last2=Hopson |first2=J.A. |last3=Musser |first3=A.M. |last4=Flannery |first4=T.F. |last5=Vickers-Rich |first5=P. |date=2005 |title=Independent origins of middle ear bones in monotremes and therians&nbsp;(I) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-02-11_307_5711/page/910 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.1105717 |pmid=15705848 |volume=307 |issue=5711 |pages=910–914 |bibcode=2005Sci...307..910R|s2cid=3048437 }}</ref> sanajan kitu, ieu hipotésis ogé masih dipadungdengkeun.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Comment on "Independent Origins of Middle Ear Bones in Monotremes and Therians" (I) |journal=Science |volume=309 |issue=5740 |pages=1492a |doi=10.1126/science.1112248 |pmid=16141050 |year=2005 |last1=Bever |first1=G.S. |last2=Rowe |first2=T. |last3=Ekdale |first3=E.G. |last4=MacRini |first4=T.E. |last5=Colbert |first5=M.W. |last6=Balanoff |first6=A.M. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Comment on "Independent Origins of Middle Ear Bones in Monotremes and Therians"&nbsp;(II) |journal=Science |volume=309 |issue=5740 |page=1492b |doi=10.1126/science.1111294 |pmid=16141051 |year=2005 |last1=Rougier |first1=G.W. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nanging, pamanggih dina spésiés tumpur ''[[Teinolophos]]'' mastikeun yén tulang ceuli anu ngagantung téh mekar sacara mandiri di antara monotréma sarta ''therians''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rich, Thomas H. |author2=Hopson, James A. |author3=Gill, Pamela G. |author4=Trusler, Peter |author5=Rogers-Davidson, Sally |author6=Morton, Steve |author7=Cifelli, Richard L. |author8=Pickering, David |author9=Kool, Lesley |author10=Siu, Karen |author11=Burgmann, Flame A. |author12=Senden, Tim |author13=Evans, Alistair R. |author14=Wagstaff, Barbara E. |author15=Seegets-Villiers, Doris |author16=Corfe, Ian J. |author17=Flannery, Timothy F. |author18=Walker, Ken |author19=Musser, Anne M. |author20=Archer, Michael |author21=Pian, Rebecca |author22=Vickers-Rich, Patricia |display-authors=6 |title=The mandible and dentition of the Early Cretaceous monotreme ''Teinolophos trusleri'' |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=475–501 |year=2016 |doi=10.1080/03115518.2016.1180034|bibcode=2016Alch...40..475R |s2cid=89034974 }}</ref> Liang ceuli luar masih kénéh perenahna dina dasar rahang. Hasil panyusunan urutan ''genome'' platypus ogé geus méré panitén ngeunaan evolusi sawatara sipat monotréma, saperti racun sarta [[electroreception|''electroreception'']], sarta némbongkeun sababaraha ciri unik anyar, nyaéta monotréma mibanda lima pasang kromosom séks anu sacara koléktif boga polah salaku sistem panangtu séks [[XY sex-determination system|XY]] tunggal — salila ''spermatogenesis'', sapuluh kromosom séks jaluna ngabentuk ranté anu piligenti antara kromosom X sarta Y, sarta sakumna X atanapi sakumna Y bakal diwariskeun bareng. Salasahiji kromosom X nyaruaan [[Z chromosome|kromosom Z]] dina manuk,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080507131453.htm |title=Platypus genome explains animal's peculiar features; holds clues to evolution of mammals |website=Sciencedaily.com |date=2008-05-07 |access-date=2011-06-09 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> anu nuduhkeun yén dua kromosom séks dina marsupial sarta plaséntal mekar sanggeus pamisahan tina garis katurunan monotréma.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Veyrunes |display-authors=etal |title=Bird-like sex chromosomes of platypus imply recent origin of mammal sex chromosomes |journal=Genome Res. |date=June 2008 |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=965–973|doi=10.1101/gr.7101908 |pmid=18463302 |pmc=2413164 }}</ref> Rekonstruksi tambahan ngaliwatan gén anu sarua dina kromosom séks ngarojong ieu hipotésis ngeunaan evolusi mandiri.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cortez |first1=Diego |last2=Marin |first2=Ray |last3=Toledo-Flores |first3=Deborah |last4=Froidevaux |first4=Laure |last5=Liechti |first5=Angélica |last6=Waters |first6=Paul D. |last7=Grützner |first7=Frank |last8=Kaessmann |first8=Henrik |title=Origins and functional evolution of Y&nbsp;chromosomes across mammals |journal=Nature |date=24 April 2014 |volume=508 |issue=7497 |pages=488–493 |doi=10.1038/nature13151 |pmid=24759410 |bibcode=2014Natur.508..488C|s2cid=4462870 }}</ref> Ieu sipat, bareng jeung sasaruaan genetik lianna jeung manuk, saperti gén anu patali jeung nendog, dianggap méré panitén ngeunaan [[most recent common ancestor|karuhun babarengan panganyarna]] tina garis katurunan [[synapsid]] anu nuju ka mamalia sarta garis katurunan [[Sauropsida|sauropsid]] anu nuju ka manuk jeung réptil modéren, anu dipercaya misah sakitar 315 juta taun ka tukang salila jaman [[Carboniferous]].<ref name="Myers 2008"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-05-08_453_7192/page/175 |volume=453 |issue=7192 |doi=10.1038/nature06936 |pmid=18464734 |pmc=2803040 |journal=Nature |pages=175–183 |year=2008 |last1=Warren |first1=W. C. |last2=Hillier |first2=L. W. |last3=Marshall Graves |first3=J. A. |last4=Birney |first4=E. |last5=Ponting |first5=C. P. |last6=Grützner |first6=F. |last7=Belov |first7=K. |last8=Miller |first8=W. |last9=Clarke |first9=L. |last10=Chinwalla |first10=A. T. |last11=Yang |first11=S. P. |last12=Heger |first12=A. |last13=Locke |first13=D. P. |last14=Miethke |first14=P. |last15=Waters |first15=P. D. |last16=Veyrunes |first16=F. |last17=Fulton |first17=L. |last18=Fulton |first18=B. |last19=Graves |first19=T. |last20=Wallis |first20=J. |last21=Puente |first21=X. S. |last22=López-Otín |first22=C. |last23=Ordóñez |first23=G.R. |last24=Eichler |first24=E.E. |last25=Chen |first25=L. |last26=Cheng |first26=Z. |last27=Deakin |first27=J.E. |last28=Alsop |first28=A. |last29=Thompson |first29=K. |last30=Kirby |first30=P. |bibcode=2008Natur.453..175W |display-authors=6}}</ref> Ayana gén [[vitellogenin]] (protéin anu diperlukeun pikeun ngabentuk konéng endog) sarua jeung anu aya dina manuk; ayana ieu [[symplesiomorphy]] nuduhkeun yén karuhun babarengan monotréma, marsupial, sarta plaséntal téh mémang [[Oviparity|oviparous]] (nendog), sarta sipat ieu tetep dijaga dina monotréma tapi leungit dina sakumna golongan mamalia lianna. Analisis DNA nuduhkeun yén sanajan sipat nendog ieu sarua jeung manuk, platypus tetep mamalia sarta karuhun mamalia téh mémang geus nyusuan.