Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1690 731768 731431 2026-11-08T07:59:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731768 wikitext text/x-wiki Dina [[biologi sél]], '''mitokondria''' nyaéta hiji [[organél]] nu aya na [[sél (biologi)|sél]] lolobana [[eukariot]]. Mitokondria kadang didadarkeun salaku "[[pembangkit listrik]] sélular" sabab tujuan utamana pikeun nga[[rancang wangun]] [[adénosin trifosfat]] (ATP), nu dipikabutuh salaku sumber [[énergi]]. Jumlah mitokondria béda dina unggal tipe sél. [[Protozoa]] [[Trypanosome]] mibanda hiji mitokondria tunggal nu badag; sél [[ati]] [[manusa]] hijina ilaharna mibanda antara sarébu nepi ka dua rébu. Mitokondria bisa ngeusian nepi ka 25% [[sitosol]] sél. == Struktur == [[Gambar:mitokondria.png|bing|'''Keureutan nyilang mitokondria, némbongkeun:''' (1) mémbran jero, (2), mémbran luar, (3) krista, (4) matrix]] Mitokondria mibanda dua sistim mémbran: mémbran luar, nu ngabungkus organélna; sarta mémbran jero, nu karejut tulap-tilep ka lebah jero. tilepan nu ka jero disebut [[krista]]. Jumlah jeung bentuk kristae dina mitokondria béda-béda, gumantung jaringan jeung organismena. Krista ieu nyadiakeun raray mémbran nu leuwih lega. * Mémbran luar mungkus sakabéh [[organél]] sarta ngandung kanal nu dijieun tina kompléx [[protéin]] nu disebut [[porin]] tempat [[molekul]] jeung [[ion]] bisa asup jeung kaluar mitokondria. Mémbran luar diwangun ku 50%-an lipid jeung 50%-an protéin. Molekul badag teu bisa nembus mémbran ieu. * Mémbran jero, narilep jadi krista, mungkus ''[[matrix (biologi)|matrix]]'' (cairan jero mitokondria). Mémbran jero ngandung sababaraha kopléx protéin, kandunganana 20%-an lipid jeung 80%-an protéin. Aya ''stalked particles'' nu kapanggih na krista, nu taya lian ti molekul énzim [[ATP sintase]] nu ngahasilkeun ATP téa. * ''Rohangan antarmémbran'' antara dua mémbran ngandung énzim-énzim nu ngagunakeun ATP pikeun [[fosforilasi|mosforilasi]] [[nukléotida]] séjén nu ngatalisan réaksi séjén. "Mitokondria" sacara harfiah ngandung harti 'thréad granule', sakumaha katémbongna dina [[mikroskop]] cahya: struktur ''tiny rod-like'' na [[sitoplasma]] sadaya sél. Matrixna ngandung énzim [[bisa leyur]] nu [[catalisis|ngatalisan]] oxidasi [[asam piruvat|piruvat]] jeung molekul organik leutik séjénna. Sapalih ti [[daur asam sitrat|daur Krebs]] lumangsung jero mitokondria. Matrixna ogé ngandung sababaraha salinan [[DNA mitokondria]] (biasana 5-10 molekul DNA sirkular per mitokondria), [[ribosom]] husus mitokondria, [[tRNA]], sarta protéin-protéin nu dipikabutuh pikeun [[réplikasi DNA]]. Nalika sél meulah manéh, mitokondria ngayakeun réplikasi ku cara [[Binary fission|fisi]]. Réplikasi ogé lumangsung nalika pangabutuh énergi sél ningkat. Pikeun conto, sél panyimpen [[lemak]], nu mikabutuh énergi saeutik, mitokondriana ngan saeutik. Bandingkeun jeung sél [[otot]] nu mikabutuh énergi, mitokondriana loba pisan. Protéin mitokondria ayana di mémbran luar, mémbran jero, sarta na rohangan anrarmémbran. Runtuyan stop-transfer anchor proteins to the outer membrane. Matrix-targeting sequences [[protein targeting|target]] the protein for the mitochondrial matrix. == Konversi énergi == Mitokondria ngarobah énergi poténtial molekul dahareun jadi ATP. Produksi ATP kahontal ku daur Krebs (tempo [[daur asam sitrat]]), [[ranté alih éléktron|alih éléktron]], jeung [[fosforilasi oxidatif]]. Mun euweuh [[oxigén]], prosés ieu moal bisa lumangsung. Énergi tina molekul [[dahareun]] (nyaéta [[glukosa]]) dipaké pikeun ngahasilkeun molekul NADH jeung FADH₂ ngaliwatan [[glikolisis]] jeung daur Krebs. Énergi ieu dialihkeun ka oxigén (O₂) dina sababaraha hambalan nu ngawengku ranté alih éléktron. Kompléx protéin na mémbran jero ([[NADH déhidrogénase]], [[Koénzim Q - sitokrom c réduktase|sitokrom c réduktase]], [[sitokrom c oxidase]]) nu ngalaksanakeun alihanana ngagunakeun énergi nu dileupaskeun pikeun ngompa [[proton]] (H⁺) ngalawan [[gradién]] (konsentrasi proton na rohangan antarmémbran leuwih luhur batan na matrix). Sistim [[alih aktif]] (merlukeun énergi) ngompa proton ngalawan téndénsi fisikna (dina arah nu "salah") ti matrix ka rohangan antarmémbran. Nalika kosentrasi proton ngaronjat na rohangan antarmémbran, a strong ''diffusion gradient'' is built up. Jalan kaluar pikeun proton ieu nya ngaliwatan kompléx ''[[ATP sintase]]''. Ku cara ngalihkeun proton ti rohangan antarmémbran balik deui ka matrix, kompléx ATP sintase bisa nyieun [[Adénosin trifosfat|ATP]] tina ADP jeung fosfat anorganik (P_i). Prosés ieu disebut [[kémiosmosis]] nu mangrupa hiji conto ''[[facilitated diffusion]]''. [[Peter Mitchell]] dipaparin [[Hadiah Nobel]] Kimia taun 1978 pikeun karyana ngeunaan kémiosmosis. Salajengna, Hadiah Nobel Kimia taun 1997 dipaparinkeun ka [[Paul D. Boyer]] jeung [[John E. Walker]] pikeun klarifikasi mékanisme peta ATP sintase. == Fungsi séjén == Mitokondria mibanda sababaraha fungsi penting séjén di sagigireun produksi ATP. Rupa-rupa fungsi ieu patali jeung rupa-rupa [[kasakit mitokondria]]. Sababaraha fungsi mitokondria ngan lumangsung dina tipe sél nu tangtu. Pikeun conto, mitokondria na sél ati ngandung énzim-énzim nu bisa ngadétoksifikasi amonia, pamiceunan métabolisme protéin. Énzim-énzim ieu teu dijieun na mitokondria sél ''cardiac''. Mitokondria ogé maénkeun péran dina * [[apoptosis]] * proliférasi sélular * sintésis [[hémé]] * sintésis [[stéroid]] * produksi panas (sangkan organisme bisa tetep haneut) == Larapan dina ngulik genetika populasi == Ku sabab [[Ovum|endog]] ngancurkeun mitokondria [[spérma]] anu [[Fertilisasi|ngabuahanana]], [[DNA mitokondria]] (mtDNA) hiji jalma diturunkeun sagemblengna ti indungna. ku sabab turunna anu matrilinéal, para élmuwan [[genetika populasi]] jeung [[biologi evolusi]] loba anu ngagunakeun data sékuén mtDNA pikeun neuleuman évolusi jeung silsilah (baca [[Hawa mitokondria]]). == Téori éndosimbiotik == Mitokondria mahiwal sorangan ti antara organél-organél séjén sabab ngandung [[ribosom]] sarta bahan génétikna sorangan. [[DNA]] mitokondria bentukna sirkular sarta mibanda [[sandi genetik]] béda ti eukariotik baku. == Tempo ogé == * [[Tiori éndosimbiotik]] * [[Hipotésis kémiosmotik]] * [[Kloroplas]] * [[Partikel submitokondria]] * [[Kasakit mitokondria]] * [[DNA mitokondria]] * [[Poténsi éléktrokimia]] * [[Glikolisis]] {{organél}} {{NCBI-scienceprimer}} == Tutumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Mitochondrion}} * [http://www.Mitodb.com Mitodb.com] – The mitochondrial diséase database. * [http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMMitoE.html Mitochondria Atlas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629101035/http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMMitoE.html |date=2012-06-29 }} at [[University of Mainz]] * [http://www.mitochondrial.net Mitochondria Research Portal] at mitochondrial.net * [http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/mitoch1.htm Mitochondria: Architecture dictates function] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125062948/http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/mitoch1.htm |date=2010-01-25 }} at cytochemistry.net * [http://bama.ua.edu/~hsmithso/class/bsc_495/mito-plastids/mito_web.html Mitochondria links] at [[University of Alabama]] * [http://www.mitophysiology.org/ MIP] Mitochondrial Physiology Society * [http://opm.phar.umich.edu/localization.php?localization=Mitochondrial%20inner%20membrane 3D structures of proteins from inner mitochondrial membrane] at [[University of Michigan]] * [http://opm.phar.umich.edu/localization.php?localization=Mitochondrial%20outer%20membrane 3D structures of proteins associated with outer mitochondrial membrane] at [[University of Michigan]] * [http://www.mitoproteins.org Mitochondrial Protein Partnership] at [[University of Wisconsin]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220617065151/https://mitominer.mrc-mbu.cam.ac.uk/ MitoMiner – A mitochondrial proteomics database] at [[MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007111911/http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/sand/main?stype=lite&keyword=mitochondrion&Submit=Go&event=display&start=1 Mitochondrion – Cell Centered Database] * [http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/TFrey/MitoMovie.htm Mitochondrion Reconstructed by Electron Tomography] at [[San Diego State University]] * [http://www.wadsworth.org/databank/electron/cryomito_dis2.html Video Clip of Rat-liver Mitochondrion from Cryo-electron Tomography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211051649/http://www.wadsworth.org/databank/electron/cryomito_dis2.html |date=2003-12-11 }} [[Kategori:Réspirasi sélular]] [[Kategori:Organél]] c2q9qm1ix2lgrnx3nhvhj1kpc5mg5hd 0 2321 731713 729059 2026-11-08T03:02:27Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dati2|nami='''Kabupatén Garut''' |nagara=Indonesia |propinsi=Jawa Barat |ibukota=[[Tarogong Kidul]] |lega=3.065,19 km² |pangeusi=2.604.790 (2021) <ref name="Kab Garut Dalam Angka"/> |kapadetan=849,80 <ref name="Kab Garut Dalam Angka"/> |kacamatan=42 |kalurahan=21kalurahan, 424 désa <ref name="Kabupaten Garut">{{Cite web |url=http://www.garutkab.go.id/pub/static_menu/detail/sekilas_wiladmin |title=Kabupaten Garut: Wilayah Administratif |access-date=2013-08-27 |archive-date=2013-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810204409/http://garutkab.go.id/pub/static_menu/detail/sekilas_wiladmin |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810204409/http://garutkab.go.id/pub/static_menu/detail/sekilas_wiladmin |date=2013-08-10 }}</ref> |kodearea=0262 |dau=Rp. - |lambang= [[Gambar:Lambang Kabupaten Garut.gif|80px]] |peta= [[Gambar:Locator_kabupaten_garut.png|240px]] |kordinat={{coord|-7.204694066557747|107.88758993570616|display=inline,title}} |dasar hukum=- |tanggal=[[17 Maret]] [[1813]] |motto=Tata Tengtrem Kerta Raharja |kapala daerah=[[Bupati]] |nami kapala daerah=[[Rudy Gunawan]] |wakil kapala daerah=[[Hélmi Budiman]] |nami wakil kapala daerah=[[Helmi Budiman]] |web=[http://www.garut.go.id http://www.garut.go.id] }} '''Kabupatén Garut''' ([[Aksara Sunda]]: {{sund|ᮊᮘᮥᮕᮒᮦᮔ᮪ ᮌᮛᮥᮒ᮪}}) mangrupa salah sahiji [[kabupatén]] di propinsi [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Legana 3065.19&nbsp;km² (1183.48&nbsp;mi²), nu sacara [[géografi]]s, aya di antara 6°57′34″ – 7°44′57″ Lintang Kidul jeung 107°24′34″ – 108°7′34″ Bujur Wétan. Wawatesanana<ref name="Kab Garut Dalam Angka">{{Cite book|title=Kabupaten Garut Dalam Angka|first=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Garut|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Garut|year=2022|location=Garut}}</ref>, * beulah wétan: [[kabupatén Tasikmalaya]] * beulah kulon: [[kabupatén Cianjur]] jeung [[kabupatén Bandung]] * beulah kalér: [[kabupatén Sumedang]] * beulah kidul: [[sagara Indonésia]] Sacara umum, Garut mibanda [[iklim]] [[tropis]] tapi tiis, suhu hawa rata-ratana 24&nbsp;°C (76&nbsp;°F). Curah hujan taunan rata-rata 2,590&nbsp;mm (102 inci). Wilayah ieu ngawengku wewengkon [[landeuh]] nu dikuriling ku [[gunung api]] ([[Gunung Karacak]] 1838 m, [[Gunung Cikurai|Cikuray]] 2821 m, [[Gunung Guntur|Guntur]] 2249 m, [[Gunung Papandayan|Papandayan]] 2622 m) di béh kalér, nu luhurna rata-rata 700–750 m luhureun beungeut laut. == Visi Misi == Visi jeung misi Kabupatén Garut taun 2019-2024 nyaéta: Visi: "Garut anu bertakwa, maju jeung raharja" Misi Kabupatén Garut nyaéta: # Ngawujudkeun kualitas kahirupan masarakat anu réligius, sehat, cerdas jeung berbudaya. # Ngawujudkeun palayanan publik anu profésional jeung amanah dibarung ku pamaréntahan daérah anu alus jeung bersih. # Ngawujudkeun walatrana pangwangunan jeung '' stabilitas'' infrastruktur numutkeun daya dukung jeung kapasitas lingkungan jeung fungsi rohangan. # Ngaronjatkeun kamerdikaan ékonomi masarakat dumasar kana poténsi lokal jeung industri tatanén jeung pariwisata anu ''kompetitif'' dibarengan ku ngokolakeun tur ngamumulé sumber daya alam. == Sajarah == === Kabupatén Limbangan === Ditilik dina asal-usulna Kabupatén Garut dimimitian ku ayana Kabupatén [[Limbangan]]. Limbangan baheulana puseurdayeuh Kabupatén Garut saacan dipindahkeun ka Garut. Ngaran Limbangan geus aya dina catetan sejarah mangrupa [[Babad Limbangan]]. Numutkeun ti Babad Limbangan, ngaran 'Limbangan' nyaéta usulan ti [[Sunan Gunung Jati]] keur ngaganti ngaran Galuh Pakuan. Ngaran 'Limbangan' dicandak ti kecap 'imbangan' anu hartina saimbang<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://infogarut.id/public/sejarah-kabupaten-limbangan-cikal-bakal-kabupaten-garut|title=Sejarah Kabupaten Limbangan, Cikal Bakal Kabupaten Garut|last=Infogarut|website=infogarut.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228133040/https://infogarut.id/public/sejarah-kabupaten-limbangan-cikal-bakal-kabupaten-garut|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref>. Sateuacanna, Kabupatén Limbangan mangrupa bagian ti daérah kakawasaan [[Pakuan Pajajaran|Karajaan Pakuan Pajajaran]]. Sumber séjén nyebutkeun yén Limbangan téh kungsi jadi daérah otonom kalayan ngaran Karajaan Kertarahayu."Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Garut. (2020). ''Sejarah Singkat Kabupaten Limbangan''.Ekadjati, Edi S. (1984). ''Sejarah Jawa Barat''. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.<ref name=":6" />. Pakuan Pajajaran pecah jadi Karajaan Galuh anu dipingpin ku Sunan Rumenggong di Gunung Poronggol Limbangan, jeung Karajaan Sunda. Karajaan Sunda saanggeusna runtuh jeung jadi bagian ti [[Sumedang Larang]]<ref name=":6" />. Nepi ka 24 Maret 1706, status Limbangan dibalikkeun jadi kabupatén sanggeus sababaraha lami jadi bagian distrik [[Kabupatén Sumedang]].<ref name=":6" /> "Sateuacanna, Kabupatén Limbangan mangrupa bagian ti daérah kakawasaan [[Pakuan Pajajaran|Karajaan Pakuan Pajajaran]]. Sumber séjén nyebutkeun yén Limbangan téh kungsi jadi daérah otonom kalayan ngaran Karajaan Kertarahayu."Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Garut. (2020). ''Sejarah Singkat Kabupaten Limbangan''.Ekadjati, Edi S. (1984). ''Sejarah Jawa Barat''. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. === Asal-usul Ngaran Garut === Dina [[2 Maret]] [[1811]], Kabupatén Balubur Limbangan direbut ku Gubernur Jéndral [[Herman William Daendels|Herman W. Daendels]] (tentara kolonial Netherland Indie) antukna bupatina, Tumenggung Wangsakusumah II, turun. Kabupatén Balubur Limbangan ngawengku 6 subdistrik: Balubur, [[Malangbong, Garut|Malangbong]], [[Wanaraja, Garut|Wanaraja]], [[Wanakerta, Cibatu, Garut|Wanakerta]], Cibeureum, jeung [[Papandak, Garut|Papandak]]. Teu lila ti éta Daendels digulingkeun ku [[Inggris]]. Kabupatén Limbangan di taun 1811 ku pamaréntahan Daendels dibubarkeun kusabab produksi kopi nurun nepi ka nol jeung bupati Limbangan nolak nanem nila<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />. Dina [[16 Pébruari]] [[1813]], Kabupatén Limbangan anyar diadegkeun ku Gubernur Jendral Sir [[Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles]] ti Inggris anu ibukotana di daérah Suci. Keur hiji ibukota kabupatén, Suci dianggap teu menuhan sarat ku sabab daérahna leutik<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/sejarah-singkat|title=Sejarah Singkat|website=www.garutkab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131175341/https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/sejarah-singkat|archivedate=2023-01-31}}</ref>. Ku sabab éta, Bupati Limbangan, Adipati Adiwijaya, ngayakeun panitia keur néangan daérah anu cocok jadi ibukota kabupatén Limbangan. Awalna, daérah Cimurah anu jarakna 3 km ti wétan Suci dicalonkeun jadi ibukota kabupatén Limbangan. Pamilihan Cimurah teu jadi ku sabab sumber cai beresih teu dipanggihan. Panitia Ibukota néang deui ka 5 km ti kulon Suci, manggihan hiji daérah anu cocok dijadikeun ibukota. Daérah ieu ngabogaan taneuh anu subur jeung dikurilingan ku mata cai jeung pamandangan gunung saperti Gunung Guntur, Galunggung, Talaga Bodas, jeung Karacak<ref name=":5" />. Asal muasal ngaran 'Garut' dimimitian ku salah sahiji panitia kapanggih kagorés atawa 'kakarut' ku cucuk taneman. Urang Walanda anu jadi salah sahiji panitia nanyakeun naha, anu dijawab ku 'kakarut'. Ku sabab urang Walanda éta teu fasih, manéhna ngan bisa nyebut 'gagarut'. Ti saprak kajadian éta, daérah anu dipanggihan éta dingaranan Ci Garut, anu ayeuna dikenal ku Garut. Ngaran Garut ieu disatujuan ku Bupati Adipati Adiwijaya keur dijadikeun ibukota Limbangan<ref name=":5" />. Dina tanggal 15 Séptember 1813, dilakukeun peletakan batu kahiji dina ngawangun sarana jeung prasarana ibukota saperti pendopo lengkep jeung babancong, tempat Bupati jeung pajabat pamaréntah méré pidato, padumukan, kantor asistén résidén, masjid, jeung alun-alun. Sanggeus pangwangunan ibukota réngsé, ibukota Kabupatén Limbangan pindah ti Suci ka Garut di taun 1821. Numutkeun ti Surat Keputusan Gubernur Jenderal No. 60, per 7 Méi 1913, ngaran Kabupatén Limbangan diganti jadi Kabupatén Garut anu ibukotana aya di Garut dina tanggal 1 Juli 1913. Dina mangsa éta, Bupati Garut anu ngajabat nyaéta R.A.A Wiratanudatar ti taun 1871 nepi ka 1915. Kabupatén Garut ngawengku sababaraha distrik saperti Garut, Bayongbong, Cibatu, Tarogong, Lélés, Balubur Limbangan, Cikajang, Bungbulang, jeung Pameungpeuk, ogé tilu lembur/désa, nyaéta Désa Kota Kulon, Kota Wétan, jeung Margawati<ref name=":5" />. Dina mangsa awal ayana Kabupatén Garut, pangwangunan difokuskeun kana infrastruktur anu dibutuhkeun pamaréntah kolonial Walanda dina widang perkebunan, mineral, jeung obyék wisata. Aréa padumukan pangeusi Garut diwangun di sakitar alun-alun jeung manjang ka wétan sapanjang Societeit Straat<ref name=":5" />. === Berkembangna Garut === Di taun 1915, jabatan Bupati anu sateuacanna dipégang ku R.A.A Wiratanudatar diganti ku ponakanna, [[Soeria Karta Legawa|Adipati Soeria Karta Legawa]]<ref name=":5" />. Dina masa pamaréntahanna anu dimimitian tanggal 14 Agustus 1915, dumasar ka Kaputusan Gubernur Jenderal, Kabupatén Garut disahkeun jadi daérah otonom. Wewenag Kabupatén Garut diluaskeun ka pembangunan jeung perawatan infrastruktur saperti jalan, jembatan, fasilitas pamaréntahan jeung fasilitas kaséhatan. Tata kota Garut mulai robah ku ayana fasilitas anyar saperti stasion karéta api, kantor pos, apoték, sakola, hotél, jeung toko-toko anyar<ref name=":5" />. Pangwangunan Kabupatén Garut teu ngan sakur di infrastruktur hungkul. Usaha-usaha pertanian jeung pariwisata jadi tumpuan Kabupatén Garut dina ngawangun daérahna. Salah sahiji tokoh anu berjasa dina pangwangunan bidang pertanian Garut nyaéta K. F. Holle, anu dijadikeun ngaran jalan di Garut, nyaéta Jalan Holle (ayeuna Jalan Mandalagiri) jeung monumén patung Holle di Alun-alun Garut<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/1392782/29/misteri-raibnya-patung-kf-holle-dan-pabrik-tenun-terbesar-di-garut|title=Misteri Raibnya Patung KF Holle dan Pabrik Tenun Terbesar di Garut|website=SINDOnews.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228132741/https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/1392782/29/misteri-raibnya-patung-kf-holle-dan-pabrik-tenun-terbesar-di-garut|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref>. Pangwangunan infrastruktur pariwisata dikawitan ku diwangunna hotél-hotél anyar saperti Hotel Papandayan, Hotél Villa Dolce, Hotel Belvedere, jeung Hotél Van Hengel. Sababaraha hotél anyar diwangun ogé di Cilawu, Cisurupan, Tarogong, Banyuresmi, Samarang, jeung Pameungpeuk. Kaindahan bentang alam Garut jeung pangwangunan bidang pariwisata makin ngajadikeun Garut jadi pusat pariwisata di jaman kolonial Walanda<ref name=":5" />. Pamaréntahan Soeria Karta Legawa réngse dina 1929, digantikeun ku Adipati [[Moh. Moesa Soeria Kartalegawa]] ti taun 1930-1942<ref name=":5" />. === Penjajahan Jepang jeung Masa Kamerdékaan === Masa penjajahan Jepang di Garut dimimitian ku peristiwa pengeboman pangkalan angkatan laut Amérika Sarikat di Pearl Harbour ku pasukan tentara Jepang tanggal 7 Désémber 1941. Serbuan tentara Jepang ka Jawa Kulon dimimitian tanggal 1 Maret 1942 di handapeun komando Staf Tentara ka-16. Daérah Bandung jeung lapangan terbang Kalijati di Subang dimeunangkeun ku Jepang. Dina 8 Maret 1942, pamaréntah Walanda nyerahkeun diri tanpa sarat ka Jepang<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Sofianto|first=Kunto|date=2014-03-05|title=GARUT PADA MASA PEMERINTAHAN PENDUDUKAN JEPANG (1942-1945)|url=http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/sosiohumaniora/article/view/5684|journal=Sosiohumaniora|language=id|volume=16|issue=1|pages=70–86|doi=10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v16i1.5684|issn=2443-2660|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228143028/http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/sosiohumaniora/article/view/5684|archive-date=2023-02-28|accessdate=2023-02-28}}</ref>. Pasukan Jepang masuk ka Garut ti daérah Bandung nepi ka Stasiun Cibatu, Stasiun Garut, jeung ngaliwatan jalan raya Tarogong. Pamaréntah Jepang mulai ngawasaan tempat strategis saperti Hotel Papandayan, ''Noormaal School'', jeung pertokoan anu dibogaan ku masarakat Walanda atawa Tiongkok. Pamaréntahan turunan Walanda anu dipégang ku Adipati Moesa Soeria Kartalegawa masih berlaku dumasar ti Pasal 3 Osamu Seirei<ref name=":7" />. Parobahan sosial jeung politik dirasakeun ku sakabéh masarakat Garut. Pamaréntah Jepang anu dianggep jurusalamet ti pamaréntah Walanda robah jadi penjajah anu kejam jeung sadis. Propaganda Jepang dikuatkeun ku nyanyikeun lagu kebangsaan [[Kimigayo]], hormat ka Kaisar Jepang Tenno Heika ngadep Tokyo dina tata cara ''seikerei,'' larangan rahayat ngabogaan radio, jeung ngibarkeun bendéra ''Hinomaru''. Masarakat Garut anu ngalawan kana aturan pamaréntah Jepang biasana dihukum jeung disiksa sacara brutal<ref name=":7" />. Parobahan sistem pamaréntahan ogé dilakukeun ku pamaréntah Jepang, salah sahijina ku ngayakeun sistem pamaréntah tingkat bawah anu dikenal ku istilah ''tonarigumi'' (ayeuna Rukun Tatangga). Di samping éta, pamaréntah Jepang ngayakeun organisasi semi militer jeung militer keur jadi pasukan dina perang Asia Timur Raya, saperti ''heiho'' (pembantu prajurit) anu markasna di Hotel Papandayan, ''keibodan'' (pembantu polisi) jeung ''seinendan'' (barisan pamuda) anu markas na di Gedong ''Societeit Intra Montes<ref name=":7" />''. Propaganda Jepang dina bidang pendidikan dilakukeun ku ngabubarkeun sakola Walanda, ngadirikeun Sakola Rakyat (''kokumin gakko'') jeung Sakola Menengah Pertama (''syoto chugakko''), jeung ngajarkeun basa Jepang, utamana aksara hiragana, katakana, jeung kanji dina pembelajaran''<ref name=":7" />''. Dina kalahna Jepang di Asia-Pasifik, Jepang ngawitan neken daérah pendudukan keur ngabantu dina raraga meunangkeun perang. Di Garut, pamaréntah Jepang ngawajibkeun rahayat ngawajibkeun nanem komoditas tani husus jeung ngumpulkeun hasil bumi ka pamaréntah. Para pangeusi Garut dipaksa masrahkeun harta banda na keur ngadukung Jepang dina perang. Masarakat dina wangsa ieu miskin jeung malarat ku tindakan kejam pamaréntah Walanda''<ref name=":7" />''. Ku ayana pajoangan rahayat jeung didukung ku kamérdékaan Republik Indonésia dina 17 Agustus 1945, masarakat Garut dibantu ku pajoang ti Yogyakarta, Semarang, jeung Blitar tiasa mukul mundur pasukan Jepang ti Garut. Di awal Novémber 1945, tentara Jepang kaluar ti Garut''<ref name=":7" />''. === Hari Jadi Garut === Hari Jadi Kabupatén Garut awalna masih diperdebatkeun ku kalangan sejarawan. Dumasar ka Tim temuan tulisan tanggal ngamimitian pangwangunan jembatan Leuwidaun, Pencari Fakta Sejarah, ti taun 1965, hari jadi Kabupatén Garut ditetapkeun di tanggal 15 Séptémber 1813<ref name=":5" />. Pada ahirna, numutkeun ka Perda Kabupatén Garut Nomor 30 Taun 2011 ngeunaan Hari Jadi Garut, ditetapkeun yén hari jadi Kabupatén Garut tanggal 16 Fébruari 1813, numutkeun ka palantikan R.A.A Adiwijaya salaku Bupati Limbangan anu ngadirikeun ibukota Garut<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/208508/perda-kab-garut-no-30-tahun-2011|title=Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Garut Nomor 30 Tahun 2011 Tentang Hari Jadi Garut|first=Pemerintah Kabupaten Garut|website=bpk.go.id|publisher=Pemerintah Kabupaten Garut|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228150359/https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/208508/perda-kab-garut-no-30-tahun-2011|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref>. == Géografi == === Wilayah === Kabupatén Garut ngabogaan lega 3065.19 km², nu sacara [[géografi]]s, aya di antara 6°57′34″ – 7°44′57″ Lintang Kidul jeung 107°24′34″ – 108°7′34″ Bujur Wétan<ref name="Kab Garut Dalam Angka"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/letak-geografis|title=Letak Geografis|website=www.garutkab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205173438/https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/letak-geografis|archivedate=2023-02-05}}</ref>. Kabupatén Garut wawatesan jeung [[Kabupatén Tasikmalaya]] di wétan, [[Kabupatén Cianjur]] jeung [[Kabupatén Bandung]] di kulon, [[Kabupatén Sumedang]] di kalér, jeung [[Samudra Hindia|Samudra Indonésia]] di kidul<ref name=":0" />. Pusat Kabupatén Garut aya di 717 méter di luhureun beungeut laut<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/topografi|title=Topografi|website=www.garutkab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131163047/https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/topografi|archivedate=2023-01-31}}</ref>. Kabupatén Garut mangrupa salah sahiji kabupatén anu nyangga Kota Bandung salaku Ibukota Jawa Kulon, anu jarakna 61,5 km ti pusat Kota Bandung. Hal ieu nyebabkeun Kabupatén Bandung boga kadudukan strategis dina ékonomi, sosial, politik, jeung budaya, hususna dina ngembangkeun wilayah Bandung Raya jeung sabudeureunna<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id/potensi-kabupaten-garut/|title=Potensi Kabupaten Garut|website=badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id|publisher=Badan Penghubung Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228071325/https://badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id/potensi-kabupaten-garut/|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref>. === Géomorfologi === Kabupatén Garut dibagi jadi opat satuan morfologi, nyaéta morfologi kerucut gunung api, bukit rélief kasar, bukit rélief halus jeung pedataran<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/geomorfologi|title=Geomorfologi|website=www.garutkab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205171856/https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/geomorfologi|archivedate=2023-02-05}}</ref>. Satuan morfologi kerucut gunung api aya di puncak Gunung Karacak, Cikuray, jeung Papandayan, miboga ciri has mangrupa tinggi diluhur 2.000 méter anu >40% lembah sempit, pola aliran walungan mancar ti pusat gunung, jeung disusun ku lahar, lava andésit, jeung bréksi vulkanik<ref name=":4" />. Satuan morfologi bukit rélief kasar aya di katinggian 500 nepi ka 1.865 méter, anu cirina mangrupa rélief kasar, berlembah sempit jeung ayana léréng terjal anu kadéngdékanna di tingkat 15-40%. Pola walungan rélief kasar digolongkeun subdendritik, sawaréhna subparalél. Batuan penyusun morfologi rélief kasar nyaéta endapan vulkanik tua anu kasusun ku bréksi vulkanik, lava [[andésit]], tufa gelas, jeung bongkahan andésit-basal<ref name=":4" />. Satuan morfologi bukit rélief halus dipanggihan di bagian kalér, tengah, jeung kidul Garut, anu dicirikeun ku kadéngdékan di antara 2-15%, lembah nu teu pati miring, sungai anu gradiénna leutik nepi sedeng. Pola walungan bukit rélief halus ditandaan ku bentuk dendritik jeung subparalel. Bukit rélief halus di Garut kasusun ku endapan vulkanik muda jeung térsiér. Satuan morfologi pedataran aya di bagian dataran garut, anu ditandaan ku rélief datar nu kadéngdékanna kurang ti 2% nepi 15%, tinggina aya di 700 nepi ka 800 méter di luhureun beungeut laut. Aliran walungan dina morfologi pedataran Garut ngabentuk pola déndritik jeung sawaréh anastomatik. Batuan dina morfologi ieu disusun ku rombakan batu kolot anu diendapkeun jadi endapan alluvial jeung kipas alluvial<ref name=":4" />. Évolusi bentang alam Kabupatén Garut diajukeun tina dua pendekatan hipotesis ku Bemmelen (1949) jeung Hamilton (1979)<ref name=":4" />. Bemmelen ngusulkeun yén Kabupatén Garut dibentuk ku aktivitas vulkanik anu terjadi dina [[période Kuartér]] (sakitar 2 juta taun katukang). Sanggeus ayana pergerakan téktonik anu micu ngabentukna pegunungan di ahir [[période Pleistosén]], terjadi déformasi régional nu digerakkeun ku sababaraha patahan saperti patahan Lémbang, Kancanaa, jeun Malabar-Tilu. Daérah dataran antar gunung Garut ngalaman panurunan ku prosés isotasi atawa penyeimbangan batuan dasar jeung pembebanan batuan sédimen volkaniklasik diluhureunna<ref name=":4" />. Dina téori Hamilton ngeunaan konsep lémpéng téktonik, pembentukan gunung api di Zona Bandung kakait ku ayana busur magmatis Sunda anu kabentuk jeung dikontrol ku subduksi Lémpéng Samudera Hindia anu nyusup sakitar 6-10 cm/taun di handapeun Lémpéng Kontinen Asia. Bongkahan lémpéng samudera kalelep dina mantél bumi luar anu suhuna 3000°C anu nyebabkeun pencairan balik. Ku sabab béda komposisi lémpeng jeung mantél bumi luar anu masing-masing sifatna basa jeung asam, dina proses pencairan bakal muncul asimilasi magma anu ngajadikeun magma gerak ka permukaan ngabentuk busur magmatis anu disusun tina bahan andesitis-basaltis. Busur magmatis nyebabkeun ayana gerakan téktonik internal anu jadi sebab proses pelipatan, patahan jeung pembentukan cekungan di antara gunung<ref name=":4" />. === Topografi === ==== Pagunungan ==== Kabupatén Garut dikurilingan ku opat gunung, [[Gunung Karacak]] (1.838 m), [[Gunung Cikuray]] (2.821 m), [[Gunung Papandayan]] (2.622 m), jeung [[Gunung Guntur]] (2.249 m)<ref name=":3" />. Ciri topografi Kabupatén Garut di bagian kalér ditandaan ku ayana dataran tinggi jeung gunung, di bagian kidul ngabogaan tingkat kadéngdékan ekstrem jeung labil. Tinggi daérah Kabupatén Garut variatif, dina daérah paling handap sajajar beungeut laut, jeung paling tinggi aya daérah gunung. Kacamatan [[Pakénjéng, Garut|Pakénjéng]] jeung [[Pamulihan, Garut|Pamulihan]] aya di 500-1000 méter di luhureun beungeut laut, kacamatan [[Cikajang, Garut|Cikajang]], [[Pakénjéng, Garut|Pakénjéng]], [[Pamulihan, Garut|Pamulihan]], [[Cisurupan, Garut|Cisurupan]], jeung [[Ciséwu, Garut|Ciséwu]] 100-1500 méter di luhureun beungeut laut, jeung kacamatan Cibalong, [[Cisompét, Garut|Cisompét]], [[Ciséwu, Garut|Ciséwu]], [[Cikelet]], jeung [[Bungbulang]] di 100 - 500 méter di luhureun beungeut laut. Daérah Kabupatén Garut paling handap aya di kacamatan [[Cibalong, Garut|Cibalong]] jeung [[Pameungpeuk, Garut|Pameungpeuk]] anu tinggina kurang ti 100 méter di luhureun beungeut laut<ref name=":3" /> Bagian Garut kalér anu dikurilingan ku pagunungan vulkanik umumna ngabogaan léréng anu kadéngdékanna 30-45% di puncak, 15-30% di bagian tengah, jeung 10-15% di kaki pagunungan. Léréng gunung umumna diharuduman ku végétasi lebat ku sabab lolobana asup kana aréa konservasi alam<ref name=":3" />. ==== Walungan jeung Sumber Cai ==== Numutkeun ti aliran walungan anu aya, walungan di daérah Kabupatén Garut dibagi jadi dua Daérah Aliran Walungan (DAW) nyaéta Daérah Aliran Kalér jeung Kidul anu muarana masing-masing di [[Laut Jawa]] jeung [[Samudra Indonésia|Samudera Indonésia]]. Daérah Aliran Kidul ngabogaan karakteristik walungan anu pondok, sempit, jeung berlembah tibatan bagian kalér. Daérah Aliran Kalér asup kana DAW Cimanuk Kalér, sedengkeun bagian kidul jadi bagian tina DAW Cikaéngan jeung Cilaki. Di Kabupatén Garut aya 33 walungan jeung 101 anak walungan anu total panjangna 1.397,34 km, sapanjang 92 km mangrupa aliran ti [[Walungan Cimanuk]] anu boga 58 anak walungan<ref name=":3" />. Hasil interprétasi satélit [[Landsat]] di Zona Bandung nunjukkeun yén pola aliran walungan anu berkembang di antara pagunungan Garut Kalér ngabentuk karakter ngadaun anu aliran utamana aya di Walungan Cimanuk ngarah ka kalér. Aliran Walungan Cimanuk dipasok tina cabang anak walungan di sakuriling pagunungan Garut<ref name=":3" />. Mata cai taneuh anu aya di Kabupatén Garut aya di 12 titik. Debit mata air panggedéna aya di daérah Cibuyutan, [[Léwobaru, Malangbong, Garut|Léwobaru, Malangbong]] anu ngahasilkeun cai 700 liter per detik, disusul ku Cipapar jeung Cipancar, [[Lélés, Garut|Lélés]] sagedé 300 liter per detikna<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://garutkab.go.id/pub/static_menu/detail/sda_air|title=Pemerintah Kabupaten Garut - Sumber Daya Air|first=Pemerintah Kabupaten Garut|website=garutkab.go.id|publisher=Pemerintah Kabupaten Garut|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730111523/http://garutkab.go.id/pub/static_menu/detail/sda_air|archivedate=2017-06-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730111523/http://garutkab.go.id/pub/static_menu/detail/sda_air |date=2017-07-30 }}</ref>. === Iklim jeung Cuaca === Numutkeun ti [[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]], wilayah Kabupatén Garut kaasup ka daérah iklim tropis baseuh (humid tropical climate) tipe Af nepi Am. Iklim jeung cuaca di Kabupatén Garut dipengaruhan ku pola sirkulasi angin musiman, topografi regional nu bergunung di tengah Jawa Kulon, jeung élévasi topografi aréa Bandung. Curah hujan rata-rata di daérah Garut aya dina rata-rata 2.589 mm, jeung di sabudeureun pegunungan Garut aya di 3500 - 4000 mm. Ku sabab éta, iklim Garut ngabogaan bulan baseuh 9 bulan jeung bulan garing 3 bulan. Suhu bulanan daérah Garut aya di kisaran 24-27°C. Angka penguap keringatan (evapotranspirasi) Kabupatén Garut numutkeun kana Iwaco-Waseco (1991) nyaéta 1.572 mm/taun<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/klimatologi|title=Klimatologi|website=www.garutkab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131173909/https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/klimatologi|archivedate=2023-01-31}}</ref>. Dina sapoé, inténsitas hujan di Kabupatén Garut leuwih ti 200 mm, ngaleuwihan ambang batas serap cai hujan sakitar 150 mm. Cai hujan anu teu kaserep jadi salah sahiji risiko rawan caah di Kabupatén Garut<ref name="PR-25-OKT-">{{cite news|first1=Tati|last1=Purnawati|title=Longsor di Pasirdatar: Tiga Orang Tewas Tertimbun|date=25 Oktober 2022|work=[[Pikiran Rakyat]]|location=[[Kabupaten Sukabumi|Sukabumi]]|pp=4}}</ref>. Dina musim hujan, angin ti arah kalér ngulon mawa udara baseuh ti [[Laut Tiongkok Kidul]] jeung kulon laut Jawa. Dina musim halodo, angin kering anu suhuna relatif tinggi dibawa ti arah kidul ngétan, nyaéta ti [[Australia]]<ref name=":1" />. == Pamaréntahan == === Daftar Bupati === [[Gambar:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_regent_van_Garoet_en_zijn_familie_TMnr_60009520.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bupati Garut Raden Adipati Aria Wiratanudatar VII reujeung pamajikan RA Lasminingrat (diuk) sarta kulawarga.]] Di handap ieu béréndélan bupati Garut ti mimiti ngadegna Kabupatén Limbangan di Suci (anyar) nu lajeng robah jadi Kabupatén Garut.<onlyinclude> {| class="wikitable" !No ! colspan="3" |Bupati !Awal ngajabat !Ahir ngajabat !Période !Katerangan !Wakil Bupati |- |- |align="center"| 1 |[[Gambar:RAA_Adiwijaya.jpg|121x121px]] | |[[R.A.A. Adiwijaya]] |align="center"| 1813 |align="center"| 1831 |align="center"| 1 |{{refn|Dina Kabupaten Limbangan|group=ket.}} | rowspan="22" align="center"| — |- |align="center"| 2 |[[Gambar:RAA_Kusumadinata.jpg|120x120px]] | |R.A.A. Kusumadinata |align="center"| 1831 |align="center"| 1833 |align="center"| 2 |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 3 |[[Gambar:Tumenggung_Jaya_Diningrat.jpeg|120x120px]] | |Tumenggung Jaya Diningrat |align="center"| 1833 |align="center"| 1871 |align="center"| 3 |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 4 | | |[[Raden Adipati Aria Wiratanudatar VII|R.A.A. Wiratanudatar VII]] |align="center"| 1871 |align="center"| 1915 |align="center"| 4 | |- |align="center"| 5 | | |R.A.A. Soeria Kartalegawa |align="center"| 1915 |align="center"| 1929 |align="center"| 5 |{{refn|Robah ngaran jadi Kabupatén Garut dina mangsa jabatan R.A.A. Wiratanudatar VII taun 1913|group=ket.}} |- |align="center"| 6 | | |[[Musa Suria Kertalegawa|R.A.A. Muh. Musa Suria Kertalegawa]] |align="center"| 1929 |align="center"| 1944 |align="center"| 6 |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 7 |[[Gambar:R._Tumenggung_Endung_Suriaputra.jpg|120x120px]] | |[[Suriaputra|R. Tumenggung Endung Suriaputra]] |align="center"| 1944 |align="center"| 1945 | rowspan="2" align="center"| 7 |{{refn|Diangkat jadi Bupati Bandung|group=ket.}} |- |align="center"| 8 | | |R. Kalih Wiramihardja |align="center"| 1945 |align="center"| 1948 |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 9 | | |R. Tumenggung Agus Padmanagara |align="center"| 1948 |align="center"| 1949 | rowspan="2" align="center"| 8 |{{refn|Diturunkan tina jabatan ku pamaréntah pusat ku sabab kasangsian gelar karajaan|group=ket.}} |- |align="center"| 10 | | |R. Tumenggung Kartahudaya |align="center"| 1949 |align="center"| 1950 |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 11 | | |R. Moh. Sabri Kartasomantri |align="center"| 1950 |align="center"| 1956 |align="center"| 9 |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 12 | | |R. Moh. Noh Kartanegara |align="center"| 1956 |align="center"| 1959 |align="center"| 10 |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 13 | | |R. Gahara Widjaja Suria |align="center"| 1959 |align="center"| 1966 |align="center"| 11 |{{refn|Ngajayakeun Garut jadi Kota Intan ku dipasihan penghargaan ti présiden.<ref>[http://fokusjabar.com/2012/12/05/luka-sejarah-kepemimpinan-daerah-di-garut-bagian-i/ Sejarah Kabupaten Garut I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228145102/http://www.fokusjabar.com/2012/12/05/luka-sejarah-kepemimpinan-daerah-di-garut-bagian-i/ |date=2014-12-28 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Fokus Jabar</ref>|group=ket.}} |- |align="center"| 14 | | |Letkol Akil Ahyar Mansyur |align="center"| 1966 |align="center"| 1967 |align="center"| 12 |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 15 | | |R.M. Bob Yacob Ishak |align="center"| 1967 |align="center"| 1972 |align="center"| 13 |{{refn|Berhenti di ahir masa jabatan ku kaserang kasakit.<ref name="Sejarah Kabupaten Garut II">[http://fokusjabar.com/2012/12/05/luka-sejarah-kepemimpinan-daerah-di-garut-bagian-ii-habis/ Sejarah Kabupaten Garut II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232814/http://fokusjabar.com/2012/12/05/luka-sejarah-kepemimpinan-daerah-di-garut-bagian-ii-habis/ |date=2014-04-26 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Fokus Jabar</ref>|group=ket.}} |- |align="center"| 16 | | |Drs. R. Moh. Syamsudin |align="center"| 1972 |align="center"| 1973 |align="center"| 14 |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 17 | | |Hasan Wirahadikusumah |align="center"| 1973 |align="center"| 1978 |align="center"| 15 <small>(1973)</small> |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 18 | | bgcolor="#7B8738" | |Letkol Iman Sulaeman |align="center"| 1978 |align="center"| 1983 |align="center"| 16 <small>(1978)</small> |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 19 | | bgcolor="#7B8738" | |Letkol Kav Taufik Hidayat |align="center"| 1983 |align="center"| 1988 |align="center"| 17 <small>(1983)</small> |{{refn|Tukeur jabatan jeung Bupati Ciamis, [[Momon Gandasasmita]].<ref name="Sejarah Kabupaten Garut II"/>|group=ket.}} |- |align="center"| 20 | | |Momon Gandasasmita |align="center"| 1988 |align="center"| 1993 |align="center"| 18 <small>(1988)</small> |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 21 | | |Toharudin Gani |align="center"| 1993 |align="center"| 1998 |align="center"| 19 <small>(1993)</small> |&nbsp; |- |align="center"| 22 | | |[[Dede Satibi (bupati)|Dede Satibi]] |align="center"| 1999 |align="center"| 2004 |align="center"| 20 <small>(1999)</small> | |- |align="center"| 23 | | |Agus Supriadi |align="center"| 2004 |align="center"| 2007 | rowspan="2" align="center"| 21 <small>(2004)</small> |{{refn|Dina taun tahun 2007 dinonaktifkan ku kasus korupsi anu divonis taun 2009|group=ket.}}{{refn|Penjabat bupati dipégang ku Mémo Hermawan salaku Wakil Bupati Garut{{cite news | first1 = Irwan | last1 = Nugraha | editor-first = Farid | editor-last = Assifa | title = DPRD Garut Segera Paripurna Tetapkan Pengganti Aceng | url = https://www.kompas.com/olahraga/read/2013/02/26/19481473/dprd-garut-segera-paripurna-tetapkan-pengganti-aceng | date = 26 Februari 2013 | website = [[kompas.com]] | access-date = 27 Oktober 2022|group=ket.}} |align="center"| [[Memo Hermawan]] |- |align="center"| — | | |[[Memo Hermawan]] |align="center"| 2007 |align="center"| 2009 | |align="center"| — |- | rowspan="2" align="center"| 24 | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Aceng Fikri, Bupati Garut.jpg|125x125px]] | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#d3d3d" | | rowspan="2" |[[Aceng H.M. Fikri|Aceng Fikri]] | rowspan="2" align="center"| 13 Juni 2009 | rowspan="2" align="center"| 25 Februari 2013 | rowspan="3" align="center"| 22 <small>(2009)</small> | rowspan="2" |{{refn|Diberhentikeun ku kasus pernikahan kilat jeung Fani Oktora|group=ket.}} |align="center"| [[Diky Candra]]<small>(2009—11)</small> |- |align="center"| [[Agus Hamdani]]<small>(2011—13)</small> |- |align="center"| 25 | | bgcolor="#096309" | |[[Agus Hamdani]] |align="center"| 25 Februari 2013 |align="center"| 23 Januari 2014 |{{refn|Sateuacanna menjabat wakil bupati, terus diangkat jadi penjabat bupati sanggeus [[Aceng Fikri]] dimakzulkan. Anjeunna dilantik dina tanggal 4 April 2013|group=ket.}} |align="center"| — |- | rowspan="2" align="center"| 26 | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:Rudi_Gunawan.jpg|123x123px]] | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ff0000" | | rowspan="2" |[[Rudy Gunawan (politikus)|Rudi Gunawan]] |align="center"| 23 Januari 2014 |align="center"| 23 Januari 2019 |align="center"| 23 <small>(2014)</small> |align="center"| | rowspan="2" align="center"| [[Helmi Budiman]] |- |align="center"| 23 Januari 2019 |align="center"| ''petahana'' |align="center"| 24 <small>(2019)</small> |align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://jabar.tribunnews.com/2019/01/23/rudy-dan-helmi-resmi-dilantik-pimpin-garut-2-periode-bakal-genjot-pariwisata-di-antaranya-bagendit|title=Rudy dan Helmi Resmi Dilantik, Pimpin Garut 2 Periode, Bakal Genjot Pariwisata di Antaranya Bagendit|date=23 Januari 2019|access-date=23 Januari 2019|newspaper=Tribun News|first=Muhamad Syarif|last=Abdussalam|editor-first=Taufik|editor-last=Ismail|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228150806/https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2019/01/23/rudy-dan-helmi-resmi-dilantik-pimpin-garut-2-periode-bakal-genjot-pariwisata-di-antaranya-bagendit|archive-date=2023-02-28}}</ref> |- |} === Kacamatan === Kabupatén Garut ngabogaan 42 kacamatan, 12 kalurahan, jeung 421 désa. Di taun 2021, jumlah pangeusi Kabupatén Garut 2.604.790 jiwa dina kapadetan 849,80 jiwa/km². Kacamatan, kalurahan, jeung désa di Kabupatén Garut nyaéta: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" !Kode Kemendagri !Kecamatan !Kelurahan !Desa !Status !Daftar Desa/Kelurahan |- valign="top" |32.05.23 |[[Banjarwangi, Garut|Banjarwangi]] | align="center" | | align="center" |11 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Banjarwangi, Banjarwangi, Garut|Banjarwangi]] * [[Bojong, Banjarwangi, Garut|Bojong]] * [[Dangiang, Banjarwangi, Garut|Dangiang]] * [[Jayabakti, Banjarwangi, Garut|Jayabakti]] * [[Kadongdong, Banjarwangi, Garut|Kadongdong]] * [[Mulyajaya, Banjarwangi, Garut|Mulyajaya]] * [[Padahurip, Banjarwangi, Garut|Padahurip]] * [[Tanjungjaya, Banjarwangi, Garut|Tanjungjaya]] * [[Talagajaya, Banjarwangi, Garut|Talagajaya]] * [[Talagasari, Banjarwangi, Garut|Talagasari]] * [[Wangunjaya, Banjarwangi, Garut|Wangunjaya]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.06 |[[Banyuresmi, Garut|Banyuresmi]] | align="center" | | align="center" |15 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Bagendit, Banyuresmi, Garut|Bagendit]] * [[Banyuresmi, Banyuresmi, Garut|Banyuresmi]] * [[Binakarya, Banyuresmi, Garut|Binakarya]] * [[Cimarémé, Banyuresmi, Garut|Cimareme]] * [[Cipicung, Banyuresmi, Garut|Cipicung]] * [[Dangdeur, Banyuresmi, Garut|Dangdeur]] * [[Karyamukti, Banyuresmi, Garut|Karyamukti]] * [[Karyasari, Banyuresmi, Garut|Karyasari]] * [[Pamekarsari, Banyuresmi, Garut|Pamekarsari]] * [[Sukakarya, Banyuresmi, Garut|Sukakarya]] * [[Sukalaksana, Banyuresmi, Garut|Sukalaksana]] * [[Sukamukti, Banyuresmi, Garut|Sukamukti]] * [[Sukaraja, Banyuresmi, Garut|Sukaraja]] * [[Sukaratu, Banyuresmi, Garut|Sukaratu]] * [[Sukasenang, Banyuresmi, Garut|Sukasenang]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.17 |[[Bayongbong, Garut|Bayongbong]] | align="center" | | align="center" |18 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Banjarsari, Bayongbong, Garut|Banjarsari]] * [[Bayongbong, Bayongbong, Garut|Bayongbong]] * [[Ciburuy, Bayongbong, Garut|Ciburuy]] * [[Ciela, Bayongbong, Garut|Ciela]] * [[Cikedokan, Bayongbong, Garut|Cikedokan]] * [[Cinisti, Bayongbong, Garut|Cinisti]] * [[Hégarmanah, Bayongbong, Garut|Hegarmanah]] * [[Karyajaya, Bayongbong, Garut|Karyajaya]] * [[Mekarjaya, Bayongbong, Garut|Mekarjaya]] * [[Mekarsari, Bayongbong, Garut|Mekarsari]] * [[Mulyasari, Bayongbong, Garut|Mulyasari]] * [[Pamalayan, Bayongbong, Garut|Pamalayan]] * [[Panémbong, Bayongbong, Garut|Panembong]] * [[Salakuray, Bayongbong, Garut|Selakuray]] * [[Sirnagalih, Bayongbong, Garut|Sirnagalih]] * [[Sukamanah, Bayongbong, Garut|Sukamanah]] * [[Sukarame, Bayongbong, Garut|Sukarame]] * [[Sukasenang, Bayongbong, Garut|Sukasenang]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.38 |[[Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Balubur Limbangan]] | align="center" | | align="center" |14 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cigagade, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Cigagade]] * [[Cijolang, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Cijolang]] * [[Ciwangi, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Ciwangi]] * [[Dunguswiru, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Dunguswiru]] * [[Galihpakuwon, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Galihpakuwon]] * [[Limbangan Kulon, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Limbangan Kulon]] * [[Limbangan Tengah, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Limbangan Tengah]] * [[Limbangan Wétan, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Limbangan Wétan]] * [[Neglasari, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Neglasari]] * [[Pangeureunan, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Pangeureunan]] * [[Pasirwaru, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Pasirwaru]] * [[Simpen Kaler, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Simpen Kaler]] * [[Simpen Kidul, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Simpen Kidul]] * [[Surabaya, Balubur Limbangan, Garut|Surabaya]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.31 |[[Bungbulang, Garut|Bungbulang]] | align="center" | | align="center" |13 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Bungbulang, Bungbulang, Garut|Bungbulang]] * [[Bojong, Bungbulang, Garut|Bojong]] * [[Cihikeu, Bungbulang, Garut|Cihikeu]] * [[Gunamekar, Bungbulang, Garut|Gunamekar]] * [[Gunung Jampang, Bungbulang, Garut|Gunung Jampang]] * [[Hanjuang, Bungbulang, Garut|Hanjuang]] * [[Hegarmanah, Bungbulang, Garut|Hegarmanah]] * [[Margalaksana, Bungbulang, Garut|Margalaksana]] * [[Mekarbakti, Bungbulang, Garut|Mekarbakti]] * [[Mekarjaya, Bungbulang, Garut|Mekarjaya]] * [[Sinarjaya, Bungbulang, Garut|Sinarjaya]] * [[Tegallega, Bungbulang, Garut|Tegallega]] * [[Wangunjaya, Bungbulang, Garut|Wangunjaya]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.36 |[[Caringin, Garut|Caringin]] | align="center" | | align="center" |6 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Caringin, Caringin, Garut|Caringin]] * [[Cimahi, Caringin, Garut|Cimahi]] * [[Indralayang, Caringin, Garut|Indralayang]] * [[Purbayani, Caringin, Garut|Purbayani]] * [[Samuderajaya, Caringin, Garut|Samuderajaya]] * [[Sukarame, Caringin, Garut|Sukarame]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.29 |[[Cibalong, Garut|Cibalong]] | align="center" | | align="center" |11 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cigaronggong, Cibalong, Garut|Cigaronggong]] * [[Karyamukti, Cibalong, Garut|Karyamukti]] * [[Karyasari, Cibalong, Garut|Karyasari]] * [[Maroko, Cibalong, Garut|Maroko]] * [[Mekarmukti, Cibalong, Garut|Mekarmukti]] * [[Mekarsari, Cibalong, Garut|Mekarsari]] * [[Mekarwangi, Cibalong, Garut|Mekarwangi]] * [[Najaten, Cibalong, Garut|Najaten]] * [[Sagara, Cibalong, Garut|Sagara]] * [[Sancang, Cibalong, Garut|Sancang]] * [[Simpang, Cibalong, Garut|Simpang]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.12 |[[Cibatu, Garut|Cibatu]] | align="center" | | align="center" |11 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cibatu, Cibatu, Garut|Cibatu]] * [[Cibunar, Cibatu, Garut|Cibunar]] * [[Girimukti, Cibatu, Garut|Girimukti]] * [[Karyamukti, Cibatu, Garut|Karyamukti]] * [[Keresek, Cibatu, Garut|Keresek]] * [[Kertajaya, Cibatu, Garut|Kertajaya]] * [[Mekarsari, Cibatu, Garut|Mekarsari]] * [[Padasuka, Cibatu, Garut|Padasuka]] * [[Sindangsuka, Cibatu, Garut|Sindangsuka]] * [[Sukalilah, Cibatu, Garut|Sukalilah]] * [[Wanakerta, Cibatu, Garut|Wanakerta]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.40 |[[Cibiuk, Garut|Cibiuk]] | align="center" | | align="center" |5 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cipareuan, Cibiuk, Garut|Cipareuan]] * [[Cibiuk Kaler, Cibiuk, Garut|Cibiuk Kaler]] * [[Cibiuk Kidul, Cibiuk, Garut|Cibiuk Kidul]] * [[Lingkungpasir, Cibiuk, Garut|Lingkungpasir]] * [[Majasari, Cibiuk, Garut|Majasari]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.18 |[[Cigedug, Garut|Cigedug]] | align="center" | | align="center" |5 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Barusuda, Cigedug, Garut|Barusuda]] * [[Cigedug, Cigedug, Garut|Cigedug]] * [[Cintanagara, Cigedug, Garut|Cintanagara]] * [[Sindangsari, Cigedug, Garut|Sindangsari]] * [[Sukahurip, Cigedug, Garut|Sukahurip]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.25 |[[Cihurip, Garut|Cihurip]] | align="center" | | align="center" |4 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cihurip, Cihurip, Garut|Cihurip]] * [[Cisangkal, Cihurip, Garut|Cisangkal]] * [[Jayamukti, Cihurip, Garut|Jayamukti]] * [[Mekarwangi, Cihurip, Garut|Mekarwangi]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.22 |[[Cikajang, Garut|Cikajang]] | align="center" | | align="center" |12 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cibodas, Cikajang, Garut|Cibodas]] * [[Cikajang, Cikajang, Garut|Cikajang]] * [[Cikandang, Cikajang, Garut|Cikandang]] * [[Cipangramatan, Cikajang, Garut|Cipangramatan]] * [[Giriawas, Cikajang, Garut|Giriawas]] * [[Girijaya, Cikajang, Garut|Girijaya]] * [[Kramatwangi, Cikajang, Garut|Kramatwangi]] * [[Margamulya, Cikajang, Garut|Margamulya]] * [[Mekarjaya, Cikajang, Garut|Mekarjaya]] * [[Mekarsari, Cikajang, Garut|Mekarsari]] * [[Padasuka, Cikajang, Garut|Padasuka]] * [[Simpang, Cikajang, Garut|Simpang]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.30 |[[Cikelet, Garut|Cikelet]] | align="center" | | align="center" |11 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Awassagara, Cikelet, Garut|Awassagara]] * [[Cigadog, Cikelet, Garut|Cigadog]] * [[Cijambe, Cikelet, Garut|Cijambe]] * [[Cikelet, Cikelet, Garut|Cikelet]] * [[Ciroyom, Cikelet, Garut|Ciroyom]] * [[Girimukti, Cikelet, Garut|Girimukti]] * [[Karangsari, Cikelet, Garut|Karangsari]] * [[Kertamukti, Cikelet, Garut|Kertamukti]] * [[Linggamanik, Cikelet, Garut|Linggamanik]] * [[Pamalayan, Cikelet, Garut|Pamalayan]] * [[Tipar, Cikelet, Garut|Tipar]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.19 |[[Cilawu, Garut|Cilawu]] | align="center" | | align="center" |18 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cilawu, Cilawu, Garut|Cilawu]] * [[Dangiang, Cilawu, Garut|Dangiang]] * [[Dawungsari, Cilawu, Garut|Dawungsari]] * [[Dayeuhmanggung, Cilawu, Garut|Dayeuhmanggung]] * [[Desakolot, Cilawu, Garut|Desakolot]] * [[Karyamekar, Cilawu, Garut|Karyamekar]] * [[Mangurakyat, Cilawu, Garut|Mangurakyat]] * [[Margalaksana, Cilawu, Garut|Margalaksana]] * [[Mekarmukti, Cilawu, Garut|Mekarmukti]] * [[Mekarsari, Cilawu, Garut|Mekarsari]] * [[Ngamplang, Cilawu, Garut|Ngamplang]] * [[Ngamplangsari, Cilawu, Garut|Ngamplangsari]] * [[Pasanggrahan, Cilawu, Garut|Pasanggrahan]] * [[Sukahati, Cilawu, Garut|Sukahati]] * [[Sukamaju, Cilawu, Garut|Sukamaju]] * [[Sukamukti, Cilawu, Garut|Sukamukti]] * [[Sukamurni, Cilawu, Garut|Sukamurni]] * [[Sukatani, Cilawu, Garut|Sukatani]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.35 |[[Cisewu, Garut|Cisewu]] | align="center" | | align="center" |9 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cikarang, Cisewu, Garut|Cikarang]] * [[Cisewu, Cisewu, Garut|Cisewu]] * [[Girimukti, Cisewu, Garut|Girimukti]] * [[Karangsewu, Cisewu, Garut|Karangsewu]] * [[Mekarsewu, Cisewu, Garut|Mekarsewu]] * [[Nyalindung, Cisewu, Garut|Nyalindung]] * [[Panggalih, Cisewu, Garut|Panggalih]] * [[Pamalayan, Cisewu, Garut|Pamalayan]] * [[Sukajaya, Cisewu, Garut|Sukajaya]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.28 |[[Cisompet, Garut|Cisompet]] | align="center" | | align="center" |11 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cisompet, Cisompet, Garut|Cisompet]] * [[Cihaurkuning, Cisompet, Garut|Cihaurkuning]] * [[Cikondang, Cisompet, Garut|Cikondang]] * [[Depok, Cisompet, Garut|Depok]] * [[Jatisari, Cisompet, Garut|Jatisari]] * [[Margamulya, Cisompet, Garut|Margamulya]] * [[Neglasari, Cisompet, Garut|Neglasari]] * [[Panyindangan, Cisompet, Garut|Panyindangan]] * [[Sindangsari, Cisompet, Garut|Sindangsari]] * [[Sukamukti, Cisompet, Garut|Sukamukti]] * [[Sukanagara, Cisompet, Garut|Sukanagara]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.20 |[[Cisurupan, Garut|Cisurupan]] | align="center" | | align="center" |17 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Balewangi, Cisurupan, Garut|Balewangi]] * [[Cidatar, Cisurupan, Garut|Cidatar]] * [[Cintaasih, Cisurupan, Garut|Cintaasih]] * [[Cipaganti, Cisurupan, Garut|Cipaganti]] * [[Cisero, Cisurupan, Garut|Cisero]] * [[Cisurupan, Cisurupan, Garut|Cisurupan]] * [[Kramatwangi, Cisurupan, Garut|Kramatwangi]] * [[Pakuwon, Cisurupan, Garut|Pakuwon]] * [[Pamulihan, Cisurupan, Garut|Pamulihan]] * [[Pangauban, Cisurupan, Garut|Pangauban]] * [[Simpangsari, Cisurupan, Garut|Simpangsari]] * [[Sirnajaya, Cisurupan, Garut|Sirnajaya]] * [[Sirnagalih, Cisurupan, Garut|Sirnagalih]] * [[Situsari, Cisurupan, Garut|Situsari]] * [[Sukatani, Cisurupan, Garut|Sukatani]] * [[Sukawangi, Cisurupan, Garut|Sukawangi]] * [[Tambakbaya, Cisurupan, Garut|Tambakbaya]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.01 |[[Garut Kota, Garut|Garut Kota]] | align="center" |11 | align="center" | - |Kelurahan |{{Flatlist|* [[Cimuncang, Garut Kota, Garut|Cimuncang]] * [[Ciwalen, Garut Kota, Garut|Ciwalen]] * [[Kota Kulon, Garut Kota, Garut|Kota Kulon]] * [[Kota Wetan, Garut Kota, Garut|Kota Wetan]] * [[Margawati, Garut Kota, Garut|Margawati]] * [[Muara Sanding, Garut Kota, Garut|Muara Sanding]] * [[Pakuwon, Garut Kota, Garut|Pakuwon]] * [[Paminggir, Garut Kota, Garut|Paminggir]] * [[Regol, Garut Kota, Garut|Regol]] * [[Sukamantri, Garut Kota, Garut|Sukamantri]] * [[Sukanegla, Garut Kota, Garut|Sukanegla]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.10 |[[Kadungora, Garut|Kadungora]] | align="center" | | align="center" |14 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cikembulan, Kadungora, Garut|Cikembulan]] * [[Cisaat, Kadungora, Garut|Cisaat]] * [[Gandamekar, Kadungora, Garut|Gandamekar]] * [[Harumansari, Kadungora, Garut|Harumansari]] * [[Hegarsari, Kadungora, Garut|Hegarsari]] * [[Kadungora, Kadungora, Garut|Kadungora]] * [[Karangmulya, Kadungora, Garut|Karangmulya]] * [[Karangtengah, Kadungora, Garut|Karangtengah]] * [[Mandalasari, Kadungora, Garut|Mandalasari]] * [[Mekarbakti, Kadungora, Garut|Mekarbakti]] * [[Neglasari, Kadungora, Garut|Neglasari]] * [[Rancasalak, Kadungora, Garut|Rancasalak]] * [[Talagasari, Kadungora, Garut|Talagasari]] * [[Tanggulun, Kadungora, Garut|Tanggulun]]}} |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" |32.05.02 | rowspan="2" |[[Karangpawitan, Garut|Karangpawitan]] | rowspan="2" align="center" |4 | rowspan="2" align="center" |16 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cimurah, Karangpawitan, Garut|Cimurah]] * [[Godog, Karangpawitan, Garut|Godog]] * [[Jatisari, Karangpawitan, Garut|Jatisari]] * [[Karangpawitan, Karangpawitan, Garut|Karangpawitan]] * [[Karangsari, Karangpawitan, Garut|Karangsari]] * [[Lebakagung, Karangpawitan, Garut|Lebakagung]] * [[Mekarsari, Karangpawitan, Garut|Mekarsari]] * [[Sindanggalih, Karangpawitan, Garut|Sindanggalih]] * [[Sindanglaya, Karangpawitan, Garut|Sindanglaya]] * [[Sindangpalay, Karangpawitan, Garut|Sindangpalay]] * [[Situgede, Karangpawitan, Garut|Situgede]] * [[Situjaya, Karangpawitan, Garut|Situjaya]] * [[Situsaeur, Karangpawitan, Garut|Situsaeur]] * [[Situsari, Karangpawitan, Garut|Situsari]] * [[Suci, Karangpawitan, Garut|Suci]] * [[Tanjungsari, Karangpawitan, Garut|Tanjungsari]]}} |- |Kelurahan |{{Flatlist|* [[Karangmulya, Karangpawitan, Garut|Karangmulya]] * [[Lebakjaya, Karangpawitan, Garut|Lebakjaya]] * [[Lengkongjaya, Karangpawitan, Garut|Lengkongjaya]] * [[Sucikaler, Karangpawitan, Garut|Sucikaler]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.16 |[[Karangtengah, Garut|Karangtengah]] | align="center" | | align="center" |4 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Caringin, Karangtengah, Garut|Caringin]] * [[Cinta, Karangtengah, Garut|Cinta]] * [[Cintamanik, Karangtengah, Garut|Cintamanik]] * [[Sindanggalih, Karangtengah, Garut|Sindanggalih]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.13 |[[Kersamanah, Garut|Kersamanah]] | align="center" | | align="center" |6 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Girijaya, Kersamanah, Garut|Girijaya]] * [[Kersamanah, Kersamanah, Garut|Kersamanah]] * [[Mekarraya, Kersamanah, Garut|Mekarraya]] * [[Nanjungjaya, Kersamanah, Garut|Nanjungjaya]] * [[Sukamaju, Kersamanah, Garut|Sukamaju]] * [[Sukamerang, Kersamanah, Garut|Sukamerang]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.09 |[[Leles, Garut|Leles]] | align="center" | | align="center" |12 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cangkuang, Leles, Garut|Cangkuang]] * [[Ciburial, Leles, Garut|Ciburial]] * [[Cipancar, Leles, Garut|Cipancar]] * [[Dano, Leles, Garut|Dano]] * [[Haruman, Leles, Garut|Haruman]] * [[Jangkurang, Leles, Garut|Jangkurang]] * [[Kandangmukti, Leles, Garut|Kandangmukti]] * [[Leles, Leles, Garut|Leles]] * [[Lembang, Leles, Garut|Lembang]] * [[Margaluyu, Leles, Garut|Margaluyu]] * [[Salamnunggal, Leles, Garut|Salamnunggal]] * [[Sukarame, Leles, Garut|Sukarame]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.11 |[[Leuwigoong, Garut|Leuwigoong]] | align="center" | | align="center" |8 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Dungusiku, Leuwigoong, Garut|Dungusiku]] * [[Karanganyar, Leuwigoong, Garut|Karanganyar]] * [[Karangsari, Leuwigoong, Garut|Karangsari]] * [[Leuwigoong, Leuwigoong, Garut|Leuwigoong]] * [[Margacinta, Leuwigoong, Garut|Margacinta]] * [[Margahayu, Leuwigoong, Garut|Margahayu]] * [[Sindangsari, Leuwigoong, Garut|Sindangsari]] * [[Tambak Sari, Leuwigoong, Garut|Tambak Sari]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.14 |[[Malangbong, Garut|Malangbong]] | align="center" | | align="center" |24 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Baru Dua, Malangbong, Garut|Baru Dua]] * [[Bunisari, Malangbong, Garut|Bunisari]] * [[Campaka, Malangbong, Garut|Campaka]] * [[Cibunar, Malangbong, Garut|Cibunar]] * [[Cihaurkuning, Malangbong, Garut|Cihaurkuning]] * [[Cikarang, Malangbong, Garut|Cikarang]] * [[Cilampuyang, Malangbong, Garut|Cilampuyang]] * [[Cinagara, Malangbong, Garut|Cinagara]] * [[Cisitu, Malangbong, Garut|Cisitu]] * [[Citeras, Malangbong, Garut|Citeras]] * [[Girimakmur, Malangbong, Garut|Girimakmur]] * [[Karangmulya, Malangbong, Garut|Karangmulya]] * [[Kutanagara, Malangbong, Garut|Kutanagara]] * [[Lewobaru, Malangbong, Garut|Lewobaru]] * [[Malangbong, Malangbong, Garut|Malangbong]] * [[Mekarasih, Malangbong, Garut|Mekarasih]] * [[Mekarmulya, Malangbong, Garut|Mekarmulya]] * [[Sanding, Malangbong, Garut|Sanding]] * [[Sakawayang, Malangbong, Garut|Sakawayang]] * [[Sekarwangi, Malangbong, Garut|Sekarwangi]] * [[Sukajaya, Malangbong, Garut|Sukajaya]] * [[Sukamanah, Malangbong, Garut|Sukamanah]] * [[Sukarasa, Malangbong, Garut|Sukarasa]] * [[Sukaratu, Malangbong, Garut|Sukaratu]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.32 |[[Mekarmukti, Garut|Mekarmukti]] | align="center" | | align="center" |5 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cijayana, Mekarmukti, Garut|Cijayana]] * [[Jayabaya, Mekarmukti, Garut|Jayabaya]] * [[Karangwangi, Mekarmukti, Garut|Karangwangi]] * [[Mekarmukti, Mekarmukti, Garut|Mekarmukti]] * [[Mekarsari, Mekarmukti, Garut|Mekarsari]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.33 |[[Pakenjeng, Garut|Pakenjeng]] | align="center" | | align="center" |13 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Depok, Pakenjeng, Garut|Depok]] * [[Jatiwangi, Pakenjeng, Garut|Jatiwangi]] * [[Jayamekar, Pakenjeng, Garut|Jayamekar]] * [[Karangsari, Pakenjeng, Garut|Karangsari]] * [[Neglasari, Pakenjeng, Garut|Neglasari]] * [[Panyindangan, Pakenjeng, Garut|Panyindangan]] * [[Pasirlangu, Pakenjeng, Garut|Pasirlangu]] * [[Sukamulya, Pakenjeng, Garut|Sukamulya]] * [[Talagawangi, Pakenjeng, Garut|Talagawangi]] * [[Tanjungjaya, Pakenjeng, Garut|Tanjungjaya]] * [[Tanjungmulya, Pakenjeng, Garut|Tanjungmulya]] * [[Tegalgede, Pakenjeng, Garut|Tegalgede]] * [[Wangunjaya, Pakenjeng, Garut|Wangunjaya]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.27 |[[Pameungpeuk, Garut|Pameungpeuk]] | align="center" | | align="center" |8 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Bojong, Pameungpeuk, Garut|Bojong]] * [[Bojong Kidul, Pameungpeuk, Garut|Bojong Kidul]] * [[Jatimulya, Pameungpeuk, Garut|Jatimulya]] * [[Mancagahar, Pameungpeuk, Garut|Mancagahar]] * [[Mandalakasih, Pameungpeuk, Garut|Mandalakasih]] * [[Paas, Pameungpeuk, Garut|Paas]] * [[Pameungpeuk, Pameungpeuk, Garut|Pameungpeuk]] * [[Sirnabakti, Pameungpeuk, Garut|Sirnabakti]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.34 |[[Pamulihan, Garut|Pamulihan]] | align="center" | | align="center" |5 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Garumukti, Pamulihan, Garut|Garumukti]] * [[Linggarjati, Pamulihan, Garut|Linggarjati]] * [[Pakenjeng, Pamulihan, Garut|Pakenjeng]] * [[Panawa, Pamulihan, Garut|Panawa]] * [[Pananjung, Pamulihan, Garut|Pananjung]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.41 |[[Pangatikan, Garut|Pangatikan]] | align="center" | | align="center" |8 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Babakan Loa, Pangatikan, Garut|Babakan Loa]] * [[Cihuni, Pangatikan, Garut|Cihuni]] * [[Cimarabas, Pangatikan, Garut|Cimarabas]] * [[Citangtu, Pangatikan, Garut|Citangtu]] * [[Karangsari, Pangatikan, Garut|Karangsari]] * [[Sukahurip, Pangatikan, Garut|Sukahurip]] * [[Sukamulya, Pangatikan, Garut|Sukamulya]] * [[Sukarasa, Pangatikan, Garut|Sukarasa]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.08 |[[Pasirwangi, Garut|Pasirwangi]] | align="center" | | align="center" |12 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Barusari, Pasirwangi, Garut|Barusari]] * [[Karyamekar, Pasirwangi, Garut|Karyamekar]] * [[Padaasih, Pasirwangi, Garut|Padaasih]] * [[Padamukti, Pasirwangi, Garut|Padamukti]] * [[Padamulya, Pasirwangi, Garut|Padamulya]] * [[Padasuka, Pasirwangi, Garut|Padasuka]] * [[Padawaas, Pasirwangi, Garut|Padawaas]] * [[Pasirkiamis, Pasirwangi, Garut|Pasirkiamis]] * [[Pasirwangi, Pasirwangi, Garut|Pasirwangi]] * [[Sarimukti, Pasirwangi, Garut|Sarimukti]] * [[Sinarjaya, Pasirwangi, Garut|Sinarjaya]] * [[Talaga, Pasirwangi, Garut|Talaga]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.26 |[[Peundeuy, Garut|Peundeuy]] | align="center" | | align="center" |6 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Pangrumasan, Peundeuy, Garut|Pangrumasan]] * [[Peundeuy, Peundeuy, Garut|Peundeuy]] * [[Purwajaya, Peundeuy, Garut|Purwajaya]] * [[Saribakti, Peundeuy, Garut|Saribakti]] * [[Sukanagara, Peundeuy, Garut|Sukanagara]] * [[Toblong, Peundeuy, Garut|Toblong]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.07 |[[Samarang, Garut|Samarang]] | align="center" | | align="center" |13 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cintaasih, Samarang, Garut|Cintaasih]] * [[Cisarua, Samarang, Garut|Cisarua]] * [[Cintakarya, Samarang, Garut|Cintakarya]] * [[Cintarakyat, Samarang, Garut|Cintarakyat]] * [[Cintarasa, Samarang, Garut|Cintarasa]] * [[Parakan, Samarang, Garut|Parakan]] * [[Samarang, Samarang, Garut|Samarang]] * [[Sirnasari, Samarang, Garut|Sirnasari]] * [[Sukakarya, Samarang, Garut|Sukakarya]] * [[Sukalaksana, Samarang, Garut|Sukalaksana]] * [[Sukarasa, Samarang, Garut|Sukarasa]] * [[Tanjung Karya, Samarang, Garut|Tanjung Karya]] * [[Tanjunganom, Samarang, Garut|Tanjunganom]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.39 |[[Selaawi, Garut|Selaawi]] | align="center" | | align="center" |7 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cigawir, Selaawi, Garut|Cigawir]] * [[Cirapuhan, Selaawi, Garut|Cirapuhan]] * [[Mekarsari, Selaawi, Garut|Mekarsari]] * [[Pelitaasih, Selaawi, Garut|Pelitaasih]] * [[Putrajawa, Selaawi, Garut|Putrajawa]] * [[Samida, Selaawi, Garut|Samida]] * [[Selaawi, Selaawi, Garut|Selaawi]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.24 |[[Singajaya, Garut|Singajaya]] | align="center" | | align="center" |9 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cigintung, Singajaya, Garut|Cigintung]] * [[Ciudian, Singajaya, Garut|Ciudian]] * [[Girimukti, Singajaya, Garut|Girimukti]] * [[Karangagung, Singajaya, Garut|Karangagung]] * [[Mekartani, Singajaya, Garut|Mekartani]] * [[Pancasura, Singajaya, Garut|Pancasura]] * [[Singajaya, Singajaya, Garut|Singajaya]] * [[Sukamulya, Singajaya, Garut|Sukamulya]] * [[Sukawangi, Singajaya, Garut|Sukawangi]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.42 |[[Sucinaraja, Garut|Sucinaraja]] | align="center" | | align="center" |7 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cigadog, Sucinaraja, Garut|Cigadog]] * [[Linggamukti, Sucinaraja, Garut|Linggamukti]] * [[Sadang, Sucinaraja, Garut|Sadang]] * [[Sukalaksana, Sucinaraja, Garut|Sukalaksana]] * [[Sukaratu, Sucinaraja, Garut|Sukaratu]] * [[Tegalpanjang, Sucinaraja, Garut|Tegalpanjang]] * [[Tenjonagara, Sucinaraja, Garut|Tenjonagara]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.21 |[[Sukaresmi, Garut|Sukaresmi]] | align="center" | | align="center" |7 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cintadamai, Sukaresmi, Garut|Cintadamai]] * [[Mekarjaya, Sukaresmi, Garut|Mekarjaya]] * [[Padamukti, Sukaresmi, Garut|Padamukti]] * [[Sukajaya, Sukaresmi, Garut|Sukajaya]] * [[Sukalilah, Sukaresmi, Garut|Sukalilah]] * [[Sukamulya, Sukaresmi, Garut|Sukamulya]] * [[Sukaresmi, Sukaresmi, Garut|Sukaresmi]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.15 |[[Sukawening, Garut|Sukawening]] | align="center" | | align="center" |11 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Maripari, Sukawening, Garut|Maripari]] * [[Mekar Hurip, Sukawening, Garut|Mekar Hurip]] * [[Mekarluyu, Sukawening, Garut|Mekarluyu]] * [[Mekarwangi, Sukawening, Garut|Mekarwangi]] * [[Pasanggrahan, Sukawening, Garut|Pasanggrahan]] * [[Sudalarang, Sukawening, Garut|Sudalarang]] * [[Sukahaji, Sukawening, Garut|Sukahaji]] * [[Sukaluyu, Sukawening, Garut|Sukaluyu]] * [[Sukamukti, Sukawening, Garut|Sukamukti]] * [[Sukasono, Sukawening, Garut|Sukasono]] * [[Sukawening, Sukawening, Garut|Sukawening]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.37 |[[Talegong, Garut|Talegong]] | align="center" | | align="center" |7 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Mekarmukti, Talegong, Garut|Mekarmukti]] * [[Mekarmulya, Talegong, Garut|Mekarmulya]] * [[Mekarwangi, Talegong, Garut|Mekarwangi]] * [[Selaawi, Talegong, Garut|Selaawi]] * [[Sukalaksana, Talegong, Garut|Sukalaksana]] * [[Sukamaju, Talegong, Garut|Sukamaju]] * [[Sukamulya, Talegong, Garut|Sukamulya]]}} |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" |32.05.04 | rowspan="2" |[[Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Tarogong Kaler]] | rowspan="2" align="center" |1 | rowspan="2" align="center" |12 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cimanganten, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Cimanganten]] * [[Jati, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Jati]] * [[Langensari, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Langensari]] * [[Mekarjaya, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Mekarjaya]] * [[Mekarwangi, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Mekarwangi]] * [[Panjiwangi, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Panjiwangi]] * [[Pasawahan, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Pasawahan]] * [[Rancabango, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Rancabango]] * [[Sirnajaya, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Sirnajaya]] * [[Sukajadi, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Sukajadi]] * [[Sukawangi, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Sukawangi]] * [[Tanjung Kamuning, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Tanjung Kamuning]]}} |- |Kelurahan |{{Flatlist|* [[Pananjung, Tarogong Kaler, Garut|Pananjung]]}} |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" |32.05.05 | rowspan="2" |[[Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Tarogong Kidul]] | rowspan="2" align="center" |5 | rowspan="2" align="center" |7 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cibunar, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Cibunar]] * [[Haurpanggung, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Haurpanggung]] * [[Jayaraga, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Jayaraga]] * [[Kersamenak, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Kersamenak]] * [[Mekargalih, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Mekargalih]] * [[Sukabakti, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Sukabakti]] * [[Tarogong, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Tarogong]]}} |- |Kelurahan |{{Flatlist|* [[Jayawaras, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Jayawaras]] * [[Pataruman, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Pataruman]] * [[Sukagalih, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Sukagalih]] * [[Sukajaya, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Sukajaya]] * [[Sukakarya, Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Sukakarya]]}} |- valign="top" |32.05.03 |[[Wanaraja, Garut|Wanaraja]] | align="center" | | align="center" |9 |Desa |{{Flatlist|* [[Cinunuk, Wanaraja, Garut|Cinunuk]] * [[Sindangmekar, Wanaraja, Garut|Sindangmekar]] * [[Sindangprabu, Wanaraja, Garut|Sindangprabu]] * [[Sindangratu, Wanaraja, Garut|Sindangratu]] * [[Sukamenak, Wanaraja, Garut|Sukamenak]] * [[Wanajaya, Wanaraja, Garut|Wanajaya]] * [[Wanamekar, Wanaraja, Garut|Wanamekar]] * [[Wanaraja, Wanaraja, Garut|Wanaraja]] * [[Wanasari, Wanaraja, Garut|Wanasari]]}} |} === Pagawé Nagara Sipil (PNS) === Jumlah PNS Pamaréntah Kabupatén Garut taun 2022 aya 13.948 urang, kalawan 6.802 urang pagawé [[lalaki]], jeung 7.146 urang [[awéwé]]. Lolobana PNS miboga jabatan fungsional teknis anu lobana 10.057 urang, Pajabat Pimpinan Pratama aya 37 urang, administrator 258 urang, pangawas jumlahna 1.160 urang, pajabat fungsional umum 2.436 urang. <ref name=":7"/> Pangatikan PNS Pamaréntah Kabupatén Garut lolobana lulusan sarjana/pascasarjana anu lobana 11.102 urang, disusul ku lulusan SMA/sadarajat 1.521 urang, lulusan D-III aya 739 urang, Diploma I 297 urang, lulusan SMP/sadarajat 128 urang, jeung lulusan SD aya 161 urang.<ref name=":7" /> Ditempo tina pangkat golonganna, PNS Pamaréntah Kabupatén Garut lolobana aya di pangkat/golongan III lobana 6.133 urang, PNS golongan IV aya 6.021 urang, golongan II aya 1.701 urang, jeung golongan I 93 urang.<ref name=":7" /> === Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Daérah (DPRD) === Jumlah anggota DPRD Kabupatén Garut taun 2020 aya 50 jalma, wawakil ti sababaraha partéi nyaéta:<ref name=":7" /> * Demokrat: 5 wakil * Gerindra; 11 wakil * Golkar: 7 wakil * Hanura: 1 wakil * PAN: 5 wakil * PDIP: 5 wakil * PKB: 4 wakil * PKS: 6 wakil * PPP: 6 wakil Jumlah wakil rahayat di DPRD Kabupatén Garut lolobana lalaki kalawan 42 jalma, sedengkeun awéwé aya 8 urang.<ref name=":7" /> === Kaungan Daérah === Pendapatan Asli Daérah (PAD) Kabupatén Garut taun 2019 gedéna Rp486,565 miliar, ningkat tina PAD taun 2018 anu gedéna Rp421,299 miliar. Dana Perimbangan Rp2,843 triliun di taun 2019. Balanja daérah henteu langsung taun 2019 nyaéta Rp2,489 triliun.<ref name=":7" /> === Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daérah (SKPD)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/dinas-badan-kantor|title=Dinas, Badan, Kantor|website=www.garutkab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814211914/https://www.garutkab.go.id/page/dinas-badan-kantor|archivedate=2022-08-14}}</ref> === # Badan Kepegawaian jeung Diklat # Badan Kesatuan Bangsa jeung Politik # Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah # Badan Pendapatan Daerah # Badan Pengelola RSU dr. Slamet # Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan jeung Aset Daerah # Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah # Dinas Kapendudukan jeung Pencatatan Sipil # Dinas Kaséhatan # Dinas Ketahanan Pangan # Dinas Komunikasi jeung Informatika # Dinas Koperasi jeung UMKM # Dinas Lingkungan Hirup # Dinas Pariwisata jeung Kabudayaan # Dinas Pekerjaan Umum jeung Penataan Ruang # Dinas Pemadam Kebakaran # Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat jeung Desa # Dinas Pemuda jeung Olah Raga # Dinas Penanaman Modal jeung Perizinan Terpadu # Dinas Pendidikan # Dinas Pengendalian Penduduk, Keluarga Berencana, Pemberdayaan Perempuan jeung Perlindungan Anak # Dinas Perhubungan # Dinas Perikanan jeung Peternakan # Dinas Perindustrian, Perdagangan, Energi jeung Sumber Daya Mineral # Dinas Perpustakaan jeung Kearsipan # Dinas Pertanian # Dinas Perumahan jeung Pemukiman # Dinas Sosial # Dinas Tenaga Kerja jeung Transmigrasi # Inspektorat # Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja # Sekretariat Daerah # Sekretariat DPRD == Pangeusi == Jumlah pangeusi Kabupatén Garut taun 2020 nyaéta 2.585.610 jalma, naék jumlahna di taun 2021 2.604.790 jalma. Laju tumuwuhna pangeusi taun 2010-2020 nyaéta 0,75%, sedengkeun laju tumuwuhna pangeusi taun 2020-2021 gedéna 0,56%. Kapadetan pageusi Kabupatén Garut taun 2020 nyaéta 843,54 per km², sedengkeun taun 2021 849,80 per km².<ref name=":7" /> Jumlah pangeusi yuswa 20-24 taun jadi panglobana nyicingan Kabupatén Garut nyaéta 250.073 urang, tulus pengeusi yuswa 15-19 taun jumlahna 249.374 urang. Jumlah angkatan gawé taun 2021 nyaéta 1.200.346 urang.<ref name=":7" /> == Pangatikan == Jumlah Taman Kanak-Kanak (TK) di Kabupatén Garut taun ajaran 2020/2021 aya 733 sakola kalawan 3 TK negeri jeung 730 TK swasta. Jumlah guru anu ngajar di taun 2021/2022 kabéhna aya 2.360 jalma, kalawan 13 guru di sakola negeri jeung 2.347 di sakola swasta. Jumlah Sakola Dasar (SD) taun 2021/2022 aya 1.558 sakola, kalawan 1.454 sakola negeri jeung 104 SD swasta. Lobana guru SD aya 12.549 urang, kalawan 999 guru SD swasta jeung 11.550 guru SD negeri. Jumlah SMP taun 2021/2022 aya 413 sakola, kalawan 268 SMP swasta jeung 145 SMP negeri. Jumlah guru SMP aya 5.830 urang, kalawan 2.298 urang guru SMP swasta jeung 3.541 urang guru SMP negeri. Jumlah [[SMA]] di Kabupatén Garut aya 127 sakola, kalawan 95 [[SMA]] swasta jeung 32 SMA negeri. <ref name=":7" /> === SMA/SMK/MA === Di handap ieu mangrupa daptar SMA/SMK/MA anu aya di Kabupatén Garut {{col-css3-begin|4}} *[[SMA Negeri 1 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 2 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 3 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 4 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 5 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 6 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 7 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 8 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 9 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 10 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 11 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 12 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 13 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 14 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 15 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 16 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 17 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 18 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 19 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 20 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 21 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 22 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 23 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 24 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 25 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 26 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 27 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 28 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 29 Garut]] *[[SMA Negeri 30 Garut]] *[[SMK Negeri 1 Garut]] *[[SMK Negeri 2 Garut]] {{col-css3-end}} === Paguron Luhur === Di handap ieu daptar [[paguron luhur]] anu aya di Kabupatén Garut: {{col-css3-begin|2}} # Akademi Kebidanan YPSDMI # Akademi Manajemen Informatika jeung Komputer Garut # Sekolah Tinggi Hukum Garut # Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Yasa Anggana # Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Garut # Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Garut # STKIP Garut # Universitas Garut # Akademi Kebidanan Karsa Husada Garut # Akademi Keperawatan Bidara Mukti # Akademi Keperawatan Pemkab Garut # Institut Pendidikan Indonesia Garut # Institut Teknologi Garut # Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam KH Badruzzaman # Sekolah Tinggi Ekonomi Islam Yapisha Garut # Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi jeung Bisnis Syariah Nahdlatul Ulama Garut # Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Qurrota Ayun # STAI Al-Musaddadiyah Garut # STAI Darul Arqam Muhammadiyah Garut # STAI Muhammadiyah Garut {{col-css3-end|2}} == Kaséhatan == Fasilitas [[kaséhatan]] anu aya di Kabupatén Garut taun 2021 dirojong ku:<ref name=":7" /> * 9 Rumah sakit * 1 Rumah sakit babaran * 83 Poliklinik * 68 Puskésmas * 156 Puskésmas Pembantu * 95 Apoték Di handap ieu daptar rumah sakit anu aya di Kabupaten Garut:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sirs.kemkes.go.id/fo/home/dashboard_rs?id=32|title=RS Online|website=sirs.kemkes.