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Brawand D, Wahli W, Kaessmann H |title=Loss of egg yolk genes in mammals and the origin of lactation and placentation |journal=PLOS Biol. |volume=6 |issue=3 |article-number=e63 |year=2008 |pmid=18351802 |pmc=2267819 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060063 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Monotréma ogé mibanda tulang tambahan dina bagian taktak ([[shoulder girdle]]), kaasup [[interclavicle]] sarta [[coracoid]], anu teu kapanggih dina mamalia séjén. Monotréma ngajaga cara leumpang (''gait'') anu jiga réptil, kalayan suku di gigireun awak, sanés di handapeun awak. Suku monotréma mibanda [[Spur (zoology)|taji]] dina bagian mumuncangan; taji ieu teu boga fungsi dina echidna, tapi ngandung [[platypus venom|racun]] anu kuat dina platypus jalu. Racun ieu asalna tina [[Beta defensin|β-defensins]], protéin anu aya dina mamalia pikeun ngalawan virus sarta baktéri. Sawatara racun réptil ogé diwangun ku rupa-rupa β-defensins, salasahiji sipat séjén anu sarua jeung réptil.<ref name="Myers 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=PZ |title=Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome |journal=Nature Education |date=2008 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=46 |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/interpreting-shared-characteristics-the-platypus-genome-44568/ }}</ref> Hal ieu dianggap mangrupa ciri mamalia kuna, lantaran loba golongan mamalia purba ogé mibanda [[venomous mammal|taji racun]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jørn H. |last1=Hurum |author2=Zhe-Xi Luo |first3=Zofia |last3=Kielan-Jaworowska |title=Were mammals originally venomous? |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |year=2006}}</ref> === Sistem Réproduksi === {{Further|Echidna#Reproduction|Platypus#Reproduction}} Béda utama anatomi antara monotréma sarta mamalia séjén nyaéta salasahiji alesan naha maranéhna dingaranan kieu; ''monotreme'' hartina "liang tunggal" dina basa Yunani, nujul kana saluran tunggal ([[cloaca]]) pikeun sistem kemih, miceun kokotor, sarta réproduksi. Kawas manuk sarta réptil, monotréma mibanda hiji cloaca.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Withers |first1=Philip C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcNjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA275 |title=Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Mammals |last2=Cooper |first2=Christine E. |last3=Maloney |first3=Shane K. |last4=Bozinovic |first4=Francisco |last5=Neto |first5=Ariovaldo P. Cruz |date=2016-10-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-109267-1 |language=en}}</ref> Marsupial mibanda [[Marsupial#Reproductive system|saluran séks anu misah]], sedengkeun lolobana plaséntal bikang mibanda liang anu misah pikeun réproduksi ([[vagina]]), kemih ([[urethra]]), sarta miceun kokotor ([[anus]]). Dina monotréma, ngan ukur mani anu ngaliwatan sirit (''penis'') sedengkeun cikiih dikaluarkeun ngaliwatan cloaca jalu.<ref name="Griffiths2012">{{cite book |author=Griffiths, Mervyn |title=The Biology of the Monotremes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7nu16_DkTgC |date=2 December 2012 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-323-15331-7}}</ref> Sirit monotréma nyaruaan sirit kuya sarta dibungkus ku kantong ''preputial''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Grützner, F. |author2=Nixon, B. |author3=Jones, R.C. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23233860 |title=Reproductive biology in egg-laying mammals |journal=Sexual Development |volume=2 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pages=115–127|doi=10.1159/000143429 |pmid=18769071 |s2cid=536033 }}</ref><ref name="Lombardi2012">{{cite book |author=Lombardi, Julian |title=Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXvjBwAAQBAJ |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4615-4937-6}}</ref> Monotréma jalu teu mibanda [[prostate]] atanapi [[seminal vesicles]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vogelnest |first1=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4d6VDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Current Therapy in Medicine of Australian Mammals |last2=Portas |first2=Timothy |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Csiro Publishing |isbn=978-1-4863-0752-4 |language=en}}</ref> Endog [[egg (biology)|endog]] monotréma dijaga sawatara waktu di jero awak indungna sarta meunangkeun nutrisi langsung ti indungna, sarta ilaharna netes dina waktu sapuluh poé sanggeus diténdogkeun – jauh leuwih gancang batan mangsa inkubasi endog [[sauropsida]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Cromer, Erica |date=14 April 2004 |title=Monotreme Reproductive Biology and Behavior |publisher=Iowa State University }} {{full citation needed|date=April 2020}}</ref><ref name=arkiveTGA>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/short-beaked-echidna/tachyglossus-aculeatus/biology.html |title=Short-beaked echidna (''Tachyglossus aculeatus'') |publisher=Arkive.org |access-date=2016-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813121709/http://www.arkive.org/short-beaked-echidna/tachyglossus-aculeatus/biology.html |archive-date=2009-08-13 |df=dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813121709/http://www.arkive.org/short-beaked-echidna/tachyglossus-aculeatus/biology.html |date=2009-08-13 }}</ref> Pisan kawas bayi marsupial, bayi monotréma anu kakara lahir, disebut "puggles", wangunna kawas larva atawa fétus sarta mibanda suku hareup anu kawilang geus mekar sangkan bisa ngarayap. Monotréma teu mibanda [[teat|pentil susu]], jadi para ''puggles'' kudu leuwih sering ngarayap dibanding anak marsupial pikeun néangan susu. Batan ngaliwatan pentil, monotréma ngaluarkeun susu tina [[mammary gland|kelenjar susu]]na ngaliwatan pori-pori dina kulitna. Sakumna lima spésiés némbongkeun parawatan indung ka anak anu lila, kalayan laju réproduksi anu rendah sarta umur anu kawilang panjang. Monotréma ogé kasohor dina mekarna ''zygote'': lolobana [[zygote]] mamalia ngalaman ''holoblastic'' [[cleavage (embryo)|''cleavage'']] (pambelahan sagemblengna). Sabalikna, zygote monotréma, kawas dina manuk sarta réptil, ngalaman pambelahan [[meroblastic]] (sabagian). Ieu ngandung harti yén sél-sél dina sisian konéng endog mibanda ''cytoplasm'' anu nyambung jeung sél endog, sangkan konéng endog sarta émbryo bisa silih tukeur kokotor jeung nutrisi.<ref name="Myers 2008"/> == Taksonomi == Hipotésis "[[Theria]]" anu geus jadi pakem nétépkeun yén pamisahan garis katurunan monotréma tina [[Metatheria]] ([[marsupial]]) sarta [[Eutheria]] ([[Placentalia|plaséntal]]) lumangsung saméméh misahna ''marsupial'' jeung plaséntal. Hal ieu anu nerangkeun naha monotréma masih kénéh ngajaga rupa-rupa sipat [[Primitive (phylogenetics)|purba]] anu dianggap geus aya di karuhun [[synapsid]] mamalia sanggeusna, salasahijina nyaéta nendog.