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225233558/https://sirs.kemkes.go.id/fo/home/dashboard_rs?id=32|archivedate=2023-02-25}}</ref> * RS Umum Daerah dr. Slamet Garut, Jl. Rumah Sakit No.12 Garut * RS Umum Tk. IV Guntur, Jl. Bratayuda 101 Garut * RS Umum Daerah Pameungpeuk Prov. Jabar, Jl. Raya Miramareu No 99 Desa Sirnabakti Kec. Pameungpeuk * RS Umum Nurhayati Garut, Jl. Jendral Sudirman No. 6 * RS Umum Annisa Queen, Jln. Jenderal Sudirman No 208 Desa Suci Kaler Kecamatan Karangpawitan Kab. Garut * RS Umum Intan Husada, Jl. Suherman Nomor 72 Desa Tarogong Kec. Tarogong Kidul Kabupaten Garut 44151 Provinsi Jawa Barat * RS Medina, Jl. Raya Wanaraja No. 500 RT. 004 RW. 008 Desa Cinunuk Kec. Wanaraja * Bethesda Medical Centre Garut * Klinik Mahesa Medical Center Jumlah tanaga [[kaséhatan]] anu kacatetdi taun 2021 nyaéta aya:<ref name=":7" /> * 425 dokter * 36 dokter huntu * 2.500 perawat * 1.488 bidan * 406 tanaga kafarmasian * 78 tanaga kaséhatan masarakat * 3 tanaga kaséhatan lingkungan * 61 tanaga ahli gizi * 241 ahli teknologi laboratorium medik == Topologi == [[Gambar:Garut-westjava-indonesia-daytime.jpg|jmpl|Panorama Sawah di Garut]] Dumasar [[topologi]]na, Garut dibagi jadi dua wilayah: * ''Garut Kalér'' nu ngawengku tatar luhur/pagunungan salaku pamasok poko [[béas]] di Garut * ''Garut Kidul'' nu lolobana mangrupa tataran nu teu rata, aya salosin walungan nu ngalir ka kidul, ngamuara di laut kidul. == Puseur Pangbalanjaan == Di handap ieu puseur pangbalanjaan manrupa [[pasar]] di Kabupatén Garut:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infogarut.id/rekomendasi-tempat-belanja-pasar-tradisional-garut|title=Rekomendasi Tempat Belanja, Pasar Tradisional Garut|last=Infogarut|website=infogarut.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228152103/https://infogarut.id/rekomendasi-tempat-belanja-pasar-tradisional-garut|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref> # Pasar Ciawitali # Pasar Jagal # Pasar Modern Limbangan # Pasar Kadungora # Pasar Wisata Samarang # Pasar Ceplak # Modern Market Rancabuaya # Garut Plaza # Ramayana Garut == Transportasi == [[Gambar:Garut Cibatuan arrived in Garut Station, dark.jpg|jmpl|Statsion Garut]] [[Gambar:Garut railway station.png|jmpl|Statsion Garut]] Panjang [[jalan]] di Kabupatén Garut taun 2017 nyaéta 385,29 km, kalawan 331,45 jalananu geus diaspal, jalan karikil 53,84 km. Jalan anu diaspal lolobana aya di Kacamatan [[Garut Kota, Garut|Garut Kota]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://garutkab.bps.go.id/statictable/2018/04/12/306/panjang-jalan-menurut-kecamatan-dan-jenis-permukaan-jalan-di-kabupaten-garut-km-2017.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Garut|last=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Garut|website=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Garut|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Garut|accessdate=28-02-2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228152107/https://garutkab.bps.go.id/statictable/2018/04/12/306/panjang-jalan-menurut-kecamatan-dan-jenis-permukaan-jalan-di-kabupaten-garut-km-2017.html|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref> Angkutan darat dirojong ku ayana angkot, terminal, jeung karéta sarta statsion. Aya terminal Guntur anu nyadiakeun rupa-rupa trayék [[angkot]] ka rupa-rupa daérah. Sedengkeun [[Statsion karéta|statsion]] anu aya di Kabupaten Garut nyaeta: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/jabar-gaskeun/d-6291098/7-stasiun-kereta-api-di-garut|title=7 Stasiun Kereta Api di Garut|last=Gandapurnama|first=Baban|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228152104/https://www.detik.com/jabar/jabar-gaskeun/d-6291098/7-stasiun-kereta-api-di-garut|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref> # [[Stasion Bumiwaluya|Statsion Bumiwaluya]] # [[Stasion Cibatu|Statsion Cibatu]] # [[Stasion Cipeundeuy|Statsion Cipeundeuy]] # [[Stasion Garut|Statsion Garut]] # [[Stasion Lélés|Statsion Leles]] # [[Stasion Leuwigoong|Statsion Leuwigoong]] # [[Stasion Warungbandrék|Statsion Warungbandrek]] Karéta api anu eureun di Statsion Garut nyaéta [[Karéta api Cikuray|Karéta Api Cikurai]] jeung Karéta Api Garut Cibatuan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kai.id/information/full_news/5268-jalur-kereta-api-garut-cibatu-kembali-beroperasi|title=PT Kereta Api Indonesia|last=PT Kereta Api Indonesia|website=PT Kereta Api Indonesia|publisher=PT Kereta Api Indonesia|accessdate=28-03-2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810045228/https://www.kai.id/information/full_news/5268-jalur-kereta-api-garut-cibatu-kembali-beroperasi|archivedate=2025-08-10}}</ref> == Kabudayaan == Kabupatén Garut jadi salah sahiji puseur kabudayaan Sunda. Salah sahiji buktina nyaéta ayana sababaraha situs sejarah, salah sahijina [[Situ Cangkuang]]. Situ Cangkuang awalna mangrupa daérah anu geus diwangun ti jaman karajaan Sunda nyaéta Karajaan Galuh. Di Situ Cangkuang, aya salah sahiji paninggalan tatar Sunda mangrupa [[Candi Cangkuang]]<ref name="Candi">{{Cite book|title=Dvarapalas in Indonesia: Temple Guardians and Acculturation|last=A. van Bemmel|first=Helena|coauthors=Taylor & Francis|year=1994|page=62|location=Trotterdam|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9789054101550|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=kNlt08SXW48C&pg=PA65&dq=CANDI+INDONESIA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMxfeNsd7tAhUY73MBHeaKARU4ChDoATAFegQIAhAC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228161558/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=kNlt08SXW48C&pg=PA65&dq=CANDI+INDONESIA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMxfeNsd7tAhUY73MBHeaKARU4ChDoATAFegQIAhAC#v=onepage&q=CANDI%20INDONESIA&f=false|archive-date=2023-02-28|accessdate=2023-02-28}}</ref>. Di samping paninggalan sajarah, Kabupatén Garut katelah ku rupa-rupa seni tradisional. Salah sahiji bentuk seni tradisional anu katelah nyaéta adu domba Garut. Kagiatan adu domba Garut dimimitian di jaman pamaréntahan Suryakanta Legawa. Adu domba garut mangrupa adu katangkasan domba anu biasana diiringan ogé ku atraksi musik tradisional<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitgarut.garutkab.go.id/seni-adu-domba-garut/|title=Seni Adu Domba Garut|website=visitgarut|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228161555/https://visitgarut.garutkab.go.id/seni-adu-domba-garut/|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/kesenian-tradisional-kabupaten-garut/|title=Kesenian Tradisional Kabupaten Garut|website=Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228161558/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/kesenian-tradisional-kabupaten-garut/|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref>. Di wewengkon [[Wanaraja, Garut|Wanaraja]], aya tradisi [[surak ibra]] atawa boboyongan anu lahir jeung nyimbolkeun perlawanan pajoang Indonésia ka pamaréntahan penjajah Walanda. Kasenian ieu dilakukeun ku cara ngaboyong jeung ngangkat pamaén satinggi-tinggina saacan dilempar jeung ditangkep. Ciri khas lain ti surak ibra nyaéta ayana gerakan pencak silat pamaén anu diiringan ku pembawa obor jeung musik ti kendang, dogdong, angklung, keprak, jeung pentungan bambu<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infogarut.id/public/surak-ibra-warisan-budaya-warga-wanaraja|title=Surak Ibra, Warisan Budaya Warga Wanaraja|last=Infogarut|website=infogarut.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228161550/https://infogarut.id/public/surak-ibra-warisan-budaya-warga-wanaraja|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref>. == Pariwisata == Ti mimiti aya, Kabupatén Garut katelah ku tempat wisatana. Malah geus ti jaman kolonial Walanda kénéh Garut kawentar salaku salah sahiji tujuan wisata, boh keur wisatawan lokal atawa luar, nepi ka katelah salaku ''"Swiss van Java".''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-01286911/ternyata-ini-awal-mula-garut-dijuluki-swiss-van-java-410647?page=all|title=Ternyata Ini Awal Mula Garut Dijuluki Swiss van Java - Halaman all|last=Administrator|website=www.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228162543/https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-01286911/ternyata-ini-awal-mula-garut-dijuluki-swiss-van-java-410647?page=all|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref>. Pangwangunan infrastruktur masif ti jaman kolonial Walanda berhasil narik wisatawan ti luar nagari hususna ti Éropa<ref name=":5" />. Aktor saperti [[Charlie Chaplin]] kacatet geus dua kali ngunjungan Garut<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/dari-ngamplang-julukan-swiss-van-java-untuk-garut-lahir.html|title=Dari Ngamplang Julukan 'Swiss Van Java' Untuk Garut Lahir|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228162543/https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/dari-ngamplang-julukan-swiss-van-java-untuk-garut-lahir.html|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref>. Aya loba tempat wisata di Garut, ti mimiti wisata basisir di Kidul nepi ka panorama pagunungan, kawah, situ, jeung curug. Sababaraha obyék wisata nu aya di Garut di antarana: # [[Basisir Santolo]] # [[Basisir Cilauteureun]] # [[Basisir Rancabuaya]] # [[Candi Cangkuang]] # [[Curug Orok]] # [[Curug Sanghiang Tarajé]] # Kebon sato Cikembulan # Pamandian Cipanas # Pameungpeuk # [[Sampireun]] # [[Situ Bagendit]] # [[Situ Cangkuang]] # Cagar Alam Gunung Papandayan <gallery> Image:gunungcikuray.jpg|Gunung Cikuray di kiduleun kota Garut Image:Bagendit.jpg|Situ Bagendit, Garut Image:Situ_Cangkuang,_Leles,_Garut,_Indonesia.jpg|Situ Cangkuang Image:Cangkuang_4.jpg|Candi Cangkuang Image:Papandayan_best_view,_Gunung_Papandayan,_Cisurupan,_Garut,_Jawa_Barat,_14122014.jpg|Gunung Papandayan, Garut Image::Pamengpeuk_Beach,_Garut.jpg|Basisir Santolo </gallery> === Hotél === Jumlah hotél di Kabupatén Garut taun 2020 aya 167 panginepan, kalawan 2.607 kamar jeung 3.393 tempat saré. Kitu ogé taun 2021, hotél aya 167. Lolobana hotél aya di Kacamatan [[Tarogong Kidul, Garut|Tarogong Kidul]] anu lobana 21 unit, disusul ku Kacamatan [[Garut Kota, Garut|Garut Kota]] 19 unit jeung Kacamatan [[Blubur Limbangan, Garut|Balubur Limbangan]] 14 unit. <ref name=":7" /> Di handap ieu sababaraha hiji hotél anu kasohor di Garut:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.co.id/Hotels-g1137840-Garut_West_Java_Java-Hotels.html|title=10 HOTEL TERBAIK di Garut 2023 (dari Rp 152.000) - Tripadvisor|website=www.tripadvisor.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228152104/https://www.tripadvisor.co.id/Hotels-g1137840-Garut_West_Java_Java-Hotels.html|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref> # Hotél Santika Garut # Aleyra Hoté.l and Villa's Garut # Favehoté.l Cimanuk # Harmoni Hoté.l Garut # Bukit Alamanda Resort & Resto # Kampung Sumber Alam # Tirtagangga Hoté.l # Sabda Alam Resort Hoté.l == Hasil bumi & industri == Kasuburan taneuh teu rata kapangaruhan ku pagunungan, walungan, jeung tatar handap basisir, antukna usaha [[tatanén]] nu loyog nyaéta perkebunan kawas entéh, ogé tani ([[sawah]] & huma), sayur, peternakan, sarta ngokolakeun leuweung.<ref name=simping>{{cite book|title=Agribisnis Kreatif: Pilar Wirausaha Masa Depan, Kekuatan Dunia Baru Menuju Kemakmuran Hijau|first=Iwan|Last=Setiawan|Pages=267|isbn=9789790025288|publisher=Penebar Swadaya Group|year=2012}}</ref> Sababaraha hasil bumi Garut nu has di antarana, * [[jeruk garut]] * [[domba garut]] * [[dodol garut]] * minyak akar wangi (Vetiver, ''Andropogon zizanioides'') * [[batik]] tulis garutan * kaén [[sutra]] * serat [[haramay]] * batu ali * karajinan kulit * karajinan awi * kaos oblong garut * chocodot (coklat + dodol ) * Brodol (brownis dodol) * gantungan konci * jaket kulit * dorokdok sapi + munding * gamelan sunda * pakaian tradisional sunda * karajinan kerang laut ==Béas Garut== [[Béas]] Garut teu pati kawentar kawas béas [[Cianjur]] atawa béas [[Thailand]], dalah kitu lamun seug dititénan mah béas Garut téh leuwih onjoy batan nu lian.<ref name=cekas/> Kelirna leuwih cékas, pulen mangsa diasakan, dina rasa ogé leuwih ngeunah batan nu lian, ngan waé nu daragang sok ngahaja nyamunikeun asal muasal béas Garut ku jalan diganti ku ngarana ku béas Cianjur dina karungna.<ref name=cekas/> Tayalian [[Andris Wijaya]] nu nganjrek di [[Samarang]], sabadana tamat nyuprih élmu di '''Poltek''' '''[[ITB]]''' taun 2011.<ref name=cekas/> Manéhna hayang masarakat réa mikawanoh tur mikaresep kana béas Garut, nya nyieun hiji torobosan ku jalan mungkus béas Garut tur diréka-réka sangkan nambah kataji.<ref name=cekas/> Béas beunang ngolah manéhna bisa diasakan ku jalan diliwet dina waktu ngan 20 [[menit]], kiwari béas liwet hasil usaha manéhna geus kasohor kalawan jadi oléh-oléh anu mandiri ti Kabupatén Garut.<ref name=cekas>{{cite book|title=Mengembangkan Potensi Masyarakat di Desa & Kelurahan|first=E.|Last=Sujono|publish=Depublish|Year=2017|ISBN=9786024534721}}</ref> == Galeri == <gallery> Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Monumentale trap naar bordes van het sanatorium te Garoet. TMnr 60002524.jpg|Sanatorium Garut, taun1920-an Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Twee versierde rammen worden getoond ter ere van het bezoek van de Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlands Oost-Indië Mr. Dirk Fock aan Garoet West-Java TMnr 60011070.jpg|Adu domba di Garut (taun1921) Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Hoofdweg van Garoet links de apotheek Preanger TMnr 10014985.jpg|Jalan raya Garut, taun1936 </gallery> == Tumbu Luar == * [http://www.garut.go.id/ Ramatloka Resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629003125/http://www.garut.go.id/ |date=2006-06-29 }} ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} {{JaBar}} {{Kabupatén Garut}} [[Kategori:Kabupatén di Jawa Kulon|Garut]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén Garut]] [[Kategori:Artikel WikiMekar]] fue5rxk189ssqip75kyrekx3zwn56p7 0 2555 731582 703852 2026-11-07T17:08:56Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo Panyakit | Name = Malaria | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|50||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|084}} | Image = P vivax trophozoite4.jpg | Caption = Sél getih beureum nu kainféksi ku ''P. vivax''. | DiseasesDB = 7728 | MedlinePlus = 000621 | OMIM = 248310 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1385 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}} | MeshName = Malaria | MeshNumber = C03.752.250.552 | }} '''Malaria''' (tina [[basa Italia]]: "'''hawa goréng'''") nyaéta salah sahiji panyakit inféksi nu keuna ka manusa kalawan ngabalukarkeun 500 juta inféksi jeung 2 juta palastra per taun, utamana di wewengkon [[tropik]] jeung [[Afrika]] [[sub-Sahara]]. ==Panyabab== Malaria téh salah sahiji panyakit balukar tina inféksi [[parasit]] [[protozoa]], ''[[Plasmodium]]'' (salah sahiji [[Apikompléksa]]) jeung [[véktor (biologi)|véktor]] panépa [[reungit]] ''[[Anopheles]]'' (pikeun malaria anu keuna manusa). Sabab geus manggih faktor anu nyababkeun malaria, dokter tentara [[Prancis]] [[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] dipaparin [[Hadiah Nobel Fisiologi atawa Kadokteran]] taun [[1907]]. Gejala anu katarajang malaria di antarana [[muriang]], [[ngadégdég]], [[artralgia]] (nyeri sendi), [[utah]], jeung [[konvulsi]]. Kadang-kadang sok karasa ateul dina [[kulit]], hususna malaria alatan ''P. falciparum''. Komplikasi malaria kaasup salah sahiji faktor anu ngabalularkeun palastra lamun teu gancang dirawat, utamana budak leutik nu biasana gampang katarajang. [[Mamalia]] séjén kawas ([[kalong]], [[rodénsia]], [[primata]]), [[manuk]] jeung [[réptil]] ogé bisa katarajang malaria. <!-- ==Sajarah== {{further|[[Roman Fever]], [[Jesuit's bark]]}} [[image:Alphonse_Laveran.jpg|right|185px|thumb|Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] Malaria has probably infected humans for over 50,000 years, and may have been a human pathogen for the entire history of our species.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Joy D, Feng X, Mu J, Furuya T, Chotivanich K, Krettli A, Ho M, Wang A, White N, Suh E, Beerli P, Su X | title = Early origin and recent expansion of Plasmodium falciparum. | journal = Science | volume = 300 | issue = 5617 | pages = 318-21 | year = 2003 | id = PMID 12690197}}</ref> Indeed, close relatives of the human malaria parasites remain common in chimpanzees, our closest relatives.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Escalante A, Freeland D, Collins W, Lal A | title = The evolution of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding cytochrome b from the linear mitochondrial genome. | url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/95/14/8124 | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 95 | issue = 14 | pages = 8124-9 | year = 1998 | id = PMID 9653151}}</ref> References to the unique periodic fevers of malaria are found throughout recorded history, beginning in 2700 BC in China during the [[Xia Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Cox F | title = History of human parasitology. | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12364371 | journal = Clin Microbiol Rev | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 595-612 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 12364371}}</ref> The term malaria originates from [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''mala aria'' — "[[miasma theory of disease|bad air]]"; and the disease was formerly called ''ague'' or ''marsh fever'' due to its association with swamps. Scientific studies on malaria made their first significant advance in 1880, when a French army doctor working in [[Algeria]] named [[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] observed parasites inside the [[red blood cell]]s of people suffering from malaria. He therefore proposed that malaria was caused by this [[protozoa]]n, the first time protozoa were identified as causing disease.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/laveran-bio.html Biography of Alphonse Laveran] Nobel foundation. Accessed 25 Oct 2006</ref> For this and later discoveries, he was awarded the 1907 [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]]. The protozoan was called ''Plasmodium'' by the Italian scientists [[Ettore Marchiafava]] and [[Angelo Celli]].<ref>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2478.html Ettore Marchiafava] at http://www.whonamedit.com/ Accessed 6 Nov 2006</ref> A year later, [[Carlos Finlay]], a Cuban doctor treating patients with [[yellow fever]] in [[Havana]], first suggested that mosquitoes were transmitting disease to humans. However, it was Britain's [[Ronald Ross|Sir Ronald Ross]] working in [[India]] who finally proved in 1898 that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. He did this by showing that certain mosquito species transmit malaria to birds and isolating malaria parasites from the salivary glands of mosquitoes that had fed on infected birds.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-bio.html Biography of Ronald Ross] Nobel foundation. Accessed 25 Oct 2006</ref> For this work Ross received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Medicine. After resigning from the Indian Medical Service, Ross worked at the newly-established [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]] and directed malaria-control efforts in [[Egypt]], [[Panama]], [[Greece]] and [[Mauritius]].<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/ross.htm Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites] CDC Malaria website. Accessed 25 Oct 2006</ref> The findings of Finlay and Ross were later confirmed by a medical board headed by [[Walter Reed]] in 1900, and its recommendations implemented by [[William C. Gorgas]] in [[Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal|the health measures undertaken]] during construction of the [[Panama Canal]]. This public-health work saved the lives of thousands of workers and helped develop the methods used in future public-health campaigns against this disease. The first effective treatment for malaria was the bark of [[Cinchona|cinchona tree]], which contains [[quinine]]. This tree grows on the slopes of the [[Andes]], mainly in [[Peru]]. This natural product was used by the inhabitants of [[Peru]] to control malaria, and the [[Jesuit]]s introduced this practice to Europe during the 1640s where it was rapidly accepted.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kaufman T, Rúveda E | title = The quest for quinine: those who won the battles and those who won the war. | journal = Angew Chem Int Ed Engl | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 854-85 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15669029}}</ref> However, it was not until [[1820]] that the active ingredient quinine was extracted from the bark, isolated and named by the French chemists [[Pierre Joseph Pelletier]] and [[Joseph Caventou]]. In the early twentieth century, before [[antibiotics]], patients with [[syphilis]] were intentionally [[infected]] with malaria to create a [[fever]]. By accurately controlling the fever with [[quinine]], the effects of both syphilis and malaria could be minimised. Although some patients died from malaria, this was preferable than the almost-certain death from syphilis.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Raju T | title = Hot brains: manipulating body heat to save the brain. | url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/117/2/e320 | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 117 | issue = 2 | pages = e320-1 | year = 2006 | id = PMID 16452338}}</ref> Although the blood stage and mosquito stages of the malaria life cycle were established in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was not until the 1980s that the latent liver form of the parasite was observed.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Krotoski W, Collins W, Bray R, Garnham P, Cogswell F, Gwadz R, Killick-Kendrick R, Wolf R, Sinden R, Koontz L, Stanfill P | title = Demonstration of hypnozoites in sporozoite-transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection. | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1291-3 | year = 1982 | id = PMID 6816080}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Meis J, Verhave J, Jap P, Sinden R, Meuwissen J | title = Malaria parasites--discovery of the early liver form. | journal = Nature | volume = 302 | issue = 5907 | pages = 424-6 | year =1983 | id = PMID 6339945}}</ref> The discovery of this latent form of the parasite finally explained why people could appear to be cured of malaria but still relapse years after the parasite had disappeared from their bloodstreams.--> == Mékanisme == Reungit ''Anopheles'' bikang nu kainféksi mawa [[sporozoit]] ''Plasmodium'' dina [[kelenjar ciduh]]na. Nalika nyoco manusa, nu biasana wanci pasosoré atawa kapeutingnakeun, sporozoitna asup kana awak ngaliwatan ciduh reungitna, terus kana [[ati]], tempatna baranahan dina sél-sél ati hépatik. Sporozoit ieu lajeng jadi [[mérozoit]] nu bakal asup kana [[sél getih beureum]]. Dina sél ieu, mérozoit téh baranahan nepi ka ngancurkeun sél getih beureumna. Parasit malaria kajaga tina serangan [[sistim imun]] sabab hirup dina jero sél ati jeung sél getih, najan sabagian sél nu kainféksi bisa diancurkeun dina [[limpa]]. Sangkan teu diancurkeun dina limpa, parasit malaria bisa ngahasilkeun [[protéin]] nu bisa nyantélkeun sél getih beureum kana pinding saluran getih. Protéin ieu katelah PfEMP1, nu sahanteuna boga 50 varian antukna teu bisa dijadikeun targét sistim imun. Nalika sistim imun mimiti mikawanoh sarta nyieun antibodi pikeun protéin ieu, parasitna geus ngarobah protéinna, antukna sistim imun tinggaleun waé. <!--The stickiness of the red blood cells is particularly pronounced in ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' malaria and this is the main factor giving rise to hemorrhagic complications of malaria. Some merozoites turn into male and female [[gametocyte]]s. If a mosquito bites the infected person and picks up gametocytes with the blood, fertilization occurs in the mosquito's gut, new sporozoites develop and travel to the mosquito's salivary gland, completing the cycle. Pregnant women are especially attractive to the mosquitoes, and malaria in pregnant women is an important cause of still births and infant mortality. The recognised species causing disease in humans are ''[[Plasmodium falciparum|P. falciparum]]'' (which alone accounts for 80% of the recognised cases and ~90% of the deaths) and ''[[Plasmodium vivax|P. vivax]]'', but ''[[Plasmodium ovale|P. ovale]]'', ''[[Plasmodium malariae|P. malariae]]'', ''[[Plasmodium knowesli|P. knowesli]]'' and ''[[Plasmodium semiovale|P. semiovale]]'' are also known to cause malaria. == Natambaan == Mun kadiagnosa ti anggalna, malaria bisa diubaran, but prevention is always much better, and substances that inhibit the parasite are widely used by visitors to the tropics. Since the [[17th century]] [[quinine]] has been the prophylactic of choice for malaria. The development of [[quinacrine]], [[chloroquine]], and [[primaquine]] in the [[20th century]] reduced the reliance on quinine. These anti-malarial medications can be taken preventively, which is recommended for travellers to affected regions. Certain strains of ''Plasmodium'' have recently developed resistance to chloroquine, which was the first line of treatment in many countries, thus complicating the treatment. In [[West Africa]], where the local strains of malaria are particularly virulent, [[mefloquine]] (trade name ''Lariam'') is now the recommended prophylactic, despite causing psychological problems in some vulnerable people. [[Doxycycline]], an antibiotic, is also prescribed as a prophylactic against quinine-resistant malaria, though its use is less common than Lariam because it must be consumed daily. It seems inevitable that resistance to these drugs will also occur. "Malarone" is also a recommended prophylactic. In addition to the antimalarial drugs, the use of mosquito repellents such as [[DEET]], and [[mosquito net]]s and screens can reduce the chances of contracting malaria, as well as the discomfort of insect bites. Extracts from the plant [[Artemisia (plant)|Artemisia]] (specifically [[Artemisia annua]]), containing the compound [[artemisinin]], a substance unrelated to the quinine derivatives, offer some future promise. ===Prospects for disease control=== Efforts to eradicate malaria by eliminating mosquitos have been successful in some areas. Malaria was once common in the [[United States]] and southern [[Europe]], but the draining of wetland breeding grounds and better sanitation eliminated it from affluent regions. Malaria was eliminated from the northern parts of the USA in the early twentieth century, and the use of the [[pesticide]] [[DDT]] during the [[1950s]] eliminated it from the South. A major public health effort to eradicate malaria by selectively targeting mosquitos in areas where malaria was rampant was embarked upon in the 1950s and 1960s. ([http://www.gladwell.com/2001/2001_07_02_a_ddt.htm The Mosquito Killer]—[http://www.gladwell.com/pdf/malaria.pdf PDF of the same article]) However, these efforts ultimately failed to eradicate malaria in many parts of the developing world. Vaccines for malaria are under development, with no completely effective vaccine yet available (as of November [[2004]]). A team backed by the [[Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation|Gates Foundation]] and the [[pharma]] giant [[GlaxoSmithKline]] announced a partially successful field trial in [[October]] [[2004]], for [[RTS,S/AS02A]], a vaccine which reduces infection risk by 30% and severity of infections by over 50% [http://www.malariavaccine.org]. Further research will delay this vaccine from commercial release until around [[2010]]. In January [[2005]], [[Edinburgh University]] scientists announced the discovery of an antibody which protects against the disease. The scientists will lead a £17m European consortium of malaria researchers [http://news.scotsman.com/scotland.cfm?id=56062005]. It is hoped that the [[genome]] sequence of the most deadly agent of malaria, ''Plasmodium falciparum'', which was completed in [[2002]], will provide targets for new drugs or vaccines. [[Sterile insect technique]] is emerging as a potential method to control malaria-carrying mosquitos. Progress towards transgenic, or [[genetically_modified_organism|genetically modified]] insects suggests that wild mosquito populations could be made malaria-resistant. Researchers at [[Imperial College London]] created the world's first transgenic malaria mosquito [http://www.ic.ac.uk/templates/text_3.asp?P=1911], with the first plasmodium-resistant species announced by a team at [[Case Western Reserve University]] in [[Ohio]] in 2002 (See Jacobs-Lorena et al, 2002) [http://www.cwru.edu/pubaff/univcomm/2002/may/mosquito.htm]. Since most of the deaths today occur in poor rural areas of Africa which lack health care, the distribution of mosquito nets impregnated with insect repellants has been suggested as the most cost-effective prevention method. These nets can often be obtained for less than US$10 or 10 euros when purchased in bulk from the [[United Nations]] or other organizations. The nets need to be re-impregnated with the chemical about every six months. Spraying interior walls with DDT is also effective in areas where the mosquitoes are not already DDT-resistant. This [[public health]] use of small amounts of DDT is permitted under the [[Stockholm Convention]] on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which prohibits the agricultural use of DDT [http://www.pops.int/] for large-scale field spraying. --> === Kontroversi DDT === :''Artikel utama: [[DDT]]'' DDT mangrupa inséktisida modéren munggaran nu dijieun dina mangsa awal [[Perang Dunya II]]. Mimitina mah ieu bahan kimia téh ditujukeun pikeun merangan reungit nu nyebarkeun malaria, tapi taun [[1970-an]] dicaram di loba nagara alatan pangaruh lingkungan anu goréng. Di lebah dieu kontroversi mucunghul alatan tuduhan pajarkeun ieu panyaram téh ngabalukarkeun lobana korban palastra di wewengkon-wewengkon nu saméméhna geus aman tina bahya malaria. == Anémia jeung pangaruh genetik lianna == [[Anémia]] alatan pangaruh génétik bisa kajaga tina malaria ku sabab ayana [[mutasi]] dina [[hémoglobin]]na. Anémia ilahar dipimilik ku jalma nu asalna ti Afrika. Kasus kieu méh sarupa jeung mutasi hémoglobin lianna nu ngabalukarkeun [[talasémia]], nu loba dipimilik ku pangeusi wewengkon tropis éndemik panyakit malaria. Kasakit lianna nu bisa nyegah malaria nyaéta [[kakurangan dehidrogénase glukosa-6-pospat]] (''glocose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency'', G6PD), sabab dina sél getih beureum énzim ieu téh dipikabutuh pisan ku ''P. falciparum'' anu bisa ngahalangan malaria tumerap kana awak. == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Malaria|Malaria]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris per 17 Méi 2005 * Ito J, Ghosh A, Moreira LA, Wimmer éa, Jacobs-Lorena M (2002). ''Transgenic anopheline mosquitoes impaired in transmission of a malaria parasite''. [[Nature]] 417: 387-8. PMID 12024215 == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://mosquito.who.int/malariacontrol WHO site on malaria] * [http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/ CDC site on malaria] * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malaria.html Medline Plus site on malaria] * [http://www.malariavaccine.org Malaria Vaccine Initiative] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519025532/http://www.malariavaccine.org/ |date=2005-05-19 }} * [http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/malaria/default.htm Malaria. The UNICEF-UNDP-World Bank-WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases] * [http://stevenlehrer.com/explorers/chapter_6-5.htm story of the discovery of the vector of the malarial parasite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614023439/http://stevenlehrer.com/explorers/chapter_6-5.htm |date=2006-06-14 }} * [http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/History.htm History of discoveries in malaria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619212323/http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/History.htm |date=2014-06-19 }} * [http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99996537 New Scientist - ''New Malaria Vaccine Raises High Hopes''] 15 Oktober 2004 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3742876.stm BBC - ''Hopes of Malaria Vaccine by 2010''] 15 Oktober 2004 * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4419835.stm BBC - ''Science shows how malaria hides''] 8 April 2005 * [http://info-pollution.com/ddtban.htm The DDT Ban Myth] * [http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317837/us317920/us53948/us931698/us948221/us927213/us948384/us274409/ LookSmart - ''Malaria''] kategori diréktori * [http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Infectious_Diseases/Parasitic/Malaria/ Open Directory Project - ''Malaria''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911163531/http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Infectious_Diseases/Parasitic/Malaria/ |date=2005-09-11 }} kategori diréktori * [http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/Malaria/ Yahoo! - ''Malaria''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117050515/http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/Malaria/ |date=2006-01-17 }} kategori diréktori * [http://www.iberianature.com/material/malaria.html History of Malaria in Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315053624/http://www.iberianature.com/material/malaria.html |date=2005-03-15 }} * [http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/malaria/ Wellcome Trust against Malaria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613195540/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/malaria/ |date=2006-06-13 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/world_burden_of_malaria/html/1.stm Burden of Malaria], laporan [[BBC]] ngeunaan malaria di [[Uganda]] kalér [[Kategori:Apicomplexa]] [[Kategori:Panyakit inféksi]] [[Kategori:Parasitologi]] [[Kategori:Panyakit nular]] [[Kategori:Panyakit tropikal]] [[Kategori:Panyakit]] hdcuurextihj0x3bantj95gt2stwc32 0 3062 731580 707168 2026-11-07T17:00:08Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731580 wikitext text/x-wiki :''"Plant" ngalih ka dieu. Pikeun kagunaan lian ti "Plant", tingali [[Plant (disambiguasi)]]'' <!--{{Taxobox begin | color = lightgreen | ngaran = Tutuwuhan}} {{Taxobox begin placement | color = lightgreen}} {{Taxobox regnum entry | taxon = Plantae}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Alga Hijau|Chlorophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut Hati|Anthocerophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut Hati|Hepatophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut |Bryophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Equisetophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Lycopodiophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Psilotophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Ophioglossophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Pteridophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Cycadophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Ginkgophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Pinophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Gnetophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji tertutup|Angiospermae]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka|Gimnospermae]]}} {{Taxobox end placement}} {{Taxobox end}}--> {{otheruses}}{{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Tutuwuhan | fossil_range = Panengah-[[Ordovisia]]ahir–Kiwari | image = Fern.jpg | image_width = 280px | image_caption = Daun pakis | domain = [[Eukaryot]]a | unranked_regnum = [[Archaeplastida]] | regnum = '''Plantae''' | regnum_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 | subdivision_ranks = Divisio | subdivision = * '''[[Green algae]]''' ** [[Chlorophyta]] ** [[Charophyta]] * '''[[Embryophyte|Land plants]] (embryophyta)''' ** '''[[Bryophyte|Non-vascular plants]] (bryophyta)''' *** [[Marchantiophyta]]—liverworts *** [[Hornwort|Anthocerotophyta]]—hornworts *** [[Moss|Bryophyta]]—lumut ** '''[[Vascular plant]]s (tracheophyta)''' *** [[Rhyniophyta]]—rhyniophytes *** [[Zosterophyllophyta]]—zosterophylls *** [[Lycopodiophyta]]—clubmosses *** [[Trimerophytophyta]]—trimerophytes *** [[fern|Pteridophyta]]—ferns and horsetails *** '''''[[Spermatophyta|Seed plants]] (spermatophytes)''''' **** [[Pteridospermatophyta]]—seed ferns **** [[Pinophyta]]—conifers **** [[Cycad]]ophyta—cycads **** [[Ginkgo]]phyta—ginkgo **** [[Gnetae|Gnetophyta]]—gnetae **** [[Tutuwuhan nu kembangan|Magnoliophyta]]—kekembangan }} Dina [[biologi]], '''tutuwuhan''' ('''pepelakan''') nujul kana organisme nu kaasup kana Regnum Plantae. Di jerona ngawengku sakabéh tutuwuhan nu ''berpembuluh'', boh nu semu atawa nu sajati ([[lumut hate]], [[lukut]], [[Tutuwuhan Paku|papakuan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan sikian]]). Dina sababaraha versi [[taksonomi tutuwuhan]], [[alga]] héjo ogé diasupkeun kana karajaan (''regnum'') ieu. Kacatet aya kurang leuwih 300.000 [[spesies]] ''organisme'' nu kawengku.<ref name="Biologi1">{{Cite book|title =Botani Tumbuhan Tinggi| last= Hasanudin, M.S.i| first= Dr. Drs.| coauthors =Prof. Dr. Djufri, M.Si| year= 2018|page=95|location=Jakarta| publisher=Bintang Grafika| isbn=9786025679261|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Botani_Tumbuhan_Tinggi/jpDPDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=pembagian+tumbuhan&pg=PA98&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> Tutuwuhan mangrupa ''[[organisme]] [[autotrof]]'' nu ngamangpaatkeun ''[[klorofil]]'' minangka komponén anu ngarobah énérgi ''[[foton]]'' tina cahya [[panonpoé]] jadi énérgi kimiawi dina wangun [[gula]]. Prosés robah jeung pindahna ieu katelah ''[[fotosintesis]]''. Istilah ''"asimilasi karbon"'' dipaké ogé keur prosés ieu alatan merlukeun karbon nu beunang tina CO₂ bébas ti "udara". ku sabab sipatna nu ''autotrof'', tutuwuhan nempatan posisi kahiji dina ranté aliran énérgi ngaliwatan ''organisme'' hirup ([[ranté kadaharan]]). Tutuwuhan deukeut pisan jeung kahirupan [[manusa]], sarta mibanda loba kagunaan anu penting dina kahirupan [[manusa]].<ref name="Biologi"/> Tutuwuhan ngahasilkeun rupa-rupa kadaharan, [[oksigén]] anu kacida dibutuhkeun ku manusa. Rupa-rupa tutuwuhan anu hirup sacara alami, kitu deui tutuwuhan hasil ''inovasi'' anu dilakukeun ku manusa, ngajadikeun tutuwuhan leuwih loba deui wandana.<ref name="Biologi">{{Cite book|title =Biologi SMA kelas X| last= Syamsudin Subahan| first= Dt. tati suryati| coauthors =Akhmad fikri hasan| year= 2008|page=37|location=Perpustakaan nasional| publisher=Quadra| isbn=9787970190580|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Biologoi/1aCeJBt6jgAC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=tumbuhan+adalah&pg=PA37&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Siki]] * [[Buah]] * [[Kembang]] * [[Daun]] * [[Tangkal]] * [[Akar]] * [[Taksonomi tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Paku]] [[Kategori:Pteridophyta]] ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} {{biologi-stub}} 485sbe9u3p5h21xp1xp8arhdmhvn964 731590 731580 2026-11-07T17:31:39Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731590 wikitext text/x-wiki :''"Plant" ngalih ka dieu. Pikeun kagunaan lian ti "Plant", tingali [[Plant (disambiguasi)]]'' <!--{{Taxobox begin | color = lightgreen | ngaran = Tutuwuhan}} {{Taxobox begin placement | color = lightgreen}} {{Taxobox regnum entry | taxon = Plantae}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Alga Hijau|Chlorophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut Hati|Anthocerophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut Hati|Hepatophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut |Bryophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Equisetophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Lycopodiophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Psilotophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Ophioglossophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Pteridophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Cycadophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Ginkgophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Pinophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Gnetophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji tertutup|Angiospermae]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka|Gimnospermae]]}} {{Taxobox end placement}} {{Taxobox end}}--> {{otheruses}}{{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Tutuwuhan | fossil_range = Panengah-[[Ordovisia]]ahir–Kiwari | image = Fern.jpg | image_width = 280px | image_caption = Daun pakis | domain = [[Eukaryot]]a | unranked_regnum = [[Archaeplastida]] | regnum = '''Plantae''' | regnum_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 | subdivision_ranks = Divisio | subdivision = * '''[[Green algae]]''' ** [[Chlorophyta]] ** [[Charophyta]] * '''[[Embryophyta|Land plants]] (embryophyta)''' ** '''[[Bryophyte|Non-vascular plants]] (bryophyta)''' *** [[Marchantiophyta]]—liverworts *** [[Hornwort|Anthocerotophyta]]—hornworts *** [[Moss|Bryophyta]]—lumut ** '''[[Vascular plant]]s (tracheophyta)''' *** [[Rhyniophyta]]—rhyniophytes *** [[Zosterophyllophyta]]—zosterophylls *** [[Lycopodiophyta]]—clubmosses *** [[Trimerophytophyta]]—trimerophytes *** [[fern|Pteridophyta]]—ferns and horsetails *** '''[[Spermatophyta|Seed plants]] (spermatophytes)''' **** [[Pteridospermatophyta]]—seed ferns **** [[Pinophyta]]—conifers **** [[Cycad]]ophyta—cycads **** [[Ginkgo]]phyta—ginkgo **** [[Gnetae|Gnetophyta]]—gnetae **** [[Tutuwuhan nu kembangan|Magnoliophyta]]—kekembangan }} Dina [[biologi]], '''tutuwuhan''' ('''pepelakan''') nujul kana organisme nu kaasup kana Regnum Plantae. Di jerona ngawengku sakabéh tutuwuhan nu ''berpembuluh'', boh nu semu atawa nu sajati ([[lumut hate]], [[lukut]], [[Tutuwuhan Paku|papakuan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan sikian]]). Dina sababaraha versi [[taksonomi tutuwuhan]], [[alga]] héjo ogé diasupkeun kana karajaan (''regnum'') ieu. Kacatet aya kurang leuwih 300.000 [[spesies]] ''organisme'' nu kawengku.<ref name="Biologi1">{{Cite book|title =Botani Tumbuhan Tinggi| last= Hasanudin, M.S.i| first= Dr. Drs.| coauthors =Prof. Dr. Djufri, M.Si| year= 2018|page=95|location=Jakarta| publisher=Bintang Grafika| isbn=9786025679261|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Botani_Tumbuhan_Tinggi/jpDPDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=pembagian+tumbuhan&pg=PA98&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> Tutuwuhan mangrupa ''[[organisme]] [[autotrof]]'' nu ngamangpaatkeun ''[[klorofil]]'' minangka komponén anu ngarobah énérgi ''[[foton]]'' tina cahya [[panonpoé]] jadi énérgi kimiawi dina wangun [[gula]]. Prosés robah jeung pindahna ieu katelah ''[[fotosintesis]]''. Istilah ''"asimilasi karbon"'' dipaké ogé keur prosés ieu alatan merlukeun karbon nu beunang tina CO₂ bébas ti "udara". ku sabab sipatna nu ''autotrof'', tutuwuhan nempatan posisi kahiji dina ranté aliran énérgi ngaliwatan ''organisme'' hirup ([[ranté kadaharan]]). Tutuwuhan deukeut pisan jeung kahirupan [[manusa]], sarta mibanda loba kagunaan anu penting dina kahirupan [[manusa]].<ref name="Biologi"/> Tutuwuhan ngahasilkeun rupa-rupa kadaharan, [[oksigén]] anu kacida dibutuhkeun ku manusa. Rupa-rupa tutuwuhan anu hirup sacara alami, kitu deui tutuwuhan hasil ''inovasi'' anu dilakukeun ku manusa, ngajadikeun tutuwuhan leuwih loba deui wandana.<ref name="Biologi">{{Cite book|title =Biologi SMA kelas X| last= Syamsudin Subahan| first= Dt. tati suryati| coauthors =Akhmad fikri hasan| year= 2008|page=37|location=Perpustakaan nasional| publisher=Quadra| isbn=9787970190580|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Biologoi/1aCeJBt6jgAC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=tumbuhan+adalah&pg=PA37&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Siki]] * [[Buah]] * [[Kembang]] * [[Daun]] * [[Tangkal]] * [[Akar]] * [[Taksonomi tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Paku]] [[Kategori:Pteridophyta]] ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} {{biologi-stub}} sayhcklvcg9gue50kmidmctgqntf6ie 0 3857 731813 667901 2026-11-08T10:10:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox World Heritage Site | Name = Wewengkon Arkéologis Pompeii, [[Herculaneum]], jeung [[Torre Annunziata]] | infoboxwidth= 250px | Image = [[Gambar:PompeiiStreet.jpg|230px|Jalan sepi di Pompeii]] | State_Party = [[Itali]] | Type = Budaya | Criteria = iii, iv, v | ID = 829 | Region = [[Daptar Loka Warisan Dunya di Éropa|Éropa&nbsp;jeung&nbsp;Amérika&nbsp;Kalér]] | Coordinates = {{coord|40.751|N|14.487|E|display=inline}} | Year = 1997 | Session = ka-21 }} '''Pompeii''' mangrupa ruruntuk kota [[Kakaisaran Romawi|Romawi]] deukeut [[Naples]] di wewengkon [[Campania]], [[Itali]]. Kota ieu ancur nalika [[gunung bitu|bituna]] [[gunung Vesuvius]] taun [[79]]. Bituna gunung ieu ngubur kota ieu sajero sababaraha méter antukna leungit tapakna salila 1600 taun. Ruruntuk kota ieu teu kahaja kagali deui, nepi ka kiwari jadi modél kota jaman Romawi nu kacida lengkepna. Ku kituna, ruruntuk kota ieu téh jadi pangirutan wisata Itali sarta jadi [[Loka Warisan Dunya]] [[UNESCO]]. == Lokasi == Pompeii perenahna aya dina koordinat {{coor dms|40|45|00|N|14|29|10|E|type:city(30000)_region:IT}}, tenggaraeun Naples, deukeut kota suburban modéren [[Pompei]]. Kota ieu aya dina gawir nu kabentuk ku aliran lahar ka kaléreun sungut [[Walungan Sarno]] (dina jaman kuna mah katelahna téh Sarnus). Kiwari, Pompeii téh perenahna nyisi, padahal dina mangsana mah leuwih deukeut ka basisir. Dina [[abad ka-1]], Pompeii téh mangrupa salah sahiji kota nu aya di sabudeureun gunung Vesuvius. Pangeusina makmur walatra tina hasil tatanén, ku sabab taneuhna subur. Kota sabudeureunana, dina kajadian bituna gunung Vesuvius taun 79 téh, misalna [[Herculaneum]], ogé ngilu ancur. == Sajarah == Kota ieu diadegkeun kira [[abad ka-6 SM]] ku [[Osci]] atawa Oscans, hiji jalma ti [[Itali]] tengah. Nu balayar ti [[Yunani]] jeung [[Punisia]] sok nyimpang ka dieu. Nalika [[kabudayaan Etruscan|bangsa Etruscan]] ngancam rék nyerang, Pompeii ngabalad jeung Yunani, antukna ngawasa Teluk [[Naples]]. Dina [[abad ka-5 SM]], bangsa [[Samnite]] nalukkeun kota ieu (sarta sakabéh kota-kota [[Campania]]), lajeng pangawasa anyar ngaropéa [[arsitéktur]] sarta ngalegaan kotana. [[Gambar:Map of Pompeii in Roman Campania.png|250px|right|thumb|Pompeii jeung Campania Romawi]] Nalika Campania merangan Roma, Pompeii ngilu mantuan, tapi taun [[89 SM]] justru diperuhkeun ku [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]]. Najan perjurit [[Liga Sosial]] nu dipingpin ku [[Lucius Cluentius]] ngilu mantuan ngalawan Roma, dina taun [[80 SM]] Pompeii dipaksa nyerah sanggeus [[Nola]] taluk. Kota ieu lajeng jadi koloni Romawi maké ngaran ''Colonia Cornelia [[Venus (mitologi)|Veneria]] Pompeianorum''. Kota ieu jadi jalur niaga penting nu datang ti sagara sarta kudu dikirim ka Roma atawa [[Itali Kidul]]. Taun [[62]], aya [[lini]] nu lumayan ngaruksak Pompeii jeung sababaraha kota Campania. Antara taun 62 jeung bituna taun 79, kota ieu téh diwangun deui, malah leuwih loba sarta ditambahan ku rupa-rupa ornamén/hiasan seni. == Dikubur Vesuvius == Pangeusi Pompeii, geus sababaraha taun ngarasakeun [[lini]] di kotana, tapi [[5 Pébruari]] [[62]][http://www.iath.virginia.edu/struct/pompeii/patterns/sec-02.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005065858/http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/struct/pompeii/patterns/sec-02.html |date=2011-10-05 }} mah linina téh kawilang tarik, antukna ngaruksak basisir jeung kota Pompeii. Balukar tina ieu lini téh can kabéh kaoméan nalika gunungna bitu [http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/issues/cwa4/pompeii/eruption.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121050750/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ |date=2012-01-21 }}. Tapi, sigana mah si lini téh sipatna téktonik, lain alatan gerakan [[magma]] dina beuteung Vesuvius [https://web.archive.org/web/20060220085016/http://benfieldhrc.com/VolcAlert/Website/Root/Publications/DeNatale_etal_VesuviusSeismicity.pdf]. Sanggeus taun 62, lini nu leuwih leutik lumangsung deui taun [[64]]; kacatet dina ku Suetonius dina biografina [[Nero]][http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#20], dina ''De Vita Caesarum'', jeung ku [[Tacitus]] dina Pustaka XV ''Annals (Tacitus)|Annales''[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusAnnals15.html] ku sabab lumangsung nalika Nero keur di Naples munggaran midang di [[téater]] publik. Suetonius nyatet yén lini téh teu dianggap ku kaisarna, sarta terus tembang nepi ka anggeusna, sedengkeun Tacitus nyatetkeun yén téaterna runtuh nalika keur évakuasi. [[Pangarang]] ''[[Pliny the Younger]]'' nyebutkeun yén lini téh "teu dianggap salaku hiji totondén, sabab geus teu anéh di Campania mah" ("''were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania''"). [[Gambar:Vesuvius 79 AD eruption-la.svg|300px|left|thumb|'''Pompeii''' jeung kota lianna keuna ku bituna [[Gunung Vesuvius]]. Awan hideung nunjukkeun distribusi lebu. Gurat basisir kiwari katingali ogé dina gambar ieu.]] Awal agustus 79, cinyusu jeung sumur-sumur ngadadak galaring [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/pompeii.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213104501/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/pompeii.html |date=2010-02-13 }}. Lini leutik mimiti karasa [[20 Agustus]] 79 [http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/issues/cwa4/pompeii/eruption.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121050750/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ |date=2012-01-21 }}, sarta beuki mindeng dina opat poé salajengna. Totondén kitu téh teu dianggap, nepi ka pasosoré [[24 Agustus]], gunungna mimiti bitu, nepi ka ngubur Pompeii jeung pilemburan lianna. Poé éta téh, kabeneran, dina budaya Romawi mah mangrupa poé [[Vulcanalia]], péstipal déwa seuneu. Aya saksi mata anu salamet tina kajadian ieu, sakumaha kacatet dina ''[[Pliny the Younger]]'' dina rupa dua surat [http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/pompeii.htm] ka ahli sajarah [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]]. Ti imah emangna di [[Misenum]], kira 35&nbsp;km ti Vesuvius, Pliny nempo bituna Vesuvius: méga hideung kaluar tina sungut gunung, nu beuki lila beuki turun nutupan sakabéh wewengkon di sabudeureunana. "Méga" dina ''Pliny the Younger'' téh taya lian ti nu ayeuna disebut [[aliran piroklastik]], nyaéta méga/awan gas superpanas, lebu, jeung batu nu muncrat tina gunung api. Pliny nyebutkeun yén pas bitu téh karasa aya lini leutik sababaraha kali nu dituturkeun ku lini badag. Manéhna ogé nyebutkeun yén wewengkon basisir, nyusul lini anu badag, katarajang [[sunami]]. == Tilem salila 16 abad == [[Gambar:Pompeii-couple.jpg|thumb|Sapasang sastrawan: lapisan lilin dina tablét kai nu bisa dilééhkeun sarta dipaké deui.]] Dua kota nu kakubur keusik gunung téh lila-lila kapopohokeun. Herculaneum kapanggih taun [[1738]], sedengkeun Pompeii [[1748]]. Sabenerna mah éta dua kota téh geus kagali taun [[1599]], ku arsiték nu ngaranna Fontana, nalika keur ngagali saluran anyar pikeun walungan Sarno, tapi ari bener-bener digalina (pikeun ngabongkar éta ruruntuk kota) mah kakara leuwih ti 150 taun ti harita. Raja [[Charles III ti Spanyol|Charles VII ti Dua Sisilia]] ngarojong pisan kana ieu tarékah, malah nalika anjeunna geus jadi raja [[Spanyol]]. Ékskavasi taun [[1860]] dipingpin ku Giuseppe Fiorelli. Anjeunna pisan nu boga ide pikeun nyuntikkeun [[plaster]] kana lolongkrang nu ditinggalkeun ku awak nu alancur, antukna bisa némbongkeun kaayaan para korban Vesuvius sagemblengna. Aya nu nyebutkeun (tanpa bukti) yén Fontana (nu munggaran manggihan ruruntuk kota téa) téh manggihan sababaraha [[frésko]] érotik/jorang titinggal Pompeii. Ngan, ku sabab harita mah karya sarupa kitu téh dipahing pisan, anjeunna lajeng ngubur deui éta titinggal [[arkéologi]]s. Kamungkinan ieu bukti dina laporan nu ngagarali salajengna, nu nyebutkeun yén situs éta téh geus aya nu kungsi ngadatangan, sarta geus dikubur deui. Rohangan sawala, balong, paimahan, sarta sababaraha [[vila]] nu kagali horéng loba nu kawilang weuteuh kénéh. Di deukeut Pompeii kapanggih aya hiji hotél nu legana 1.000 méter persegi; ayeuna katelah "Grand Hotel Murecine". Pompeii téh mangrupa hiji-hijina kota kuna nu struktur topografis sagemblengna weuteuh, tanpa modifikasi atawa tambahan. wangunan-wangunana teu sumebar dina 'tata kota' sakumaha nu sok katempo di kota-kota Romawi, sabab kaayaan taneuhna nu teu rata, tapi jalanna lalempeng, luyu jeung tradisi Romawi; dibalay ku batu poligonal nu diaping ku toko-toko jeung paimahan di sisina. == Karuksakan alatan lini, longsor, jeung gunung bitu == [[Gambar:PompeiiStreet.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Jalan nu sepi di Pompeii]] Salah sahiji nu keur ditalungtik kiwari téh ngeunaan struktur wangunan nu keur dijieun dina mangsa gunung bitu (ruksak alatan lini taun 62). Sababaraha lukisan heubeul nu ruksak sigana geus diganti ku nu anyar. Pangna nepi ka sapuluh taun lilana téh, sigana mah, ku sabab sapanjang sapuluh taun éta mah kota Pompeii téh terus-terusan digedér ku lini (vulkanik), nu ditungtungan ku bituna gunung Vesuvius. Dina mangsa munggaran digali, lapisan lebu gunung téh tétéla loba ngubur manusa. ku sabab lapisanana téh kawilang teuas, Giuseppe Fiorelli boga akal ngeusian lolongkrang urut manusa téh ku plaster, antukna hasilna mangrupa dedegan manusa pangeusi Pompeii nu teu bisa ngejat tina hujan lebu (tingal [http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611125919/http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto.htm |date=2010-06-11 }}, [http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto2.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611134623/http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto2.htm |date=2010-06-11 }}, [http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto3.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610150349/http://www.marketplace.it/pompeiruins/orto3.htm |date=2010-06-10 }}). Dina sababaraha hasil mah katémbong pisan kaayaan soak nu karandapan ku éta korban. [[Gambar:Pompeii Garden of the Fugitives 02.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Korban gunung bitu]] Para ahli [[géologi]] ngagunakeunkarakteristik magnétik batu, talawéngkar, jeung pasésaan nu aya di Pompeii pikeun ngaduga-duga suhu aliran piroklastik nu ngubur ieu kota. Hasilna nunjukkeun yén awan lebu téh suhuna nepi ka 850&nbsp;°C nalika kaluar tina sungut Vesuvius. Pas nepi ka kota mah suhuna turun nepi ka kurang ti 350&nbsp;°C, antara 240 jeung 340&nbsp;°C (Cioni ''et al.'', 2004). <!-- ==Unique snapshot== [[Image:Pompeii-woman.jpg|thumb|right|Pompeii's well-preserved frescoes offer an unparalleled insight into the culture of an ancient city.]] Nonetheless, the town offers a snapshot of Roman life in the [[1st century]]. This moment in time shows that Pompeii was a lively place before the eruption, and evidence abounds of literally the smallest details of everyday life. For example, on the floor of one of the houses (Sirico's), a famous inscription ''Salve, lucru'' (Welcome, money), perhaps humorously intended, shows us a trading company owned by two partners, Sirico and Nummianus (but this could be a nickname, since ''nummus'' means coin, money). In other houses, details abound concerning professions and categories, such as for the "laundry" workers (''Fullones''). Wine jars have been found bearing what is apparently the world's earliest known marketing pun, ''Vesuvinum''. [[Graffiti]] carved on the walls shows us real street [[Latin]]. [[Image:Pompeiiamphitheatre.jpg|left|thumb|Teatro Grande with a large audience capacity, next to Teatro Piccolo]] At the time of the eruption, the town could have had some 20,000 inhabitants, and was located in an area in which Romans had their vacation villas. Many services were found: the ''Macellum'' (great food market), the ''Pistrinum'' (mill), the ''Thermopolium'' (sort of bar that served cold and hot beverages), the ''cauporioe'' (small restaurants), and an amphitheater. In 2002 another important discovery at the mouth of Sarno river revealed that the port also was populated and that people lived in [[palafitte]]s, within a system of channels that suggested a likeness to [[Venice]] to some scientists. These studies are just beginning to produce results. --> == Baca ogé == * [[Gunung Vesuvius]] == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Pompeii|Pompeii]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (17 Maret 2006). * sénatore, M.R., J.-D. Stanley, and T.S. Pescatore. 2004. Avalanche-associated mass flows damaged Pompeii several times before the Vesuvius catastrophic eruption in the 79 C.E. ''Geological Society of America meeting.'' Nov. 7-10. Denver. [http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77814.htm Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303201802/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_77814.htm |date=2012-03-03 }}. * Maiuri, Amedéo, ''Pompeii'', pp, 78-85, in Scientific American, ''Special Issue: Ancient Cities'', c. 1994. * {{cite journal | author=Cioni, R.; Gurioli, L.; Lanza, R.; Zanella, E. | title=Temperatures of the A.D. 79 pyroclastic density current deposits (Vesuvius, Italy) | journal=Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth | volume=109 | issue= | year=2004 | url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2002JB002251.shtml }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215061438/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2002JB002251.shtml |date=2006-02-15 }} == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Pompeii}} * [http://www2.pompeiisites.org/ Pompeii official web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124518/http://www2.pompeiisites.org/ |date=2008-07-05 }} * [http://www.auav46.dsl.pipex.com/p99.htm Herculaneum/Pompeii/Stabiae Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826180352/http://www.auav46.dsl.pipex.com/p99.htm |date=2005-08-26 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3954659.stm Digitizing Pompeii] * [http://www.italianvisits.com/campania/pompeii/ ItalianVisits.com] * [http://www.pompeiithemusical.com Pompeii: The Musical] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061208000023/http://www.iath.virginia.edu/struct/pompeii/patterns/ Patterns of reconstruction at Pompeii] * [http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/issues/cwa4/pompeii/eruption.htm Current Archaeology article, Visting Pompeii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121050750/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ |date=2012-01-21 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060220085016/http://benfieldhrc.com/VolcAlert/Website/Root/Publications/DeNatale_etal_VesuviusSeismicity.pdf Three decades of Seismic Activity at Mt. Vesuvius 1972-2000] * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#20 Biography of Nero, by Suetonius] * [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/tacitus/TacitusAnnals15.html The Annals by Publius Cornelius Tacitus] * [http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/pompeii.htm Translation of Pliny's letters to Tacitus] * [http://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/pliny.htm Another translation, and comments on Pliny the Elder's death, at UCSB's The Volcano Information Center website] * [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/pompeii.html Pompeii at University of Minnesota's Emuseum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213104501/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/europe/pompeii.html |date=2010-02-13 }} {{pondok}} {{Uncategorized|date=April 2017}} 17vhi9jn12f6yptysvi86ib7ync4aak 0 3864 731720 712120 2026-11-08T03:39:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gabung|lalay}} {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Kalong | image = Haeckel Chiroptera.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = "Chiroptera" tina ''Artforms of Nature'' karya [[Ernst Haeckel]], 1904 | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mamalia]] | ordo = '''Chiroptera''' | ordo_authority = [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach|Blumenbach]], 1779 | subdivision_ranks = Subordo | subdivision = [[Megachiroptera]]<br/> [[Microchiroptera]]<br/> Baca téks pikeun famili-familina. }} '''Kalong''' mangrupa sasatoan sajinis nu bisa hiber mung dina pangawakanna Badag. upami '''lalay''' mangrupa sajinis kénéh jeung '''Kalong''' mung pangawakanna leutik. dua duana mangrupa [[mamalia]] dina [[klasifikasi ilmiah|ordo]] '''Chiroptera'''. Nu jadi ciri téh yén anggota awak hareupna mekar jadi [[jangjang]], ngajadikeun ieu [[sato]] jadi hiji-hijina mamalia nu bisa hiber (mamalia lianna kawas [[bajing hiber]] mah bisa sotéh ukur ngalayang, lain hiber dina harti sabenerna). Kacap ''Chiroptera'' téh tina [[basa Yunani]] nu hartina "leungeun hiber". Kalong kabagi kana 1.100 an [[spésiés]] nu sumebar saalam dunya: kira 20% ti sakabéh spésiés mamalia. Kira 70% kalong sipatna [[inséktivora]], sedengkeun sésana mah ngahakan [[buah|bungbuahan]] (atawa cairanana), nyeuseup [[getih]] (tilu spésiés), jeung ngamangsa [[vertebrata]]. Kalong-kalong ieu ngawengku [[kalong irung daun]] (Phyllostomidae) ti [[Amérika Tengah]] jeung [[Amérika Kidul|Kidul]], sarta [[kalong bulldog]] (Noctilionidae) nu ngahakanan [[lauk]]. [[Kalong jurig]] (''ghost bat'', ''Macroderma gigas'') ti [[Australia]] mangrupa salah sahiji conto spésiés karnivora nu ngamangsa kalong lianna. Aya sababaraha spésiés kalong leutik nu boga peran dina [[penyerbukan]] sababaraha rupa [[kembang]] tropis. Malah, kiwari geus kapanggih yén aya loba tutuwuhan tropis nu gumantung ka kalong téh lain ukur nalika penyerbukan, tapi ogé pikeun nyebarkeun [[siki]]na. == Klasifikasi == [[Gambar:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Kalong Rebing Townsends]], ''Corynorhinus townsendii'']] Kalong digolongkeun kana dua subordo: #[[Megachiroptera]] (kalong badag (nu disebut '''Kalong'''), ''macrobat'') #[[Microchiroptera]] (kalong leutik (du disebut '''Lalay'''), ''microbat'') Anapon ciri nu ngabédakeunana, nyaéta *Mikrokalong maké [[éholokasi]], sedengkeun mégakalong mah henteu (iwal ''[[Rousettus]]'' jeung dulurna nu henteu). *Mikrokalong teu [[sihung]]an, boh dina huntuna atawa dina jangjangna. *[[Ceuli]] mikrobat teu ngabentuk cingcing nutup, tungtungna misah handapeun ceuli. *Mikrokalong teu buluan (rambut). *Mégakalong dahar bungbuahan, madu, atawa sari kembang, sedengkeun mikrokalong dahar [[serangga]], [[getih]] (saeutik getih sato), mamalia leutik, jeung [[lauk]], gumantung ka [[éholokasi sato|éholokasi]] pikeun navigasi jeung nyiar mangsa. Bukti génétik nunjukkeun yén sababaraha mikrokalong ("Yinochiroptera") leuwih deukeut ka mégakalong batan ka mikrokalong lianna ("Yangochiroptera"). Aya sababaraha bukti morfologis nu nuduhkeun [[évolusi]] Megachiroptera misah ti Microchiroptera. Mun nuturkeun téori ieu, Microchiroptera bakal teu puguh pancakakina. Mun adaptasi hiber dikaluarkeun tina analisis [[kladistik]], Megachiroptera jadi ngahiji jeung primata dumasar fitur anatomis nu teu sarupa jeung Microchiroptera. <!-- Téori évolusi kalong mah can mekar, kusabab rorongkongna nu leutik teu ngalaman fosilisasi nu alus. However a late Cretaceous tooth from South America resembles that of an early Microchiropteran bat. The oldest known definite bat fossils, such as ''Icaronycteris'', ''Archaeonycteris'', ''Palaeochiropteryx'' and ''Hassianycteris'', are from the early [[Eocene]] (about 50 million years ago), but they were already very similar to modern microbats. ''Archaeopteropus'', formerly classified as the earliest known megachiropteran, is now classified as a microchiropteran.--> Sacara tradisional, kalong dihijikeun jeung golongan [[Scandentia]], [[Dermoptera]], jeung [[primata]] dina superordo [[Archonta]] alatan kamiripan antara Megachiroptera jeung mamalia ieu. Tapi, studi molekulér nempatkeun ieu sato salaku dulurna [[Fereuungulata]], golongan nu ngawengku [[karnivora]], [[Pholidota]], [[Perissodactyla]], [[Artiodactyla]], jeung [[Cetacea|paus]]. *'''ORDO CHIROPTERA''' **'''Subordo [[Megachiroptera]] (kalong badag)''' [[Gambar:Golden crowned fruit bat.jpg|thumb|Lalay badot, ''Acerodon jubatus'']] *** [[Pteropodidae]] **'''Subordo [[Microchiroptera]] ([[kalong leutik]])''' *** Superfamili ''[[Emballonuroidea]]'' **** [[Emballonuridae]] *** Superfamili ''[[Rhinopomatoidea]]'' **** [[Rhinopomatidae]] (Kalong Buntut-beurit) **** [[Craseonycteridae]] *** Superfamili ''Rhinolophoidea'' **** [[Rhinolophidae]] **** [[Nycteridae]] **** [[Megadermatidae]] *** Superfamili ''[[Vespertilionoidea]]'' **** [[Vespertilionidae]] [[Gambar:Pipistrellus pipistrellus01.jpg|thumb|''Pipistrellus pipistrellus'']] *** Superfamili ''[[Molossoidea]]'' **** [[Molossidae]] **** [[Antrozoidae]] *** Superfamili ''[[Nataloidea]]'' **** [[Natalidae]] **** [[Myzopodidae]] **** [[Thyropteridae]] **** [[Furipteridae]] *** Superfamili ''[[Noctilionoidea]]'' **** [[Noctilionidae]] **** [[Mystacinidae]] **** [[Mormoopidae]] **** [[Phyllostomidae]] (famili ieu ngawengku [[kalong vampir]]'' <!-- Most microbats are active at night or at twilight. But although the eyes of most species of microbats are small and poorly developed, the sense of vision is still functional, especially at long distances, beyond the range of echolocation. Their senses of smell and hearing, however, are excellent. By emitting high-pitched sounds and listening to the echoes, the [[microbat]]s locate prey and other nearby objects. This is the process of [[animal echolocation|echolocation]], a skill they share with [[dolphin]]s and [[whale]]s. The teeth of microbats resemble those of the [[Insectivora|insectivoran]]s. They are very sharp in order to bite through the [[chitin]] armour of insects or the skin of fruits. Megabats are primarily fruit- or nectar-eating. They have, however, probably evolved for some time in New Guinea without microbat concurrention. This has resulted in some smaller megabats of the genus ''[[Nyctimene]]'' becoming (partly) insectivorous to fill the vacant microbat ecological niche. Furthermore, there is some evidence that the fruit bat genus ''[[Pteralopex]]'', which occurs in the [[Solomon Islands]], and its close relative ''[[Mirimiri]]'' from [[Fiji]], have evolved to fill some niches that were open because there are no nonvolant mammals in those islands. While other mammals have one-way valves only in their [[vein]]s to prevent the blood from flowing backwards, bats also have the same mechanism in their [[artery|arteries]]. The finger bones of a bat are much more flexible than those of other mammals. One reason is that the cartilage in their fingers lacks calcium and other minerals nearer the tips, increasing their ability to bend without splintering. The cross section of the finger bone is also flattened instead of circular as is the bone in a human finger, making it even more flexible. The skin on their wing membranes is much more elastic and can stretch much more than what is usually seen among mammals. Because their wings are much thinner than those of birds, bats can maneuver more quickly and more precisely than birds. [http://www.fladdermus.net/thesis.htm More about microbat vision]--> == Baranahan == [[Gambar:Myotis myotis, nursery roost.jpg|thumb|Koloni [[Kalong Ceuli-beurit]], ''Myotis myotis''.]] Kalong mah anakanana hiji-hiji unggal taunna. Anakna biasana mah cicing dina sayangna (nu bisa baé dieusi ku sababaraha indung-anak), najan kadang bisa nangkod ka indungna. Indung kalong ieu bisa apal ka anakna ti antara jutaan anak kalong lianna. Pangabisa kalong pikeun hiber sipatna kongenital, tapi ari pas borojol mah jangjangna leutik teuing. Mimiti bisa mandiri dina umur 6-8 minggu, sarta nincak sawawa dina umur dua taunan. == Kabiasaan jeung paripolah == Struktur sosial kalong mah rupa-rupa, aya nu nyorangan, aya ogé nu ngoloni guha nu dieusi ku jutaan kalong. Struktur sosial fisi-fusi ogé aya.<!-- Studies also show that bats make all kinds of sounds to communicate with each other. Scientists in the field have listened to bats and have been able to identify some sounds with some behavior bats will make right after the sounds are made.--> == Véktor rabiés == <!--[[image:bat-capture-moth1nov2000_hi.jpg|thumb|A [[big brown bat]] (''Eptesicus fuscus'') approaches a [[wax moth]] (''Galleria mellonella''), which serves as the control species for the studies of the [[tiger moth]]s. The moth is only "semi-tethered," allowing it the mobility to fly evasively.]] ''The following advice is only relevant to areas with endemic rabies.'' Only 0.5% of bats carry rabies. However, of the very few cases of [[rabies]] reported in the United States every year, most are caused by bat [[bite (medicine)|bites]]. Although most bats do not have rabies, those that do may be clumsy, disoriented, and unable to fly, which makes it more likely that they will come into contact with humans. Although one should not have an unreasonable fear of bats, one should avoid handling them or having them in one's living space, as with any wild animal. If a bat is found in living quarters near a child, mentally handicapped person, intoxicated person, sleeping person, or pet, the person or pet should receive immediate medical attention for rabies. Bats have very small teeth and can bite a sleeping person without necessarily being felt. If a bat is found in a house and the possibility of exposure cannot be ruled out, the bat should be sequestered and an animal control officer called immediately, so that the bat can be analyzed. This also applies if the bat is found dead. If it is certain that nobody has been exposed to the bat, it should be removed from the house. The best way to do this is to close all the doors and windows to the room except one to the outside. The bat should soon leave. Due to the risk of rabies and also due to health problems related to their [[guano]], bats should be excluded from inhabited parts of houses. For full detailed information on all aspects of bat management, including how to capture a bat, what to do in case of exposure, and how to bat-proof a house humanely, see [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/Bats_&_Rabies/bats&.htm the Centers for Disease Control's website on bats and rabies]. In certain countries, such as the UK, it is illegal to handle bats without a license. Where rabies is not endemic, as throughout most of western Europe, small bats can be considered as harmless. Larger bats can give a nasty bite. Treat them with the respect due to any wild animal.--> == Jihat budaya == <!--The bat is sacred in [[Tonga]] and [[West Africa]] and is often considered the physical manifestation of a separable [[soul]]. Bats are closely associated with [[vampire]]s, who are said to be able to [[shapeshifting|shapeshift]] into bats, [[fog]] or [[wolf|wolves]]. Bats are also a symbol of [[ghost]]s, [[death]] and [[disease]]. Among some [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]s, such as the [[Creek (people)|Creek]], [[Cherokee]] and [[Apache Tribe|Apache]], the bat is a [[trickster]] spirit. [[China|Chinese]] lore claims the bat is a symbol of longevity and happiness, and is similarly lucky in [[Poland]] and geographical [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and among the [[Kwakiutl]] and [[Arab]]s. In Western Culture, the bat is often a symbol of the night and its foreboding nature. The bat is a primary animal associated with fictional characters of the night such as both [[villain]]s like [[Dracula]] and [[hero]]es like [[Batman]]. The association of the fear of the night with the animal was treated as a literary challenge by [[Kenneth Oppel]], who created a best selling series of novels, beginning with ''[[Silverwing]]'', which feature bats as the central heroic figures much in a similar manner as the classic [[novel]] ''[[Watership Down]]'' did for [[rabbit]]s. An old wives' tale has it that bats will entangle themselves in people's hair. A likely root to this myth is that insect-eating bats seeking prey may dive erratically toward people, who attract mosquitoes and gnats, leading the squeamish to believe that the bats are trying to get in their hair. In the [[United Kingdom]] all bats are protected under the [[Wildlife and Countryside Act]]s, and even disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine. [[Austin, Texas]] is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony, an estimated 1,500,000 [[Mexican free-tailed bat]]s, who eat an estimated 10,000 to 30,000 pounds of insects each night and attract 100,000 tourists each year.--> == Rujukan == *''[[:en:Bat|Bat]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (21 Maret 2006). *Greenhall, Arthur H. 1961. ''Bats in Agriculture''. A Ministry of Agriculture Publication. Trinidad and Tobago. *Nowak, Ronald M. 1994. " Walker's BATS of the World". The John Hopikins University Press, Baltimore and London. *[http://www.uq.edu.au/nuq/jack/consensus.htm John D. Pettigrew's summary on Flying Primate Hypothesis] == Baca ogé == *[[Batman]] == Tumbu kaluar == *[http://www.abrn.blogspot.com Arkansas Bat Rescue Network] *[http://www.batworld.org/local_rescue/local_rescue.html United States Bat Rescue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219183325/http://www.batworld.org/local_rescue/local_rescue.html |date=2006-02-19 }} *[http://www.batcon.org Bat Conservation International website] *[http://www.batworld.org Bat World Sanctuary] *[http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/ordchiro.htm Texas Parks and Wildlife Bat Page] *[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/chordata/mammalia/chiroptera.html University of Michigan Museum of Zoology] *[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Chiroptera&contgroup=Eutheria Tree of Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726154512/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Chiroptera&contgroup=Eutheria |date=2020-07-26 }} *[http://flyingfur.typepad.com/ Flying Fur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119083309/http://flyingfur.typepad.com/ |date=2005-11-19 }} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4213495.stm Bats make up 20% of mammals] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220829142012/http://www.bats.org.uk/ The Bat Conservation Trust] *[http://www.batworld.org/adopt_a_bat/adopt_a_bat.html Adopt-a-Bat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219183318/http://www.batworld.org/adopt_a_bat/adopt_a_bat.html |date=2006-02-19 }} *[http://www.batconservation.org Organization for Bat Conservation] *[http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/tierphys/Kontakt/mitarbeiter_seiten/dietz.htm Illustrated Identification key to the (micro)bats of Europe] (''baca "Recent publications"'') *[http://www.lubee.org Lubee Bat Conservancy] *[http://www.morcegolivre.vet.br Bats from Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425094217/http://www.morcegolivre.vet.br/ |date=2006-04-25 }} *[http://rainforest.montclair.edu/pwebrf/rainforest/Animals/mammals/bats.html General text on bats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101085403/http://rainforest.montclair.edu/pwebrf/rainforest/Animals/mammals/bats.html |date=2006-01-01 }} {{Mamalia}} {{sato-pondok}} [[Kategori:Chiroptera]] 32tgrfbg5mjaqunc2kjcfyxvkxg2cla 0 3935 731687 709375 2026-11-08T00:41:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731687 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Scan of ordinary sugar crystals.jpg|ka|bingkai|250px|Kristal gula réfinasi]] Dina pamakéan sacara umum, '''gula''' nujul ka [[sukrosa]], atawa "gula bodas", [[disakarida]] [[kristal]]in warna bodas. Gula bodas ieu mangrupa nu pangmindengna dipaké pikeun ngarobah rasa jeung sipat katuangan. Gula bodas ieu sacara komersil dijieun tina [[tiwu]] atawa [[bit]]. Aya ogé gula tradisional nu dijieun tina cai kawung. Gula "basajan", atawa monosakarida, kayaning [[glukosa]], mangrupa gudang [[énérgi poténsial|énérgi]] anu dipaké ku [[sél (biologi)|sél]]. Pikeun iber lianna ngeunaan gula, baca [[monosakarida]] jeung [[disakarida]]. == Produksi == Gula téh munggaran diproduksi di [[India]]. Nu marengan [[Iskandar Agung]] nyebutkeun ayana "madu nu dihasilkeun tanpa bantuan [[éngang]]"; salajengna mah gula téh dipopulérkeun ku urang Arab nu ngabudidayakeun tutuwuhan gula di Sisilia jeung Spanyol. Najan kitu, gula kakara nyaingan madu di Éropa sanggeusna [[Perang Salib]]. Bangsa Spanyol mimiti melak tiwu di Hindia Kulon taun 1506 jeung di Kuba taun 1523. Di [[Brazil]] mah tiwu téh mimiti dipelak ku bangsa Portugis taun 1532. [[Gambar:Gula_kalapa_&_kawung.JPG|jmpl|250px|ka|Gula beureum tina kalapa (kénca) jeung kawung (katuhu)]] Gula bodas atawa sukrosa téh diékstraksi tina sumber tutuwuhan, nu utama mah nyaéta [[tiwu]] (''Saccharum spp.'') jeung [[bit]] (''Beta vulgaris''), nu ngandung gula 12%–20% tina beurat garingna. Sababaraha sumber lianna, di antarana [[korma]] (''Phoenix dactylifera''), [[sorgum]] (''Sorghum vulgare''), jeung [[kawung]] (''Arengga pinnata''). Dina taun finansial [[2001]]/[[2002]], produksi gula di sakuliah dunya téh nepi ka 134,1 juta ton. Produsén utama gula tiwu nyaéta nu boga iklim haneut, kayaning [[Brazil]], [[India]], [[Cina]], jeung [[Australia]]. daérah nu panglobana ngahasilkeun gula nyaéta [[Amérika Latin]], [[Amérika Serikat|AS]], jeung bangsa-bangsa [[Karibia]]. Ieu béda jeung produksi gula bit, nu lolobana dihasilkeun di wewengkon nu iklimna leuwih tiis: Éropa kalér-ngulon jeung wétan, Jepang kalér, sarta sababaraha daérah di AS, misalna Kalifornia. === Gula tiwu === Sanggeus dikumpulkeun, batang tiwu diancurkeun pikeun diala cairanana bari disaring. Cairan ieu lajeng diolah pikeun miceun kokotor (biasana maké kapur ([[kalsium oksida]]), lajeng dinétralkeun maké [[sulfur dioksida]]. Cairan ieu lajeng digolakkeun, antukna kokotorna (nu ngendap jeung busana) bisa dipiceun. Salajengna, cairan ieu ditiiskeun (biasana bari dikocék) sangkan gulana ngakristal. === Gula kawung & kalapa === Sacara tradisional, masarakat Nusantara geus mikawanoh gula, nyaéta anu dijieun tina lahang [[kawung]] atawa [[kalapa]]. '''Gula beureum''' ieu dijieun ku cara nu méh sarua, nyaéta ku cara manaskeun éta lahang nepi ka kuled pisan, anu salajengna dicitak jadi bentuk ganduan. === Gula bit === Bit nu geus dikumbah disiksik, lajeng gulana diékstraksi ku cai panas. Kokotorna diendapkeun maké alkali [[kalsium oksida|kapur]] jeung [[karbon dioksida]]. Sanggeus disaring, jusna dipekatkeun ku jalan dipanaskeun nepi ka padetanana 70%-an. Gulana diékstrak maké cara kristalisasi nu dikontrol, ngahasilkeun kristal gula anu dipisahkeun maké [[séntrifusa]]. Cairan anu geus teu bisa diala gulana, disebut molaseu, ilaharna dipaké pikeun maraban [[sapi]]. <!