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vaughan |first1=Terry A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LD1nDlzXYicC&pg=PA80 |title=Mammalogy |last2=Ryan |first2=James M. |last3=Czaplewski |first3=Nicholas J. |date=2011 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-7637-6299-5 |edition=5th |page=80}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction to the Monotremata |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/monotreme.html |access-date=2011-06-09 |publisher=Ucmp.berkeley.edu |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jacks |title=Lecture&nbsp;3 |url=http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~jacks/Lecture3.pdf |publisher=University of Idaho |place=Moscow, ID}}</ref> Lolobana bukti morfologis ngarojong kana hipotésis ''Theria'' ieu, tapi aya hiji pengecualian nyaéta pola ganti huntu anu sarua antara monotréma jeung ''marsupial'', anu asalna jadi dasar pikeun hipotésis tandingan "[[Marsupionta]]". Dina éta hipotésis, pamisahan antara monotréma jeung ''marsupial'' disebutkeun lumangsung leuwih pandeur batan pamisahan jeung golongan plaséntal. Nanging, Van&nbsp;Rheede (2005) nyimpulkeun yén bukti genetik leuwih condong kana hipotésis ''Theria'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van&nbsp;Rheede |first1=Teun |year=2005 |title=The platypus is in its place: Nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=587–597 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msj064 |pmid=16291999 |doi-access=free}}</ref> sarta ieu pamanggih téh jadi anu pangilaharna ditarima nepi ka kiwari.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Janke |first1=A. |last2=Xu |first2=X. |last3=Arnason |first3=U. |year=1997 |title=Monotremes |url=http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=4430 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=1276–1281 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.4.1276 |pmc=19781 |pmid=9037043 |access-date=2011-06-09 |doi-access=free |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Monotréma ilaharna dianggap ngawengku hiji ordo tunggal ''Monotremata''. Sakumna papasingan ieu sacara tradisional diasupkeun kana sub-kelas [[Prototheria]], anu ogé ngawengku sababaraha ordo [[fossil|fosil]], sanajan ayeuna éta ordo fosil téh geus teu dianggap deui boga patali langsung jeung karuhun monotréma. Hiji hipotésis anu kontrovérsial ayeuna ngaitkeun monotréma jeung kumpulan mamalia fosil séjén dina hiji [[clade|''clade'']] anu disebut [[Australosphenida]], nyaéta golongan mamalia ti jaman ''Jurassic'' sarta ''Cretaceous'' di Madagaskar, Amérika Kidul, jeung Australia, anu sarua mibanda huntu [[tribosphenic molar|''tribosphenic molar'']].<ref name="Luo01">{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Z.-X. |last2=Cifelli |first2=R.L. |last3=Kielan-Jaworowska |first3=Z. |year=2001 |title=Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-01-04_409_6816/page/53 |journal=Nature |volume=409 |issue=6816 |pages=53–57 |doi=10.1038/35051023 |pmid=11343108|bibcode=2001Natur.409...53L |s2cid=4342585 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Z.-X. |last2=Cifelli |first2=R.L. |last3=Kielan-Jaworowska |first3=Z. |year=2002 |title=In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=47 |pages=1–78}}</ref> Nanging, dina hiji tinjauan taun 2022 ngeunaan evolusi monotréma, dicaritakeun yén ''[[Teinolophos]]'', anu mangrupa monotréma pangkolotna ([[Barremian]] ~ 125 juta taun ka tukang) sarta pangpurbana, mibanda béda anu kacida badag jeung golongan ''australosphenidan'' sanésna; nyaéta mibanda lima huntu ''molar'', béda jeung ''australosphenidan'' séjén anu ngan mibanda tilu. Monotréma ti jaman ''Aptian'' sarta ''Cenomanian'' tina kulawarga ''Kollikodontidae'' (113–96.6 juta taun ka tukang) mibanda opat huntu ''molar''. Hal ieu nuduhkeun yén monotréma téh jigana mah teu mibanda patali jeung ''tribosphenid australosphenidan''.<ref name="Flannery-2022" /> Waktu nalika garis monotréma misah tina garis mamalia séjénna téh can pasti, tapi salasahiji panalungtikan genetik méré kira-kira sakitar 220 juta taun ka tukang,<ref name=Masden2009>{{cite book |last=Madsen |first=Ole |editor1-first=S. Blair |editor1-last=Hedges |editor2-first=Sudhir |editor2-last=Kumar |title=The Timetree of Life |year=2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/timetreelife00hedg |url-access=limited |chapter=chapter&nbsp;68 – Mammals (Mamalia) |pages=[https://archive.org/details/timetreelife00hedg/page/n481 459]–461 |website=timetree.org |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-953503-3 }}</ref> sedengkeun anu séjénna nyebutkeun leuwih ngora nyaéta 163 nepi ka 186 juta taun ka tukang (sanajan ''[[Juramaia]]'' anu geus jadi plaséntal asalna tina jaman 161–160 juta taun ka tukang). ''Teinolophos'', kawas monotréma modéren, némbongkeun adaptasi mangrupa rahang anu ngulur sarta mekarna indra pangrasa dina rahangna, anu patali jeung [[mechanoreception|''mechanoreception'']] atanapi [[electroreception|''electroreception'']].<ref name="Flannery-2022" /> [[File:French Island Echidna.ogg|thumb|Hiji ékhidna keur ngali liang pertahanan di [[French Island National Park|Taman Nasional Pulo French]]]] Pangitungan mangsa dumasar [[Molecular clock|''molecular clock'']] sarta titimangsa fosil méré rupa-rupa tanggal pikeun misahna ''echidna'' jeung ''platypus''; salasahiji panitén nétépkeun pamisahanana dina 19–48 juta taun ka tukang,<ref name="Phillips">{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=M.J. |last2=Bennett |first2=T.H. |last3=Lee |first3=M.S. |year=2009 |title=Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=106 |issue=40 |pages=17089–17094 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0904649106 |pmid=19805098 |pmc=2761324|bibcode=2009PNAS..10617089P |doi-access=free }}</ref> tapi anu séjénna nyebutkeun antara 17–89 juta taun ka tukang.<ref name="Springer2009">{{cite book |first1=Mark S. |last1=Springer |first2=Carey W. |last2=Krajewski |editor1-first=S. Blair |editor1-last=Hedges |editor2-first=Sudhir |editor2-last=Kumar |title=The Timetree of Life |chapter=chapter&nbsp;69 – Monotremes (Prototheria) |pages=462–465 |chapter-url=http://timetree.org/public/data/pdf/Springer2009Chap69.pdf |website=timetree.org |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009}}</ref> Aya ogé pamanggih yén boh spésiés ''echidna'' monyong pondok atawa monyong panjang téh asalna tina karuhun anu jiga ''platypus''.<ref name="Flannery-2022" /> Hubungan anu pasti di antara golongan mamalia anu geus tumpur sarta golongan modéren saperti monotréma téh mémang can pati tétéla, tapi analisis [[cladistics|kladistik]] ilaharna neundeun [[Most recent common ancestor#MRCA of different species|karuhun babarengan panganyarna]] (LCA) antara plaséntal jeung monotréma deukeut jeung LCA plaséntal sarta [[Multituberculata|''multituberculates'']], sedengkeun anu séjénna boga pamanggih yén LCA plaséntal jeung ''multituberculates'' téh leuwih anyar batan LCA plaséntal jeung monotréma.