-- === Tiwu vs. bit === There is little perceptible difference between sugar produced from beet and that from cane. Testing for impurities can distinguish the two, and these have been developed to reduce fraudulent abuse of EU subsidies, and also aid detection of adulteration of fruit juice. The residues of sugar production differ substantially and from place to place. While cane [[molasses]] can be used as an ingredient, molasses from sugar beet is unpalatable and generally used for industrial fermentation or as animal feedstuff. Both can be dried and burnt as fuel. === Types of culinary sugar === '''Raw sugars''' are yellow to brown sugars made from clarified cane juice boiled down to a crystalline solid with minimal chemical processing. Raw sugars are produced in the processing of sugar beet juice but only as intermediates en route to white sugar. Types of raw sugar available as a specialty item outside the tropics include ''[[Demerara_(sugar)|demerara]]'', ''[[muscovado]]'', and ''[[turbinado]]''. [[Mauritius]] and [[Malawi]] are significant exporters of such specialty sugars. Raw sugar is sometimes prepared as loaves rather than as a crystalline powder: in this technique, sugar and [[molasses]] are poured together into molds and allowed to dry. The resulting sugar cakes or loaves are called ''jaggery'' or ''gur'' in India, ''pingbian tong'' in China, and ''panela'', ''panocha'', ''pile'', and ''piloncillo'' in various parts of Latin America. '''Mill white sugar''', also called '''plantation white''', '''crystal sugar''', or '''superior sugar''', is raw sugar whose colored impurities have not been removed, but rather bleached white by exposure to [[sulfur dioxide]]. This is the most common form of sugar in sugarcane growing areas, but does not store or ship well; after a few weeks, its impurities tend to promote discoloration and clumping. '''Blanco directo''' is a white sugar common in [[India]] and other south Asian countries. In producing blanco directo, many impurities are precipitated out of the cane juice by using ''phosphatation'' a treatment with [[phosphoric acid]] and [[calcium hydroxide]] similar to the carbonatation technique used in beet sugar refining. In terms of sucrose purity, blanco directo is more pure than mill white, but less pure than white refined sugar. '''White refined sugar''' is the most common form of sugar in [[North America]] and [[Europe]]. Refined sugar can be made by dissolving raw sugar and purifying it with a phosphoric acid method similar to that used for blanco directo, a [[carbonatation]] process involving calcium hydroxide and [[carbon dioxide]], or by various filtration strategies. It is then further decolorized by filtration through a bed of [[activated carbon]] or [[bone char]] depending on where the processing takes place. Beet sugar refineries produce refined white sugar directly without an intermediate raw stage. White refined sugar is typically sold as ''granulated sugar,'' which has been dried to prevent clumping. Granulated sugar is available in various crystal sizes, for home and industrial use depending on the application: *Coarse-grained sugars, such as ''sanding sugar'' (''nibbed sugar'' or ''sugar nibs'') are favored for decorating [[cookie]]s (biscuits) and other desserts. *Normal granulated for table use is typically around 0.5 mm across *Finer grades are produced by selectively sieving the granulated sugar. ** ''caster'' (0.35 mm) which is commonly used in baking ** ''superfine'' sugar, and are favored for sweetening drinks or preparing [[meringue]]. *Finest grades **''[[Powdered sugar]]'', ''confectioner's sugar'' (0.060 mm), or ''icing sugar'' (0.024 mm), are produced by grinding sugar to a fine powder. A small amount of anti-caking agent to prevent clumping may be added, this is either [[cornstarch]] (1%-3%) or tri-[[calcium phosphate]]. There are also sugar cubes for convenient consumption of a normal amount. '''[[Brown sugars]]''' are obtained in the late stages of sugar refining, when sugar forms fine crystals with significant [[molasses]] content, or by coating white refined sugar with a cane molasses [[syrup]]. Their color and taste become stronger with increasing molasses content, as does their moisture retaining properties. They are also prone to hardening if exposed to the atmosphere although this is reversible.--> == Kimia == [[Gambar:Saccharose.png|bingkai|Sukrosa téh disakarida [[glukosa]] (kénca) jeung [[fruktosa]], molekul penting dina awak urang.]] Dina [[biokimia]], '''gula''' mangrupa [[molekul]] pang basajanna nu bisa diidéntifikasi salaku [[karbohidrat]], nu ngawengku [[monosakarida]] jeung [[disakarida]], trisakarida jeung oligosakarida, nyaéta gula nu diwangun ku hiji, dua, tilu unit atawa leuwih. Gula ngandung gugus [[aldehid]] (-CHO) atawa [[keton]] (C=O), nu duanana ngandung beungkeut ganda karbon-oksigén, antukna gula téh réaktif. Gula lolobana nedunan rumus (CH₂O)_n , nu n-na antara 3 jeung 7. Nu teu cocog, di antarana [[déoksiribosa]], nu ngaranna nunjukkeun "leungit"na hiji oksigén. Lian ti dikelompokkeun dumasar gugus réaktifna, gula ogé dikelompokkeun dumasar jumlah karbon nu dikandungna. Turunan triosa (C₃H₆O₃) mangrupa antara dina [[glikolisis]]. Pentosa (gula 5 karbon) nu ngawengku [[ribosa]] jeung [[déoksiribosa]], aya dina [[asam nukléat]]. Ribosa ogé mangrupa komponén sababaraha bahan kimia nu penting dina prosés [[métabolisme]], kayaning [[NADH]] jeung [[Adénosin tripospat|ATP]]. Héksosa (gula 6 karbon), di antarana [[glukosa]] nu mangrupa substrat universal pikeun ngahasilkeun énérgi dina bentuk ATP. Dina [[potosintésis]], tutuwuhan ngahaslikeun glukosa nu lajeng dirobah pikeun simpenan salaku cadangan énérgi dina bentuk karbohidrat lianna kayaning [[aci]], atawa salaku sukrosa dina tiwu jeung bit. Pentosa jeung héksosa loba nu bisa ngabentuk struktur cingcin. Dina bentuk nutup modél kieu, gugus aldehida atawa ketonna jadi teu bébas, sahingga loba réaksi nu jadi ciri gugus-gugus ieu teu bisa metu. Glukosa dina leyuran lolobana aya dina bentuk cingcin dina [[kasatimbangan kimia|kasatimbangan]], nu ngandung molekul ranté-muka kurang ti 0,1%. Monosakarida dina bentuk ranté-nutup bisa ngabentuk beungkeut [[glikosida]] jeung monosakarida lianna, ngabentuk disakarida, samisal sukrosa, jeung polisakarida, samisal aci. Saméméh dipaké dina métabolisme, beungkeut glikosida ieu kudu [[hidrolisis|dihidrolisis]] atawa dipegatkeun ku [[énzim]] nu tangtu. Sanggeus dicerna sarta diserep, monosakarida utama nu aya dina getih jeung jaringan jero, nyaéta glukosa, fruktosa, jeung galaktosa. Istilah "gliko-" nunjukkeun ayana gula dina zat non-karbohidrat, contona [[glikoprotéin]]: protéin ngabeungkeut gula. Nu kaasup gula basajan, di antarana sukrosa, [[fruktosa]], [[glukosa]], [[galaktosa]], [[maltosa]], [[laktosa]], jeung [[mannosa]]. Golongan disakarida nu paling ilahar téh sukrosa (gula tiwu atawa bit - diwangun ku hiji glukosa jeung hiji fruktosa), laktosa (gula susu - diwangun ku hiji glukosa jeung hiji galaktosa), jeung maltosa (diwangun ku dua glukosa). Rumus disakarida ieu nyaéta C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁. Sukrosa bisa dirobah ku dihidrolisis jadi sirop fruktosa jeung glukosa, ngahasilkeun naon nu disebut ''invert sugar''. Sirop ieu leuwih amis batan sukrosa aslina, sarta leuwih kapaké di industri pangan, sabab teu gampang ngalaman kristalisasi antukna produk ahirna leuwih lemes. == Sajarah == Nyieun gula ku cara nguapkeun jus tiwu dikembangkeun di India, kira 500 MM. Tiwu téh jukut tropis, nu sigana mah pituin [[Guinéa Anyar]]. Dina mangsa prasajarah, budayana sumebar ka [[Kapuloan Pasipik]] jeung [[India]]. Kira taun [[200-an MM|200 MM]], tiwu geus dipelak di [[Cina]]. Urang Kulon kakara wanoh jeung tiwu dina mangsa ékspédisi militér ka India. [[Nearchos]], salah saurang komandan [[Iskandar Agung]], ngagambarkeun tiwu salaku "jukut nu ngahasilkeun madu tanpa nyiruan." <!-- Originally, the cane was chewed raw to extract its sweetness. Sugar refining was developed in the [[Middle East]], India and China, where it became a staple of cooking and [[dessert]]s. In early refining methods, the cane was ground or pounded to extract the juice, and the juice then boiled down or dried in the sun to yield sugary solids that resembled gravel. The [[Sanskrit]] word for sugar (''sharkara''), also means gravel. Similarly, the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] term for table sugar is "gravel sugar" ([[Traditional Chinese]]:砂糖)。 Later sugar spread to other areas of the world through trade. It arrived in [[Europe]] with the arrival of the [[Moors]]. [[Crusade]]rs also brought sugar home with them after their campaigns in the [[Holy Land]], as there they encountered caravans carrying this "sweet salt" as it was called. While sugar cane could not be grown in northern Europe, sugar could be extracted from certain beets and these began to be widely cultivated around [[1801]], after the British control of the seas during the [[Napoleonic wars]] isolated mainland Europe from the [[Caribbean]]. ===The history of sugar in the West=== In the [[1390s]], a better press, which doubled the juice obtained from the cane, was developed. This permitted economic expansion of sugar plantations to [[Andalusia]] and the [[Algarve]]. In the [[1420s]], sugar was carried to the [[Canary Islands]], [[Madeira]] and the [[Azores]]. In [[1493]], [[Christopher Columbus]] stopped at [[Gomera]] in the [[Canary Islands]], for wine and water, intending to stay only four days. He became romantically involved with the Governor of the Island, Beatrice, and stayed a month. When he finally sailed she gave him cuttings of sugarcane, the first to reach the New World. The Portuguese took sugar to [[History of Brazil|Brazil]]. [[Hans Staden]], published in [[1555]], writes that by [[1540]] there were 800 sugar mills on [[Santa Catalina]] Island and another 2000 up the north coast of Brazil, Demarara and [[Surinam]]. Approximately 3000 small mills built before [[1550]] in the New World created an unprecedented demand for [[cast iron]] [[gear]]s, levers, axles and other implements. Specialist trades in mold making and iron casting were inevitably created in Europe by the expansion of sugar. Sugar mill construction is the missing link of the technological skills needed for the [[Industrial Revolution]] that is recognized as beginning in the first part of the [[1600s]]. After [[1625]], the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] carried sugarcane from South America to the Caribbean islands from [[Barbados]] to the [[Virgin Islands]]. In the years [[1625]] to [[1750]], sugar was worth its weight in gold. Price declined slowly as production became multi-sourced especially through British colonial policy. Sugar production also increased in the American Colonies, Cuba, and Brazil. African [[Slavery|slave]]s became the dominant plantation worker as they were resistant to the diseases of [[malaria]] and [[yellow fever]]. European [[indentured servant]]s were in shorter supply, susceptible to disease and a less economic investment. Local [[Native American (Americas)|Native American]]s had been reduced by European diseases like [[smallpox]]. With the [[European colonization of the Americas]], the [[History_of_the_Caribbean|Caribbean]] became the world's largest source of sugar. Sugar cane could be grown on these islands using [[Slavery|slave]] labour at vastly lower prices than cane sugar imported from the East. Thus the economies of entire islands such as [[Guadaloupe]] and [[History of Barbados|Barbados]] were based on sugar production. The largest sugar producer in the world, by [[1750]], was the French colony known as [[Saint-Domingue]], which is today the independent country of [[History of Haiti|Haiti]]. [[History of Jamaica|Jamaica]] was another major producer in the [[1700s]]. During the eighteenth century, sugar became enormously popular and went through a series of booms. The main reason for the heightened demand and production of sugar was a great change in the eating habits of many Europeans. For example, they began consuming jams, candy, tea, coffee, cocoa, processed foods, and other sweet victuals in much greater numbers. Reacting to this increasing craze, the islands took advantage of the situation and began harvesting sugar in extreme amounts. In fact, they produced up to ninety percent of the sugar that the western Europeans consumed. Of course some islands were more successful than others when it came to producing the product. For instance, Barbados and the British Leewards can be said to have been the most successful in the production of sugar because it counted for 93% and 97% respectively of each island’s exports. Planters later began developing ways to boost production even more. For example, they began using more animal [[manure]] when growing their crops. They also developed more advanced mills and began using better types of sugar cane. Despite these and other improvements, the prices of sugar reached soaring heights, especially during events such as the revolt against the Dutch and the Napoleonic wars. Sugar was a highly desired product, and the islands knew exactly how to take advantage of the situation. As Europeans established sugar plantations on these larger Caribbean islands, prices fell, especially in [[Britain]]. What had previously been a luxury good began, by the [[eighteenth century]], to be commonly consumed by all levels of society. At first most sugar in Britain was used in tea, but later [[candy|candies]] and [[chocolate]]s became extremely popular. Sugar was commonly sold in solid cones and required a sugar nip, a pliers-like tool, to break off pieces. Sugar cane quickly exhausts the [[soil]] and larger islands with fresher soil were pressed into production in the nineteenth century. For example, it was in this century that Cuba rose as the richest land in the Caribbean (with sugar being its dominant crop) because it was the only major island that was free of mountainous terrain. Instead, nearly three-quarters of its land formed a rolling plain which was ideal for planting crops. Cuba also prospered above other islands because they used better methods when harvesting the sugar crops. They had been introduced to modern milling methods such as water mills, enclosed furnaces, steam engines, and vacuum pans. All these things increased their production and production rate. After the world's [[Haitian Revolution|only successful slave revolution]] established the independent nation of [[Haiti]], sugar production in that country declined and [[History_of_Cuba|Cuba]] replaced Saint-Domingue as the world's largest producer. Production spread to [[South America]] as well as to new European colonies in [[Africa]] and the Pacific. === The rise of beet === In [[1747]] the German chemist [[Andreas Sigismund Marggraf|Andreas Marggraf]] identified sucrose in [[beet]] root. This discovery remained a mere curiosity for some time, but eventually his student [[Franz Carl Achard|Franz Achard]] built a sugarbeet processing factory at [[Cunern]] in [[Silesia]], under the patronage of [[Frederick William III of Prussia]]. While never profitable, this plant operated from 1801 until being destroyed during the [[Napoleonic War]]s. [[Napoleon]], cut off from Caribbean imports by a British blockade and at any rate not wanting to fund British merchants, banned sugar imports in [[1813]]. The beet sugar industry that emerged in its place grew, and today, beet sugar enjoys approximately 30% of world sugar production. While it is no longer grown by slaves, sugar growing in developing countries continues to this day to be associated with workers earning minimal wages and living in extreme poverty. [[Cuba]] was a large producer of sugar in the 20th century until the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] took away their export market and the industry collapsed. In the developed countries, the sugar industry is machine reliant, with a low requirement for manpower. A large beet refinery producing around 1,500 tonnes of sugar a day needs a permanent workforce of about 150 for 24-hour production. === Mechanization === Beginning in the late 18th century, sugar production became increasingly mechanized. The [[steam engine]] was first used to power a sugar mill in [[Jamaica]] in [[1768]], and soon thereafter, steam replaced direct firing as the source of process heat. In [[1813]], the [[Great Britain|British]] chemist [[Edward Charles Howard]] invented a sugar refining method in which the cane juice was boiled not in an open kettle, but in a closed vessel heated by steam and held under partial vacuum. At reduced pressure, water boils at a lower temperature, and this development both saved fuel and reduced the amount of sugar lost through caramelization. Further gains in fuel efficiency were achieved through the [[multiple-effect evaporator]], designed by the [[African-American]] engineer [[Norbert Rillieux]] perhaps as early as the 1820s, although the first working model was not built until [[1845]]. This system consisted of a series of vacuum pans, each held at a lower pressure than the previous. The vapors from each pan were used to heat the next, and little heat wasted. Today, multiple-effect evaporators are employed widely in many industries for evaporating water. The process of separating the sugar from the molasses also received mechanical attention: the [[centrifuge]] was first applied to this task by David Weston in [[Hawaii]] in [[1852]].--> == Kaséhatan == Taun [[2003]], aya laporan ti opat agén [[UN]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]] jeung [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]], nu dirumuskeun ku 30 urang ahli internasional. Laporan ieu nyebutkeun yén konsumsi gula ulah leuwih ti 10%. Tapi, Asosiasi Gula [http://www.sugar.org/] di AS keukeuh yén saparapat ti dahareun jeung inuman urang téh ngandung gula, sarta teu ngabalukarkeun naon-naon. <!-- === Gula jeung hiperaktivitas === There is common belief among the general public, in the [[U.S.]] at least, that eating too much sugar (not only sucrose, but other varieties such as glucose) will cause some children to become [[hyperactive]]—giving rise to the term "sugar high" or "sugar buzz". Recent studies have not shown a link between the consumption of sugar and hyperactivity levels, even when the researchers focused on children with a presumed "sugar-sensitivity" [http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/?quid=241]. The belief in the possibility of a sugar-high among parents and teachers may cause them to perceive children being more energetic and excited after consumption of sweets and sugary beverages through [[observer bias]]. Others believe that the hyperactive effects of sugar can be seen equally in children and adults. On average Americans eat or drink 5 pounds of sugar a month, drastically higher than 10 years ago due to the fact that sugar is in many foods under many different names.{{fact}} == Sugar economics == In many industrialized countries, sugar is among the most heavily subsidized agricultural products. The [[European Union]], the [[United States]], and [[Japan]] all maintain elevated [[price floor]]s for sugar through subsidizing domestic production and imposing high tariffs on imports. In recent years, sugar prices in these countries have been three times the price on the international market. In international trade bodies, especially the [[World Trade Organization]], the "G20" countries led by Brazil have argued that because their cane sugar exports are essentially excluded from these sugar markets, they receive lower prices than they would under [[free trade]]. While both the European Union and United States maintain trade agreements whereby certain developing and least-developed countries (LDCs) can sell certain quantities of sugar into their markets, free of the usual import tariffs, countries outside these preferred trade regimes have complained that these arrangements violate the "[[most favored nation]]" principle of international trade. In [[2004]], the [[WTO]] sided with a group of cane sugar exporting nations led by [[Brazil]], and ruled that the EU sugar regime and the accompanying ACP-EU Sugar Protocol, whereby a group of African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries are given preferential access to the European sugar market, are illegal. In response, the European Commission proposed on 22 June 2005 to radically reform the EU sugar regime, cutting prices by 39% and eliminating all EU sugar exports. The African, Caribbean, Pacific and [[Least developed country]] sugar exporters have reacted with dismay to the EU sugar proposals, arguing for a fairer reform of the EU regime which would be pro-development and meaningful towards the achievement of the [[Millennium Development Goals]]. Small quantities of sugar, especially speciality grades of sugar, are sold as '[[fair trade]]' commodities; these products are produced and sold with the understanding that a larger-than-usual fraction of the revenue supports small farmers in the developing world.--> == Baca ogé == * [[Gula beureum]] * [[Sirop jagong]] * [[Gula beureum alami]] == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Sugar|Sugar]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (17 April 2006) * A C Hannah, ''The International Sugar Trade'', ISBN 1-85573-069-3 == Tumbu kaluar == === Sajarah & budaya === * [http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/sugar_cane_landing.html Plant Cultures: botany, history and uses of sugar cane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504015738/http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/sugar_cane_landing.html |date=2006-05-04 }} * [http://www.zucker.prv.pl/ The word "sugar" in more than 250 languages.] === Pangan === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030062630/http://www.foodsubs.com/Sweeten.html Cook's Thesaurus: Sugar (www.foodsubs.com)] === Kaséhatan === * [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr20/en/ Expert Report on diet and chronic disease (WHO/FAO)] * [http://www.joyfulaging.com/Sugar.htm Sugar Accelerates Aging] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219060112/http://www.joyfulaging.com/Sugar.htm |date=2005-12-19 }} === Dagang === * [http://www.sugar.ca/index.htm Wide range of information about sugars, from the Canadian Sugar Institute, a non-profit trade association of Canada's refined sugar manufacturers.] * [http://www.ldcsugar.org/ Least Developed Countries sugar site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060102234434/http://www.ldcsugar.org/ |date=2006-01-02 }} * [http://www.acpsugar.org/ African, Caribbean and Pacific sugar exporters] * [http://www.sugartraders.co.uk/ Sugar Traders Association of the UK] * [http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/sugar/index_en.htm European Union sugar regime proposals] * [http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_status_e.htm#265 WTO ruling on EU sugar regime] * [http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/imports/ussugar.asp US Sugar Import Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322125930/http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/imports/ussugar.asp |date=2009-03-22 }} * [http://www.illovo.co.za/worldofsugar/internationalSugarStats.htm Sugar statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427103348/http://www.illovo.co.za/worldofsugar/internationalSugarStats.htm |date=2006-04-27 }} === Gula jeung hiperaktivitas === * [http://www.webmd.com/content/pages/13/67341.htm "Sugar Buzz, Fiber Know-How" article from WebMD] * [http://www.skepticism.net/articles/2002/000005.html "The Myth of the Sugar Buzz" article from Skepticism.Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209023127/http://www.skepticism.net/articles/2002/000005.html |date=2006-02-09 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Karbohidrat]] [[Kategori:Bungbu]] tfhqi46zit1y06028cubvqj622jyqo1 0 4087 731708 678495 2026-11-08T02:19:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Jangkrik | image = Feldgrille.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Jangkrik | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Serangga|Insecta]] | ordo = [[Orthoptera]] | subordo = [[Ensifera]] | superfamilia = [[Grylloidea]] | familia = '''Gryllidae''' | familia_authority = Bolívar, 1878 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamili | subdivision = Aos téks }} [[File:Canto de un grillo.webm|jempol|katuhu|100px|Sora jangkrik]] '''Jangkrik''', famili '''Gryllidae''', mangrupa [[serangga]] nu bisa disada, mirip [[simeut]] jeung [[cihcir]] (ordo [[Orthoptera]]), tapi awakna rada depé sarta boga [[anténeu (biologi)|anténeu]] panjang. == Deskripsi == Jangkrik kawentar ku sora [[stridulasi]]na (ukur nu [[jalu]]), nu disada ku cara ngagésékkeun [[jangjang]] atawa sukuna, antukna sora nu kaluar téh béda pikeun masing-masing spésiés. Aya dua tipeu sora jangkrik: sora panggero jeung sora pangolo. Sora panggero anu tarik ditujukeun pikeun ngirut [[bikang]] sarta ngusir jalu nu séjén, sedengkeun sora pangolo nu alon mah dipaké mun bikangna geus deukeut. Jangkrik bikang boga organ paneundeun endog ([[ovipositor]]) nu bentukna kawas jarum. Ciri fisik séjénna nu ngabédakeun antara nu jalu jeung nu bikang, nyaéta ayana batik dina jangjang luar jangkrik jalu (umumna), sedengkeun nu bikang mah ukur garis-garis nuturkeun "tulang" jangjangna. Sora 'krik-krikan' jangkrik téh gumantung ka spésiés jeung hawa [[lingkungan alami|lingkunganana]]. Ilaharna, sora jangkrik bakal leuwih tarik mun hawa leuwih panas (kira 60 'krik' per menit dina 13&nbsp;°C). Hubungan antara hawa jeung lobana 'krik-krikan' katelah salaku [[Hukum Dolbear]]. Nu geus kanyahoan, di sakuliah dunya téh jangkrik kabagi kana kira 900 [[spésiés]]. Ngarah teu pahili jeung [[simeut]], perlu diinget yén jangkrik mah [[nokturnal|liar peuting]], béda jeung simeut nu liar beurang. [[Gambar:african.field.cricket.arp.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Jangkrik Aprika ''Gryllus bimaculatus'']] Taun [[1970]], [[William H. Cade]] manggihan yén [[parasit]] [[laleur]] [[Tachinidae]] ''[[Ormia ochracea]]'' ogé katarik ku sora jangkrik jalu, kalawan maksud pikeun melakkeun anakna dina awak jangkrik jalu. Di Asia, jangkrik sok dikukut, boh nuturkeun kapercayaan (utamana di Cina), atawa ukur kalangenan. Di daérah judi, misalna [[Makau]], jangkrik ogé sok diadukeun. Pikeun nu miara manuk, jangkrik ogé sok dikukut pikeun parab. == Taksonomi == [[Gambar:Gryllomorpha_dalmatina01.jpg|thumb|150px|Salah sahiji spésiés jangkrik nu di Tatar Sunda katelah '''bakecét''']] Di Tatar Sunda, aya sababaraha spésiés jangkrik anu dipikawanoh, tapi rujukan nu nyebutkeun klasifikasina can kapanggih: * '''Gopur'''; awakna saluhureun kuntring, sadana teu pati harus, tara diadukeun. * '''Jangkrik Kalung'''; warna awak & jangjangna hideung atawa coklat, aya polét warna emas dina lebah puhu jangjangna (deukeut 'beuheung'na), sok diadukeun. * '''Kuntring'''; dibédakeun ti jangkrik umumna tina sorana nu ngelentring "''tring tring tring...''", warna awakna coklat. * '''Bakecét'''; jangkrik leutik nu sok aya di jero imah, awakna hawuk/coklat belang/tutul. * '''[[Kasir]]'''; spésiés jangkrik nu kawilang badag (panjangna kira nepi ka 5&nbsp;cm), awakna ampir hideung meles. <!--Subfamili kulawarga Gryllidae: * Eneopterinae — [[Bush cricket]]s * Gryllinae — Common or [[field cricket]]s; brown or black; despite the name, some of them enter houses (e.g. ''Acheta domesticus'', the [[House cricket]]) * Nemobiinae — [[Ground cricket]]s * Oecanthinae — [[Tree cricket]]s; usually green with broad, transparent wings; frequent trees and shrubs. * [[Phalangopsinae]] * Podoscirtinae — [[Anomalous cricket]]s * [[Pteroplistinae]] * Trigonidiinae — [[Sword-tail cricket]]s--> == Baca ogé == * [[Gaang]] * [[Cihcir]] == Sumber rujukan == * ''[[:en:Cricket (insect)|Cricket]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (13 Juni 2006) == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th2f.htm Intro on house crickets] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060423062629/http://wiki.ehow.com/Raise-Your-Own-Crickets How to Raise your Own Crickets] [[Kategori:Sato ingon]] [[Kategori:Gryllidae]] phhrgysuz0vueafn1r16utldwly6b4o 0 4958 731744 712048 2026-11-08T05:53:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731744 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Pikeun artikel [[kabupatén]] kalayan ngaran nu sarua, tempo [[Kabupatén Bekasi]].'' {{Infobox settlement | name = {{raise|0.1em|Kota Bekasi}} | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{lang|su|ᮓᮚᮩᮂ ᮘᮨᮊᮞᮤ}}}} | native_name_lang = su | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Daptar kabupatén jeung kota di Indonésia|Kota]] | translit_lang1 = Liané | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Basa Sunda]] | translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|su|ᮘᮨᮊᮞᮤ}} | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Basa Indonésia]] | translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|id|Kota Bekasi}} | translit_lang1_type4 = [[Basa Walanda]] | translit_lang1_info4 = {{lang|nl|Stad Bekasi}} | translit_lang1_type3 = | translit_lang1_info3 = | image_skyline = Bekasi Montage.jpg | image_caption = TI kénca-katuhu: Stadion olahraga Patriot Candrabhaga, Kota Pekayon, Bekasi Junction Night, Puseur Balanja, Bekasi Mall dina peutingna | image_flag = Flag of Bekasi City.png | image_seal = Coat of arms of Bekasi.svg | nickname = {{lang-id|Kota Industri}} | motto = ''Swatantra Wibawa Mukti'' <br> ''Kota Patriot'' | image_map = Map of West Java highlighting Bekasi City.svg | mapsize = | map_caption = Lokasi di [[Jawa Kulon]] | pushpin_map = Indonesia Jawa Kulon#Indonesia Java#Indonesia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = |latd=6 |latm=14 |lats=5.64 |latNS=S |longd=106 |longm=59 |longs=32.28 |longEW=E | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_format = dms | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Daptar nagara|Nagara]] | subdivision_name = {{nowrap|{{flag|Indonésia|size=23px}}}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Régional di Indonésia|Région]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Propinsi]] | subdivision_type3 = Ibukota | subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of West Java (vectorised).svg|size=23px}} [[Jawa Kulon]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Kali Baru, Medan Satria, Bekasi|Kalibaru]] | established_title = Hari jadi | established_date = 10 Maret 1997 <small>(Tanggal resmi ti Pemkot Bekasi)</small> | established_title1 = Dasar hukum | established_date1 = UU Nomor 9 Tahun <small>(minangka Kota Administratip Bekasi)</small> | parts_type = | parts = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = Pamaréntah Daérah Kota Bekasi | leader_title = Walikota | leader_name = [[Tri Adhianto Tjahyono]](Plt.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fokus.tempo.co/read/1547981/jaringan-korupsi-wali-kota-bekasi-rahmat-effendi-dari-kepala-dinas-sampai-lurah|title=Jaringan Korupsi Wali Kota Bekasi Rahmat Effendi, dari Kepala Dinas Sampai Lurah|last=H|first=Clara Maria Tjandra Dewi|website=Tempo|language=en|publication-date=8-01-2023|accessdate=2023-02-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305004635/https://fokus.tempo.co/read/1547981/jaringan-korupsi-wali-kota-bekasi-rahmat-effendi-dari-kepala-dinas-sampai-lurah |date=2023-03-05 }}</ref> | leader_title1 = Wakil Walikota | leader_name1 = | total_type = Total | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = 204,6 | area_water_km2 = 2,4 | area_metro_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 11-81 | elevation_ft = 36-265 | population_total = 2464719 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = 3 | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = Démografi | demographics1_title1 = {{nowrap|[[Grup étnis]]}} | timezone1 = [[Wanci di Indonésia|Indonésia Bagéan Kulon]] | utc_offset1 = +7 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = [[Daptar kode pos di Indonésia|Kode pos]] | postal_code = 401xx, 402xx, 406xx | area_code = 021 | area_code_type = [[Daptar kode telepon di Indonésia|Kode aréa]] | registration_plate = B ''xxxx'' K** | blank_name_sec1 = [[Indéks Pangwangunan Manusa|IPM]] | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 81,95 ([[2021]])<br>{{fontcolor|green|sangat tinggi}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2020-2021|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=14 Februari 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201065917/https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi.html |date=2021-12-01 }}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = dau | blank_info_sec2 = Rp 1.282.106.240.000 (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2019|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2019)|accessdate=28 Pebruari 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103062009/https://djpk.kemenkeu.go.id//wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|archivedate=2025-01-03}}</ref> | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | website = {{URL|https://www.bekasikota.go.id/}} | demographics1_info1 = | demographics1_title2 = [[Ageman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2021|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=23 Pebruari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |date=2021-08-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bekasikota.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/28/b3c9a8f66a47b925b30b81c8/kota-bekasi-dalam-angka-2020.html|title=Kota Bekasi Dalam Angka 2020|date=09 Februari 2022|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Bekasi}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210045350/https://bekasikota.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/28/b3c9a8f66a47b925b30b81c8/kota-bekasi-dalam-angka-2020.html |date=2021-02-10 }}</ref> | demographics1_info2 = [[Islam]] 88,52% <br> [[Kristen]] 10,38%<br>- [[Protestan]] 7,76%<br>- [[Katolik]] 2,62%<br> [[Buddha]] 0,90%<br> [[Hindu]] 0,17%<br> Lainnya 0,03% | pushpin_label = Kota Bekasi | registration_plate_type = [[pelat STNK Indonésia|Régistrasi tutumpakan]] }} '''Kota Bekasi''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮓᮚᮩᮂ ᮘᮨᮊᮞᮤ; basa Batawi Ora: بكاسى كوت "''Bekasih Kota''") nyaéta salah sahiji [[kota]] di [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Kota ieu aya di wétaneun [[Jakarta]]; wawatesan jeung [[Jakarta]] di beulah kulon, [[Kabupatén Bekasi]] di beulah wétan kalér, [[Kabupatén Bogor]] di beulah kidul, sarta [[Kota Dépok]] di beulah kulon kidulna. Bekasi mangrupa salah sahiji kota pangrojong Jakarta salian ti Tangerang, Bogor, jeung Dépok; sarta jadi tempat padumukan para [[komuter]] nu digawé di Jakarta. Kota Bekasi kawengku ku 10 [[kacamatan]], nu kabagi deui kana 56 [[kalurahan]]. Aya sababaraha tempat wisata anu aya di Bekasi kota, di antarana nyaeta Trans Snow World<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabumiku.com/pariwisata/trans-snow-world-bintaro-harga-tiket-dan-daya-tarik-bermain-salju/|title=Trans Snow World Bintaro Harga Tiket dan Daya Tarik Bermain Salju|last=|website=Sabumi|language=en-US|publication-date=09-02-2023|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228114649/https://www.sabumiku.com/pariwisata/trans-snow-world-bintaro-harga-tiket-dan-daya-tarik-bermain-salju/ |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> jeung Curug Parigi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2018/01/05/200000727/8-panduan-penting-sebelum-datang-ke-curug-parigi-di-bekasi|title=8 Panduan Penting Sebelum Datang ke Curug Parigi di Bekasi Halaman all|last=Senja|first=Anggita Muslimah Maulidya Prahara|editor-last=Wahyu Adityo|editor-first=Prodjo|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228114648/https://travel.kompas.com/read/2018/01/05/200000727/8-panduan-penting-sebelum-datang-ke-curug-parigi-di-bekasi |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> == Sajarah == Bekasi mangrupakeun salasahiji kota pangkolotna di Indonésia. Numutkeun kana cetetan sajarah, beheula Bekasi nu ayeuna pernah jadi ibukota Karajaan Tarumanagara. Keur harita, Bekasi dingaranan ''Dayeuh Sundasembawa'' atawa ''Jayagiri''. Bukti-bukti sajarah ngeunaan ayana asal ieu kota ti abad ka lima aya di prasasti Tugu, anu ngagambarkeun ngaran dua walungan nu ngalir ngaliwatan dayeuh, nya éta ''Candrabhaga'' jeung ''Gomati.'' Ngaran Candrabhaga dina hiji jaman ka hiji jaman barobah jadi ''Bhagasasi'' sabab kecap Sansekerta ''Candra'' anu hartina "bulan" robah jadi basa Sunda heubeul ku kecap "sasi" anu hartina sabulan. Tuluy ngaran ''Bhagasasi'' salah eja jadi Bhagasi, tuluy pamaréntah kolonial Walanda ogé salah eja ngaran ''Bhagasi'' jadi ''Bacasie'', ujug-ujugna katelah ku Bekasi nepikeun ka ayeuna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bekasikota.go.id/pages/sejarah-kota-bekasi|title=Pemerintah Kota Bekasi - sejarah kota bekasi.|website=www.bekasikota.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228113614/https://www.bekasikota.go.id/pages/sejarah-kota-bekasi |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> Dina mangsa Hindia Walanda, Bekasi mangrupakeun bagian ti Karesidenan Batawi. Salaku kota asrama, loba wewengkon satelit kelas menengah anu geus dikembangkeun di Bekasi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://properti.kompas.com/read/xml/2014/07/15/120935021/Pasar.Middle-up.Bekasi.Menggiurkan.Rumah.Harga.Rp.800.Juta.Paling.Dicari.|title=Pasar "Middle-up" Bekasi Menggiurkan, Rumah Harga Rp 800 Juta Paling Dicari!|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407121359/https://properti.kompas.com/read/2014/07/15/120935021/Pasar.Middle-up.Bekasi.Menggiurkan.Rumah.Harga.Rp.800.Juta.Paling.Dicari. |date=2023-04-07 }}</ref> lengkep jeung pusat balanjana, sakola, rumah sakit, ''clubhouse'', taman cai, jeung sarana beus ''shuttle'' ka Jakarta Pusat. Loba oge pausahaan-pausahaan badag multinasional anu loba narik ''ekspatriat'' (utamana ti Jepang jeung Korea) pikeun netep di Bekasi. == Ékonomi == Ditempo tina kontribusina kana pendapatan daérah, industri pangolahan mangrupa sumber paékonomian anu panglobana, disusul ku séktor perdagangan, hotél, jeung réstoran. Sanajan saeutik, lahan pasawahan ogé milu nyumbang kana APBD Kota Bekasi. Para patani utamana sumebar di beulah kalér Kota Bakasi, nu rélatif katinggal ku daerah sabudeureun puseur dayeuh. Di Kota Bekasi loba pinanggih galandangan, nu ngemis, sarta pangamen sanajan dina kanyataannana loba mobil méwah ogé. Loba di antara pangeusi Kota Bekasi nu mangrupa [[komuter]], biasana digawé di [[Jakarta]], [[Tangerang]], atawa [[Cikarang]]. Ku sabab éta, ékonomi Kota Bekasi kacida gumantungna ka tatanggana, [[Jakarta]]. == Transportasi == Di Bekasi loba dipigunakeun angkutan kota mangrupa mobil van leutik, nu panumpangna maksimal 14 urang (gumantung supir), disebut [[KOASI]] (Koperasi Angkutan Bekasi). Sajaba ti éta, ti saprak krisis moneter, ampir di sakabéh juru Kota Bekasi pinuh ku alat angkut mangrupa sapeda motor nu sering disebut [[ojég]]. [[Béca]] ogé loba kénéh dipanggihan di kota ieu. [[Sapeda]] henteu populér di Kota Bekasi sawatara taun terahir ieu. Loba anu pindah ti sapeda kana sapeda motor, utamana ku beuki gampangna ngajukeun [[krédit (keuangan)|krédit]] kapamilikan sapeda motor. [[Polusi udara]] masih jadi masalah di kota ieu. lolobana jalan di Kota bekasi ruksak parah, utamana dina usum hujan. == Fasilitas kaséhatan == Di Bekasi Kota, geus aya opat puluh genep fasilitas kaséhatan anu disadiakeun dina bentuk rumah sakit. Sababaraha di antarana nyaeta, 23 unit nu swasta, genep unit nu organisasi sosial, lima unit nu pamaréntah kota, jeung 12 unit nu pausahaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sirs.kemkes.go.id/fo/home/dashboard_rs?id=32|title=RS Online|website=sirs.kemkes.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225233558/https://sirs.kemkes.go.id/fo/home/dashboard_rs?id=32 |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> == Kacamatan jeung Kalurahan == Daptar [[kalurahan]] di unggal [[kacamatan]] di wilayah pamaréntahan Kota Bekasi: {| |- |valign="top"| *'''[[Bekasi Timur, Bekasi|Kac. Bekasi Timur]]''' **[[Bekasi Jaya, Bekasi Timur, Bekasi|Bekasi Jaya]] **[[Durén Jaya, Bekasi Timur, Bekasi|Durén Jaya]] **[[Arén Jaya, Bekasi Timur, Bekasi|Arén Jaya]] **[[Margahayu, Bekasi Timur, Bekasi|Margahayu]] *'''[[Bekasi Barat, Bekasi|Kac. Bekasi Barat]]''' **[[Bintara, Bekasi Barat, Bekasi|Bintara]] **[[Kranji, Bekasi Barat, Bekasi|Kranji]] **[[Kota Baru, Bekasi Barat, Bekasi|Kota Baru]] **[[Bintara Jaya, Bekasi Barat, Bekasi|Bintara Jaya]] **[[Jakasampurna, Bekasi Barat, Bekasi|Jakasampurna]] *'''[[Bekasi Selatan, Bekasi|Kac. Bekasi Selatan]]''' **[[Pekayon Jaya, Bekasi Selatan, Bekasi|Pekayon Jaya]] **[[Marga Jaya, Bekasi Selatan, Bekasi|Marga Jaya]] **[[Jakamulya, Bekasi Selatan, Bekasi|Jakamulya]] **[[Jakasetia, Bekasi Selatan, Bekasi|Jakasetia]] **[[Kayuringin Jaya, Bekasi Selatan, Bekasi|Kayuringin Jaya]] |valign="top"| *'''[[Rawalumbu, Bekasi|Kac. Rawalumbu]]''' **[[Bojong Rawalumbu, Rawalumbu, Bekasi|Bojong Rawalumbu]] **[[Bojong Ménténg, Rawalumbu, Bekasi|Bojong Ménténg]] **[[Pengasinan, Rawalumbu, Bekasi|Pengasinan]] **[[Sepanjang Jaya, Rawalumbu, Bekasi|Sepanjang Jaya]] *'''[[Bekasi Utara, Bekasi|Kac. Bekasi Utara]]''' **[[Kaliabang Tengah, Bekasi Utara, Bekasi|Kaliabang Tengah]] **[[Perwira, Bekasi Utara, Bekasi|Perwira]] **[[Harapan Baru, Bekasi Utara, Bekasi|Harapan Baru]] **[[Harapan Jaya, Bekasi Utara, Bekasi|Harapan Jaya]] **[[Teluk Pucung, Bekasi Utara, Bekasi|Teluk Pucung]] **[[Marga Mulya, Bekasi Utara, Bekasi|Marga Mulya]] *'''[[Médan Satria, Bekasi|Kac. Médan Satria]]''' **[[Médan Satria, Médan Satria, Bekasi|Médan Satria]] **[[Pejuang, Médan Satria, Bekasi|Pejuang]] **[[Kali Baru, Médan Satria, Bekasi|Kali Baru]] **[[Harapan Mulya, Médan Satria, Bekasi|Harapan Mulya]] |valign="top"| *'''[[Jatiasih, Bekasi|Kac. Jatiasih]]''' **[[Jatimekar, Jatiasih, Bekasi|Jatimekar]] **[[Jatiasih, Jatiasih, Bekasi|Jatiasih]] **[[Jatirasa, Jatiasih, Bekasi|Jatirasa]] **[[Jatikramat, Jatiasih, Bekasi|Jatikramat]] **[[Jatiluhur, Jatiasih, Bekasi|Jatiluhur]] **[[Jatisari, Jatiasih, Bekasi|Jatisari]] *'''[[Jatisampurna, Bekasi|Kac. Jatisampurna]]''' **[[Jatisampurna, Jatisampurna, Bekasi|Jatisampurna]] **[[Jatikarya, Jatisampurna, Bekasi|Jatikarya]] **[[Jatirangga, Jatisampurna, Bekasi|Jatirangga]] **[[Jatiranggon, Jatisampurna, Bekasi|Jatiranggon]] **[[Jatiradén, Jatisampurna, Bekasi|Jatiradén]] *'''[[Pondokgedé, Bekasi|Kac. Pondok Gedé]]''' **[[Jatiwaringin, Pondokgedé, Bekasi|Jatiwaringin]] **[[Jatibening, Pondokgedé, Bekasi|Jatibening]] **[[Jatimakmur, Pondokgedé, Bekasi|Jatimakmur]] **[[Jaticempaka, Pondokgedé, Bekasi|Jaticempaka]] **[[Jatibaru, Pondokgedé, Bekasi|Jatibaru]] |valign="top"| *'''[[Bantar Gebang, Bekasi|Kac. Bantargebang]]''' **[[Bantargebang, Bantar Gebang, Bekasi|Bantargebang]] **[[Cikiwul, Bantar Gebang, Bekasi|Cikiwul]] **[[Ciketing Udik, Bantar Gebang, Bekasi|Ciketing Udik]] **[[Sumur Batu, Bantar Gebang, Bekasi|Sumur Batu]] *'''[[Pondok Melati, Bekasi|Kac. Pondok Melati]]''' **[[Jatimelati, Pondok Melati, Bekasi|Jatimelati]] **[[Jatirahayu, Pondok Melati, Bekasi|Jatirahayu]] **[[Jatiwarna, Pondok Melati, Bekasi|Jatiwarna]] **[[Jatimurni, Pondok Melati, Bekasi|Jatimurni]] *'''[[Mustika Jaya, Bekasi|Kac. Mustika Jaya]]''' **[[Mustikajaya, Mustika Jaya, Bekasi|Mustikajaya]] **[[Pedurénan, Mustika Jaya, Bekasi|Pedurénan]] **[[Mustikasari, Mustika Jaya, Bekasi|Mustikasari]] **[[Cimuning, Mustika Jaya, Bekasi|Cimuning]] |} == Rujukan == <references /> {{JaBar}} {{Kota Bekasi}} [[Kategori:Kota di Indonésia|Bekasi, Kota]] [[Kategori:Kota di Jawa Kulon|Bekasi, Kota]] [[Kategori:Kota Bekasi]] [[Kategori:Artikel WikiMekar]] mprldnl3n51da864jzchslvde3n88i0 0 5015 731746 705188 2026-11-08T06:01:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731746 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Pikeun artikel [[kabupatén]] nu ngaranna sarua, tempo [[Kabupatén Cirebon]].'' {{redirect|Cirebon}} {{dati2|nami='''Kota Cirebon''' | nama_lain = | translit_lang1_type = [[Aksara Sunda]] | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Cacarakan]]/[[Hanacaraka]] | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Pegon]] | translit_lang1_type3 = [[Hanzi]] dan [[Pinyin]] | translit_lang1_info = {{sund|ᮎᮤᮛᮨᮘᮧᮔ᮪}} | translit_lang1_info1 = ꦕꦶꦉꦧꦺꦴꦤ꧀ | translit_lang1_info2 = چيرٓبَون | translit_lang1_info3 = 井里汶 (jǐng lǐ wèn) | lambang = Seal of the City of Cirebon.svg | bendera = City Flag of Cirebon.svg | julukan = {{hlist|Kota Udang|Kota Petis|Kota Wali}} | motto = Gemah ripah loh jinawi<br/>{{small|{{jv}} Subur makmur}} | semboyan = Berintan<br/>(Bersih, indah, tenteram, aman) |propinsi=[[Jawa Barat]] |lega=37,36 km² (14,42 sq mi) |pangeusi=343.497 {{small|(2021)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2021|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=25 Pebruari 2023|format=visual}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |date=2021-08-05 }}</ref> |kapadetan=9.194 |kacamatan=5 |kalurahan=22 |kodearea=0231 | kodepos = 45100 | nomor_polisi = E ''xxxx'' | zona = WIB |dau=Rp 605.092.285.000,00 {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2020|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2020)|accessdate=25 Pebruari 2023|format=pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103062009/https://djpk.kemenkeu.go.id//wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|archivedate=2025-01-03}}</ref> | fauna = [[Udang rebon]] | agama = [[Islam]] 93,22%<br/> [[Kristen]] 6,10%%<br/>- [[Kristen Protestan|Protestan]] 4,18%<br/>- [[Katolik]] 1,92%<br/> [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]] 0,63%<br/> [[Hindu]] 0,03%<br/> [[Konghucu]] 0,02% | bahasa = {{collapsible list| [[Baasa Indonésia|Indonésia]] (resmi)<br/>[[Baasa Sunda|Sunda]]<br/>[[Basa Cirebon|Cirebon]] }} |lambang= [[Gambar:Lambang Kota Cirebon.jpg|80px]] |peta= [[Gambar:Locator kota cirebon.png]] |kordinat={{coord|-6.7396903|108.5529678|display=inline,title}} |dasar hukum=UU Nomor 16 Tahun 1950<ref>{{cite web|url=https://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf|title=Pembentukan Daerah-Daerah Otonom di Indonesia s/d Tahun 2014|website=www.otda.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=25 Pebruari 2023|archive-date=12 Juli 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712121648/http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712121648/http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf |date=2019-07-12 }}</ref> | IPM = {{increase}} 75,25 ([[2021]])<br/> {{fontcolor|Green|tinggi}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2020-2021|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=23 Pebruari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127193437/https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html |date=2021-01-27 }}</ref> |tanggal=10 Agustus 1859 |motto=Cirebon Berintan |kapala daerah=[[Walikota]] |nami kapala daerah=Effendi Edo, S.AP., M.Si. |web=[http://www.cirebon.go.id http://www.cirebon.go.id] |foto=[[File:Symbol Keraton Kasepuhan.jpg|230px]]|caption=Taman di Keraton Pakungwati Caruban Nagari|kapala daerah1=[[wakil walikota]]|nami kapala daerah1=Siti Farida, S.Pd.I.}} '''Kota Cirebon''' nyaéta hiji [[kota]] di [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Kota ieu aya di [[basisir]] [[Laut Jawa]], di jalur [[pantura]]. Baheulana Cirebon mangrupa ibu kota [[Kabupatén Cirebon]], tapi ayeuna geus dipindahkeun ka [[Sumber, Cirebon|Sumber]]. Cirebon jadi pusat régional di wilayah basisir wétan Jawa Barat. Kota Cirebon kawengku ku 5 [[kacamatan]], nu dibagi deui kana sajumlah [[kalurahan]]. Cirebon disebut ogé 'Kota Hurang'. Minangka daérah panggihna budaya [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]] jeung [[Sunda]] ti sababaraha abad kapungkur, masarakat Cirebon biasa ngagunakeun dua basa, [[basa Sunda]] jeung [[basa Jawa|Jawa]]. Kota ieu legana 37,36&nbsp;km² kalayan [[pangeusi]]na anu jumlahna kurang leuwih 300.000 jiwa. Kota Cirebon mangrupa puseur industri [[roko]] bogana [[British-American Tobacco]] (BAT), salah sahiji [[produsén]] [[roko bodas]] nu kasohor di dunya. Di kota Cirebon aya tilu kasultanan, nyaéta [[Kasepuhan]], [[Kanoman]], jeung [[Kacerbonan]], nu nepi ka kiwari masih kénéh aya. Di daérah [[Gunung Sembung]], [[Gunung Jati]], kira-kira 15 kilométer saméméh kota Cirebon ti beulah kulon, aya makam [[Sunan Gunung Jati]], salah sahiji ti antara [[Wali Songo]], nyaéta salapan urang nu nyebarkeun agama [[Islam]] di Jawa. ==Sajarah Kota Cirebon== Numutkeun [[Purwaka Caruban Nagari]], dina abad XIV di basisir Laut Jawa aya hiji désa pamayang leutik nu ngaranna [[Muara Jati]]. Dina waktu harita geus loba kapal asing datang pikeun dagang jeung pangeusi satempat. Pangurus [[palabuan]] nyaéta [[Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang]] nu ditunjuk ku pangawasa [[Karajaan Galuh]] (Padjadjaran). Di palabuan ieu aktivitas Islam beuki ngaronjat. Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang mindahkeun tempat pamukiman ka tempat pamukiman baru di [[Lemahwungkuk, Cirebon|Lemahwungkuk]], 5&nbsp;km ka beulah [[kidul]] ngadeukeutan suku [[pasir]] nuju ka karajaan Galuh. Minangka pupuhu pamukiman anyarna diangkat Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang kalayan gelar Kuwu Cerbon. Dina perkembangan satuluyna,[[Pangéran Walangsungsang]], putra [[Prabu Siliwangi]] ditunjuk minangka Adipati Cirebon kalayan gelar Cakrabumi. Pangéran ieu anu ngadegkeun [[Karajaan Cirebon]], dikawitan ku henteu ngirimna [[upeti]] ka Raja Galuh. Ku Raja Galuh dijawab ku jalan ngirimkeun tentara ka Cirebon pikeun nalukkeun Adipati Cirebon, tapi singhoréng Adipati Cirebon kuat teuing pikeun Raja Galuh nu ahirna Cirebon meunang perang. Ku ayana kajadian éta, karajaan anyar diadegkeun di Cirebon kalayan Rajana gumelar Cakrabuana. Ngadegna karajaan Cirebon nandaan dimimitiannana Karajaan Islam Cirebon kalayan palabuan Muara Jati nu aktifitasna sumebar nepi ka wewengkon [[Asia Tenggara]]. Hiji karajaan anu pohara kuat, Kasultanan Cirebon ninggalkeun loba panineungan. Henteu ngan ukur carita, tapi ogé dina wangun tempat atanapi barang anu tiasa dipikanyaho dugi ka ayeuna. Tempat bersejarah ieu malah masih nangtung, sarta mindeng jadi tujuan wisata Cirebon metot pikeun didatangan. Sawatara titinggal karajaan Cirebon diantarana: * Karaton Kasepuhan * Karaton Kanoman * Karaton Kacirebonan Taman Sunyaragi * Kompleks Tempat Makan Gunung Sembung * Kompleks Makam Gunung Jati. Cirebon diadegkeun ku [[Sunan Gunung Jati]], kaasup kana Afdeeling 5 tayalian : Cirebon, Indramayu, Majalengka, Kuningan, jeung Galuh (Puseur kotana Ciamis). Mangsa harita, susukan [[cimanuk]] jadi tempat balawirina parahu-parahu anu mawa hasil bumi utamana [[paré]] jeung barang dagangan séjéna.<ref name=W. /> ===Riwayat Pamaréntahan=== '''Mangsa Taun [[1270]]-[[1910]].'''<br>Dina [[abad ka-13]] Kota Cirebon ditandaan ku kahirupan nu tradisional kénéh sarta dina taun [[1479]] berkembang jadi puseur panyebaran jeung karajaan Islam utamana di wilayah Jawa Barat. Saterusna sanggeus penjajah [[Walanda]] asup, diwangun jaringan jalan raya darat jeung [[karéta api]] sahingga mangaruhan perkembangan industri jeung perdagangan.<br>'''Mangsa Taun [[1910]]-[[1937]]'''<br>Dina mangsa ieu Kota Cirebon disahkeun jadi ''Gemeente Cheirebon'' kalayan lega 1.100 Héktar sarta pangeusina 20.000 jiwa (Stlb. [[1906]] No. 122 jeung Stlb. [[1926]] No. 370).<br>'''Mangsa Taun [[1937]]-[[1967]]'''<br>Taun [[1942]] Kota Cirebon dilegan jadi 2.450 héktar sarta taun [[1957]] status pamaréntahannana jadi [[Kota Praja]] kalayan lega 3.300 héktar, sanggeus ditetepkeun jadi Kotamadya taun [[1965]] legana jadi 3.600 héktar.<br>'''Mangsa Taun [[1967]]-Kiwari'''<br>Wilayah Kota Cirebon nepi ka ayeuna legana 3.735,82 héktar nu kabagi kana 5 kacamatan sarta 22 kalurahan.<ref name=W. >{{Cite book | title =Dari Tanah Hindia berkoeliling boemi: kitab pengadjaran ilmoe boemi bagi sekola anak negeri di Hindia-Nederland| first =W. van | last =Gelder| publisher = J.B. Wolters| location =National Library of the Netherlands| year =1897| pages =11|ISBN=9789797598761|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=h1Wz5tKwleEC&pg=PA69&dq=soenda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju3qmAio2LAxXmRWcHHfcLIY8Q6AF6BAgDEAE#v=onepage&q=soenda&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 21 Januari 2025)}}</ref> ==Lingkungan Sosial, Ekonomi jeung Budaya== Pangeusi kota Cirebon ngawengku rupa-rupa étnis, teu ngan saukur ti [[Indonésia]] tapi ogé ti luar Indonésia, utamana [[Cina]] jeung [[Arab]]. Dumasar kana hasil sénsus penduduk taun [[2006]], pangeusi kota Cirebon taun [[2006]] téh kacatet aya 285.363 urang. Kalawan komposisi jumlah pangeusi [[lalaki]] leuwih saeutik ti batan [[awéwé]]. Lalaki 138.879 urang jeung awéwé 146.484 urng kalawna ''sex ratio'' 98,79 %, atawa bisa disebutkeun yén tina unggal 100 urang awéwé aya 98 urang lalaki.<ref name="Disbudpar">Disbudpar Jawa Barat. [[2007]]. ''Kearifan Masyarakat Jawa Barat dalam Pelestarian Lingkungan Hidup (Wilayah Cirebon)''. Disbudpar:Bandung</ref> Tingkat kepadatan pangeusi Kota Cirebon numutkeun hasil sénsus penduduk taun [[2006]] ngahontal 7.719 urang per Km². Wewengkon anu paling padet téh aya di Kacamatan Pakalipan anu ngahontal 20.337 urang per Km² jeung Kacamatan Kejaksan kira-kira 11.429 urang per Km². Kacamatan anu jumlah pangeusina pangsaeutikna nyaéta di Kacamatan Harjamukti anu jumlahna kira-kira 4.845 urang per Km².<ref name="Disbudpar" /> Dina widang pangatikan, kota Cirebon ngalaman kamajuan rata-rata pangeusina boga pangatikan [[Taman Kanak-kanak]] anu jumlah muridna 3.345 urang kalawna jumlah [[sakola]]na 58, [[SD]] jumlah muridna 37.488 urang kalawan jumlah sakolana 155 siki, [[SLTP]] jumlah muridna 16.940 urang kalawan jumlah sakolana 42 siki, [[SLTA]] jumlah muridna 11.334 urang kalawan jumlah sakola 26 siki, jeung SLTA tingkat kejuruan aya 8.040 urang kalawan jumlah sakola 17 siki. Pikeun tingkat [[paguron luhur]] réa anu nyokot pangatikan di luar Cirebon kayaning [[kota Bandung]], [[Jakarta]] jeung lian-lianna. Di sagédéngeun éta aya ogé anu nyokot pangatikan [[Madrasah]] nu lobana 2.489 urang (BPS:2006/2007).<ref name="Disbudpar" /> Ti mimiti [[abad ka-14]], Cirebon dipikawanoh minangka wewengkon perdagangan. Nepi ka kiwari ogé Cirebon masih pantes ditelah kota perdagangan anu matak ngajangjikeun. Teu héran saupama sawaréh pangeusi Cirebon ngagantungkeun hirupna tina [[dagang]]. Tapi upama ningali tina kondisi alamna teu saeutik anu dirojong tina widang [[pertanian]], perikanan jeung [[industri]]. Lolobana masarakat pangeusi kota Cirebon téh digawé dina widang perikanan jeung industri. Iwal ti anu geus disebutkeun di luhur, aya ogé warga anu jadi tukang wangunan, pertambangan, jeung [[pagawé negri sipil]] (Suseda 2006, BPS).<ref name="Disbudpar" /> Masarakat kota Cirebon lolobana ngagem agama [[Islam]], tapi aya ogé anu ngagem [[Kristen]], [[Budha]] jeung [[Konghucu]].<ref name="Disbudpar" /> [[Basa]] anu dipaké dina paguneman sapopoé nyaéta [[basa Sunda]], jeung [[basa Cirebon]] (Jawa-Cirebon) minangka sarana komunikasi antar masarakat boh ti tingkat [[désa]] nepi ka tingkat pakotaan, maranéhna tetep masih maké éta basa minangka [[basa indung]]. == Budaya == Cirebon Kota mindeng disebut ku istilah ''Grage'' nu mangrupakeun [[basa Jawa]] dialék Cirebon, nyaéta singgetan tina "Negara Gede" nu hartina Karajaan Gedé.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lokalitas, gender, dan seni pertunjukan di Jawa Barat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_ZkAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0|publisher=Aksara Indonesia|date=2003|language=id|first=Endang|last=Caturwati|year=2003|pages=182}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131129/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_ZkAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0 |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Cirebon ogé katelah kota [[palabuan]] anu jadi ciri has kota ieu pikeun narik wisatawan boh ti jero boh mancanagara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/features/18/03/2018/menengok-sejarah-keemasan-pelabuhan-cirebon/|title=Menengok Sejarah Keemasan Pelabuhan Cirebon|last=|website=JawaPos.com|language=id|publication-date=18 Pebruari 2018|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131123/https://www.jawapos.com/features/18/03/2018/menengok-sejarah-keemasan-pelabuhan-cirebon/ |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Kabudayaan Cirebon ogé katelah ku istilah Jawa ''Pasisiran'', sarupa jeung kabudayaan di [[Banten]], [[Pekalongan]] atawa [[Kota Semarang|Semarang]], anu pacampur jeung pangaruh Sunda, Cina, Arab-Islam jeung Éropa. Lokasi Cirebon di tapel wates Jawa Tengah jeung Jawa Kulon méré gaya sorangan ka Kasultanan Cirebon, ku kituna budaya masarakat Cirebon henteu condong kana budaya Jawa atawa Sunda. Hasilna, budaya has anu unik digabungkeun duanana. Ieu sababaraha kabudayaan anu kasohor anu jadi ciri kota sareng pariwisata Cirebon. === Kasenian jeung karajinan === Salah sahiji karajinan anu kasohor ti Cirebon nyaéta [[batik Megamendung]], batik anu warnana caang jeung dipapaésan ku motif méga anu ngagumpal. Dina sajarahna, motif Megamendung mangrupakeun pola anu geus dipangaruhan ku budaya Cina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/532357/makna-corak-batik-mega-mendung-cirebon|title=Makna Corak Batik Mega Mendung Cirebon|last=Dachi|first=Mesakh Ananta|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|publication-date=24 Oktober 2022|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131123/https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/532357/makna-corak-batik-mega-mendung-cirebon |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Pasar Trusmi mangrupakeun salah sahiji puseur produksi batik Cirebon nu kawentar. Kasenian anu kasohor sanésna nyaéta lukisan kaca. Biasana objék anu digambar dina lukisan ieu ngagunakeun téma [[wayang]] atawa [[kaligrafi]] Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/sortatobing/berita/61123a832231f/batik-trusmi-cirebon-warisan-luhur-khas-kesultanan-cirebon|title=Batik Trusmi Cirebon, Warisan Luhur Khas Kesultanan Cirebon|last=Laily|first=Iftitah Nurul|website=katadata.co.id|language=id|publication-date=12 Agustus 2021|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131124/https://katadata.co.id/sortatobing/berita/61123a832231f/batik-trusmi-cirebon-warisan-luhur-khas-kesultanan-cirebon |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> === Pintonan seni === Cirebon bogaeun kasenian tari anu kasohor, nyaéta Tari Topeng.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/safrezifitra/berita/6111d37b355f2/mengenal-sejarah-dan-properti-tari-topeng-cirebon|title=Mengenal Sejarah dan Properti Tari Topeng Cirebon|last=Aeni|first=Siti Nur|website=katadata.co.id|language=id|publication-date=10 Agustus 2021|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131124/https://katadata.co.id/safrezifitra/berita/6111d37b355f2/mengenal-sejarah-dan-properti-tari-topeng-cirebon |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Sacara filosofis, Tari Topéng Cirebon ngagambarkeun siklus Panji Jawa. Kabudayaan di Cirebon ogé dipangaruhan ku budaya Islam Timur Tengah, salah sahijina nyaéta Burokan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rmoljabar.id/kesenian-burok-lahir-1920-di-gebang-harus-dipatenkan-jadi-warisan-budaya-kabupaten-cirebon|title=Kesenian Burok Lahir 1920 Di Gebang, Harus Dipatenkan Jadi Warisan Budaya Kabupaten Cirebon|last=Maryono|first=Yon|website=Rmol Jabar|publication-date=17 Oktober 2022|accessdate=25 Pebruari 2023}}</ref> Burokan nyaéta prosesi tradisional gambar buraq anu dijieun tina awi jeung kulit kertas. Tradisi ieu sarua jeung [[Ogoh-ogoh]] di [[Bali]], [[Ondel-ondel]] [[Batawi]], jeung [[Sisingaan]] Sunda, tapi anu ngabédakeunana nyaéta ayana téma Islamna. [[Burokan]] biasana lumangsung pikeun memeriahkan acara khitanan atawa kawinan, dipirig ku [[Musik Tarling]]. Musik tarling nyaéta musik tradisional anu ngan maké dua instrumen musik, nyaéta [[gitar]] jeung [[suling]]. Istilah Tarling mangrupakeun singketan tina kecap gi'''tar''' jeung su'''ling'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=658|title=Warisan Budaya Takbenda|website=warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131122/https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=658 |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> === [[Tari Sintrén]] === Tarian has Cirebon ieu dipentaskeun ku mojang Cirebon anu masih murni, dibantuan ku pawang jeung genep urang maén gending. Tari Sintren nyaritakeun hiji pasangan nu ngaranna Sulasih jeung Sulandono nu carita cintana teu disatujuan. Duanana tungtungna kabur ti imah. Sulandono jadi petapa, sedengkeun Sulasih jadi penari.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.batiqa.com/id/hotels/cirebon/read-article/Mengenal%20Kota%20Cirebon%20dan%20Sejarahnya|title=Mengenal Kota Cirebon dan Sejarahnya|last=batiqa|website=https://www.batiqa.com/|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228162213/https://www.batiqa.com/id/hotels/cirebon/read-article/Mengenal%20Kota%20Cirebon%20dan%20Sejarahnya |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> === Karnapal Budaya Cirebon === Karnapal Budaya Cirebon mangrupa acara taunan anu mangrupa wujud hajatan masarakat pikeun milangkala Kota Cirebon, ogé mangrupa wujud rasa sukur kana naon anu geus ditamai sapanjang taun. Dina wanci Karnapal Budaya, sakumna warga Cirebon turun ka jalan ningali pawai anu mintonkeun sakabéh kabudayaan urang Cirebon. Sawatara anu dipidangkeun dina wangun peragaan busana, hiasan kandaraan, pintonan kasenian, sangkan sakumna punggawa karaton turun ka jalan.<ref name=":1" /> === Batik === Batik Megamendung geus lila dipikawanoh minangka batik khas Cirebon, tapi tétéla henteu ngan batik Megamendung anu kualitasna super sarta dipikaresep ku wisatawan domestik jeung mancanagara. Di wewengkon Trusmi Batik Center ogé aya Batik Ninik anu kasohor ku kualitas batik anu alus. Malah nu boga warung boga warisan batik nu geus 200 taun! Prosés lengkep dina batik dibarengan ku kegigihan, sareng orientasi kualitas anu jelas pisan. Teu anéh para wisatawan mancanagara ngariung néangan Batik Ninik di ieu wewengkon.<ref name=":1" /> === Karaton === Minangka padumukan sultan, karaton miboga kaistiméwaan sorangan salaku bagian tina budaya Cirebon. Ayana tilu karaton di Cirebon hartina ogé aya tilu kaunikan arsitéktur. Karaton Kasepuhan minangka karaton pangkolotna sarta panglegana nyaéta wangunan gaya candi anu didominasi bahan bata beureum. [[Karaton Kanoman]] béda jeung Karaton Kasepuhan sabab dijieun dina jaman anu béda. Di Karaton Kanoman, wangunanna didominasi warna bodas jeung loba piring leutik napel na tembok. Piring mangrupikeun warisan ti jaman [[Cina]]. Satuluyna nyaéta Karaton Kacirebonan, anu bungsu. Kabudayaan jaman harita ogé mangaruhan kana desain arsitéktur sahingga bahanna didominasi ku kai sarta miboga corak batik Megamendung. <ref name=":1" /> === Cangkang Kerang === Dijieunna tina cangkang, cangkang Multi Dimensi asalna ti puseur karajinan di Désa Astapada. Saban poé sok loba rombongan mobil wisata anu hayang ningali jeung meuli karajinan ieu. Aya rupa-rupa karajinan anu ditawarkeun sapertos anting, kalung, lampu, asbak, taplak meja, sareng réa-réa deui. Kusabab kualitas sareng popularitas karajinan cangkang ieu, teu aya anu kantos mesen lampu hias Rp. 23 juta.<ref name=":1" /> === Rotan === [[Gambar:Perisai rotan Cirebon.jpg|jmpl]] Di Désa Tegalwangi, Cirebon, anjeun bakal manggihan sentra industri rotan anu geus kasohor mangtaun-taun. Seuseueurna pendudukna damel janten pengrajin rotan anu dilakukeun di bumi masing-masing. Standar kualitas luhur di puseur industri ieu malah geus nyieun merek badag kawas IKEA sumber suplai karajinan rotan ti dieu. === Kuliner === Salaku kota basisir, industri utama di Cirebon nyaéta perikanan. Produkna diantarana [[tarasi]], ''petis'', ''krupuk'' udang, jeung rupa-rupa lauk asin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiryadi|first=Jessica|last2=Laurens|first2=Joyce M.|date=2019|title=Fasilitas Wisata Pasar Ikan Kejawanan di Kota Cirebon|url=https://publication.petra.ac.id/index.php/teknik-arsitektur/article/download/9362/8441|journal=eDIMENSI ARSITEKTUR|volume=7|issue=1|access-date=25 Pebruari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111022159/https://publication.petra.ac.id/index.php/teknik-arsitektur/article/download/9362/8441 |date=2023-01-11 }}</ref> Cirebon kasohor ku lauk asin anu kualitasna luhur, contohna roti jambal, ''juhi'' (sotong asin), rebon, jeung ebi (udang leutik garing).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2022/11/08/terasi-olahan-udang-penggerak-ekonomi-masyarakat-cirebon|title=Terasi, Olahan Udang Penggerak Ekonomi Masyarakat Cirebon|last=Saiputra|first=Rizky Phyar|website=www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131124/https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2022/11/08/terasi-olahan-udang-penggerak-ekonomi-masyarakat-cirebon |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> produkiproduk ieu mindeng ditéang ku para wisatawan, hususna wisatawan domestik Indonésia jeung ti kota sanés, nu biasana sok dijadikeun ''oleh-oleh'' ka lembur.<ref name=":1" /> Cirebon ogé kasohor ku masakan lokalna nu ngeunah, misalna [[empal gentong]] (kari jeroan), [[Emih kocok|mie koclok]] (mi hayam nu dikuahan santan), nasi lengko (sangu jeung tauge, goreng tahu, jeung goreng témpé, luhureuna maké sambel suuk jeung kecap), ''nasi jamblang'' (sangu maké rupa-rupa lauk), [[tahu gejrot]] (tumis tahu jeung bawang bodas ditumbuk, cabe, jeung bawang beureum, dibubuhan kecap amis saeutik), tahu petis (goreng tahu garing maké sambel petis),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/sortatobing/berita/6114624da471f/9-makanan-khas-cirebon-yang-wajib-untuk-dicoba|title=9 Makanan Khas Cirebon yang Wajib untuk Dicoba|last=Laily|first=Iftitah Nurul|editor-last=Tobing|editor-first=Sorta|website=katadata.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131126/https://katadata.co.id/sortatobing/berita/6114624da471f/9-makanan-khas-cirebon-yang-wajib-untuk-dicoba |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> tahu tek-tek (goreng tahu jeung sambel suuk dicampur ku rupa-rupa sayur), hayam panggang (ayam bakar), jeung [[docang]] (lontong jeung sayur haseum).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/kuliner/d-6227918/menelisik-sejarah-docang-kuliner-khas-cirebon|title=Menelisik Sejarah Docang Kuliner Khas Cirebon|last=Syahroni|first=Ony|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131127/https://www.detik.com/jabar/kuliner/d-6227918/menelisik-sejarah-docang-kuliner-khas-cirebon |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> <gallery> Gambar:Cirebon Tahu Gejrot.jpg|[[tahu gejrot]], tumis tahu jeung bawang bodas ditumbuk, cabé, jeung bawang beureum, dibubuhan kécap amis saeutik Gambar:"Arya" ꦲꦼꦩ꧀ꦥꦭ꧀ꦒꦼꦤ꧀ꦛꦺꦴꦁ Indonesian soup empal gentong.jpg|empal gentong, (kari jeroan) Gambar:Mie koclok.JPG|emih koclok, mi hayam nu dikuahan ci kalapa Gambar:Nasi Jamblang Cirebon.jpg|''nasi jamblang'', (sangu maké rupa-rupa lauk) Gambar:Docang.jpg|docang, lontong jeung sayur haseum Gambar:Arya-es cuwing-Cirebon-2019-02.jpg|és cuwing </gallery> == Pariwisata == Aya sababaraha tempat wisata di Cirebon Kota anu mindeng didatangan ku wisatawan. Di antarana nyaéta wisata sajarah kajayaan karajaan Islam, ziarah ka para [[Wali songo|wali]], komplek astana Sunan Gunung Jati di Gunung Sembung (kira-kira 24 kilométer kuloneun puseur kota), Masjid Agung Cirebon, Masjid At-Taqwa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/jendela-dunia/5-rekomendasi-destinasi-wisata-religi-di-cirebon-1ym1Ub4cxfI|title=5 Rekomendasi Destinasi Wisata Religi di Cirebon|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|publication-date=1 September 2022|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131122/https://kumparan.com/jendela-dunia/5-rekomendasi-destinasi-wisata-religi-di-cirebon-1ym1Ub4cxfI |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> candi, jeung wangunan titilar warisan Walanda. Cirebon mangrupakeun hiji karaton sakaligus dayeuh, nyaéta [[Karaton Kasepuhan Cirebon|Karaton Kasepuhan]] jeung [[Karaton Kanoman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cirebonraya.com/ragam/pr-4373215374/sejarah-ringkas-keraton-kasepuhan-dan-kanoman-cirebon-berawal-dari-pemberontakan-trunojoyo-kepada-mataram|title=Sejarah Ringkas, Keraton Kasepuhan dan Kanoman Cirebon, Berawal dari Pemberontakan Trunojoyo Kepada Mataram - Cirebon Raya|last=Nugroho|first=Agung|website=Cirebon Raya|language=id|publication-date=16 April 2022|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131123/https://www.cirebonraya.com/ragam/pr-4373215374/sejarah-ringkas-keraton-kasepuhan-dan-kanoman-cirebon-berawal-dari-pemberontakan-trunojoyo-kepada-mataram |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Kabéh wangunan karaton éta boga arsitéktur nu dipadukeun antara unsur budaya [[Islam]], Cina jeung Walanda. Ciri has wangunan karaton di Cirebon nyaéta wangunanna sok nyanghareup ka kalér jeung aya [[masjid]] gedé di gigireunana. Unggal karaton boga [[alun-alun]] kota minangka tempat ngumpulna masarakat, tuluy aya [[pasar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/08/12/080000779/keraton-kanoman-cirebon-sejarah-letak-dan-fungsinya|title=Keraton Kanoman Cirebon: Sejarah, Letak, dan Fungsinya Halaman all|last=Ningsih|first=Widya Lestari|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|publication-date=12 Agustus 2021|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131123/https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/08/12/080000779/keraton-kanoman-cirebon-sejarah-letak-dan-fungsinya |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> jeung patung macan di kebon atawa palataran hareup minangka lambang [[Prabu Siliwangi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://intisari.grid.id/read/033454187/10-peninggalan-kerajaan-cirebon-termasuk-patung-macan-putih-lambang-keturunan-prabu-siliwangi|title=10 Peninggalan Kerajaan Cirebon, Termasuk Patung Macan Putih Lambang Keturunan Prabu Siliwangi|last=Fuaddah|first=Muflika Nur|website=intisari.grid.id|language=id|publication-date=31 Agustus 2022|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131123/https://intisari.grid.id/read/033454187/10-peninggalan-kerajaan-cirebon-termasuk-patung-macan-putih-lambang-keturunan-prabu-siliwangi |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Ciri séjéna nyaéta piring porselin asli ti Cina anu ngahiasan témbok. Dina sajarahna, sababaraha ménu makanan didieu asalna ti Éropa nalika Cirebon jadi puseur dagang jeung palabuan di [[Pulo Jawa]]. Aya sababaraha taman kota di Cirebon, di antarana Taman Air Sunyaragi jeung Taman Ade Irma Suryani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nativeindonesia.com/taman-ade-irma-suryani/|title=Taman Ade Irma Suryani, Waterland Terlengkap di Cirebon|last=Sukmah|first=Fenti|website=www.nativeindonesia.com|language=id|publication-date=20 Pebruari 2022|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225131124/https://www.nativeindonesia.com/taman-ade-irma-suryani/ |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Taman Cai Sunyaragi dilengkepan ku [[téhnologi]] cai mancur, padang rumput hejo, jeung ruangan husus anu pantona dijieun tina hordeng cai. [[Gunung Ciremai|Gunung Ceremai]], nu kaasup [[Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai]] nyaéta puncak pangluhurna di Jawa Kulon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2023/01/23/171104878/gunung-ciremai-gunung-tertinggi-di-jawa-barat-pemilik-tanjakan-bapa-tere|title=Gunung Ciremai, Gunung Tertinggi di Jawa Barat Pemilik Tanjakan Bapa Tere Halaman all|last=|first=|editor-last=Setyaningrum|editor-first=Puspasari|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|publication-date=23 Januari 2023|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225235335/https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2023/01/23/171104878/gunung-ciremai-gunung-tertinggi-di-jawa-barat-pemilik-tanjakan-bapa-tere |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Gunung nu legana 6.800,13 ha di [[Kabupatén Majalengka]] jeung 8.699,87 ha di [[Kabupatén Kuningan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kuningankab.go.id/home/taman-nasional-gunung-ciremai|title=Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Kuningan|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208115722/https://kuningankab.go.id/home/taman-nasional-gunung-ciremai/ |date=2022-12-08 }}</ref> mangrupakeun gunung seuneuan nu lokasina kira-kira aya di 48,9 kilométer ti Cirebon kota ka beulah kidul. Taman-taman jeung tempat wisata lainna di lamping Gunung Ceremai ogé mangrupakeun tempat populér nu hawana tiis tibatan iklim di basisir. Désa Linggajati, deukeut kota Cilimus, (tempat lumangsungna [[Perjangjian Linggajati]]) mangrupakeun salah sahiji tempat angkutan umum mawa wisatawan sareng wisatawan ka dieu. === Basisir Jawa === Tempatna caket palabuhan Cirebon, Pantai Kejawanan ngagaduhan seueur tempat fotografi anu endah pisan. Teu heran tempat ieu dipikacinta ku photographers pikeun moro poto. Teu saeutik para nonoman jeung kulawarga anu motret babarengan pikeun ngarebut momen-momen kebersamaanna. Isuk-isuk jeung sore, anjeun tiasa ningali sunrise jeung Panonpoé Tilelep di pantai ieu. Ngan néangan tempat favorit di pantai ieu, nu mangrupa rupa bumi taringgul anu panjangna kurang leuwih 1 km ka laut. === Empal Gentong === [[Gambar:Indonesian soup-Empal Gentong-01.jpg|jmpl]] Hésé mun ngobrol ngeunaan Empal Gentong waktu ngabahas wisata kuliner di Cirebon. Empal Gentong parantos lami janten tuangeun khas Cirebon kusabab ngeunahna anu luar biasa. Disebut [[Empal gentong|Empal Gentong]], sabab baheula mah can aya panci pikeun masak empal, jadi jalma masak Empal maké tong. Sababaraha réstoran Empal Gentong legendaris anu patut dicoba diantarana Empal Gentong Haji Apud, Empal Gentong Amarta, sareng Empal Gentong Krucuk.<ref name=":1" /> === Bubur M. Toha === [[Gambar:Balai Kota Cirebon 2.jpg|jmpl]] Upami burihna ngagerem di luar waktu tuang, euweuh salahna upama nganjang ka Bubur M Toha anu buka 24 jam, jadi wisatawan tuang tuang di dieu iraha waé. Di warung makan ieu, aya menu bubur hayam kumplit jeung rupa-rupa menu anu nikmat, ogé bubur kacang héjo jeung bubur ketan hideung. Ieu tempat nu kawentar, biasana antrian anu meuli sok rame, jadi kudu rada sabar jeung daék ngantri pikeun ngarasakeun éta.<ref name=":1" /> === Sétu Patok === [[Gambar:Batas Kabupaten Cirebon-Kota Cirebon ( 1 ).jpg|jmpl]] Upama wisatawan acan pernah ningali [[Danau Toba]], Setu Patok bisa jadi alternatip tanpa kedu nepi ka Pulo Sumatra. Setu Patok disebut-sebut minangka Danau Tobanya Cirebon sabab éta danau panggedéna anu legana 175 héktar. Di tengah situ, aya hiji pulo leutik metot. Panempoan Setu Patok éndah pisan dina isuk-isuk jeung sore, utamana lamun anjeun meunang jurus nalika langit konéng di tempat ieu. Bukit-bukit anu ngurilingan danau éta janten tetempoan anu éndah kalayan pesona sorangan, masihan suasana anu tenang sareng tenang. Lokasina anu teu pati jauh ti puseur dayeuh ogé jadi sabab lobana wisatawan anu datang ka dieu. === Bukit Gronggong === Kaceluk gaduh pamandangan wengi anu tiis, Bukit Gronggong ngahibur para tamu ti luhur bukit luhureun kota Cirebon. Suasana peuting jadi leuwih romantis jeung loba lampu kota kedip-kedip katempo ti kajauhan. Minangka kawasan wisata anu kasohor, di Bukit Gronggong loba pisan panginepan jeung restoran anu nampilkeun kaéndahan panorama bukit-bukit minangka daya tarik utama. Liburan di tempat ieu sareng kulawarga atanapi pasangan bakal émut pisan.<ref name=":1" /> == Tutumpakan == === Palabuan udara === [[Bandar udara|Bandara]] anu kakarak réngsé diwangun di sabudeureun Cirebon nyaéta Bandara Internasional Kertajati di [[Kabupatén Majalengka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bijb.co.id/|title=Kertajati International Airport - West Java|website=bijb.co.id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228173315/https://bijb.co.id/ |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> Palabuan udara ieu ngalayanan Cirebon jeung wewengkon tatanggana. Di Cirebon kota sorangan ogé aya Palabuan Udara Cakrabhuwana atawa palabuan Udara Penggung anu ogé ngalayanan operasi Angkatan Udara Indonésia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sinkronisasi Program dan Pembiayaan Pembangunan Jangka Pendek 2018-2020 Keterpaduan Pengembangan Kawasan dengan Infrastruktur PUPR Pulau Jawa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9OnDgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|publisher=Pusat Pemrograman Dan Evaluasi Keterpaduan Infrastruktur Pupr, Badan Pengembangan Infrastruktur Wilayah, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Dan Perumahan Rakyat.|date=2016-12-12|isbn=978-602-61190-5-6|language=id|first=|last=Sosilawati|first2=Amelia|last2=Handayani|first3=Ary Rahman|last3=Wahyudi|first4=Zhein Adhi|last4=Mahendra|first5=Wibowo|last5=Massudi|first6=Ayu|last6=Listiani|first7=Ardi Zanuar|last7=Rizkianto|pages=126}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225191628/https://books.google.com/books?id=r9OnDgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> === Palabuan Cirebon === Palabuan Cirebon geus aya ti jaman kolonial Walanda anu diwangun taun 1865, dijadikeun palabuan utama pikeun ékspor [[rempah-rempah]], tebu jeung bahan baku ti [[Jawa Kulon]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dunia maritim volume 22-23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-FPJLxfzqsC&newbks=0&hl=en|date=1972|language=id|pages=19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225191627/https://books.google.com/books?id=g-FPJLxfzqsC&newbks=0&hl=en |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Gudang gudang di sabudeureun palabuan mimiti diwangun dina 1890an, lajeng hiji pabrik [[bako]] [[British American Tobacco]] ogé diwangun dina taun 1923, nu ayeuna jadi salah sahiji ikon Cirebon kota. Lokasi gudang ieu aya di Jalan Pasuketan, Kalurahan Lemahwungkuk, gigireun Bank Mandiri Kota Cirebon ayeuna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/intan/ekonopedia/63469c7ee476c/wisata-kota-cirebon-gedung-bat-dan-jejak-industri-rokok-di-pantura|title=Wisata Kota Cirebon Gedung BAT dan Jejak Industri Rokok di Pantura|last=Rohman|first=Fathur|editor-last=Intan|website=katadata.co.id|language=id|publication-date=12 Oktober 2022|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225191626/https://katadata.co.id/intan/ekonopedia/63469c7ee476c/wisata-kota-cirebon-gedung-bat-dan-jejak-industri-rokok-di-pantura |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Biasana éta palabuan téh mindeng dipaké pikeun ngirim batubara impor curah, aspal cair, jeung minyak nabati ka pedalaman Jawa Kulon. Nepi ka taun 2002, palabuan Cirebon masih ngalayanan perdagangan peti-peti leutik jeung bolak-balik kapal pasiar. == Palayanan umum == === Listrik === Nempo ti data kalistrikan, jumlah palanggan anu ngagunakeun listrik dina taun 2008, sakitar 91,50 perséna nyaéta konsumén rumah tangga (R), 5,80 persén ti konsumén bisnis (B), jeung 1,90 perséna ti pelanggan kelas tarif sosial (S). konsumén Industrial ngan aya 0,15 persen. Daya nu dipasang dina 2009 nyaéta 190.966 KVA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cirebonkota.go.id/profil/cirebon-dalam-angka/8-industri-listrik-gas-dan-air-minum/|title=Cirebon dalam angka-industri listrik, gas dan air minum/|publisher=Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cirebon|accessdate=26 Pebruari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225191632/https://www.cirebonkota.go.id/profil/cirebon-dalam-angka/8-industri-listrik-gas-dan-air-minum/ |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> === Cai inum === Nyadiakeun sumber cai pikeun inumeun Cirebon kota kacida pentingna merhatikeun kota ieu ayana di deukeut perairan basisir, di mana sumber caina cenderung teu layak dijadikeun sumber cai inum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suaracirebon.com/2022/12/22/sulit-dapat-air-bersih-salah-satu-alasan-warga-mundu-ingin-gabung-kota-cirebon/|title=Sulit Dapat Air Bersih, Salah Satu Alasan Warga Mundu Ingin Gabung Kota Cirebon|last=Baim|website=Suara Cirebon|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225191628/https://suaracirebon.com/2022/12/22/sulit-dapat-air-bersih-salah-satu-alasan-warga-mundu-ingin-gabung-kota-cirebon/ |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Taun 2021, jumlah nu nyicingan Cirebon kota nu ges bisa ngakses cai inum aya 196.610 urang, presentasina nepi ka 58,37%. Mun dibagi deui, cai inum anu dipake ku kategori rumah tangga aya 9.448.873.000 liter, nu kaasup hotel, toko, industri jeung pusahaan aya 2.581.719.000 liter, rumah sakit non pemeruntah aya 81.277.000 liter, tempat ibadah aya 173.577.000 liter, sarana atawa pasilitas umum aya 116.410.000 liter, instansi atawa kantor pamarentahan aya 800.863.000 liter, palabuan aya 7.873.000 liter, jeung nu lainna aya 362.144.000 liter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://data.cirebonkota.go.id/dataset/b5808844-1c72-5be5-8bf9-cfd947e672b0/dokumen/88b09432-7802-527b-82ca-ae6009cc12d2/download-pdf|title=Konsumsi air pdam|publication-date=6 April 2021|accessdate=26 Pebruari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824163548/https://data.cirebonkota.go.id/dataset/b5808844-1c72-5be5-8bf9-cfd947e672b0/dokumen/88b09432-7802-527b-82ca-ae6009cc12d2/download-pdf |date=24 August 2022 }}</ref> Nilai pangjualan cai inum dina taun 2021 panggedéna aya di kategori rumah tangga nyaéta Rp 40.199.502.182,- jeung nu pang leutikna di sektor palabuan Rp 143.852.840,-.<ref name=":0" /> == Kaséhatan == Ti saprak pamaréntahan Hindia Walanda, Kota Cirebon geus boga imah sakit ''Oranje'' nu ayeuna geus diganti jadi RSD Gunung Jati. Imah sakit ieu diresmikeun dina 31 Agustus 1921 sarta mimiti beroperasi dina 1 Séptémber 1921.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsdgunungjati.cirebonkota.go.id/sejarah/|title=Sejarah - RSD Gunung Jati|website=rsdgunungjati.cirebonkota.go.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203205711/https://rsdgunungjati.cirebonkota.go.id/sejarah/|archivedate=2023-12-03}}</ref> Imah sakit di CIrebon kota nu ges kadaptar di Kamentrian Kaséhatan Républik Indonésia aya 11 [[rumah sakit|imah sakit]] nu bogana ti rupa-rupa organisasi (swasta, organisasi sosial, pemkot, organisasi katholik, pausahaan, TNI AD, BUMN, jeung organisasi islam).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sirs.kemkes.go.id/fo/home/dashboard_rs?id=32|title=RS Online|website=sirs.kemkes.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225233558/https://sirs.kemkes.go.id/fo/home/dashboard_rs?id=32 |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Hiji Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah, hiji Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Tipe A, tilu Rumah Sakit Umum Bersalin, opat Rumah Sakit Swasta, jeung dua Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.cirebonkota.go.id/dataset/29492e8d-92a9-5957-af41-41c46d7d7d26/dokumen/f52184d5-3b24-5fb8-a35b-52604dad4ac0/download-pdf|title=Jumlah Rumah Sakit (Unit) di kota Cirebon|publication-date=11-11-2021|accessdate=26 Pebruari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407122653/https://data.cirebonkota.go.id/dataset/29492e8d-92a9-5957-af41-41c46d7d7d26/dokumen/f52184d5-3b24-5fb8-a35b-52604dad4ac0/download-pdf |date=2023-04-07 }}</ref> Catetan BKKBN nyebutkeun Cirebon dibarengan ku [[Kabupatén Bandung]], [[Kabupatén Cianjur|Cianjur]], jeung [[Kabupatén Garut|Garut]], dina taun 2022, baris jadi wewengkon anu statusna darurat ''[[stunting]]''. Ieu kusabab persentase ''[[stunting]]'' ka barudak di handapeun umur 12 taun ngahontal leuwih ti 30%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suaracirebon.com/2022/10/25/stunting-di-kota-cirebon-di-atas-nasional-butuh-kolaborasi-pentahelix-turunkan-angka-prevalensi/|title=Stunting di Kota Cirebon di Atas Nasional, Butuh Kolaborasi Pentahelix Turunkan Angka Prevalensi|last=Surya|first=Muhammad|website=Suara Cirebon|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225191623/https://suaracirebon.com/2022/10/25/stunting-di-kota-cirebon-di-atas-nasional-butuh-kolaborasi-pentahelix-turunkan-angka-prevalensi/ |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> === Daptar Rumah Sakit<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dinkes.cirebonkota.go.id/rumah-sakit/|title=RUMAH SAKIT – DINAS KESEHATAN KOTA CIREBON|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228150602/https://dinkes.cirebonkota.go.id/rumah-sakit/ |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> === * Rumah Sakit Umum Daérah Waled * Rumah Sakit Paru Sidawangi * Rumah Sakit Mitra Plumbon * Rumah Sakit Ciremai * Rumah Sakit Gunung Jati * Rumah Sakit Pelabuhan * Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Cirebon * Rumah Sakit Sumber Kasih * Rumah Sakit Umum Daérah Arjawinangun * Rumah Sakit Budi Luhur * Rumah Sakit Putera Bahagia === Daptar Puskésmas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dinkes.cirebonkota.go.id/puskesmas-kota-cirebon/|title=PUSKESMAS KOTA CIREBON – DINAS KESEHATAN KOTA CIREBON|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228150602/https://dinkes.cirebonkota.go.id/puskesmas-kota-cirebon/ |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> === * Puskésmas Kejaksan * Puskésmas Jalan Kembang * Puskésmas Nelayan * Puskésmas Pamitra * Puskésmas Gunung Sari * Puskésmas Drajat * Puskésmas Majasem * Puskésmas Sunyaragi * Puskésmas Kesambi * Puskésmas Jagasatru * Puskésmas Astanagarib * Puskésmas Pekalangan * Puskésmas Pulasaren * Puskésmas Kesunean * Puskésmas Pegambiran * Puskésmas Pesisir * Puskésmas Cangkol * Puskésmas Kalitanjung * Puskésmas Larangan * Puskésmas Perum Utara * Puskésmas Kalijaga Permai * Puskésmas Sitopeng == Pangatikan == === Paguron Luhur === * Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati * Institut Agama Islam Negeri Syekh Nurjati Cirebon * Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Cirebon * Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Cirebon * Politeknik Pariwisata Prima Internasional * Politeknik Kesehatan Tasikmalaya Kampus Cirebon === SMA/SMK<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cirebonkota.go.id/fasilitas-kota/pendidikan/smasmk/|title=SMA/SMK - Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cirebon|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228164552/https://www.cirebonkota.go.id/fasilitas-kota/pendidikan/smasmk/ |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> === * SMAN Negeri 1 (Jl. Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo No.81) * SMAN Negeri 2 (Jl Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo No 1) * SMAN Negeri 3 (Jl. Ciremai Raya No.63) * SMAN Negeri 4 (Jl. Perjuangan No. 1) * SMAN Negeri 5 (Jl. Swasembada No.7) * SMAN Negeri 6 (Jl. Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo No.79) * SMAN Negeri 7 (Jl. Perjuangan No.7) * SMAN Negeri 8 (Jl. Pronggol No.73A) * SMAN Negeri 9 (Jl. Pramuka) * SMA Advent Kesepuhan * SMA Cokro Aminoto (Jl. Stasiun No.12) * SMA Islam Al-Azhar (Jl. Pilang Setrayasa No. 31) * SMA Kartika XIX-5 (Jl. Karang Jalak No. 61) * SMAK Penabur (Jl. DR. Cipto Mangunkusumo No. 24) * SMA Putra Nirmala (Jl. DR. Sutomo) * SMA Taman Siswa (Jl. Sunyaragi) * SMA Widya Utama (Jl. Kesambi Baru 1 No.55A) * SMA Windu Wacana (Jl. Pangeran Drajat No.59 233069) * SMA Telkom Sekar Kemuning (Jl. Terusan Sekar Kemuning No.36) * SMA IT Nurrusshidiq (Jl. Wiratama No.30) * SMK Negeri 1 (Jl. Perjuangan) * SMK Negeri 2 (Jl. DR. Cipto Mangunkusumo No.202) * SMK Pakungwati (Jl. Brigjen Darsono) * SMK Taman Karya M.T. (Jl. Binawan V) * SMK Nasional (Jl. Perjuangan) * SMK PUI (Jl. P. Diponegoro No.22) * SMK Gracika (Karyamulya) * SMK Veteran (Jl. Sunyaragi) * SMK Wahidin (Jl. Dr. Wahidin No. 21) * SMK Taman Karya M.E. (Jl. Binawan V) * SMK Pariwisata (Jl. Perjuangan No.4) * SMK Informatika Al-Irsyad (Jl. Perjuangan No.31) * SMK Budiarti (Jl. Pangeran Drajat No.59A) * SMK Al-Hidayah (Jl. Kalitanjung P.Grenjeng No.165 * SMK Cipto (Jl. Pekiringan) * SMK Bina Insan Mandiri (Jl. Kedung Menjangan) ==Sumber== <references/> ==Tumbu Luar== *{{id}} [http://www.cirebon.go.id Situs resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716145821/http://www.cirebon.go.id/ |date=2006-07-16 }} {{JaBar}} {{Kota Cirebon}} [[Kategori:Kota di Indonésia|Cirebon]] [[Kategori:Kota Cirebon| ]] [[Kategori:Kota di Jawa Kulon|Cirebon]] [[Kategori:Artikel WikiMekar]] ruy2grcdlgb0h7h6o5g0eq2j4qhaxqc 0 5018 731747 712289 2026-11-08T06:02:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Kota Dépok |settlement_type = [[Daptar kabupatén jeung kota di Indonésia|Kota]] |native_name_lang = id |other_name = |translit_lang1 = Sunda |translit_lang1_type1 = [[Basa Sunda]] |translit_lang1_info1 = {{sund|ᮓᮚᮩᮂ ᮓᮦᮕᮧᮊ᮪}} |image_skyline = Depok Skyline.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = {{#property:P158}} |image_shield = Coat of arms of Depok City.svg |nickname = {{lang-id|Kota Belimbing}}<br>{{lang-en|Starfruit City}}<br>{{lang-id|Kota Petir}}<br>{{lang-en|Lightning Town}} |motto = |image_map = Map of West Java highlighting Depok City.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Lokasi di [[Jawa Kulon]] |pushpin_map = Indonésia_Jawa#Indonésia |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi di [[Jawa]] jeung [[Indonésia]] |coordinates_display = |subdivision_type = [[Daptar nagara|Nagara]] |subdivision_name = {{nowrap|{{flag|Indonésia|size=23px}}}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Propinsi]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of West Java (vectorised).svg}} [[Jawa Kulon]] |subdivision_name2 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = |government_type = |governing_body = Pamaréntah Daérah Kota Dépok |leader_title = Walikota |leader_name = Idris Abdul Shomad |leader_title1 = Wakil Walikota |leader_name1 = Imam Budi Hartono |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 200.29 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |elevation_m = 50–140 |elevation_ft = 164–459 |elevation_min_m = 50 |elevation_max_m = 140 |elevation_min_ft = 164 |elevation_max_ft = 459 |population_total = 2.462.215 |population_as_of = 2021 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_rank = [[List of Indonesian cities by population|8th]] |population_note = |postal_code_type = Kode pos |postal_code = 164xx, 165xx |area_code = 021 jeung 0251 |area_code_type = [[Daptar kode telepon di Indonésia|Kode aréa]] |blank_name_sec1 = |blank_info_sec1 = |website = {{url|depok.go.id}} |footnotes = |pushpin_label = Kota Dépok |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |population_density_urban_mi2 = |timezone = WIB |utc_offset = +7 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|6.3940|S|106.8225|E|region:ID-JB_type:regency|format=dms|display=inline,title}} }} '''Kota Dépok''' ({{lang-id|Kota Depok}}, {{lang-su|ᮓᮚᮩᮂ ᮓᮦᮕᮧᮊ᮪}}) nyaéta hiji kota di Propinsi [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Kota ieu aya di kiduleun [[Jakarta]], nyaéta antara Jakarta jeung Bogor. Dépok baheulana mangrupa kacamatan di wilayah [[Kabupatén Bogor]], nu saterusna meunangkeun status kota dina 27 April 1999.<ref name=":0" /> Kota Dépok ngabogaan poténsi wewengkon wisata sajarah anu tempatna di Kalurahan Dépok Lama. Pentingna Kota Dépok minangka nu jadi seundak, puseur kagiatan nasional sarta wewengkon andelan Jabodetabek ogé boga peran gedé pikeun wewengkon strategis antara 3 propinsi nyaéta: Banten, Jakarta, jeung Jawa Barat. == Harti Lambang Kota Depok == Lambang Kota Dépok ngawangun perisai miboga sisi 5 (lima) kalawan kelir dasar bulao anu di jerona aya gambar, kelir sarta wangun sarta di haturan luhur aya seratan “Kota Depok” sarta di haturan handap aya seratan “Paricara Dharma” kalawan kelir bodas. Lambang dayeuh diwangun ti 3 (tilu) haturan, kalawan wincikan minangka katut. Haturan hareup diwangun ti gambar kujang kalawan posisi tegak. Kujang mangrupa alat gawé balarea Jawa Barat. Kujang dianggap minangka manipéstasi satria-satria ti Karajaan Pajajaran, anu idéntik kalawan nilai kejuangan pahlawan Depok, anu ngabogaan sipat teu éléh dina ngadegkeun leresan sarta daék berkorban.<ref name=":10" /> Dina gambar kujang aya 2 (dua) buah lombang, kalawan lengkungan jabi saloba 7 (tujuh) buah sarta gagang (gagang) ngagaduhan lekukan 4 (opat) buah. Anu dikurilingan paré sarta kembang kapas anu diwangun ti 9 (salapan) butir paré sarta 9 (salapan) kuntum kembang kapas anu ngagaduhan hartos Dayeuh Depok diwedalkeun dina ping 27 April 1999. Paré sarta Kapas melambangkeun cipta-cipta pamaréntahan sarta balaréa Kota Dépok guna ngawujudkeun karaharjaan sarta kemakmuran.<ref name=":10" /> Handapeun gambar kujang aya gambar hiji panon péna sarta gambar hiji buku kabuka, anu ngalambangkeun Dépok minangka dayeuh atikan. Bagéan tengah diwangun ku lambang: * Gambar pendopo mangrupa simbol puseur dayeuh Depok dina milampah pancén pamarentahan, pangwangunan sarta kamasyarakatan. * Gambar wangunan gedong melambangkeun Kota Dépok minangka kota pemukiman sarta minangka pusat perdagangan sarta jasa. * Gambar tumpukan batu bata nyieun runtuyan kesatuan anu ngagambarkeun dinamika balarea Kota Depok dina milampah pangwangunan di saniskanten bidang. * Gambar lambak cai ngagambarkeun aliran walungan anu ngocor di wilayah Kota Depok melambangkeun kesuburan sarta nembongkeun Depok minangka wewengkon paranti resapan cai.<ref name=":10" /> Bagean Dasar diwangun ku: Wangun Perisai anu ngabogaan 5 (lima) sisi ngalambangkeun tameng sarta benteng, anu sanggem mengayomi. Mikeun rasa aman sarta tenram boh wedal atawa batin kanggo balarea Depok sarta melambangkeun ketahanan fisik sarta mental. Masyarakat Depok dina nyanghareupan saniskanten macem gangguan, pambengan sarta tangtangan anu datang ti mana baé ogé ka kahirupan bangsa sarta Nagara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia anu dumasar kana Pancasila. Sarta ka 5 (lima) sisi kasebat melambangkeun deui pungsi anu diemban ku Pamaréntah Kota Depok nyaéta minangka: # Kota Pemukiman. # Kota Atikan (hartina Pendidikan). # Pusat Perdagangan sarta Jasa. # Kota Wisata. # Kota Resapan Cai. Seratan “Kota Dépok” nempokeun sebutan jang numutkeun harti dayeuh kaasup Pamarentah Kota Dépok.<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == ====== Jaman Walanda ====== Mimitina Dépok mangrupa hiji lembur terpencil di tengah leuweung sarta jukut balukar. Dina ping 18 Mei 1696 saurang pajabat luhur VOC, Cornélis Chastelein, meuli taneuh anu ngawengku wewengkon Dépok sarta sakedik wilayah Jakarta Selatan, Ratujaya sarta Bojonggede. Chastelein ngagawékeun kira-kira seratusan pagawé. Maranéhanana didatangkeun ti Bali, Makassar, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku, Jawa, Pulau Roté sarta Pilipina. Jabi ngokolakeun pakebonan, Cornelis ogé menyebarluaskeun ageman Kristen ka para pagawéna, liwat hiji Padepokan Kristiani. Padepokan ieu ngarana De Eerste Protestante Organisatie van Christenen, disingget Dépok. Pérsi lain cenah ti dieu rupina wasta dayeuh ieu asalna. Dugi ayeuna, turunan pagawé-pagawé Cornelis dibagi barobah kaayaan 12 marga.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://histori.id/sejarah-kota-depok/|title=Sejarah Kota Depok|last=Storyteller|website=Histori|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220093929/https://histori.id/sejarah-kota-depok/ |date=2023-02-20 }}</ref> Ngaran marga-marga ti turunan Walanda katempo ti tukangeun ngaran turunanana tepi ka danget ieu, kawas: # Jonathans # Laurens # Bacas # Loen # Soedira # Isakh # Samuel # Leander # Joseph # Tholense # Jacob # Zadokh Pamaréntahan Hindia Belanda ngajirim taneuh partikelir kasebat barobah kaayaan ''Gementee Bestuur''. Wilayah kasebat ngabogaan pamaréntahan tersendiri nu wanci harita kawas republik mini. Pabiayaan kikiping organisasi dicekel ku pajeg anu ditetepkeun pamarentah republik mini kasebat, dipibanda ti kenging tatanen sarta perkebunan. Taun 1871 Pamaréntah Walanda ngijinan wewengkon Dépok mekarkeun pamaréntahan sarta présiden sorangan satingkat jeung ''Gemeente'' (Desa Otonom). Kaputusan kasebat lumangsung dugi warsih 1942. ''Gemeente'' Dépok diparéntah ku saurang présiden minangka awak pamaréntahan pangluhurna. Handapeun éta aya kacamatan anu nyekel mandat (9 mandor) sarta dibantuan ku para Pangcalang Pulisi Desa sarta Kumitir atawa Menteri Lumbung. Wewengkon teritorial ''Gemeente'' Depok ngawengku 1.244 Ha. Nanging dihapus dina warsih 1952 sanggeus lumangsung jangji-pasini pelepasan hak antara Pamaré ntah RI kalawan pupuhu ''Gemeente'' Depok, nanging henteu kaasup taneuh-taneuh ''[[Elgendom|Eigendom]]'' sarta sababaraha hak lianna. <ref name=":10" /> Saprak wanci éta, dimimitian pamaréntahan Kacamatan Dépok anu aya dina lingkungan Kewedanaan (Pembantu Bupati) wilayah Parung, anu ngawengku 21 désa. ''Eigendom'' mangrupa istilah anu aya saprak jaman pangjajahan kolonial Walanda. ''Eigendom'' diartikeun minangka hak kapimilik hiji jalma luhureun sabidang taneuh. ''Eigendom'' dibedakeun barobah kaayaan 2 rupi, nyaéta ''eigendom'' dawam sarta ''eigendom verponding''. ''Eigendom'' dawam nyaéta taneuh anu ngabogaan status hak miboga dina jaman kolonial Walanda, di mana ''eigendom'' ieu ngan tiasa kagaduh ku jalmi Eropa sarta Timur, ka pribumi ogé mun bisa ngabogaan ''eigendom'' kalawan status ''agrarische eigendom''.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://mh.uma.ac.id/pengertian-eigendom-dan-konversinya/|title=Pengertian Eigendom dan Konversinya|last=admin|website=Program Studi Magister Ilmu Hukum Terbaik di Sumut|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref> ''Agrarische eigendom'' nyaéta hak kapimilik taneuh husus jang pribumi dibarung kalawan sarat pembatasan ngeunaan kawajiban ka nagara atawa désa sakumaha katangtuan dina Pasal 51 ayat 7 ''Indische Staatregeling''. Sedengkeun, ''verponding'' nyaéta serat tagihan pajeg luhur taneuh dan atawa wangunan anu ayeuna disebut kalawan Surat Pemberitahuan Pajak Terhutang Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (anu disebut oge SPPT-PBB). Dumasar perkara éta, ''eigendom verponding'' diartikeun minangka hak kapimilik taneuh anu ngan bisa dibuktikeun kalawan ''verponding'' atawa buktos tagihan pajeg. Aya deui istilah ''grondkaart'' anu mangrupa hiji gambar lahan anu dipigawé pikeun nunjuk hiji objék lahan kalawan wangkid-wangkid nu tangtu anu kacutat diluhureuna.<ref name=":11" /> ====== Jaman Orde Baru ====== Kota Dépok dimimitian ti hiji kacamatan anu aya di lingkungan Kawedanan (Asistén Bupati) wilayah Parung Kabupaten Bogor. Dina warsih 1976 padumukan mimiti diwangun saé ku Perum Perumnas atawa pengembang anu saterusna dituturkeun kalawan diwangun na kampus Universitas Indonesia (UI), sarta ningkatnya aktipitas niaga jeung jasa anu beuki pesat ku kituna diperlukeun kecepatan pangladen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.depok.go.id/sejarah|title=Portal Resmi Pemerintah Kota Depok|website=www.depok.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308221451/https://www.depok.go.id/sejarah |date=2022-03-08 }}</ref> Dina warsih 1976 oge ngaliwatan proyek padumukan nasional di éra Orde Baru diwangun Perumnas Dépok I sarta Perumnas Dépok II. Pangwangunan kasebat memicu hal mekar Dépok anu langkung pesat ku kituna ahirna dina warsih 1981 pamarentah nyieun dayeuh Administratip Dépok anu peresmianna dipigawé ping 18 Maret 1982 ku Menteri Dalam Nagri, Amir Machmud.<ref name=":10" /> Mekarna Kota Dépok anu kitu énggal robah sabab aya perhatian ti Pamaréntah Orde Baru. Menteri jero nagara basa éta, Amir Machmud, mimiti nyieun kajian kanaékan status Kacamatan Dépok robah kaayaan jadi Kota Administratip. Kanaékan status Kota Depok dipigawé supados pangwangunan langkung tertata sarta puseur minangka dayeuh pikahareupeun, tinimbang dikokolakeun sapinuhna ku Dayeuh Bogor anu ngan minangka kacamatan anu dipingpin ku Camat.<ref name=":0" /> Pembentukan Kota Administratip Dépok dipigawé ku Menteri jero nagara Amir Machmud sakaligus ngistrénan Wali Dayeuh Administratip anu kahiji, nyaéta Mochammad Rukasah Suradimadja ku Gubernur Jawa Kulon, Aang Kunaefi. Di mimiti warsih 1999, Kota Administratip Dépok dimekarkeun sarta sakumna désa bagentos status barobah kaayaan Kalurahan. Kenging pemekaran wilayah kasebat diwangun ti 3 (tilu) Kacamatan sarta 17 (tujuh welas) désa,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20221113/15/1597596/asal-usul-nama-dan-sejarah-kota-depok-kota-yang-punya-fenomena-unik|title=Asal Usul Nama dan Sejarah Kota Depok, Kota yang Punya Fenomena Unik|website=Bisnis.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-20}}</ref> nyaéta: * Kecamatan Pancoran Mas, lobana 6 (genep) kelurahan, nyaéta: Kelurahan Dépok, Kelurahan Dépok Jaya, Kelurahan Mampang, Kelurahan Pancoran Mas, Kelurahan Rangkapan Jaya, jeung Kelurahan Rangkapan Jaya Baru. * Kecamatan Beji ayana 6 (genep) kelurahan, nyaéta: Kelurahan Beji, Kelurahan Beji Timur, Kelurahan Pondok Cina, Kelurahan Kemiri Muka, Kelurahan Kukusan, jeung Kelurahan Tanah Baru. * Kecamatan Sukmajaya, lobana 11 (sawelas) kelurahan, nyaéta: Kelurahan Sukmajaya, Kelurahan Sukamaju, Kelurahan Mekar Jaya, Kelurahan Abadi Jaya, Kelurahan Bakti Jaya, Kelurahan Cisalak, Kelurahan Kalibaru, Kelurahan Kalimulya, Kelurahan Cilodong, Kelurahan Jati Mulya, jeung Kelurahan Tirta Jaya.<ref name=":1" /> Majuna ieu dayeuh teu pegat tina tungtutan aspirasi warga nu beuki nyedek supados Kota Administratip Dépok ditaékkeun statusna robah kaayaan Kotamadya kalawan harepan pangladena robah jadi leuwih maksimal. Di sisi lain, Pamaréntah Kabupaten Bogor jeung Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Barat nengetan hal mekar kasebat, sarta ngusulkeun ka Pamaréntah Pusat ogé ka Dewan Wawakil Rahayat Wewengkon (DPRD).<ref name=":10" /> Proses ahirna dina ping 20 April 1999, dumasar Undang-Undang No.15 Taun 1999, Kota Dépok diresmikeun robah kaayaan Kotamadya Wewengkon Tk. II Dépok. Peresmian pembentukan Kotamadya Wewengkon Tk.II Dépok dipigawé dina ping 27 April 1999 babarengan kalawan Pelantikan Pajabat Walikotamadya Wewengkon Tk. II Dépok wanci éta, Drs. H. Badrul Kamal, anu nyekel kalungguhan minangka Walikota Administratip Dépok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2021/04/27/12490511/sejarah-hari-ini-22-tahun-terbentuknya-kota-depok-dan-kisah-si-tuan-tanah|title=Sejarah Hari Ini: 22 Tahun Terbentuknya Kota Depok dan Kisah Si Tuan Tanah Belanda Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-20}}</ref> Dina warsih 1999 ieu, ngaliwatan Undang-Undang Ngeunaan Pembentukan Kotamadya Wewengkon Tingkat II Depok sarta Kotamadya Wewengkon Tingkat II Cilegon, Depok ningkat statusna barobah kaayaan Kotamadya atawa Dayeuh. Momentum peresmian Kotamadya Wewengkon Tk. II Dépok sarta pelantikan pajabat Walikotamadya Wewengkon Tk. II Dépok wanci éta, dijadikeun hiji landasan anu bersejarah jang dijadikeun poe jadina Kota Dépok. Dumasar Undang-Undang Nomer 15 Taun 1999, Wilayah Dayeuh Dépok ngawengku wilayah Administratip Kota Dépok tina 3 (tilu) kacamatan, katambahan sawaréh wilayah Kabupaten Wewengkon Tingkat II Bogor, anu ngawengku:<ref name=":0" /> * Kacamatan Cimanggis, lobana 1 (hiji) kelurahan jeung 12 (dua welas) desa, nyaéta: Kelurahan Cilangkap, Désa Pasir Gunung Selatan, Désa Tugu, Désa Mekarsari, Désa Cisalak Pasar, Désa Curug, Désa Harjamukti, Désa Sukatani, Désa Sukamaju Baru, Désa Cijajar, Désa Cimpaeun, jeung Désa Leuwinanggung. * Kacamatan Sawangan, nu lobana 14 (opat welas) désa, yaitu: Désa Sawangan, Désa Sawangan Baru, Désa Cinangka, Désa Kedaung, Désa Serua, Désa Pondok Petir, Désa Curug, Désa Bojong Sari, Désa Bojong Sari Baru, Désa Duren Seribu, Désa Duren Mekar, Desa Pengasinan Désa Bedahan, jeung Désa Pasir Putih * Kacamatan Limo nu lobana 8 (dalapan) Désa, nyaeta: Désa Limo, Désa Meruyung, Désa Cinere, Désa Gandul, Désa Pangkalan Jati, Désa Pangkalan Jati Baru, Désa Krukut, jeung Désa Grogol. * Katambah deui 5 (lima) Désa ti Kecamatan Bojong Gede, nyaeta: Désa Cipayung, Désa Cipayung Jaya, Désa Ratu Jaya, Désa Pondok Terong, jeung Désa Pondok Jaya. == Démograpi == === Suku bangsa === Karakteristik suku bangsa nu nyicingan Kota Dépok ngabogaan keberagaman. Dumasar data sensus nu nyicingan Indonesia 2000. Kalolobaan nu nyicingan Kota Dépok nyaéta suku Betawi, Jawa, sarta Sunda. Jumlah anu signipikan ogé asalna ti suku Batak, sarta Minangkabau. Rupi-rupi suku bangsa di Kota Dépok mangaruhan béda budaya sarta adat istiadat balaréa. Katut nyaéta lobana nu nyicingan Dayeuh Dépok dumasar suku bangsa luyu data sénsus nu nyicingan warsih 2000;<ref name=":2" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;" ! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |No ! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |Suku ! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |Jumlah [[2000]] ! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |% |- ! style="text-align: left;" | 1 ! style="text-align: left;" |[[Suku Betawi|Betawi]] ! style="text-align: right;" | 390.419 ! style="text-align: right;" | 34,20% |- | 2 | [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]] | style="text-align: right;" | 320.770 | style="text-align: right;" | 28,10% |- | 3 | [[Suku Sunda|Sunda]] | style="text-align: right;" | 292.706 | style="text-align: right;" | 25,65% |- | 4 | [[Suku Batak|Batak]] | style="text-align: right;" | 32.776 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,87% |- | 5 | [[Orang Minangkabau|Minangkabau]] | style="text-align: right;" | 26.928 | style="text-align: right;" | 2,36% |- | 6 | [[Tionghoa-Indonesia|Tionghoa]] | style="text-align: right;" | 3.383 | style="text-align: right;" | 0,30% |- | 7 | [[Suku Cirebon|Cirebon]] | style="text-align: right;" | 833 | style="text-align: right;" | 0,07% |- | 8 | ''Suku lainnya'' | style="text-align: right;" | 73.601 | style="text-align: right;" | 6,45% |- ! colspan="2"|Kota Depok ! style="text-align: right;" | 1.141.416 ! style="text-align: right;" | 100% |- |} == Walikota == * [[Moch. Rukasah Suradimadja]] (1982-1984) * [[M. I. Tamdjid]] (1984-1988) Mochammad Ibid Tamdjid, nyaéta nu wanci mangsa Orde Baru kungsi nyekel kalungguhan Kepala Dinas Perhubungan nu mana baheula disebut DLLAJR. Ibid kungsi diwawancara di mana manéhna ngomong “Yah, ngaranna pagawéan, lamun dianggap abot nya abot, lamun dianggap hampang nya hampang. Gumantung saha anu ngajalankeun. Saestuna di manten ogé sami waé. Anu disebut ngaladénan balarea sakedahna maksimal dina bakti ka balarea," cenah. Sabenerna Dines anu dipingpinna nyaéta salah sahiji dines anu nu mawi rarepot sarta patali jeung saniskanten lapisan balarea, mimiti ti supir angkot dugi pajabat luhur wewengkon. Saleresna pengurusan angkot biasana henteu dipigawe ku nu bogana sorangan nanging ku supirna. Pamingpin nu boga jujuluk “tahu beres” ieu méré nyaho margi kitu seueur anu kudu dilayanan, wanci gawéna barobah kaayaan paos. Ti isuk dugi magrib.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Apa Siapa Orang Sunda|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Yb-lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195&lpg=PA195&dq=mochammad+ibid+tamdjid&source=bl&ots=0Du1q9jxSD&sig=ACfU3U0dJdpIEmqJK4pvk5hBvLWKc9vYkA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi35oLej47xAhXg4nMBHXZDDXsQ6AEwCnoECA0QAg#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya|date=2003-12-01|isbn=978-979-419-980-0|language=id|first=Ajip|last=Rosidi}}</ref> Sateuacan barobah kaayaan jadi kepala dinas, lulusan APDN warsih 1970 kasebat nyepeng kalungguhan minangka Irban Sospol. Saprak lulus ti APDN, karir salaki ti Etty Rohaeti ieu henteu lésot ti lingkungan Pemda Jabar. Robah kaayaan ieu ajudan gubernur Mashudi dugi Solihin dina mangsa mimiti karierna. Ibid kantos robah kaayaan Mantri Pulisi dugi Sekretaris Dewan DPRD Cirebon. Margi lila di Cirebon alumnus SMA Pasundan ieu ngusulkeun ka Gubernur supaya dialihtugaskeun. Bongbolongana disatujuan ku kituna manéhna diangkat janten Wedana Cibinong Bogor, anu saterusna nganteurkeun manéhna jadi Walikota Depok dugi 1989. Lajeng, manéhna kantos nyekel kalungguhan minangka Wedana Ciparay sarta Sekwilda Kabupaten Bandung, saacan robah jabatan jadi Irban Sospol. Sigana pancén minangka pamongpraja geus robah kaayaan panggero jiwa kanggo lalaki anu wedal di kulawargi TNI-AU ieu. Padahal kahayang mimitina hayang jadi jaksa. Sanggem kolotna nanggepan cita-cita eta, “Tangkal jengkol waé embung janten padung jaksa.” Nanging manéhna saterusna angger neruskeun kuliahna di Fakultas Hukum, di sinjang di APDN. Sanaos ahirna ngan bérés di APDN. Manéhna kungsi meunang pancen diajar di Institut Ilmu Pamaréntahan dina 1974. Walikota anu wanci mahasiswana aktip di IMABA sarta DAMAS ieu, ogé aktipis KAMI dina warsih 1966 sabot numbungkeun Orde Lama.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Apa Siapa Orang Sunda|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Yb-lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195&lpg=PA195&dq=mochammad+ibid+tamdjid&source=bl&ots=0Du1q9jxSD&sig=ACfU3U0dJdpIEmqJK4pvk5hBvLWKc9vYkA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi35oLej47xAhXg4nMBHXZDDXsQ6AEwCnoECA0QAg#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya|date=2003-12-01|isbn=978-979-419-980-0|language=id|first=Ajip|last=Rosidi}}</ref> * [[Abdul Wachyan]] (1988-1991) * [[Sofyan Safari Hamim]] (1992-1996) * [[Badrul Kamal]] (1997-2005) Ramana Badrul Kamal, Yahya Sudjai henteu purun putrana ngan mikawanoh atikan pasantrén, mangka saprak leutik kénéh Badrul Kamal ti Bogor kasebat paméakana dikirim ka Sakola Rahayat anu kanggo golongan kira-kira anu patali na nuju séjén. Bebas Sakola Rahayat (SR), Badrul Kamal neruskeun Sakola SMP Negeri 1 Bogor sarta SMA Negeri 1 Bogor. Di sakola ieu pisan “jiwa kepamingpinan” Badrul Kamal mimiti dipikawanoh ku babaturana. Rupa-rupa organisasi kepemudaan paméakanna robah kaayaan ku manéhna geus istilahna mah “kawah candradimuka” kahiji jang dirina. Kitu deui tuluy kalawan Badrul Kamal anu aktip ogé di KAPPI Bogor. Badrul Kamal atawa anu pengker kalintang sohor ku ngaran “BK” kaasup tingkatan “66” anu aktip di wilayah Bogor, saangkatan kalawan politikus Akbar Tanjung. Jiwa kapamingpinana sumawonten kadéngé dugi ka wilayah Jakarta. Tak carang sabot Jakarta merlukeun pangrojong gerakan nonoman, mangka Badrul Kamal inohong anu osok dihubungan pikeun sina dipénta bantuan.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://p2k.unkris.ac.id/en3/2-3073-2962/Badrul-Kamal_187982_p2k-unkris.html|title=Badrul Kamal {{!}} UNKRIS {{!}} Center of Studies|website=p2k.unkris.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-24}}</ref> [[Gambar:Third Debate for the 2020 Depok Mayoral Election.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Acara Debat Pamilon Walikota Depok]] Lalampahan karir Badrul Kamal mimitina dina warsih 1966-1970 diajar di Akademi Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri (APDN), anu paméakana ngajadikeun titik mimiti dirina jang mitembeyan karier birokrat. Lulus ti APDN warsih 1970, Badrul Kamal mitembeyan karier birokrat jadi Pajabat Menteri Pamongpraja di Kacamatan Cigudeg Bogor. Anu pengker kalintang warsih 1972 robah kaayaan jadi Pajabat Camat Cigudeg. Sataun anu pengker kalintang Badrul Kamal dipercaya ngarobah kaayaan Camat Ciawi. Warsih 1982 barobah kaayaan Pjbt. Kabid Ekonomi Bappeda sarta sataun anu pengker kalintang Pjbt. Kabid Ekonomi Bapedda. Karirna beuki ningkat saprak warsih 1988 dipercaya nyekel Sekretaris Bappeda (hiji posisi anu mawi stratégis dina jamana). Warsih 1991-1993 Badrul Kamal dipercaya ngarobah kaayaan Pybt. Kepala Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Pemda Bogor. Sarta paméakana warsih 1994 anjeunna dipercaya barobah kaayaan Plt. Sekwilda (ayeuna mah ngarana sekda) Kabupaten Bogor. Pangalaman paos di birokrasi ieu pisan anu méasakkeun Badrul Kamal jadi sosok pamingpin anu mikawanoh sacara jero seluk-beluk birokrasi.<ref name=":12" /> Warsih 1997 kalawan pesatna Dépok pikeun salah sahiji distrik di Kabupatén Bogor harita, geus waktuna diarahkeun pikeun hiji dayeuh satelit anu tiasa tangtung sorangan. Mangka dimimitian rupa-rupa rencana stratégis jang ngajadikeun Kota Dépok pikeun wilayah anu bisa tangtung sorangan. Kanggo ngajaga eta sakumna, henteu ngagaduhan pilihan lain, mangka Bupati Bogor nunjuk sosok birokrat aktipis anu boga pangalaman, nyaéta Badrul Kamal nu jadi nyekel posisi Walikota Administratif Dépok. Tonggak pajuangan dimimitian saprak Badrul Kamal ngarobah kaayaan Walikota Administratif Dépok, sauntuyan perencanaan strategis dayeuh anu tiasa tangtung sorangan diembarkeun. Pameakan na tilu warsih anu pengker kalintang benerna ping 27 April 1999, dumasar Undang-Undang Nomer 15/1999 Ngeunaan Pembentukan Kotamadya Dépok Sarta Cilegon, mangka resmi Dépok robah kaayaan jadi dayeuh nu mandiri. Ku pajuanganna anu dirojong ku jajaran birokrasi, Dépok anu keur harita can mandiri dina warsih 2000 milih pamingpinna sorangan.<ref name=":12" /> [[Gambar:Tugu selamat datang dikota depok.jpg|jmpl|Tugu Wilujeng Sumping di Kota Depok]] Geus kitu, masyarakat Dépok purun pengabdian Badrul Kamal dituluykeun, mangka kapetona Badrul Kamal tuluy nyekel posisi walikota Dépok kahiji dina warsih 2000-2005. Geliat Kota Dépok mekar sarta balarea guyup ngahiji kalawan pamingpinna kanggo ngadegkeun dayeuh nu maju. Mangka dayeuh anu anyar wedal kasebat dina wengkuan wanci lima warsih (thn 2000-2005) geus ngajanggelek barobah kaayaan tepi ka danget ieu bisa pesat Dépok minangka dayeuh anu bisa tangtung sorangan. Kapamingpinan Badrul Kamal nyieun terobosan anyar kalawan lembaga lainna. Sakola-sakola diwangun, puskésmas diwangun, jalan-jalan dibenerkeun, sumawonten Jalan Juanda anu barobah kaayaan kareueus tepi ka ayeuna diwangun dina warsih ka 3 wanci pamaréntahan Badrul Kamal. Pikeun nyegah gancangna pertumbuhan kalahiran jeung ngadukung pertumbuhan ékonomi masyarakat, dina warsih éta deui diembarkeun pangwangunan buku jalan tol. Peruntukan buku jalan tol ieu pisan anu direncanakeun dina perencanaan kelola rohangan tata wilayah Kota Dépok. Pikeun ngacumponan rencana éta anu pengker kalintang dijieun "Panitia Husus RT RW Kota Depok 2000-2010" anu dipingpin ku Agus Sutondo.<ref name=":12" /> Mangka ku para RT RW Dayeuh Dépok 2000-2010, pameakana perencanaan buku Jalan Tol Cinéré-Jagorawi sarta rencana buku jalan tol Depok-Antasari bisa kabiruyungan anu engkena bade nyambungkeun wilayah Jakarta, Depok sarta Bogor. Tingkat perekonomian tumuwuh di luhur rata-rata tingkat nasional. Masyarakat hirup dina dunya toleransi. Kota Depok anu plural ditempo tina rupa-rupa masyarakatna sumawonten bisa diitung “Indonesia Mini” sabab loba wargana tina asal nu teu sarua, kabeh wargana meunangkeun perlakuan anu sami. Badrul Kamal nu mangrupa pamingpin tangtung di luhur sakumna golongan. Nanging naon tanagi wanci lima warsih enggal teuing kanggo ngudag ketertinggalan Dépok di wilayah nu jadi seundak ibukota ieu nagara. Warsih 2005 Badrul Kamal mungkas pengabdian na anu kahiji. Dépok ayeuna geus milih pamingpin anu anyar.<ref name=":12" /> * [[Nur Mahmudi Ismail]] (2005-2010; 2010-2015) [[Gambar:Mayor of Depok Nur Mahmudi Ismail.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Walikota Depok Harita Nur Mahmudi Ismail]] Ngaran lengkep jeung gelarna nyaéta, Dr. Ir. H. Nur Mahmudi Ismail, Msc. (kalahiran di Kediri,11 Nopember 1961) nyaeta saurang ilmuwan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://langit7.id/read/3732/1/mantan-walikota-depok-nur-mahmudi-ismail-dikukuhkan-jadi-profesor-1631142577|title=Mantan Walikota Depok Nur Mahmudi Ismail Dikukuhkan Jadi Profesor|website=Langit7.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-24}}</ref> pangan sarta politikus Indonesia ti Partai Keadilan Sejahtera. Ditempo tina gelarna, Nur Mahmudi Ismail meunangkeun gelar ''Master of Science'' (M.Sc) di bidang téknologi pangan ti ''Food and Science Technology'' di Texas, Amerika di widang teknologi pangan dihontal kalawan prédikat ''[[cumlaude]]''. Istilah c''umlaude'' asalna ti Basa Latin anu hartina kalawan pangaleman mangrupa predikat anu dijeung pikeun mahasiswa anu meunangkeun peunteun nyongcolang, peunteun kasebat kaasup peunteun sadaya seméster anu geus dibeunangkeun basa kuliah sarta kedah lulus pas wanci teu meunang leuwih ti opat taun. Ieu pisan alesan naha lulus kalawan predikat ''cumlaude'' perlu disiapkeun ti mimiti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://campus.quipper.com/kampuspedia/cumlaude|title=Cumlaude - Definisi dan Pengertianya|website=Quipper Campus|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225065644/https://campus.quipper.com/kampuspedia/cumlaude |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Dina konteks atikan, ''cumlaude'' nyaéta prédikat pangaleman anu dijieun di paguron luhur ka mahasiswa anu meunang peunteun di luhur rata-rata. Biasana mah leuwih ti 3,5 nu matak ''cumlaude'' dijieun deui bédana antara ''summa cumlaude, magna cumlaude,'' jeung ''cumlaude'' wungkul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teknik.unpas.ac.id/blogs/apa-itu-cumlaude-dalam-kuliah/|title=Apa itu Cumlaude dalam Kuliah ? - Fakultas Teknik|website=www.teknik.unpas.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225065659/https://www.teknik.unpas.ac.id/blogs/apa-itu-cumlaude-dalam-kuliah/ |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref>Gelar doktor di widang teknologi pangan ditampa ti kampus anu sarua. Sanggeus lulus Nur Mahmudi ngaleukeunan dunya atikan minangka dosén sarta peneliti di Badan Pengkajian sarta Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT). Minangka peneliti Nur Mahmudi ahli di widang perméntasi susu sarta pengolahan daging.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://muspera.menlhk.go.id/Artikel/biografi/12|title=Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia|website=muspera.menlhk.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225020024/http://muspera.menlhk.go.id/Artikel/biografi/12 |date=2023-02-25 }}</ref> Saprak ngora kénéh ieu salaki Nur Azizah Tamhid geus dalit kalawan dunya pergerakan, utamana pergerakan mahasiswa Islam di kampus. Aktipitasna di organisasi beuki ningkat kalawan hal mekar gerakan aktiptas keislaman anu beuki marak di tanah air dina mimiti warsih 1990-an. Sumawonten posisina minangka dosen di sababaraha paguron luhur midamel raramatna beuki lega.<ref name=":14" /> Dina warsih 1998 Nur Mahmudi sarta sajumlah aktipis lain kalibet dina pamadegan Partai Keadilan. Nur Mahmudi ditunjuk minangka Presiden Partai Keadilan kahiji. Dina Pemilihan Umum warsih 1999, Nur Mahmudi kapeto minangka anggota DPR RI. Sabat anyar ngajalanan pancén minangka anggota Déwan, Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid nunjukna minangka Menteri Kahutanan sarta Perkebunan dina Kabinét Persatuan Nasional. Sanggeus kapeto minangka menteri, Nur Mahmudi mundurkeun diri ti kalungguhan Presiden Partai Keadilan. Nur Mahmudi mangrupa Menteri Kahutanan sarta Perkebunan kahiji anu dipilih dumasar wiwaha pulitik. Kasang pengker ieu migawé sajumlah kawijakan anu dicokot bénten kalawan pendahuluna anu leuwih boga muatan teknis. Dina wanci Nur Mahmudi nyekel kalungguhan minangka Menteri Kehutanan sarta Perkebunan kungsi lumangsung ngahijikeun Departemen Kehutanan sarta Departemen Pertanian. Minangka konsékuensina mangka présiden wanci éta nyaéta Abdurrahman Wahid nurunkeun Nur Mahmudi minangka Menteri Muda Kehutanan ngaliwatan Kaputusan Présiden Nomer 234/M Warsih 2000 dina sasih Agustus. Nanging kalungguhan ieu ngan diemban salila kurang leuwih tilu bulan, margi dina Nopémber Présiden Abdurrahman Wahid megatkeun pemisahan balik Departemén Kehutanan sarta Departemén Pertanian.<ref name=":14" /> Ngaranna balik wedal ka umum sanggeus dina warsih 2005 manéhna nyalonkeun diri minangka Calon Walikota Dépok sapasang pamilon kalawan Yuyun Wirasaputra. Di warsih kasebat, wasta Nur Mahmudi sarta Yuyun saleresna geus meunang pemilu walikota anu dilaksanakeun dina 26 Juni 2005 kalawan peroléhan soanten sagedé 43,9%. Maranéhanana ditetepkeun minangka pinunjul ku KPUD Dépok dina 6 Juli 2005. Nanging pengesahan kameunang maranéhanana terganjal sanggeus lawana, pasangan Badrul Kamal sarta Syihabuddin Achmad ngusulkeun gugatan ka Pengadilan Tinggi Jawa Barat. Dumasar kaputusan Pengadilan Tinggi kasebat, pasangan Badrul sarta Syihabudin dinyatakeun minangka pinunjul pemilukada Dépok. Perkara nu sarua ogé ditetepkeun ku Mahkamah Agung basa Nur Mahmudi sarta Yuyun ngusulkeun banding. Kalawan dibantuan KPUD Dépok, Mahkamah Agung saterusna megatkeun yén pinunjul pemilu nyaéta pasangan Nur Mahmudi-Yuyun.<ref name=":13" /> Manehna nyekel kalungguhan minangka Walikota Depok periode 2005-2010 sapasang kalawan Yuyun Wirasaputra. Dina Pilkada Depok 2010 maju nyalonkeun balik minangka rék robah kaayaan Walikota Depok kalawan nomer urut 3 jeung Sekretaris MUI Dépok nyaeta KH. Dr. Idris Abdus Shomad M.A. Bapa tilu anak ieu mitembeyan karir politik luhur pangrojong dikungan babatur politikna kalawan ditunjuk minangka Présiden ku jajaran pangurus Partai Keadilan dina warsih 1999. Pancén abot langsung kudu dibéréskeun, Partai Keadilan minangka partai anyar anu ditungtut pikeun éksis dina kancah perpolitikan multipartai di éra repormasi kasebat. Pancén anu dibawa jang ngamajukeun partai anyar ieu tetela sanggem ngabantun perkara anu signipikan. Dina wanci kirang ti sataun, Partai Keadilan junun ngahimpun soanten rahayat Indonésia saloba hiji palih sarta nempatkeun tujuh jalmi wawakil na di DPR RI sarta 190-an kader nyongcolang na di DPRD I sarta II di sakumna Indonésia.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/nur-mahmudi-ismail/profil|title=Profil - Nur Mahmudi Ismail|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-25}}</ref> Tilas Walikota Depok dua periodé warsih 2006-2016, Nur Mahmudi Ismail dipengkuhkeun ku Badan Risét dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN) minangka Profesor Riset Widang Teknologi Pascapanén. Jeung dua calon profesor lain, Irhan Febijanto sarta Iwan Gunawan Tejakusuma, Nur Mahmudi dikukuhkeun di Auditorium Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo, Badan Risét dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Jakarta. Dina orasi pengukuhan guru besarna, Nur Mahmudi nepikeun makalah dijudulan "Inovasi Pengolahan Pangan untuk Peningkatan Penyediaan dan Konsumsi Pangan di Indonesia." Salakina Ibu Nur Azizah ieu miharepkeun, gelar propésor anu diamanatkeun ka salakina bisa méré mangpaat jang umat. Lalaki anu wedal sarta tumuwuh gedé di kulawargi patani ieu dipengkuhkeun minangka propésor riset di Auditorium Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo, Gedong B.J Habibie, Jakarta Pusat taun 2021.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2021/09/09/nur-mahmudi-raih-profesor-riset-bidang-teknologi-pascapanen-ketahanan-pangan-nasional-belum-kokoh|title=Nur Mahmudi Raih Profesor Riset Bidang Teknologi Pascapanen, Ketahanan Pangan Nasional Belum Kokoh|website=Wartakotalive.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-25}}</ref> Wanci dipanggihan di imahna anu tempatna Griya Tugu Asri, Cimanggis, Dépok, Jawa Barat, Nur Mahmudi ngomong, salila 20 warsih pamungkas Indonesia atos nelantarkeun bahan pangan rata-rata saloba 23-48 juta ton perwarsih mangrupi ''Food Loss and Waste'' (FLW). Sedengkeun ''Food Loss'' (FL) anu manéhna maksad nyaéta kaleungitan pangan saprak babak panén, pascapanén, pengolahan sarta pengemasan. Samentara ''Food Waste'' (FW) nyaéta kaleungitan pangan dina babak distribusi, pamasaran, penyajian sarta konsumsi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://langit7.id/read/3732/1/mantan-walikota-depok-nur-mahmudi-ismail-dikukuhkan-jadi-profesor-1631142577|title=Mantan Walikota Depok Nur Mahmudi Ismail Dikukuhkan Jadi Profesor|website=Langit7.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-25}}</ref> Ti Badan Perencanaan Pangwangunan Nasional warsih 2021, jumlah ieu sacara signipikan ngurangan penyediaan pangan ku kituna tiasa matak lemah ketahanan pangan di Indonesia, ceuk Nur Mahmudi basa 2021 kaliwat. Nur Mahmudi ngomong, nyutat laporan ti ''Hunger Map'' warsih 2020, aya kénéh 5-14,9% nu nyicingan Indonesia anu ngalaman kalaparan. Nur Mahmudi méré kajéntrean, musibah kalaparan ieu jalaran ku lemahna pengolahan, distribusi sarta pamasaran pascapanén. Manéhna oge masihan conto, dina warsih 2018 aya 95.000 ton pinareup anu henteu dikokolakeun barobah kaayaan produk pangan, nanging barobah kaayaan parab ingon-ingon. Jumlah 95.000 ton pinareup para paternak kasebat dikokolakeun barobah kaayaan kéju saeutikna 10% rék ngahasilkeun sakaligus ngaronjatkeun penyediaan kéju nasional saloba 9.500 ton.<ref name=":15" /> * [[Mohammad Idris]] (2015-ayeuna) [[Gambar:Mohammad Idris - Depok.png|jmpl|Mohammad Idris]] Mohammad Idris nyaéta Wali Kota Dépok periodé 2016-2021 sarta 2021-2026. Dina période ayeuna, Mohammad Idris sapasang pamilon kalawan Imam Budi Hartono. Maranehanana kenging 55,54% soanten Pilkada Kota Dépok 2020, ngéléhkeun pasangan calon Pradi-Afifah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.inews.id/berita/profil-mohammad-idris-wali-kota-depok-dari-dosen-terjun-ke-dunia-politik|title=Profil Mohammad Idris, Wali Kota Depok, dari Dosen Terjun ke Dunia Politik|website=iNews.ID|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-25}}</ref> Mohammad Idris nu mangrupa politikus Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) anu kiwari janten jalmi nomer hiji di Kota Depok. Minangka Walikota, jalmi nomer hiji anu milu ngarobah beungeut Kota Depok kalawan sagala rupa wangunan luhur tingkat ieu tetela ngabogaan harta nu geus didata ku lembaga nu patalian jeung data harta banda. Ceuk data Lembaga Kekayaan Harta Pejabat Negara (LHKPN), Mohammad Idris ngalaporkeun harta bandana dina 21 Maret 2022 kaliwat. Manehna kacatet boga harta banda ngahontal 6 milyar leuwih.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2022/12/14/101548/profil-mohammad-idris-wali-kota-depok-yang-ngotot-relokasi-sdn-pocin-1-ternyata-punya-harta-rp63-m|title=Profil Mohammad Idris, Wali Kota Depok yang Ngotot Relokasi SDN Pocin 1 Ternyata Punya Harta Rp6,3 M|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-25}}</ref> Harta banda Mohammad Idris mangrupi taneuh sarta wangunan anu aya di Depok ngahontal Rp 4.582.002.000. Sajaba ti eta Mohammad Idris oge ngalaporkeun sababaraha tumpakan roda opat jeung roda dua seperti mobil sarta motor kalawan pangaos Rp70 juta - Rp 500 jutaan ku kituna total na ngahontal Rp 1.091.000.000. Mohammad Idris oge ngalaporkeun harta lianna saajén Rp1.550.000, kas sarta sarimbag kas saajen Rp641.957.495. Teu kacutat boga hutang piutang, Mohammad Idris boga total harta banda ngahontal Rp6.316.509.495 atawa 6,3 Miliar.<ref name=":16" /> Mohammad Idris wedal di Jakarta, 25 Juli 1961, kolotna nyaeta Abdul Shomad sarta Yumani binti Sholeh. Anjeunna wedal di golongan kulawargi religius. Akina mangrupa ajengan kakoncara di Beji, Depok, nyaeta Kyai Haji Hasbi. Mohammad Idris sakola di SD Matraman Wadas sarta lulus dina 1974. Saterusna, Mohammad Idris neruskeun SMP sarta SMA di Pondok Modern Gontor. Sanggeus tamat, Mohammad Idris menempuh atikan sarjana kalawan beasiswa di Arab Saudi. Lulus S1 Ushuluddin Dakwah, Universitas Imam Mohammad Ibnu Daud Gassim, Arab Saudi (1986) sarta neruskeun S2 di universitas kalawan jurusan sarua dina 1990. Mohammad Idris nyokot gelar S3 Sareat Tsaqofah Islamiyah, Universitas Imam Mohammad Ibnu Daud Gassim, Arab Saudi, anu rengse dina 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohammadidris.id/|title=Beranda|website=www.mohammadidris.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sanggeus ngabereskeun atikanana, Idris wangsul ka Indonesia sarta barobah kaayaan jadi dosen di sababaraha universitas. Sepertos Dosen Bimbingan Skripsi di STAI At-Taqwa Bekasi, Dosen S1 Fakultas Ilmu Dakwah sarta Ilmu Komunikasi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Dosen S2 sarta S3 widang studi Dakwah sarta Sajarah Peradaban UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Dosen S2 widang Pamikiran sarta Peradaban Islam Pascasarjana UMS Surakarta, sarta Dosen S1 mata kuliah Panganteur Hukum sarta Ekonomi Syariah sarta Etika Bisnis Syariah Universitas Indonesia (UI). Dina 2004 tepi ka 2010, Idris robah kaayaan jadi Kepala Yayasan Al-Ma’had al-Aly ad-Da’wah (Sekolah Tinggi Pendidikan Da’i) di Jakarta Utara. Saterusna anjeunna kungsi jadi konsultan sareat di Sharia Consulting Center, Jakarta. Mingpin Kota Depok lalampahan kahiji Mohammad Idris mingpin Kota Depok wanci anjeunna maju barobah kaayaan calon wawakil wali dayeuh sapasang kalawan Nur Mahmudi dina Pilkada Kota Depok 2010. Maranehanana ngameunangan pemilihan eta kalawan 61,87 persen soanten. Nur Mahmudi-Mohammad Idris resmi nyekel kalungguhan periode 2010-2015. Dina Pilkada 2016, Mohammad Idris maju minangka calon Wali Kota jeung Pradi Supriatna minangka wawakil. Maranehanana kenging dina pemilihan kasebat ngelehkeun pasangan Dimas Oky Nugroho jeung Babai Suhaimi. Mohammad Idris jeung Pradi Supriatna ahirna kapeto mingpin dayeuh Depok salila lima warsih, 2016 tepi ka 2021. Lima warsih saterusna, sareng Imam Budi Hartono, anjeunna balik maju barobah kaayaan calon Wali Kota Depok. Anjeunna dipunggu ku PKS, Demokrat, sarta PPP. Idris balik meunang dina pamilon eta kalawan meunang 415.657 soanten, ngelehkeun pesaingna, nyaeta Pradi Supriatna jeung Afifah Alia. Dina Pebruari 2021, Mohammad Idris jeung Imam Budi Hartono dilantik ku Ridwan Kamil di Gedung Merdeka, Bandung sareng opat kepala daerah kapeto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.inews.id/berita/profil-mohammad-idris-wali-kota-depok-dari-dosen-terjun-ke-dunia-politik/4|title=Profil Mohammad Idris, Wali Kota Depok, dari Dosen Terjun ke Dunia Politik|website=iNews.ID|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}}</ref> [[Gambar:Kader posyandu.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Kagiatan Posyandu]] Mohammad Idris boga program kartu nu kira-kira bisa mantuan layanan pikeun masyarakat Depok. Kartu ieu diluncurkeun dina September 2021. Kartu Depok Sejahtera menyasar wargi pra-sejahtera anu geus kadata di Data Terpadu Kesejahteraan Sosial (DTKS) Kota Depok. Kartu Depok Sejahtera ngaintegrasikeun sajumlah layanan, antara lain Pelayanan Kasehatan Gratis ngaliwatan PBI-APBD Depok, Bantuan Pendidikan, Renovasi Rumah Tidak Layak Huni (RTLH), Bantuan Santunan Kematian (Sanken), jeung lain sajabana. Kawijakan lain anu direncanakeun, antawis sanes pangwangunan infrastruktur, ngabangkitkeun ekonomi, muka lapangan gawe, sarta sajabana. Pangajen Mohammad Idris geus meunangkeun sajumlah pangajen sawaktu anjeunna nyekel kalungguhan minangka Wali Kota Depok. Pangajen kasebat, diantarana ''Earth Hour Leader'' ti Gubernur Ridwan Kamil dina 2019, Lencana Pancawarsa dina Mepeling Dinten Pramuka tingkat Propinsi Jawa Kulon dina 2021. Kota Depok oge meunang sajumlah pangajen wanci kapamingpinan na, antawis sanes Kampung KB Award dari BKKBN, Kota Layak Anak (KLA) ti Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan sarta Perlindungan Anak dina 2021.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohammadidris.id/idris-dianugerahi-penghargaan-kepala-daerah-peduli-posyandu-dari-pemprov-jabar/|title=Idris Dianugerahi Penghargaan Kepala Daerah Peduli Posyandu dari Pemprov Jabar|last=Idris|first=Jurnalis|website=www.mohammadidris.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Predikat opini Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian (WTP) dari Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) Jawa Barat, dan BKN Award 2021 dari Badan Kepegawaian Nasional (BKN) kategori Implementasi Sistem Aplikasi Pelayanan Kepegawaian (SAPK) dan Pemanfaatan Computer Assisted Test (CAT). Sajumlah pangajen ti Propinsi Jawa Barat (Jabar) dihontal Pamarentah Dayeuh (Pemkot) Depok. Pangajen ti sagala rupa pasanggiri anu diayakeun Pamarentah Propinsi (Pemprov) Jabar kasebat, ditarima ku Wali Kota Depok, Mohammad Idris anu direndengan Pupuhu Tim Penggerak Pemberdayaan Karaharjaan Kulawargi (TP-PKK) Kota Depok, Indung Elly Farida dina kagiatan wisuda Sekolah Perempuan Capai Impian dan Cita-Cita (Sekoper Cinta) sakaligus mepeling Dinten Indung ka-94 tingkat Propinsi Jabar di Sport Jabar Arcamanik, Bandung.<ref name=":27" /> Kahiji, Kota Depok junun ngahontal pangajen Posyandu Award 2022 berkat pencapaian Posyandu Teratai RW 11, Kalurahan Curug, Kacamatan Cimanggis minangka jawara kahiji Pasanggiri Posyandu Tingkat Jabar. Margi eta deui, Wali Kota Depok, Mohammad Idris ngahontal pangajen minangka Kepala Daerah Peduli Posyandu, margi ngagaduhan komitmen anu kiat dina pengembangan Posyandu di Kota Depok.<ref name=":27" /> [[Gambar:BKKBN - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional]] Kadua, pangajen minangka jawara dua dina Lomba Peningkatan Peranan Wanita menuju Keluarga Sehat dan Sejahtera (P2WKSS) tingkat Propinsi Jabar warsih 2022 kategori kota. Katilu, pangajen minangka jawara kahiji dina Lomba Gerakan Keluarga Sehat, Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) tingkat Jabar warsih 2022. Kota Depok junun nampi sajumlah pangajen ti propinsi,anu kahiji patali jeung PHBS,posyandu sarta kagiatan Kuat Musibah anu dipingpin ku Pupuhu TP-PKK Kota Depok, Bunda Elly Farida. Minangka peraih jawara kahiji Pasanggiri Posyandu Tingkat Jabar, Kota Depok diusulkeun kanggo melaju ka kejuaraan sarupa di tingkat nasional. Ka hareupeunana Kota Depok luyu arahan ti pusat yen layanan kasehatan wargi dipusatkan ka posyandu, mangka posyandu sarta posbindu ditarekahan supados langkung caket, mangka na posyandu kedah dironjatkeun, antawis sanes fasilitasna. Pemkot Depok atos ngabantuan pikeun ngayakeun lahan pikeun posyandu anu acan boga gedong, sarta rek diwangun mimiti warsih payun. Dugi kiwari posyandu di Kota Depok anu atos tergolong teuneung ti sisi program aya kira-kira 80 persen. Kanggo posyandu anu atos tergolong teuneung ti sisi sarana prasarana (sarpras) atawa pasilitas kira-kira keneh 40 persen. Kanggo persentase pangladen posyandu anu atos teuneung ti sisi program sarta sarana prasarana pasilitas, lamun ti sarana prasarana kira-kira 40 persen. Posyandu anu atos teuneung di Kota Depok bisa dugi 80 persen.<ref name=":27" /> == Géograpi == Sacara administratip, wilayah Kota Dépok perenahna di antara dua kabupatén/kota sarta Ibukota Nagara. Kaayaan ieu nu nyieun lalakon Kota Dépok robah kaayaan ti mimiti panto gerbang anu nyambungkeun antara Jawa Barat jeung Ibukota Nagara DKI Jakarta, ogé robah kaayaan nu jadi seundak puseur dayeuh nagara, alus minangka tempat padumukan atawa minangka nu jadi seundak dina widang lianna. Ieu babatesan sacara administratip Kota Dépok: Palebah Kalér   : Propinsi DKI Jakarta dan Kabupaten Tangerang (Propinsi Banten) Palebah Kidul   : Kabupaten Bogor (Propinsi Jawa Barat) Palebah Kulon  : Kabupaten Bogor (Propinsi Jawa Barat) dan Kabupaten Tangerang (Propinsi Banten) Palebah Wétan : Kabupaten Bekasi dan Kabupaten Bogor (Propinsi Jawa Barat)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geografi.org/2022/02/geografi-kota-depok.html|title=Geografi Kota Depok|last=Geografi|first=Pusat Studi|website=Geografi.org|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-20}}</ref> [[Gambar:KITLV - 37336 - Demmeni, J. - Tulp, De - Haarlem - The Cisadane (Ci Sadane) River with Mount Salak in the background - 1911.tif|kiri|jmpl|Walungan Cisadane Jaman Walanda]] Lamun ditilik deui, sacara astronomis Kota Dépok perenahna dina koordinat 6° 19’00’’ - 6° 28’00’’ Lintang Kidul sarta 106° 43’00’’ - 106° 55’00’’ Bujur Wetan. Wangkid wilayahnya sacara geografis berbatasan langsung kalawan Kota Jakarta atawa aya dina lingkungan strategis Jabotabék. Béntang alam Kota Dépok ti Kidul ka Kalér mangrupa wewengkon dataran pendék - perbukitan ngabogaan gelombang lemah, kalawan élepasi antara 50 dugi 140 meter di luhur permukaan laut, kalawan kemiringan lampingna kurang ti 15%. Kota Dépok minangka wilayah pangorana di Jawa Barat, ngabogaan lega wilayah kira-kira 200,29 km2. Kaayaan géograpisna dilengkahan ku walungan-walungan ageung nyaéta Walungan Ciliwung, Walungan Cisadané sarta 13 sub Satuan Wilayah Aliran Walungan. Di sinjang éta aya deui 26 aliran walungan. <ref name=":3" /> Data lega dinya dina warsih 2005 sagedé 169,68 ha, kalawan kualitas cai rata-rata goréng alatan geus kacemar ku runtah. Kaayaan topograpi mangrupi dataran pendék ngandung gelombang kalawan kemiringan lamping anu landai. Nu matak masalah caah di sababaraha wilayah, utamana wewengkon cekungan antawis sababaraha walungan anu ngocor ti kidul nuju kalér, nyaéta Kali Angké, Walungan Ciliwung, Walungan Pesanggrahan jeung Walungan Cikéas. ====== Sumber Daya Lahan ====== Asal tanagi lahan Kota Dépok ngalaman tekanan saluyu kalawan hal mekar dayeuh anu sakitu pesat. Dumasar Analisis Data Repisi ti RT jeung RW Kota Dépok (basa warsih 2000-2010) ngeunaan pemanfaatan rohang dayeuh. Wewengkon pemukiman dina taun 2005 ngahontal 8.915.09 ha (44,31%) ti total pemanpaatan rohang Kota Dépok. Dina warsih 2005 wewengkon kabuka héjo kacatet 10.106, 14 ha (50,23%) ti lega wilayah Dépok atawa lumangsung penyusutan sagedé 0.93% ti data taun 2000.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.depok.go.id/geografi|title=Portal Resmi Pemerintah Kota Depok|website=www.depok.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221064303/https://www.depok.go.id/geografi |date=2023-02-21 }}</ref> Beuki ngaluhuran tutupan taneuh eta, boga pangaweruh ka penurunan kaayaan alam Kota Dépok. Utamana jalaran tekanan ti pemanpaatan lahan kanggo kagiatan pemukiman anu ngahontal langkung ti 44, 31% ti lega wilayah dayeuh. Lega wewengkon kabangun warsih 2005 ngahontal 10.013,86 ha (49,77%) ti lega wilayah Kota Depok, atawa ningkat 3,59% ti data warsih 2000. Lega wewengkon kabangun dugi kalawan warsih 2010 diproyeksikeun ngahontal 10.720,59 ha (53,28%) atawa ningkat 3,63% ti data warsih 2005. Nambahan keneh tina lega rohangan kabuka hejo ''(ruang terbuka hijau)'' dina warsih 2010 diproyéksikeun salega 9.399,41 ha (46,72%) atawa ngurangan 3,63% ti warsih 2005. Diprediksikeun dina warsih 2010, ti 53,28% total lega wewengkon terbangun, ampir 45,49% bade katutup ku padumukan sarta pilemburan. Jasa sarta perdagangan bade nutupan 2,96% total lega dayeuh, industri 2,08% total lega dayeuh, atikan luhur 1,49% total lega dayeuh, sarta wewengkon husus 1,27% total lega dayeuh.<ref name=":4" /> Beuki luhurna jumlah tutupan permukaan taneuh kasebat, ditambah kalawan robahna kadudukan saluran irigasi, nyieun robah kaayaan saluran drainase. Diprediksikeun bakal matak lumangsung kuyumbang sarta caah di sababaraha wewengkon, anu dampakna ka panurunan kaayaan Kota Depok. Kira-kira pangwangunan tatanen pepelakan pangan di Kota Depok di mangsa engke nyanghareupan hiji kaayaan, di mana lahan serang rek beuki sempit. Dina warsih 2010 kira-kira lahan serang bade ngaleutikan lamun dibandingkeun kaayaan ayeuna. Penyempitan anu nu mawi parna lumangsung dina lahan serang tadah hujan, disusul serang irigasi basajan Pekerjaan Umum (PU). ====== Sumber Daya Cai ====== Kota Dépok ngabogaan asal tanagi cai anu diwangun ti dua asal walungan dinya. Umumna, walungan-walungan di Kota Dépok lebet ka jero dua hijian wilayah walungan ageung, walungan [[Ciliwung]] sarta [[Cisadane]]. Walungan-walungan kasebat dibagi deui barobah kaayaan 13 hijian wilayah aliran walungan, di antarana Ciliwung, Kali Anyar, Pesanggrahan, [[Angké, Tambora, Jakarta Kulon|Angke]], Sugutamu, [[Cipinang Muara, Jatinegara, Jakarta Wétan|Cipinang]], Cijantung, [[Sunter Jaya, Tanjung Priok, Jakarta Kalér|Sunter]], [[Krukut, Limo, Dépok|Krukut]], Saluran Cabang Kulon, Saluran Cabang Tengah jeung Walungan Caringin. Kota Dépok ngabogaan 25 dinya anu sumebar di wilayah wetan, kulon, sarta tengah. Lega sakabeh dinya anu aya di Kota Dépok dumasar data warsih 2005 nyaeta salega 169,68 ha, atawa kira-kira 0,84% lega Kota Dépok. Jejero dinya pariatif antawis 1 dugi 4 meter, kalawan kualitas cai anu nu mawi awon aya dina Situ [[Gadog, Mégamendung, Bogor|Gadog]] sarta Rawa Besar Jabi penurunan kualitas cai, wewengkon dinya oge ngalaman degradasi lega taneuh matak beuki sempit. Pangwangunan lalaukan di Kota Dépok ogé nyanghareupan masalah anu samrua kalawan tatanen pepelakan pangan, nyaeta penyempitan lahan cai balong. Dumasar data warsih 2005, lega aréal cai balong nyaéta 242,21 ha dibandingkeun dina warsih 2000 salega 290,54 ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id/potensi-kota-depok/|title=KONDISI GEOGRAFIS|last=Jawa Barat|first=Pemerintah Provinsi|website=Badan Penghubung Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat|publisher=Badan Penghubung Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat|accessdate=21 Februari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221065932/https://badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id/potensi-kota-depok/ |date=2023-02-21 }}</ref> == Ékonomi == Pertumbuhan ékonomi nembongkeun tepi ka mana aktipitas perékonomian rék ngahasilkeun tambahan panghasilan masyarakat dina hiji periode nu tangtu. Pertumbuhan ékonomi anu luhur tétéla ogé matak ngalegaana katimpangan antara golongan ékonomi masyarakat sarta kesenjangan anteur wewengkon. Ketimpangan ieu matak kecemburuan sosial sarta ékonomi. Rata-rata pertumbuhan ékonomi di Kota Dépok salila periode 2011- 2019 nyaeta 7.04. Angka kasebat sacara makro tiasa disebutkeun cekap junun ngusikkeun kikiping perékonomian sarta ngabogaan struktur perékonomian anu kiat.<ref name=":5" /> [[Gambar:Pasar Tumpah Jalan Juanda Depok.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Aktipitas Ékonomi Matak Macét di Pasar Tumpah Jalan Juanda Dépok]] Nanging kalawan kitu kaayaanana pandemik Covid-19 anu geus lumangsung saprak Maret 2020, pamarentah Kota Dépok perlu ngalakukeun épaluasi ka kaberhasilan pangwangunan ékonomi kasebat kanggo ningali karaharjaan balaréa aya anu ningkat, aya oge anu nurun, ogé nempo ketimpangan antar golongan balaréa aya anu ningkat, aya ogé anu nurun dina warsih 2020 ieu. Jang nempo perkawis kasebat tinangtu diperlukeun pakakas jang ngukur ketimpangan kasebat diantarana kalawan ngagunakeun kieu ratio sarta ukuran katimpangan nurutkeun bank dunya [[World Bank|''(World Bank)'']].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://smartcity.depok.go.id/Home/berita_detail/pertumbuhan-ekonomi-kota-depok|title=Depok Smart City|website=smartcity.depok.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222075537/https://smartcity.depok.go.id/Home/berita_detail/pertumbuhan-ekonomi-kota-depok |date=2023-02-22 }}</ref> ''World Bank'' wedal alatan anjlokna ékonomi dunya réngsé Perang Dunya II. Lembaga perbankan internasional ieu mikeun bantuan pinjaman duit, panalungtikan, dugi konsultasi jang nagara ngembang. Tepi ka ayeuna, kacatet aya 189 nagara anu kagabung robah kaayaan anggota Bank Dunya. Bank Dunya dijieun kalawan tujuan ngentaskeun kamiskinan di sagala rupa nagara nu pendapatan kapita pendék. Nurutkeun ceuk Kamus Britannica, Bank Dunya nyaéta organisasi skala global anu boga apiliasi kalawan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB). Bank Dunya dijieun jang ngabiayaan proyék-proyék pangwangunan ekonomi dina nagara anggota. Kantor pusat Bank Dunya sorangan tempatna Washington DC, Amerika Sarikat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1686577/profil-singkat-sri-mulyani-menteri-keuangan-indonesia-dan-riwayat-pekerjaannya|title=Profil Singkat Sri Mulyani, Menteri Keuangan Indonesia dan Riwayat Pekerjaannya|last=gandhi|first=Grace|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-22}}</ref> Proyeksi pengeluaran perkapita persasih nurutkeun jumplukan pengeluaran di Kota Dépok jang warsih 2021. Rata-rata pengeluaran jumplukan 10 persén panghandapna nyaeta sajumlah Rp.711.313,9 perkapita persasih. Pengeluaran minimum dina jumplukan ieu kacatet sagede Rp.408.473,5 perkapita persasih sarta pengeluaran maksimumna sagedé Rp.865.405,9 perjalmi saban sasihna. Gedéna pengeluaran ningkat kalawan ngaluhuran ogé jumplukan pengeluaran. Rata-rata pengeluaran dina jumplukan 10 persén pangluhurna nyaeta sagedé Rp.6.741.850 perkapita persasih, naék ampir 1.7 kali lipet dibandingkeun jumplukan pengeluaran di handapna anu sagedé Rp.3.985.724 perjelema persasih. Pengeluaran minimum dina jumplukan ieu kacatet sagede Rp.4.661.665 perkapita persasih sarta pengeluaran maksimumna sagedé Rp.31.401.770 perjelema saban sasihna.<ref name=":6" /> [[Gambar:World Bank H building, Washington.jpg|jmpl|Wangunan World Bank di Washington]] Salah sahiji indikator perékonomian dina hiji wilayah nyaéta PDRB atawa Produk Doméstik Régional Bruto. Dumasar komposisi PDRB nurutkeun sektoral tiasa dipikanyaho struktur perékonomian hiji wilayah. Sedengkeun parobahan PDRB luhur dasar pangaos konstan ti wanci ka wanci némbongkeun badagna laju pertumbuhan ékonomi. Badagna proyeksi PDRB Kota Depok dasarna pangaos lumangsung warsih 2020 Rp.70.580.213 samentara dina warsih 2021 diproyéksi kira-kira Rp.71.017.810.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://depokkota.bps.go.id/statictable.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Depok|website=depokkota.bps.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222073255/https://depokkota.bps.go.id/statictable.html |date=2023-02-22 }}</ref> Ti jumlah kasebat, sumbangan pangbadagna dihasilkeun ku kategori industri pengolahan, perdagangan ageung sarta eceran jeung kategori konstruksi. Pertumbuhan ekonomi mangrupa salah sahiji ukuran ti pangwangunan anu geus dilaksanakeun ku hiji wewengkon, hususna pangwangunan dina widang ekonomi. Pertumbuhan kasebat mangrupa agregat ti pertumbuhan di saban séktor ékonomi anu aya. Pikeun saban wewengkon, indikator ieu diperlukeun pisan pikeun ngukur keberhasilan pangwangunan anu geus dihontal, sarta kapaké pikeun nangtukeun arah pangwangunan di mangsa anu rék dongkap dumasar kana data BPS [[Badan Pusat Statistik|(Badan Pusat Statistik)]] taun 2001.<ref name=":7" /> Perékonomian Kota Dépok warsih 2020 ngalaman penurunan drastis pisan alatan pandemi Covid-19. Laju pertumbuhan PDRB Dayeuh Depok warsih 2020 ngahontal -1.92 persén, perkawis ieu henteu ngan lumangsung di Kota Depok nanging lumangsung dina dayeuh atawa kabupatén di Jawa Barat. Saprak kuartal kahiji Covid-19 wedal di Indonesia dina mimiti Maret 2020, kaayaan perékonomian Indonesia ngalaman penurunan pisan henteu terkecuali perekonomian di Kota Depok. Umumna, pandemi Covid-19 kabuktian geus nahan laju pertumbuhan ékonomi (LPE) Indonesia saprak triwulan I hususna taun 2020. ''World Bank'' atawa bank dunya nyieun proyéksi nambahan ékonomi Indonesia warsih 2021 aya dina level 4,4% ''(year on year/yoy)'' leuheung kénéh lamun dibandingkeun perkiraan pertumbuhan ékonomi Indonesia dina 2020 aya dina kisaran -2,0 tepi ka angka -1,6 persén. Samentara perkiraan pamaréntah pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia dina 2021 antara 4.5% sarta 5.5%. Ku kituna laju pertumbuhan PDRB Kota Depok warsih 2021 diprediksi ngalaman kanaékan dibandingkeun warsih 2020.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://fiskal.kemenkeu.go.id/informasi-publik/berita-fiskal?x=64|title=Badan Kebijakan Fiskal - Berita Fiskal|website=fiskal.kemenkeu.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22}}</ref> Lolobana, nu nyicingan dina jumplukan 10 persen posisi ekonomi terbawah sarta jumplukan 10 persen pengeluaran pangluhurna ngajadikeun sektor jasa sarta lianna minangka lapang usahana. Sektor Perdagangan, hotel, sarta imah butuh mangrupa lapang usaha pangluhurna kadua ti kadua jumplukan pengeluaran kalawan persentasenya nyaeta 27,42% jang jumplukan 10 persen pengeluaran terendah sarta 15,21 persén jang nempokeun jumplukan 10 persen pengeluaran teratas. Sektor Pertambangan sarta penggalian barobah kaayaan lapang usaha numawi pendék diantara sadaya sektor lapang usaha anu aya. ====== [[Indeks Gini]] Kota Dépok Taun 2021 ====== Indeks Gini nyaéta ukuran kemerataan panghasilan anu diétang dumasar kelas panghasilan. Angka koepisien kieu perenahna antawis enol anu nempokeun kamerataan sampurna sarta hiji anu ngagambarkeun ketidakmerataan sampurna. Indeks Gini dipaké pikeun ngukur tingkat ketimpangan panghasilan hiji wilayah sacara menyeluruh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lokadata.beritagar.id/chart/preview/indeks-gini-di-indonesia-menurut-daerah-1482486943|title=Indeks Gini di Indonesia menurut daerah|website=https://lokadata.beritagar.id/|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201045731/https://lokadata.beritagar.id/chart/preview/indeks-gini-di-indonesia-menurut-daerah-1482486943|archivedate=2024-12-01}}</ref> Indeks Gini kisarana antara 0 dugi 1. Lamun koepisien Gini bernilai 0 hartina pemerataan sampurna, sedengkeun lamun bernilai 1 hartina ketimpangan leres-leres sampurna lumangsung. Lamun angka nu dipintonkeun Indeks Gini, kurang ti 0,3 asup kana kategori katimpangan “rendah”; angkana antara 0,3 dugi 0 5 nu mana asup kana kategori ketimpangan “moderat”; sarta lamun angkana leuwih gedé ti 0,5 aya dina ketimpangan “tinggi”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id/info-ekonomi/ekonomi-regional-grobogan/232-tingkat-ketimpangan-indeks-gini-2|title=Tingkat Ketimpangan (Indeks Gini) - Pojok Ekonomi|website=pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407205141/https://pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id/info-ekonomi/ekonomi-regional-grobogan/232-tingkat-ketimpangan-indeks-gini-2 |date=2023-04-07 }}</ref> Dumasar kana itungan proyeksi pengeluaran perkapita perbulan di Kota Depok warsih 2021, aya kira-kira 212.020 jiwa ti jumlah nu nyicingan Kota Depok anu rata-rata pengeluaran perkapita persasih pangrendahna aya di Rp.711.314. Sedengkeun aya 209.031 jiwa anu rata-rata pengeluaran perkapita perbulan pangluhurna aya di Rp.6.741.850. Indeks Kieu minangka indikator kanggo ngukur ketimpangan panghasilan di Kota Depok dina warsih 2021 kacatet sagede 0,354. Dibandingkeun kalawan Indeks Gini warsih 2019 (0,344) sarta 2020 (0,42), mangka Indeks Gini Kota Depok ngalaman kanaekan. Dumasar data anu dirilis ti biro pusat statistik, Maret 2021 tingkat ketimpangan pengeluaran nu nyicingan Indonesia anu diukur ku Indeks Gini nyaeta sagede 0,384. Ku kituna kaayaan ketimpangan di Kota Depok langkung pendek dibandingkeun Nasional. Nanging Indeks Gini Kota Depok warsih 2021 ieu, lebet keneh dina kategori ketimpangan nuju. Perkawis ieu dirojong kalawan data ti World Bank.<ref name=":9" /> Salah sahiji kriteria kesenjangan anu diukur ku World Bank nyaeta kalawan ningali persentase pengeluaran anu dipigawe ku 40% nu nyicingan berpendapatan terendah ka total pengeluaran di hiji wilayah. Dina prinsipna, kriteria bank dunya ngabagi nu nyicingan ka jero 3 (tilu) jumplukan panghasilan jumlahna 40% jumplukan nu nyicingan boga pendapatan pendek, 40% jumplukan nu nyicingan berpendapatan lain sarta 20% jumplukan berpendapatan luhur. Lamun ketimpangan ditingali dumasar ukuran World Bank, dina Warsih 2021 di Kota Depok jumplukan pengeluaran 40% terendah persentase pengeluarana sagede 18,2% kalawan proporsi jumlah nu nyicingan dina jumplukan ieu 842.976 jiwa jeung rata-rata pengeluaran persasih perkapitana saukuran Rp.1.134.532.<ref name=":9" /> === Sosial Kamasyarakatan === Kota Depok nu kasohor ku lambang Kota Balingbing dipikawanoh ku kabeungharan budaya, etnik, jeung latar belakang para pendatang sabab ieu dayeuh ayana di antara dua wewengkon strategis: Jawa Barat jeung ibukota nagara, Jakarta. Budaya Kota Depok, nuturkeun ka babona, salah sahijina nyaeta budaya Betawi. Akar budaya urang Depok sarua sakumaha babona Betawi tea, dumasar kana kaluhuran sistem kekerabatan patrilineal, kalawan kulawargi batih minangka posisi sosial anu pangleutikna.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.depok.go.id/seni-budaya|title=Portal Resmi Pemerintah Kota Depok|website=www.depok.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221090646/https://www.depok.go.id/seni-budaya |date=2023-02-21 }}</ref> Maranehanana ngabogaan kabiasaan kanggo cicing dina hiji areal kalawan wargi-wargi anu seketurunan keneh dina hiji imah. Lantaran eta, balarea Depok ngabogaan rasa kakulawargaan anu reukeut pisan. Kasenian sarta budaya Kota Depok anu dipikawanoh ayeuna ngabogaan ciri has numutkeun adat Melayu minangka pusaka anu kudu dilanggengkeun. Ngarujuk dina sajarah pelestarian budayana, aya sababaraha pusaka kasenian sarta budaya anu bobogaan balarea Kota Depok di antarana: [[Gong Sibolong|'''Gong Sibolong''']] Mangrupakeun gamelan has Depok nu kaasup pusaka budaya lain banda anu mangrupa pangiring kasenian wewengkon saperti jaipong, wayang kulit Betawi dugi Tayuban. Sipatna kaitung unik, kalawan nuansa suling terompet Sunda anu kiat sarta biasana dipirig kalawan tatabuhan kendang sarta gamelan kalawan sarantos anu robih-robah. Pakakas musik anu dianggo dina pintonan Gong Sibolong nyaeta hiji set kendang, dua set saron, hiji set keromong, hiji set kedemung, hiji set kenong, hiji terompet, hiji set gong, rebab, sarta gambang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kebudayaanbetawi.com/1983/akar-budaya-orang-depok/|title=Akar Budaya Orang Depok|website=kebudayaanbetawi.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-21}}</ref> [[Rebut Dandang|'''Rebut Dandang''']] Acara ieu biasana mangrupakeun haturan talari pesta pernikahan Betawi. Biasana dipirig alunan musik tradisional sepertos tanjidor sarta gambang kromong. Salila atraksi lumangsung, jawara ti pihak pangenten putri usaha ngabela dandang anu dipangku samentara jawara ti mempelai putri usaha ngarebut dandang. Jawara ti pihak mempelai putra kedah bisa meunangkeun sarta junun ngarebut dandang kasebat.<ref name=":5" /> '''[[Marawis]]/[[Hadro|Hadroh]]''' [[Gambar:Pemain Rebana.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Pamaen Rebana]] Seni musik mawaris biasana nyondong dina runtuyan acara pengiring sholawat Islam dina komunitas balarea Depok. Sapalih umat Islam di sakumna dunya, kaasup Indonesia, mikawanoh rupi kasidah Maulid Habsyi, Diba', Burdah, sarta Barzanji. Sadaya syair sarta pada-pada anu aya dina kasidah maulid eta ditujukeun kanggo ngagungkeun sarta muji kemuliaan Rasulullah SAW. Sapanjang sajarahna,pembacaan syair-syair maulid kasebat biasana nu mawi sering dilaksanakeun dina sasih Rabiul Mimiti, nyaeta sasih kalahiran Muhammad SAW.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita//no-channel/09/04/06/42087-marawis-seni-musik-tabuh-islam|title=Marawis Seni Musik Tabuh Islam|website=Republika Online|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-21}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sarta, syair-syair eta dibaca kalawan merenungi hartos sarta hikmah anu kaeusi di jerona. Dina hal mekarna, babacaan syair-syair maulid ieu lain saukur dibaca kalawan lantunan nada ti sungut. Nanging dipirig kalawan sajumlah pakakas musik kasidah, sepertos kendang, tamborin, harmonika, sarta lianna. Kalawan bantuan pakakas musik ieu, mepeling sarta pembacaan syair maulid eta barobah kaayaan beuki semarak sarta metot. Ti dieu saterusna wedal istilah kasidah, gambus, marawis, sarta lianna. Babacaan syair-syair maulid anu diiringan kalawan pakakas musik ieu ceunah mangrupa produk awit musik Islam anu ngembang ti taneuh Arab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/rnox6s313|title=Mengenal Sejarah Marawis|website=Republika Online|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-21}}</ref> [[Tarian Has Depok|'''Tarian Has Depok''']] Budaya Kota Depok, nuturkeun ka babona, salah sahijina nyaeta budaya Betawi. Akar budaya urang Depok sarua sakumaha babona Betawi tea, dumasar kana kaluhuran sistem kekerabatan patrilineal, kalawan kulawargi batih minangka posisi sosial anu pangleutikna. Maranehanana ngabogaan kabiasaan kanggo cicing dina hiji areal kalawan wargi-wargi anu seketurunan keneh dina hiji imah. Lantaran eta, balarea Depok ngabogaan rasa kakulawargaan anu reukeut pisan. Kasenian sarta budaya Kota Depok anu dipikawanoh ayeuna ngabogaan ciri has numutkeun adat Melayu.<ref name=":5" /> * '''Tarian Godeg Ayu''' Ibing Godeg Ayu mangrupa ibing kreasi anu berpijak ti kasenian topeng awit Cisalak, Depok. Panyipta Ibing Godeg Ayu nyaeta Wulandari S.Sn ti Sanggar Ibing Ayodya Pala. Tarian kasebat ngagambarkeun dinamika kahirupan mojang anu nyejek sawawa kalawan kodratna anu has. * '''Tarian Topeng Cisalak''' Wasta Topeng Cisalak sorangan dibere kolotna dumasar tempat cicing sarta kasenian topeng ngembang wanci eta di Lembur Cisalak, Cimanggis, Depok, Jawa Barat. Padahal mimiti wedal warsih 1918 Kedok Cisalak namina topeng Kinang ku dua pelopor nyaeta Djioen sarta Mak Kinang. * '''Tarian Nayuban''' Tarian Nayuban, mangrupa pamidangan tarian has kawit Tanah Baru, Depok, anu mangrupa cikal bakal Tarian Doger Karawang, sarta jaipongan Jawa Barat * '''Tarian D'Gol (Depok Go Lincah)''' Tarian anu ngagambarkeun kelincahan anak-anak di Kota Depok. D'GAWANG mangrupa singgetan ti sanggem Depok Go Lincah, anu dibere judul ku Walikota Depok, Bapa Idris Abdul Shomad, Lc., M.A, dina warsih 2019. Tarian ieu bernuansa Islam. * '''Tarian Greget Mpok''' Tarian Greget Mpok megambarkeun dinamika pergaulan has rumaja putri Betawi hususna di Kota Depok. * '''Tarian Jari Manis''' Tarian Jari Manis mangrupa singgetan ti ''Jangan Iri Manis.'' Tarian ieu mangrupa hiji karya anu dasarna tina tarian cokek. Tarian Greget Mpok sarta Tarian Jari Manis dipidangkeun dina acara HUT ka 22 Kota Depok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kebudayaanbetawi.com/1983/akar-budaya-orang-depok/|title=Akar Budaya Orang Depok {{!}} kebudayaanbetawi.com|website=www.kebudayaanbetawi.