<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael J. |last=Benton |title=Vertebrate Palaeontology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1LkOL1CijEC&pg=PA300 |date=2004 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-632-05637-8 |page=300}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Matthew T. |last1=Carrano |first2=Richard W. |last2=Blob |first3=Timothy J. |last3=Gaudin |first4=John R. |last4=Wible |title=Amniote Paleobiology: Perspectives on the Evolution of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uNMCqSRQ9gC&pg=PA358 |date=2006 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-09478-6 |page=358}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |+ Status Konservasi sarta Populasi Monotréma ! Spésiés !! Nami Ilmiah !! Kira-kira Populasi !! [[IUCN Red List|Status IUCN]] !! Trén Populasi !! Catetan !! Gambar |- | '''[[Platypus]]''' | ''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'' | '''30,000–300,000''' | {{IUCN-NT}}<ref name="O.anatinus IUCN">{{Cite IUCN|title=''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''|article-number=e.T15391A21970662|last=Woinarski, J.|year=2016|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15391A21970662.en|last2=Burbidge, A.A.}}</ref> | align="center" | {{decreasing}}<ref name="O.anatinus IUCN"/> | Kira-kira pangalusna pikeun jumlah sato sawawa nyaéta 50,000.<ref name="O.anatinus IUCN"/> | [[File:Duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) Scottsdale 4.jpg|175px]] |- | '''[[Short-beaked echidna]]''' | ''Tachyglossus aculeatus'' | '''5,000,000–50,000,000'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Library |title=Short-beaked Echidna (''Tachyglossus aculeatus'') Fact Sheet: Population & Conservation Status |url=https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/short-beaked-echidna |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=International Environment Library Collection}}</ref> | {{IUCN-LC}}<ref name="T.aculeatus IUCN"/> | align="center" | {{steady}}<ref name="T.aculeatus IUCN"/> | Penilaian IUCN teu ngalaporkeun kira-kira populasi sacara pasti.<ref name="T.aculeatus IUCN">{{Cite IUCN|title=''Tachyglossus aculeatus''|article-number=e.T41312A21964662|last=Aplin, K.|year=2016|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41312A21964662.en|last2=Dickman, C.|last3=Salas, L.|last4=Helgen, K.}}</ref> | [[File:Echidna short beaked.jpg|175px]] |} == Monotréma Fosil == {{See also|Evolution of mammals}} [[File:Steropodon model aus.jpg|thumb|Modél sato monotréma anu geus [[Extinction|tumpur]], ''[[Steropodon]]'', di [[Australian Museum]]]] Monotréma jaman [[Mesozoic]] munggaran anu kapanggih nyaéta ''Steropodon galmani'' tina jaman [[Cenomanian]] (100–96.6 juta taun ka tukang) ti Lightning Ridge, New South Wales.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Ashwell, K. |year=2013 |title=Neurobiology of Monotremes |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location=Melbourne |isbn=978-0-643-10311-5}}</ref> Bukti biokimia sarta anatomi nuduhkeun yén monotréma téh misah tina garis katurunan mamalia méméh mekar na ''marsupial'' sarta plaséntal. Monotréma séjénna ti jaman Mesozoic nyaéta ''[[Teinolophos]]'' (Barremian, 126 juta taun ka tukang), ''[[Sundrius]]'' sarta ''[[Kryoryctes]]'' (Albian, 113–108 juta taun ka tukang), sarta ''[[Dharragarra]]'', ''[[Kollikodon]]'', ''[[Opalios]]'', ''[[Parvopalus]]'', ''[[Steropodon]]'', jeung ''[[Stirtodon]]'' (kabéhanana ti jaman Cenomanian, 100.2–96.6 juta taun ka tukang) ti sédimén Australia. Aya ogé ''[[Patagorhynchus]]'' (Maastrichtian) ti sédimén [[Patagonia]] dina jaman [[Cretaceous]], anu ngabuktikeun yén monotréma téh geus mimiti baranahan sarta rupa-rupa (''diversifying'') ti mimiti jaman ''Late Cretaceous''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/monotremefr.html |title=Fossil Record of the Monotremata |publisher=Ucmp.berkeley.edu |access-date=2011-06-09 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Fosil monotréma ogé kapanggih dina ahir jaman Cretaceous sarta Paleocene di bagian kidul Amérika Kidul, nepi ka aya hiji hipotésis yén monotréma téh asalna ti Australia dina jaman [[Late Jurassic]] atanapi [[Early Cretaceous]], tuluy sawatara di antarana hijrah meuntas [[Antarctic land bridge|sasak daratan Antartika]] nuju ka [[South America|Amérika Kidul]], anu harita mah mémang masih kénéh ngahiji jeung Australia.<ref name=VertPal>{{cite book |first=Michael J. |last=Benton |title=Vertebrate Palaeontology |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GDxXb_ZPJEC&pg=PA303 |date=1997 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-632-05614-9 |pages=303–304}}</ref><ref name="Chimento2023" /> Ieu arah hijrah téh kabalikan tina hipotésis hijrahna golongan mamalia utama Australia séjénna, nyaéta [[marsupial]], anu jigana mah hijrahna téh ti Amérika Kidul meuntas Antartika nuju ka Australia.<ref name="Nilsson">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nilsson MA, Churakov G, Sommer M, Tran NV, Zemann A, Brosius J, Schmitz J |date=July 2010 |title=Tracking marsupial evolution using archaic genomic retroposon insertions |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=8 |issue=7 |article-number=e1000436 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436 |pmc=2910653 |pmid=20668664 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dina taun 2024, kumpulan monotréma purba anu penting dicaritakeun tina sédimén Cenomanian (100–96.6 juta taun ka tukang) di [[Griman Creek Formation]], Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. Salah sahijina nyaéta fragmén rahang fosil ''[[Dharragarra]]'', anu mangrupa fosil pangkolotna anu mibanda ciri jiga platypus.<ref name="Flannery-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Flannery |first1=Timothy F. |last2=Rich |first2=Thomas H. |last3=Vickers-Rich |first3=Patricia |last4=Ziegler |first4=Tim |last5=Veatch |first5=E. Grace |last6=Helgen |first6=Kristofer M. |date=2022-01-02 |title=A review of monotreme (Monotremata) evolution |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1080/03115518.2022.2025900 |s2cid=247542433 |issn=0311-5518|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Alch...46....3F }}</ref><ref name="Flannery2024"/><ref name="Press1">{{Cite web |last=de Kruijff |first=Peter |date=2024-05-26 |title='Echidnapus' fossil of potential echidna and platypus ancestor may point to Australian 'age of monotremes' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2024-05-27/meet-the-echidnapus-from-an-age-of-monotremes-in-australia/103849096 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527085342/https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2024-05-27/meet-the-echidnapus-from-an-age-of-monotremes-in-australia/103849096 |archive-date=2024-05-27 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU}}</ref> Sato ''durophagous'' ''[[Kollikodon]]'', ''pseudotribosphenic'' ''[[Steropodon]]'', sarta ''[[Stirtodon]]'', ''[[Dharragarra]]'', ''[[Opalios]]'', jeung ''[[Parvopalus]]'' kabéhanana aya dina sédimén Cenomanian anu sarua. Fosil platypus anu mibanda huntu tina jaman Oligo-Miocene, nyaéta ''[[Obdurodon]]'', ogé geus kapanggih di Australia, sarta fosil baraya platypus anu umurna 63 juta taun kapanggih di bagian kidul Argéntina (''Monotrematum''). Genus platypus anu masih aya, ''Ornithorhynchus'', ogé geus dipikawanoh tina sédimén Pliocene, sedengkeun fosil ''tachyglossid'' (ékhidna) pangkolotna asalna tina jaman Pleistocene (1.7 juta taun ka tukang).