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-21}}</ref> === Kadaharan Has === [[Gambar:Stamp of Indonesia - 2002 - Colnect 265929 - Belimbing manis - Averrhoa carambola.jpeg|kiri|jmpl|Balingbing dina Prangko 2002]] ====== Balingbing ====== Minangka ikon Kota Dépok, teras dikembangkeun minangka salah sahiji produk hortikultura unggulan Kota Dépok. Sagala rupa sajian has nu bahan dasar balingbing saperti dodol balingbing, jus balingbing, dodol jeung jus jambu beureum bisa gampang kapangih di Kota Dépok. Aya ngarana Koperasi Usaha Sareng Harepan Sejahtera Langgeng nyaéta awak usaha anu fokus dina migawé kadaharan atawa ogé supenir has Kota Dépok. Oléh-oléh ayana di wewengkon Sawangan nu mana tamu bisa nganjang pikeun milih naon waé anu rék dibantun wangsul minangka oléh-oléh has ti dieu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id/makanan-olahan-belimbing/|title=Makanan Olahan Belimbing Khas Depok|last=Badan Penghubung|first=Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=Makanan Olahan Belimbing|publisher=Badan Penghubung Provinsi Jawa Barat|accessdate=21 Februari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221070930/https://badan-penghubung.jabarprov.go.id/makanan-olahan-belimbing/ |date=2023-02-21 }}</ref> Dodol balingbing Dépok salah sahiji kuliner has nu bener dijieun tina buah balingbing, lain saukur ngaranna waé. Dijieuna ku cara dikulub kalawan sagala rupa bahan dasar buah balingbing seger anu dicampur gula, santan kalapa nu geus bentuk cipati sarta tipung beas ketan minangka ngabentuk cipta rasa anu has ti dodol. Nanging, ngabedakeun dodol balingbing has Depok kalawan dodol has wewengkon lianna nyaéta tékstur dodolna. Dodol balingbing Dépok henteu kenyal pisan kawas dodol lain sabab ku kituna supaya boga tékstur lembut pikeun gampil digayem. Segerna buah balingbing ogé bisa dirasakeun di unggal gégélan dodol Dépok ieu. Salian ti dodol, aya ogé sirop balingbing nyaéta runtuyan kénging kréatipitas produksi UMKM balingbing anu has ti Dépok. Rasana haseum sarta amis anu cocog ditinyuh kalawan sagelas és batu. Produk oléh-oléh Dépok ieu bakal jarang manggihan di pasaran margi perasa balingbing henteu metot teuing kanggo diproduksi jang pabrik-pabrik di Depok. Lamun geus meuli sabotol sirop balingbing ieu, biasana tamu bisa langsung neundeun di kulkas atawa suhu rohangan anu dibongbolongankeun dina bungkusan sirop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1691338/7-makanan-khas-kota-depok-lezat-dan-legit-yang-harus-anda-coba|title=7 Makanan Khas Kota Depok Lezat dan Legit yang Harus Anda Coba|last=Chairunnisa|first=Ninis|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221110023/https://travel.tempo.co/read/1691338/7-makanan-khas-kota-depok-lezat-dan-legit-yang-harus-anda-coba |date=2023-02-21 }}</ref> [[Gambar:Kue Nastar.jpg|jmpl|Kueh Nastar]] ====== Nastar Balingbing ====== Kuéh has boboran ieu tétéla bisa maju pisan di Dépok sabab maké eusi tina balingbing. Biasana nastar dieusian selé ganas sepertos biasana, ibu-ibu anu kreatip di dayeuh ieu malahan ngagantina kalawan selé balingbing. Dina mimitina ieu stok buah balingbing anu sakitu langkung wanci usum panén ku kituna balarea di dayeuh ieu boga usaha ngamangpaatkeun supaya teu mubazir. Saha baé nu néang produk gayemeun bakal beuki utamana ku para wisatawan jang dijieun oléh-oléh. Kuéh paranti susuguh ieu cocog pikeun saha baé anu hayang ngasaan pariasi nastar anu béda nanging teu éléh ngeunahna ti nastar biasa.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://salsawisata.com/makanan-khas-depok/|title=15 Macam Makanan Khas Depok yang Lezat dan Terkenal|last=Nahal|first=An|website=Salsa Wisata|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-22}}</ref> ====== Dodol Jambu Kulutuk ====== Jabi buah balingbing, jambu kulutuk ogé kaasup buah anu gampil kapanggih di wewengkon Kota Depok. Ieu alesanna matak dijieun kuliner unik tina bungbuahan salian ti balingbing. Henteu ngan saukur boga rasa ngeunah, dodol jambu kulutuk ogé ngabogaan seueur mangpaat kaséhatan sarua kawas buah jambu kulutuk. Mangpaatna jang nungkulan sembelit, diaré, dugi nyieun stabil tekanan getih. Nanging tangtos waé susuguh ieu jang tujuan lalandong lain léngkah margi wisatawan angger kudu konsultasi kalawan tanagi médis. Leupas ti mangpaat kasebat, dodol jambu kulutuk cocog pisan dijieun oleh-oleh wisatawan sabab pangaosna anu kahontal sarta rasana ngeunah.<ref name=":8" /> [[Gambar:Basel rumput laut.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Budidaya Rumput Laut]] ====== Jus Rumput Laut ====== Kuliner has lainna nu bisa jang oléh-oléh ti Dépok jang rékomendasi wisatawan nyaéta jus rumput laut. Rasana matak seger sarta mangpaat kaséhatana ogé cukup gedé ngemut rumput laut nyaéta boga kandungan antioksidan, serat, sarta vitamin A, E jeung C. Kandungan antioksidana bisa nangtayungan salira urang ti pangaruh goréng radikal bébas alatan polusi lingkungan sarta gaya hirup kurang séhat. Samentara kandungan sagala rupa pitaminna bisa ngajagi kasehatan sarta ngarojong kalancara organ-organ awak. Sajabi tina konsumsi sorangan bisa ogé minangka oléh-oléh.<ref name=":8" /> ====== Emping Melinjo Depok ====== Lain sambarang emping sabab ieu mah béda has Depok nu mana ogé has Betawi nu biasa didahar jeung gado-gado. Emping has Dépok ngagaduhan ciri has sorangan. Dahareun has kasebat nyaéta varian rasana anu béda-béda sarta bisa pilih luyu seléra. Ieu antara lain emping asin pelem, emping amis, dugi emping lada. Sababaraha produsén emping ogé nyieun kreasi jang nyadiakeun rupa-rupa rasa anu beuki loba. Henteu ngan rasana anu pariatip, dahareun has Dépok ieu oge sadia dina sagala rupa ukuran. Wisatawan bisa ngasaanna minangka dahareun anu maturan kewilujengan jeung kulawargi, atawa minangka gantina kurupuk sabat ngadahar.<ref name=":8" /> ====== Perkedél Bakar ====== Olahan perkedel anu umum urang kenal biasana nyaéta perkedel goréng. Nanging di Dépok aya susuguh has nyaéta perkedél bakar atawa perkedél panggang anu ngeunah kakoncara. Teu jauh kalawan kuliner perkedél umumna, bahan lulugu, poko perkedél panggang diwangun ti kentang tutu, rempah-rempah, sarta daging cacag. Anu rada bénten di dieu nyaeta tambahan pinareup dina adonan sarta cara pengolahannya anu ngagunakeun open. Hasilna nyaéta kuliner perkedel anu aromana seungit, rasana pelem sarta raos, sarta téksturna anu legit matak deudeuieun. Tétéla kuliner unik anu hiji ieu mangrupa pusaka saurang Belanda namina Cornelis Chastelein anu ngawasa dina mangsa kolonial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astronauts.id/blog/makanan-khas-yang-bisa-kamu-coba-saat-mengunjungi-kota-depok/|title=9 Makanan Khas yang Bisa Kamu Coba Saat Mengunjungi Kota Depok|last=Wahyu|first=Arie|website=Official Astronauts Blog|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref> ====== Péyék Galé ====== Sakolebat bentukna ngageuing urang kana kulinér kembang goyang anu rangu sarta rasana amis. Nanging alih-alih amis, kembang goyang anu hiji ieu malahan pelem kalawan parian rasa anu rupa-rupa. Jabi peyek kacang anu umum, peyek gale has Depok oge sadia dina varian peyek bayem, péyék rebon, peyek wijén, sarta sajabana. ====== Biskuit Témma ====== Lamun biasana biskuit ngagunakeun bahan dasar tipung tarigu, biskuit témma ngagunakeun bahan lain dina cara nyieuna, nyaéta tipung tempe. Ngaran biskuit temma dumasar ti dua bahan utami leeutan ieu, nyaéta tipung sarta korma. Biskuit témma ngabogaan tekstur jiga kalawan biskuit umumna, anu ngabédakeun nyaéta pamakean lebetan selé korma anu amis sarta ngandung gizi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astronauts.id/blog/makanan-khas-yang-bisa-kamu-coba-saat-mengunjungi-kota-depok/|title=9 Makanan Khas yang Bisa Kamu Coba Saat Mengunjungi Kota Depok|last=Wahyu|first=Arie|website=Official Astronauts Blog|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref> == Transportasi == Ieu mangrupakeun transportasi umum nu aya di Kota Depok:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depokkota.bps.go.id/subject/17/transportasi.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Depok|website=depokkota.bps.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-20}}</ref> * [[KAI Commuter]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commuterline.id/perjalanan-krl/jadwal-kereta|title=KAI Commuter|website=commuterline.id|accessdate=2023-02-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205234930/https://commuterline.id/perjalanan-krl/jadwal-kereta |date=2023-02-05 }}</ref> ** {{rint|jakarta|red}} [[Lin Bogor (KRL Commuter Line)|Lin Bogor]] * [[Transjakarta]]<ref name="Rute Transjakarta & Mikro Trans">{{Cite web|title=Rute Transjakarta & Mikro Trans|url=https://transjakarta.co.id/peta-rute/|website=transjakarta.co.id|access-date=2022-05-29}}</ref> ** 4B: [[Universitas Indonesia]]-[[Stasiun Manggarai]] (via Jalan Raya Tanjung Barat) ** 9H: [[Universitas Indonesia]]-[[Terminal Blok M]] (via Jalan Raya Tanjung Barat, Pancoran, Tendean) ** D11: Terminal Depok-[[BKN (Transjakarta)|BKN]] (via Jalan Margonda Raya–[[Jalan Tol Jagorawi]]) ** D21: Universitas Indonesia-[[Stasiun MRT Lebak Bulus]] ** D31: Cinere-[[Setiabudi Utara AINI (Transjakarta)|Kuningan]] ** D32: Cinere-[[Bundaran Senayan (Transjakarta)|Bundaran Senayan]] * Mikrotrans<ref name="Rute Transjakarta & Mikro Trans"/> ** JAK-28: Pasar Rebo-[[Taman Rekreasi Wiladatika Cibubur|Taman Wiladatika]]<ref name="Rute Transjakarta & Mikro Trans"/> ** JAK-31: Andara-[[Blok M Plaza|Blok M]]<ref name="Rute Transjakarta & Mikro Trans"/> ** JAK-73: Jambore-[[Pasar Rebo, Jakarta Timur|Pasar Rebo]]<ref name="Rute Transjakarta & Mikro Trans"/> ** JAK-3: Andara-[[Terminal Lebak Bulus]] ** JAK-44: Andara-[[Stasiun Universitas Pancasila]] ** JAK-47: Simpang Tanah Baru - [[Terminal Pasar Minggu]] * [[Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta|Perum PPD]] ** JR-01: Terminal Sawangan-[[Stasiun Juanda]] ** JR-02: Garden at Candi-Stasiun MRT Lebak Bulus ** JR-03: Grand Depok City-ITC Cempakamas ** JR-04: Podomoro Golf View-Gajah Mada Plaza ** JR-05: Podomoro Golf View-Lotte Shopping Avenue ** JR-06: Podomoro Golf View-Blok M Plaza * Beus BRT [[Depok Go Lancar]] ** Terminal Depok-[[Terminal Jatijajar]] * [[Trans Grand Depok City|Trans GDC]] ** 1: Grand Depok City-[[Museum Nasional Indonesia]] * Layanan Bus [[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta|Bandara Soekarno-Hatta]]<ref name="soekarnohatta-airport.co.id">{{Cite web|title=Panduan Penumpang - Rute Transportasi Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno-Hatta|url=https://soekarnohatta-airport.co.id/panduanpenumpang/transportation/5/bis|website=soekarnohatta-airport.co.id|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125015457/https://soekarnohatta-airport.co.id/panduanpenumpang/transportation/5/bis|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125015457/https://soekarnohatta-airport.co.id/panduanpenumpang/transportation/5/bis |date=2022-01-25 }}</ref> ** Hiba Utama: Terminal Depok-[[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta|Bandara Soekarno-Hatta]] ** [[DAMRI]]: Universitas Indonesia-[[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta|Bandara Soekarno-Hatta]] ** [[DAMRI]]: Cileungsi-[[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta|Bandara Soekarno-Hatta]] * Beus Miniarta ** Depok-[[Terminal Baranangsiang]]<ref name="kotabogor.go.id">{{Cite web|title=Rute Trayek Angkutan Umum di Kota Bogor - Terminal Baranangsiang|url=https://kotabogor.go.id/index.php/rute|website=kotabogor.go.id|access-date=2022-07-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809023914/https://kotabogor.go.id/index.php/rute |date=2022-08-09 }}</ref> ** Kampung Rambutan-[[Terminal Baranangsiang]]<ref name="kotabogor.go.id"/> ** Kampung Rambutan-[[Citeureup, Bogor|Citeureup]]<ref name="web.trafi.com">{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Kampung Rambutan - Citeureup|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-jaya-mini/kampung-rambutan-citeureup/JYEwVg1gRg+g0gBwE4EMC2UCuAXFA7GAY2GwFNMlyEA_FAWimqeqA===|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055818/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-jaya-mini/kampung-rambutan-citeureup/JYEwVg1gRg%20g0gBwE4EMC2UCuAXFA7GAY2GwFNMlyEA_FAWimqeqA%3D%3D%3D|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055818/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-jaya-mini/kampung-rambutan-citeureup/JYEwVg1gRg%20g0gBwE4EMC2UCuAXFA7GAY2GwFNMlyEA_FAWimqeqA%3D%3D%3D |date=2022-06-30 }}</ref> * Layanan Beus Lainna ** Depok–[[Kalideres, Jakarta Barat|Kalideres]]<ref name="Rute Bus Depok - Kalideres">{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Depok - Kalideres|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-deborah/depok-jl.-panjang-raya-kalideres/JYEwVg1gRg+iCmAHA9hGECGAbU8BO8AzgH4YC0UxVxQA|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703181642/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-deborah/depok-jl.-panjang-raya-kalideres/JYEwVg1gRg+iCmAHA9hGECGAbU8BO8AzgH4YC0UxVxQA|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703181642/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/-deborah/depok-jl.-panjang-raya-kalideres/JYEwVg1gRg+iCmAHA9hGECGAbU8BO8AzgH4YC0UxVxQA |date=2022-07-03 }}</ref> ** [[Blok M Plaza|Blok M]]–[[Cileungsi, Bogor|Cileungsi]]<ref name="Rute Bus Blok M - Cileungsi">{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Blok M - Cileungsi|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/-mayasari-bakti/blok-m-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gggBQCoCECMAGAfgQwLRRZFZA|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630053547/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/-mayasari-bakti/blok-m-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg%20gggBQCoCECMAGAfgQwLRRZFZA|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630053547/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/-mayasari-bakti/blok-m-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg%20gggBQCoCECMAGAfgQwLRRZFZA |date=2022-06-30 }}</ref> ** [[Tanjung Priok, Jakarta Utara|Tanjung Priok]]–[[Cileungsi, Bogor|Cileungsi]]<ref name="Rute Bus Tanjung Priok - Cileungsi">{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Tanjung Priok - Cileungsi|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42-mayasari-bakti/tanjung-priok-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgH4EMC0VW9UA==|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055819/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42-mayasari-bakti/tanjung-priok-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgH4EMC0VW9UA==|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055819/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42-mayasari-bakti/tanjung-priok-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgH4EMC0VW9UA== |date=2022-06-30 }}</ref> ** [[Kalideres, Jakarta Barat|Kalideres]]–[[Cileungsi, Bogor|Cileungsi]]<ref name="Rute Bus Kalideres - Cileungsi">{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Kalideres - Cileungsi|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42a-mayasari-bakti/kalideres-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgIID8CGBaK7_pA|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055817/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42a-mayasari-bakti/kalideres-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgIID8CGBaK7_pA|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055817/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac42a-mayasari-bakti/kalideres-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gtrALAJgIID8CGBaK7_pA |date=2022-06-30 }}</ref> ** [[Tanah Abang, Jakarta Pusat|Tanah Abang]]–[[Cileungsi, Bogor|Cileungsi]]<ref name="Rute Bus Tanah Abang - Cileungsi">{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Tanah Abang - Cileungsi|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac70a-mayasari-bakti/tanah-abang-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gCgQQMIHYAMCB+BDAtFTQzIA=|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630060151/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac70a-mayasari-bakti/tanah-abang-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gCgQQMIHYAMCB+BDAtFTQzIA=|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630060151/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus/ac70a-mayasari-bakti/tanah-abang-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gCgQQMIHYAMCB+BDAtFTQzIA= |date=2022-06-30 }}</ref> ** [[Senen, Jakarta Pusat|Senen]]–[[Cileungsi, Bogor|Cileungsi]]<ref name="Rute Bus Senen - Cileungsi">{{Cite web|title=Rute Bus Senen - Cileungsi|url=https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/ac100a-metromini/senen-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gzgUwHbJgY2AGwQVyQczmAD8BDAWimOuKA===|website=web.trafi.com|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055816/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/ac100a-metromini/senen-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gzgUwHbJgY2AGwQVyQczmAD8BDAWimOuKA===|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055816/https://web.trafi.com/id/jakarta/bus-sedang/ac100a-metromini/senen-cileungsi/JYEwVg1gRg+gzgUwHbJgY2AGwQVyQczmAD8BDAWimOuKA=== |date=2022-06-30 }}</ref> * [[LRT Jabodebek]] * Angkutan kota wilayah Kota Depok, Miniarta dan angkot KWK nu nyambungkeun antara [[Terminal Depok]] jeung [[Kota Administrasi Jakarta Selatan|Jakarta Selatan]], [[Kota Administrasi Jakarta Timur|Jakarta Timur]] atawa [[Kabupaten Bogor|Bogor]]. * Bus AKAP jurusan [[Pulau Jawa]] ku jalur [[Kota Cirebon|utara]]/[[Kota Bandung|tengah]]/[[Kabupaten Cianjur|selatan]] jeung beus AKAP jurusan [[Pulau Sumatra]] liwat [[Pelabuhan Merak|Pelabuhan Merak, Cilegon]] ayana di [[Terminal Jatijajar]]. == Pendidikan == [[Gambar:Halaman Belakang Sekolah SMPN 1 Depok 2014-01-07 21-08.jpg|al= Halaman Tukang SMPN 1 Depok|kiri|jmpl|Tukangeun SMPN 1 Depok]] Atikan atawa pendidikan, mangrupa salah sahiji paranti ngubah anu dianggap boga peran nu perlu dina masalah kasenjangan. Perkara kasenjangan kasebat sabab inpéstasi dina asal tanagi jalmi ngabogaan pangaruh ka panghasilan urang Dépok. Pikeun jumplukan pengeluaran 10 persen terendah katembong yén jumplukan ieu mayoritas nyaéta nu nyicingan kalawan tingkat pendidikan pangluhurna nyaeta SMA/sederajat. Ngan kira-kira 2,85 persén nu nyicingan dina jumplukan pengeluaran ieu anu didikeun unipersitas. Geus kitu, dina jumplukan pengeluaran 10 persen lainna, kalolobaan nu nyicingan wewengkon ieu mangrupa tamatan SMA/sederajat sarta unipersitas. Dina jumplukan ieu, 31,56 persén mangrupa tamatan SLTA/saderajat sarta 60,22 persén mangrupa tamatan unipersitas. Nanging aya kira-kira 2,28 persén tingkat atikan SD/sederajat dina jumplukan pengeluaran ieu, sarta 5,94 persén kanggo tingkat atikan SMP/saderajat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-01333639/pendidikan-di-depok-belum-merata-sarana-dan-prasarana-yang-terbatas-jadi-penyebabnya|title=Pendidikan di Depok Belum Merata, Sarana dan Prasarana yang Terbatas Jadi Penyebabnya|last=Wibowo|first=Rohman|website=www.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-22}}</ref> === Dinas Pendidikan Kota Dépok === Dinas Pendidikan nyaéta lembaga nu milampah urusan pamaréntah daérah widang atikan dumasar asas otonomi sarta pancén pembantuan ngawengku Kesekretariatan, Bidang Pembinaan PAUD sarta Pendidikan Non Formal, Bidang Pembinaan Pendidikan Dasar, Bidang Guru sarta Tenaga Pendidik, UPT Pendidikan PAUD Dikdas sarta SKB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disdik.dharmasrayakab.go.id/profil/4/tupoksi-dinas.html|title=Tupoksi Dinas - Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Dharmasraya|website=disdik.dharmasrayakab.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226163130/https://disdik.dharmasrayakab.go.id/profil/4/tupoksi-dinas.html |date=2023-02-26 }}</ref> Dinas Pendidikan Kota Dépok (Disdik Dépok) mangrupa salah sahiji OPD anu geus aya saprak mimiti Dépok ditetepkeun minangka kotamadya dina April 1999. Disdik Dépok mangrupa pemekaran ti Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Bogor. Disdik Dépok dipingpin ku saurang kepala dinas. Saprak didirikeun, Disdik Dépok geus sababaraha kali ngalaman giliran kepala dinas, kacatet sababaraha jelema kungsi nyekel kalungguhan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disdik.depok.go.id/tentang-disdik/sejarah-dinas-pendidikan/|title=Sejarah – Dinas Pendidikan Kota Depok|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328020540/https://disdik.depok.go.id/tentang-disdik/sejarah-dinas-pendidikan/ |date=2023-03-28 }}</ref>, di antarana: # Drs. H. Nana Sujana, MM: Kepala Dinas taun 1999 – 2000 # Drs. H. Andi Suwandi, M.Si: Plt. Kepala Dinas taun 2000 # Drs. H. Nanang Subarna, MM: Kepala Dinas taun 2001 – 2004 # Drs. H. Sriyamto, MM: Kepala Dinas taun 2004 – 2007 # Drs. Asep Roswanda, M.Pd: Kepala Dinas Pendidikan taun 2007 – 2008 # Ety Suryahati, SE, M.Si: Kepala Dinas taun 2008 – 2009 # Drs. Asep Rahmat, M.Si: Plt. Kepala Dinas taun 2009 – 2010 # Hj. Farah Mulyati, SH, M.Si: Kepala Dinas saprak Pebruari 2010 – Mei 2011 # Drs. Asep Rahmat, M.Si: Kepala Dinas saprak Juni 2011 – 2012 # Muhamad Nurdin, S.Pd., MM: Plt. Kepala Dinas periode 2012 – Januari 2013 # Ir. Herry Pansila, M.Sc: Kepala Dinas Pendidikan 2013 – Agustus 2016 # Mohammad Thamrin.,S.Sos., MM: Kepala Dinas Pendidikan agustus 2016 – 2021 # Wijayanto, A.Pi., M.Si: Kepala Dinas Pendidikan 2021 – ayeuna Wijayanto, salaku Kepala Dinas Pendidikan Dépok ayeuna, boga impenan pikeun ningkatkeun mutu pendidikan, Dinas Pendidikan Kota Dépok nyadiakeun program husus anu berorientasi dina pisi misi Pamaréntah Kota Dépok. Program kasebat didadarkeun Dinas Pendidikan Kota Dépok Wijayanto ngawengku aksesibilitas pendidikan, ku kituna sakumna barudak siswa di Kota Dépok sanggup ngadongkang perkara atikan.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://depok.tribunnews.com/2022/03/29/pendidikan-hak-semua-anak-kadisdik-kota-depok-tidak-boleh-ada-anak-yang-putus-sekolah|title=Pendidikan Hak Semua Anak, Kadisdik Kota Depok : Tidak Boleh Ada Anak yang Putus Sekolah|website=Tribunnewsdepok.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-26}}</ref> [[Gambar:Stamp of Indonesia - 2000 - Colnect 261278 - University of Indonesia.jpeg|kiri|jmpl|Universitas Indonesia Taun 2000]] Wijayanto dina unggal nyarita ka média publik, ménta masyarakat pikeun bisa ngalaporkeun lamun manggih sajumlah masalah kasebat. Geus kitu, pihakna rék langsung nyadiaan médiator pihak kahiji kalawan pihak sakola. Contona, aya budak nu teu bisasa ngiring ujian lantaran acan bayaran, Wijayanto ngomong perkara kasebat teu meunang lumangsung. Sabab geus disebutkeun di media budak sakola ceuk Wijayanto merlukeun ijazah jang neruskeun atikanana atawa karier minangka bisa dipigawé. Lamun budak geus bisa migawé hartina sanggup mandiri pikeun ngahasilkeun sumber ékonomi jang kulawargana.<ref name=":17" /> Isu stratégis kadua diomongkeun ku Wijayanto ngawengku kanaekan mutu pendidikan di Kota Dépok, nyaéta dimimitian kalawan kanaékan kompetensi guru, kurikulum, sarta sarana prasarana penunjang. Ceuk Kepala Dinas éta, perkara kitu kudu dironjatkeun, sabab oriéntasi urang kearah eta, guru kudu dironjatkeun dina masalah kapasitas sarta kompeténsi. Sangkan bisa kacumponan, pasilitas sakola kudu beuki luyu boh kaperluan sarta katangtuan kaasup sarprasnya, saterusna ogé kurikulum kudu disesuaikeun. Isu lianna ogé relepansi pendidikan, urang hayang anak-anak urang bisa kuat méntal, teuneung, boga sipat nyaeta karakter bangsa téa, urang hayang aya karakter Pancasila jang barudak siswa, kabéh aya di dinya.<ref name=":17" /> Isu stratégis pamungkas, ceuk Wijayanto, nyaéta penyelenggaraan pendidikan anu sipatna akuntabel. Ngemut sakola ngokolakeun dana Bantuan Operasional Sakola (BOS), di mana para pingpinan sakola diwajibkeun jang migawé laporan pertanggungjawaban ngeunaan dana BOS anu dipaké. Lamun biasana ngajar, biasana guru nyanghareupan murid, ayeuna guru ogé ditungtut kudu migawé SPJ (Serat Pertanggungjawaban), mangrupakeun tanggal waler naon anu dibalanjakeun, kabéhna kudu aya dina wujud akuntabel.<ref name=":17" /> === Madrasah Tsanawiyah === Di Kota Dépok waé, pikeun Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) aya sakitar 72 sakola<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infodepok.my.id/2023/01/madrasah-tsanawiyah-mts-se-kota-depok.html|title=72 Madrasah Tsanawiyah di Kota depok|website=www.infodepok.my.id|access-date=08 Januari 2023|language=id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128195320/https://www.infodepok.my.id/2023/01/madrasah-tsanawiyah-mts-se-kota-depok.html |date=2023-11-28 }}</ref> diantarana: * MTSN Kota Depok (''MTsN Kota Depok'')<ref name=":2">http://www.mtsnkotadepok.sch.id/</ref> * MTSS AL AMANAH * MTSS AL AWWABIN * MTSS AL FALAH * MTSS AL HAMIDIYAH * MTSS AL HIDAYAH C.A. * MTSS AL HIDAYAH CIKUMPA * MTSS AL HIDAYAH CINANGKA * MTSS AL HIDAYAH RAWA DENOK * MTSS AL HIDAYAH SUKATANI * MTSS AL HUSNA * MTSS AL IKHLAS * MTSS AL ISLAMIYAH AMZ * MTSS AL ITTIHAD * MTSS AL JAMHURIYAH * MTSS AL JIHAD * MTSS AL KARIMIYAH * MTSS AL MUAWANAH * MTSS AL MUHAJIRIN * MTSS AL MUKHLISIN * MTSS AL-HIDAYAH ARCO * MTSS AL-KAUTSAR * MTSS AL-NAHDLAH * MTSS AL-WUTSQO * MTSS AN NUR * MTSS AN-NIZHOMIYAH * MTSS ARRAHMANIYAH * MTSS ARRIDHO * MTSS ASSAADATAIN * MTSS DAARU SAFA * MTSS DARRUL HIMMAH * MTSS DARUL ARQOM * MTSS DARUL HIKMAH * MTSS DARUL MUTTAQIN * MTSS DARUR ROJA * MTSS DARUSSALAM CLK * MTSS DARUSSALAM KBY * MTSS DARUT TAFSIR AL HUSAINI * MTSS FATAHILLAH * MTSS HAYATUL ILMI * MTSS HIDAYATUL UMAM * MTSS HIMMATUL ALIYAH * MTSS IBNU NAFIS * MTSS INTERNASIONAL TECHNO NATURA * MTSS IRSYADUL ATHFAL * MTSS ISLAMIYAH KEDAUNG * MTSS ISLAMIYAH SAWANGAN * MTSS ITTIHAADUL UMAM * MTSS MADANIYAH * MTSS MIFTAAHUL HUDAA * MTSS MUAWANATUL ISLAMIYAH * MTSS MUHAMMADIYAH 1 * MTSS NASYATULKHAIR * MTSS NUR AL ZAHRAH * MTSS NURUL AMANAH * MTSS NURUL FALAH AREMAN * MTSS NURUL FALAH KEBAYUNAN * MTSS NURUL HUDA ASYURIYAH * MTSS NURUL HUDA RUMBUT * MTSS NURUL ISLAM * MTSS QOTRUN NADA * MTSS SA ULUMUL QURAN * MTSS SALAFIYAH * MTSS SALAFIYAH SAFI`IYYAH * MTSS SIROJUL ATHFAL * MTSS TARBIYATUSSHIBYAN * MTSS UNWANUL KHAIRIYAH * [[MTs Yapima]] * MTSS YAPINA * MTSS YPPD * MTSSAL MUROZZA * MTSS YASMINE === Universitas === ==== [[Universitas Indonesia]] ==== [[Gambar:No 18 Rektorat Universitas Indonesia.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Rektorat Universitas Indonesia]] Ieu kampus kaasup salah sahiji universitas anu sok asup tilu besar di Indonesia ku sabab dirojong ku kualitas akademikna nu bisa ngahontal tepi ka internasional. Ieu kampus boga jujuluk "kampus kuning" sabab jas almamaterna warna konéng ti baheula tepi ka ayeuna. Universitas Indonesia bisa nangtung kokoh tepi ka ayeuna teu pegat tina sajarahna nu panjang dimumul ti jaman Walanda. ==== [[Universitas Gunadarma]] ==== Salian ti Universitas Indonésia, aya kaitan lain di antara masyarakat sarta atikan, standar anyar di jero masyarakat peryogi diimbangan deui ku standar anyar di jero atikan. Lamun masyarakat geus ngasupan éra anyar kalawan nampi kehadiran komputer, mangka dina tempatna lamun atikan mimiti deui ngamimitian kauninga ngeunaan komputer éta. Geus kitu, atikan komputer mangrupa salah sahiji standar anyar di jero dinamika atikan jaman ayeuna.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=http://ugpedia.gunadarma.ac.id/content/46/2083/id/sejarah-universitas-gunadarma.html|title=UG Knowledge Based Portal - Sejarah Universitas Gunadarma|website=ugpedia.gunadarma.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227013330/http://ugpedia.gunadarma.ac.id/content/46/2083/id/sejarah-universitas-gunadarma.html |date=2023-02-27 }}</ref> Dina poé Jumaah ping 7 Agustus 1981, maranéhanana muka atikan komputer kalawan wasta Program Pendidikan Ilmu Komputer (PPIK) anu ngadidik 94 urang mahasiswa. Sarta dina poé Senén, ping 10 Agustus 1981, kuliah kahiji ogé dimulai. Kuliah ieu ogé ngembang ku kituna nungtut hiji wadah anu langkung mantap. Ngaliwatan asuhan Yayasan Pengembangan Sistem Analisis sarta ''Operation Research'' Matématika, wadah atikan éta robah barobah kaayaan Akademi Sains dan Komputer Indonesia (ASKI). Saprak eta dikawitan hiji kagiatan jang ngabangkitkeun standar anyar di jero atikan. Kagiatan éta ngawangun atikan élmu komputer sarta matématika.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|url=https://edukasi.sindonews.com/read/898975/211/sejarah-berdirinya-universitas-gunadarma-yang-masuk-top-20-nasional-unirank-2022-1664453355|title=Sejarah Berdirinya Universitas Gunadarma yang Masuk Top 20 Nasional UniRank 2022|website=SINDOnews.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-27}}</ref> Pendidikan atawa atikan ngeunaan komputer sarta matématika ieu ogé saterusna dimantapkeun deui ka jero wadah anu langkung luhur nyaéta ti wadah anu ngawangun akademik ka wadah anu ngawangun sakola luhur. Dina dinten Kemis, ping 21 Juni 1984, ngaran Gunadarma dipilih kanggo dijadikeun wasta ti sakola luhur éta. Dina poé Senén, ping 9 Juli 1984, Yayasan Pengembangan Sistem Analisis sarta ''Operation Research'' Matematika digantian barobah kaayaan Yayasan Pendidikan Gunadarma. Sapoé saterusna, dina poé Salasa, ping 10 Juli 1984, ngaliwatan serat kaputusan Yayasan Pendidikan Gunadarma, sacara resmi wasta Gunadarma dipengkuhkeun ka jero wasta sakola luhur éta barobah kaayaan Sekolah Tinggi Komputer Gunadarma (STKG). [[Gambar:Universitas Gunadarma Kampus C - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|Universitas Gunadarma Kampus C ]] Sidang ujian sarjana ka-4, ka-5, ka-6 lumangsung dina dinten Salasa, ping 29 September 1987, dina poé Salasa, ping 6 Oktober 1987, dina poé Jumaah, ping 9 Oktober 1987. Sarta sidang ujian sarjana ieu ogé teras lumangsung ku kituna dina sasih Marét 1996, STMIK Gunadarma geus ngungkulan sidang na anu ka-200. Ujian nagara cicilan kadua, katilu, kaopat, lumangsung mimiti poé Senen, ping 1 Nopember 1987, mimiti poé Senen, ping 20 Juni 1988, mimiti poe Senen, ping 12 Desember 1988. Sarta ujian nagara cicilan ieu ogé teras lumangsung dina saban seméster dugi ayeuna ieu. Wisuda sarjana kadua, katilu, kaopat, lumangsung dina poé Salasa, ping 16 Pebruari 1988, dina poé Saptu, ping 21 Januari 1989, ping 17 Pebruari 1990. Sarta lumangsung tuluy kitu, wisuda sataun kalintang barobah kaayaan sataun dua kali, ku kituna ngahontal wisuda ka-14 anu lumangsung dina sasih April warsih 1996 harita.<ref name=":22" /> Kamajuan di diménsi program ieu henteu ngan dugi di dinya. Dina poé Senén, ping 4 Januari 1988, ngaliwatan serat kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan sarta Kabudayaan No.006/O/1988, status kadaptar STMIK Gunadarma Program Studi Manajemen Informatika sarta Program Studi Teknik Komputer ditaekkeun barobah kaayaan status diaku. Sarta kalintang deui, basa Saptu, ping 12 Agustus 1989 ngaliwatan serat kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan sarta Kabudayaan No. 0490/O/1989, status kadua program studi éta ditaekkeun deui barobah kaayaan status disaruakeun. Pengembangan program atikan di kampus ieu tuluy nerus ku kituna dina poé Salasa, ping 4 Juli 1989, STMIK Gunadarma muka deui jurusan anyar nyaeta Jurusan Teknik Informatika (TI) kalawan Program Studi Teknik Informatika. Dina Kemis, ping 7 Séptémber 1989, jurusan sarta program studi anyar ieu meunang status kadaptar. Geus kitu, status diaku dihontal ku Program Studi Teknik Informatika dina dinten Rebo, ping 19 Juni 1991, sarta status disaruakeun ditampa dina poe Kemis, ping 20 Pebruari 1992. Sarta babarengan kalawan éta, sadaya program studi di STMIK Gunadarma atos ngahontal status disaruakeun.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=https://cicakgundar.net/sejarah-universitas-gunadarma/|title=Sejarah Universitas Gunadarma, Kenali Almamatermu.|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228043559/https://cicakgundar.net/sejarah-universitas-gunadarma/ |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> Pengembangan program atikan teras oge lumangsung. Jabi program atikan jenjang D3 sarta jenjang S1, paguron luhur ieu ogé ngalengkah maju ka program atikan luhur strata dua (S2) anu dipikawanoh minangka program atikan magister. Dina dinten Senén, ping 10 Mei 1993, STMIK Gunadarma dilengkepan deui kalawan Program Pascasarjana Strata Dua widang Manajemén sarta Manajemén Sistem Informasi. Di sinjang widang manajemen informatika, teknik komputer, sarta teknik informatika, Gunadarma ogé ngaléngkah ka widang sanés. Dina Saptu, ping 13 Januari 1990, Gunadarma ngadegkeun Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE) Gunadarma atawa dipikawanoh minangka STIE Gunadarma. Di internal STIE Gunadarma aya dua jurusan nyaéta jurusan manajemen sarta jurusan akuntansi. Lamun Jurusan Akuntansi ngan ngasuh hiji program studi nyaéta Program Studi Akuntansi, mangka Jurusan Manajemén ngasuh genep program studi. STIE Gunadarma meunang status kadaptar basa Kemis, ping 16 Juni 1990 sarta mimiti kuliah dina Senén, ping 17 Séptémber 1990.<ref name=":22" /> [[Gambar:Computer science education.png|kiri|jmpl|Ilustrasi Teknik Informatika]] Saluyu kalawan STMIK Gunadarma, status STIE Gunadarma ogé ngalaman kamajuan anu pesat. Ti status kadaptar, paguron luhur ieu meunang status diaku sarta saterusna status disaruakeun. Dugi dina sasih April 1996 ieu, STIE atos menyelenggarakeun genep kali wisuda. Selanjutnya, babarengan wanci kalawan bubuka program atikan luhur strata dua widang manajemén sistem informasi di STMIK, STIE ogé muka program pendidikan tinggi strata dua di widang manajemen asuransi sarta perbankan. Dimensi kadua nyaeta diménsi prasarana sarta sarana. Di widang prasarana sarta sarana ieu, lokasi atikan ogé ngalaman seueur kamajuan. Lamun dina wanci mimiti, lokasi atikan ngan aya di kampus jalan Kenari, mangka dina wanci saterusna, lokasi eéa nambahan kalawan kampus Kramat Sentiong sarta kampus Salémba. Ti warsih ka warsih, katilu kampus ieu nandéan jumlah mahasiswa anu teras nambahan. Sanaos rohangan di kampus Kenari teras diperluas, nanging dina ahirna, perluasan kampus ieu ogé teu bisa nandéan pertambahan mahasiswa anu beuki loba.<ref name=":22" /> Kitu ogé basa, ping 9 Maret 1985, Gunadarma ngayakeun upacara peletakan batu kahiji di kampus Pondokcina, Dépok, sarta ping 5 Januari 1987, kalawan hiji upacara, gedong kahiji di kampus Pondokcina diresmikeun pamakeanna. Saprak éta, gedong di kampus Pondokcina ieu nambahan. Mimiti-mimiti mah, batu kahiji jang gedong kadua ditendeun dina Saptu, ping 26 Séptémber 1987 sarta gedong kadua ieu ogé mimiti dipaké Jumaah, ping 13 Januari 1989. Sanggeus éta, gedong katilu ogé diwangun sarta dianggo. Rohangan di jero katilu gedong ieu oge kénéh tacan nyekapkeun ku kituna dilengkepan kénéh deui kalawan sajumlah gedong samentara di sakulibengna.<ref name=":23" /> Salian ti Pondokcina, prasarana kampus atos disiapkeun ogé di Béji. Nanging tepi ayeuna, aksés ka wewengkon kampus éta acan nyukupan, mangka kampus Béji tacan ogé diwujudkeun. Kampus di Jakarta tuluy nambahan. Sanggeus mulangkeun kampus Salémba anu mangsa sewana geus réngsé, mangka dina ping 8 Pebruari 1990, Gunadarma nambahan kampus anyar di Jalan Salémba Nomer 53. Kampus ieu ogé dipikawanoh minangka kampus Salémba sarta mimiti dipake dina sasih Mei warsih 1990. Ieu hartina yén di sinjang kampus Béji anu tacan kabiruyungan, Gunadarma atos ngabogaan sababaraha kampus nyaéta kampus Kenari, kampus Kramat Sentiong, kampus Pondokcina, sarta kampus Salémba. Jumlah mahasiswa nu beuki loba matak Gunadarma neangan deui kampus anyar. Dina sasih Januari warsih 1991, Gunadarma meunang taneuh di Kalapa Dua anu tempatna jalan akses UI di caket Pondokcina. Dina dinten Kemis, ping 28 Maret 1991, batu kahiji kanggo gedong kahiji di kampus Kalapa Dua ditendeun sarta dina dinten Salasa, ping 17 Séptémber 1991, gedong kahiji kampus Kalapa Dua mimiti dipaké. Saprak éta, kampus Kalapa Dua teras ngembang ku kituna ngahontal lima gedong kuliah.<ref name=":23" /> Gunadarma boga cita-cipta pikeun ngawangun gedong dalapan lantai di kampus Kenari. Samentara kampus ieu acan kabiruyungan, perkuliahan di kampus Kenari dipindahkeun ka kampus samentara di Pegangsaan. Ku kituna, perkuliahan di Gunadarma lumangsung di lima kampus anu terpencar ti keur Jakarta dugi ka Depok. Kabeh kampus ieu dikoordinasikeun ti hiji pusat anu tempatna kampus Pondokcina. Prasarana sarta sarana sanes nyaeta laboratorium di sabuduereun perpustakaan sarta laboratorium komputer anu atos kabentuk saprak jaman PPIK, mangka dina por Kemis, ping 16 Desember 1986, Gunadarma meresmikeun Laboratorium Elektronika Dasar. Dina Senen, ping 23 Maret 1987, Gunadarma meresmikeun Laboratorium Fisika. Laboratorium ieu pisan anu atos dipake ku Gunadarma jang ngayakeun promosi open house dina ping 28 Maret 1989.<ref name=":23" /> [[Gambar:Ultrasonic Research Laboratory.jpg|jmpl|Laboratorium Panalitian Ultrasonik]] Sanaos wujudna lain pakakas sarta gedong, sarana anu cukup perlu di Gunadarma nyaeta majalah ilmiah Matematika sarta Komputer anu mimiti medal saprak sasih Januari 1985. Kalawan penerbitan lima kali sataun, majalah ieu meunang serat tawis kadaptar di Departemen Penerangan ping 17 Januari 1987. Seratan di jero majalah ilmiah ieu atos ngabantuan Gunadarma kalawan perluasan informasi ngeunaan atikan di jero Gunadarma. Sarana sanes anu cekap junun di Gunadarma salila ieu teh penerbitan buku sarta diktat. Atos seueur judul buku sarta diktat anu dicetak ku Gunadarma kanggo kaperluan kuliah para mahasiswa. Jabi dina wangun konvensional mangrupi buku, sababaraha bahan kuliah oge atos diwujudkeun dina wangun audio sarta visual di jero pita video anu saban wanci tiasa dipidangkeun di layar monitor. Dimensi katilu nyaeta kagiatan di jabi kurikulum. Jabi kagiatan pasanggiri kecerdasan, kahontal tingkat nasional atawa tingkat internasional, kasampak kagiatan Gunadarma anu nu mawi menonjol nyaeta di widang catur.<ref name=":23" /> Wadah kagiatan catur di kampus ieu nyaeta Pencinta Catur Gunadarma atawa PC Gunadarma anu diresmikeun Saptu, ping 25 Pebruari 1989. PC Gunadarma atos junun menyelenggarakeun pasanggiri catur tingkat internasional anu ngalibatkeun ''grand master'' catur internasional jang perebutan gelar dunya di widang catur. Sanggeus ngalanglang hal mekar dina sababaraha dimensi ieu, balik deui ka pamikiran dasar Gunadarma. Gunadarma ngabogaan dua beungeut anu nyorong maju hajat hirupna di jero balarea mangsa kiwari. Dina hiji beungeut, Gunadarma nyaeta wasta arsitek tenar anu ngawangun candi Borobudur nyaeta hiji monumen ageung sapanjang sajarah urang. Dina beungeut lianna, Gunadarma mencerminkeun baktos na sarta sumbangsihnya ka balarea dina wujud guna sarta darma. Minangka salah sahiji perintis standar anyar di jero atikan, Gunadarma usaha deui jang ngeusian pangabisa balarea di jero standar anyar kahirupan bermasyarakat mangsa kiwari ngaliwatan penyelenggarakan atikan. Sarta di jero perkawis ieu, Gunadarma geus mitembeyan na ti atikan di widang komputer. Dina raraga atikanana eta, unsur guna sarta unsur darma sok barobah kaayaan cecekelan kanggo dijadikeun sumbangsih Gunadarma ka balarea sarta elmu. Perkara ieu turut ngarumuskeun susunan kurikulum di jero atikan. Unsur profesi sarta unsur elmu di jero kurikulum sok barobah kaayaan perhatian para pengasuhnya. Keterampilan profesi sarta pangabisa elmu ngawarnaan atikan ti mimiti dugi ahir. Dina raraga ieu pisan, laboratorium, pustaka, sarta jurnal meunang perhatian Gunadarma. Di jero pangkuanna, aya Laboratorium Gunadarma (LG) anu ngawakilan sagala rupa laboratorium sarta bengkel anu di jero Gunadarma sarta Pustaka Gunadarma (PG) anu ngawakilan perpustakaan, penerbitan buku, sarta penerbitan jurnal mangrupi Matematika sarta Komputer anu jaga tiasa disusul kalawan penerbitan jurnal lianna.<ref name=":23" /> [[Gambar:Permainan Catur.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Catur]] Ti wanci ka wanci, LG teras dironjatkeun supados praktek para mahasiswa tiasa diperlancar. Sumawonten, pengasuh Gunadarma boga cita-cipta langkung ti eta. Maranehanana boga maksud rek supados pamakean laboratorium henteu saukur kawates ka praktek di jero palajaran. Maranehanana hayangeun supados LG kabuka oge kanggo panalungtikan sarta kanggo percobaan anu boga sipat inovatif, alus mangrupi panyiptaan atawa mangrupi penemuan anyar. Saha wae anu ngabogaan alpukah anyar anu bade dicoba, bisa wae ngagunakeun LG kanggo pamaksudanna eta. Niat kanggo maju ieu sok ditarekahan kanggo ditunjang ku pustaka anu sebaik manawi. Salila sababaraha warsih ieu, PG sok meunang perhatian anu ageung ti pengasuh Gunadarma. Pustaka citak sarta pustaka rekam teras menerus diperluas jang ngarojong kagiatan diajar ka sagala rupa cabang elmu anu diasuh ku sakola luhur ieu. Di sinjang LG, PG oge menempati kalungguhan sentral di lingkungan Gunadarma.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2021/09/15/1/2471663/40-tahun-universitas-gunadarma-berdiri-dan-sederet-prestasi-yang-menyertai|title=40 Tahun Universitas Gunadarma Berdiri dan Sederet Prestasi yang Menyertai : Okezone News|last=Okezone|website=https://news.okezone.com/|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-28}}</ref> Dina dua wadah anu mangrupi LG sarta PG, tilu serangkai laboratorium, pustaka, sarta jurnal ilmiah di Gunadarma ieu mangrupa hiji kesatuan pikeun ngawujudkeun sumbangsih Gunadarma di jero wangun guna sarta darma. Saluyu kalawan umur Gunadarma anu anom keneh, maranehanana oge usik keneh dina tingkat mimiti ti kagiatan maranehanana. Nanging, ngaliwatan perhatian anu ageung ti para pengasuh Gunadarma, maranehanana dipambrih tiasa ngembang sacara wajar kanggo ngawujudkeun cipta-cipta Gunadarma Ti STMIK Gunadarma, ka STIE Gunadarma, ka Program Pascasarjana Gunadarma, atikan ieu bade teras ngembang nuju sarta dugi ka wujud Universitas Gunadarma. Dina raraga ieu pisan, tilu serangkai eta mecakan jang nyusun sajumlah kagiatan anu tiasa mencerminkeun cipta-cipta Gunadarma. di jero kagiatan eta, aya panalungtikan, jumplukan studi, sarta penataran. Kagiatan pikeun balarea sarta darma kanggo elmu tercermin deui di jero kagiatan eta. Panalungtikan sarta jumplukan studi di golongan pengasuh Gunadarma usaha kanggo berdarma kanggo elmu samentara penataran usaha kanggo kapake kanggo balarea. Aya hiji perkawis peryogi anu sok ngajungjurigan pengasuh Gunadarma di jero usaha maranehanana kanggo masihan arah ka Gunadarma. Perkawis peryogi eta teh mutu. Saniskanten usaha dipigawe, henteu wae demi kanaekan mutu atikan, kalah oge demi kanaekan mutu elmu di lingkungan Gunadarma. Sarta usaha eta deui anu sakedahna kasampak di jero kagiatan Gunadarma salila ieu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/profil-universitas-gunadarma-sejarah-daftar-jurusan-lokasi-gzMu|title=Profil Universitas Gunadarma: Sejarah, Daftar Jurusan, & Lokasi|last=Ulfa|first=Maria|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28}}</ref> Mangsa pangwangunanna, Gunadarma sok bersikap selektif. Prioritas pangwangunan sok ngarah ka kanaekan mutu. Sateutik-saeutik, Gunadarma usaha ngutamakeun ngayakeun rohang diajar, rohang laboratorium, rohang pustaka, sarta sarana bewara. Maranehanana eta pisan unsur poko dina pembinaan mutu, pikeun nyieun alus mutu para dosen atawa mutu para mahasiswa. Nanging prasarana kanggo kanaekan ieu peryogi keneh ditunjang deui ku sarana sanes. Rohang diajar tacan sami kalawan diajar, pustaka tacan sami kalawan maos, laboratorium tacan sami kalawan kuliah praktek, sarta majalah tacan sami kalawan nyerat. Sarana poko anu peryogi gondeng prasarana eta teh suasana lingkungan diajar anu sae mangrupi budaya Gunadarma. Ngan suasana lingkungan diajar anu sae atawa budaya Gunadarma anu geus midamel rohang diajar eta tempat diajar, pustaka eta tempat maos, laboratorium eta tempat praktek, sarta majalah atawa jurnal eta tempat nyerat.<ref name=":24" /> [[Gambar:ENIAC-changing a tube.jpg|jmpl|Komputer Baheula Pisan]] Perkawis ieu pisan anu matak pengasuh Gunadarma usaha kanggo ngabina budaya Gunadarma atawa suasana anu sae di lingkungan diajar di Gunadarma. Budaya Gunadarma atawa suasana anu sae di lingkungan diajar ngait jalmi. Sarta jalmi eta pisan anu nangtukeun kumaha wangun suasana di lingkungan diajar maranehanana. Mangka salila ieu, Gunadarma sok usaha ngahimpun tanaga pengajar anu ngabogaan kaseneng jang diajar. Ka jumplukan beuki diajar ieu pisan Gunadarma mikeun tanggel walon kanggo metepakeun kaseneng eta ka sakumna lingkungan Gunadarma kanggo dimantapkeun barobah kaayaan haturan ti budaya Gunadarma. Di sinjang rohang diajar, pustaka, laboratorium, sarta majalah, jumplukan resep diajar mangrupa aset Gunadarma anu sok diutamikeun di jero pangwangunan Gunadarma. Jumplukan beuki kana diajar diudagankeun kanggo barobah kaayaan inti penggerak atikan di lingkungan Gunadarma. Sarta kabeuki diajar ieu deui anu bade dipelakkeun di golongan mahasiswa anu atos milih Gunadarma minangka almamater maranehanana. Kapake jang masyarakat sarta darma jang elmu ngabogaan implikasi anu lega. Dina mangsa anu bade dongkap, Gunadarma boga cita-cipta pikeun menelaah widang elmu lianna anu dina ayeuna, sacara tela, geus nempokeun kaepektipan ti sagi propesina sarta sagi elmu na di jero balarea. Gunadarma rek nyabak widang elmu sanes di jabi komputer sarta ekonomi ka balarea.<ref name=":23" /> Lamun kampus ieu geus boga kakiatan nu nyukupan, mangka Gunadarma rek nyabak deui widang elmu kitu jang milu sarta ngawujudkeun standar anyar di jero balarea sarta standar anyar di jero atikan. Dina waktuna, Gunadarma boga cita-cipta jang ngaronjatkeun dirina ti wadah sakola luhur ka wadah anu langkung luhur deui nyaeta ka tingkat universitas. Nanging kanaekan kitu ieu henteu dipigawe tanpa mutu anu nyukupan. Di sinjang perhatian ka keluasan kagiatan di widang atikan, Gunadarma angger nempatkeun mutu atawa kualitas dina tempat anu utami. Gunadarma nyaeta hiji sakabeh anu namina Gunadarma. Gunadarma lain ngan saukur STMIK Gunadarma. Kitu oge, Gunadarma sanes ngan saukur STIE Gunadarma. Gunadarma oge sanes saukur Program Pascasarjana Gunadarma. Gunadarma nyaeta sakabeh anu namina Gunadarma, ti STMIK, STIE, ka sagala rupa wadah hal mekar lianna, dugi ka Universitas Gunadarma. Di kampus Gunadarma aya LG sarta PG, di jero Gunadarma aya laboratorium, pustaka, sarta jurnal ilmiah, di jero Gunadarma aya panalungtikan, jumplukan studi, sarta penataran, di jero Gunadarma aya budaya Gunadarma dina wujud lingkungan diajar anu nyukupan, di jero Gunadarma aya guna kanggo balarea sarta darma kanggo elmu, sarta di jero Gunadarma aya sumbangsih guna sarta darma anu dijieun ku Gunadarma ka balarea.<ref name=":21" /> [[Gambar:Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi 08.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Fakultas Teknik di Luar Negeri (Turki)]] Tetela cipta-cipta ieu henteu eureun minangka cipta-cipta wae. Sanggeus lima belas warsih lilana lembaga atikan ieu tangtung sambil ngarayap ti Program Pendidikan Ilmu Komputer (PPIK) anu bersahaja ka Akademi Sains sarta Komputer Indonesia anu leuwih basajan ka STMIK sarta STIE Gunadarma anu langkung mantap, mangka dina warsih 1996 lembaga atikan eta junun dugi ka tingkat anu geus lila dicita-citakeun. Ngaliwatan Serat Kaputusan Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi No.92/Kep/Dikti/1996, ping 3 April 1996. Lembaga atikan eta junun dipengkuhkeun barobah kaayaan Universitas Gunadarama. Di handap naunganana aya sajumlah fakultas ti Fakultas Ilmu Komputer, Fakultas Teknologi Industri, sarta Fakultas Ekonomi kalawan program studi anu atos ngabogaan status disaruakeun dugi ka Fakultas Teknik Sipil sarta Perencanaan, Fakultas Psikologi, sarta Fakultas Sastra anu sami kalintang anyar. Kabehna sumebar di genep kampus ti Kampus A dugi Kampus G.<ref name=":21" /> Dina warsih 1996, kalungguhan Universitas Gunadarma cukup istimewa. Basa Januari lamun diparibasakeun mah kalawan Dewa Janus anu ngabogaan dua beungeut, hiji beungeut melong ka warsih anu lami sarta beungeut sanes melong ka warsih anu anyar, mangka Universitas Gunadarma oge ngabogaan dua beungeut. Dina hiji beungeut, Universitas Gunadarma mangrupa penclut ti hiji hal mekar, ti wujud program anu bersahaja dugi ka wujud universitas anu kompleks. Dina beungeut lain, Universitas Gunadarma anyar mimiti usik anu kawas lamun-olah balik ka mangsa mimitina dina warsih 1981. Sepertos perkawis na sasih Januari anu ninggalkeun warsih anu lami kanggo muka lembaran warsih anu anyar, Universitas Gunadarma oge kiwari ninggalkeun mangsa kaliwatna anu wujud program, akademik, sarta sakola luhur jang mitembeyan lembaran anyar anu dina wujud universitas. [[Gambar:Студенты в лаборатории робототехники.jpg|jmpl|Ilustrasi Sains di Nagara Rusia]] Di lembaran anyar ieu, Universitas Gunadarma perlu nangtoskeun balik komitmen Gunadarma anu lila. Universitas Gunadarma rek teras ngembangkeun laboratorium, perpustakaan, jurnal ilmiah, panalungtikan, jumplukan studi, penataran, sarta lingkungan diajar. Di jero Universitas Gunadarma angger kaukir komitmen lami kanggo kapake kanggo balarea sarta darma pikeun elmu. Guna sarta darma rek angger mangrupa sumbangsih Gunadarma saprak ayeuna dugi ka mangsa ka hareup. Sarta kalawan sadaya komitmen ieu, Universitas Gunadarma muka sajarah anyar kalawan lembaran kertas anu teu aya keneh. Ka hareupna Universitas Gunadarma saterusna bade ngeusian lembaran teu aya eta kalawan goresan sajarah universitas anu dimimitian dina warsih 1996.<ref name=":20" /> Sanggeus ngaliwatan perjuangan paos dina nyanghareupan sagala rupa tangtangan, Universitas Gunadama geus robah kaayaan pikeun salah sahiji paguron luhur swasta terkemuka di Indonesia anu berbasis teknologi informasi. Pangalaman salila langkung ti saparapat abad anu dipirig pengabdian sarta dedikasi tanagi pengajar: komitmen yayasan sarta pimpinan, ngayakeun fasilitas pembelajaran sarta kapercayaan balarea, Universitas Gunadarma rek teras narekahan ngahasilkeun lulusan anu kapake sarta bisa ngadarmabaktikeun kompetensi pikeun ngawangun pikahareupeun bangsa anu ningkat. Komitmen jangka panjang ieu, ku Universitas Gunadarma nyaeta milu berperan aktip ngaronjatkeun tanagi saing bangsa ngaliwatan proses atikan luhur anu boga tujuan kanggo ngajadikeun mahasiswa sarta lulusan minangka aset bangsa anu boga sipat calakan, teuneung, kompetitip, sarta profesional. Kalawan program atikan anu diwangun ti 6 program D3, 12 program sarjana, 6 program magister, sarta 2 program doktor. Universitas Gunadarma boga komitmen pikeun ngahontal visi sarta misi periode 2007-2011 harita teh.<ref name=":20" /> ==== [[Bina Sarana Informatika (BSI)]] ==== [[Gambar:Bina Sarana Informatika - panoramio.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Salah Sahiji Wangunan Kampus Bina Sarana Informatika ]] Kampus ieu mangrupakeun salah sahiji balė atikan nu kasohor di Dėpok. Parobahan Akademi Bina Sarana Informatika (BSI) jadi barobah kaayaan ngaran institusina Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika (UBSI) geus diresmikeun. Sėsėrahan Serat Keputusan Perubahan Akademi BSI barobah kaayaan Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika (UBSI) ieu lumangsung di BSI Convention Center, Jalan Gedė Kaliabang Nomer 8, Perwira, Bekasi Utara, Bekasi, Jawa Barat. Serat Kaputusan kasebat dijieun langsung ku Sekretaris Jėnderal Kementrian Risėt, Téknologi sarta Pendidikan Tinggi. Prof Ainun Naim Ph.D, MBA, ka Pangurus Yayasan Bina Sarana Informatika, Efriadi Salim anu dirėndėngan Dirėktur BSI Naba Aji Notoseputro.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bsi.ac.id/ubsi/sejarah-ubsi.ajax|title=Sambutan Rektor UBSI|website=www.bsi.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227080757/https://www.bsi.ac.id/ubsi/sejarah-ubsi.ajax |date=2023-02-27 }}</ref> Basa harita, kagiatan ieu dipigawé babarengan kalawan runtuyan kagiatan seminar motivasi BSI sarta disaksikeun langsung ku 9 rebu mahasiswa anyar BSI warsih pituduh 2018/2019. Seserahan Surat Kaputusan kasebat dihadiran deui ku Diréktur Jenderal Pembelajaran sarta Kemahasiswaan, Prof. Intan Ahmad Ph.D, Kepala Lembaga Layanan Pendidikan Tinggi Wilayah III DKI Jakarta, Dr. Ir. Ilah Sailah M.S., Sekretaris Lembaga Layanan Pendidikan Tinggi Wilayah III DKI Jakarta, Dr. M. Samsuri S.Pd., M.T. sarta Wawakil Direktur BSI, Kepala Program Studi di BSI, bareng jajaran pupuhu BSI lianna. Diréktur BSI, Naba Aji Notoseputro kungsi ngomong, perubahaan ti Akademi BSI robah kaayaan jadi UBSI nu geus kasebat prosesna cukup lila dibéwarakeun ka publik. Parobahan dipigawé minangka salah sahiji kesiapan BSI kanggo nyanghareupan ėra disruptip, geus 30 warsih lilana BSI éksis di dunya pendidikan tinggi. Tinangtu hal mekar éta anu matak BSI robah kaayaan salah sahiji paguron luhur pangbadagna. BSI ngabogaan genep akademi, 25 lima kampus se-Indonesia sarta kirang langkung 20 rebu mahasiswa aktip. Pihak Yayasan Bina Sarana Informatika boga inisiatip jang ngahijikeun 21 kampus anu kagaduh ku BSI barobah kaayaan hiji universitas gedé. Parobahan barobah kaayaan universitas kasebat oge minangka salah sahiji léngkah BSI barobah kaayaan paguron luhur pangbadagna kalawan akréditasi nu alus. Sajaba ti éta ogé minangka usaha BSI dina ngaronjatkeun kualitas sistem atikan sarta kompetensi lulusanna. Mahasiswa anu aya di wewengkon atawa di ibukota badé ngarasakeun hak anu sami, alus ti sistem pembelajaran, pengembangan kompetėnsi, dugi kasempetan karir anu dipikaboga ku lulusan UBSI. Parobahan kaayaan universitas ieu, sangkan mikeun mangpaat ka sakumna civitas BSI, boh mahasiswa, dosén atawa lulusanna. Contona, mahasiswa diploma tilu rék langkung gampil pikeun neruskeun atikanana dina tingkat Strata Satu (S1). Margi ka hareupeunana Universitas BSI rék ngabogaan 4 fakultas, nyaėta Fakultas Téknik, Fakultas Téknologi Informasi, Fakultas Komunikasi sarta Fakultas Ékonomi dan Bisnis.<ref name=":22" /> ====== [[STIH IBLAM - Kampus B]] ====== [[Gambar:Dedication of Law School.jpg|jmpl|Sakola Hukum di Luar Negeri Harita]] Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum IBLAM anu diadegkeun sarta dikokolakeun ku Yayasan Lembaga Pengembangan Ilmu Hukum sarta Manajemén (YLPIHM IBLAM) geus boga karya salila kira-kira 25 warsih terakréditasi B ku BAN-PT. IBLAM mangrupa akronim ti ''Institute of Business Law and Management.'' STIH IBLAM didirikeun kalawan tujuan ngaronjatkeun mutu, kamahéran tanagi pagawé di bidang hukum, sarta nyiapkeun tanagi-tanagi anu propésional. Pikeun ngarojong tujuan kasebat, STIH IBLAM ngabogaan dua kampus, nyaéta di Jakarta sarta Dépok.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamudi.co.id/journal/universitas-di-depok/|title=10 Universitas di Depok Negeri dan Swasta Unggulan|last=Lamudi.co.id|first=Lamudi.co.id|website=10 Universitas di Depok Negeri dan Swasta Unggulan|publisher=Lamudi.co.id}}</ref> Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum IBLAM ngabogaan sajarah anu paos dina perkembangana. Benerna dina ping 27 Agustus 1990 didirikeun hiji lembaga anu di jerona diwangun ti para pakar hukum, para praktisi hukum sarta para tilas Hakim Agung, tilas Pajabat Kajaksaan Agung ogé tilas Pajabat Departemen Kahakiman. Alpukah para pakardiatas junun ngarumuskeun hiji lembaga atikan anu namina ''Institute of Business Law and Management'' (IBLAM). Lembaga kasebat boga tujuan dina raraga kanaékan mutu, kamaheran tanagi gawé di widang hukum sarta nyiapkeun tanagi-tanagi anu propésional. Lembaga kasebat didirikeun sabab boga dasar hiji kasadaran yen kauninga dibidang hukum, alus di mangsa kiwari atawa di mangsa ka hareupna bakal perlu dikawasa utamana jang para palaku bisnis, birokrat sarta praktisi dina raraga nyanghareupan sarta meunang kompetisi global. Di sisieun ngaran ''Institute of Business Law and Management'' (IBLAM) aya sosok anu geus boga pangaruh nyaėta Almarhum Dr. H. Edy Susanto, S.H., M.H., M.M., M.A. Manéhna boga pamadegan pangangguran kitu henteu peryogi lumangsung, ngemut pangwangunan di nagara urang anu ageung sarta sinambungan. Leuwih kitu deui dina nyegah éra globalisasi sarta éra pangwangunan kantun dasar anu ngusikkeun sakumna kagiatan balaréa. Aspék-aspék hukum ti pangwangunan kasebat meryogikeun penanganan ku para ahli hukum, ku kituna sacara logis sakuduna sanggem nyerepan para lulusan hukum. Nempo kanyataan ieu, Almarhum Dr. H. Edy Susanto, S.H., M.H., M.M., M.A boga pamadegan kaayaan ieu teu tiasa diingkeun sarta anjeunna megatkeun pikeun memprakarsai usaha pikeun ngaronjatkeun mutu atawa peunteun tambih lulusan hukum kalawan nyayakeun atikan sarta palatihan keterampilan anu inovatif sarta luyu kalawan hal mekar dunya. Ti sajarah nu luhur ieu, manéhna beunang pangrojong sacara aktip ti sagala rupa begawan hukum anu sohor di Indonésia kalawan milu kalibet dina penyusunan peunteun, sistem dugi materi pembelajaran anu istimewa. Dirojong ku wanci, jang beuki ngawujudkeun visi, misi sarta program kasebat, ahirna Alm. Dr. H. Edy Susanto, S.H., M.H., M.M., M.A ngadegkeun Yayasan Lembaga Pengembangan Ilmu Hukum jeung manajemen ''Institute of Business Law and Management'' (LPIHM IBLAM) nu menaungi aktivitas perkuliahan formal ti Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum IBLAM, tangtungna Program Diploma III Management Hukum, Program Sarjana Hukum dan program Magister Hukum Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum IBLAM di Jakarta nu geus diakréditasi ku Departemén Pendidikan Nasional RI kalawan SK No.95/D/O/1993 jeung SK No.78/D/O/1993.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web|url=https://iblam.ac.id/about/sejarah-iblam/|title=STIH IBLAM|last=IBLAM|first=STIH|website=Sajarah|publisher=STIH IBLAM}}</ref> Kampus anu kiwari disebut IBLAM School of Law anu aya handap naungan Yayasan LPIHM IBLAM geus ngalaman perkembangan anu kitu pesat margi pangrojong sosok saurang pangadeg nu boga jiwa basajan, daréhdéh, ulet sarta ngabogaan sumanget luhur dina ngawangun tonggak sarta sirung-sirung bangsa dina aspék pendidikan. Kiprahna dina raraga ngiring ngapinterkeun anak bangsa henteu deui bisa diasakeun, jabi anjeunna ngawangun didikeun tingkat paguron luhur anu geus sanggup ngaluluskeun rébuan peserta didik sarta lulusan kasebat atos seueur ngeusian posisi strategis boh di lembaga pamarentahan, institusi hukum, institusi non-hukum sarta sosial budaya lianna. Lalampahan paos IBLAM ''School of Law'' dina ngabdi sarta nyieun kontribusi jang bangsa Indonésia di jero didikeun, geus ngahasilkeun rébuan lulusan nyongcolang anu sumebar lega di sababarahahiiji institusi hukum sarta non-institusi hukum anu sanggup bersaing di industri 4.0. Luyu kalawan visi-misi panganyarnana, IBLAM hayang nyieun kuat komitmenna dina ngahasilkeun asal tanagi jalmi anu punjul di widang hukum jeung ngayakinan integritas nyaéta konci perbaikan SDM di widang hukum, jeung integritas ogé robah kaayaan visi utami sarta pilarutama ti 4 pilar perjuangan kami anu diwangun tina komitmen IBLAM: Integritas, Réligius, Nasionalis sarta Berdaya saing Global.<ref name=":26" /> Mangka ti éta, pas pisan kalawan poé anti korupsi sedunia ping 9 Desember 2019, IBLAM geus ngaresmikeun visi-misi panganyarna nyaéta: # Pikeun Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum anu berintegritas, punjul di tingkat nasional sarta berdaya saing global. # Penegasan penyebutan brand Institusi barobah kaayaan IBLAM ''School of Law''/IBLAM SL. # Logo anyar anu mangrupa kombinasi wangun 4 buleud anu melambangkeun elemen perjuangan ngahontal kamajuan anu aya di IBLAM SL nyaeta (a) dosen; (b) mahasiswa; (c) masyarakat jeung (d) pamarentah, kaliwat aya wangun kotak kalawan bulatan ditengah pikeun lambang hiji tujuan dina hiji imah perjuangan kanggo ngahasilkeun ahli hukum nu boga integritas sarta 4 gurat lempeng anu ngalambangkeun 4 nilai dasar perjuangan IBLAM SL, anu lamun sadaya dijentrekeun katembong minangka perisai anu bermakna yen pendidikan hukum kedah dijadikeun instrument pikeun nangtayungan sarta nyanghareupan serangan kebodohan, bancang pakewuh sarta merangan ketidakadilan. Dipambrih dina warsih-warsih ka hareup handap pengelolaan tim manajemen anu alus, IBLAM ''School of Law'' rek meunang pangajen sarta pangakuan ti balaréa minangka paguron luhur anu paduli dina hal mekar sarta ajeg na supremasi hukum di nagari ieu.<ref name=":26" /> ====== [[Politeknik LP3I Depok]] ====== Kampus LP3I boga jaminan nempatkeun gawé pikeun para mahasiswa anu berpréstasi barobah kaayaan ''tagline'' kanggo universitas di Dépok anu hiji ieu. Politeknik LP3I Kampus Dépok mikeun kasempetan kanggo maranéhanana anu hayang gancang gawé saanggeus kuliah. Kalawan jalinan gawé babarengan anu dipigawé ku rupa-rupa dunya usaha, Poltek LP3I Kampus Dépok ngabogaan kaistimewaan atawa ''privilege'' pikeun nempatkeun mahasiswa na anu luyu kualipikasi. Polték LP3I Kampus Dépok ngan hiji ti sakitu seueur Politeknik LP3I anu sumebar di sakumna Indonesia. Reputasi LP3I anu atos nyondong ngawarnaan dunya atikan lemah cai saprak warsih 1989 kalawan konsep ''“Link & Match”.'' Poltek LP3I Kampus Depok ngabogaan opat jurusan, nyaeta bisnis, keuangan, teknologi, sarta komunikasi. Universitas di Depok ieu ngayakeun atikan basisna vokasi kalawan jenjang D-3 sarta sarjana terapan.<ref name=":25" /> Pendidikan di LP3I ngabogaan pokus ka latihan berbasis praktek (70% praktek, 30% teori), magang sarta nempatkeun gawe. Program nempatkeun gawe ka salah sahiji pausahaan anu nyongcolang di Indonesia. Di LP3I, mahasiswa atawa peserta didik berkualitas anu performanya luyu pasaratan bakal dibantu nempatkeun damel dugi katarima di pausahaan atawa boga wirausaha. Fenomena henteu kajeujeuhkeun lulusan pendidikan tinggi di dunya damel beda carios kaduh era warsih 2000-an wae. Lamun dirunut ka pungkur, saleresna gejala kasebat geus mimiti wedal ka permukaan kira-kira dua puluh warsih kawitna. Beuki dinten beuki megulisahkeun balarea anu ngalaman langsung. Nanging dugi nyanghareupan ahir 1980- an, langka aya pihak anu rumaos terpanggil pikeun ngabereskeun masalah kasebat. Tina dasar eta, mangka Lembaga Pendidikan sarta Pengembangan Profesi Indonesia (LP3I) diadegkeun dina 29 Maret 1989 kalawan cabang kahiji di Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan. Geus kitu, dimimitian ti program kursus 6 sasih, LP3I saterusna ngembangkeun jangjang na barobah kaayaan lembaga atikan profesi (1-2 warsih), anu boga orientasi dunya damel. Nempo keberhasilan model atikan anu dijalankeun ku LP3I, animo balarea oge beuki gede. Peserta didik sanes ngan nu nyicingan ibukota wae, sumawonten ti sababaraha wewengkon anu cekap tebih. Ku margi eta pisan, LP3I muka cabang-cabang ampir di sakumna dayeuh-dayeuh gede di Indonesia. Kiprah LP3I beuki diaku ku balarea lega. Pangakuan ti dunya industri tercermin ti beuki lobana pausahaan anu merekrut lulusan LP3I. Sedengkeun pangakuan sanes dongkap ti dunya atikan dina sarta jabi nagari ngaliwatan kerjasama transfer kredit sarta konversi materi ajar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lp3i.ac.id/tentang-kami/|title=Tentang Kami - LP3I|website=https://www.lp3i.ac.id/|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228142014/https://www.lp3i.ac.id/tentang-kami/ |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> ====== [[Universitas Nusa Mandiri]] ====== [[Gambar:Kampus Nusa Mandiri.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Universitas Nusa Mandiri Kampus Margonda]] Mimitna boga ngaran STMIK Nusa Mandiri anu tangtung dina warsih 2001, universitas di Depok ieu teras mekar. Mimiti na ngan boga jenjang atikan sarjana, saterusna dina warsih 2008 geus muka program pascasarjana. Dua puluh warsih langkung, benerna warsih 2021, STMIK Nusa Mandiri robah kaayaan Universitas Nusa Mandiri atawa UNM. Kiwari, UNM ngabogaan dua fakultas, nyaéta Fakultas Teknologi Informasi sarta Fakultas Ekonomi jeung Bisnis. Ti dua fakultas kasebat aya 7 program studi pilihan, mimiti Sistem Informasi, Teknik Informatika, Ilmu Komputer, Manajemén, dugi Perhotelan. Salian ngabogaan kampus di Dépok, Universitas Nusa Mandiri ogé aya di opat wilayah lain. Saban kampus dilengkepan fasilitas penunjang diajar sarta bermacam kagiatan mahasiswa anu cekap sarta bisa dipercayakeun.<ref name=":25" /> Tonggak tangtung na Universitas Nusa Mandiri tina motivasi kanggo ngamuliakeun kahirupan bangsa Indonesia. Yayasan Indonesia Nusa Mandiri asa digeroan pikeun milu sarta berkontribusi dina pangwangunan bangsa. Dina sisi lain pangwangunan anu erek sarta keur dipigawe anak bangsa ieu henteu bisa lesot ti hal mekar sarta kanaekan teknologi informasi. Kaayaan ieu merlukeun pangabisa kanggo berinovasi, bersinergi sarta beradaptasi kalawan teknologi anu berorientasi kalawan kaperluan hirup balarea. Samentara pangabisa berinovasi sarta pengimplementasian kana teknologi acan optimal. Ieu pisan anu melatarbelakangi pamadegan Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Informatika sarta Komputer Nusa Mandiri anu mangrupa cikal bakal Universitas Nusa Mandiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nusamandiri.ac.id/nuri/sejarah-stmik.ajax|title=Sejarah Universitas Nusa Mandiri|website=www.nusamandiri.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228135441/https://www.nusamandiri.ac.id/nuri/sejarah-stmik.ajax |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> Dimimitian dina ping 8 Agustus 2001 Yayasan Indonesia Mandiri ngadegkeun Universitas Nusa Mandiri di handapeun pupuhu Bapa Sigit Swasono resmi ngalakukeun misi megah dina widang atikan. Legalisasi perkawis ieu dirojong kalawan dikaluarkeunna Serat Kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia No.17/DO/2003 ngeunaan widi penyelenggaraan kagiatan atikan kalawan wasta Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Informatika sarta Komputer Nusa Mandiri anu dipikawanoh kalawan STMIK Nusa Mandiri. Dina mimitina STMIK Nusa Mandiri ngan diperuntukeun kanggo jenjang strata hiji (S1) kalawan pilihan program studi Sistem Informasi sarta Teknik Informatika. Nanging selang tujuh warsih tangtung, benerna dina 27 Agustus 2008 STMIK Nusa Mandiri resmi ngajalankeun program pascasarjana (S2) ngaliwatan widi penyelenggaraan bernomor 2858/D/T /2008 kalawan program studi Ilmu Komputer. STMIK Nusa Mandiri bertransformasi barobah kaayaan Universitas Nusa Mandiri dina ping 5 April 2021 anu disahkeun kalawan Kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan sarta Kabudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomer 82/E/O/2021 ping 5 April 2021 ngeunaan widi Penggabungan Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Informatika Komputer Nusa Mandiri di Jakarta sarta Akademi Pariwisata Tridaya di Jakarta barobah kaayaan Universitas Nusa Mandiri di Jakarta anu diayakeun ku Yayasan Indonesia Nusa Mandiri. Universitas Nusa Mandiri ngokolakeun 2 (dua) fakultas nyaeta Fakultas Teknologi Informasi sarta Fakultas Ekonomi sarta Bisnis. Fakultas Teknologi Informasi (FTI) membawahi 4 (opat) program studi nyaeta S2 Ilmu Komputer, S1 Informatika, S1 Sistem Informasi, S1 Sains Data. Fakultas Ekonomi sarta Bisnis (FEB) miboga 3 (tilu) program studi nyaeta S1 Bisnis Digital, S1 Manajemen, sarta D3 Perhotelan. Tepi ka danget ayeuna, kampus ieu sok ngalakukeun inovasi, ngembang sarta beradaptasi kalawan sagala rupa perkawis anu arah na berorientasi pikeun pendidikan bangsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nusamandiri.ac.id/nuri/index.js|title=UNIVERSITAS NUSA MANDIRI|website=www.nusamandiri.ac.id|accessdate=2023-02-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321095441/https://www.nusamandiri.ac.id/nuri/index.js |date=2023-03-21 }}</ref> ====== [[STT Nurul Fikri]] ====== Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Terpadu Nurul Fikri (kasohor ku singgeran STT-NF) mangrupa salah sahiji universitas di Depok anu kaitung anyar. Tangtung resmina dina warsih 2012, STT-NF hoyong memadukeun keilmuan praktis di widang teknologi informasi kalawan pengembangan kapribadian islami, kompeten, sarta boga sipat kabangsaan. STT-NF miluan dina pengembangan paguron luhur pikeun ngahasilkeun sarjana terpadu. Sarjana terpadu dina aspek profesional margi lulusan STT-NF jabi meunang ijazah, oge ngantongan sertifikasi Informasi dan Teknologi (IT) sacara nasional atawa internasional. Sertifikasi kasebat mangrupa wangun pangakuan ka kompetensi IT anu kagaduh mahasiswa. STT-NF boga tekad ngababarkeun generasi anu calakan sarta berakhlak megah. Mata kuliah IT kekinian dikompakkeun kalawan kapamingpinan sarta kewirausahaan dina saban semester. Saban mahasiswa STT-NF dididik kanggo nyieun sipat positip: ''Novelty, Integrity, Care, and Excellence (NICE).'' Kalawan dua kampus anu tempatna wilayah Jakarta Selatan sarta Kota Depok, STT NF nyieun program atikan jenjang sarjana (S-1). Universitas di Depok anu hiji ieu ngabogaan tilu program studi, nyaeta Sistem Informasi, Teknik Informatika, sarta Bisnis Digital.<ref name=":25" /> [[Gambar:Computer Lab, Narasaraopeta Engineering College.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Laboratorium Komputer di Kampus Luar Negeri]] Salah sahiji tujuan diadegkeun na STT-NF nyaeta ''“Mencetak Sarjana Komputer Berakhlak Megah, Profesional, sarta Bersertifikasi IT”''. Tujuan eta kanggo nyumponan kaperluan sarjana teknologi informasi ditengah balarea, kalawan konsisten mengusung peunteun-peunteun profesionalisme sarta keislaman. Sanggeus mapan 2 warsih, dina 2014, program studi anu dikokolakeun ku STT-NF nyaeta Sistem Informasi (SI) sarta Teknik Informatika (TI) junun meunangkeun Akreditasi BAN-PT, dumasar SK Nomer 483/SK/BAN-PT/Akred/S/XII/2014 sarta 468/SK/BAN-PT/Akred/S/XII/2014. Sarta Warsih 2019 program studi Sistem Informasi (SI) junun meunangkeun re-Akreditasi ti BAN-PT, dumasar SK Nomer 919/SK/BAN-PT/Akred/S/IV/2019. Geus kitu, dina taun 2020 program studi Teknik Informatika (TI) junun meunangkeun re-Akreditasi ti BAN-PT, dumasar SK Nomer 4151/SK/BAN-PT/Akred/S/VII/2020.<ref name=":25" /> Dina September 2016,STT-NF ngaluluskeun 37 mahasiswa/i angkatan kahiji Warsih 2012. Dina Pebruari 2018, STT-NF ngaluluskeun 52 mahasiswa/i angkatan kadua 2013 & 2014. Sarta dina September 2019, STT-NF ngaluluskeun 59 mahasiswa/i angkatan katilu 2014 & 2015. Sakumna alumni (100 persen) kaserep ku tempat gawe. Sawareh mahasiswa STT-NF aya anu sukses dina dunya akademik, bari digawe luyu kalawan keahlianna, atawa ngawangun ''start up'' (bisnis pemula) luyu minat sarta potensinya di dunya IT. STT-NF milu dina pengembangan perguruan tinggi pikeun ngahasilkeun sarjana terpadu. Sarjana terpadu dina aspek profesional, margi lulusan STT-NF jabi meunang ijazah, oge ngantongan sertifikasi IT sacara nasional atawa internasional. Sertifikasi eta mangrupa wangun pangakuan ka kompetensi IT anu kagaduh mahasiswa. Sertipikat eta oge nembongkeun yen alumni STT-NF mangrupa profesional anu siap mengabdikan elmu sarta keterampilanna di perusahaan. Sarjana terpadu dina perkawis pangawasaan hasanah sains sarta teknologi seiring kalawan pembinaan kapribadian anu berintegritas, kreatif sarta inovatif.<ref name=":25" /> ====== [[Politéknik Imigrasi]] ====== [[Gambar:Immigration Polytechnic Arms.png|jmpl|Politeknik Imigrasi]] Politeknik Imigrasi (Poltekim) nyaeta hiji lembaga pendidikan tinggi kedinasan di lingkungan Kementerian Hukum sarta HAM. salah sahiji paguron luhur di Depok ieu menyelenggarakeun atikan profesional kedinasan. Harita, Poltekim dipikawanoh kalawan wasta Akademi Imigrasi (AIM). Warsih 2016, AIM robah kaayaan Poltekim kalawan jenjang atikan terapan (vokasi) Diploma IV. Ayeuna, Politeknik Imigrasi ngabogaan opat program studi anu diwangun ti tilu Program Studi Diploma IV, nyaeta Program Studi Hukum Keimigrasian, Administrasi Keimigrasian, Manajemen Teknologi Keimigrasian, sarta hiji Program Studi Diploma III Keimigrasian. Minangka lembaga atikan kedinasan, geus tangtu lulusan Poltekim dijamin gawe di lingkungan Kementerian Hukum sarta HAM kalawan status aparatur sipil nagara (ASN). Perkawis ieu anu matak Poltekim diminati pisan ku para calon mahasiswa. Saban mekar, Poltekim muka kasempetan diajar pikeun sakumna barudak ngora di lemah cai. Tangtos aya sajumlah tes pangabisa akademik sarta lianna pikeun bisa parat minangka Taruna Poltekim.<ref name=":25" /> ====== [[UPN Veteran Kampus Depok|UPN Veteran Kampus Dépok]] ====== [[Gambar:Libraryupnveteran.JPG|kiri|jmpl|Perpustakaan UPN Veteran]] Salah sahiji universitas di Depok anu dipikawanoh kalawan UPN “Veteran” Jakarta ieu kaitung keneh anyar menyandang status paguron luhur nagari. Warsih 2014 kaliwat, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta sacara resmi gentos status ti swasta ka nagari dumasar Aturan Presiden Nomor 120. Mimitina UPN “Veteran” Jakarta geus dimimitian saprak warsih 1967. Basa eta namina keneh Perguruan Tinggi Pembangunan Nasional (PTPN) “Veteran” Cabang Jakarta. Warsih 1977, kampus anu berinduk di Jogjakarta ieu robah kaayaan universitas anu di Jakarta. UPN “Veteran” Cabang Jakarta robah kaayaan universitas anu teuneung caos sarta leupas ti babonna, nyaeta UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta. Kalawan boga tilu fakultas dina jenjang atikan D-3 sarta S-1, UPN “Veteran” Jakarta mitembeyan mekar minangka universitas anu macakal. UPN “Veteran” Jakarta ngabogaan dua kampus kanggo ngarojong operasional diajar ngawulang, nyaeta kampus Pondok Labu di Jakarta sarta Kampus Limo anu lebet wilayah Kota Depok. Kadua kampus ieu ngabogaan fasilitas anu puguh sarta nyukupan kanggo ngarojong proses pembelajaran. Kampus Limo diwangun ti dua fakultas, nyaeta fakultas teknik sarta fakultas elmu kasehatan. Universitas di Depok ieu ngabogaan lega lahan 2,1 hektar anu diwangun ti rohang kuliah, bengkel mesin, bengkel otomotif, bengkel teknik wangunan kapal, sarta ''workshop'' mesin-mesin paranti niiskeun.<ref name=":25" /> == Galéri == <gallery> File:Kantor-panewu-depok-sleman.jpg|Kantor Panewu Depok Sleman File:Bunglon jambul-depok-jawa barat-indonesia.JPG|Bunglon Jambul Depok File:Station Depok KITLV 141900.tiff|Stasiun Depok Jaman Walanda File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 27-5-1.jpg|Tentara Walanda di Depok File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 27-1-1.jpg|Budak Leutik jeung Urang Walanda basa Depok Leuweung Keneh File:Depok De Nederlandse militairen hebben bij de burgerij van Depok een goede repu, Bestanddeelnr 14608.jpg|Barudak di Sakola Rakyat diajar ku Urang Walanda File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 28-6-4.jpg|Tentara Walanda Keur Jaga di Depok File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 28-3-2.jpg|Jelema Keur Antri Hareupeun Mobil Jaman Walanda File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 28-4-1.jpg|Tentara Walanda Liwat Sawah di Depok File:Depok, Bestanddeelnr 28-3-5.jpg|Antri Kadaharan Hareupeun Mobil Tentara Walanda File:Depok Town Square (Detos) - panoramio.jpg|Depok Town Square File:Emplasemen Depo KRL Depok..jpg|KRL Depok File:KUA Depok - panoramio.jpg|KUA Depok File:PLN_Depok_-_panoramio.jpg|PLN Depok File:Margonda - Kota Depok, Jawa Barat.jpg|Margonda di Depok </gallery> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} ==Media lokal== *{{id}} [http://www.depokmetro.com/ http://www.depokmetro.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808175011/http://depokmetro.com/ |date=2006-08-08 }} *{{id}} [http://www.monitordepok.com/ http://www.monitordepok.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503203454/http://www.monitordepok.com/ |date=2007-05-03 }} ==Tumbu luar== {{Commonscat|Depok}} *{{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091024025928/http://geocities.com/hansoedira/depok.htm http://www.geocities.com/hansoedira/depok.htm] *{{id}} [http://www.depok.go.id Situs web resmi Kota Depok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020926092711/http://www.depok.go.id/ |date=2002-09-26 }} *{{en}} [http://www.panoramio.com/photo/11292878 Cagar alam Pancoran Mas] {{Kota Dépok}} {{JaBar}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Dépok| ]] [[Kategori:Kota di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel WikiMekar]] 3wkcmgsndvnsimf89x0w74jxeqsywwd 0 5306 731615 704306 2026-11-07T20:45:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dati3 |nami=Banjarsari |dati2=Kabupatén |nami dati2=Ciamis |propinsi=Jawa Kulon |lega= |pangeusi= |kapadetan=- jiwa/km&sup2; |nami camat= |kalurahan=12 [[désa]] |website={{URL|https://kecamatan-banjarsari.ciamiskab.go.id}} }} '''Banjarsari''' nyaéta hiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{Cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 18 Februari 2023 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Desember 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{Cite web |url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 18 Februari 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sebutan anu kungsi populér dina ieu kacamatan nyaéta "Kota Nyari" anu mangrupa akronim pikeun; "nyaman", "asri", "rindang", jeung "indah". Ayeuna istilahna geus henteu kamandang teuing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 Juli 2020|title=Pedagang Banjarsari: “Pak Bupati Tolong Kami Jangan Dijadikan Anak Tiri”|url=https://kabarsbi.com/30067-2/|language=id|website=kabarsbi.com|access-date=8 Januari 2022}}</ref> Minangka bukti ayana, diadegkeun Sakola Dasar Negeri (SDN) Kotanyari anu mangrupa ngaran séjén pikeun SD Negeri 2 Banjarsari, SD anu lumayan saéna, nuturkeun SD Negeri 9 Banjarsari (ayeuna katelah SD Negeri 1 Banjarsari).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Sawunggalih|first=Mustafid|date=23 Agustus 2010|title=Banjarsari Kota Nyari, Kenapa Kini Memudar?|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/tribunners/2010/08/23/banjarsari-kota-nyari-kenapa-kini-memudar|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|access-date=8 Januari 2022|language=id|editor-last=Slay|editor-first=Widiyabuana}}</ref> == Wates Wilayah == Sacara géografis, Kacamatan Banjarsari dikurilingan ku sababaraha kacamatan séjénna, boh nu masih aya dina lingkup Kabupatén Ciamis, ogé Kabupatén Pangandaran, ieu kacamatan téh ngawengku:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ciamiskab.go.id/index.php?mod=instansiCari&idMenuKiri=473&idMenu=92&idInstansi=10&act=detail |title=Batas wilayah Kecamatan Banjarsari |accessdate=2023-05-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119092408/https://www.ciamiskab.go.id/index.php?mod=instansiCari&idMenuKiri=473&idMenu=92&idInstansi=10&act=detail |archivedate=2025-01-19}}</ref> {{Wates_KWKK |kalér=[[Purwadadi, Ciamis|Kacamatan Purwadadi]] |wétan=[[Padahérang, Pangandaran|Kacamatan Padahérang]] |kidul=[[Banjaranyar, Ciamis|Kacamatan Banjaranyar]] |kulon=[[Pamarican, Ciamis|Kacamatan Pamarican]]}} == Geografis == == Administratif == Kacamatan Banjarsari diwangun ku 12 [[désa]], nyaéta: {{col-css3-begin|2}} # [[Banjarsari, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Banjarsari]] # [[Cibadak, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Cibadak]] # [[Cicapar, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Cicapar]] # [[Cihérang, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Cihérang]] # [[Ciulu, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Ciulu]] # [[Kawasén, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Kawasén]] # [[Purwasari, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Purwasari]] # [[Ratawangi, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Ratawangi]] # [[Sindangasih, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Sindangasih]] # [[Sindanghayu, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Sindanghayu]] # [[Sindangsari, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Sindangsari]] # [[Sukasari, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Sukasari]] {{col-css3-end}} == Transportasi == == Référénsi == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://jabarprov.go.id Situs Resmi Propinsi Jawa Kulon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705083311/https://jabarprov.go.id/ |date=2023-07-05 }} * [http://ciamiskab.go.id Situs Resmi Propinsi Kabupatén Ciamis] * [http://kecamatan-banjarsari.ciamiskab.go.id Situs Resmi Kacamatan Banjarsari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218123140/http://kecamatan-banjarsari.ciamiskab.go.id/ |date=2023-02-18 }} {{Kabupatén Ciamis}} {{Banjarsari, Ciamis}} {{Kacamatan-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Jawa Kulon|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis|{{PAGENAME}}]] ktqdf3ep5gk5gbhw1i0b39wwqto2rqj 0 5311 731638 704315 2026-11-07T22:21:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kacamatan|nami=Cijulang |dati2=Kabupatén |nami dati2=Pangandaran |lega= 93,16 km² |pangeusi= 25.729 |desa=7 Désa |kalurahan=38 Kalurahan |nami camat=H.M. Iwan Djuanda |kapadetan=679 jiwa/km&sup2; |propinsi=Jawa Kulon |Peta Lokasi Kacamatan Cijulang= [[Gambar:Peta Lokasi Kacamatan Cijulang.jpg|jmpl|Format Gambar Peta Lokasi Kacamatan Cijulang]] }} '''Cijulang''' nyaéta hiji [[kacamatan]] di beulah kidul [[Kabupatén Pangandaran]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Saupama diitung jauh/jarakna ti Ibu Kota [[Kabupatén Pangandaran]] ± 30&nbsp;km. == Wates Wilayah == Wates [[Wewengkon]] [[Kacamatan Cijulang]], nyaéta :<br /> - beulah '''Kalér''' : kacamatan [[Parigi]]<br /> - beulah '''Wétan''' : [[Samudera Pasifik]]<br /> - beulah '''Kidul''' : kacamatan [[Cimerak]]<br /> - beulah '''Kulon''' : kacamatan [[Cigugur]] == Geografis == Ngeunaan [[Kecamatan Cijulang]], nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan nu aya di beulah Kidul [[Kabupatén Pangandaran]] ± 30&nbsp;km mun diitung ti Ibu Kota Kabupatén mah.