<ref name="Flannery-2022" /> === Spésiés Fosil === [[Image:Steropodon jaw.jpg|thumb|400px|Rahang ''[[Steropodon]]'' anu umurna 100 juta taun dipajang di American Museum of Natural History, New York City, AS]] [[File:Ornithorhynchus anatinus -Sydney Aquarium, Sydney, Australia -swimming-6a.ogv|thumb|Platypus keur ngojay di [[Sydney Aquarium]]]] Iwal ti ''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'', sakumna sato anu didaptarkeun dina ieu bagian téh ngan dipikawanoh tina fosilna wungkul. Sababaraha panetepan kulawarga (''family'') masih kénéh dianggap samentara (''hesitant''), lantaran kaayaan spésiménna anu mangrupa fragmén-fragmén wungkul.<ref name="Flannery2024"/> * Kulawarga {{extinct}}[[Kollikodontidae]] ** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Kollikodon]]'' *** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Kollikodon ritchiei]]'' ** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Kryoryctes]]'' *** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Kryoryctes cadburyi]]'' ** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Sundrius]]'' *** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Sundrius ziegleri]]'' * Kulawarga {{extinct}}[[Steropodontidae]] ** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Parvopalus]]'' *** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Parvopalus clytiei]]'' ** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Steropodon]]'' *** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Steropodon galmani]]'' * Kulawarga {{extinct}}[[Teinolophidae]] ** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Stirtodon]]'' *** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Stirtodon elizabethae]]'' ** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Teinolophos]]'' *** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Teinolophos trusleri]]'' – 123 Ma (juta taun ka tukang), spésimén monotréma pangkolotna * Superfamilia [[Ornithorhynchoidea]] ** Kulawarga {{extinct}}[[Opalionidae]] *** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Opalios]]'' **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Opalios splendens]]'' ** Kulawarga [[Ornithorhynchidae]] *** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Dharragarra]]'' **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Dharragarra aurora]]'' *** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Monotrematum]]'' **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Monotrematum|Monotrematum sudamericanum]]'' – 61 Ma, bagian kidul Amérika Kidul *** Genus ''[[Ornithorhynchus]]'' – spésimén ''Ornithorhynchus'' pangkolotna asalna ti 9 Ma **** Spésiés ''[[Ornithorhynchus anatinus]]'' (platypus) – spésimén pangkolotna umurna 10.000 taun *** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Obdurodon]]'' – ngawengku sababaraha platypus Riversleigh ti jaman [[Miocene]] (24–5 Ma) **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Obdurodon dicksoni]]'' **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Obdurodon insignis]]'' **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Obdurodon tharalkooschild]]'' – [[Middle Miocene]] sarta [[Upper Miocene]] (15–5 Ma) *** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Patagorhynchus]]'' **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Patagorhynchus|Patagorhynchus pascuali]]'' - [[Maastrichtian]], monotréma Amérika Kidul pangmunggarana anu kanyahoan<ref name="Chimento2023">{{cite journal |last1= Chimento |first1= N.R. |last2= Agnolín|first2= F.L. |display-authors=etal |date= 16 February 2023|title= First monotreme from the Late Cretaceous of South America |journal= Communications Biology |volume= 6 |issue= 1 |page= 146 |doi= 10.1038/s42003-023-04498-7|pmid= 36797304 |pmc= 9935847 }}</ref> ** Kulawarga [[Tachyglossidae]] *** Genus ''[[Zaglossus]]'' – [[Upper Pleistocene]] (1.8–0.1 Ma) **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Zaglossus robustus]]'' *** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Murrayglossus]]'' **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''[[Murrayglossus|Murrayglossus hacketti]]'' *** Genus {{extinct}}''[[Megalibgwilia]]'' **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''Megalibgwilia ramsayi'' – [[Late Pleistocene]] **** Spésiés {{extinct}}''Megalibgwilia robusta'' – [[Miocene]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Bahan Bacaan Salajengna == * {{cite book |first=Ronald M. |last=Nowak |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0002nowa_d2q4 |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8 |year=1999 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, MD |edition=6th |lccn=98023686 |language = en}} [[Kategori:Mamalia]] n9qc2s73o7ga9wfenqt05g7du1dx1nq 0 108671 730860 711502 2026-10-28T16:16:41Z ~2026-57285-60 37672 730860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|2005|4|9|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Malang]], [[Jawa Wétan]], [[Indonesia]] | other_names = | education = [[Universitas Brawijaya]] | occupation = Aktivis | boards = | children = | parents = | relatives = [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] (mamang) |image=}} '''Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar''' (lahir 9 April 2005) nyaéta saurang aktivis asal Indonésia. Anjeunna mangrupakeun pangadeg organisasi hak asasi manusa [[Aktivis Indonesia NGO]] sarta Ketua Umum [[Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (Indonesia)|Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam Komisariat Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya (HMI FK UB)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ketua HMI FK UB Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar Siapkan Revolusi Internal |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/read/192902/ketua-hmi-fk-ub-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-siapkan-revolusi-internal |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=Indonesiana.id |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-08 |title=Aktivis Muda Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar Pimpin HMI FK UB, Bawa Arah Baru Pergerakan Mahasiswa Kedokteran – HMI FK UB |url=https://www.hmifkub.com/aktivis-muda-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-pimpin-hmi-fk-ub-bawa-arah-baru-pergerakan-mahasiswa-kedokteran/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=id}}</ref> Raynan meunang pangajén ''The Best Medical Faculty Ambassador'' ti [[Universitas Brawijaya]] dina taun 2025 sarta dianggap minangka salah sahiji aktivis anu boga pangaruh dina mingpin bab Kastrat dina bulan Méi jeung Oktober 2025 ku [https://ismki.or.id/ ISMKI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606074736/https://ismki.or.id/ |date=2026-06-06 }}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profil Raynan: Aktivis Muda Peraih Gelar The Best Faculty of Medicine Ambassador 2025 |url=https://www.netralnews.com/profil-raynan-aktivis-muda-peraih-gelar-the-best-faculty-of-medicine-ambassador-2025/L3FaWEZMby84b2hUUWgzU1hpdjFTZz09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Anjeunna mangrupikeun putra ti dokter spesialis panon Darwan Triyono, sarta kaponakan ti urut Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum, jeung Kaamanan Indonésia [[Hadi Tjahjanto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-24 |title=Hubungan Menarik Aktivis Muhammmad Raynan Rizky Akbar Yang Ternyata Keponakan Dari Ex-Menkopolhukam RI! {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/hubungan-menarik-aktivis-muhammmad-raynan-rizky-akbar-yang-ternyata-keponakan-dari-ex-menkopolhukam-ri/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2026-05-26 |title=Terkuak!! Aktivis Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar adalah Keponakan dari Mantan Menkopolhukam Hadi Tjahjanto! |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/mukholladun/6a15a6fdc925c46ab871bb84/terkuak-aktivis-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-adalah-keponakan-dari-mantan-menkopolhukam-hadi-tjahjanto |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> ==Karir Aktivisme Pulitik== Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar ngamimitian kagiatan aktivismena nalika kuliah di Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mengenal Sosok Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar, Aktivis Pergerakan dari Malang |url=https://www.netralnews.com/mengenal-sosok-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-aktivis-pergerakan-dari-malang/ZmJBbXkra2RTRGk4L21KcmtPbXJ0UT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Nalika masih janten mahasiswa kedokteran, anjeunna aktip dina advokasi mahasiswa, inisiatif partisipasi warga, sarta diskusi pulitik ngeunaan démokrasi, kawijakan publik, jeung partisipasi nonoman di Indonésia. Anjeunna dipikawanoh minangka sosok anu ngadorong mahasiswa kedokteran pikeun leuwih aktip dina urusan sosial jeung pulitik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Profil Lengkap Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar, Aktivis dari Kedokteran UB |url=https://www.netralnews.com/profil-lengkap-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-aktivis-dari-kedokteran-ub/R2M0U0RrbVE2VWw5ajlWZEdPUndFZz09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Dina Désémber 2023, Raynan ngadegkeun [[Organisasi non-pamaréntah|organisasi non-pamaréntah (NGO)]] Aktivis Indonesia sarta salajengna ngajabat salaku pangadeg jeung koordinator organisasi éta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-14 |title=Kisah Inspiratif Raynan, Aktivis HAM Dari Kedokteran Brawijaya {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/kisah-inspiratif-raynan-aktivis-ham-dari-kedokteran-brawijaya/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Organisasi éta diadegkeun minangka platform mandiri anu museur kana advokasi publik, partisipasi warga, sarta nyebarkeun isu sosial, pulitik, ékonomi, jeung budaya anu aya patalina jeung masarakat Indonésia.<ref name=":0" /> Dina taun 2024, anjeunna janten anggota Parlemén Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]]. Dina taun 2025, anjeunna ngajabat salaku Menteri Aksi, Kajian, jeung Propaganda dina parlemén mahasiswa éta, kalayan kalibet dina nyusun kajian kawijakan, mobilisasi mahasiswa, sarta kampanye advokasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kisah Raynan, Mahasiswa Kedokteran yang kini menjadi Aktivis dan Pendiri NGO |url=https://www.netralnews.com/kisah-raynan-mahasiswa-kedokteran-yang-kini-menjadi-aktivis-dan-pendiri-ngo/eXJzR0dpeS9COVhveUJIVWx3WXUzQT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Sapanjang taun 2025, Raynan muncul minangka salah sahiji tokoh penting dina gerakan mahasiswa di lingkungan Kompleks Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]], anu ngawengku Fakultas Kedokteran, Kedokteran Gigi, jeung Élmu Kaséhatan. Anjeunna ilubiung sarta ngakoordinasikeun rupa-rupa aksi mahasiswa ngeunaan tata kelola démokratis, akuntabilitas nagara, kawijakan belanja publik, sarta panolakan kana sababaraha inisiatif législatif anu dianggap kontroversial. Salah sahiji épisode aktivismena anu paling kasohor lumangsung nalika aksi protes ngalawan révisi Undang-Undang Tentara Nasional Indonésia (TNI) dina Maret 2025, nalika anjeunna dilaporkeun ngabantu ngagerakkeun mahasiswa tina fakultas-fakultas kaséhatan di Malang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rapid Rise of Indonesian Activist Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar |url=https://en.netralnews.com/the-rapid-rise-of-indonesian-activist-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar/QVREeFhyT1F0TEtpNDNPOEF2RXNpQT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Tanggal 21 Pébruari 2026, Raynan narima mandat salaku Formatur Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI) Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]] pikeun masa bakti 2026–2027. Anjeunna teras resmi ngajabat minangka Ketua Umum HMI FK UB dina Maret 2026. Dina kapamingpinanana, organisasi éta nekenkeun pangwangunan kader, diskursus intelektual, partisipasi warga, sarta reformasi organisasi pikeun nguatkeun peran mahasiswa kedokteran dina urusan publik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resmi Menjadi Ketua Umum HMI FK UB, Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar Rebrand Organisasi |url=https://www.netralnews.com/resmi-menjadi-ketua-umum-hmi-fk-ub-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-rebrand-organisasi/MDRuTVdYcE8rL0tnWkYyUXNDU01CQT09 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=netralnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Salaku koordinator Aktivis Indonesia jeung pamingpin HMI FK UB, Raynan ngamajukeun partisipasi pulitik nonoman, keterlibatan dina démokrasi, kabébasan nyatakeun pamadegan, sarta kalibetna mahasiswa dina ngaréngsékeun rupa-rupa pasualan sosial. Aktivismena ogé dipatalikeun jeung usaha pikeun ngawangun hubungan anu leuwih raket antara komunitas akademik jeung gerakan masarakat sipil di Indonésia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raynan dan Wajah Baru Pergerakan Mahasiswa Kedokteran |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/read/191524/raynan-dan-wajah-baru-pergerakan-mahasiswa-kedokteran |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=Indonesiana.id |language=id}}</ref> ==Kontrovérsi jeung Hubungan Kulawarga jeung Pamaréntah== Dina taun 2025, sababaraha média Indonésia jeung panitén pulitik ngalaporkeun yén Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar miboga hubungan kulawarga jeung urut Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum, jeung Kaamanan sarta urut Panglima