<br /> Luas wewengkonna, nyaéta '''9.316 Ha''' :<br /> - Daratan salega : 7.930 Ha<br /> - Pasawahan salega : 1.368 Ha == Demografi == - Jumlah nu nyicingan di [[Kecamatan Cijulang]] = '''25. 729 jelema''' (jumlah Lalaki : 12.602 jelema, ari Awéwé : 13.127 jelema.<br /> - Kapala kulawarga, saloba 8.960 KK.<br /> - Lobana penduduk rata-rata : 679 urang /Km<sup>2</sup>.<br /> - Ditilik nurutkeun Wangunan tempat padumukan lobana aya 7.014 wangunan, nyaéta nu diwangun; 2.473 siki Wangunan Permanén, nu Semipermanén aya 2.591 siki, ari Wangunan/imah Panggung aya 2.050 imah. Padumukan jeung pakampungan nu aya di luareun désa [[Cijulang]] jeung [[Kondangjajar]] mah papencar, jeung pajarauh. == Administratif == kacamatan Cijulang dibagi 7 désa :<br /> 1. Désa [[Cijulang]] / Swasembada II<br /> 2. Désa [[Batukaras]] / Swasembada I<br /> 3. Désa [[Kertayasa]] / Swasembada I<br /> 4. Désa [[Cibanten]]/ Swasembada I<br /> 5. Désa [[Margacinta]] / Swasembada I<br /> 6. Désa [[Kondangjajar]] / Swasembada II<br /> 7. Désa [[Ciakar]] / Swasembada I.<br /> <br /> Tina anu '''7 Désa''' téh, jumlah rincianna :<br /> - Dusun : 38<br /> - RW : 90<br /> - RT : 249<br /> - Kelompok PKK Dusun : 35<br /> - Kelompok PKK RT : 243<br /> - Kader Désa Wisma : 357 Kader == Transportasi == Sarana atawa alat angkutan pikeun nuju ka Kacamatan Cijulang nepi ka danget ieu, bisa maké sababaraha alat transportasi, saperti Angkutan Umum, bisa ogé maké Angkutan Kapal Hiber di '''[[Lapangan Terbang Nusawiru]]''' - Kacamatan [[Cijulang]]. == Tumbu kaluar == Sumber Séjénna : * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191206092411/http://niartsdesign.com/sundakuring/ngeunaan-kuring/cijulang Sundakuring-Basisir Laut Kidul] * [Https://www.facebook.com/groups/FWCijulang/ Forum Wargi Cijulang - Basisir Laut Kidul] * [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Basisir-Laut-Kidul/105498669497364 Facebook Urang Sunda Pakidulan] <br />{{Kabupatén Pangandaran}} {{Cijulang, Pangandaran}} {{Kacamatan-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Jawa Kulon|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Pangandaran|{{PAGENAME}}]] c9adbkancjtyeolmdgun83ocbqy5hdb 0 5977 731788 681177 2026-11-08T09:25:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kacamatan |nami=Pakem |dati2=Kabupatén |nami dati2=Sléman |lega=- km&sup2; |pangeusi=- |kalurahan=- |nami camat=- |kapadetan=- jiwa/km&sup2; |propinsi=Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta }} '''Pakem''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kabupatén Sléman]], [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta|Propinsi Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]], [[Indonésia]]. == Pustaka == {{refbegin|1}} '''Buku''' * {{Cite book|last=Pemerintah Kalurahan Pakembinangun, Kapanewon Pakem, Kabupaten Sleman|first=|year=2023|url=https://pakembinangunsid.slemankab.go.id/assets/files/dokumen/LPPKal%202022.FIX.pdf|title=Laporan Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Kalurahan Pakembinangun Tahun Anggaran 2022|location=Sleman|publisher=Pemerintah Kalurahan Pakembinangun, Kapanewon Pakem, Kabupaten Sleman|isbn=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Pemerintah Kalurahan Pakembinangun, Kapanewon Pakem, Kabupaten Sleman|2023}}|url-status=live}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} '''Jurnal''' * {{Cite journal|last=Krisnata|last2=Virgawati|first=Wendy|first2=Sari|last3=Julianto|first3=Eko Amiadji|year=2022|title=Kesesuaian Lahan untuk Tanaman Anggur di Kalurahan Pakembinangun, Kapanewon Pakem, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta|url=http://jurnal.upnyk.ac.id/index.php/jta/article/view/9462|journal=Jurnal Tanah dan Air (Soil and Water Journal)|volume=19|issue=1|pages=25–30|doi=|issn=|ref={{sfnref|Krisnata|Virgawati|Julianto|2022}}}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227221516/http://jurnal.upnyk.ac.id/index.php/jta/article/view/9462 |date=2024-12-27 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Muhaimin|last2=Seran|first=|first2=Yuventus|last3=Digdowiseiso|first3=Kumba|year=2023|title=Analisis Implementasi Kebijakan Pengelolaan Dana Desa di Desa Pakembinangun, Kecamatan Pakem, Kabupaten Sleman|url=https://journal.ipm2kpe.or.id/index.php/COSTING/article/view/7488|journal=Costing: Journal of Economic, Business, and Accounting|volume=6|issue=2|pages=2632–2646|doi=|issn=|ref={{sfnref|Muhaimin|Seran|Digdowiseiso|2023}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111141419/https://journal.ipm2kpe.or.id/index.php/COSTING/article/view/7488|archive-date=2025-01-11|accessdate=2024-12-27}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wati|last2=Budiani|first=Ambar Kusuma|first2=Sri Rahayu|year=2017|title=Hubungan Kawasan Agropolitan terhadap Kondisi Sosial dan Ekonomi Petani di Desa Pakembinangun, Kecamatan Pakem, Kabupaten Sleman|url=https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/228739/hubungan-kawasan-agropolitan-terhadap-kondisi-sosial-dan-ekonomi-petani-di-desa#cite|journal=Jurnal Bumi Indonesia|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=|issn=|ref={{sfnref|Wati|Budiani|2017}}}} {{refend}} {{Kacamatan-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Sléman|{{PAGENAME}}]] ozwe4qud8gdoje9xpg7age9dlcaj3ag 0 6360 731663 728688 2026-11-07T23:24:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotakinfo Kalurahan | nami = ᮓᮦᮞ ᮓᮦᮕᮧᮊ᮪ | peta = | propinsi = Jawa Barat | dati2 = Kabupatén | nami dati2 = Garut | nami kacamatan = Cisompét | kalurahan = désa ᮓᮦᮞ | nami lurah = Bangbang Rasalim | lega =1517 Ha | pangeusi =5730 | kapadetan = 210 |RT=35|RW=10|kode pos=44174|website=https://depok.kecamatancisompet.id/|nama=Dépok ᮓᮦᮕᮧᮊ᮪}} '''Dépok''' nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan [[Cisompét, Garut|Cisompet, Garut]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]], Indonésia. Désa ieu nyaeta desa pangkidulna di Kacamatan Cisompet, Garut. Désa Dépok midang langsung sareng dengan [[Desa Sukanagara. Cisompet]], Garut kalér. Kidul wates jeung Kacamatan [[Pameungpeuk, Garut|Pameungpeuk]] nyaéta Désa Paas jeung Désa Sirnabakti, gigireun beulah kulon ku Kacamatan [[Pameungpeuk, Garut|Pameungpeuk]] hususna Désa Bojong anu dipisahkeun ku Padépokan Gunung Nagara jeung ka Wétan diwatesan ku Désa Karyasari Kacamatan [[Cibalong, Garut|Cibalong]] dipisahkeun ku Pakebonan Gunung Gajah. == Sajarah == Nurutkeun Hikayat, ngaran Dépok téh pakait jeung padepokan. Ieu ngandung harti yén kampung éta asalna mangrupa padepokan tempat gegeden réhat . Sabenerna, numutkeun Ki Ecep (kasepuh desa), dina taun genep puluhan, Désa Depok masih kénéh jadi padumukan anu tradisina sarua jeung urang [[Baduy]]. Tapi sanggeus éta désa diduruk ku gorombolan DI/TII<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sundalandgeografi.blogspot.com/2017/07/kupas-situs-gunung-nagara-kecamatan.html|title=Kupas Situs Gunung Nagara Kecamatan Cisompet|last=Soerialaga|first=Dedi E. Kusmayadi|language=ID|accessdate=2022-12-04}}</ref>, aya parobahan anu katingal bedasna. Ayeuna anjeun moal deui ningali imah-imah tihang anu ngajajar nyanghareupan kiblat. Di Désa Dépok aya situs Gunung Nagara anu mangrupa makam karuhuninohong karajaan dina jaman Islam anu dipercaya minangka tempat rinéhna para raja-raja. Padépokan ieu nangtung minangka wujud panghormatan ka raja-raja anu jumeneng. Raja-raja anu aya di ieu komplék pamakaman nyaéta Éyang Ruhi Kudratullah, Éyang Balung Tunggal, Raja Kiansantang, Syéh Abdul Jabar, garwa [[Kiansantang|Raja Kiansantang]] (Ratu Gondowoni), Éyang Sembah Ibrohim jeung Éyang Raksabumi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infogarut.id/napak-tilas-situs-gunung-nagara-makam-keramat-para-raja-sunda-di-garut|title=Napak Tilas Situs Gunung Nagara, Makam Keramat Para Raja Sunda di Garut|last=Infogarut|website=infogarut.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614144837/https://infogarut.id/napak-tilas-situs-gunung-nagara-makam-keramat-para-raja-sunda-di-garut|archivedate=2023-06-14}}</ref> Situs Gunung Nagara diapit ku dua walungan, nya éta walungan Cikaso jeung walungan Cipalebuh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/5080530/menakar-efektivitas-sodetan-sungai-cikaso-dan-cipalebuh-atasi-banjir-bandang-garut|title=Menakar Efektivitas Sodetan Sungai Cikaso dan Cipalebuh Atasi Banjir Bandang Garut|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-12-04}}</ref>, nu cenah dianggap syariat pikeun ngagugurkeun dosa sangkan Sang Hyang Widi ngahampura. Ku kituna, Legenda Kian Santang Nurutkeun lolobana masarakat Dépok, Situs Gunung Nagara téh raket patalina jeung sumebarna agama Islam di wewengkon Garut Kidul anu sumebarna ku jasa Raja Kian Santang. Ayana Kampung Dépok dipatalikeun jeung munculna Padépokan anu aya di sisi Walungan Cikaso jeung ayana situs Gunung Nagara anu ngabentuk lingkungan sosial masarakat Désa Dépok nepi ka ayeuna. == Géografi == === Wates Wilayah === Kalér : Désa Sukanagara Kacamatan [[Cisompét, Cisompét, Garut|Cisompet]] Kidul : Désa Paas sareng Désa Sirnabakti Kacamatan Pameungpeuk Kulon : Désa Bojong Kacamatan Pameungpeuk Wétan : Désa Karyasari Kacamatan Cibalong === Topografi === Désa Depok aya di beulah kidul wewengkon Kabupatén [[Garut]] anu topografina [[pagunungan]] tur lungkawing. Wewengkon Désa Dépok mangrupa wewengkon diapit ku dua kacamatan di palih kulon, wétan jeung kidul, nya éta Kacamatan Cibalong jeung Kacamatan Pameungpeuk<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qomariah|first=Maulani Nur Habibatul|date=2021-06-28|title=Raden Wangsa Muhammad : Tokoh Islamisasi di desa Cinunuk kecamatan Wanaraja kabupaten Garut tahun abad ke-19|url=https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/41561/|language=en}}</ref>. Di kuloneun Désa Dépok aya bukit Padépokan, situs Gunung Nagara, watesna jeung Désa Bojong Kacamatan Pameungpeuk, jeung di wétanna diwatesanan ku Perkebunan Karét Gunung Gajah, anu padeukeut jeung Désa Karyasari, [[Cibalong, Garut|Cibalong]]. Désa Dépok ayana dina kaluhuran 40 - 100 m dpl Walungan Cikaso nyaéta walungan pondok anu ngaliwatan Désa Depok sarta dialirkeun ka [[Samudra Hindia]]. Ieu walungan téh mangrupa walungan anu penting pikeun masarakat Désa Dépok salaku irigasi, sarta tempat asalna désa, sanajan lila-lila patempatan warga ngalih ka palihan napel ka caketeun Jalan Raya Garut - Pameungpeuk === Guna Lahan === Dumasar kana jenis taneuh jeung rupa bumi di Désa Dépok, tata guna lahan umumna dipaké pikeun pasawahan, kebon kalapa, jeung ngabuka lahan di leuweung<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mutakin|first=Jenal|last2=Damayanti|first2=Ayudita|last3=Pratama|first3=Rama Adi|date=2018-06-01|title=PENGARUH SISTEM TANAM DAN JARAK TANAM TERHADAP DOMINASI GULMA, PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL PADI DI DESA DEPOK CISOMPET KABUPATEN GARUT|url=https://journal.uniga.ac.id/index.php/JPP/article/view/439|journal=JAGROS : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Sains (Journal of Agrotechnology Science)|language=id|volume=2|issue=2|pages=119–129|doi=10.52434/jagros.v2i2.439|issn=2775-0485}}</ref>. ==Démografi== Dina taun 2022, kacatet penduduk di Désa Dépok Kacamatan [[Cisompét, Garut|Cisompét]] Kabupatén Garut nyaéta 5.730 jiwa kalayan kapadetan 210 jiwa/km<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depok.kecamatancisompet.id/first/wilayah|title=Desa Depok kec. Cisompet kab. Garut|website=Desa Depok kec. Cisompet kab. Garut|language=en|accessdate=2022-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224163151/https://depok.kecamatancisompet.id/first/wilayah|archivedate=2024-02-24}}</ref>. Mayoritas warga Désa Dépok téh urang Sunda (99%) ditambah padumuk ti suku séjén saperti urang Jawa, jrrd. Seuseueurna warga Désa Dépok padamel tani, sesana damel di séktor sanés. Wewengkon padet seuseuerna ku masarakat anu cicing di wewengkon sabudeureun puseur administrasi Désa Dépok hususna di wewengkon sabudeureun Dusun Pangligaran sareng Dusun Cipicung. === Basa === [[Basa Sunda]] mangrupa basa nu sok dipaké ku masarakat Désa Dépok Kacamatan Cisompet salaku basa indung jeung basa tutur. Basa Indonésia ogé aktip dipaké salaku basa persatuan jeung atikan di Désa Dépok. === Agama === Sadayana masarakat Désa Dépok agamana [[Islam]] == Atikan == Désa Dépok miboga fasilitas atikan ti tingkat PAUD nepi ka SD anu dikokolakeun ku pamaréntah atawa yayasan, boh negeri atanapi swasta. Di handap ieu daptar fasilitas pendidikan di Désa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dapo.kemdikbud.go.id/sp/3/021109|title=Data Sekolah - Pauddikdasmen|website=dapo.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2022-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204033213/https://dapo.kemdikbud.go.id/sp/3/021109|archivedate=2022-12-04}}</ref>: === TK === TK Aisyiyah Désa Dépok Kacamatan Cisompet === Sakola Dasar === * SD Negeri 1 Depok * SD Negeri 2 Depok * SD Negeri 3 Depok * MI Nurussalam Désa Dépok === Atikan Menengah jeung Atikan Tinggi === Pikeun neraskeun ka atikan menengah, warga ngantunkeun budakna ka sakola di luar wewengkon Désa Dépok, saperti * SMP Negeri 2 Cisompet, * SMP Negeri 2 Pameungpeuk, * SMP Muhammadiyah Pameungpeuk, * SMA Negeri 5 Garut, * SMA Negeri 22 Garut jeung * SMK Gunung Nagara atawa neruskeun atikanana ku cara angkat ka luar daerah. Sababaraha warga Désa Dépok sakola nepi ka tingkat paguron luhur di wewengkon séjén, utamana di [[Garut|Kota Garut]], [[Kota Bandung]] jeung Kota [[Tasikmalaya]]. == Kaséhatan == Désa Dépok miboga fasilitas Puskesmas Désa Dépok anu ngindung langsung ti Puskesmas Cisompet Kabupatén Garut. Aya ragam fasilitas kaséhatan individu kayaning paramedics sarta layanan bidan<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haryanto|first=Aji|last2=Hadi|first2=Ella Nurlaella|date=2009-06-01|title=Praktek Ibu dalam Perawatan Neonatus di Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat|url=https://journal.fkm.ui.ac.id/kesmas/article/view/201|journal=Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal)|language=en-US|volume=3|issue=6|pages=243–248|doi=10.21109/kesmas.v3i6.201|issn=2460-0601|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204033201/https://journal.fkm.ui.ac.id/kesmas/article/view/201|archive-date=2022-12-04|accessdate=2022-12-04}}</ref> di desa anu miboga kahontalan alus dina ngalaksanakeun sadaya kagiatanna. == Angkutan == Désa Dépok salaku désa anu strategis, diliwatan ku jalan Propinsi Garut - Pameungpeuk, mangrupa wewengkon anu ramé jeung jalur stratégis pikeun lalu lintas ti palihan Garut bagian kalér ka kidul. Angkutan khas masarakat Désa Dépok disebut angkutan désa "Cisompétan" anu ngalayanan jalur Pameungpeuk - Depok ti jam 05.00 WIB nepi ka jam 13.30 WIB. Salian ti éta, masarakat ogé mindeng ngagunakeun jasa pangkalan ojek anu sumebar di sababaraha RT/RW. Désa Dépok ogé kaliwatan jalur angkutan antar kota nyaéta elp atanapi minibus nu angkat ti [[Pameungpeuk, Garut|Pameungpeuk]] ka Garut Kota, atanapi Kota Bandung. == Wisata == Désa Dépok miboga sababaraha tujuan wisata, nyaéta Situs Padépokan Gunung Nagara minangka ciri anu geus dipikawanoh. Sajaba ti éta, aya sababaraha obyek wisata séjén kayaning: * Padepokan Gunung Nagara * Leuwi Tonjong * Leuwi Tamiang {{Cisompét, Garut}} {{Kalurahan-pondok}} == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Kalurahan/désa di Kabupatén Garut|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Kalurahan/désa di Cisompét, Garut|{{PAGENAME}}]] 27sgm1je0dsrxbp8eyuxqlc90x1fxfh 0 6429 731721 729124 2026-11-08T03:43:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Axt Handwerk.jpg|thumb|300px|Axe]] {{otheruses}} '''Kampak''' mangrupa [[alat]] kuno jeung ''ubiquitous'' nu geus digunakeun mangrébu-rébu taun ka tukang keur nyeukeutan, meulah sarta motong [[kai]], [[panén]] [[kai]], minangka [[pakarang]] jeung [[simbul]] [[sérémonial]] atawa ''[[héraldik]]''. Kampak loba wangun tur kagunaan hususna tapi umumna miboga mata kampak jeung gagangna. Conto kampak paling awal dijieun tina bahan [[rock (geology)|batu]] kalawan sababaraha wujud gagang kai anu napel salaku (panyepengan) gumantung kana bahan anu aya sarta kagunaanna mangsa harita. Kiwari kampak aya anu dijieun tina rupa-rupa bahan kayaning: [[tambaga]], [[kuningan]], [[beusi]] jeung [[waja]] luyu jeung mekarna téknologi kiwari. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} The axe is an example of a [[simple machine]] with the axe being a type of [[wedge]]. This reduces the effort needed by the wood chopper. Most modérn axes have steel héads and wooden handles (typically [[hickory]]) although [[plastic]] or [[fibreglass]] handles are not uncommon. modérn axes are specialized by use, size and form. Hafted axes with short handles designed for use with one hand are often called hand axes but the term hand axe refers to axes without handles as well. [[Hatchet]]s tend to be small hafted axes often with a [[hammer]] on the back side. == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Axe of iron from Swedish Iron Age, found at Gotland, Sweden.jpg|thumb|[[Iron age]] axe head from [[Gotland]]]] [[Gambar:Godfrey_of_Bouillon,_holding_a_pollaxe._(Manta_Castle,_Cuneo,_Italy.jpg|thumb|[[Godfrey of Bouillon]] holds a Pollaxe]] [[Gambar:Old axes.jpg|thumb|A collection of old Australian axes]] éarly stone tools like the [[hand axe]] were probably not hafted. The first true hafted axes are known from the [[Mesolithic]] period (ca. [[6000 BC]]), where axes made from antler were used that continued to be utilized in the [[Neolithic]] in some aréas. Chopping tools made from [[flint]] were hafted as [[adze]]s. Axes made from ground stone are known since the Néolithic. They were used to fell [[tree]]s and for woodworking. Few wooden hafts have been found, but it seems that the axe was normally hafted by wedging. [[Birch-tar]] and raw-[[hide]] lashings were used to fix the blade. Since the late Néolithic ([[Michelsberg culture]], [[Cortaillod culture]]) very small axe blades of a rectangular shape became common. They were hafted with an [[antler]] sleeve. This prevented both the splitting of the haft and softened the impact on the stone blade itself. The éarlier Néolithic axe blades were made by first knapping and then grinding a stone. By late Néolithic times, sawing (wooden [[saw]]s and sand) became common. This allowed a more efficient use of the raw material. In [[Scandinavia]], Northern [[Germany]] and [[Poland]] axe blades made from knapped and polished [[flint]] were common. Stone axes are quite efficient tools; using one, it takes about 10 minutes to fell a [[hardwood]] [[ash tree]] of 10&nbsp;cm diaméter, one to two hours for an ash of 30&nbsp;cm diaméter. (modérn comparison: 25&nbsp;cm [[softwood]] [[white pine]], standing chop, under two minutes with a 3.5&nbsp;kg competition felling axe.) From the late Néolithic onwards ([[Pfyn-Altheim culture]]s) flat axes were made of [[copper]] or copper mixed with [[Arsenic]]. Bronze axes are found since the éarly [[Bronze Age]] (A2). The flat axe developed into [[palstaves]], flanged axes and later winged and socketed axes. The so-called "[[Battle-axe people]]" of [[3rd millennium BC]] Europe has been suggested to correspond to éarly [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]], ancestors of the later [[Celt]]ic and [[Germanic tribes]]. Axes also were an important part in the Chinese wéaponry. The [[PIE|Proto-Indo-European]] word for "axe" may have been ''pelek'u-'' ([[Greek language|Greek]] ''pelekus'' πέλεκυς, [[Sanskrit]] ''parashu'', see also [[Parashurama]]), but the word was probably a loan, or a néolithic [[wanderwort]], ultimately related to [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] ''balag'', [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''pilaku-'' (see also [[Labrys]]). Late Néolithic 'axe [[Factory|factories]]', where thousands of ground stone axes were roughed out are known from [[Great Britain]] (for example [[Great Langdale]] in [[Cumbria]]), [[Ireland]] ([[Lambay Island]], [[Porphyry]], [[Rathlin Island]] and [[Tievebulliagh]], porcellanite) Poland ([[Krzemionki]], [[flint]]), [[France]] ([[Plancher-les-Mines]], Vosges, [[pelite]], [[Plussulien]], [[Brittany]], meta-[[dolerite]]) and [[Italy]] (Val de'Aoste, [[omphacite]]. The distribution of stone axes is an important indication of [[prehistoric]] [[trade]]. [[Thin-section|thin sectioning]] is used to determine the provenance of ground stone axe blades. Stone axes are still produced and in use today in parts of [[Irian Jaya]], [[New Guinea]]. The [[Mount Hagen]] aréa was an important production centre. == Symbolism, ritual and folklore == At léast since the late Néolithic, elaborate axes (battle-axes, T-axes, etc.) had a [[Religion|religious]] significance as well and probably indicated the exalted [[status]] of their owner. Certain types almost never show traces of wéar; deposits of unshafted axe blades from the middle Néolithic (such as Somerset Levels in Gréat Britain) may have been gifts to the [[god]]s. In Minoan Crete, the [[double axe]] (labrys) had a special méaning. Double axes date back to the Néolithic as well. In [[1998]], a [[double axe]], complete with an elaborately embellished haft, has been found at Cham-Eslen, [[Canton of Zug]], [[Switzerland]]. The haft was 120&nbsp;cm long and wrapped in ornamented birch-bark. The axe blade is 17,4&nbsp;cm long and made of [[antigorite]], mined in the [[Gotthard]]-aréa. The haft goes through a biconical drilled hole and is fastened by wedges of antler and by birch-tar. It belongs to the éarly [[Cortaillod culture]]. [[Gambar:ÉTA.jpg|thumb|100px|In the [[ÉTA]] symbol, the axe symbolizes strength.]] In the [[ancient Rome|Roman]] ''[[fasces]]'', the axe symbolized the [[authority]] to [[Decapitation|decapitate]]. In [[folklore]], stone axes were sometimes believed to be [[thunderbolt]]s and were used to guard buildings against [[lightning]], as it was believed ([[Rumor|mythically]]) that [[lightning]] never struck the same place twice. This has caused some skewing of axe distributions. [[Steel]] axes were important in [[superstition]] as well. A thrown axe could keep off a [[hailstorm]], sometimes an axe was placed in the [[crop]]s, with the cutting edge to the skies to protect the [[harvest]] against bad [[weather]]. An upright axe buried under the [[sill]] of a house would keep off [[witches]], while an axe under the bed would assure [[male]] [[offspring]]. == Bagian kampak == The axe is comprised of two primary components, the axe ''head'', and the ''haft''. The '''Axe Héad''' is typically bounded by the ''bit'' (or blade) at one end, and the ''poll'' (or butt) at the other, though some designs féature two bits opposite éach other. The top corner of the bit where the cutting edge begins is called the ''toe'', and the bottom corner is known as the ''heel''. Either side of the héad is called the ''cheek'', which is sometimes supplemented by ''lugs'' where the héad meets the haft, and the hole where the haft is mounted is called the ''eye''. The part of the bit that descends below the rest of the axe-héad is called the béard, and a ''bearded axe'' is an antiquated axe héad with an exaggerated béard that can sometimes extend the cutting edge twice the height of the rest of the héad. The '''Axe Haft''' is sometimes called the handle. Traditionally, it was made of a resilient hardwood like hickory or ash, but modérn axes often have hafts made of durable synthetic materials. Antique axes and their modérn reproductions, like the [[Tomahawk (axe)|tomahawk]], often had a simple, straight haft with a circular cross-section that wedged onto the axe-héad without the aid of wedges or pins. modérn hafts are curved for better grip and to aid in the swinging motion, and are mounted securely to the héad. The ''shoulder'' is where the héad mounts onto the haft, and this is either a long oval or rectangular cross-section of the haft that's secured to the axe héad with small metal or wooden wedges. The ''belly'' of the haft is the longest part, where it bows in gently, and the throat is where it curves sharply down into to the short ''grip'', just before end of the haft, which is known as the ''knob''. == Wangun kampak == === Kampak keur motong atawa ngabentuk kayu === [[Gambar:Axt zum spalten1.jpg|thumb|Splitting axe]] * '''Felling axe''' - Cuts across the grain of wood, as in the felling of trees. In single or double bit (the bit is the cutting edge of the héad) forms and many different weights, shapes, handle types and cutting géometries to match the characteristics of the material being cut. * '''Splitting Axe''' - Used to split with the grain of the wood. Splitting axe bits are more wedge shaped. This shape causes the axe to rend the fibres of the wood apart, without having to cut through them, especially if the blow is delivered with a twisting action at impact. * '''[[Broad axe]]''' - Used with the grain of the wood in precision splitting. Broad axe bits are chisel-shaped (one flat and one bevelled edge) facilitating more controlled work. === Kampak keur senjata === * '''[[Battle axe]]''' * '''[[Hurlbat]]''' * '''[[Throwing axe]]''' * '''[[Frankish]] axe''' or '''[[francisca]]''' * '''[[Danish axe]]''' * '''[[Tomahawk (axe)|Tomahawk]]''' * '''[[Halberd]]''' * '''[[Pollaxe|Pole axe]]''' * '''[[Valaška]]''' * '''[[Ono (weapon)|Ono]]''' === Kampak keur kagunaan séjén === [[Gambar:Firefighter with axe.jpg|thumb|[[Firefighter]] with a fire-axe]] * '''Firefighter's Axe, Fire Axe-''' Héad has a pick-shaped pointed poll (aréa of the héad opposite the cutting edge). * '''[[Pulaski (tool)|Pulaski]]''', an axe with a [[mattock]] blade built into the réar of the main axe blade, used for digging ('grubbing out') through and around roots as well as chopping. In addition to the [[McCloud (tool)|McCloud]], (a tool similar to a hoe/rake combination) the pulaski is an indispensable tool used in fighting [[forest fire]]s, as well as trail-building, brush cléarance and similar functions. * '''[[Maul]]s''', splitting implements that have evolved from the simple 'wedge' design to more complex designs, some of which are mauls with a conical 'axehéad' and compound mauls with swivelling 'sub-wedges', among other types; have a héavy wedge-shaped héad, with a sledge-hammer face opposite. [[Gambar:Travellers' Axe - Project Gutenberg eText 14861.jpg|frame|right|Climbing axes from circa 1872]] * '''Climbing or Ice Axe''' -A number of different styles of [[ice axe]] are designed for ice [[climbing]], and, though less used today than in previous times, for rock work, especially in enlarging steps used by climbers. :In the illustration to the right, from an [[1872]] "Art of Travel" publication, figure 1 represents a light axe or [[Pickaxe|pick]] which has the great advantage of lightness and handiness, with a single blade, or [[adze]], suited to step-cutting and with a small hammer-head at the back which balances the pick, and is useful in inserting pegs into rock and ice. Figure 2 represents a travellers' axe, slightly heavier than the first, and which, at least at the time, was recommended as adapted for mountain work of all kinds. == Tempo ogé == * [[Battle axe]] * [[Labrys]] * [[Sagaris]] * [[Francisca]] * [[Fasces]] * [[Battle axe people]] * [[Hatchet]] == Literatur == === Kampak néolitik === * W. Borkowski, Krzemionki mining complex (Warszawa 1995) * P. Pétrequin, La hache de pierre: carriéres vosgiennes et échanges de lames polies pendant le néolithique (5400 - 2100 av. J.-C.) (exposition musées d'Auxerre Musée d'Art et d'Histoire) (Paris, Ed. Errance, 1995). * R. Bradley/M. Edmonds, Interpreting the axe trade: production and exchange in Néolithic Britain (1993). * P. Pétrequin/A.M. Pétrequin, Écologie d'un outil: la hache de pierre en [[Irian Jaya]] (Indonésie). CNRS Éditions, Mongr. du Centre Rech. Arch. 12 (Paris 1993). === Superstition === H. Bächtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (Berlin, De Gruyter 1987). == Axe Manufacturers == * [http://www.mueller-hammerwerk.at/ Muller-Hammerwerk] * [http://www.world-of-axes.com/ World of Axes] * [http://www.ochsenkopf-werkzeuge.de/e/habero/index.html Oxhead] * [http://www.hultafors.co.uk/default.asp?LanguageID=2 Hultafors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311215124/http://www.hultafors.co.uk/default.asp?LanguageID=2 |date=2007-03-11 }} * [http://www.snowandnealley.com/ Snow and Neally] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124204405/http://www.snowandnealley.com/ |date=2005-11-24 }} * [http://www.counciltool.com/category.asp?cat=AW Council Tool] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225234147/http://www.counciltool.com/category.asp?cat=AW |date=2005-12-25 }} * [http://www.ames.com/ Ames] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051216011708/http://www.peaveymfg.com/products.html Peavy Maufacturing] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051208093116/http://www.vaughanmfg.com/ Vaughan Manufacturing] * [http://www.countryworkshops.org/toolhewing.html Country Workshops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211085451/http://www.countryworkshops.org/toolhewing.html |date=2006-02-11 }} * [http://www.gransfors.com/ Gransfors] == Other Web Resources == "An Axe to Grind" Practical axe manual [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/99232823/toc.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003162559/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/99232823/toc.htm |date=2006-10-03 }} == Sumber == * Section about types of axes is based on a [[Quicksilver Wiki]] article at [http://www.metaweb.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=A_Glossary_of_Terms_For_Traditional_Timber_Framing_(Timberbee)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040329231809/http://www.metaweb.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=A_Glossary_of_Terms_For_Traditional_Timber_Framing_(Timberbee) |date=2004-03-29 }} under the terms of the [[Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]. == Catetan == <references /> [[Kategori:Litika]] [[Kategori:Tipe artefak arkéologis]] [[Kategori:Parabot keur ngokolakeun kayu]] [[Kategori:Pakarang]] 7huwkezxli4jt8pf4xtqgyom5rjo1pn 0 8746 731833 707380 2026-11-08T11:18:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731833 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{copyedit}}-->{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{lambang resistor}} [[Gambar:Resistors.jpg|thumb|Kamasan résistor]] '''Résistor''' nyaéta komponén [[listrik]] atawa [[éléktronika|éléktronik]] dua terminal nu nahan arus listrik ku jalan nyababkun turun voltase antara terminal-terminalna nurutkeun [[hukum Ohm]]. (Résistor ultra-présisi miboga 2 terminal tambahan, jadi totalna 4.) :<math>R = \frac {V}{I}</math> ''[[Résistansi listrik]]'' sarua jeung turun tegangan/voltase dina résistor dibagi arus nu ngaliwatan résistor. Résistor digunakeun minangka bagian tina [[jaringan listrik]] sarta sirkuit éléktronik. == Panerapan == * In general, a resistor is used to créate a known voltage-to-current ratio in an electric circuit. If the current in a circuit is known, then a resistor can be used to créate a known potential difference proportional to that current. Conversely, if the potential difference between two points in a circuit is known, a resistor can be used to créate a known current proportional to that difference. * Current-limiting. By placing a resistor in series with another component, such as a [[light-emitting diode]], the current through that component is reduced to a known safe value. * A series resistor can be used for speed regulation of DC motors, such as used on locomotives and trainsets. * An '''[[attenuator (electronics)|attenuator]]''' is a network of two or more resistors (a [[voltage divider]]) used to reduce the voltage of a signal. * A '''line terminator''' is a resistor at the end of a [[transmission line]] or [[daisy chain]] [[bus]] (such as in [[SCSI]]), designed to [[impedance matching|match impedance]] and hence minimize reflections of the signal. * All resistors dissipate [[heat]]. This is the principle behind [[electric heater]]s. == Résistor idéal == The [[SI]] unit of electrical resistance is the [[ohm (unit)|ohm]] (Ω). A component has a resistance of 1 Ω if a voltage of 1 [[volt]] across the component results in a current of 1 [[ampere]], or amp, which is equivalent to a flow of one [[coulomb]] of electrical charge (approximately 6.241506 × 10<sup>18</sup> [[electron]]s) per [[second]]. The multiples kiloohm (1 kΩ = 1000 Ω) and megaohm (1 MΩ = 10<sup>6</sup> Ω) are also commonly used. In an idéal resistor, the resistance remains constant regardless of the applied [[voltage]] or [[current (electricity)|current]] through the device or the rate of change of the current. While réal resistors cannot attain this goal, they are designed to present little variation in electrical resistance when subjected to these changes, or to changing [[temperature]] and other environmental factors. == Karakteristik nonidéal == A resistor has a maximum working voltage and current above which the resistance may change (drastically, in some cases) or the resistor may be physically damaged (overhéat or burn up, for instance). Although some resistors have specified voltage and current ratings, most are rated with a maximum [[Power (physics)|power]] which is determined by the physical size. Common [[power rating]]s for carbon composition and metal-film resistors are 1/8 [[watt]], ¼ watt, and ½ watt. Metal-film and carbon film resistors are more stable than carbon resistors against temperature changes and age. Larger resistors are able to dissipate more héat because of their larger surface aréa. Wire-wound and resistors embedded in sand (ceramic) are used when a high power rating is required. Furthermore, all réal resistors also introduce some [[inductance]] and a small amount of [[capacitor|capacitance]], which change the dynamic behavior of the resistor from the idéal. == Tipe-tipe résistor == [[Gambar:resistors-photo.JPG|thumb|right|222px|A few types of resistors]] === Résistor tetep === Some resistors are cylindrical, with the actual resistive material in the centre (composition resistors, now obsolete) or on the surface of the cylinder (film) resistors, and a conducting metal léad projecting along the axis of the cylinder at éach end(axial léad). There are carbon film and metal film resistors. The photo above right shows a row of common resistors. Power resistors come in larger packages designed to dissipate héat efficiently. At high power levels, resistors tend to be [[wire wound]] types. Resistors used in computers and other devices are typically much smaller, often in ''[[Surface-mount technology|surface-mount]]'' packages without wire léads. Resistors can also be built into [[integrated circuit]]s as part of the fabrication process, using the semiconductor material as a resistor. But resistors made in this way are difficult to fabricate and may take up a lot of valuable chip aréa, so IC designers alternatively use a transistor-transistor or resistor-transistor configuration to simulate the resistor they require. === Résistor variabel === [[Gambar:Urbine resistor glog.jpg|thumb|right|222px|This 2 kW rheostat is used for the dynamic braking of a wind turbine.]] The variable resistor is a resistor whose value can be adjusted by turning a shaft or sliding a control. They are also called '''potentiométers''' or '''rhéostats''' and allow the resistance of the device to be altered by hand. The term ''rheostat'' is usually reserved for higher-powered devices, above about ½ watt. Variable resistors can be inexpensive single-turn types or multi-turn types with a [[helical]] element. Some variable resistors can be fitted with a mechanical display to count the turns. Variable resistors can sometimes be unreliable, because the wire or metal can corrode or wéar. Some modérn variable resistors use plastic materials that do not corrode and have better wéar characteristics. Some examples include: * a ''[[rheostat]]'': a variable resistor with two terminals, one fixed and one sliding. It is used with high currents. * a ''[[potentiometer]]'': a common type of variable resistor. One common use is as volume controls on [[audio amplifier]]s and other forms of amplifiers. === Tipe résistor séjénna === * A ''metal oxide [[varistor]]'' ('''MOV''') is a special type of resistor that changes its resistance with rise in voltage: a very high resistance at low voltage (below the trigger voltage) and very low resistance at high voltage (above the trigger voltage). It acts as a switch. It is usually used for short circuit protection in power strips or lightning bolt "arrestors" on street power poles, or as a "snubber" in inductive circuits. * A ''[[thermistor]]'' is a temperature-dependent resistor. There are two kinds, classified according to the sign of their [[temperature coefficient]]s: ** A ''Positive Temperature Coefficient'' ('''PTC''') resistor is a resistor with a positive temperature coefficient. When the temperature rises the resistance of the PTC incréases. PTCs are often found in televisions in series with the [[demagnetizing coil]] where they are used to provide a short-duration current burst through the coil when the TV is turned on. One specialized version of a PTC is the [[polyswitch]] which acts as a self-repairing [[Fuse (electrical)|fuse]]. ** A ''Negative Temperature Coefficient'' ('''NTC''') resistor is also a temperature-dependent resistor, but with a negative temperature coefficient. When the temperature rises the resistance of the NTC drops. NTCs are often used in simple temperature detectors and méasuring instruments. * A ''sensistor'' is a semiconductor-based resistor with a negative temperature coefficient, useful in compensating for temperature-induced effects in electronic circuits. * ''Light-sensitive resistors'' are discussed in the ''[[photoresistor]]'' article. * All [[wire]] except [[superconductor|superconducting]] wire has some resistance, depending on its cross-sectional aréa and the [[electrical conductivity|conductivity]] of the material it is made of. [[Resistance wire]] has an accurately known resistance per unit length, and is used to maké wire-wound resistors. == Ngidéntifikasi résistor == Most axial resistors use a pattern of colored stripes to indicate resistance. SMT ones follow a numerical pattern. Cases are usually brown, blue, or green, though other colors are occasionally found like dark red or dark gray. One can use a multiméter to test the values of a resistor. == Standar résistor == * MIL-R-11 * MIL-R-39008 * MIL-R-39017 * BS 1852 * EIA-RS-279 Aya opat standar MIL-R- séjénna. == Four-band axial resistors == {{utama|Electronic color code}} Four-band identification is the most commonly used color coding scheme on all resistors. It consists of four colored bands that are painted around the body of the resistor. The scheme is simple: The first two numbers are the first two significant digits of the resistance value, the third is a multiplier, and the fourth is the tolerance of the value. éach color corresponds to a certain number, shown in the chart below. The tolerance for a 4-band resistor will be 2%, 5%, or 10%. The Standard [[Electronic Industries Alliance|EIA]] Color Code Table per EIA-RS-279 is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !Color!!1st band!!2nd band!!3rd band (multiplier)!!4th band (tolerance)!!Temp. Coefficient |- bgcolor = "#000000" |<font color = "#FFFFFF">[[Black]]</font>||<font color = "#FFFFFF">0</font>||<font color = "#FFFFFF">0</font>||<font color = "#FFFFFF">×10<sup>0</sup></font>||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- bgcolor = "#B8860B" |[[Brown]] ||1||1||×10<sup>1</sup>||±1% (F) ||100 ppm |- bgcolor = "#FF0000" |[[Red]] ||2||2||×10<sup>2</sup>||±2% (G) ||50 ppm |- bgcolor = "#FFA500" |[[Orange (color)|Orange]]||3||3||×10<sup>3</sup>||&nbsp;||15 ppm |- bgcolor = "#FFFF00" |[[Yellow]]||4||4||×10<sup>4</sup>||&nbsp; ||25 ppm |- bgcolor = "#9ACD32" |[[Green]] ||5||5||×10<sup>5</sup>||±0.5% (D) ||&nbsp; |- bgcolor = "#6495ED" |[[Blue]] ||6||6||×10<sup>6</sup>||±0.25% (C)||&nbsp; |- bgcolor = "#EE82EE" |[[Violet (color)|Violet]]||7||7||×10<sup>7</sup>||±0.1% (B) ||&nbsp; |- bgcolor = "#A0A0A0" |[[Gray (color)|Gray]] ||8||8||×10<sup>8</sup>||±0.05% (A)||&nbsp; |- bgcolor = "#FFFFFF" |[[White]] ||9||9||×10<sup>9</sup>||&nbsp; ||&nbsp; |- bgcolor = "#FFD700" |[[Gold (color)|Gold]] ||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||×0.1 ||±5% (J) ||&nbsp; |- bgcolor = "#C0C0C0" |[[Silver (color)|Silver]]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||×0.01 ||±10% (K) ||&nbsp; |- |None ||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; ||±20% (M) ||&nbsp; |} ''Note'': red to violet are the colors of the rainbow where red is low energy and violet is higher energy. Resistors use specific values, which are determined by their [[tolerance (engineering)|tolerance]]. These values repéat for every exponent; 6.8, 68, 680, etc. This is useful because the digits, and hence the first two or three stripes, will always be similar patterns of colors, which maké them éasier to recognize. === Preferred values === Resistors are manufactured in values from a few milliohms to about a gigaohm; only a limited range of values from the [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 60063 [[preferred number]] series are commonly available. These series are called '''E6''', '''E12''', '''E24''', '''E96''' and '''E192'''. The number tells how many standarized values exist in éach decade (e.g. between 10 and 100, or between 100 and 1000). So resistors confirming to the '''E12''' series, can have '''12''' distinct values between 10 and 100; while those confirming to the '''E24''' series would have '''24''' distinct values. In practice, the discrete component sold as a "resistor" is not a perfect resistance, as defined above. Resistors are often marked with their [[tolerance (engineering)|tolerance]] (maximum expected variation from the marked resistance). On [[electronic color code|color coded]] resistors the color of the rightmost band denotes the tolerance: : silver 10% : gold 5% : red 2% : brown 1% : green 0.5%. Closer tolerance resistors, called ''precision resistors'', are also available. Manufacturers will méasure the actual resistance of new resistors and sort them by tolerance according to how close they were to the intended value. Subsequently, if you buy 100 resistors of the same value with a tolerance of +/- 10%, you ''won't'' get some resistors with the correct value, some off by a little and the worst off by 10%... what you'll probably find if you méasure them, is that about half of the resistors are between 5% and 10% too low in value, and the other half are between 5% and 10% too high in value. Those off by less than 5%, would've been marked and sold as more expensive 5% resistors. This is something to consider when calculating specifications on the components for a project, that ''all'' resistors will be "off" by the specified tolerance, and not just the "worse" of them. E12 preferred values : 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82 Multiples of 10 of these values are used, eg. 0.47Ω, 4.7Ω, 47Ω, 470Ω, 4.7k, 47k, 470k etc. E24 preferred values, includes E12 values and : 11, 13, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 43, 51, 62, 75, 91 === 5-band axial resistors === 5-band identification is used for higher [[tolerance (engineering)|tolerance]] resistors (1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1%), to notate the extra digit. The first three bands represent the significant digits, the fourth is the multiplier, and the fifth is the [[tolerance (engineering)|tolerance]]. 5-band standard tolerance resistors are sometimes encountered, generally on older or specialized resistors. They can be identified by noting a standard tolerance color in the 4th band. The 5th band in this case is the temperature coefficient. === Frase ''mnemonic'' keur nginget-nginget kode === There are many [[mnemonic]] phrases used to remember the order of the colors. They are, but are not limited to, and variations of: * '''B'''ad '''B'''oys '''R'''avish '''O'''ur '''Y'''oung '''G'''irls '''B'''ut '''V'''iolet '''G'''ives '''W'''illingly * '''B'''ad '''B'''eer '''R'''ots '''O'''ur '''Y'''oung '''G'''uts '''B'''ut '''V'''odka '''G'''oes '''W'''ell. '''G'''et '''S'''ome Now! * '''B'''.'''B'''. '''ROY''' of '''G'''réat '''B'''ritain had a '''V'''ery '''G'''ood '''W'''ife * '''B'''uffalo '''B'''ill '''R'''oamed '''O'''ver '''Y'''ellow '''G'''rass '''B'''ecause '''V'''istas '''G'''rand '''W'''ere '''G'''od's '''S'''anctuary * '''B'''ully '''B'''rown '''R'''an '''O'''ver a '''Y'''odeling '''G'''oat, '''B'''ecause '''V'''iolet's '''G'''ranny '''W'''as '''G'''one '''S'''norkeling * '''B'''uy '''B'''etter '''R'''esistance '''O'''r '''Y'''our '''G'''rid '''B'''ias '''M'''ay '''G'''o '''W'''rong '''''B'''lack '''B'''rown '''R'''ed '''O'''range '''Y'''ellow '''G'''reen '''B'''lue '''V'''iolet '''G'''ray '''W'''hite ('''G'''old '''S'''ilver)'' === Résistor SMD === [[Gambar:Zero ohm resistors cropped.jpg|thumb|This image shows some surface mount resistors, including two zero-ohm resistors. Zero-ohm links are often used instead of wire links, so that they can be inserted by a resistor-inserting machine.]] [[Surface-mount technology|Surface mounted]] resistors are printed with numerical values in a code related to that used on axial resistors. Standard-tolerance [[SMD]] resistors are marked with a three-digit code, in which the first two digits are the first two [[significant digit]]s of the value and the third digit is the power of ten (the number of zeroes). For example: {| |"334"||= 33 × 10,000 ohms = 330 kiloohms |- |"222"||= 22 × 100 ohms = 2.2 kiloohms |- |"473"||= 47 × 1,000 ohms = 47 kiloohms |- |"105"||= 10 × 100,000 ohms = 1 megaohm |} Resistances less than 100 ohms are written: 100, 220, 470. The final zero represents ten to the power zero, which is 1. For example: {| |"100"||= 10 × 1 ohm = 10 ohms |- |"220"||= 22 × 1 ohm = 22 ohms |} Sometimes these values are marked as "10" or "22" to prevent a mistake. Resistances less than 10 ohms have 'R' to indicate the position of the decimal point. For example: {| |"4R7"||= 4.7 ohms |- |"0R22"||= 0.22 ohms |- |"0R01"||= 0.01 ohms |} Precision resistors are marked with a four-digit code, in which the first three digits are the significant figures and the fourth is the power of ten. For example: {| |"1001"||= 100 × 10 ohms = 1 kiloohm |- |"4992"||= 499 × 100 ohms = 49.9 kiloohm |- |"1000"||= 100 × 1 ohm = 100 ohms |} "000" and "0000" sometimes appéar as values on surface-mount zero-ohm links, since these have (approximately) zero resistance. === Rancangan tipe industri === '''Format:'''''<nowiki> [two letters]<space>[resistance value (three digit)]<nospace>[tolerance code(numerical - one digit)] </nowiki>''<br /> {|class="wikitable" align=left |+Power Rating at 70&nbsp;°C !Type No. !Power<br />rating<br />(Watts) ![[MIL-R-11]]<br />Style ![[MIL-R-39008]]<br />Style |-align=center |BB||1/8||RC05||RCR05 |-align=center |CB||¼||RC07||RCR07 |-align=center |EB||½||RC20||RCR20 |-align=center |GB||1||RC32||RCR32 |-align=center |HB||2||RC42||RCR42 |-align=center |GM||3||-||- |-align=center |HM||4||-||- |} {|class="wikitable" align=center |+Tolerance Code |-align=center !width="75"|Industrial type designation !width="50"|Tolerance !width="75"|MIL Designation |-align=center |5||±5%||J |-align=center |2||±20%||- |-align=center |1||±10%||K |-align=center | -||±2%||G |-align=center | -||±1%||F |-align=center | -||±0.5%||D |-align=center | -||±0.25%||C |-align=center | -||±0.1%||B |} The operational [[temperature]] range distinguishes [[commerce|commercial]] grade, industrial grade and military grade components. * Commercial grade: 0&nbsp;°C to 70&nbsp;°C * Industrial grade: −40&nbsp;°C to 85&nbsp;°C (sometimes −25&nbsp;°C to 85&nbsp;°C) * Military grade: −55&nbsp;°C to 125&nbsp;°C == Perhitungan == === Hukum Ohm === The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance through a metal wire, and some other materials, is given by a simple equation called [[Ohms Law|Ohm's Law]]: :<math>V = IR</math> where <var>V</var> (or <var>U</var> in some languages) is the voltage (or potential difference) across the wire in [[volt]]s, <var>I</var> is the current through the wire in [[ampere]]s, and <var>R</var>, in [[Ohm (unit)|ohms]], is a constant called the resistance. (In fact this is only a simplification of the original Ohm's law - see the article on that law for further details.) Materials that obey this law over a certain voltage or current range are said to be '''ohmic''' over that range. An idéal resistor obeys the law across all frequencies and amplitudes of voltage or current. [[Superconductivity|Superconducting]] materials at very low temperatures have zero resistance. Insulators (such as [[Earth's atmosphere|air]], [[diamond]], or other non-conducting materials) may have extremely high (but not infinite) resistance, but bréak down and admit a larger flow of current under sufficiently high voltage. === Disipasi daya === The power dissipated by a resistor is the voltage across the resistor multiplied by the current through the resistor: :<math>P = I^2 R = I \cdot V = \frac{V^2}{R} </math> All three equations are equivalent. The first is derived from [[Joule's law]], and other two are derived from that by Ohm's Law. The total amount of héat energy reléased is the integral of the power over time: :<math> W = \int_{t_1}^{t_2} v(t) i(t)\, dt </math> If the average power dissipated exceeds the power rating of the resistor, then the resistor will first depart from its nominal resistance, and will then be destroyed by overhéating. === Sirkuit séri jeung paralél === {{utama|Sirkuit séri jeung paralél}} Resistors in a [[Series and parallel circuits|parallel]] configuration éach have the same potential difference (voltage). To find their total equivalent resistance (''R<sub>eq</sub>''): :[[Gambar:resistorsparallel.png|A diagram of several resistors, side by side, both leads of each connected to the same wires]] :<math> \frac{1}{R_\mathrm{eq}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{R_n}</math> The parallel property can be represented in equations by two vertical lines "||" (as in géometry) to simplify equations. For two resistors, :<math> R_\mathrm{eq} = R_1 \| R_2 = {R_1 R_2 \over R_1 + R_2} </math> The current through resistors in [[Series and parallel circuits|series]] stays the same, but the voltage across éach resistor can be different. The sum of the potential differences (voltage) is equal to the total voltage. To find their total resistance: :[[Gambar:resistorsseries.png|A diagram of several resistors, connected end to end, with the same amount of current going through each]] :<math> R_\mathrm{eq} = R_1 + R_2 + \cdots + R_n </math> A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series can sometimes be broken up into smaller parts that are either one or the other. For instance, :[[Gambar:resistorscombo.png|A diagram of three resistors, two in parallel, which are in series with the other]] :<math> R_\mathrm{eq} = \left( R_1 \| R_2 \right) + R_3 = {R_1 R_2 \over R_1 + R_2} + R_3</math> However, many resistor networks cannot be split up in this way. Consider a [[cube]], éach edge of which has been replaced by a resistor. For example, determining the resistance between two opposite vertices requires matrix methods for the general case. However, if all twelve resistors are equal, the corner-to-corner resistance is 5/6 of any one of them. == Téhnologi == Carbon composition resistors consist of a solid cylindrical resistive element with embedded wire léadouts or metal end caps to which the léadout wires are attached, which is protected with paint or plastic. The solid cylindrical resistive element is made from a mixture of small particles of carbon and an insulating material (usually ceramic), the resistance is determined by the ratio of these, higher concentrations of carbon result in a lower resistance. Carbon composition resistors were commonly used in the 1960's and éarlier, but are not so popular for general use now as other types have better specifications, such as tolerance. The film resistors consist of a cylindrical ceramic body to which a carbon or metal oxide (eg. tin oxide) film is deposited. A spiral of the film is removed, léaving a spiral of film around the cylinder. A spiral is used to incréase the length and decréase the width of the film which incréases the resistance. The spiral trimming of the film is used to accurately set the value of the resistor and many different values can be made from the same film composition by altering the pitch of the spiral. Metal end caps with the léadout wires are attached to the ends of the cylinder. Or for surface mount types a nickel termination is deposited at either end of the rectangular chip. The film is protected with paint, enamel, epoxy or plastic. Wirewound resistors are commonly made by winding a metal wire around a ceramic, plastic, or fiberglass core. The ends of the wire are soldered or welded to two caps, attached to the ends of the core. The assembly is protected with a layer of paint, molded plastic, or an [[enamel]] coating baked at high temperature. The wire léads are usually between 0.6 and 0.8&nbsp;mm in diaméter and tinned for éase of soldering. For higher power wirewound resistors either a ceramic outer case or an aluminium outer case ontop of an insulating layer is used. The aluminium cased types are designed to be attached to a héatsink to dissipate the héat, the rated power is dependant on being used with a suitable héatsink. eg. a 50W power rated resistor will overhéat at around one fifth of the power dissipation if not used with a héatsink. Types of resistors: * [[Carbon]] composition * Carbon film * [[Metal]] film * [[Metal oxide]] * [[Wirewound]] (usually has higher parasitic [[inductance]]) * [[Cermet]] * [[Phenolic]] * [[Tantalum]] == Résistor foil == Foil resistors have had the best precision and stability ever since they were introduced in 1958 by Berahard F. Telkamp. One of the important paraméters influencing stability is the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). Although the TCR of foil resistors is considered extremely low, this characteristic has been further refined over the yéars. == Tempo ogé == * [[Series and parallel circuits|Resistors in series and parallel circuits]] * [[Wikibooks:Electronics:Component Identification]] * [[Circuit Design|Electronic Devices and Circuits]] * [[Shot noise]] * [[Johnson-Nyquist noise]] == Référénsi == <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> <div class="references-small"> <references /> * ''Electronics and Communications Simplified'' by A. K. Maini, 9thEd., Khanna Publications ([[India]]). </div> == Tumbu luar == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005043824/http://www.technick.net/public/code/cp_dpage.php?aiocp_dp=guide_res_cap_codes Passive Components Codes Guide] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061005043803/http://www.technick.net/public/code/cp_dpage.php?aiocp_dp=guide_standard_resistors_table Standard Resistors Values] * [http://xtronics.com/kits/rcode.htm Color code with last band denoting life. Also, a program that calculates the minimum error on resistor divider networks] * [http://www.powerstandards.com/4terminal.htm 4-terminal resistors - how ultra-precise resistors work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327144713/http://www.powerstandards.com/4terminal.htm |date=2010-03-27 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040925033650/http://www.geocities.com/nozomsite/resistor1.htm Resistor Color Code Tutorial] * [http://www.lalena.com/audio/electronics/color/ A good guide to resistor labeling, common values, and color codes] * [http://sound.westhost.com/pots.htm Beginner's guide to potentiometers, including description of different tapers] * [http://www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_resistor.htm An article describing many aspects of resistors, including materials, tapers, and color code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223194154/http://www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_resistor.htm |date=2004-12-23 }} * [http://www.seas.upenn.edu/ese/rca/calcjs.html "The Original Color Coded Resistance Calculator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203164346/http://www.seas.upenn.edu/ese/rca/calcjs.html |date=2007-02-03 }} * [http://www.mbarron.net/Resistor/ Resistor Colorcode Decoder] * [http://www.aikenamps.com/ResistorNoise.htm Resistor Types - Does It Matter?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211083826/http://www.aikenamps.com/ResistorNoise.htm |date=2006-02-11 }} * [http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/31-1/Ask_Engineer.html Ask The Applications Engineer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222011817/http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/31-1/Ask_Engineer.html |date=2010-02-22 }} — difference between types of resistors * [http://www.welwyn-tt.com/pdf/application_notes/CCR_AN_A.pdf Carbon composition resistors - construction and uses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325113822/http://www.welwyn-tt.com/pdf/application_notes/CCR_AN_A.pdf |date=2006-03-25 }} (pdf file - 163KB) * [http://www.ipass.net/teara/resistor-frm.html Resistors and their uses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827080221/http://www.ipass.net/teara/resistor-frm.html |date=2016-08-27 }} <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:Komponén éléktronik]] <!--Interwiki--> 1dmbklscrka934litr4jix87of3crn0 0 9209 731637 704314 2026-11-07T22:21:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kacamatan|nami=Cijulang |dati2=Kabupatén |nami dati2=Pangandaran |lega= 93,16 km² |pangeusi= 25.729 |desa=7 Désa |kalurahan=38 Kalurahan |nami camat=H.M. Iwan Djuanda |kapadetan=679 jiwa/km&sup2; |propinsi=Jawa Kulon }} '''Cijulang''' nyaéta hiji [[kacamatan]] di beulah kidul [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Saupama diitung jauh/jarakna ti Ibu Kota [[Kabupatén Ciamis]] ± 123&nbsp;km. == Wates Wilayah == Wates [[Wewengkon]] [[Kacamatan Cijulang]], nyaéta :<br /> - beulah '''Kalér''' : kacamatan [[Parigi]]<br /> - beulah '''Wétan''' : [[Samudera Pasifik]]<br /> - beulah '''Kidul''' : kacamatan [[Cimerak]]<br /> - beulah '''Kulon''' : kacamatan [[Cigugur]] == Geografis == Ngeunaan [[Kecamatan Cijulang]], nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan nu aya di beulah Kidul [[Kabupatén Ciamis]] ± 123&nbsp;km mun diitung ti Ibu Kota Kabupatén mah.<br /> Luas wewengkonna, nyaéta '''9.316 Ha''' :<br /> - Daratan salega : 7.930 Ha<br /> - Pasawahan salega : 1.368 Ha == Demografi == - Jumlah nu nyicingan di [[Kecamatan Cijulang]] = '''25. 729 jelema''' (jumlah Lalaki : 12.602 jelema, ari Awéwé : 13.127 jelema.<br /> - Kapala kulawarga, saloba 8.960 KK.<br /> - Lobana penduduk rata-rata : 679 urang /Km<sup>2</sup>.<br /> - Ditilik nurutkeun Wangunan tempat padumukan lobana aya 7.014 wangunan, nyaéta nu diwangun; 2.473 siki Wangunan Permanén, nu Semipermanén aya 2.591 siki, ari Wangunan/imah Panggung aya 2.050 imah. Padumukan jeung pakampungan nu aya di luareun désa [[Cijulang]] jeung [[Kondangjajar]] mah papencar, jeung pajarauh. == Administratif == kacamatan Cijulang dibagi 7 désa :<br /> 1. Désa [[Cijulang]] / Swasembada II<br /> 2. Désa [[Batukaras]] / Swasembada I<br /> 3. Désa [[Kertayasa]] / Swasembada I<br /> 4. Désa [[Cibanten]]/ Swasembada I<br /> 5. Désa [[Margacinta]] / Swasembada I<br /> 6. Désa [[Kondangjajar]] / Swasembada II<br /> 7. Désa [[Ciakar]] / Swasembada I.<br /> <br /> Tina anu '''7 Désa''' téh, jumlah rincianna :<br /> - Dusun : 38<br /> - RW : 90<br /> - RT : 249<br /> - Kelompok PKK Dusun : 35<br /> - Kelompok PKK RT : 243<br /> - Kader Désa Wisma : 357 Kader == Transportasi == Sarana atawa alat angkutan pikeun nuju ka Kacamatan Cijulang nepi ka danget ieu, bisa maké sababaraha alat transportasi, saperti Angkutan Umum, bisa ogé maké Angkutan Kapal Hiber di '''[[Lapangan Terbang Nusawiru]]''' - Kacamatan [[Cijulang]]. == Panumbu Kaluar == Sumber Séjénna : <br /> - [https://web.archive.org/web/20191206092411/http://niartsdesign.com/sundakuring/ngeunaan-kuring/cijulang Sundakuring-Basisir Laut Kiul]<br /> - [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Basisir-Laut-Kidul/105498669497364 Facebook Urang Sunda Pakidulan] {{Cijulang, Pangandaran}} {{Kacamatan-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Jawa Kulon|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Pangandaran|{{PAGENAME}}]] hic591mna7g0cxz4qqw9vww4kswd765 0 17527 731715 729070 2026-11-08T03:13:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dati2|nami=Kabupatén Lebak |propinsi=[[Banten]] |ibukota=[[Rangkasbitung]] |lega=1.304,47 km² |pangeusi=1.125.000 (2003) |kapadetan=361 |kacamatan=28 |kalurahan=5 |kodearea=0252 |dau=Rp. - |lambang= [[Gambar:Coat of arms of Lebak.png|Lambang Kabupatén Lebak|100px]] |peta= [[Gambar:Locator_kabupaten_lebak.png|200px]] |kordinat= 60 18' - 70 00' LS<br />1050 25'- 1060 30' BT |dasar hukum=- |tanggal=- |motto=[[iman aman uman amin]] |kapala daerah=[[Iti Octavia Jayabaya]] |web=- |kapala daerah=|foto=[[File:Bupati Lebak Iti Octavia Jayabaya.jpg|Bupati Lebak Iti Octavia Jayabaya|200px]]|caption=Bupati Lebak Iti Octavia Jayabaya}} '''Kabupatén [[Lebak]]''' ([[Aksara Sunda Baku|Aksara Sunda]]: ᮊᮘᮥᮕᮒᮦᮔ᮪ ᮜᮨᮘᮊ᮪, [[Arab Sunda]]: كابوفاتَين لۤباك) nyaéta salah sahiji [[kabupatén]] di [[Propinsi]] [[Banten]]. Kabupatén ieu mibanda luas wilayah 2.859,96 Km², jeung mangrupa kabupatén pangligarna sa-propinsi Banten. Di kalereunnana babatesan jeung [[Kabupaten Sérang]], di wetaneunanana babatesan jeung [[Kabupatén Bogor]] jeung [[Kabupatén Sukabumi|Sukabumi]] anu kaasup Propinsi [[Jawa Barat]], di kiduleuna babatesan jeung [[Samudra Indonésia]], jeung di kuloneunnana babatesan jeung [[Kabupatén Pandeglang]]. Ibukotana nyaéta Kacamatan [[Rangkasbitung]]. Baheulana kabupatén ieu miboga julukan Jagat Kidul Banten lantaran posisina aya di palebah kidul nu matak jadi patokan masyarakat Lebak. == Sajarah == Wewengkon ieu boga perjalanan sajarah anu manjang ti mimiti jaman Kerajaan Hindu-Budha nu geus bijil tina prasasti Karajaan Tarumanagara. Tina kapanggihna sumber tulisan mangrupakeun prasasti, kanyahoan ti mana istilah Lebak mimitina aya. ==== Jaman Prasajarah ==== Kabupatén Lebak mangrupakeun wewengkon anu palebah kidulna ti Propinsi Banten boga taneuh anu subur nu matak bisa didominasi ku lahan paranti nyawah. Kondisi ieu teu bisa lesot ti jaman baheula titinggaleun arkeologi di mana jejak patanian geus jadi pangaweruh ka alam Lebak. Sajaba harita aya jejak titinggaleun megalitikum nyaéta lumping batu jeung batu dakon di situs Gunung Anakan, situs Parigi Lebakbinong jeung situs Pasir Nangka. Rupa-rupa tutuwuhan bisa subur di dinya utamana paré tepi ka bisa matak masyarakat Lebak ngayakeun Upacara Sérén Taun, hartina upacara ieu bisa diayakeun lantaran geus panén nyawah di wilayah tani.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=Laili|first=Nurul|date=17 Desember 2021|title=LUMPANG BATU DAN BATU DAKON DI KABUPATEN LEBAK BANTEN: INDIKASI BERCOCOK TANAM MASA LAMPAU|url=https://panalungtik.kemdikbud.go.id|journal=PANALUNGTIK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325202201/https://panalungtik.kemdikbud.go.id/|archive-date=2024-03-25|accessdate=2023-02-18}}</ref> Pitunjuk lain kitu kaayaanana aktipitas anu nyantol kalawan nyawah mangsa kapungkur ogé ditampa ti tinggalan jaman mégalitikum. Salah sahijina nyaéta lumpang batu. Wangun lumpang batu ngageuing dina wangun pakakas kanggo ngokolakeun siki paré sarta dawam dilengkepan kalawan pakakas penumbuknya anu disebut kalawan halu. Lamun ditempo kana sumber artépak, aya pitunjuk tina guha nu neundeun anjun atawa tembikar. Ieu hartina nuduhkeun banda nu mangrupakeun urut tatani, geus kitu aya ogé kapanggih coét jeung mutu. Ku ayana coét jeung mutu hartina karuhun di dinya geus ngaregepkeun aktipitas nyieun kadaharan nu asalna tina nyawah. Sebutan mégalitikum dicokot ti peristilahan Yunani Kuno, ''megas'' hartina ageung sarta ''lithos'' hartina batu. Wedal mimiti dipaké kanggo panyebutan dina wangunan kalawan ngagunakeun batu ageung. Hal mekar séjén kana ngaran mégalitikum ogé dimaksadkeun kana objek anu asalna ti batu alit boga tujuan jang pemujaan nini aki karuhun. Perkara kasebat miboga istilah mégalitikum ngabalukarkeun karancuan peristilahan sarta penunjukan objék mégalitikum. Identipikasi titinggaleun mégalitikum angger dipaké mantesna jang tinggalan mégalitum nu mana ukuranana gedé atawa leutik anu nyantol kalawan pupujieun arwah karuhun. [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Terras met megalieten bij Kosala in de residentie Bantam TMnr 10025826.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Diperkirakeun Situs Kosaka]] Inpormasi ngeunaan kaayaan mégalitikum di Banten ditampa ti saurang kontrolir J.W.G. Prive (taun 1896). Wewengkon timuan mégalitikum ditampa di Bayah Banten mangrupi struktur mégalitikum anu disebut kalawan Lebak Cibedug. Struktur mégalitikum anu ditampa diwangun ti wangunan tépas, menhir, sarta batu pasagi ''(tetralith)''. Data lain ditampa dumasarna ti Frierich (1855) waktos kitu kaayaanana arca mégalitikum jeung pundén berundak di Sajira, Lebak. Data tinggaleun mégalitikum dumasar ti Groeneveldt (taun 1887) sarta Vordermen (taun 1894). Tapak mégalitikum di wewengkon Ténjo mangrupi arca mégalitikum di wewengkon Sangyangdékdék mangrupa arca jeung pundén berundak, sarta di Pulo Panaitan mangrupa sababarahahiji arca mégalitikum.<ref name=":16" /> Dumasar data panalungtikan Bale Arkeologi Jawa Kulon, sebaran mégalitikum di wilayah Banten utamana Lebak, ditampa di Kacamatan Curugbitung, Maja, Sajira, sarta Cibeber. Di Kacamatan Curugbitung, timuan menhir ditampa di loka Kenyang Kolot Candi, Buyut Omas, Keramat Cidadap, Rangga Wulung, sarta Buyut Mangenteung. Tinggalan mégalitikum séjén mangrupi dolmén di situs Keusik Nangka Batu pendak geulang di loka Cawenek, sarta timuan lumpang batu di situs Gunung Anakan. Wilayah Kacamatan Maja aya tinggalan mégalitikum mangrupi ménhir di situs Mbah Rama Gading, Ki Demang, Buyut Nalangbaya, Juhut, Cipariuk, sarta situs Cikapas. Kacamatan lain nyaéta di Kacamatan Sajira sarta Cibeber kacatet timuan menhir, arca ''polinesia'', pundén, lumpang batu, pipisan, sarta gandik. Timuan ménhir ditampa di situs Sukajaya atawa Buyut Gempor, Mekarsari atawa Nyi Buyut Sampi, situs Cibungur atawa Buyut Karap, situs Cibeber atawa Parigi Ciherang, Marung Banten 2 atawa Gunung Handelem. Nu lainna, aya timuan ménhir sarta pundén berundak ditampa di situs Marung Banten1 atawa Cibujangga sarta timuan pundén berundak ngahiji jeung lumpang batu ditampa di situs Hegarmanah atawa Parigi Lebakbinong.<ref name=":16" /> ==== Asal Usul Ngaran Lebak ==== Ngaran Lebak lain bijil ti jaman Walanda, nanging ieu ngaran geus aya leuwih lila ditilik kana sumber mimiti. Ti jaman Karajaan Tarumanegara, Lebak mimiti aya anu mana buktina aya di jero prasasti. Sabenerna mah aya 7 prasasti ti Karajaan Tarumanegara meunang ditinggalkeun ku raja pangsohorna jaman harita, [https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2022/09/16/160000579/tindakan-raja-purnawarman-untuk-kesejahteraan-masyarakat-tarumanegara Raja Purnawarman]. Ieu raja ninggalkeun prasasti nu 7 nyaéta:<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/seputar-banten/pr-591484170/mengenal-asal-usul-nama-lebak-pemberian-raja-purnawarman-prasastinya-ada-di-kabupaten-pandeglang|title=Mengenal Asal Usul Nama Lebak, Pemberian Raja Purnawarman, Prasastinya Ada di Kabupaten Pandeglang - Kabar Banten|last=Irawan|first=Purnama|website=kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208023231/https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/seputar-banten/pr-591484170/mengenal-asal-usul-nama-lebak-pemberian-raja-purnawarman-prasastinya-ada-di-kabupaten-pandeglang|archivedate=2023-02-08}}</ref> ====== [[Prasasti Ciaruteun|1. Prasasti Ciaruteun]] ====== Prasasti Ciaruteun mangrupa batu mepeling anu asalna ti mangsa Karajaan Tarumanegara kira-kira abad ka-5 Masehi anu ditandaan kalawan wangun dampal suku Raja Purnawarman. Prasasti Ciaruteun ayeuna ditempatkeun dina lahan dipageran salega kira-kira 1.000 meter sarta dilengkepan cungkup ukuranana 8 x 8 meter. Prasasti dipahatkeun dina batu andesit gedé. Prasasti ieu ditulis kalawan hurup Palawa jeung Basa Sansekerta, dicutat dina wangun puisi [[India]] kalawan Wirahma Anustubh anu diwangun ti 4 jajar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bogorkab.go.id/post/detail/prasasti-ciaruteun|title=Prasasti Ciaruteun - Kabupaten Bogor|website=bogorkab.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017201926/https://bogorkab.go.id/post/detail/prasasti-ciaruteun|archivedate=2022-10-17}}</ref> Dumasar kana bacaan ku Basa Sansekerta nu kieu eusina: [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Beschreven steen bij de onderneming Semplak Buitenzorg TMnr 60016469.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Prasasti Ciaruteun]] ''vikkrantasyavanipateh'' ''crimatah'' ''purnnavarmmanah'' ''tarumanagarendrasya'' ''vishnoriva'' ''padadvayam'' Hartina mun di kana Basa Sundakeun kawas kieu: ieu urut dua suku raja, anu rupana cenah kawas suku [[Déwa Wisnu]], nyaéta suku Anu Megah Sang Purnawarman, Raja di Nagari Taruma, Raja anu gagah rongkah di dunya. Ayana Prasasti Ciaruteun mimiti dipikanyaho dina 1863, kungsi dilaporkeun aya hiji batu ageung meunang ukiran aksara purba di deukeut Ciampea. Tokoh anu mimiti manggih prasasti ieu téh pamingpin ''[[Bhataaviasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen]]'' (ayeuna [[Museum Nasional Indonésia|Musium Nasional]]). Alatan caah rongkah dina 1893, Prasasti Ciaruteun kungsi palid ka hilir ku sabab harita Bogor keur meujeuhna usum ngijih tepi ka banjir, ku kituna ieu prasasti dipulangkeun ka posisi mimiti dina 1903. Asup taun 1981, Direktorat Sajarah sarta Purbakala mindahkeun prasasti ieu ka Desa Ciaruteun Ilir, Kacamatan Cibungbulang, Kabupaten Bogor. Direktorat ogé ngawangun hiji pendopo kanggo nangtayunganna, lamun Prasasti Ciaruteun anu tempatna Musium Nasional Indonesia, Musium Sajarah Jakarta, sarta [[Musieum Sri Baduga|Musium Sri Baduga]] di Bandung saukur neundeun hiji replika. Anu matak metot perhatian ti prasasti ieu teh lukisan lancah sarta dampal suku anu aya di haturan luhur hurupna. Cap dampal suku nempokeun kakawasaan Raja Purnawarman, sarta talatahna negeskeun kalungguhan sang raja anu disapertoskeun Dewa Wisnu, minangka pangawasa sakaligus nu ngajaga rahayat. Nempo bentukna, kadudukan Prasasti Ciaruteun nyaeta jang ngageuing kitu kaayaanana hubungan kalawan prasasti Raja [[Mahendrawarman I]] ti kulawargi Palla anu beunang di Dalavanur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/08/13/120000079/prasasti-ciaruteun-lokasi-penemuan-fungsi-isi-dan-maknanya|title=Prasasti Ciaruteun: Lokasi Penemuan, Fungsi, Isi, dan Maknanya Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218084643/https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/08/13/120000079/prasasti-ciaruteun-lokasi-penemuan-fungsi-isi-dan-maknanya|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> ====== 2. [[Prasasti Tugu]] ====== Prasasti ieu nyaritakeun ngeunaan mimiti nyieun Walungan Cabdrabaga ku Rajadirajaguru sarta penggalian saluran walungan anu namina Gomati, paosna 11-12 kilometer meunang Purnawarman. Katerangan anu beunang ti Prasasti Tugu mikeun pitunjuk yen Karajaan Tarumanegara ngalakonan penggalian eta pikeun ngajauhan musibah alam mangrupi caah sarta usum nu kacida garingna anu lumangsung dina usum halodo. Sajarah kapanggihna Prasasti Tugu Prasasti Tugu kapanggih di Lembur Batutumbuh, Desa Tugu, anu kiwari asup kana wilayah Kalurahan Tugu Kidul, Kacamatan Koja, Jakarta Kaler.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=https://jogja.suara.com/read/2022/02/15/082508/isi-dan-arti-pesan-dalam-prasasti-tugu-batu-bersejarah-peninggalan-kerajaan-tarumanegara|title=Isi dan Arti Pesan dalam Prasasti Tugu, Batu Bersejarah Peninggalan Kerajaan Tarumanegara|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218095631/https://jogja.suara.com/read/2022/02/15/082508/isi-dan-arti-pesan-dalam-prasasti-tugu-batu-bersejarah-peninggalan-kerajaan-tarumanegara|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> [[Gambar:Prasasti Tugu Jakarta.JPG|kiri|jmpl|Prasasti Tugu]] Sabot kapanggih, prasasti ieu kakurub handapeun taneuh mangkaning ngan haturan tungtungna wae anu katémbong. Dina 4 Maret 1879, Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen atawa ayeuna mah jelema nyahona Musium Nasional, ngayakeun rapet pupuhu anu ngabahas ngeunaan penemuan Prasasti Tugu. Dina rapet kasebat, J.A. van der Chijs ngusulkeun supaya batu prasasti ieu dipindahkeun ka musieum. Saprak 1911 dugi kiwari, Prasasti Tugu diteundeun di Musium Nasional Indonesia, Jakarta. Eusi handap ieu unggel ti Prasasti Tugu dina Basa Sansekerta:<ref name=":19" />   ''pura rajadhirajena guruna pinabahuna khata khyatam purim prapya candrabhagarnnavam yayau,pravarddhamane dvavingsad vatsare sri gunau jasa narendradhvajabhutena srimata purnavarmmana,'' ''prarabhya phalguna mase khata krsnastami tithau caitra sukla trayodasyam dinais siddhaikavingsakaih,'' ''ayata satsahasrena dhanusamsasatena ca dvavingsena nadi ramya gomati nirmalodaka,'' ''pitamahasya rajarser vvidaryya sibiravanim brahmanair ggo sahasrena prayati krtadaksina,'' Lamun ditarjamahkeun ka Basa Sunda kira-kira kawas kieu: Tiheula (walungan anu namina) Candrabhaga anggeus dikali ku maharaja anu megah sarta ngabogaan leungeun gancang sarta kiat, (nyaéta Raja Purnawarman) pikeun ngocorkeun caina ka laut, sanggeus (walungan ieu) dugi di karaton karajaan anu kasohor. Di jero warsih ka-22 ti tahta Anu Megah Raja Purnawarman anu sohor kakawasaanana margi kapinteran sarta kebijaksanaannya bisa nyieun robah kaayaan panji saniskanten raja, (mangka ayeuna) manéhna nitah deui ngadongkar walungan anu permai sarta caina hérang. Gomati ngaranna, sanggeus walungan éta ngocor di keur taneuh panyicingan Sang Pendeta Nenekda (Sang Purnawarman). Pagawéan ieu dimulai dina dinten anu sae, ping 8 paro-sonten sasih Phalguna sarta disudahi dina dinten ping 13 paro-caang sasih Caitra,janten ngan 21 dinten wae,nuju galian eta paos na 6.122 tumbak (11 km). Salametan kanggo na dipigawe ku para brahmana dibarung 1.000 ékor sapi anu dijeujeuhkeun kalayan kolot karuhun. Hartos Prasasti Tugu aya saruana jeung eusi ti Prasasti Tugu dibandingkeun kalawan prasasti patilasan Tarumanegara liana. Di jerona disebutkeun wasta dua walungan anu kakoncara di Punjab, nyaéta Walungan Candrabhaga sarta Gomati, anu ngabalukarkeun cai tepi ka ngocor kaluar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/berita-terkini/letak-dan-makna-prasasti-tugu-sebagai-sumber-sejarah-1z8Y0f9eoPg|title=Letak dan Makna Prasasti Tugu sebagai Sumber Sejarah|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218095631/https://kumparan.com/berita-terkini/letak-dan-makna-prasasti-tugu-sebagai-sumber-sejarah-1z8Y0f9eoPg|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> Ceuk sababarahahiji panaliti, ieu dumasar kana musibah banjir tapi acan bisa ditangtukeun kabeneranana. ====== 3. [[Prasasti Kebon Kopi]] ====== Titinggaleun sajarah ieu boga ngaran Kebon Kopi sabab patali jeung wanca sabot prasasti kapanggih. Dina mangsa pangjajahan Waanda, para tuan taneuh keur ngalakukeun panebangan leuweung anu rek dialihpungsikeun minangka lahan perkebunan kopi. Prasasti Kebonkopi I (dingaranan kitu jang ngabedakeun ti Prasasti Kebonkopi II) atawa Prasasti Tapak Gajah (margi aya pahatan dampal suku gajah) mangrupa salah sahiji patilasan karajaan Tarumanagara. Prasasti ieu mintonkeun ukiran dampal suku gajah, anu mangrupa tunggangan raja Purnawarman, anu disaruakeun kalawan gajah Airawata, wahana Dewa Indra.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://museumnusantara.com/prasasti-kebon-kopi/|title=Prasasti Kebon Kopi I & II: Sejarah, Isi, & Lokasi|last=Haliza|first=Siti|website=Museum Nusantara - Info Wisata Sejarah Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218093736/https://museumnusantara.com/prasasti-kebon-kopi/|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> [[Gambar:Kebon kopi I 140101-0074 cia.JPG|jmpl|Prasasti Kebon Kopi]] Prasasti Kebonkopi I ayana di Lembur Muara, kaasup wilayah Desa Ciaruteun Ilir, Cibungbulang, Bogor. Prasasti ieu kapanggih dina abad ka-19, sabot dipigawé penebangan leuweung kanggo lahan kebon kopi. Ku sabab éta prasasti disebut Prasasti Kebonkopi I. Wewengkon situs ieu mangrupa wewengkon pasamoan tilu walungan, nyaeta Walungan Ciaruteun di kidul, Walungan Cisadane di wétan, Walungan Cianten di kulon, sarta muara Walungan Cianten anu patepang kalawan Walungan Cisadane di kalér.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/08/13/090000679/prasasti-tugu-letak-isi-dan-maknanya|title=Prasasti Tugu: Letak, Isi, dan Maknanya Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218095045/https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/08/13/090000679/prasasti-tugu-letak-isi-dan-maknanya|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> Lokasi ieu jarakna kira-kira 19 kilométer ka kulon laut ti puseur dayeuh Bogor lamun keur ka arah Ciampea. Kaayaan jalan nuju lokasi cekap nyukupan, nanging ti jalan gedé acan dilengkepan kalawan penunjuk jalan. Prasasti dipahatkeun di luhur hiji batu léah ti bahan andesit boga warna kecoklatan ukuranana luhur 69 cm, rubak 104cm sarta 164 cm. Di luhur batu dipahatkeun sapasang dampal suku gajah sarta ngapit sabaris seratan hurup Palawa dina Basa Sansekerta.<ref name=":17" /> Dina taun 1863, Jonathan Rig, saurang Walanda, tuan taneuh nu boga perkebunan kopi di deukeut Buitenzorg (kiwari Bogor), ngalaporkeun manggih prasasti di taneuhna. Kapanggihna prasasti ieu dilaporkeun ka ''Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen''. Margi éta pisan prasasti ieu disebut prasasti Kebon Kopi. Di wewengkon loka Ciaruteun kapanggih sababaraha prasasti nu matak aya ngaran Kebon Kopi I, aya oge Kebon Kopi II. Prasasti Kebon Kopi I nyaéta salah sahiji ti tilu prasasti di wewengkon ieu anu peryogi peunteunna jang nangtukeun kasajarahan Karajaan Tarumanagara (abad ka-5-7 Maséhi). Dua prasasti lianna nyaéta Prasasti Ciaruteun sarta Prasasti Muara Cianten, duanana kapanggih henteu jauh ti prasasti ieu. Prasasti Kebon Kopi I sarta Prasasti Ciaruteun atos ditata sarta dibéré cungkup, hateup pendopo paranti ngiuhan.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://indonesia.go.id/kategori/komoditas/1588/sejarah-rekayasa-air-dalam-prasasti-tugu|title=|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218100429/https://indonesia.go.id/kategori/komoditas/1588/sejarah-rekayasa-air-dalam-prasasti-tugu|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> Di prasasti Kebon Kopi kacutat: ''Jayavisalasya tarumendrasya hastinah….Airwavatabhasya vibhatidam…Padadvayam''. Seratan kasebat hartina dina Basa Sunda, “Di dieu kasampak sapasang dampal suku anu kawas Airawata, gajah pangawasa Taruma anu agung”. Sacara gurat badag, prasasti kahiji nyaritakeun tunggangan ti Raja Purnawarman anu mangrupakeun sato gajah.<ref name=":18" /> Geus disebutkeun di luhur, aya deui Prasasti Kebon Kopi II anu geus kapanggih di lokasi anu kira-kira 1 kilométer ti lokasi ieu. Nanging kiwari prasasti Kebonkopi II geus leungit teu kanyahoan ku saha. Dina prasasti kadua, dicutat candrasengkala 458 Saka. Para sajarawan boga tapsiran yén candrasengkala atawa angka ieu ditulis tibalik. Sakuduna dicutat angka 854 sabab kaasup tanggal Saka (932 Maséhi). Karajaan Sunda can aya dina warsih 458 Saka, nanging dina ayeuna kaasup kénéh mangsa Karajaan Tarumanegara. Prasasti kadua maké cara cutat kalawan Aksara Kawi sarta Basa Melayu Kuno. Pamakéan Basa Melayu Kuno ieu mangrupa salah sahiji pangaweruh ti Karajaan Sriwijaya di wewengkon Jawa Kulon. Bosch ngabandingkeun warsih 932 Masehi di Prasasti Keusik Muara ieu kalawan warsih 929 sabot kakawasaan pindah ti Jawa Keur ka Jawa Wetan. Paniliti Claude Guillot, ti lembaga ''Ecole francaise d’ Extreme Orient'' ngomong yén prasasti kadua ieu nyaritakeun ngeunaan pamadegan Karajaan Sunda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesia.go.id/kategori/komoditas/1588/sejarah-rekayasa-air-dalam-prasasti-tugu?lang=1|title=Sejarah Rekayasa Air dalam Prasasti Tugu|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218101317/https://indonesia.go.id/kategori/komoditas/1588/sejarah-rekayasa-air-dalam-prasasti-tugu?lang=1|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> ====== 4. [[Prasasti Muara Cianten]] ====== Kawas titinggaleun jaman sajarah nu laina, Prasasti Muara Cianten kapanggihna di gigireun Walungan Cisadané nu lokasina di Kampung Muara atawa Pasir Muara, Kabupaten Bogor. Kapanggihna ieu paninggalan sajarah, ku urang Walanda kénéh sarua mimitina meunang dilaporkeun ku N.W. Hoepermans harita taun 1864. Ku sabab harita N.W. Hoepermans laporna ka pamaréntah Walanda, cta pamanggihan dituluykeun ku sababarahahiji urang Walanda nu lain, nyaéta G.P. Rouffaer taun 1909, N.J. Krom taun 1915, C.M. Pleyte taun 1906, R.D.M. Verbeek taun 1891 jeung J.F.G. Brumund taun 1868.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2019/04/isi-prasasti-muara-cianteun-kerajaan.html|title=Isi Prasasti Muara Cianteun Kerajaan Tarumanegara|last=Ardiansyah|first=Rahmad|website=Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218104107/https://idsejarah.net/2019/04/isi-prasasti-muara-cianteun-kerajaan.html|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> Kondisi kapanggihna ieu prasasti teu karawat kabéh sisi luar jeung jerona, malah pahatan nu aya di jero lalaunan leungit. Prasasti Muara Cianten miboga bentuk manjang atawa opal téa, lamun jenis batuna nyaéta andesit nu kaasup golongan babatuan beku. Ieu némbongkeun Prasasti Muara Cianten dijieun tina mineral halus anu ceuk basa urang luar mah ''fine grained.'' Ayana Prasasti Muara Cianteun rupina can kénéh dijaga pisan, sedengkeun pahatan anu aya di jerona lalaunan mimiti ngiles. Prasasti Muara Cianteun ngawangun opal atawa batu lonjong, samentara rupi batuna nyaéta batu andesit anu mangrupa batuan beku sarta dijieun ti mineral lemes. Kandungan ''silica'' di jerona condong leuwih pendék. Saterusna, batu andesit biasana kacipta ti gunung bitu anu seuneuan sarta ahirna kabentuk di luhur permukaan bumi, sedengkeun eusi ti Prasasti Muara Cianteun acan junun dibaca sarta diartikeun sababaraha inohong sajarah lantaran bentukna anu galing saperti hurup sangkha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abhiseva.id/prasasti-muara-cianten/|title=Prasasti Muara Cianten (536 M): Kemenangan Raja Sunda Atau Tarumanegara? - ABHISEVA.ID|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219113443/https://abhiseva.id/prasasti-muara-cianten/|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> [[Gambar:Prasasti Muara Cianten Cianten Inscription Sanskrit-Pallava.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Prasasti Muara Cianten]] Cacak kitu, ayana Prasasti Muara Cianteun tangtos waé wajib dirawat sarta dilanggengkeun lamun kabetot jang nempo sacara langsung. Sumawonten, saha baé nu rék néang éta batu kudu daék lalampahan sapanjang 19 kilométer ti dayeuh Bogor pikeun bisa nempo prasastina. Saha baé nu boga rencana jang naliti atawa ngadatangana, mangka bisa ngagunakeun tumpakan kikiping dua atawa kikiping opat supados bisa tepi ka Lembur Muara, Kabupatén Bogor demi bisa nempo Prasasti Muara Cianteun kalawan tangtos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/3464|title=Prasasti Muara Cianten|website=direktoripariwisata.id|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219121442/https://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/3464|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> Prasasti perenahna sekitar 600 meter palebah kaler ti Prasasti Kebon Kopi, kalawan keletakan taneuh leuwih pendek 10 meteran. Objek aya keneh di tempat kawit, aya 2 meter ti gawir palebah barat daya Walungan Cisadane, lamun Walungan Cisadane sarta Walungan Cianten keur caah sarta ngaluap, prasasti kakeueum cai walungan sarta mindeng dipake minangka alas jang nyuci baju ku masyarakat sabudureun walungan<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=https://bogor.tribunnews.com/2022/08/09/peninggalan-tarumanegara-prasasti-muara-cianten-tak-terawat-dan-dikelilingi-sampah-di-tepi-sungai|title=Peninggalan Tarumanegara, Prasasti Muara Cianten Tak Terawat dan Dikelilingi Sampah di Tepi Sungai|website=Tribunnewsbogor.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219120114/https://bogor.tribunnews.com/2022/08/09/peninggalan-tarumanegara-prasasti-muara-cianten-tak-terawat-dan-dikelilingi-sampah-di-tepi-sungai|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref>. Aliran walungan anu ngabantun keusik atawa batu-batu alit sarta alatan aktipitas jelema ngarusak pisan kaayaan objék ieu. Prasasti ieu luhurna batu nu geus lemes sabab prosés penghalusan atawa gerusan cai walungan anu teras matak dadas dina wanci anu lami. Perkawis ieu can dipikanyaho sarta peryogi paniten seksama. Saha waé henteu ngan maké tumpakan pribadi jang bisa anjog di lokasi, nanging ogé jang tumpakan umum anu sadia nanging réngsé aya di wewengkon Lebak tangtos waé panaliti nu rék nénjo batuna wajib neraskeun lalampahan kalawan ngagunakeun transportasi kikiping dua sepertos ojek pikeun bisa datang langsung ka lokasi kapanggihna Prasasti Muara Cianteun. Panaliti nu datang lain saukur nénjo batu ukuranana ageung anu bersejarah, nanging ogé naliti seratan anu aya di jerona anu teu junun diartikeun ku saha ogé tepi ka danget ieu. Eusi ti Prasasti Cianten tacan tiasa dibaca ku para ahli. Perkara kasebat dimargikeun abjad anu aya di batu prasasti ngawangun galing atawa mangrupi abjad Sangkha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abhiseva.id/prasasti-muara-cianten/|title=Prasasti Muara Cianten (536 M): Kemenangan Raja Sunda Atau Tarumanegara? - ABHISEVA.ID|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219113443/https://abhiseva.id/prasasti-muara-cianten/|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> Prasasti dicutat dina hiji batu ukuranana luhur 140 sentimeter, paos 317 séntimeter sarta rubak 148 séntimeter. Prasasti ngandung gambar piktograp dina aksara gurat-gurat galing anu silih ngebeulit sarta geus aus pisan dugi ayeuna can tiasa diartikeun. Prasasti Muara Cianten tacan dipigawé panyalamatan, pamindahan ti keur walungan Muara Cianten ka lokasi anu langkung aman nyaéta di darat.<ref name=":20" /> Perlu sagancangna perawatan ka prasasti margi mangrupa salah sahiji prasasti tinggalan disangka asalna ti mangsa Karajaan Tarumanagara. ====== 5. [[Prasasti Pasir Awi]] ====== Prasasti Pasir Awi nyaéta salah sahiji ti tujuh prasasti patilasan karajaan pangkolotna di kulon Pulo Jawa. Prasasti ieu geus ditangtukeun robah kaayaan ku Benda Cagar Budaya jadi peringkat nasional. Béda kalawan kagenep prasasti lianna anu ampir sakumna aya di deukeut aliran walungan, lokasi prasasti ieu malahan aya di pabukitan. Benerna di palebah kidul Pasir Awi (± 559 mdpl) di wewengkon leuweung, di pabukitan Cipamingkis, Kabupatén Bogor. Jang bisa tepi ka lokasi prasasti, urang tiasa ngaliwatan Jalan Sukaraja Dayeuh.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/dpk/prasasti-pasir-awi-jejak-tarumanegara/|title=Prasasti Pasir Awi, Jejak Tarumanegara di Perbukitan Cipamingkis|last=PCBM|first=Dit|website=Direktorat Pelindungan Kebudayaan|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219123623/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/dpk/prasasti-pasir-awi-jejak-tarumanegara/|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> Saterusna asup ka jalan babatuan kalawan médan anu ngahésékeun tumpakan anu ngaliwatana. Réngsé jalan berbatuan diliwatan, saha baé anu kaditu bakal nyanghareupan undakan anak tangga anu saeutik nangtawing. [[Gambar:Stamp of Indonesia - 2008 - Colnect 248160 - Prasasti Tugu.jpeg|jmpl|Prasasti Tugu dina Prangko 2008]] Prasasti Pasir Awi henteu sepertos kaopat prasasti patilasan Tarumanagara lianna. Akses jalan ka lokasina ge ngaprihatinkeun. Jalanan berbatu kalawan tatangkalan rindang sarta semak belukar anu sepertos anyaman alam di sisi-sisi na mikeun gambaran sanes. Wanci ngaliwatan na sepertos nuju naekan gunung anu sepi. Euweuh pasilitas nu bisa dipanggihan, teu aya deui pitunjuk ka arah patilasan bersejarah ieu. Prasasti Pasir Awi tara dilirik ku wisatawan atawa panaliti. Padahal prasasti ieu ngabogaan peunteun jang elmu kauninga, atikan sarta kabudayaan. Kapanggihna prasasti ieu teu pisan loba diungkap. Ngan waé di mana ayana geus dipikanyaho saprak 1864. Kapanggih kali kahiji ku saurang arkéolog kawit Walanda, ngarana N.W. Hoepermans. Dina prasasti ieu aya pahatan sapasang dampal suku anu ngadep ka arah kalér sarta wétan. Pahatan sarua ogé kapanggih di Prasasti Ciaruteun sarta Prasasti Keusik Jambu anu tempatna di Kacamatan Cibungbulan sarta Kacamatan Nanggung, Kabupatén Bogor. Pahatan dampal suku kasebat dianggap minangka dampal sukuna Sri Purnawarman raja ti Karajaan Taruma atawa Tarumanegara. Karajaan ieu kungsi jaya dina abad ka-4 dugi abad ka-7 Maséhi.<ref name=":21" /> Teu kawas prasasti lainna, pahatan suku di prasasti Pasir Awi mah henteu kapanggih kitu kaayaanana aksara anu bisa dibaca. Saperti anu aya di Prasasti Ciaruteun sarta Pasir Jambu. Tapi aya piktograf anu ngagambarkeun sabatang dahan kalawan regang-regang dangdaunan sarta bungbuahan. Nurutkeun Rogier Diederik Marius Verbeek piktograf kasebat ngagambarkeun angka warsih. Nanging tepi ka ayeuna can aya panaliti anu bisa maos sarta ngahartikeun sacara tangtos. Sajaba ti éta, enya gé geus dibéré cungkup, lokasi prasasti anu aya di perbukitan kalawan jangkungna 559 mdpl ieu kaitung kénéh kurang karawat. Aset berharga nu nagara boga ieu bisa dimangpaatkeun minangka objék wisata anu mending. Bisa ngamajukeun perekonomian balaréa di kira-kira lokasi ayana Prasasti Pasir Awi. Dumasar statusna minangka Cagar Budaya, sumawontén geus robah kaayaan peringkat nasional, geus sawajarna Prasasti Pasir Awi meunang perhatian leuwih jero. Dibéré catatan atawa papan inpormasi ngeunaan prasasti, leuwih alus deui mangrupa déskripsi, sajarah barang sumawonten dugi sajarah kapanggihna nyaéta lengkah mimiti anu bisa dipigawé supados prasasti ieu barobah kaayaan miboga nilai minangka artépak budaya.<ref name=":21" /> ====== 6. [[Prasasti Jambu]] ====== Prasasti Jambu atawa Prasasti Pasir Koléngkak nyaéta prasasti anu asalna ti Karajaan Tarumanagara anu kapanggih di wewengkon kebon jambu sangki-sangki 30 km palebah kulon Bogor. Prasasti Jambu tempatna Keusik Sikoleangkak (Gunung Batutulis ±367m di luhur permukaan laut) di wilayah lembur Keusik Gintung, Désa Parakanmuncang, Kacamatan Nanggung, Kabupaten Bogor. Koordinat 0°15’45, 40” BB (ti Jakarta) sarta 6°34’08, 11”. Kapungkur dina mangsa kolonial Walanda lokasi ieu kaasup Perkebunan Karét Sadéng-Djamboe nanging ayeuna disebut PT Perkebunan XI Cikasungka-Cigudeg-Bogor.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://profilbaru.com/Prasasti_Jambu|title=Prasasti Jambu - Profilbaru.Com|last=profilbaru.com|website=profilbaru.com|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220034108/https://profilbaru.com/Prasasti_Jambu|archivedate=2023-02-20}}</ref> [[Gambar:Prasasti Ciaruteun.JPG|kiri|jmpl|Prasati Ciaruteun]] Prasasti Jambu kapanggih mimiti warsih 1854 ku Jonathan Rigg dilaporkeun ka Dines Purbakala warsih 1947, nanging ditalungtik mimiti dina warsih 1954 Prasasti Jambu dipahatkeun dina batu kalawan wangun alami (sisi-sisi na ukuranana kirang langkung 2-3 méter).  Prasasti Jambu diwangun ti dua jajar aksara Pallawa anu disusun dina wangun seloka nalika Sanskerta kalawan metrum Sragdhara. Dina batu prasasti ieu ogé aya pahatan gambar sapasang dampal suku anu diturihkeun dina haturan luhur seratan nanging sapalih gambar dampal suku kiwa geus leungit sabab batu haturan ieu peupeus. Prasasti ieu nyebutkeun wasta raja Purnnawarmman anu maréntah di nagara Taruma. Prasasti ieu euweuh angka warsih sarta dumasar wangun aksara Pallawa anu dipahatkeun (analisis Palaeograpis) kira-kira asalna ti pertengahan abad ka-5 Maséhi.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbanten/prasasti-jambu-prasasti-pasir-koleangkak/|title=Prasasti Jambu (Prasasti Pasir Koleangkak)|last=bpcbbanten|website=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Banten|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220031108/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbanten/prasasti-jambu-prasasti-pasir-koleangkak/|archivedate=2023-02-20}}</ref> Teks: ''śrīmāndāta kṛtajnyo narapatirasamoyahpurātarumayāṃnāmmāśrīpūrṇṇapracuraripuśarābhidyavikhyātavarmmātasyédampadavimbadvayamarinagarotsādanénityadakṣa. bhaktānāyandripānambhavatisukhakarasalyabhūtaṃripuṇāṃ''<ref name=":23" /> Unggel tarjamahan prasasti eta teh hartina: "Kuat, matak hélok sarta jujur ka pancéna nyaéta pamingpin jalmi anu euweuh babandinganana kamasyhur Sri Purnawarman anu kalintang wanci (maréntah) di Taruma sarta anu baju zirahna kakoncara henteu bisa ditembus pakarang satru. Ieu téh sapasang tapak sukuna anu sok ngabongkar dayeuh-dayeuh satru, ajén ka para pangéran, nanging mangrupa cucuk dina daging.<ref name=":22" /> ====== 7. [[Prasasti Lebak]] ====== Di antara anu 7 ieu, ngaran Lebak geus katempo kacutat di jero Prasasti Lebak. Kapanggihna Prasasti Lebak, meunang Raja Purnawarman aya di gigir Walungan [[Cidanghiang]], di Kampung Lebak, Desa Lebak, Kacamatan [[Munjul, Pandéglang|Munjul]], Kabupaten [[Kabupatén Pandéglang|Pandeglang]]. Prasasti Lebak kapanggih mimitina ku Tubagus Ruszan, salah sahiji turunan sultan, dina taun 1947. Lamun ditilik kana sajarah, ieu prasasti kapanggih 2 taun saenggeus Indonesia merdéka. Matakna geus merdéka ieu prasasti bisa tuluy ditaliti taun 1954.<ref name=":3" /> Prasasti Lebak ogé mangrupakeun tanda bates Kerajaan Tarumanegara ku sabab harita mah prasasti dipungsikeun ogé sarua jeung piagam. Ieu prasasti ditulis maké aksara Palawa basa [[Sansakerta|Sansekerta]]. Tulisanna maké téknik pahatan nu jerona dipahat setengah séntiméter, sarua jeung 0,5 séntiméter. Janis batu spesipikna, batu andésit ukuran 3,2 meter x 2,25 meter.<ref name=":3" /> ==== Jaman Kasultanan Banten ==== Ditilik tina sajarahna, kabupaten ieu boga patalian jeung sajarah Kasultanan Banten. Tina wewengkon sajarah éta Kabupaten Lebak bisa jadi nyieun alesan wewengkon anyar kaseba. Asup ka abad ka-19, aya parobahan susunan politik di jero Kasultanan Banten jeung masyarakatna. Parobahan ieu kapangaruhan ku digantina pingpinan ti pihak Walanda nu dicekel ku Daendels taun 1808. Geus ku Daendels, tuluy urang Inggris asup ka Banten.<ref name=":2" /> Mimitina, dina tanggal 19 Maret 1813, [[Sultan Muhammad Sofiyudin]], nu jadi sultan terahir dieureunkeun paksa ku urang Inggris. Dina mangsa harita, Lebak aya kénéh di handapeun pingpinan [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]], manéhna jadi wawakil [[Inggris]] di Lebak ti taun 1811 tepi ka 1816.<ref name=":1" /> Ku pamaréntahan Inggris, [[Kasultanan Banten]] dieureunkeun nu mana Raffles boga kamaksadan nyieun Karésidenan Banten. Dijieuna éta kasultanan sabab turunan sultan ngan saukur dijadikeun lambang jeung simbol wungkul, tapi teu boga kakawasaan maréntah. Geus kitu, Inggris ngangkat [[Joyo Miharjo]], urang [[Rembang]] ti [[Jawa Tengah]] nu dijieun Sultan Adat Banten.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Adeng|date=2013-06-02|title=SEJARAH SOSIAL KABUPATEN LEBAK|url=http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/article/view/137|journal=Patanjala: Journal of Historical and Cultural Research|language=id|volume=5|issue=2|pages=264–279|doi=10.30959/patanjala.v5i2.137|issn=2598-1242|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026073158/http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/article/view/137|archive-date=2022-10-26|accessdate=2023-02-08}}</ref> Teu cukup diangkat, Joyo Miharjo dibéré gelar [[Sultan Muhammad Rafiudin]] sabab dianggap gaganti sultan terahir, nyaéta Sultan Muhammad Sofiyudin. Antara dua sultan éta boga silsilah katurunan, kacirina mah tina garis turunan ti Joyo Miharjo, carogéna [[Ratu Arsiah]] nu mana Ratu Arsiah téh adina [[Ratu Asiah]].<ref name=":2" /> Ratu Asiah, nyaéta indungna Sultan Muhammad Sofiyudin. Ieu nu matak kasultanan bisa diamprokeun jeung salian ti turunan Sultan Banten. Kukumaha ogé, aya béda pangaweruh mana nu turunan Sultan Banten di Lebak jeung mana nu lain turunan sultan ti Lebak.<ref name=":2" /> Tina uluh biung Inggris ka jero Kasultanan Banten, dijieun rupa-rupa gelar nu mana éta cara pikeun bisa ngahijikeun kasultanan. Aya béda nu katénjo tina wilayah pangaweruh. Nu lain turunan Kasultanan Banten, henteu dibére wilayah pangaweruh, lamun nu boga turunan Kasultanan Banten dibéré wilayah pangaweruh. Di mana basa harita, 19 Maret 1813<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://lebakkab.go.id/sejarah-kabupaten-lebak/|title=Sejarah Kabupaten lebak|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Lebak|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207092831/https://lebakkab.go.id/sejarah-kabupaten-lebak/|archivedate=2023-02-07}}</ref>, Kasultanan Banten dimekarkeun jadi aya opat bagéan jang dibikeun ka para turunan sultan, nyaéta: ====== Banten Lor ====== Ieu wewengkon ayana di palebah kalér nu ayeuna mah jadi Kota Sérang, Banten anu lamun dispesipikeuna di Désa Banten, Kacamatan Kasemén. Banten Lor, sohor ku ngaran Banten Lama nu dicirian ku wangunan lila tilas Kasultanan Banten. Ieu wangunan geus jadi puseur ti karajaan jeung tempat cicingna sultan jeung kulawargana. Banten Lor henteu jol aya tina bagéan ti Kasultanan Banten, harita téh saacan abad ka-16, wawacan nu pataliana jeung Banten ngan saeutik dicutat dina sajarah. Aya carita, mimitina Banten masih mangrupakeun bagéan ti kakawasaan Karajaan Sunda, anu mana pamingpina Banten basa éta Prabu Pucuk Umum, putrana ti Prabu Sidaraja Pajajaran. Puseur dayeuh aya di Banten Girang nu kira-kira 3 kilométer ti palebah kalérna Kota Sérang. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/sisa-sisa-kejayaan-banten-di-reruntuhan-keraton-surosowan/|title=Sisa-Sisa Kejayaan Banten di Reruntuhan Keraton Surosowan|website=Indonesia Kaya|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217141806/https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/sisa-sisa-kejayaan-banten-di-reruntuhan-keraton-surosowan/|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> Asup abad ka-16, agama Islam lalaunan asup ka Banten nu dibawa ku Sunan Gunung Jati atawa kasohor ku ngaran Syékh Syarifudin Hidayatullah nu boga lalakon nyebarkeun Islam di Banten jeung sabudureunana. Ku Sunan Gunung Jati, pamaréntahan Prabu Pucuk Umum taun 1524-1525 M. Geus kitu, Sunan Gunung Jati nyieun Karajaan Islam di Banten ku cara ngangkat puterana nu ngaran Maulana Hasanudin dijieun Sultan Banten nu kahiji boga kawasa 18 taun (1552-1570 M). Tina carios Sunan Gunung Jati, puseur dayeuh anu asalna di Banten Girang ngalih ka Surosowan Banten Lama. Tah dina ngalih puseur dayeuh, ngaran Banten Lor jadi dipikanyaho ku urang Banten.<ref name=":11" /> [[Gambar:Keraton Surosowan.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Keraton Surosowan]] Banten Lor boga ciri has anu ngabédakeun jeung wewengkon nu lain, nyaéta boga pangaweruh ti urang Jawa. Kanyahoana mah tina titinggaleun nu mangrupakeun [[Keraton Surosowan]]. Ieu wangunan pungsina jang panyicingan sultan, kulawarga, jeung para pengikutna. Pungsi séjén keraton, nyaéta jadi puseur karajaan dina ngajalankeun pamaréntahan Karajaan Banten. Bisa katempona tina tata pola nu nuturkeun karajaan Islam nu séjén di Jawa nu boga Alun-Alun di palebah kalér, Masjid Agung di palebah kulon, tuluy pasar jeung palabuhan di palebah wétan jeung kalérna keraton. Keraton Surosowan teu diwangun langsung jadi, ku kituna aya opat tahap nu lalaunan matak ieu wangunan bisa tepi ka jadi. Nu kahiji, diwangun témbok nu ngurilingan keraton tina bata nu legana tepi ka 100-125 meter. Nu kadua, diwangun témbok bagéan jero anu pungsina jang nahan tembakan jeung bastion. Istilah bastion nyaéta, tungtung bénténg nu bentuna kawas intan. Wangunan nu katilu, nyaéta dijieunna rohangan deukeut témbok kalér jeung gerbang wétan. Ditempo tina sajarahna, Keraton Surosowan kungsi ngalaman ancur tepi ka runtuhna.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/07/03/154639779/keraton-surosowan-fungsi-dan-sejarah-berdirinya|title=Keraton Surosowan: Fungsi dan Sejarah Berdirinya Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217135323/https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/07/03/154639779/keraton-surosowan-fungsi-dan-sejarah-berdirinya|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> Runtuhna Keraton Surosowan nu kahiji basa taun 1680, basa aya perang antara Sultan Agung Tirtayasa jeung Sultan Haji. Saanggeusna Sultan Haji bisa naék tahta ku sabab dibantuan ku [[Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie|VOC ''(Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie)'']], Keraton Surosowan dibenerkeun. Sultan Haji ménta tulung ka arsitek urang Walanda nu ngarana Hendrik Laurenzns Cardeel supaya bisa dibenerkeun deui keratona. Kaancuran nu kadua, aya dina taun 1680 basa keraton diancurkeun ku pasukan Walanda pingpinan Herman William Daendels.<ref name=":12" /> Ayeuna, ieu keraton geus kaasup wangunan anu dijaga ku pamaréntah pikeun neundeun nilai sajarah Kasultanan Banten Lama. Ku kituna Pamaréntah Propinsi Banten nyieun program répitalisasi Banten Lama tapi teu meunang ngaruksak wangunan sajarah jeung budayana. Banten Lor, boga daya tarik wisata nu mana bisa matak turis nganjang ka dinya. Pamaréntah ogé henteu ngarobah langsung, tapi ngamumulé ku mekarkeun pariwisata nu dimimitian ku panataan kawasan ti basa taun 2018. Aya nu bagéan tahap hiji ditempo tina wangunan Plaza Masjid Agung Banten jeung para nu dagang di sabudureun masigit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dispar.bantenprov.go.id/Berita/topic/13|title=Menapaki Jejak Para Sultan di Wisata Keraton Kesultanan Banten {{!}} Dinas Pariwisata Provinsi Banten|website=dispar.bantenprov.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630162018/https://dispar.bantenprov.go.id/Berita/topic/13|archivedate=2022-06-30}}</ref> ====== Banten Kulon ====== Ayeuna mah, ieu wilayah asupna ka Ujung Kulon, Pandeglang nu tina ngaranna ogé geus mangrupakeun wewengkon pangkulonna Pulau Jawa nu boga lega 128.297 kilométer. Banten Kulon ciri hasna neundeun rupa-rupa sato nu dijagaan ku pamaréntah, harita kungsi aya carita di Banten Kulon aya rékaman ti petugas Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon nu nempokeun aya maung di padang panggembalaan Cidaon. Ieu maung boga ngaran latin ''[[Panthera tigris sondaica]]'', matak reuwas sasaha sabab sato nu keur ngadahar banténg éta téh geus kaasup sato punah ti taun 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/seputar-banten/pr-593215864/misteri-di-ujung-kulon-pandeglang-banten-wilayah-paling-barat-di-pulau-jawa-pernah-terjadi-penampakan-ini|title=Misteri di Ujung Kulon Pandeglang Banten, Wilayah Paling Barat di Pulau Jawa, Pernah Terjadi Penampakan Ini|last=Jayasantika|first=Yadi|website=kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217140727/https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/seputar-banten/pr-593215864/misteri-di-ujung-kulon-pandeglang-banten-wilayah-paling-barat-di-pulau-jawa-pernah-terjadi-penampakan-ini|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> ====== Banten Tengah ====== Siga wewengkon Banten nu séjén nu neundeun sisimpenan sajarah, Banten Tengah ogé boga titinggaleun ti jaman batu. Wangunan jaman batu ieu bentukna punden berundak, ngarana Lebak Sibedug nu ayana kira-kira diwangun jaman umat manusa hirup geus nyicing, hartina geus lain néangan kadaharan deui. Ieu titinggaleun kaasup dina jaman prasejarah latar kabudayaana mégalitikum sanajan asupna mah néolitikum. Wangunan pundén berundak boga genep téras ku sababarahiji altar jeung batu nu nangtung dina térasna. Tepi ka ayeuna, ieu wangunan geus dijadikeun situs, nyaéta Situs Lebak Sibedug jaman néolitikum (2500-1500 saacan maséhi). Pungsina ieu situs harita ku karuhun dijadikeun panghormatan ka roh-roh sesepuh harita. Kolot baheula boga kapercayaan, ku ngajadikeun panghormatan, alam Banten Tengah bisa kajaga tina bencana jeung loba kajongjonan jang masyarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://javanewsonline.co.id/2022/08/31/pemprov-banten-tengah-melakukan-pemeringkatan-situs-dan-benda-cagar-budaya/|title=Pemprov Banten Tengah Melakukan Pemeringkatan Situs dan Benda Cagar Budaya|website=JAVANEWSONLINE.CO.ID|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217142641/https://javanewsonline.co.id/2022/08/31/pemprov-banten-tengah-melakukan-pemeringkatan-situs-dan-benda-cagar-budaya/|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> ====== Banten Kidul.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pandeglang.inews.id/read/126632/sejarah-kabupaten-lebak-berdiri-dulu-berjuluk-jagat-kidul-banten|title=Sejarah Kabupaten Lebak Berdiri, Dulu Berjuluk Jagat Kidul Banten|last=inewsid|website=https://pandeglang.inews.id/|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207085717/https://pandeglang.inews.id/read/126632/sejarah-kabupaten-lebak-berdiri-dulu-berjuluk-jagat-kidul-banten|archivedate=2023-02-07}}</ref> ====== [[Gambar:Thomas Stamford Raffles (ancient portrait).jpg|jmpl|Thomas Stamford Raffles]] Baheulana ibukota Banten Kidul ayana di Cilangkahan ku sabab pamaréntahanna dipingpin ku bupati nu didatangkeun ku Gubernur Jendral Inggris Thomas Stamford Raffles, nyaéta [[Tumenggung Suradilaga]]. Basa kapamingpinan Tumenggung Suradilaga, Karésidénan Banten dibagi-bagi dumasar kana Surat Keputusan Komisaris Jenderal Nomor 1, ''Staatsblad'' Nomor 81 tahun 1828. Anu mana Karésidénan Banten dibagi jadi 3 kabupaten, nyaéta: * Kabupaten Serang * Kabupaten Caringin * Kabupaten Lebak Geus dibagi jadi kabupaten, Lebak dipecah deui nu mana jadi boga babatesan ''district'' jeung ''onderdistrict'', nyaéta: * ''District'' Sajira, wewengkon ieu kaasup ''Onderdistrict'' Ciangsa, Somang jeung ''Onderdistrict'' Sajira, * ''District'' Lebak Parahiang, wewengkon ieu kaasup ''Onderdistrict'' Koncang jeung Lebak Parahiang. * ''District'' Parungkujang, wewengkon ieu kaasup ''Onderdistrict'' Parungkujang jeung Kosek, * ''District Madhoor'' (Madur) wewengkon ieu kaasup ''Onderdisrict'' Binuangeun, Sawarna jeung ''Onderdistrict Madhoor'' (anu sok disebat Madur ogé).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://kaos-banten.com/artikel-sakuriling-banten/sejarah-kabupaten-lebak/|title=Sejarah Kabupaten Lebak {{!}} Kaos Banten {{!}} Kaos Khas Banten {{!}} Kata Jawara Clothing {{!}} Konveksi Banten|website=kaos-banten.com|accessdate=2023-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208021645/http://kaos-banten.com/artikel-sakuriling-banten/sejarah-kabupaten-lebak/|archivedate=2023-02-08}}</ref> Tumenggung Suradilaga anu kakoncara ogé ku ngaran Raden Muhammad boga tanggal waler langsung ka Residén Banten nu geus aya di handapeun Inggris, hartina lain ka Kasultanan Banten deui. Kasultanan Banten ngalaman peupeus patempatan saprak Walanda asup, nyaéta di taun 1816. Dina taun sakitu ogé, Joyo Miharjo nu kasohor ku ngaran Muhammad Rafiudin dilesotkeun tina gelar sultan. Saanggeus kitu, kabéh bupati nu diangkat ku Inggris diganti ku Walanda. Kawas kieu susunan gaganti bupati ti pihak Walanda, Banten Kidul nu dipingpin ku Tumenggung Suradilaga diganti ku [[Tubagus Jamil]]. Boga gelar Tubagus hartina ieu jelema putra [[Sultan Banten Abul Mahasin Muhammad Syifa'u Zainul Abidin]].<ref name=":7" /> Tubagus Jamil geus diangkat jadi bupati ku Walanda boga gelar Raden Adipati Jamil nu kasohor ku ngaran Pangeran Sanjaya. Tubagus Jamil mingpin Banten Kidul teu sorangan, aya wakilna nu sarua mingpin nyaéta [[Ki Ngabéhi Bahu Pringga]], urut punggawa Kasultanan Banten. Geus kitu, wakil pingpinan nu dicekel ku Ki Ngabehi Bahu Pringga boga gelar ogé nyaéta [[Patih Derus]]. Sapuluh taun saanggeus Walanda asup ka Banten, puseur dayeuh Kabupatén Banten Kidul ngalih ti Cilangkahan ka Lebak nu baheula mah panempatan Leuwidamar. Ti saprak éta, Kabupaten Banten Kidul ganti ngaran jadi Lebak saprak tanggal 2 Desember 1828 nu tepi ka ayeuna ditangtukeun hari jadi Kabupatén Lebak.<ref name=":1" /> Banten Kidul, nu kungsi dipingpin ku Tumenggung Suradilaga, dibagi-bagi deui jadi boga sababarahahiji ''district'' jeung ''onderdistrik'', nyaéta: # Sawarna jeung Cisangkahan, kaasupna ka ''Onderdistrik Madhoor.'' # Pangbagéan Karésidenan Banten ditempo dumasar kana Surat Keputusan Gubernur Jendral, a. ''Staatsblad'' Nomor 18 Taun 1828.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sawarna.desa.id/artikel/2021/1/9/sejarah-sawarna-episode-ke-dua-1|title=Sejarah Sawarna Episode ke Dua|website=Desa Sawarna Kecamatan Bayah Kabupaten Lebak|accessdate=2023-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207100508/https://sawarna.desa.id/artikel/2021/1/9/sejarah-sawarna-episode-ke-dua-1|archivedate=2023-02-07}}</ref> Geus disebutkeun di luhur yén Kabupaten Lebak ibukotana Kacamatan Rangkasbitung. Salian tina kacamatan, Rangkasbitung dipungsikeun ogé jadi kota, ku kituna ieu wilayah kasebutna kecamatan kota. Henteu jol aya, kota kacamatan Rangkasbitung geus aya ti jaman Walanda. Sabada harita, ratusan taun kamari, Rangkasbitung geus dijadikeun kota satelit nu kaasup maju di jaman éta. Ieu kota kacamatan boga ciri has, nyaéta cara mekarkeunna dumasar kana sistem karajaan. Lamun geus dumasar kana cara karajaan, rupa-rupa pangwangunan kota kawas alun-alun, masigit, jeung pendopo tangtu dijadikeun puseur dayeuh.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Ngalih Puseur Dayeuh ==== Dumasar kana Surat Keputusan Gubernur Jenderal Hindia Belanda, Nomer 15 Kaping 17 Januari 1849, puseur dayeuh Kabupaten Lebak anu harita aya di [[:id:Warunggunung,_Lebak|Warunggunung]] kudu dialihkeun. Ku kituna, [[Raden Tumenggung Adipati Karta Natanagara]], anu basa éta keur jadi bupati nitah ka wakilna, nyaéta Patih Jahar nu dikenal ku ngaran Patih Lebak. Tugasna kudu manggihan lokasi nu strategis pikeun puseur dayeuh pusat pamaréntahan Lebak, teu lila kapanggih daérah leuweung awi anu raweuy ku tatangkalan, ieu leuweung ayeuna mah geus jadi wilayah Rangkasbitung. Ti saprak kapanggih leuweung awi, diwangun wéh rupa-rupa pasilitas pikeun nyadiakeun urusan pamaréntahan. Lamun resmina mah, puseur dayeuh kakara dibuka pas taun 1851 anu tanggal spesipikna 31 Marét 1851.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lebakkab.go.id/sejarah-kabupaten-lebak/|title=Sejarah Kabupaten lebak|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Lebak|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207092954/https://lebakkab.go.id/sejarah-kabupaten-lebak/|archivedate=2023-02-07}}</ref> ==== Bates Wilayah ==== [[Gambar:Indian Ocean 10.jpg|jmpl|Samudra Hindia]] Kabupatén Lebak boga sababarahahiji wilayah anu babatesan boh jeung kabupatén, propinsi, atawa samudra, nyaéta: {| class="wikitable sortable" |'''Kalér''' |Kabupatén Sérang jeung Kabupatén Tangerang |- |'''Wetan''' |Propinsi Jawa Barat |- |'''Kidul''' |Samudra Hindia |- |'''Kulon''' |Kabupatén Pandeglang |} == Géograpi == Sacara geograpis, Kabupatén Lebak aya dina posisi 106 0 00’-10602 21’ Bujur Timur jeung 5 0 -100 00’ Lintang Selatan. Geograpisna ieu wewengkon, dipangaruhan ku pagunungan kawas Pagunungan Kendeng nu ngabeulah Lebak Kalér jeung Lebak palebah Kulon. Ku ayana Gunung Kendeng, kontur taneuh di Kabupatén Lebak kaasup datar jeung aya gelombang katambah pariasi luhurna antara 0-1000 meter di luhur permukaan laut (dpl). Lamun dirinci deui, keluhuranna 0-200 meter luhureun laut sabudureun basisir, 201-500 meter luhureun laut Lebak tengah, 501-1000 meter luhureun laut Lebak kidul.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adeng|date=26 Februari 2018|title=Sejarah Sosial Kabupaten Lebak|url=http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/article/view/137/89|journal=Paatanjala|access-date=http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/article/view/137/89|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701102729/http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/article/view/137/89|archive-date=2022-07-01}}</ref> Kabupatén Lebak ngawengku lega tepi ka 304.472 hektar.<ref name=":0" /> Di daérah kalér, ieu kabupatén mangrupakeun dataran rendah, lamun di kulon mangrupakeun pagunungan nu lengkep jeung puncakna Gunung Halimun di ujung babates Kabupatén Bogor jeung Kabupatén Sukabumi. Ieu daérah diliwatan kénéh ku Walungan Ciujung tepi ka kalér.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lebakkab.go.id/profil-kabupaten-lebak/|title=Profil Kabupaten Lebak|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Lebak|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207092843/https://lebakkab.go.id/profil-kabupaten-lebak/|archivedate=2023-02-07}}</ref> ==== Iklim jeung Hidrologi ==== Kabupaten Lebak ku sabab deukeut ka basisir boga iklim nu dipangaruhan ku angin Muson jeung La Nina. Cuaca lolobana dipangaruhan ku angin baratan ti Samudra Hindia jeung Benua Asia dina usum ngijih. Salian ti éta, aya angin timuran dina usum halodo. Curah hujan diitung sataunna tepi ka 2.000-4.000 mm kaasup suhu udara antara 20°-32°C.<ref name=":2" /> Patalian kénéh jeung usum-usuman, di Kabupaten Lebak aya sababarahiji walungan ti kaler ka kulon anu tungtungna ngocor ka Laut Jawa. Salah sahijina Walungan Ciujung, boga ngaran ujung lantaran ngocorna ngaliwatan Kabupaten Lebak tepi ka Laut Jawa. Walungan Ciujung mangrupakeun walungan pangpanjangna di Propinsi Banten. Walungan nu lainna, nyaéta Walungan Cibaréo, Walungan Cisawarna, Walungan Cimadur, Walungan Cisiih, Walungan Cimancak, Walungan Cihara, Walungan Cipageran, jeung Walungan CIlangkahan.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|date=2023-02-03|title=Kabupaten Lebak|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabupaten_Lebak&oldid=22843017|language=id}}</ref> == Pamaréntahan == Dumasar kana Peraturan Bupati Lebak Nomer 129 Taun 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/166653/perbup-kab-lebak-no-129-tahun-2020|title=PERBUP Kab. Lebak No. 129 Tahun 2020 tentang Kedudukan, Susunan Organisasi Tugas dan Fungsi, Serta Tata Kerja Kecamatan Di Lingkungan Pemerintah Kabupaten Lebak [JDIH BPK RI]|website=peraturan.bpk.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207134740/https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/166653/perbup-kab-lebak-no-129-tahun-2020|archivedate=2023-02-07}}</ref> ngeunaan susunan organisasi, tugas jeung pungsi, ogé tata kerja kecamatan di sabudureun pamaréntah Kabupatén Lebak,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biropemkesra.bantenprov.go.id/|title=Profil Kabupaten Lebak - Website Resmi Biro Pemerintahan dan Kesejahteraan Rakyat Provinsi Banten|last=Codingest|website=Biro Pemerintahan dan Kesejahteraan Rakyat|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109073159/https://biropemkesra.bantenprov.go.id/|archivedate=2023-01-09}}</ref> samudaya pingpinan di jero pamaréntahan boga tugasna masing-masing. Pingpinan daérah ieu, nyaéta bupati nu mingpin urusan pamaréntahan di mana kabéh wewenang jadi urusan otonom. Di handapeun bupati aya sekretaris daérah, saenggeus sekretaris daérah aya kecamatan, kelurahan tepi ka handapeuna mangrupakeun kelompok jabatan pungsional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://setda.lebakkab.go.id/|title=Situs Resmi {{!}} SEKRETARIAT DAERAH KABUPATEN LEBAK|last=LEBAK|first=SEKRETARIAT DAERAH KABUPATEN|website=https://setda.lebakkab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207132032/https://setda.lebakkab.go.id/|archivedate=2023-02-07}}</ref> ==== Kacamatan ==== Daptar kacamatan jeung kelurahan di Kabupaten Lebak<ref name=":6" />, nyaéta: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- style="background-color: #ccc;" valign="top" !Kode <br />Kemendagri !!Kacamatan !!Jumlah <br />Kelurahan !!Jumlah <br />Desa !Status!!Daptar <br />Desa/Kelurahan |- valign="top" |36.02.09 |[[Banjarsari, Lebak|Banjarsari]] | align="center" | || align="center" |20 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bendungan, Banjarsari, Lebak|Bendungan]] * [[Bojongjuruh, Banjarsari, Lebak|Bojongjuruh]] * [[Cibaturkeusik, Banjarsari, Lebak|Cibaturkeusik]] * [[Cidahu, Banjarsari, Lebak|Cidahu]] * [[Cilegong Ilir, Banjarsari, Lebak|Cilegong Ilir]] * [[Ciruji, Banjarsari, Lebak|Ciruji]] * [[Cisampih, Banjarsari, Lebak|Cisampih]] * [[Gunungsari, Banjarsari, Lebak|Gunungsari]] * [[Jalupang Girang, Banjarsari, Lebak|Jalupang Girang]] * [[Kaduhauk, Banjarsari, Lebak|Kaduhauk]] * [[Kerta, Banjarsari, Lebak|Kerta]] * [[Kertaraharja, Banjarsari, Lebak|Kertaraharja]] * [[Kertarahayu, Banjarsari, Lebak|Kertarahayu]] * [[Keusik, Banjarsari, Lebak|Keusik]] * [[Kumpay, Banjarsari, Lebak|Kumpay]] * [[Labanjaya, Banjarsari, Lebak|Labanjaya]] * [[Lebakkeusik, Banjarsari, Lebak|Lebakkeusik]] * [[Leuwiipuh, Banjarsari, Lebak|Leuwiipuh]] * [[Umbuljaya, Banjarsari, Lebak|Umbuljaya]] * [[Tamansari, Banjarsari, Lebak|Tamansari]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.03 |[[Bayah, Lebak|Bayah]] | align="center" | || align="center" |11 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bayah Barat, Bayah, Lebak|Bayah Barat]] * [[Bayah Timur, Bayah, Lebak|Bayah Timur]] * [[Cidikit, Bayah, Lebak|Cidikit]] * [[Cimancak, Bayah, Lebak|Cimancak]] * [[Cisuren, Bayah, Lebak|Cisuren]] * [[Darmasari, Bayah, Lebak|Darmasari]] * [[Pamubulan, Bayah, Lebak|Pamubulan]] * [[Pasirgombong, Bayah, Lebak|Pasirgombong]] * [[Sawarna, Bayah, Lebak|Sawarna]] * [[Sawarna Timur, Bayah, Lebak|Sawarna Timur]] * [[Suwakan, Bayah, Lebak|Suwakan]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.07 |[[Bojongmanik, Lebak|Bojongmanik]] | align="center" | || align="center" | 9 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bojongmanik, Bojongmanik, Lebak|Bojongmanik]] * [[Cimayang, Bojongmanik, Lebak|Cimayang]] * [[Harjawana, Bojongmanik, Lebak|Harjawana]] * [[Kadurahayu, Bojongmanik, Lebak|Kadurahayu]] * [[Keboncau, Bojongmanik, Lebak|Keboncau]] * [[Mekarmanik, Bojongmanik, Lebak|Mekarmanik]] * [[Mekar Rahayu, Bojongmanik, Lebak|Mekar Rahayu]] * [[Parakanbeusi, Bojongmanik, Lebak|Parakanbeusi]] * [[Pasirbitung, Bojongmanik, Lebak|Pasirbitung]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.18 |[[Cibadak, Lebak|Cibadak]] | align="center" | || align="center" |15 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Asem, Cibadak, Lebak|Asem]] * [[Asem Margaluyu, Cibadak, Lebak|Asem Margaluyu]] * [[Bojongcae, Cibadak, Lebak|Bojongcae]] * [[Bojongleles, Cibadak, Lebak|Bojongleles]] * [[Cibadak, Cibadak, Lebak|Cibadak]] * [[Cimenteng Jaya, Cibadak, Lebak|Cimenteng Jaya]] * [[Cisangu, Cibadak, Lebak|Cisangu]] * [[Kaduagung Barat, Cibadak, Lebak|Kaduagung Barat]] * [[Kaduagung Tengah, Cibadak, Lebak|Kaduagung Tengah]] * [[Kaduagung Timur, Cibadak, Lebak|Kaduagung Timur]] * [[Malabar, Cibadak, Lebak|Malabar]] * [[Mekar Agung, Cibadak, Lebak|Mekar Agung]] * [[Panancangan, Cibadak, Lebak|Panancangan]] * [[Pasar Keong, Cibadak, Lebak|Pasar Keong]] * [[Tambakbaya, Cibadak, Lebak|Tambakbaya]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.19 |[[Cibeber, Lebak|Cibeber]] | align="center" | || align="center" |22 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Cibeber, Cibeber, Lebak|Cibeber]] * [[Cihambali, Cibeber, Lebak|Cihambali]] * [[Ciherang, Cibeber, Lebak|Ciherang]] * [[Cikadu, Cibeber, Lebak|Cikadu]] * [[Cikotok, Cibeber, Lebak|Cikotok]] * [[Cisungsang, Cibeber, Lebak|Cisungsang]] * [[Citorek Barat, Cibeber, Lebak|Citorek Barat]] * [[Citorek Kidul, Cibeber, Lebak|Citorek Kidul]] * [[Citorek Tengah, Cibeber, Lebak|Citorek Tengah]] * [[Citorek Timur, Cibeber, Lebak|Citorek Timur]] * [[Citorek Sabrang, Cibeber, Lebak|Citorek Sabrang]] * [[Gunungwangun, Cibeber, Lebak|Gunungwangun]] * [[Hegarmanah, Cibeber, Lebak|Hegarmanah]] * [[Kujangjaya, Cibeber, Lebak|Kujangjaya]] * [[Kujangsari, Cibeber, Lebak|Kujangsari]] * [[Mekarsari, Cibeber, Lebak|Mekarsari]] * [[Neglasari, Cibeber, Lebak|Neglasari]] * [[Sinargalih, Cibeber, Lebak|Sinargalih]] * [[Situmulya, Cibeber, Lebak|Situmulya]] * [[Sukamulya, Cibeber, Lebak|Sukamulya]] * [[Wanasari, Cibeber, Lebak|Wanasari]] * [[Warungbanten, Cibeber, Lebak|Warungbanten]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.28 |[[Cigemblong, Lebak|Cigemblong]] | align="center" | || align="center" | 8 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Cibungur, Cigemblong, Lebak|Cibungur]] * [[Cigemblong, Cigemblong, Lebak|Cigemblong]] * [[Cikadongdong, Cigemblong, Lebak|Cikadongdong]] * [[Cikaret, Cigemblong, Lebak|Cikaret]] * [[Cikate, Cigemblong, Lebak|Cikate]] * [[Mugijaya, Cigemblong, Lebak|Mugijaya]] * [[Peucangpari, Cigemblong, Lebak|Peucangpari]] * [[Wangunjaya, Cigemblong, Lebak|Wangunjaya]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.26 |[[Cihara, Lebak|Cihara]] | align="center" | || align="center" | 9 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Barunai, Cihara, Lebak|Barunai]] * [[Cihara, Cihara, Lebak|Cihara]] * [[Ciparahu, Cihara, Lebak|Ciparahu]] * [[Citepuseun, Cihara, Lebak|Citepuseun]] * [[Karangkamulyan, Cihara, Lebak|Karangkamulyan]] * [[Lebak Peundeuy, Cihara, Lebak|Lebak Peundeuy]] * [[Mekarsari, Cihara, Lebak|Mekarsari]] * [[Panyaungan, Cihara, Lebak|Panyaungan]] * [[Pondokpanjang, Cihara, Lebak|Pondokpanjang]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.16 |[[Cijaku, Lebak|Cijaku]] | align="center" | || align="center" |11 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Ciapus, Cijaku, Lebak|Ciapus]] * [[Cibeureum, Cijaku, Lebak|Cibeureum]] * [[Cihujan, Cijaku, Lebak|Cihujan]] * [[Cijaku, Cijaku, Lebak|Cijaku]] * [[Cikaratuan, Cijaku, Lebak|Cikaratuan]] * [[Cimega, Cijaku, Lebak|Cimega]] * [[Cipalabuh, Cijaku, Lebak|Cipalabuh]] * [[Kandangsapi, Cijaku, Lebak|Kandangsapi]] * [[Kapunduhan, Cijaku, Lebak|Kapunduhan]] * [[Mekarjaya, Cijaku, Lebak|Mekarjaya]] * [[Sukasenang, Cijaku, Lebak|Sukasenang]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.17 |[[Cikulur, Lebak|Cikulur]] | align="center" | || align="center" |13 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Anggalan, Cikulur, Lebak|Anggalan]] * [[Cigoong Selatan, Cikulur, Lebak|Cigoong Selatan]] * [[Cigoong Utara, Cikulur, Lebak|Cigoong Utara]] * [[Cikulur, Cikulur, Lebak|Cikulur]] * [[Curugpanjang, Cikulur, Lebak|Curugpanjang]] * [[Muaradua, Cikulur, Lebak|Muaradua]] * [[Muncangkopong, Cikulur, Lebak|Muncangkopong]] * [[Parage, Cikulur, Lebak|Parage]] * [[Pasirgintung, Cikulur, Lebak|Pasirgintung]] * [[Sukadaya, Cikulur, Lebak|Sukadaya]] * [[Sukaharja, Cikulur, Lebak|Sukaharja]] * [[Sumurbandung, Cikulur, Lebak|Sumurbandung]] * [[Taman Jaya, Cikulur, Lebak|Taman Jaya]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.10 |[[Cileles, Lebak|Cileles]] | align="center" | || align="center" |12 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Banjarsari, Cileles, Lebak|Banjarsari]] * [[Cikareo, Cileles, Lebak|Cikareo]] * [[Cileles, Cileles, Lebak|Cileles]] * [[Cipadang, Cileles, Lebak|Cipadang]] * [[Daroyon, Cileles, Lebak|Daroyon]] * [[Gumuruh, Cileles, Lebak|Gumuruh]] * [[Kujangsari, Cileles, Lebak|Kujangsari]] * [[Margamulya, Cileles, Lebak|Margamulya]] * [[Mekarjaya, Cileles, Lebak|Mekarjaya]] * [[Parungkujang, Cileles, Lebak|Parungkujang]] * [[Pasindangan, Cileles, Lebak|Pasindangan]] * [[Prabugantungan, Cileles, Lebak|Prabugantungan]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.20 |[[Cilograng, Lebak|Cilograng]] | align="center" | || align="center" |10 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Cilograng, Cilograng, Lebak|Cilograng]] * [[Cijengkol, Cilograng, Lebak|Cijengkol]] * [[Cikamunding, Cilograng, Lebak|Cikamunding]] * [[Cikatomas, Cilograng, Lebak|Cikatomas]] * [[Cibareno, Cilograng, Lebak|Cibareno]] * [[Cireundeu, Cilograng, Lebak|Cireundeu]] * [[Girimukti, Cilograng, Lebak|Girimukti]] * [[Gunungbatu, Cilograng, Lebak|Gunungbatu]] * [[Lebaktipar, Cilograng, Lebak|Lebaktipar]] * [[Pasirbungur, Cilograng, Lebak|Pasirbungur]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.11 |[[Cimarga, Lebak|Cimarga]] | align="center" | || align="center" |17 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Cimarga, Cimarga, Lebak|Cimarga]] * [[Girimukti, Cimarga, Lebak|Girimukti]] * [[Gunung Anten, Cimarga, Lebak|Gunung Anten]] * [[Intenjaya, Cimarga, Lebak|Intenjaya]] * [[Jayamanik, Cimarga, Lebak|Jayamanik]] * [[Jayasari, Cimarga, Lebak|Jayasari]] * [[Karyajaya, Cimarga, Lebak|Karyajaya]] * [[Margajaya, Cimarga, Lebak|Margajaya]] * [[Margaluyu, Cimarga, Lebak|Margaluyu]] * [[Margatirta, Cimarga, Lebak|Margatirta]] * [[Mekarjaya, Cimarga, Lebak|Mekarjaya]] * [[Mekarmulya, Cimarga, Lebak|Mekarmulya]] * [[Sangiang Jaya, Cimarga, Lebak|Sangiang Jaya]] * [[Sangkanmanik, Cimarga, Lebak|Sangkanmanik]] * [[Sarageni, Cimarga, Lebak|Sarageni]] * [[Sudamanik, Cimarga, Lebak|Sudamanik]] * [[Tambak, Cimarga, Lebak|Tambak]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.04 |[[Cipanas, Lebak|Cipanas]] | align="center" | || align="center" |14 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Cipanas, Cipanas, Lebak|Cipanas]] * [[Giriharja, Cipanas, Lebak|Giriharja]] * [[Girilaya, Cipanas, Lebak|Girilaya]] * [[Harumsari, Cipanas, Lebak|Harumsari]] * [[Haurgajrug, Cipanas, Lebak|Haurgajrug]] * [[Jayapura, Cipanas, Lebak|Jayapura]] * [[Luhurjaya, Cipanas, Lebak|Luhurjaya]] * [[Malangsari, Cipanas, Lebak|Malangsari]] * [[Pasirhaur, Cipanas, Lebak|Pasirhaur]] * [[Sipayung, Cipanas, Lebak|Sipayung]] * [[Sukasari, Cipanas, Lebak|Sukasari]] * [[Talagahiang, Cipanas, Lebak|Talagahiang]] * [[Bintangresmi, Cipanas, Lebak|Bintangresmi]] * [[Bintangsari, Cipanas, Lebak|Bintangsari]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.27 |[[Cirinten, Lebak|Cirinten]] | align="center" | || align="center" |10 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Badur, Cirinten, Lebak|Badur]] * [[Cempaka, Cirinten, Lebak|Cempaka]] * [[Cibarani, Cirinten, Lebak|Cibarani]] * [[Cirinten, Cirinten, Lebak|Cirinten]] * [[Datarcae, Cirinten, Lebak|Datarcae]] * [[Kadudamas, Cirinten, Lebak|Kadudamas]] * [[Karangnunggal, Cirinten, Lebak|Karangnunggal]] * [[Karoya, Cirinten, Lebak|Karoya]] * [[Nangerang, Cirinten, Lebak|Nangerang]] * [[Parakanlima, Cirinten, Lebak|Parakanlima]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.23 |[[Curugbitung, Lebak|Curugbitung]] | align="center" | || align="center" |10 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Candi, Curugbitung, Lebak|Candi]] * [[Ciburuy, Curugbitung, Lebak|Ciburuy]] * [[Cidadap, Curugbitung, Lebak|Cidadap]] * [[Cilayang, Curugbitung, Lebak|Cilayang]] * [[Cipining, Curugbitung, Lebak|Cipining]] * [[Curugbitung, Curugbitung, Lebak|Curugbitung]] * [[Guradog, Curugbitung, Lebak|Guradog]] * [[Lebak Asih, Curugbitung, Lebak|Lebak Asih]] * [[Mayak, Curugbitung, Lebak|Mayak]] * [[Sekarwangi, Curugbitung, Lebak|Sekarwangi]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.08 |[[Gunungkencana, Lebak|Gunungkencana]] | align="center" | || align="center" |12 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bojongkoneng, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Bojongkoneng]] * [[Bulakan, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Bulakan]] * [[Ciakar, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Ciakar]] * [[Cicaringin, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Cicaringin]] * [[Ciginggang, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Ciginggang]] * [[Cimanyangray, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Cimanyangray]] * [[Cisampang, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Cisampang]] * [[Gunungkencana, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Gunungkencana]] * [[Gunungkendeng, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Gunungkendeng]] * [[Kramatjaya, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Kramatjaya]] * [[Sukanegara, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Sukanegara]] * [[Tanjungsari Indah, Gunungkencana, Lebak|Tanjungsari Indah]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.24 |[[Kalang Anyar, Lebak|Kalang Anyar]] | align="center" | || align="center" | 7 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Aweh, Kalang Anyar, Lebak|Aweh]] * [[Cikatapis, Kalang Anyar, Lebak|Cikatapis]] * [[Cilangkap, Kalang Anyar, Lebak|Cilangkap]] * [[Kalang anyar, Kalang Anyar, Lebak|Kalang anyar]] * [[Pasirkupa, Kalang Anyar, Lebak|Pasirkupa]] * [[Sangiang Tanjung, Kalang Anyar, Lebak|Sangiang Tanjung]] * [[Sukamekarsari, Kalang Anyar, Lebak|Sukamekarsari]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.25 |[[Lebak Gedong, Lebak|Lebak Gedong]] | align="center" | || align="center" | 6 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Banjar Irigasi, Lebak Gedong, Lebak|Banjar Irigasi]] * [[Banjarsari, Lebak Gedong, Lebak|Banjarsari]] * [[Ciladaeun, Lebak Gedong, Lebak|Ciladaeun]] * [[Lebakgedong, Lebak Gedong, Lebak|Lebakgedong]] * [[Lebaksangka, Lebak Gedong, Lebak|Lebaksangka]] * [[Lebaksitu, Lebak Gedong, Lebak|Lebaksitu]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.06 |[[Leuwidamar, Lebak|Leuwidamar]] | align="center" | || align="center" |12 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bojongmenteng, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Bojongmenteng]] * [[Cibungur, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Cibungur]] * [[Cisimeut, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Cisimeut]] * [[Cisimeut Raya, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Cisimeut Raya]] * [[Jalupang Mulya, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Jalupang Mulya]] * [[Kanekes, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Kanekes]] * [[Lebak Parahiang, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Lebak Parahiang]] * [[Leuwidamar, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Leuwidamar]] * [[Margawangi, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Margawangi]] * [[Nayagati, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Nayagati]] * [[Sangkanwangi, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Sangkanwangi]] * [[Wantisari, Leuwidamar, Lebak|Wantisari]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.13 |[[Maja, Lebak|Maja]] | align="center" | || align="center" |14 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Binong, Maja, Lebak|Binong]] * [[Buyut Mekar, Maja, Lebak|Buyut Mekar]] * [[Cilangkap, Maja, Lebak|Cilangkap]] * [[Curug Badak, Maja, Lebak|Curug Badak]] * [[Gubugcibeureum, Maja, Lebak|Gubugcibeureum]] * [[Maja, Maja, Lebak|Maja]] * [[Maja Baru, Maja, Lebak|Maja Baru]] * [[Mekarsari, Maja, Lebak|Mekarsari]] * [[Padasuka, Maja, Lebak|Padasuka]] * [[Pasir Kecapi, Maja, Lebak|Pasir Kecapi]] * [[Pasir Kembang, Maja, Lebak|Pasir Kembang]] * [[Sangiang, Maja, Lebak|Sangiang]] * [[Sindangmulya, Maja, Lebak|Sindangmulya]] * [[Tanjung Sari, Maja, Lebak|Tanjung Sari]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.01 |[[Malingping, Lebak|Malingping]] | align="center" | || align="center" |14 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bolang, Malingping, Lebak|Bolang]] * [[Cilangkahan, Malingping, Lebak|Cilangkahan]] * [[Cipeundeuy, Malingping, Lebak|Cipeundeuy]] * [[Kadujajar, Malingping, Lebak|Kadujajar]] * [[Kersaratu, Malingping, Lebak|Kersaratu]] * [[Malingping Selatan, Malingping, Lebak|Malingping Selatan]] * [[Malingping Utara, Malingping, Lebak|Malingping Utara]] * [[Pagelaran, Malingping, Lebak|Pagelaran]] * [[Rahong, Malingping, Lebak|Rahong]] * [[Sanghiang, Malingping, Lebak|Sanghiang]] * [[Senanghati, Malingping, Lebak|Senanghati]] * [[Sukamanah, Malingping, Lebak|Sukamanah]] * [[Sukaraja, Malingping, Lebak|Sukaraja]] * [[Sumberwaras, Malingping, Lebak|Sumberwaras]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.05 |[[Muncang, Lebak|Muncang]] | align="center" | || align="center" |12 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Cikarang, Muncang, Lebak|Cikarang]] * [[Ciminyak, Muncang, Lebak|Ciminyak]] * [[Girijagabaya, Muncang, Lebak|Girijagabaya]] * [[Jagaraksa, Muncang, Lebak|Jagaraksa]] * [[Karangcombong, Muncang, Lebak|Karangcombong]] * [[Leuwicoo, Muncang, Lebak|Leuwicoo]] * [[Mekarwangi, Muncang, Lebak|Mekarwangi]] * [[Muncang, Muncang, Lebak|Muncang]] * [[Pasirnangka, Muncang, Lebak|Pasirnangka]] * [[Sindangwangi, Muncang, Lebak|Sindangwangi]] * [[Sukanagara, Muncang, Lebak|Sukanagara]] * [[Tanjungwangi, Muncang, Lebak|Tanjungwangi]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.02 |[[Panggarangan, Lebak|Panggarangan]] | align="center" | || align="center" |11 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Cibarengkok, Panggarangan, Lebak|Cibarengkok]] * [[Cimandiri, Panggarangan, Lebak|Cimandiri]] * [[Gunung Gede, Panggarangan, Lebak|Gunung Gede]] * [[Hegarmanah, Panggarangan, Lebak|Hegarmanah]] * [[Jatake, Panggarangan, Lebak|Jatake]] * [[Mekarjaya, Panggarangan, Lebak|Mekarjaya]] * [[Panggarangan, Panggarangan, Lebak|Panggarangan]] * [[Sindangratu, Panggarangan, Lebak|Sindangratu]] * [[Situragen, Panggarangan, Lebak|Situragen]] * [[Sogong, Panggarangan, Lebak|Sogong]] * [[Sukajadi, Panggarangan, Lebak|Sukajadi]] }} |- valign="top" | rowspan="2" |36.02.14 | rowspan="2" |[[Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Rangkasbitung]] | rowspan="2" align="center" |5|| rowspan="2" align="center" |11 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Cimangeunteung, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Cimangeunteung]] * [[Citeras, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Citeras]] * [[Jatimulya, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Jatimulya]] * [[Kolelet Wetan, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Kolelet Wetan]] * [[Mekarsari, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Mekarsari]] * [[Nameng, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Nameng]] * [[Narimbang Mulia, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Narimbang Mulia]] * [[Pabuaran, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Pabuaran]] * [[Pasirtanjung, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Pasirtanjung]] * [[Rangkasbitung Timur, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Rangkasbitung Timur]] * [[Sukamanah, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Sukamanah]] }} |- |Kelurahan |{{Flatlist| * [[Cijoro Lebak, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Cijoro Lebak]] * [[Cijoro Pasir, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Cijoro Pasir]] * [[Muara Ciujung Barat, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Muara Ciujung Barat]] * [[Muara Ciujung Timur, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Muara Ciujung Timur]] * [[Rangkasbitung Barat, Rangkasbitung, Lebak|Rangkasbitung Barat]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.12 |[[Sajira, Lebak|Sajira]] | align="center" | || align="center" |15 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bangunmekar, Sajira, Lebak|Bangunmekar]] * [[Calungbungur, Sajira, Lebak|Calungbungur]] * [[Ciuyah, Sajira, Lebak|Ciuyah]] * [[Maraya, Sajira, Lebak|Maraya]] * [[Margaluyu, Sajira, Lebak|Margaluyu]] * [[Mekarsari, Sajira, Lebak|Mekarsari]] * [[Paja, Sajira, Lebak|Paja]] * [[Pajagan, Sajira, Lebak|Pajagan]] * [[Parungsari, Sajira, Lebak|Parungsari]] * [[Sajira, Sajira, Lebak|Sajira]] * [[Sajira Mekar, Sajira, Lebak|Sajira Mekar]] * [[Sindangsari, Sajira, Lebak|Sindangsari]] * [[Sukajaya, Sajira, Lebak|Sukajaya]] * [[Sukamarga, Sajira, Lebak|Sukamarga]] * [[Sukarame, Sajira, Lebak|Sukarame]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.22 |[[Sobang, Lebak|Sobang]] | align="center" | || align="center" |10 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Cilebang, Sobang, Lebak|Cilebang]] * [[Cirompang, Sobang, Lebak|Cirompang]] * [[Citujah, Sobang, Lebak|Citujah]] * [[Hariang, Sobang, Lebak|Hariang]] * [[Majasari, Sobang, Lebak|Majasari]] * [[Sindanglaya, Sobang, Lebak|Sindanglaya]] * [[Sobang, Sobang, Lebak|Sobang]] * [[Sukajaya, Sobang, Lebak|Sukajaya]] * [[Sukamaju, Sobang, Lebak|Sukamaju]] * [[Sukaresmi, Sobang, Lebak|Sukaresmi]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.21 |[[Wanasalam, Lebak|Wanasalam]] | align="center" | || align="center" |13 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Bejod, Wanasalam, Lebak|Bejod]] * [[Cikeusik, Wanasalam, Lebak|Cikeusik]] * [[Cilangkap, Wanasalam, Lebak|Cilangkap]] * [[Cipedang, Wanasalam, Lebak|Cipedang]] * [[Cipeucang, Wanasalam, Lebak|Cipeucang]] * [[Cisarap, Wanasalam, Lebak|Cisarap]] * [[Karangpamindangan, Wanasalam, Lebak|Karangpamindangan]] * [[Ketapang, Wanasalam, Lebak|Ketapang]] * [[Muara, Wanasalam, Lebak|Muara]] * [[Parungpanjang, Wanasalam, Lebak|Parungpanjang]] * [[Parungsari, Wanasalam, Lebak|Parungsari]] * [[Sukatani, Wanasalam, Lebak|Sukatani]] * [[Wanasalam, Wanasalam, Lebak|Wanasalam]] }} |- valign="top" |36.02.15 |[[Warunggunung, Lebak|Warunggunung]] | align="center" | || align="center" |12 |Desa||{{Flatlist| * [[Banjarsari, Warunggunung, Lebak|Banjarsari]] * [[Baros, Warunggunung, Lebak|Baros]] * [[Cempaka, Warunggunung, Lebak|Cempaka]] * [[Cibuah, Warunggunung, Lebak|Cibuah]] * [[Jagabaya, Warunggunung, Lebak|Jagabaya]] * [[Padasuka, Warunggunung, Lebak|Padasuka]] * [[Pasirtangkil, Warunggunung, Lebak|Pasirtangkil]] * [[Selaraja, Warunggunung, Lebak|Selaraja]] * [[Sindangsari, Warunggunung, Lebak|Sindangsari]] * [[Sukaraja, Warunggunung, Lebak|Sukaraja]] * [[Sukarendah, Warunggunung, Lebak|Sukarendah]] * [[Warunggunung, Warunggunung, Lebak|Warunggunung]] }} |- style="background-color: #ccc;" valign="top" ! !!TOTAL !!5 !!340 !! !! |} == Démograpi == Kabupatén Lebak geus maparin publikasi kaayaan démograpi masyarakatna anu lamun ditempo ti Kacamatan Malingping tepi ka Curugbitung, dijéntrékeun deui kawas kieu: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jumlah Penduduk Taun 2020<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://lebakkab.bps.go.id/indicator/12/64/1/jumlah-penduduk-laki-laki-dan-perempuan-kabupaten-lebak-menurut-kecamatan.html|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Lebak|website=lebakkab.bps.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208022608/https://lebakkab.bps.go.id/indicator/12/64/1/jumlah-penduduk-laki-laki-dan-perempuan-kabupaten-lebak-menurut-kecamatan.html|archivedate=2023-02-08}}</ref> !Kacamatan !Lalaki !Awewe !Total |- |Malingping |36 163 |34 921 |71 084 |- |Wanasalam |30 028 |28 102 |58 130 |- |Panggarangan |19 839 |18 699 |38 538 |- |Cihara |17 030 |16 144 |33 174 |- |Bayah |23 199 |22 236 |45 435 |- |Cilograng |18 174 |17 046 |35 220 |- |Cibeber |29 084 |27 638 |56 722 |- |Cijaku |15 702 |14 886 |30 588 |- |Cigemblong |11 281 |10 310 |21 591 |- |Banjarsari |33 840 |31 610 |65 450 |- |Cileles |28 132 |26 304 |54 436 |- |Gunungkencana |19 741 |18 586 |38 327 |- |Bojongmanik |12 610 |11 955 |24 565 |- |Cirinten |15 191 |13 964 |29 155 |- |Leuwidamar |28 423 |26 039 |54 462 |- |Muncang |19 258 |18 021 |37 279 |- |Sobang |16 142 |15 121 |31 263 |- |Cipanas |26 059 |24 980 |51 039 |- |Lebakgedong |11 191 |10 673 |21 864 |- |Sajira |28 466 |27 366 |55 832 |- |Cimarga |36 862 |34 645 |71 507 |- |Cikulur |30 212 |28 069 |58 281 |- |Warunggunung |31 971 |30 029 |62 000 |- |Cibadak |36 612 |34 227 |70 839 |- |Rangkasbitung |68 922 |66 023 |134 945 |- |Kalanganyar |20 088 |18 740 |38 828 |- |Maja |30 842 |28 863 |59 705 |- |Curugbitung |18 990 |17 544 |36 534 |- |Kabupaten Lebak |714 052 |672 741 |1 386 793 |} == Ékonomi == Sumber ékonomi Kabupatén Lebak geus ditaliti dumasar kana hasil pertanian. Ditempo kana kaayaan alamna, ékonomina naék ku sabab dina prosesna kaasup ékonomi keberlanjutan. Ieu jadi katahanan utama ékonomi daérah, jumlah penduduk Lebak nambahan berarti hasil ékonomi ditungtut sarua nambahan ogé. Aya ukuran jang ngitung indikator ekonomi unggal taun, nyaéta ku ukuran peningkatan hasil agrégat nu mangrupakeun barang jeung jasa.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/|title=Pengembangan potensi ekonomi daerah Kabupaten Lebak (studi kasus: kawasan agropolitan Kecamatan Wanasalam)|last=Nevi Pahlevi|first=Author|website=Universitas Indonesia Library|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202062542/https://lib.ui.ac.id/|archivedate=2023-02-02}}</ref> Sakieu mah hasil tani di Kabupatén Lebak kaasup alus lantaran ditempo tina hasil Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Kabupaten Lebak panghandapna dibandingkeun dalapan kabupaten kota nu lain di Propinsi Banten taun 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banten.idntimes.com/news/banten/khaerul-anwar-2/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-2022-di-banten-kabupaten-lebak-terendah|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2022 di Banten, Kabupaten Lebak Terendah|last=Times|first=I. D. N.|last2=Anwar|first2=Khaerul|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209144757/https://banten.idntimes.com/news/banten/khaerul-anwar-2/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-2022-di-banten-kabupaten-lebak-terendah|archivedate=2023-02-09}}</ref> Produk Domestik Régional Bruto, nu matak jadi ujung pilar itung-itungan ékonomi daérah ieu. Dina hasil ukuran panalitian, aya sababarahahiji séktor nu stratégis nyieun ékonomi kompetitip, nyaéta: séktor pertanian, séktor wangunan jeung konstruksi, sarta séktor bank didukung ku lembaga keuangan nu séjén. Aya ogé hiji séktor unggulan di Kacamatan Wanasalam nu kaasup kritéria séktor maju pesar, sektor basis, jeung bisa pasaing-saing jeung patempatan lain. Nu maju di Kacamatan Wanasalam ayana di séktor pertanian.<ref name=":8" /> Ditempo tina hasil tani, Kabupaten Lebak bisa ngahasilkeun rupa-rupa pepelakan jeung pertambangan. Aya sababarahiji karakteristik tutuwuhan nu bisa dipelak: # Tutuwuhan nu kaasup sayur usum kahiji, nyaéta nu ngandung sumber pitamin, uyah mineral jeung sajabana. Biasana tutuwuhan nu kararieu boga ciri has dadaunan, kekembangan, umbi-umbian nu usum miteumbeuyanna kurang ti sataun. # Salian ti sayur, aya ogé bungbuahan nu ngandung sumber pitamin oge. Janis bungbuahanna sarua, usum nyambut kurang ti sataun. Ngarana bungbuahan, tutuwuhanna teu mangrupakeun tatangkalan atawa jukut, tapi akarna manjang jeung batangna hipu. # Tutuwuhan bioparmaka, nyaéta mibogaan mangpaat pikeun ubar boh ubar tradisional ogé modérn. Biasana, tutuwuhan bioparmaka dijieun kosmetik sangkan bisa méré pangaweruh luhur dina kaséhatan. Janis tutuwuhanna aya dadaunan, batang, bungbuahan, umbi-umbian, jeung akar. # Tutuwuhan hias, tina ngarana geus nyaho ieu janisna bisa dipaké hiasan ku sabab bentukna kalayan alus. Ditempo tina bentuk, daun, warna kembang, bentuk kembang nu osok dipaké jang nyieun sabudureun imah camperenik.<ref name=":4" /> == Transportasi Publik == [[Gambar:Terminal ciboleger baduy lebak banten.jpg|jmpl|Terminal Ciboleger, Lebak]] ====== Terminal Beus<ref name=":6" /> ====== * [[:id:Terminal_Mandala|Terminal Mandala]], [[:id:Cibadak,_Lebak|Cibadak, Lebak]] * [[:id:Terminal_Simpang|Terminal Simpang]], [[:id:Malingping,_Lebak|Malingping, Lebak]] * [[:id:Terminal_Bayah|Terminal Bayah]], [[:id:Bayah,_Lebak|Bayah, Lebak]] * [[:id:Terminal_Cikotok|Terminal Cikotok]], [[:id:Cibeber,_Lebak|Cibeber, Lebak]]. * Terminal Ciboleger, Lebak [[Gambar:Hallbarurk2021.jpg|jmpl|Stasiun Rangkasbitung]] ====== Stasiun ====== Kabupaten Lebak boga 3 stasiun [[:id:KRL_Commuter_Line|KRL]] jeung [[:id:Kereta_api_Lokal_Merak|KA Lokal Merak]] nu masih beroperasi, nyaéta: * [[:id:Stasiun_Rangkasbitung|Stasiun Rangkasbitung]] * [[:id:Stasiun_Maja|Stasiun Maja]] * [[:id:Stasiun_Citeras|Stasiun Citeras]] Salian anu di luhur, aya ogé stasion anu geus teu nyadiakeun layanan nu jumlahna aya 17 stasiun ku sabab jalurna geus teu aktip, nyaéta: * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Kaduhauk]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Jalupang]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Pasung]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Kerta]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Gintung]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Malingping]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Cilangkahan]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Sukahujan]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Cihara]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Cisiih]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Karangtaraje]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Darmasari]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Gunung Mandur]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Bayah]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Pasirtangkil]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Cibuah]] * [[:id:Daftar_stasiun_kereta_api_di_Indonesia|Stasiun Warunggunung]] ====== Jalan Tol ====== * [[:id:Jalan_Tol_Serang-Panimbang|Jalan Tol Serang-Panimbang]] == Budaya == Lebak mangrupakeun wewengkon nu beunghar ku warisan budaya ti karuhun, ieu nu matak Lebak jadi salah sahiji puseur budaya jeung sajarah Banten tepi ka ayeuna. Nu matak Lebak kasohor ka mana-mana ku sabab di jerona aya masyarakat Baduy nu geus kanyahoan boga cara hirup nu kaasup unik. ===== Baduy ===== [[Gambar:Alat pintal benang tradisional baduy.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Kaén Tradisional Baduy]] Loba persepsi jelema lamun geus ngadéngé Baduy, atawa Kanékés téa mangrupakeun suku, padahal Baduy ogé hartina panempatan ngaran désa nu di jerona aya kelompok masyarakat di mana nyekel pisan adat karuhunna. Jumlah warga Baduy kurang leuwih 26.000 jiwa nu kabagi deui jadi dua panempatan, nyaéta Baduy Luar jeung Baduy Jero. Sarua Baduy, najan teu bisa dihijikeun sabab aya babatesan di dua panempatan éta ku gubug nu dijieun tina awi. Anu biasana bisa diakses ku urang luar nyaéta, Baduy Luar, éta ogé aya sababarahahiji tempat nu dijaga pisan teu meunang diliwatan sabab sakral.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1010-keunikan-masyarakat-suku-baduy-dalam-yang-menjadi-daya-tarik-bagi-para-traveller|title=Keunikan Masyarakat Suku Baduy Dalam yang Menjadi Daya Tarik bagi Para Traveller - Selamat Datang di Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi|website=cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209150332/https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1010-keunikan-masyarakat-suku-baduy-dalam-yang-menjadi-daya-tarik-bagi-para-traveller|archivedate=2023-02-09}}</ref> Suku Baduy boga cecekelan nu ketat pisan lamun geus patali jeung adat istiadat, tapi lain hartina kakurung dina padukuhan sabab padusunan di Baduy enya gé dijaga pisan kudu angger aya dina kaayaan kampung nu pernahna boga sabudureun imah tina awi. Ku lantaran masyarakat Baduy hirupna sauyunan nu matak singkah éta imah awina padeukeut-deukeut. Tina cara kieu nempokeun Baduy ngajaga ogé tina sababarahahiji pantangan nu ampir sarua jeung tabu. Salah sahijina masyarakat luar Baduy teu meunang asup ka sabagéan tempat atawa teu meunang sembarang moto bisi jadi matak ka hareupna.<ref name=":9" /> Suku Baduy, teu kabéh nutup diri ku sabab aya Baduy Luar nu sababarahahiji tempatna bisa dianjangan ku turis luar. Urang Baduy Luar, bisa kénéh narima tamu tepi ka turis luar negri. Ditempo tina pangaweruh budaya, Baduy Luar mah bisa kénéh narimakeun saumpama aya turis nu maké banda éléktronik atawa banda lain nu meunang dijieun pabrik. Baduy Luar ogé nu dipingpin ku Jaro bisa narima lamun aya turis atawa panaliti anu ngéndong di salah sahiji imahna. Béda jeung Baduy Dalam, nu boga tilu désa: Cikeusik, Cikertawarna, jeung Cibéo. Désa Cibéo kaasupna terbuka ka para turis, tapi teu meunang moto atawa maké banda meunang pabrik kawas sabun, sampo, odol, atawa cairan kimia anu séjén lamun keur mandi ku sabab bisa ngajadikeun alam Baduy karuksak. Aya oge Désa Cikeusik nu kasohor ku béntang alamna nu kacida alus, tapi tara dianjangan ku para tamu. Nu matak sarua Baduy Luar jeung Baduy Dalam aya dina sababarahahiji sipat nu masih dipaké kawas gotong royong. Hususna ku suku Baduy Dalam, katempo sipat gotong royongna lamun geus aya wargana nu ngalih da Baduy Dalam masih nganut sistem nomadén atawa ulah-alih téa. Lamun geus ngarasa panempatana kurang merenah, warga Baduy Dalam biasana néangan wilayah séjén nu dianggap leuwih subur sabab boga kayakinan ka sistem ladang terbuka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dispar.bantenprov.go.id/Destinasi/topic/109|title=Keindahan Alam Baduy yang Menarik untuk Dikunjungi {{!}} Dinas Pariwisata Provinsi Banten|website=dispar.bantenprov.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630162338/https://dispar.bantenprov.go.id/Destinasi/topic/109|archivedate=2022-06-30}}</ref> Salian ti katalian sohor masyarakat Baduy, beungharna Lebak ogé didukung ku bentang alamna nu éndah tur lega ti jaman karajaan. Ku kituna, pamaréntah Kabupatén Lebak inpéstasi kana sumber pariwisata, kawas basa Inpentarisasi Toponim Budaya nu dijadikeun agenda penting ngeunaan pangmekaran wisata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sinar.big.go.id/detail/berita/Lebak-Mulai-Inventarisasi-Toponim-Warisan-Budaya|title=Lebak Mulai Inventarisasi Toponim Warisan Budaya|last=Geospasial|first=Badan Informasi|website=Sistem Informasi Nama Rupabumi|accessdate=2023-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627010756/https://sinar.big.go.id/detail/berita/Lebak-Mulai-Inventarisasi-Toponim-Warisan-Budaya|archivedate=2022-06-27}}</ref> Beungharna budaya ti Lebak bisa ditempo dina kategori di handap ieu: ===== Atraksi Kasenian<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://pilarbanten.com/daya-tarik-wisata-sejarah-dan-budaya-kabupaten-lebak/|title=Daya Tarik Wisata Sejarah Dan Budaya Kabupaten Lebak|last=Mahardika|first=Teguh|website=Pilar Banten|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208033543/https://pilarbanten.com/daya-tarik-wisata-sejarah-dan-budaya-kabupaten-lebak/|archivedate=2023-02-08}}</ref> ===== [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Muzikanten met angklungs en tifa's Batavia TMnr 10017848.jpg|jmpl|Dogdog Lojor jaman Walanda]] ====== 1. [[Dogdog Lojor]] ====== Ngaran "dog dog" nu jadi idéntitas kasenian ieu dibawa tina sora alat musikna sorangan nu ngaluarkeun sora dog dog. Tina éta, ngaran dog dogna dipaké tepi ka ayeuna pikeun kasenian has Banten. Sora dog dog ayana tina alat musik anu ditepak atawa ditabuh. Lamun ngaran lojorna mah asli ti Basa Sunda anu boga harti panjang ti ukuran alat musikna. Alat musik dogdog, dijieun tina kai nu bentukna silinder manjang di mana tengahna dijieun liang leutik atawa rongga. Dina dua tungtung rohangan jero alat silinder éta henteu sarua sabab tungtung anu hiji boga diaméter kira-kira kana 15 séntiméter, lamun tungtung nu séjén diaméterna kira-kira 13 séntiméter. Lamun ditenjo jumlah panjangna kurang leuwih 90 séntiméter. Palebah tungtung buleud nu leuwih gedé biasana ditutupan ku kulit embé nu geus meunang ngagaringkeun. Geus kitu, dicacag maké awi nu dipaseuk atawa dibaji pikeun bisa nyetel sora nu bisa kaluar. Ieu alat musik dimekarkeun budayana di wilayah Banten Kidul, lamun teu di Kabupatén Lebak, nya di Kabupaten Pandeglang. Nu matak jadi ciri has lantaran ieu kasenian make angklung buhun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dindikbud.bantenprov.go.id/index.php/artikel/249-alat-musik-kesenian-dogdog-lojor-banten.html|title=ALAT MUSIK KESENIAN DOGDOG LOJOR BANTEN - Dinas Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Banten|last=AwenK|website=dindikbud.bantenprov.go.id|language=id-id|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218025350/https://dindikbud.bantenprov.go.id/index.php/artikel/249-alat-musik-kesenian-dogdog-lojor-banten.html|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref>[[Gambar:Debus, The Ancient Martial Art and Culture of Banten Indonesia.jpg|jmpl|Debus Banten]] ====== 2. [[Debus (seni)|Debus]] ====== Kasenian ieu jadi salah sahiji has urang Banten lantaran ngandung pamaké nu teu kawas biasana. Debus nyaéta kasenian tradisional ti Propinsi Banten nu nempokeun atraksi kekebalan awak jelema ngalawan rupa-rupa banda nu kacida seukeutna. Ngaran debus ogé teu bisa lesot tina istilah Bahasa Arab nyaéta "dablus" hartina téh tungtung sanjata nu seukeut. Hiji pintonan kasenina debus ngandung unsur seni oge unsur agama, kaduana dihijikeun ku élmu kabaténan nu kasebutna gé nuansa magis. Dina mangsa harita, jaman Kasultanan Banten, debus dipaké cara nyebarkeun agama Islam di wewengkon dinya. Asup ka pamaréntahan Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, debus dipaké jang ngompa sumanget rakyat dina ngalawan urang Walanda. Ngan, beuki ka dieu, kakawasaan Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa teu salilana kuat sabab kungsi digantikeun ku Sultan Rafiudin nu matak ieu kasenian leungit.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/02/23/070300278/debus-kesenian-tradisional-banten-yang-pamerkan-atraksi-kekebalan-tubuh|title=Debus, Kesenian Tradisional Banten yang Pamerkan Atraksi Kekebalan Tubuh Melawan Benda Tajam Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218035514/https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/02/23/070300278/debus-kesenian-tradisional-banten-yang-pamerkan-atraksi-kekebalan-tubuh|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> Asup deui kana taun 1960-an, kakara debus bijil deui ku cara jadi pintonan hiburan warga sabab lamun dipaké maséaan jelema geus teu meunang ku hukum nu lumaku dina Orde Baru. Ceuk urang Banten mah asal-usul debus mimitna kapanggih ti kasenian Al Madad anu boga sababarahahiji perkara nu sarua. Beuki ka dieu, jumlah kelompok kasenian Al Madad teu saloba kelompok kasenian debus. Jadi tina carita ieu, debus asup ka jaman modern carana mekar di padépokan, nyaéta silat. Tepi ka danget ieu, aya anggapan di masyarakat ditu lamun unggal pamaén debus geus tangtu bisa silat, tapi henteu unggal nu bisa silat bisa jadi pamaén debus. Anggapan éta bijil di masyarakat sabab loba gerakan silat nu dasarna tina gerakan atraksi debus nu matak duanana teu bisa dilésotkeun. Ayeuna, kelompok kasenian debus biasana bakal nginduk ka padépokan silat.<ref name=":14" /> Dina atraksi debus, nu matak reuwas sabab pamaéna katempo neleg seuneu, leumpang di luhureun seuneu, nyolok beuteung maké golok jeung nyolok létah maké harum. Atraksi éta nu matak jadi menarik lantaran para pamaéna teu katempo gering, pokona mah teu katempo getihan. Ku kieuna geus dibahas tadi debus ngandung unsur seni jeung magis, aya patalina jeung silat basa kasenian ieu dihirupkeun deui ku padépokan silat, tapi lain hartina kabéh sanggar silat ngagarap kasenian debus. Tapina, antara silat jeung debus teu bisa dipisahkeun ditempo tina mimiti dihirupkeun debus jeung rupa-rupa gerakan pamaén debus nu aya nyaruaan ogé jeung silat. Aya sababarahahiji nu boga kayakinan yén silat teh dadasarna jelema bisa ahli kana debus. Lamun ku jaman ayeuna mah, debus ngan dipintonkeun dina acara-acara gedé kawas adat, hajatan nikah, hajatan sunat, hari kaagamaan, hari kemerdékaan, atawa lamun keur aya tamu nu datang. Ku ayana jaman beuki modern, jelema nu daék kana debus beuki saeutik matak ku ayana ieu kasenian bisa ngangkat industri pariwisata di Banten sabenerna mah.<ref name=":14" /> ====== 3. [[Topéng Priangan|Topeng]] atawa Ubrug ====== Sajaba jadi salah sahiji unsur penting kabudayaan, kasenian topéng bisa ditempo tina latar Lebak nu beunghar ku nilai budaya. Aya ngarana Kasenian Topéng Masyarakat Kasepuhan Guradog Lebak Banten nu mana ngandung répléksi kaéndahan gerak jeung sore, ogé para pamaén anu mintonkeun makna nu hirup di masyarakat Lebak tepi ka ayeuna. Kasenian topéng ieu mekar di Kampung Guradog, Lebak nu mana kaasup lila pangmekarana sabab aya sababarahahiji paktor nu nyieun ieu kasenian teu pati mekar.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Purnama|first=Yuzar|date=2009|title=Kesenian Topeng Masyarakat Kasepuhan Guradog Lebak Banten|url=http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/issue/archive|journal=Patanjala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226214702/http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/issue/archive|archive-date=2022-12-26|accessdate=2023-02-18}}</ref> [[Gambar:Jaipong gumbira2.