TNI, [[Hadi Tjahjanto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-24 |title=Hubungan Menarik Aktivis Muhammmad Raynan Rizky Akbar Yang Ternyata Keponakan Dari Ex-Menkopolhukam RI! {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/hubungan-menarik-aktivis-muhammmad-raynan-rizky-akbar-yang-ternyata-keponakan-dari-ex-menkopolhukam-ri/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2026-05-26 |title=Terkuak!! Aktivis Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar adalah Keponakan dari Mantan Menkopolhukam Hadi Tjahjanto! |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/mukholladun/6a15a6fdc925c46ab871bb84/terkuak-aktivis-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-adalah-keponakan-dari-mantan-menkopolhukam-hadi-tjahjanto |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> Numutkeun laporan éta, Raynan mangrupakeun kaponakan [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] ngaliwatan hubungan kulawarga gedé anu asalna ti Malang, Jawa Wétan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-28 |title=Aktivis HAM Kerabat Menkopolhukam! Fakta Menarik Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar {{!}} Siaran Berita |url=https://siaran-berita.com/aktivis-ham-kerabat-menkopolhukam-fakta-menarik-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Laporan ieu narik perhatian publik sabab Raynan geus leuwih tiheula dipikawanoh minangka aktivis mahasiswa jeung pangatur organisasi masarakat sipil sacara mandiri saméméh hubungan kulawarga éta dipikanyaho ku masarakat. Sababaraha panitén nyorot béda anu cukup mencolok antara karir [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] dina widang militér jeung pamaréntahan jeung kalibetna Raynan dina gerakan mahasiswa, [[Organisasi non-pamaréntah|organisasi non-pamaréntah]], sarta advokasi nonoman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2026-05-24 |title=Terungkap! Aktivis Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar punya hubungan Keluarga dengan Ex-Menkopolhukam RI! |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/mediamahasiswa/6a13039d110fce25cc17f272/terungkap-aktivis-muhammad-raynan-rizky-akbar-punya-hubungan-keluarga-dengan-ex-menkopolhukam-ri |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> Sanggeus laporan éta sumebar, sawatara diskusi dina média sosial nyorot sipat hubungan kulawarga anu dianggap teu disangka-sangka éta. Nepi ka ayeuna teu aya bukti anu nunjukkeun yén hubungan kulawarga éta miboga peran langsung dina karir aktivisme atawa kagiatan organisasi Raynan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raynan: Aktivis yang Menghapus Stigma bahwa Mahasiswa Kedokteran Apatis |url=https://www.indonesiana.id/read/189147/raynan-aktivis-yang-menghapus-stigma-bahwa-mahasiswa-kedokteran-apatis |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=Indonesiana.id |language=id}}</ref> ==Tingali ogé== * [[Hak asasi manusa di Indonésia]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} ==Tautan luar== {{Portal bar|Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rizky Akbar, Muhammad Raynan}} [[Category:Alumni Universitas Brawijaya]] [[Category:Aktivis Indonésia]] [[Category:Aktivis hak asasi manusa Indonésia]] [[Category:Kalahiran 2005]] __INDEKS__ __PRANALABAGIANBARU__ phdy0h177s8lhk8beisq0ahwccgtyuu 0 109375 730859 2026-10-28T15:59:15Z ~2026-57285-60 37672 Nyieun kaca anyar {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2026}} '''Aktivis Indonesia NGO''' nyaéta hiji lembaga non-pamaréntahan ([[basa Inggris]]: ''Non-Governmental Organization''/'''NGO''') atawa Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) indepénden anu diadegkeun dina tanggal [[1 Désémber]] [[2023]] di Kota [[Kediri]], [[Jawa Wétan]].<ref name="official" /> Ieu organisasi lahir minangka wadah pergerakan sipil sarta saluran pikeun ngedalkeun aspirasi masarakat dina rupa-rupa isu publik.<ref name="devjobs" /... 730859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2026}} '''Aktivis Indonesia NGO''' nyaéta hiji lembaga non-pamaréntahan ([[basa Inggris]]: ''Non-Governmental Organization''/'''NGO''') atawa Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) indepénden anu diadegkeun dina tanggal [[1 Désémber]] [[2023]] di Kota [[Kediri]], [[Jawa Wétan]].<ref name="official" /> Ieu organisasi lahir minangka wadah pergerakan sipil sarta saluran pikeun ngedalkeun aspirasi masarakat dina rupa-rupa isu publik.<ref name="devjobs" /> Ieu lembaga mimitina dipiceun ku kelompok mahasiswa sarta ngalaman mekarna anu kawilang gancang dina ngumpulkeun dukungan di roang masarakat sipil.<ref name="kompasiana" /> == Sajarah jeung Pendirian == Aktivis Indonesia diadegkeun ku [[Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar]], saurang mahasiswa ti Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]] anu asalna ti [[Malang]].<ref name="official" /> Manéhna ngadegkeun ieu organisasi dumasar kana kagelisahan ningali gerakan mahasiswa jeung advokasi isu publik anu mindeng boga sipat sporadis (saheulaanan) sarta teu lumangsung lila (berkelanjutan).<ref name="kompasiana" /> Kusabab éta, dina tanggal [[1 Désémber]] [[2023]], lembaga ieu sacara resmi diadegkeun di Kota Kediri pikeun jadi platform mandiri anu fokusna maneuh.<ref name="indorelawan" /> == Pokus Gerakan == Ieu organisasi miboga tilu pilar atawa pokus utama dina aktivitasna, di antarana:<ref name="official" /> * '''Nyarita (''Speak''):''' Ngadugikeun sora anu jujur ​​jeung tarik ngeunaan isu-isu anu disanghareupan ku masarakat Indonésia sapopoé. * '''Ngayakeun (''Organize''):''' Ngahijikeun nonoman di kampus, kota, jeung rupa-rupa propinsi kana hiji gerakan kolaboratif. * '''Ngabéla (''Defend''):''' Nangtung pikeun hak asasi manusa, démokrasi, jeung martabat sacara mandiri tina partéy pulitik atawa patron naon waé. Bédana jeung gerakan éskalasi massa biasa, Aktivis Indonesia leuwih ngutamakeun métode pergerakan ngaliwatan saluran digital, diskusi publik, kampanye kesadaran, sarta kajian kawijakan anu bisa diaksés ku masarakat lega ngaliwatan média sosial jeung ramatloka resmi lembaga.<ref name="carrd" /> == Struktur Organisasi == Ti mimiti diadegkeun, kepengurusan ieu NGO dipingpin langsung ku pendiri utamana:<ref name="official" /> * '''Koordinator Pusat:''' Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar (2023–ayeuna). == Rujukan == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="official">"Aktivis Indonesia NGO — Independent Movement", Ramatloka Resmi di [https://netlify.app netlify.app]. Diakses 2026-10-28.</ref> <ref name="devjobs">"Aktivis Indonesia NGO", Profil Organisasi di [https://devjobsindo.org Devjobsindo]. Diakses 2026-10-28.</ref> <ref name="kompasiana">"Aktivis Indonesia, NGO Inisiatif mahasiswa Kedokteran yang berhasil Raih Ribuan Dukungan", [https://kompasiana.com Kompasiana]. Diakses 2026-10-28.</ref> <ref name="indorelawan">"Profil Komunitas Aktivis Indonesia", [https://indorelawan.org Indorelawan]. Diakses 2026-10-28.</ref> <ref name="carrd">"Official Website Aktivis Indonesia NGO", [https://carrd.co Carrd]. Diakses 2026-10-28.</ref> }} == Tumbu luar == * [https://netlify.app Ramatloka Resmi Aktivis Indonesia] * [https://instagram.com Akun Instagram Resmi Aktivis Indonesia] * [https://indorelawan.org Kaca Aktivis Indonesia di Indorelawan] [[Kategori:Organisasi non-pamaréntah]] [[Kategori:Kediri]] [[Kategori:Politik di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Organisasi Hak Asasi Manusa]] {{organisasi-stub}} pr21klpcm8eigm5vocfzgdygz2dfad0 730877 730859 2026-10-28T22:04:38Z Rafka Aditia 29183 /* Tumbu luar */ 730877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2026}} '''Aktivis Indonesia NGO''' nyaéta hiji lembaga non-pamaréntahan ([[basa Inggris]]: ''Non-Governmental Organization''/'''NGO''') atawa Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) indepénden anu diadegkeun dina tanggal [[1 Désémber]] [[2023]] di Kota [[Kediri]], [[Jawa Wétan]].<ref name="official" /> Ieu organisasi lahir minangka wadah pergerakan sipil sarta saluran pikeun ngedalkeun aspirasi masarakat dina rupa-rupa isu publik.<ref name="devjobs" /> Ieu lembaga mimitina dipiceun ku kelompok mahasiswa sarta ngalaman mekarna anu kawilang gancang dina ngumpulkeun dukungan di roang masarakat sipil.<ref name="kompasiana" /> == Sajarah jeung Pendirian == Aktivis Indonesia diadegkeun ku [[Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar]], saurang mahasiswa ti Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Brawijaya]] anu asalna ti [[Malang]].<ref name="official" /> Manéhna ngadegkeun ieu organisasi dumasar kana kagelisahan ningali gerakan mahasiswa jeung advokasi isu publik anu mindeng boga sipat sporadis (saheulaanan) sarta teu lumangsung lila (berkelanjutan).<ref name="kompasiana" /> Kusabab éta, dina tanggal [[1 Désémber]] [[2023]], lembaga ieu sacara resmi diadegkeun di Kota Kediri pikeun jadi platform mandiri anu fokusna maneuh.<ref name="indorelawan" /> == Pokus Gerakan == Ieu organisasi miboga tilu pilar atawa pokus utama dina aktivitasna, di antarana:<ref name="official" /> * '''Nyarita (''Speak''):''' Ngadugikeun sora anu jujur ​​jeung tarik ngeunaan isu-isu anu disanghareupan ku masarakat Indonésia sapopoé. * '''Ngayakeun (''Organize''):''' Ngahijikeun nonoman di kampus, kota, jeung rupa-rupa propinsi kana hiji gerakan kolaboratif. * '''Ngabéla (''Defend''):''' Nangtung pikeun hak asasi manusa, démokrasi, jeung martabat sacara mandiri tina partéy pulitik atawa patron naon waé. Bédana jeung gerakan éskalasi massa biasa, Aktivis Indonesia leuwih ngutamakeun métode pergerakan ngaliwatan saluran digital, diskusi publik, kampanye kesadaran, sarta kajian kawijakan anu bisa diaksés ku masarakat lega ngaliwatan média sosial jeung ramatloka resmi lembaga.<ref name="carrd" /> == Struktur Organisasi == Ti mimiti diadegkeun, kepengurusan ieu NGO dipingpin langsung ku pendiri utamana:<ref name="official" /> * '''Koordinator Pusat:''' Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar (2023–ayeuna). == Rujukan == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="official">"Aktivis Indonesia NGO — Independent Movement", Ramatloka Resmi di [https://netlify.app netlify.app]. Diakses 2026-10-28.</ref> <ref name="devjobs">"Aktivis Indonesia NGO", Profil Organisasi di [https://devjobsindo.org Devjobsindo]. Diakses 2026-10-28.</ref> <ref name="kompasiana">"Aktivis Indonesia, NGO Inisiatif mahasiswa Kedokteran yang berhasil Raih Ribuan Dukungan", [https://kompasiana.com Kompasiana]. Diakses 2026-10-28.</ref> <ref name="indorelawan">"Profil Komunitas Aktivis Indonesia", [https://indorelawan.org Indorelawan]. Diakses 2026-10-28.</ref> <ref name="carrd">"Official Website Aktivis Indonesia NGO", [https://carrd.co Carrd]. Diakses 2026-10-28.</ref> }} == Tumbu luar == * [https://netlify.app Ramatloka Resmi Aktivis Indonesia] * [https://instagram.com Akun Instagram Resmi Aktivis Indonesia] * [https://indorelawan.org Kaca Aktivis Indonesia di Indorelawan] [[Kategori:Organisasi non-pamaréntah]] [[Kategori:Kota Kediri]] [[Kategori:Pulitik di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Organisasi Hak Asasi Manusa]] {{organisasi-stub}} bzhj0zl0mqxx0gqz4cugm3x3fvdhy4v 10 109376 730885 2026-10-29T03:44:06Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Mindahkeun ka [[Citakan:Hidden begin]] 730885 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Citakan:Hidden begin]] g4gxrdwo88hvx065klok8zetmdzuop6 10 109377 730887 2026-10-29T03:47:00Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Nyieun kaca anyar /* {{pp-template}} */ .hidden-begin { box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; padding: 5px; border: none; font-size: 95%; } .hidden-title { font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; text-align: left; } .hidden-content { text-align: left; } /* [[phab:T360582]] */ @media all and ( max-width: 500px ) { .hidden-begin { width: auto !important; clear: none !important; float: none !important; } } 730887 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .hidden-begin { box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; padding: 5px; border: none; font-size: 95%; } .hidden-title { font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; text-align: left; } .hidden-content { text-align: left; } /* [[phab:T360582]] */ @media all and ( max-width: 500px ) { .hidden-begin { width: auto !important; clear: none !important; float: none !important; } } b1nhedn00o082mlrogut2z7909uozkh 10 109378 730888 2026-10-29T03:54:26Z Rafka Aditia 29183 /* */ 730888 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Citakan:Maintenance category]] knj1ay8koo35rwrgabzfqtastfx1cxt 14 109379 730889 2026-10-29T03:56:35Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 730889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia category |tracking=yes |tracking_category=no |hidden=yes |container=yes |description=Subkategori dari kategori ini adalah kategori-kategori pelacak lain. Untuk menambahkan sebuah kategori ke dalam kategori ini, letakkan {{tlx|Tracking category}} atau {{tlx|Wikipedia category|tracking{{=}}yes}}.}} Pikeun daptar kategori keur nyusud nu sacara otomatis didaptarkeun ku parangkat lemes wiki, tempo [[Husus:TrackingCategories]]. {{CatAutoTOC}} [[Kategori:Pamiaraan Wikipedia]] [[Kategori:Kategori Wikipédia]] dchrl9h0g0o31h4sffjvteco393jmbv 3 109380 730890 2026-10-29T06:30:40Z Rafka Aditia 29183 /* Uleman */ bagean anyar 730890 wikitext text/x-wiki == Uleman == Sampurasun, sim kuring ngulem ka Anjeun pikeun nyatakeun sora perkawis usulan perobihan rohang ngaran (namespace) Wikipédia basa Sunda di [[Wikipedia:Sawala_(ajuan)#h-Usulan_perobihan_rohang_ngaran-20261026221100|dieu]]. Mangga diantos partisipasina kanggo pangwangunan énsiklopédi ieu. Hatur nuhun. [[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 29 Oktober 2026 06.30 (UTC) gg66rb3sxx7j7voog6zi95jwgqw18c4