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Latihan Jaipong]] Ditempo tina unsur di jero kasenian ieu, aya dua bentuk seni, nyaéta Jaipongan jeung drama. Atraksi kasenian diayakeun ku cara bentuk carita, ceuk urang sastra mah babad jeung roman téa. Carita babad dicokot tina caritaan heubeul (klasik) nu ngandung unsur kasajarahan jeung kapercayaan. Lamun caritaan roman ngandung kisah kahirupan sapopoé. Kasenian nu ayana di Kampung Babakan Pasir Nangka, Kacamatan Curug Bitung ieu neundeun warisan ti karuhun mangrupakeun seni nu bisa nempokeun makna simbolik. Istilah Guradog, dipaké jang méré idéntitas kampung nu boga asal silsilah kata ogé nyaéta mantog. Mangsa harita ceuk karuhun di Guradog, aya warga nu keur nyiar ngaran jang ngaran kampungna. Péktéh ditéang kaditu kadieu acan kapanggih, geus kitu mah mantog wéh. Mantog hartina balik deui lantaran teu kapanggih naon nu ditéangna. Aya paribasa kieu: 'Baheula maranehna kaditu kadieu néangan ngaran, tapi teu beubeunangan tuluyna mantog, nya ahirna ngaran mantog teh dipake keur ngaran anu di téangan téa nyaéta guradog wé nepi ka ayeuna.' Ti saprak aya paribasa kitu ka hareupna istilah mantog dimekarkeun pikeun jadi Guradog. Kasenian ti wewengkon ieu beda jeung topéng di tempat séjén kawas Indramayu jeung Cirébon lantaran lamun ti Kasepuhan Guradog mah lain kasenian asli ti dieu, nalika leuwih ka akulturasi Kabupatén Sérang jeung Rangkasbitung. Jadi aya pataliana jeung daérah Kérésék Kabupatén Sérang sabab di ditu loba pakumpulan jeung tokoh seni topeng nu ngarana “Murta” jeung “Konah.” Duanana ngahiji dina hiji pakumpulan kasenian topéng nu ayana di Sérang tadi.<ref name=":15" /> Geus itu, ata oge pakumpulan Kasenian Topeng “Sarmanuh,” ti Cijambul nu tepi ka ayeuna teras mekarkeun kasenian topéng ka kabéh wilayah Banten. Lamun numutkeun ceuk tokoh masyarakat Guradog, basa taun 1970-an rombongan ti Kérésék sering digeroan kanggo ngaramékeun Upacara Sérén Taun di Guradog. Basa harita, kasenian topéng mekar pisan sering dilalajoan ku masyarakat unggal acara kariaan boh éta pésta rakyat atawa pésta formal. Kasenian topéng di Guradog sabenerna mah acan lila sabab karék aya sababarahahiji taun Kamari nanging para pamaén jeung warga nu sok lalajo kasenian geus aya ti basa harita. Maranéhna biasana indit sorangan-sorangan jang bisa lalajo kasenian topéng. Ditempo deui tina pergerakan tokoh kasenian, ieu tari topéng kaasup lila majuna sabab grup anu biasa ngeusi atraksi can bisa nyieun pertunjukan sorangan. Butuh loba baraya nu mantuan ngeusi pamaén topéng ti seniman séjén.<ref name=":15" /> Kasenian topeng di Guradog bisa mekar dipangaruhan ogé ku Karajaan Pajajaran, kungsi nyebar carita yén baheulana alat musik paranti kasenian dibikeun ku pihak karajaan nu disebut gamelan karuhun. Tepi ka ayeuna, di kalangan masyarakat ditatanyakeun ieu lain hartina masyarakat Guradog turunan Prabu Siliwangi. Sésérahan gamelan karuhun ti Banten ka Guradog lumangsung basa aya kénéh Bapak Kolot dina taun 1900. Tepi ka ayeuna, éta gamelan karuhun diteundeun di Citorék atawa Guradog I. Masih kénéh diteundeun sabab éta banda dianggap cikal bakal mekarna kasenian topéng. Alat-alat kasenian mangrupakeun goong, bonang, saron, suling, jeung sajabana. Tepi ka ayeuna degung buhun éta dipaké dina acara Sérén Taun. Kasenian topéng di Guradog dimimitian ku Atong Grup nu aya ti taun 2005. Dibéré ngaran Atong sabab nyokot tina sesepuh kaseniana, pakumpulan Atong Grup mung aya dua taun sabab basa 2007 aya kasenian lain nu leuwih maju deui. Salah sahiji panangtu kaayaan kasenian topéng di Guradog sabab bisa nyitak penari nu bisa jaipong bari ngabogaan cara jogét nu alus.<ref name=":15" /> Nu bisa jaipong dina kasenian wajib bisa silat, ku kituna penari jaipong dibekelan dasar-dasar silat heula basa latihana. Maranehna dibekelan 33 jurus silat, pungsina jang bela diri bisi aya jelema jahat nu boga maksud goréng ka para penari. Pungsi kadua diajar dadasar silat nyaéta mangaruhan gerakan awak kawas leungeun jeung suku sangkan boga gerakan nu has nyirikeun bela diri silat. Lamun diténjo tina alat-alatna, goong nu dipaké nyaéta goong angkog, lamun nu dipaké jang kasenian jaipong disebutna goong ageung. [[Gambar:Tiga perempuan menarikan Tari Jaipong.jpg|jmpl|Jaipongan]] Pamaén kasenian topéngna, aya kira-kira limaan nu mana unggal pamaén didatangkeun ti luar Guradog kawas Balaraja, Kérésék, Muncung, jeung sajabana. Sabenerna, pamaén tari topéng bisa ogé dibawa ti kampung sorangan tapina biasa tampil di sabudureun rohangan atawa imah sabudureun ditu wungkul. Salian ti anu nari, aya ogé propesional nu didatangkeun ti daérah Muncang. Kasebut propésional sabab geus biasa ngeusi jaipong di tempat nu loba panongtona. Aya ogé sindén lokal ti Gurandog najan bisa ngeusi ti imah ka imah tapina can bisa di tempat nu pertunjukana loba panongton sabab masih kénéh latihan sababaraha bulan. Kostum penari topéng sabenerna mah aluna ku anu husus paranti atraksi, ngan ayeuna mah diuihkeun deui ka para pamaén jeung sanggarna. Lamun enya bisa make kostum husus leuwih alus lantaran alus katempona ku panongton. Biasana pamaén kasenian topeng aya anu maké baju kamprét hideung atawa baju jeung calana hideung kawas pamaén pencak silat. Nu penting mah dina hiji rombongan seni aya anu saragam kabéhanana.<ref name=":15" /> Kasenian tradisional dina mangsa na kantos ngalaman kejayaan, sabot éta masyarakatna ngajadikeun salah sahiji tontonan anu dipikabeuki pisan ku kawula anom atawa golongan sepuh. Nanging pandeuri, ku ayana kasenian tradisional anu museur di wewengkon wewengkon pilemburan atos ngalaman pergeseran anu cekap hartina. Pintonan kasenian wewengkon ngan digemari ku golongan umur nu tangtu, éta ge geus loba ngurangan. Sapalih kasenian tradisional ayeuna atos kantun ”posil” patilasan wungkul tanpa wujud. Tahapan-tahapan dina kasenian Topéng nyaéta minangka: Ibing Jaipongan, bobodoran, tahapan lakon atawa carios. Tahapan lawakan atawa bodor nyaeta pembuka antawis seni Jaipong ka tahapan lakon atawa carios. ku kituna lakon atawa carios dipisahkeun ku tampilan lawakan atawa bodor. Dina lawakan biasana tukang lawak atawa pelawak ngayakeun jual beuli kalawan pamaen kendang. Maranéhanana silih walon atawa ngawaler sahutan piliganti.<ref name=":15" /> Rupi ieu biasana henteu mangrupa hiji carios dina wangun drama atawa sandiwara nanging dina wangun obrolan atawa dialog sababaraha jalmi anu matak gelak seuri para panongton. Dina babak bubuka, dimimitian kalawan tatabeuhan atawa soanten musik gamelan kalawan lantunan tembang-tembang wirahma Jaipong. Lantunan tembang kasebat ngiringkeun sababaraha jalmi penari Jaipong. Sateuacan kasenian dikawitan leuwih tiheula dibuka kalawan Kidung, kartk disambung embang-tembang anu lianna. Tembang-tembang ieu lolobana dipeéta ku para panongton, saterusna asup kana acara lawakan tuluy obrolan antara tukang ngabodor kalawan pamaén kendang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/best-seller/ragam-budaya-sunda/|title=Ragam Budaya Sunda beserta Penjelasan dan Contohnya - Gramedia|website=Best Seller Gramedia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220042735/https://www.gramedia.com/best-seller/ragam-budaya-sunda/|archivedate=2023-02-20}}</ref> Réngsé ngalawak saterusna kadenge tembang Dermayon dituluykeun tembang jalan. Tembang ieu teh pembuka acara kanggo ngalengkah ka tahapan carios atawa lakon. Selanjutnya para tukang bodor dina tahapan lakon atawa carios badé robah kaayaan pembantu ‘badéga’. Ditutup kalawan tembang Karatagan anu wirahma ampir sarua kalawan tembang jalan. Tembang Kratagan eta minangka panutup acara kasenian Kedok. Mengawali seni ibing Jaipong minangka tahapan kahiji dina kasenian Kedok, dibuka kalawan kidung bubuka.<ref name=":15" /> Kidung ieu téh minangka tembang kahiji anu kadudukan na minangka panangtayungan supados acara lancar, suksés, nyenangkeun sadaya pihak, sarta henteu lumangsung perkara anu henteu dipikahayang sepertos kaributan sarta cilaka. Diteraskeun kalawan tembang Tepang Sono atawa biasana seniman beuki kana neda tembang naon anu rék ditembangkeun ka para panongton atawa penikmat seni ieu. Tembang-tembang anu disuguhkeun di antarana Kidung Bubuka, Papacangan, Kembang Boled, Kabungbulengan, Poho Ka Wangsul, Dermayon, Masket Hate, Tepang Sono, Ayunan Ambing, Gaplek, Buah Kawung, Kangsreng, sarta Daun Hiris.<ref name=":15" /> Kasenian tradisional ieu dina mangsa na kantos ngalaman kajayaan, sabot éta masarakatna ngajadikeun salah sahiji tontonan anu digemari pisan sae ku kawula anom atawa golongan sepuh. Nanging pandeuri, kehadiran kasenian tradisional anu museur di wewengkon wewengkon pilemburan atos ngalaman pergeseran anu cekap hartina. Pintonan kasenian wewengkon ngan digemari ku golongan umur nu tangtu, itu pun atos ngurangan. Sapalih kasenian tradisional ayeuna atos kantun posil ayawa patilasan wungkul tanpa wujud.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exovillage.com/blog/kesenian-khas-sunda-lestari|title=9 Daftar Kesenian Khas Sunda yang Tetap Lestari Hingga Saat Ini {{!}} ExoVillage|website=9 Daftar Kesenian Khas Sunda yang Tetap Lestari Hingga Saat Ini {{!}} ExoVillage|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220042734/https://exovillage.com/blog/kesenian-khas-sunda-lestari|archivedate=2023-02-20}}</ref> Kasenian Topéng anu aya dina balarea Kasepuhan Guradog, ngan dipikawanoh ku balarea kira-kira sepertos Kabupaten Lebak,Rangkasbitung, sarta Kabupaten Serang Propinsi Banten. Kanggo balarea di jabi eta, kasenian Kedok wujudna sindang siur aya anu mengidentikkeun kalawan ibing Kedok ti Kabupaten Indramayu sarta Cirebon,aya deui anu nyaruakeun na kalawan Kedok Monyet (Doger Monyet). Perkawis ieu ngabuktoskeun yen hal mekar kasenian Kedok tacan menyebar sarta dipikawanoh ku balarea anu tebih sepertos Propinsi Jawa Kulon, DKI Jakarta,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20210921115609-241-697246/mengenal-tari-topeng-betawi-perpaduan-tari-dan-lakon|title=Mengenal Tari Topeng Betawi, Perpaduan Tari dan Lakon|last=Indonesia|first=C. N. N.|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220042736/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20210921115609-241-697246/mengenal-tari-topeng-betawi-perpaduan-tari-dan-lakon|archivedate=2023-02-20}}</ref> sarta Lampung. Kasenian Topéng béda kalawan Kasenian Ibing Kedok sarta Kasenian Kedok Monyet (Dogér Monyét). Kasenian Topéng mangrupa wangun kasenian anu di jerona ngandung unsur musik, ibing, lawakan, sarta lakon atawa carios. Musik dina kasenian Topéng ngagunakeun instrumen Jaipong, kitu ogé dina tariannya. Dituluykeun kalawan pintonan lakon atawa carita. Carios anu dipidangkeun dibagi barobah kaayaan dua rupi nyaéta Babad sarta carios Roman. ====== 4. Kerompong ====== ====== 5. [[Kuda lumping|Kuda Lumping]] ====== ====== 6. [[Penca Silat|Pencak Silat]] ====== ====== 7. Reog Ponorogo ====== [[Gambar:Angklung-Baduy.jpg|jmpl|Angklung Baduy]] ====== 8. [[Angklung Buhun]] ====== Ampir sarua jeung angklung nu séjén, angklung buhun ngandung ciri has nu katempo dina pangbéda lantaran angklung buhun mah dipakekeun batang paré. Kasenian ieu mangrupakeun panglengkep tina updacara ritual paré, kawas ngaseuk atawa Sérén Taun. Upacara adat sérén taun mangrupakeun salah sahiji tradisi dina masyarakat Sunda Banten nu teu bisa leupas tina unsur magis jeung sakral. Unsur sakral éta dibentuk tina tahapan ritual nu pokus dina iringan sora instrumen musik. Di antara instrumen lalaguan prosesi adat sérén taun, aya hiji alat musik awi nu disebat angklung buhun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailTetap=217|title=Warisan Budaya Takbenda {{!}} Beranda|website=warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204060221/https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailTetap=217|archivedate=2023-02-04}}</ref> Tah, tina ieu katempo ciri has angklung ti Lebak. Angklung buhun boga ciri has ditempo tina bentukna nu leuwih gedé tina angklung biasa. Bahan dasarna ogé, dijieun tina bambu apus nu matak sora tina angklung buhun leuwih tarik. Sora angklung buhun, lamun diperhatikeun leuwih kasar sabab boga liang resonansi anu leuwih gede ti batan Angklung Padaéng (sohor ku ngaran Angklung Ujo). Ciri has nu lain, aya dina pernak-pernik luhureun angklung sabab aya batang paré nu ditalikeun tepi ka ngabentuk rumbé-rumbé kawas daun kalapa ngora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/angklung-buhun-pengiring-ritual-dan-identitas-masyarakat-baduy/|title=Angklung Buhun, Pengiring Ritual dan Identitas Masyarakat Baduy|website=Indonesia Kaya|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218044025/https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/angklung-buhun-pengiring-ritual-dan-identitas-masyarakat-baduy/|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> Ngaran buhun asalna tina Basa Sunda nu hartina kolot atawa kuno. Ngaran ieu ngarépréséntasikeun sajarah panjang patali jeung masyarakat Baduy dina jero alat musik éta. Ku saab kitu, kasénian ieu dianggap ngandung makna penting dina mertahankeun budaya masyarakat Baduy. Pamaén angklung buhun kudu pisan lalaki sabab anggota pamaéna mangrupakeun seniman buhun. Jumlah pamaén angklung buhun aya dua welas urang, jumlah éta disesuaikeun jeung jumlah alat musik angklung nuhun nu sadia. Tina jumlah dua welas urang éta, salapan di antarana pamaén angklung jeung tiluan urang pamaén bedug. Dina atraksi pintonana, para pamaén angklung buhun maké busana has masyarakat Baduy. Busana éta di antarana mangrupakeun baju lengan panjang jeung calana péndék warna hideung. Salian ti éta, aya iket jang hulu tina kaén anu dibedakeun saeutik warnana ti batan baju nu lain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banten.idntimes.com/news/banten/muhammad-iqbal-15/mengenal-angklung-buhun-alat-musik-sakral-suku-baduy|title=Mengenal Angklung Buhun, Alat Musik Sakral Suku Baduy|last=Times|first=I. D. N.|last2=Iqbal|first2=Muhammad|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218043211/https://banten.idntimes.com/news/banten/muhammad-iqbal-15/mengenal-angklung-buhun-alat-musik-sakral-suku-baduy|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> ===== Situs Cagar Budaya<ref name=":5" /> ===== Lebak boga sisimpenan ti karuhun anu dijaga tepi ka danget ieu, boh ku masyarakat ogé ku pamaréntah. Situs nu disimpen di Lebak lobana dijieun ti basa harita jaman batu. Pungsina éta situs baheula téh jang pupujieun ka roh-roh karuhun anu tepi ka ayeuna dipungsikeun sarua jadi pupujieun ka kolot karuhun ku sababarahahiji warga. ====== 9.  [[Lebak Sibedug|Lebak Cibedug]] ====== Lamun ditempo tina administrasina, ieu situs aya di Kampung Cibedug, Kelurahan Citorek Barat, Kecamatan Cibeber, Kabupaten Lebak. Lamun sacara astronomisna mah aya dina titik koordinat UTM 48 M nu mana titik X 0642875 jeung titik Y 9257504 ngandung elepasi ± 877 méter tina permukaan laut. Situs Lebak Cibedug babatesan jeung sababarahiji penampatan nu ayana walungan jeung bukit pasir, nyaéta: * Palebah kalér babatesan jeung Walungan Cibedug; * Palebah kidul babatesan jeung Walungan Cibedug; * Palebah wétan babatesan jeung Bukit Pasir Cimanggu; * Palebah kulon babatesan jeung Walungan Cibedug; [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Terras met megalieten bij Kosala in de residentie Bantam TMnr 10025827.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Titinggaleun Situs di Banten]] Situs Lebak Cibedug ini mibanda lahan nu legana ± 40.400 m² (dumasar kana SK Menteri No. 139/M/1998).<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbanten/lebak-sibedug-monumen-beribadatan-nenek-moyang/|title=Lebak Cibedug : Monumen Beribadatan Nenek Moyang|last=bpcbbanten|website=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Banten|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217143749/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbanten/lebak-sibedug-monumen-beribadatan-nenek-moyang/|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> Kompleks situs itu nu kaasup jaman kabudayaan mégalitik mangrupakeun situs nu aya tingkatan rupa-rupa. Tingkatana aya nu batu nangtung, batu datar, jeung tahta baru nu ngandung pundén berundak palebah pangsakralna. Ditempo tina kabéh wangunan, titinggaleun budaya di situs ieu nempokeun hiji kompleks anu rapih boga struktur nu ngandung tilu pundén lamun ditilik ti kulon ka wétan beuki luhur. Pundén nu kahiji di kulon mangrupakeun bagéan rohangan panghadapna lamun dibandingkeun jeung pundén kadua jeung katilu. Punden kadua ayana di tengah jeung nu katiluna mah intina, puseur nu ayana di wétan ku posisi pangluhurna. <ref name=":13" /> Pundén kahiji, miboga dénah pasagi jeung boga titinggaleun mangrupakeun struktur tina batu andesit nu lengkep ku hiji tangga. Salian ti éta, aya dua ménhir nu geus rubuh posisina pagigir-gigir. Pundén kadua, aya di palébah wétan pundén nyaéta struktur pasagi deui nu kaasup struktur baru andesit. Pundén ieu, boga tilu susunan undakan nu beuki ka luhur, beuki leutik ukuranana. Palébah kidul dijieunna tina struktur anu boga tilu undakan, aya hiji susunan batu pasagi ku opat batu nangtung tapi ka posisi miring ogé di tungtungna. Susunan ieu nu ku masyarakat tepi ka ayeuna dijadikeun keramat, palebah sisi nu aya susunan batu andesit dénah pasagi oge boga opat batu datar siga sapasang tepi ka kawas bentu batu korsi.<ref name=":13" /> ====== 10. Batu Tukuh ====== ====== 11. Situs Kosala ====== ====== 12. Purba [[Parigi Sunda|Parigi]] ====== ===== Struktur Cagar Budaya<ref name=":5" /> ===== 13. [[Situ]] [[Cigorondong, Sumur, Pandéglang|Cijoro]] 14. Religi Tarik Kolot 15. ''Water Turn'' Rangkasbitung '''16. Tambang Emas Cikotok''' Tambang Emas Cikotok mimiti dioperasikeun ku pausahaan swasta Belanda NV Mijnbouw Maatschappy Zuid Bantam (NV MMZB). Tambang Emas Cikotok mangrupa usaha panggalian bijih emas sarta pérak anu dipigawé kalawan ngadongkar lombang atawa gua ''(underground mining)''. Panalungtikan ngeunaan geologi di wewengkon Cikotok sarta sakurilingna (Tambang Emas Cikotok) geus dipigawé dina warsih 1839-1916 ku para panaliti, anu diwangun ti Homer, Hasaki, Junghuhn, Verbeck, Fenaema Van Es, sarta Zungler.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|url=https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/seputar-banten/pr-591547207/mengenal-asal-asul-tambang-emas-cikotok-dibangun-belanda-dirampas-jepang-dan-ditutup-pt-antam?page=3|title=Mengenal Asal Asul Tambang Emas Cikotok, Dibangun Belanda, Dirampas Jepang dan Ditutup PT Antam - Halaman 3|last=Irawan|first=Purnama|website=kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220055951/https://kabarbanten.pikiran-rakyat.com/seputar-banten/pr-591547207/mengenal-asal-asul-tambang-emas-cikotok-dibangun-belanda-dirampas-jepang-dan-ditutup-pt-antam?page=3|archivedate=2023-02-20}}</ref> [[Gambar:Bijih emas.jpg|jmpl|Bijih Emas]] Ngaran anu kasebut manggihan indikasi tamper emas di wewengkon Bayah, Cimandiri, sarta Cikotok. Sedengkeun eksplorasi geologi sarta panalungtikan anu husus ngeunaan kandungan warsih 1924-1936. Pangwangunan Tambang Emas Cikotok lumangsung salila tilu warsih, saprak 1936 dugi 1939. Anu ngawengku pangwangunan raramat lori gantung (kabelbaan), pabrik pengolahan sarta pasilitas-pasilitas tambang jeung padumukan jang pupuhu pausahaan sarta pagawé tambang. Bijih emas di wewengkon Cikotok, Cirotan sarta sakurilingna dipigawé ku W.F. Oppenoorth. Dina warsih 1939, Pabrik Pasirgombong mimiti produksi kalawan ngokolakeun bijih ti Tambang Emas Cikotok sarta Cipicung. Produksi kasebat lumangsung dugi peupeus perang Dunya 1 sarta asupna Jepang ka Indonesia dina warsih 1942. Mangsa pendudukan Jepang (1942-1945), panambangan angger mapan sarta dipigawé ku pausahaan Jepang nyaéta Mitsui Kosha Kabushiki Kaisha di lokasi tambang Cirotan kalawan tujuan utamana meunang konsentrat timah hideung (timbal) anu mangrupa bahan lulugu, poko mesiu<ref name=":25" /> Sanggeus Indonesia merdeka, Tambang Emas Cikotok aya di handap pengawasan Jawatan Pertambangan Republik Indonesia dugi robih status kaayaan Pausahaan Nagara dina 1960. PN Tambang Emas Cikotok anu dijieun dumasar PP No. 91 Th. 1961. Pausahaan ieu teh ti NV MMZB ''[[(Mijnbouw Matschapij van Zuid Bantam)]]'' anu ngokolakeun tambang emas di Cikotok. Saterusna, dina 5 Juli 1968, Tambang Emas Cikotok dihijikeun jeung genep pausahaan tambang lianna sarta barobah kaayaan cikal bakal PT. Antam Tbk. Dina perjalanan exploitasi kandungan mineral ku perusahan tambang (Antam), tuluy luewih ngalegaan. Jabi ngalakukeun penambangan di urut tambang pausahaan Belanda, PT Antam oge muka wewengkon penambangan anyar di Blok Cikidang. Sajaba ti éta, pasilitas tambang ogé dihudangkeun sepertos gerbong lokomotip pikeun ngunjalan bongkahan batu ti dina lombang tambang sarta lori gantung anu boga pungsi ngunjalan bongkahan batuan emas ka tempat pengolahan di Pasirgombong.<ref name=":25" /> [[Gambar:Working a 'long tom' to wash out gold at the Bendigo diggings.png|kiri|jmpl|Lukisan nu Keur Nyuci Emas]] Sanggeus sakitu lila produksi, dina warsih 2005 Tambang Emas Cikotok ditutup sarta produksi eureun dina warsih 2008. Saterusna, Blok Cirotan anu mangrupa haturan ti lokasi penambangan tilas Walanda dikokolakeun Unit Penambangan Emas Cikotok (UPEC) anu aya handap PT. Aneka Tambang,Tbk. Dina mangsa ieu, Cirotan robah kaayaan blok penambangan anu jabi pisan dawam. Diresmikeun dina warsih 1955 Cirotan nyumbang panghasilan Antam dina wanci éta. Ratusan ton emas dihasilkeun ti blok penambangan Cirotan. Sagala rupa pasilitas diwangun di wewengkon penambangan blok Cirotan, saperti bédéng padamel, rumah sakit, sarana ibadah kawas masjid sarta gereja, warung-warung jang nyumponan kaperluan poko para padamel, sarta pasilitas publik lain.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web|url=https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20160121/44/511633/pertambangan-emas-cikotok-sejarahnya-telah-berakhir|title=Pertambangan Emas Cikotok, Sejarahnya Telah Berakhir|website=Bisnis.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220084541/https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20160121/44/511633/pertambangan-emas-cikotok-sejarahnya-telah-berakhir|archivedate=2023-02-20}}</ref> Sanggeus Tambang Emas Cikotok ditutup, sagala rupa pasilitas dirubuhkeun sarta diancurkeun kaasup lori gantung. Rorodan-rorodan ayana transportasi lori gantung di wewengkon Tambang Emas Cikotok nyaéta struktur pondasi stasiun lori gantung, struktur pondasi tihang kabel lori gantung, sarta tihang-tihang urut lori gantung anu dimangpaatkeun minangka tihang raramat listrik tegangan luhur. Dina mangsa meujeuhna jaya Tambang Emas Cikotok, moda angkutan lori gantung minangka ngangkut kenging tambang di Tambang Emas Cikotok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.referensiberita.com/sosial/pr-1401480042/terungkap-tambang-emas-cikotok-kabupaten-lebak-mencapai-47000-ton-per-tahun-begini-fakta-sejarahnya|title=Terungkap Tambang Emas Cikotok Kabupaten Lebak Mencapai 47.000 ton Per Tahun, Begini Fakta Sejarahnya - Referensi Berita|last=Suardi|website=Terungkap Tambang Emas Cikotok Kabupaten Lebak Mencapai 47.000 ton Per Tahun, Begini Fakta Sejarahnya - Referensi Berita|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220084545/https://www.referensiberita.com/sosial/pr-1401480042/terungkap-tambang-emas-cikotok-kabupaten-lebak-mencapai-47000-ton-per-tahun-begini-fakta-sejarahnya|archivedate=2023-02-20}}</ref> Unggal inditna jumlah lori anu dikirim ti Pasirgombong ka Cikotok atawa Cirotan antara 6 dugi 9 lori. Tepi di stasiun tujuan, nyaéta Cikotok atawa Cirotan, lori-lori kasebat geura-giru dilebetan ku beubeulahan bijih emas anu geus ditampung di bak panandean. Saban lori sanggem ngunjalan beungbeurat seberat 600 kilogram. Sanggeus caos, lori-lori kasebat dipulangkeun balik ka Stasiun Pasirgombong jang ka hareupna dikokolakeun dugi ngahasilkeun konsentrat emas sarta pérak.<ref name=":26" /> '''17. Stasiun Karéta Api Rangkasbitung''' [[Gambar:Inner Rangkasbitung railway station.jpg|jmpl|Di Jero Stasiun Kareta Api Rangkasbitung]] Pausahaan sepur nagara jaman Walanda, ''Staatsporwegen'' mimiti ngoperasikeun raramat sepur di Jakarta haturan kulon kalawan ngalakukeun pangwangunan lintas Jakarta-Cucuk warsih 1899. Ka hareupna ''Staatsporwegen'' neruskeun pangwangunan dugi ka Anyer Kidul. Minangka tempat pangeureunan ''Staatsporwegen'' ngawangun stasiun, kaasup Stasiun Rangkasbitung anu diresmikeun dina 1 Oktober 1899 babarengan bubuka lintas Cucuk-Rangkasbitung. Minangka tempat pangeureunan karéta, Stasiun Rangkasbitung dipaké kanggo tumpak turun penumpang sarta barang. Dumasar kana ''Buku Officieele Reisgids der Spoor en Tramwegen en Aansluitende Automobildiensten op Java Madoera'' anu medal dina warsih 1900, aya dalapan kali sindang. Tilu kali uah-uih sepur rute Jakarta-Rangkasbitung sarta hiji kali uah-uih sepur lintas Maja-Rangkasbitung. Dina wanci éta, ti Jakarta nuju Rangkasbitung meryogikeun wanci tempuh ampir opat wanci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heritage.kai.id/page/Stasiun%20Rangkasbitung|title=Heritage - Kereta Api Indonesia|website=heritage.kai.id|accessdate=2023-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220092004/https://heritage.kai.id/page/Stasiun%20Rangkasbitung|archivedate=2023-02-20}}</ref> ===== Banda Cagar Budaya<ref name=":5" /> ===== 18. Arca Domas 19. Batu Lisung Prabuseda 20. Kosala dan Salak Batak 21. Pangguyangan 22. Pasir Waluh 23. Punden Berundak Lebak Sibedug 24. Batu Dakon 25. Hoofd Planter ===== Makam Karuhun Lebak<ref name=":5" /> ===== 26. Gunung Julang 27. Gunung Luhur Jaya 28. Prabu Dalem Wong Sagati 29. Ki Buyut Hadas Buana 30. Ki Buyut Dalem Hadi 31. Ki Buyut Prabu Agung Wasiat 32. Ki Buyut Sakman 33. Ki Buyut Mbah Jangkung 34. Mbah Kuncung Amanillah 35. Prabu Jaya Kawasa (Goa Indihiang) 36. Sanghyang Mandiri 37. Makam Buyut Bangsa ===== Wangunan Cagar Budaya<ref name=":5" /> ===== 38. Bangunan Administratur Perkebunan [[Cisalak, Subang|Cisalak]] 39. Tilas Tangsi Selaraja 40. Tilas Imah Panyicingan Residen Mr. Soetadisastra 41. Tilas Gedung DPRD-GR Kabupaten Lebak 42. Gedung Negara dan Pendopo Kabupaten Lebak 43. Gedung [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Républik Indonésia|DPRD]] Kabupaten Lebak 44. Gedung Kantor PDAM Rangkasbitung 45. Gedung Kodim 0603 Lebak 46. Rumah Kepala Personalia Perkebunan Cikadu 47. Gedung Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Rangkasbitung [[Gambar:Baduy People at Seba Baduy event 2017.jpg|jmpl|Urang Baduy dina Seba Baduy Event 2017]] ===== Budaya Masyarakat<ref name=":5" /> ===== 48. Masyarakat Kokolatan Cisungsang [[Gambar:Rumah Tradisional Warga Baduy Luar 1.jpg|jmpl|Imah Tradisional Baduy Luar]] 49. Masyarakat Tradisional [[Baduy]] 50. Masyarakat Adat Kaolotan Citorék 51. Masyarakat Adat Kaolotan Cibedug 52. Masyarakat Adat Kaolotan [[Ciherangjaya, Cisata, Pandéglang|Ciherang]] 53. Masyarakat Adat Kaolotan Ciusul 54. Masyarakata Adat Kaolotan Cisitu 55. Masyarakat Adat Kaolotan Guradog Masyarakat adat ieu boga susunan pamingpin nyaéta Bapak Gédé nu sarua jeung ketua adat. Geus aya ketua adatna, dituluykeun di handapeun aya wakil ketua adat, tuluy aya jaro, penggiwa, jeung barisan kolot. Balaréa Kasepuhan Guradog ngajéntrekeun istilah “guradog” anu dipaké minangka wasta lembur asalna ti sanggem “mantog”. Mangsa harita cenah baheulana sabot nu nyicingan ditu nuju pilari wasta kanggo lemburna, maranéhanana pilari kaditu kadieu nanging henteu bisa tepi kapanggihna, geus kitu maranéhanana mantog (balik). Kungsi sababarahahiji warga kaditu kadieu néangan ngaran, nanging teu beubeunangan tuluyna mantog, geuning ahirna ngaran mantog téh dipake keur ngaran anu ditéangan téa éta guradog wé nepi ka ayeuna.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal|last=T|first=Ria Intani|date=2009-03-01|title=Fungsi Upacara Pertanian pada Masyarakat Guradog Kabupaten Lebak|url=https://www.neliti.com/publications/291991/|journal=Patanjala|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=84–95|doi=10.30959/patanjala.v1i1.235|issn=2085-9937}}</ref> Istilah “mantog” beuki kadieu disampurnakeun jang ngarobah kaayaan “guradog” anu maranéhanana ngajdikeun minangka wasta lembur nyaéta Lembur Guradog. Wasta lembur anu ngarujuk kana imah di Guradog ngabogaan sasaruaan boh wangun atawa bahan nyaéta hateup anu bahana ti injuk atawa daun kawung. Dinding ti bilik atawa anyaman awi, tihang sarta palang ti kai sarta awi, sarta titincakeun dijieun ti palupuh nyaeta bilah awi anu dibelah saterusna diratakeun. Kabehna ieu nyieun imah tradisional. Tuluy kira-kira warsih 1980-an lumangsung kahuruan anu matak tutung sakumna wangunan. Ka hareupna pangwangunan di Lembur Guradog teu aya keharusan ngawangun imah kalawan arsitektur tradisional. Warga dibéré kabébasan ngawangun imah luyu kahayangna séwang-séwang. Ngan hiji imah anu henteu meunang robah kaayaan permanén atawa bergaya modern nyaéta imah wawakil pupuhu adat.<ref name=":24" /> Ceuk pupuhu adat kabéh imah meunang robah iwal imahna sorangan, kudu angger sapertos tiheula saeutikna jiga. Imah kasebat dijieun ti kai sarta awi kalawan dinding sarta langit-langit ti bilik sarta hateup ti hateup, jandela kaca, sarta haturan jabi atawa golodognya sapalih ditembok. Lembur Guradog ayeuna ieu jabi ngabogaan sistem pamaréntahan pormal ogé ngabogaan sistem pamaréntahan inpormal. Pupuhu adat pancéna nyaéta tanggel walon ka sadaya kagiatan adat istiadat anu aya di wilayah Lembur Guradog, wawakil pupuhu ngabogaan tugas minangka pelaksana poéan anu sok ngalaporkeun ka pupuhu adat. Penggiwa ngabogaan tugas minangka panengah jang nepikeun atawa mikeun wartos ti pupuhu adat ka kabéh wargi adat atawa anu nyalabarkeun lamun bade aya hiji acara atawa kagiatan. Jajaran kolot nyaéta para pelaksana di lapang anu ngajalankeun kagiatan-kagiatan adat, contona dina penggarapan adat atawa palaksana upacara Ngarengkong.<ref name=":15" /> Pamilon pupuhu adat dicokot dumasar gurat turunan ti sepuh kalawan génder lalaki. Kitu deui kalungguhan kanggo jajar kolot beunang sacara turun temurun ti kolotna. Pamingpin informal atawa pangurus adat ngabogaan serang adat kajaroan anu lega na kirang langkung hiji palih héktar. Sérang adat disambut ku jajaran kolot salila hiji minggu, hasilna mangrupa kaduh adat anu dipaké jang kaperluan adat sarta ngabantuan wargi anu nuju ngalaman kahese pangan. Kenging panén ditunda di lumbung adat anu jumlahna aya lima. Tilu di deukeut Lembur Babakan Keusik Nangka anu tempatna di palebah kaler puseur Lembur Guradog, sarta dua deui sumebar hiji-hiji di Lembur Guradog.<ref name=":15" /> 56. Masyarakat Kaolotan Gunung Tilu 57. Masyarakat [[Pasir Eurih, Cisata, Pandéglang|Pasir Eurih]] 58. Masyarakat Banten Kidang 59. Masyarakat Cicarucub [[Gambar:Kue Cucur Gula Merah (Tutulu).jpg|jmpl|Kueh Cucur Gula Beureum]] ===== Kadaharan<ref>{{Cite book|title=Potensi Budaya Di Kabupaten Lebak|url=https://perpustakaanbpnbjabar.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=3269&keywords=|publisher=BPNB Jawa Barat|date=2019|language=Indonesia|first=Heru Erwantoro|last=Adeng|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208041722/https://perpustakaanbpnbjabar.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=3269&keywords=|archive-date=2023-02-08|accessdate=2023-02-08}}</ref> ===== 60. Leumeung 61. Leupeut Gipang 62. Kue Cucur 63. Kue Jojorong 64. Kue Pasung [[Gambar:Opak Ketan makanan khas orang Sunda (1).jpg|jmpl|Opak has Urang Sunda]] 65. Opak [[Gambar:Rangginang 2.jpg|jmpl|Rangginang]] 66. Rangginang 67. Angeun Lada 68. Emping Melinjo 69. Keceprek 70. Gula Aren Batok 71. Emping Jengkol 72. Kue Apem 73. Balok Menes 74. Rabeg 75. Sate Bandeng 76. Sangu Sumsum 77. Sambel Burog 78. Sate Bebek Cibeber 79. Gerem Asem 80. Ketan Bintul 81. Pecak Bandeng 82. Sangu Belut 83. Laksa Tangerang Salian anu geus disebutkeun di luhur, budaya Lebak aya nu disebut Ngatir. Budaya ieu mangrupakeun kacampuran tina jaman Kasultanan Banten sabab aya pataliana jeung Islam. Dina Ngatir, masyarakat uluh biung paganti-ganti hancengan nu eusina rupa-rupa kadaharan. Ngatir diayakeun dua kali sataun, Robiul Awal jeung Nufsu Sya'ban. Masyarakat ting tarorojol ka masigit bari babawaan, nu disebut hancengan. Eusi hancengan nyaéta wadah boboko gedé nu dijieun tina anyaman awi, nu mana éta boboko geus dieusian sarupaning kadaharan asak. Kadaharan meunang ngolah ibu-ibu di lembur pikeun bisa kari didahar, biasana aya sangu, urab, kacang panjang, lalab, daging,epi ka bakakak hayam saékor. Ieu budaya téh boga tujuan nu dianggap luhur sabab ceuk masyarakat ditu ngamuliakeun nilai nu aya dina agama Islam, ogé ngamuliakeun kanjeng Nabi Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/teguhsetiawan5991/623308a380a65a261e26d5c6/mengenal-ngatir-budaya-khas-warga-cipanas-kabupaten-lebak-banten|title=Mengenal Ngatir, Budaya Khas Warga Cipanas Kabupaten Lebak, Banten|last=Kompasiana.com|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208043830/https://www.kompasiana.com/teguhsetiawan5991/623308a380a65a261e26d5c6/mengenal-ngatir-budaya-khas-warga-cipanas-kabupaten-lebak-banten|archivedate=2023-02-08}}</ref> ===== Tatanén Urang Lebak ===== Patalian kénéh sareng kadaharan, éta téh lobana meunang tatanén nu ngahasilkeun rupa-rupa pepelakan. Masyarakat Lebak boga cara sorangan jang nangtukeun wanca. Mimitina, wanca tani ditangtukeun ku hasil musyawarah jeung kolot di lembur. Kudu dimusyawarahkeun jeung sepuh sabab bakal patali jeung tetekon ka para leluhur, geus kitu karék bisa kanyahoan wanca panén nu ditempo kana kondisi paré oge cuaca nu keur usum kawas halodo atawa ngijih. Daérah nu kasohor boga cara tani anu hadé di Lebak, salah sahijina di Kasepuhan Cicarucub, Desa Neglasari, Kacamatan Cibeber.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Kabupatén Lebak: Bijak Bertani Selamatkan Alam|last=Duryatmo|first=Sardi|publisher=Trubus|year=2019|isbn=9786232461833|location=Depok}}</ref> Tatanén ogé teu bisa unggal wanca sabab aya deui musyawarah jang nangtukeun moé paré, di mana saanggeusna musyawarah, warga bakal nuluykeun sababarahahiji uaran ka incu putu. Istilah incu putu hartina masyarakat anggota kasepuhan, saanggeus diuaran engké warga tunduk kana hasil pangaweruh Abah, atawa Olot, sesebatan nu biasana digerokeun ka anu pangsepuhna.<ref name=":10" /> == Galeri == <gallery> File:View of Banten, 1706.jpg|Banten Taun 1706 File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Samenvloeiing van de rivieren Ciberang en Ciujung bij Rangkasbitoeng TMnr 60016560.jpg|Walungan Ciujung File:MUS Koin Kesultanan Banten 1596-1640; 1.jpg|Koin Kesultanan Banten 1596-1640 File:Prasasti Dalung Kuripan versi duplikat.jpg|Duplikat Prasasti Dalung Kuripan jaman Sultan Maulana Hasanudin File:Bird’s-eye View of the City of Bantam de Bry.jpg|Potret ''the City of Bantam'' meunang de Bry File:Woning (rechts) van zendeling-arts A. A. Pennings en het door hem gebouwde ziekenhuis (midden) te Lebak bij Rangkasbitoeng, KITLV 118390.tiff|Imah (katuhu) dokter misionaris A. A. Pennings jeung rumah sakit (tengah) nu diwangun di Lebak deukeut Rangkasbitung File:Adriana Pennings-Dijkman met haar baby en andere kinderen v.l.n.r. Hermine, Elisabeth en Pieter te Lebak bij Rangkasbitoeng, KITLV 118381.tiff|Adriana Pennings jeung anakna ti kénca ka katuhu Hermine, Elisabeth jeung Pieter te Lebak di Rangkasbitung File:Regent van Lebak in gebed bij Rangkasbitoeng, ter gelegenheid van de opening van de spoorwegaanleg van de lijn Batavia naar Bantam, KITLV 106181.tiff|Bupati Lebak keur ngadu'a di Rangkasbitoeng, dina raraga bubuka pangwangunan jalur Batavia ka Bantam File:Een Engelsman met Dick en Griet van Dale naast een auto te Lebak, KITLV 116979.tiff|Urang Inggris jeung urang Walanda nangtung gigireun mobil di Lebak File:Woning van zendeling-arts A. A. Pennings en zijn gezin te Lebak bij Rangkasbitoeng, KITLV 118389.tiff|Imah misionaris ogé dokter, A. A. Pennings di Lebak deukeut Rangkasbitung File:Anak-Anak Suku Baduy Dalam.jpg|Barudak Suku [[Baduy]] File:Two Baduy Luar women, Indonesia.jpg|Ibu-ibu Suku Baduy File:Baduy Village House.jpg|Imah Urang Baduy File:Baduy Dalam.jpg|Perkampungan Baduy Jero File:Bangunan Lumbung Padi Tradisional Warga Baduy.jpg|Wangunan Leuit Tradisonal Baduy </gallery> {{Kabupatén Lebak}} {{Banten}} [[Kategori:Kabupatén di Banten|Lebak]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén Lebak|Kabupatén Lebak]] [[Kategori:Artikel WikiMekar]] bcoyotofqbid5kq0ndpth0jj3e9tgq0 0 23102 731789 712234 2026-11-08T09:25:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">{{lang|ur|اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان}}<br />''Islāmī Jumhūrīyah-e-Pākistān''</span> |conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Républik Islam Pakistan</span> |common_name = Pakistan |image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg |symbol_type = Lambang Nagara |image_map = Pakistan in its region (claimed and disputed hatched).svg |national_motto = ''Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Urdu]])<br />"Kesatuan, Disiplin jeung Kayakinan"</small> |national_anthem = "[[Qaumi Tarana]]" |official_languages = [[Basa Urdu|Urdu]], [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Basa Arab|Arab]] |official_religion = [[Islam]] |capital = [[Islamabad]] |latd=33 |latm=40 |latNS=N |longd=73 |longm=10 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Karachi]] |government_type = [[Républik]] |leader_title1 = [[Présidén Pakistan|Présidén]] |leader_name1 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]] |leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Pakistan|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name2 = [[Mian Nawaz Sharif]] |sovereignty_type = [[Sajarah Pakistan|Ngadeg]] |established_event1 = '''[[Gerakan Pakistan|Merdika]]''' |established_date1 = ti [[United Kingdom]] |established_event2 = [[Dominion Pakistan|Didéklarasikeun]] |established_date2 = [[14 Agustus]] [[1947]] |established_event3 = [[Républik Islam]] |established_date3 = [[23 Maret]] [[1956]] |area = 803,940<sup>1</sup> |areami² = 310,403<sup>1</sup> |area_rank = ka-36 |area_magnitude = |percent_water = 3.1 |population_estimate = 156,770,000<ref name="perkiraan">[http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/sur_chap_06-07/13-population.pdf Perkiraan Survey Ekonomi Pakistan 2006–2007, ku Kamentrian Keuangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808175306/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/sur_chap_06-07/13-population.pdf |date=2007-08-08 }}</ref><!--tanpa Azad Kashmir jeung the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA)--> |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_estimate_rank = ka-6 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 206 |population_densitymi² = 534 |population_density_rank = ka-53 |GDP_PPP_year = 2007 |GDP_PPP = $475.6 miliar <!--Latest IMF figure--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-25 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,004.5 <!--Latest IMF figure--> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-128 |HDI_year = 2006 |HDI = 0.539 |HDI_rank = ka-134 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#ffcc00;">sedeng</span> |Gini = 30.6 |Gini_year = 2002 |Gini_category = <span style="color:#ffcc00;">sedeng</span> |currency = [[Rupee Pakistan|Rupee]] (Rs.) |currency_code = PKR |time_zone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]] |utc_offset = +5 |time_zone_DST = teu ditalungtik |utc_offset_DST = +6 |cctld = [[.pk]] |calling_code = 92 |footnote1 = Tanpa [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu jeung Kashmir]] (AJK) jeung [[Wewengkon Kalér (Pakistan)|Wewengkon Kalér nu Féderal]] (FANA). }} '''Pakistan''' ({{lang-ur|اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان}}), ngaran resmina '''[[Républik Islam]] Pakistan''' nyaéta [[nagara]] [[républik]] di [[Asia Kidul]], nu mangrupa tempat papanggihna wewengkon Asia Kidul jeung [[Asia Tengah]] sarta [[Wétan Tengah]].<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560851/Pakistan.html Encarta Encyclopedia – Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306134209/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560851/Pakistan.html |date=2008-03-06 }}</ref><ref name="Middle East Institute">[http://www.mideasti.org/countries/countries.php?name=pakistan Middle East Institute: Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035640/http://www.mideasti.org/countries/countries.php?name=pakistan |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> Nagara ieu mibanda 1,046 kilométer gari basisir sapanjang [[Sagara Arabia]] di béh kidul, diwawatesan ku [[Afganistan]] jeung [[Iran]] di béh kulon, [[India]] di béh wétan sarta [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] jauh di béh wétan kaléreunana.<ref name="kashmir">The [[Kashmir]] region is claimed by [[India]] and Pakistan. Both countries and [[China]] separately administer parts of the region with the Indian and Pakistani held areas defined by the [[Line of Control]]. The Pakistani-Chinese border is not recognized by India.</ref> Pakistan mangrupa [[Daptar nagara dumasar populasi|nagara pangpadetna kagenep]] di dunya sarta mangrupa [[Islam dumasar nagara|nagara mayoritas Islam nu kadua pangpadetna]]. Wewengkonna mangrupa bagéan [[India Britania]] [[babagian India|samemeh dibagi-bagi]] sarta mibanda sajarah pakampungan jeung peradaban nu panjang salila [[Peradaban Léngkob Indus]]. lolobana tina wewengkon nu aya kiwari beunang ku [[Kakaisaran Achaemenid|Pérsia]] jeung [[Karajaan Indo-Yunani|Yunani]] dina [[Milénium ka-1 SM]] sarta diatur ku maranéhannana salila sawatara abad. Keur sesa sajarahna, wewengkon ieu mangrupa bagéan tina karajaan India nu lega atawa di sahadapeun pupuhu lokal atawa regional. Nu datang jeung ngawasana satuluyna aya urang [[Arab]], [[Afganistan]], [[Turki]], [[Baloch]] jeung [[Mongol]]. Wewengkon ieu asup kana [[India Britania]] dina [[abad ka-19]]. Tii saprak merdika, nagara ieu geus ngalaman dua périodeu tumuwuhna militer jeung ekonomi nu penting, sarta périodeu nu henteu stabil, ku ayana [[Perang Kamerdikaan Bangladésh|kaluarna]] [[Pakistan Wétan]] (kiwari [[Bangladésh]]). == Tempo ogé == [[Wétan Tengah nu Agung]] == Rujukan == <!-- If not explicitly said, all URLs accessed prior to March 27, 2006. --> {{reflist|2}} == Rujukan tambahan == <div class="references-small"> * Cohen, Stephen P. <u>The Idéa of Pakistan</u>. The Brookings Institution. November 2004. ISBN 0-8157-1502-1. * Banuazizi, Ali and Weiner, Myron. <u>The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan</u>. Syracuse University Press. August 1988. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4. * Halliday, Fred. <u>State and Idéology in the Middle éast and Pakistan</u>. Monthly Review Pr. Feb 1998. ISBN 0-85345-734-4. * Hammond Incorporated. <u>Hammond Gréater Middle éast Region: Including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, and Turkey</u>. American Map Corporation. August 2002. ISBN 0-8437-1827-7. * Hilton, Isabel. "Letter from Pakistan: The Pashtun Code". <u>The New Yorker</u>. December 03, 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20020407110329/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?011203fa_FACT1] * Insight Guides, Halliday, Tony and Ikram, Tahir. <u>Insight Guide Pakistan</u>. Apa Productions. January 1998. ISBN 0-88729-736-6. * Malik, Hafeez. <u>Pakistan: Founders' Aspirations and Today's réalities</u>. Oxford University Press, USA. May 2001. ISBN 0-19-579333-1. * Malik, Iftikhar H. "Religious Minorities in Pakistan". <u>Minority Rights Group International</u>. September 2002. ISBN 1-897693-69-9. [http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/Pdf/MRGPakistanReport.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604203352/http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/Pdf/MRGPakistanReport.pdf |date=2007-06-04 }} * Najim, Adil. "Pakistan and Democracy". <u>The News International Pakistan</u>. May 06, 2004. [http://fletcher.tufts.edu/news/2004/05/najam1.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628023502/http://fletcher.tufts.edu/news/2004/05/najam1.shtml |date=2006-06-28 }} * Rooney, John. <u>Shadows in the dark: A history of Christianity in Pakistan up to the 10th century</u>. Christian Study Centre. January 1984. {{OCLC|12177250}}. * Rahman, Tariq.1996. ''Language and Politics in Pakistan'' Karachi: Oxford University Press. Reprinted several times, latest repr. 2006. * Rahman, Tariq .2002. ''Language, Ideology and Power: Language-learning Among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India'' Karachi: OUP. * Rahman, Tariq .2004. ''Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan'' Karachi: OUP, 2006 repr. * Sharif, Shuja. "Musharraf's Administration And Pakistan's Economy". ''Contemporary Review''. Mar 31, 2005. 129–134. * Wolpert, Stanley. <u>Jinnah of Pakistan</u>. Oxford University Press, USA. May 1984. ISBN 0-19-503412-0. * Zakaria, Rafiq. The Man Who Divided India: An Insight into Jinnah’s Léadership and its Aftermath * [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001526317 Statehood in South Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529173300/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001526317 |date=2008-05-29 }} * [http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2004/oct/khanOct04.asp Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 10 (October 2004)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410152807/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2004/oct/khanOct04.asp |date=2008-04-10 }} <nowiki>https://paknews.buzz/</nowiki> </div> == Tumbu luar == {{wikiatlas|Pakistan}} {{portal|Pakistan|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} {{sisterlinks|Pakistan}} ;Official sites * [http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ Government of Pakistan] * [http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/ President of Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705114608/http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/PresidentialSpeeches.aspx |date=2008-07-05 }} * [http://www.infopak.gov.pk/ Official Information Website of Pakistan] ;General information * [https://web.archive.org/web/20011109085651/http://www.geocities.com/pak_history/ History of Pakistan and present] * [http://www.elections.com.pk/ Pakistani Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205064535/http://elections.com.pk/ |date=2007-02-05 }} * [http://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.asp?SelectedCountry=PAK&CCODE=PAK&CNAME=Pakistan&PTYPE=CP World Bank data on Pakistan] * [http://www.commonlanguageproject.net/?page_id=41#Pakistan Common Language Project Country Fact Sheet – Pakistan] ;Informative Sites * [http://www.beautifulpakistan.com/ BeautifulPakistan.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519021737/http://www.beautifulpakistan.com/ |date=2015-05-19 }} * [http://www.urbanpk.com/ UrbanPK.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108090101/http://www.urbanpk.com/ |date=2006-11-08 }} * [http://www.pakistani.pk/pakistan.html About Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009104332/http://www.pakistani.pk/pakistan.html |date=2007-10-09 }} * [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/default.asp/ Story of Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803212934/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/default.asp |date=2007-08-03 }} ;News Sites * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061115235627/http://www.pakistantimes.net/ Pakistan Times E-Newspaper] * [http://www.dawn.com/ DAWN English Daily] * [http://thenews.jang.com.pk/ The News International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514134549/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/ |date=2008-05-14 }} * [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/ The Daily Times] ;Travel {{Wikivoyage|Pakistan}} {{Template group |title = Lokal |list = {{Asia}} {{Asia Kidul}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Persemakmuran}} {{Daérah Indo-Arya}} }} {{Template group |title = Kaanggotaan internasional |list = {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state=collapsed}} {{Islamic republics}} }} <!--?: [[Category:List of Former Secular States]]--> <!--As featured article--> <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:Pakistan| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Kidul]] [[Kategori:Républik Islam]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Inggris]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Anggota Persemakmuran]] [[Kategori:Nagara D8]] [[Kategori:Anggota SAARC]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota OKI]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu kapisahkeun]] [[Kategori:Nagara kalayan pantrangan alkohol]] <!--Other languages--> 0ebbyuejj5fokdbes5ux8gn9edf52k7 0 23757 731782 710203 2026-11-08T09:04:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country or territory |native_name = {{lang|ne| सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल}}<br/>''Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl'' |common_name = Népal |image_flag = Flag of Nepal.svg |image_coat = |national_motto = जननी जन्मभूमिष्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी &nbsp;<small>([[Sanskrit]])<br />"Ibu jeung ibu pertiwi leuwih terhormat tibatan sawarga"</small> |national_anthem = ''[[Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka|Sayaun Thunga Phulka]]''<br/>{{small|"Made of Hundreds of Flowers"}}<br/> |image_map = Nepal in its region.svg |official_languages = [[Basa Népali|Népali]] |capital = [[Kathmandu]] (येँ) |latd=27 |latm=42 |latNS=N |longd=85 |longm=19 |longEW=E |largest_city = ibu kota |government_type = [[Républik féderal|Féderal]] [[Sistem parleméntér|parleméntér]] [[Républik]] |leader_title1 = [[Présidén Népal|Présidén]] |leader_name1 = [[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]] (विद्यादेवी भuण्डारी) |leader_title2 = [[Wakil Présidén Népal|Wakil Présidén]] |leader_name2 = [[Nanda Kishor Pun]] (नन्दबहादुर पुन) |leader_title3 = [[Daptar Perdana Mentri Nepal|Perdan Mentri]] |leader_name3 = [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] (शेरबहादुर देउवा) |area = 147,181 |areami² = 56,827 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = ka-93 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |percent_water = 2.8 |population_estimate = 27,133,000 |population_estimate_year = Juli 2005 |population_estimate_rank = ka-40 |population_census = 23,151,423 |population_census_year = 2002 |population_density = 184 |population_densitymi² = 477 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-56 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP = $41.6 billion <!--IMF--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-87 |GDP_nominal_year = 2005 |GDP_nomiman = $7.994 |GDP_nominal_rank = ka-117 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,675 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-153 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI = 0.526 |HDI_rank = ka-136 |HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">sedeng</font> |Gini = 47.2 |Gini_year = 2003–04 |Gini_category = <font color="#e0584e">luhur</font> |sovereignty_type = [[Unifikasi Nepal|Unifikasi]] |sovereignty_note = [[21 Désémber]] [[1768]] |currency = [[Rupee Nepal|Rupee]] |currency_code = NRs. |time_zone = [[Nepali Time|NPT]] |utc_offset = +5:45 |time_zone_DST = teu aya panalungtikan |utc_offset_DST = +5:45 |cctld = [[.np]]<br>[[.नेपाल]] |calling_code = 977 |footnote1 = The monarch's constitutional role as Head of State has been transferred to the Prime Minister until the Constituent Assembly (to be elected in November 2007 - as of May 31, 2007) decides on the monarchy's fate&nbsp;[http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/menu-234/0612166773190604.htm]. }} '''Népal''', ngaran resimna nyaéta '''Républik Démokrasi Féderal Népal''' (barétona '''Karajaan Népal''') ([[Basa Nepal]]: नेपाल) nyaéta [[nagara]] nu kakepung ku [[Himalaya]] di [[Asia kidul]]. Nagara ieu diwatesan ku [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] ([[Wewengkon Otonom Tibét|Tibét]]) di béh kalér<ref name="visitnepal">[http://www.visitnepal.com/travelers_guide/where_is_nepal.php Where is Nepal?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623192135/http://www.visitnepal.com/travelers_guide/where_is_nepal.php |date=2015-06-23 }} (diaksés 10 Méi 2015)</ref> jeung [[India]] ([[Bihar]], [[Sikkim]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]) di béh [[kidul]], [[wétan]] jeung [[kulon]]eunnana. Nagara Népal dijieun ngaliwatan [[Paguyuban Népal]] dina tanggal [[21 Désémber]] [[1768]]. [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] jadi raja nu munggaran. Népal merdéka ti [[Inggris]] tanggal [[21 Désémber]] [[1923]]. Saméméhna, ieu nagara anu perenahna di [[Himalaya]] téh miboga status protéktorat sabada diéléhkeun ku Inggris dina perang taun [[1815]]. Dina taun [[1990]], Népal ngarobah sistem pamaréntahanna jadi monarki konstitusional. Nepi ka taun [[2006]] Népal téh mangrupa hiji-hijina karajaan [[Hindu]] di dunya. Dina taun [[2006]] parlemén Népal nétélakeun yén Népal dirobah jadi nagara sékulér. Dina tanggal [[28 Méi]] [[2008]], Népal nganganti sistem pamaréntahanna tina [[karajaan]] anu geus dipaké salila 250 taun jadi [[républik]], nu matak sacara resmi ngaran “Karajaan Népal” robah jadi “Républik Népal" Minangka wewengkon leutik, kaayaan alam Népal kacida bédana, ti mimiti [[Terai]] nu lembab di béh kidul nepikeun ka [[Himalaya]] nu luhur di béh [[kalér]]. Dalapan tina sapuluh [[Daptar pagunungan pangluhurna|pagunungan pangluhurna]] di dunya aya di Népal, kaasup [[Gunung Everest]]. Nagara ieu kasohor keur wisata, tréking, ''hiking'', kémping, naék gunung, taman kahirupan liar nasional, safari leuweung, rarakitan di walungan, olahraga nguseup, sarta loba [[candi]] jeung tempat ibadah nu aréndah. [[Kathmandu]] mangrupa ibu kota sarta kota panggedéna. Kota utama lianna nyaéta [[Dharan]], [[Thimi]], [[Pokhara]], [[Biratnagar]], [[Lalitpur]] ( [[Patan]]), [[Bhaktapur]], [[Birendranagar]], [[Bharatpur, Nepal]], [[Siddhartanagar]] ([[Bhairahawa]]), Birganj ([[Birgunj]]), [[Butwal]], [[Janakpur]], Nepalganj ([[Nepalgunj]]), [[Hetauda]], [[Damak]], [[Dhangadhi]], jeung [[Mahendranagar]]. <br><gallery class=center caption="Népal"> Kathmandu-Hanuman Dhoka-Nasal Chowk-18-Pancamukhi Hanuman Mandir-2013-gje.jpg|Kathmandu Swayambhunath-Hauptstupa-22-2013-gje.jpg|Swayambhunath Patan-Palast-06-2007-gje.jpg|Patan Bhaktapur-Palastplatz 34-abends-2013-gje.jpg|Bhaktapur Cho La-52-Rueckblick-2007-gje.jpg|Himalaya Chhukung Ri-186-Nuptse-Gletscher-2007-gje.jpg|Himalaya Ghandruk-Jhinudanda-16-Bruecke-2013-gje.jpg|Kaski District Mustang-Ghami Khola-12-Bruecke-Ziegenherde-2015-gje.jpg|Mustang Mustang-Sungda Choerten-02-2015-gje.jpg|Mustang </gallery> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} <!-- * {{cite web | title= Nepal | work=MSN Encarta | url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562648_3/Nepal.html | accessdate=September 23 | accessyear=2005 }} * {{cite web | title= India Nepal Open Border | work=Nepal Democracy | url=http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/documents/treaties_agreements/nep_india_open_border.htm | accessdate=September 23 | accessyear=2005 }} * {{cite web | title= Football at the heart of the Himalaya | work=[[FIFA]] | url=http://www.fifa.com/en/regulations/magazine/index/0,1569,102162,00.html?articleid=102162 | accessdate=September 23 | accessyear=2005 }} * {{cite web | title= The Best Memoir You Never Heard Of: "Shadow Over Shangri-La" Offers Compelling and Timely Story of Nepal (San Francisco Chronicle)| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/12/RVGJ6M4RGA1.DTL]}} * {{cite web | title=Nepal: A state under siege | work=The South Asian: Featured Articles | url=http://www.thesouthasian.org/archives/000155.html| accessdate=September 23 | accessyear=2005 }} * {{cite web | title= Nepal: Basic Fact Sheet | work=Nepal homepage | url=http://www.nepalhomepage.com/general/glance.html| accessdate=September 23 | accessyear=2005 }} * {{cite web | title= Jailed ex-PM in Nepal court plea | work=[[BBC News]] | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4194160.stm| accessdate=September 29 | accessyear=2005 }} * {{cite web | title= Nepal's new emblem | work=Citizen Journalism Nepal | url=http://www.cjnepal.org/story/547/nepals-new-emblem| accessdate=February 7 | accessyear=2007 }} * {{cite book | author=Gotz Hagmuller | title=Patan Museum: The Transformation of a Royal Palace in Nepal | location= London | publisher=Serindia | year=2003 | id=ISBN 0-9-6-26-58-X}} * {{cite book | author=Kunda Dixit | title=[A people war: Images of the Nepal conflict 1996–2006] | location= Kathmandu | publisher=nepa-laya | year=2006 | id=ISBN }} * {{cite book | author=Barbara Crossette| title=So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas | location= New York | publisher=Vintage | year=1995 | id=ISBN 0-679-74363-4}} * {{cite book | author=Bista, Dor Bahadur| title=People of Nepal | publisher= Dept. of Publicity, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of Nepal | year=1967 | id=ISBN 99933-0-418-2}} * Michael Hutt, ed., ''Himalayan 'people's war' : Nepal's Maoist rebellion'', London : C. Hurst, 2004 * {{cite book | author=Peter Matthiessen| title=The Snow Leopard | publisher= Penguin | year=1993 | id=ISBN 0-00-272025-6}} * {{cite book | author=Joe Simpson| title=Storms of Silence | publisher= Mountaineers Books | year=1997 | id=ISBN 0-89886-512-3}} * {{cite book | author=Samrat Upadhyay| title=Arresting God in Kathmandu | publisher= Mariner Books | year=2001 | id=ISBN 0-618-04371-3}} * {{cite book | author=Joseph R. Pietri| title=The King of Nepal | publisher=Joseph R. Pietri | year=2001 | id=ISBN 0-615-11928-X}} * {{cite book | author=Maurice Herzog| title=[[Annapurna]] | publisher=The Lyons Press | year=1951 | id=ISBN 1-55821-549-2}} * {{cite book | author=Dervla Murphy| title=The Waiting Land: A Spell in Nepal | publisher= Transatlantic Arts | year=1968 | id=ISBN 0-7195-1745-1}} * {{cite book | author=Rishikesh Shaha| title=Modern Nepal: A Political History| publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors | year=2001 | id=ISBN 81-7304-403-1}} * {{cite web | title= Nepal: Basic Info | work= About Nepal | url=http://himalayacrafts.com/Nepal/Nepal.aspx| accessdate=June 23 | accessyear=2007 }} --> == Tumbu luar == <!-----Note: PLEASE DO NOT ADD BLOGS-----> {{sisterlinks|Nepal}} * [http://www.nepalgov.gov.np Government of Nepal (situs resmi pamaréntah Népal)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621111641/http://www.nepalgov.gov.np/ |date=2019-06-21 }} * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Nepal/ Open Directory Project — Nepal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218191125/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Nepal/ |date=2007-02-18 }} * [http://hicapnepal.org The Himalayan Cultural Conservation Campaign Nepal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320114731/http://hicapnepal.org/ |date=2018-03-20 }} * {{wikivoyage|Nepal}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312042928/http://planetnepal.org/cgi-bin/view/Main/WebHome Planet Nepal Encyclopedia Project] * [http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/nptoc.html Library of Congress — Nepal] * [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5283.htm United States Department of State Profile of Nepal] * [https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/np.html CIA World Factbook - Nepal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429033918/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications//the-world-factbook/geos/np.html |date=2015-04-29 }} {{Template group |title = Geografi lokal |list = {{Countries of Asia}} {{Countries of South Asia}} }} {{Template group |title = Kaanggotaan internasional |list = {{South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)}} }} <!--Keep at top of list (eponymous category)--> <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:Nepal| ]] [[Kategori:Anggota SAARC]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Kidul]] [[Kategori:Monarki konstitusional]] [[Kategori:Nagara miskin]] <!--Other languages--> gtz5jpp7h35zk7zpsipjmzma8hgaggt 0 23943 731785 731436 2026-11-08T09:15:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Disease | Name = Ostéoporosis | Image = | Caption = | DiseasesDB = 9385 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|M|80||m|80}}-{{ICD10|M|82||m|80}}| ICD9 = {{ICD9|733.0}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1693 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|1683}} | MeshID = D010024 | }} '''Ostéoporosis''' téh [[kasakit]] [[tulang]] mangrupa turunna [[dénsitas mineral tulang]] (''bone mineral density'', BMD), karuksakan mikroarsitéktur tulang, sarta robahna kandungan [[protéin]] non-kolagén. Tulang ostéoporotik luhur résiko [[rengat (tulang)|rengatna]]. Ku [[WHO]], ostéoporosis wanoja dihartikeun dénsitas mineral tulang 2,5 handapeun massa tulang puncak (rata-rata jalma walagri umur 20 taun nu sarua kelaminna) nu diukur ku [[absorpsimétri sinar-X énérgi ganda]] (DXA, ''Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry''). Najan cara natambakeunana geus beuki maju (misalna maké [[bifosfonat]]), tetep waé mending disingkahan. ku sabab masalah hormonal, [[ménopause|istri balangantrang]] leuwih loba katarajang ostéoporosis batan lalaki, komo mun ditambahan ku [[bako|ngaroko]]. Asupan ubar [[kasakit kronis]] ogé kadang sok nambahan résiko katarajang ostéoporosis.<!-- == Tanda & gejala == Ostéoporosis sorangan lain kasakit anu signifikan, were it not for the falls which precipitate fractures. Rengat ostéoporotik are those that occur under slight amount of stresses that would not normally lead to fractures in nonosteoporotic people. Typical [[fragility fractures]] occur in the [[vertebral column]], [[hip fracture|hip]] and [[wrist]]. Collapse of a [[vertebra]] ("compression fracture") can cause numbness in the right second toe or one or a combination of the following: acute onset of [[back pain]]; a hunched forward or bent stature; loss of height; limited mobility and possibly disability. Fractures of the long bones acutely impair mobility and may require [[surgery]]. [[Hip fracture]], in particular, usually requires prompt surgery, as there are serious risks associated with a hip fracture, such as [[deep vein thrombosis]] and a [[pulmonary embolism]]. --> == Patogenesis == Anu jadi kasang tukang ostéoporosis téh taya lian ti teu saimbangna antara formasi jeung [[résorpsi tulang]]. === Normalna === Kalawan maneuh, [[matriks (tulang)|matriks]] tulang salawasna ngalaman rémodéling: formasi dijalankeun ku sél [[ostéoblast]], sedengkeun résorpsi ku [[ostéoklast]]. Dua hal ieu dipangaruhan pisan ku faktor hormonal jeung nutrisi. Sangkan bisa tumuwuh normal, tulang butuh [[kalsium]] jeung [[vitamin D]]. Hormon [[paratiroid]] ngatur komposisi mineral jero tulang. Hormon [[glukokortikoid]] ngaronjatkeun kagiatan ostéoklast, antukna tulang ngalaman résorpsi. [[Kalsitonin]], [[éstrogén]], jeung [[téstostéron]] ngaronjatkeun kagiatan ostéoblast, antukna tulang tumuwuh. <!-- [[Trabecular bone]] is the sponge-like bone in the center of long bones and vertebrae. [[Cortical bone]] is the hard outer shell of bones. Because osteoblasts and osteoclasts inhabit the surface of bones, trabecular bone is more active, more subject to bone turnover, to remodeling. ===Pathologically=== By various factors, described in detail later in this article, either bone resorption is excessive, and/or bone formation is diminished. Long before any overt fractures occur, the small spicules of trabecular bone break and are reformed in the process known as remodeling. It is an accumulation of fractures in trabecular bone that are incompletely repaired that leads to the manifestation of osteoporosis. Common osteoporotic fracture sites, the wrist, the hip and the spine, have a relatively high trabecular bone to cortical bone ratio. These areas rely on trabecular bone for strength, and therefore the intense remodeling causes these areas to degenerate most when the remodeling isn't balanced. Low peak bone mass is important in the development of osteoporosis. Bone mass peaks in both men and women between the ages of 25 and 35, thereafter diminishing. ==Risk factors== Risk factors for osteoporotic fracture can be split between modifiable and non-modifiable. However, diseases and disorders have an own section. The mechanisms influencing the formation of the disease are complex. Most cases do not result from inadequate calcium intake, but include other factors affecting bone matrix formation and [[reabsorption]]. ===Nonmodifiable=== *history of fracture as an adult *Family history of fracture :A [[family history (medicine)|Family history]] of fracture or low bone mass are probably the most important etiological factors of primary osteoporosis. The [[heritability]] of the fracture as well as low BMD are relatively high, ranging from 25 to 80 percent. *[[female]] sex :[[Estrogen]] deficiency following [[menopause]] is correlated with a rapid reduction in BMD. *advanced age :Osteoporosis is overwhelmingly prevalent in [[postmenopausal]] women. The loss of estrogen following menopause causes a phase of rapid bone loss. However, it also occurs in men, especially elderly men, where testosterone levels are decreasing. :In addition to hormonal changes, the increased risk of falling associated with aging leads to fractures of the wrist, spine and hip. The risk of falling, in turn, is increased by impaired eyesight despite adequate correction, [[dementia]], loss of balance and [[sarcopenia]], which is the age-related loss of [[skeletal muscle]]. :Osteoporosis can actually be thought of as analogous to [[sarcopenia]]. The combination of sarcopenia and osteoporosis results in the significant frailty often seen in the elderly population. *[[European ethnic groups|European]] or [[Asian people|Asian]] ancestry ===Potentially modifiable=== *[[tobacco smoking]] Tobacco smoking inhibits the activity of osteoblasts. *low [[body mass index]] *low [[calcium]] and vitamin D intake :[[calcium]] and/or [[vitamin D]] deficiency from malnutrition increases the risk of osteoporosis. The problem occasionally arises in calcium deficient adolescents. *[[alcoholism]] *Insufficient physical activity :Bone performs remodeling in response to physical stress. People who remain physically active throughout life have a lower risk of osteoporosis. The kind of physical activity that have most effects on bone are weight bearing exercises. The bony prominences and attachments in runners are different in shape and size than those in weightlifters. Physical activity has its greatest impact during '''adolescence''', affecting peak bone mass most. In '''adults''', physical activity helps maintain bone mass, and can increase it by 1 or 2%. [[Physical fitness]] in '''later life''' is associated more with a decreased risk of falling than with an increased bone mineral density. :Conversely, people who are bedridden are at a significantly increased risk. *Excess physical activity :Excessive exercise can lead to constant damages to the bones which can cause exhaustion of the structures as described above. There are numerous examples of marathon runners who developed severe osteoporosis later in life. *poor health/frailty. *[[Heavy metals]] :A strong association between [[cadmium]], lead and bone disease has been established. Low level exposure to cadmium is associated with an increased loss of bone mineral density readily in both genders, leading to pain and increased risk of fractures, especially in elderly and in females. Higher cadmium exposure results in [[osteomalacia]] (softening of the bone).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Staessen J, Roels H, Emelianov D, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Vangronsveld J, Fagard R | title = Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study. Public Health and Environmental Exposure to Cadmium (PheeCad) Study Group. | journal = Lancet | volume = 353 | issue = 9159 | pages = 1140-4 | year = 1999 | month = Apr 3 | id = PMID 10209978}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Zhu G, Wang H, Shi Y, Weng S, Jin T, Kong Q, Nordberg G | title = Environmental cadmium exposure and forearm bone density. | journal = Biometals | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 499-503 | year = 2004 | month = Oct | id = PMID 15688853}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Kazantzis G | title = Cadmium, osteoporosis and calcium metabolism. | journal = Biometals | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 493-8 | year = 2004 | month = Oct | id = PMID 15688852}}</ref> ====Medication==== For medication potentially causing osteoporosis, the positive effects of them needs to be compared with the degenerative effects on bone. *Steroid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP) arises due to use of [[glucocorticoid]]s - analogous to Cushing's syndrome and involving mainly the axial skeleton. The synthetic glucocorticoid prescription drug [[prednisone]] is a main candidate after prolonged intake. *[[Barbiturate]]s (due to accelerated metabolism of vitamin D) and some other antiepileptics *proton pump inhibitors :[[Proton pump inhibitor]]s inhibits the production of stomach acid: it is thought that reducing the level of stomach acid interferes with calcium absorption.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Yang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, Metz DC | title=Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture | journal=JAMA | year=2006 | volume=296 | pages=2947-53 | id=PMID 17190895 }}</ref> ====Debatable==== *Soft drinks :The effects of [[soft drink]]s (containing [[phosphoric acid]]) on osteoporosis are debatable; soft drinks may merely displace calcium-containing drinks from the diet. ===Diseases and disorders=== There are many disorders associated with osteoporosis: *[[Hypogonadism|Hypogonadal]] states - [[Turner syndrome]], [[Klinefelter syndrome]], [[Kallmann syndrome]], [[anorexia nervosa]], [[hypothalamus|hypothalamic]] [[amenorrhea]], [[hyperprolactinemia]]. :In females, the effect of hypogonadism is mediated by [[estrogen]] deficiency. It can appear as early [[menopause]] (<45 years) or from prolonged premenopausal amenorrhea (>1 year). A bilateral oophorectomy or a [[premature ovarian failure]] cause deficient estrogen production. :In males, on the other hand, [[testosterone]] deficiency is the cause. *Other endocrine disorders - [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[thyrotoxicosis]], [[hypothyroidism]], insulin-dependent [[diabetes mellitus]], [[acromegaly]], [[adrenal insufficiency]] :[[Glucocorticoid]] (Cushing's syndrome) or [[thyroxine]] (thyrotoxicosis) excess states also lead to osteoporosis. *Nutritional and gastrointestinal disorders - [[malnutrition]], [[parenteral nutrition]], [[malabsorption]] syndromes (e.g. [[coeliac disease]], [[Crohn's disease]]), [[gastrectomy]], severe [[liver disease]] (especially [[primary biliary cirrhosis]]) :Those with an otherwise adequate calcium intake can develop osteoporosis due to the inability to absorb calcium. Osteoporotic fracture may indeed be the event that leads to diagnosis that coeliac disease (which affects around one in a hundred people in the West) has affected the patient for many years. *Rheumatologic disorders - [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]] *Hematologic disorders/malignancy - [[multiple myeloma]], [[lymphoma]] and [[leukemia]], [[mastocytosis]], [[hemophilia]], [[thalassemia]]. *Inherited disorders - [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[hypophosphatasia]], [[glycogen storage disease]]s, [[homocystinuria]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], [[porphyria]], [[Menkes disease|Menkes' syndrome]], [[epidermolysis bullosa]], [[Gaucher's disease]]. *Auto-immune and inflammatory Those who suffer certain [[auto-immune]] and inflammatory disorders are likely to have a higher level of [[cytokines]] in the body. The overabundance of these proteins increases the body's inflammatory response which may upset the balance of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. *Other disorders - [[immobilization]], [[scoliosis]] ==Epidemiology== It is estimated that 1 in 3 women and 1 in 12 men over the age of 50 worldwide have osteoporosis. It is responsible for millions of fractures annually, mostly involving the lumbar [[vertebrae]], [[hip]], and wrist. Fragility fractures of ribs are also common in men. ===Hip fractures=== Hip fractures are responsible for the most serious consequences of osteoporosis. In the United States, osteoporosis causes a predisposition to more than 250,000 hip fractures yearly. It is estimated that a 50-year-old white woman has a 17.5% lifetime risk of fracture of the proximal [[femur]]. The incidence of hip fractures increases each decade from the sixth through the ninth for both women and men for all populations. The highest incidence is found among those men and women ages 80 or older. ===First vertebral fractures=== An estimated 700,000 women have a first [[vertebral]] fracture each year. The lifetime risk of a clinically detected symptomatic vertebral fracture is about 15% in a 50-year-old white woman. However, because symptoms are often overlooked or thought to be a normal part of getting older, it is believed that only about one-third of vertebral compression fractures are actually diagnosed. ===Distal radius fractures=== Distal [[radius (bone)|radius]] fractures, usually of the [[Colles fracture|Colles]] type, are the third most common type of osteoporotic fractures. In the [[United States]], the total annual number of Colles' fractures is about 250,000. The lifetime risk of sustaining a Colles' fracture is about 16% for white women. By the time women reach age 70, about 20% have had at least one wrist fracture. ==Diagnosis== The composition of bones can be investigated by [[Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry]]. The rate of bone turnover, on the other hand, can be measured with urine [[NTx]], a byproduct of bone cartilage breakdown. Urine NTx greater than 40 may indicate osteoporosis. Today, many cases of osteoporosis in developed countries are diagnosed before symptoms develop. This is due to widespread screening for osteoporosis using the [[DXA]] scan. With treatment, bone mineral density increases, and fracture risk decreases. In the absence of treatment, overt osteoporosis is heralded by a fracture. Some fractures, like vertebral compression fractures or sacral insufficiency fractures, may not be apparent at first, appearing to patient and physician as a very bad back ache or completely without symptoms. Hip fractures and wrist fractures are more obvious. ===Definition=== [[Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry]] (DXA, formerly DEXA) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis. Diagnosis is made when the bone mineral density is less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young adult reference population. This is translated as a T-score. The World Health Organization has established diagnostic guidelines as T-score -1.0 or greater is "normal", T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 is "low bone mass" (or "[[osteopenia]]") and -2.5 or below as osteoporosis. When there has also been a low trauma or osteoporotic fracture, defined as one that occurs as a result of a fall from a standing height, the term "severe or established" osteoporosis is used. This is very important, because a person who has already had a fracture is at least 4 times as likely to have another fracture as another person, independent<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ojo F, Al Snih S, Ray LA, Raji MA, Markides KS |title=History of fractures as predictor of subsequent hip and nonhip fractures among older Mexican Americans |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=412-8 |year=2007 |pmid=17444431 |doi=}}</ref> of other health measures. Osteoporosis can further be separated into primary and secondary osteoporosis. Primary osteoporosis is the form seen in older persons in which bone loss is accelerated over that predicted for age and sex. Secondary osteoporosis, in contrast, results from a variety of identifiable conditions<ref>[http://bone-muscle.health-cares.net/osteoporosis-types.php] health-cares.net</ref>. In order to differentiate between primary and secondary osteoporosis, [[blood test]]s and [[X-ray]]s are usually done to rule out [[cancer]] with [[metastasis]] to the bone, [[multiple myeloma]], [[Cushing's disease]] and other causes mentioned above. ===Screening=== The [http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstfix.htm U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)] recommends that all women 65 years of age or older should be screened with bone densitometry.<ref name="pmid12230355">{{cite journal |author= |title=Screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: recommendations and rationale |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=137 |issue=6 |pages=526-8 |year=2002 |pmid=12230355 |doi=}}</ref> The Task Force recommends screening women 60 to 64 years of age who are at increased risk. The best risk factor for indicating increased risk is lower body weight (weight < 70 kg). [[Clinical prediction rules]] are available to guide selection of women for screening. The Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI) may be the most [[sensitivity (tests)|sensitive]] strategy<ref name="pmid17552058">{{cite journal |author=Martínez-Aguilà D, Gómez-Vaquero C, Rozadilla A, Romera M, Narváez J, Nolla JM |title=Decision rules for selecting women for bone mineral density testing: application in postmenopausal women referred to a bone densitometry unit |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=1307-12 |year=2007 |pmid=17552058 |doi=}}</ref> The ORAI is available online at http://osteoed.org/tools.php?type=orai. Regarding the screening of men, a cost-analysis study suggests that screening may be "cost-effective for men with a self-reported prior fracture beginning at age 65 years and for men 80 years and older with no prior fracture".<ref name="pmid17684185">{{cite journal |author=Schousboe JT, Taylor BC, Fink HA, ''et al'' |title=Cost-effectiveness of bone densitometry followed by treatment of osteoporosis in older men |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=6 |pages=629-37 |year=2007 |pmid=17684185 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.6.629}}</ref> ==Treatment== There are several alternatives of medication to treat osteoporosis. However, lifestyle changes are also emphasised. ===Medication=== Bisphosphonate is the main drug for treatment. However, newer drugs are also developed, such as teriparatide and strontium ranelate. ====Bisphosphonate==== In osteoporosis, [[bisphosphonate]] drugs are prescribed. The most often prescribed bisphosphonates are [[as of 2005|presently]] [[sodium alendronate]] (Fosamax) 10 mg a day or 70 mg once a week, [[risedronate]] (Actonel) 5 mg a day or 35 mg once a week or and [[ibandronate]] (Boniva once a month). ====Teriparatide==== Recently, [[teriparatide]] (Forteo, [[recombinant]] [[parathyroid hormone]] 1-34) has been shown to be effective in osteoporosis. It is used mostly for patients with established osteoporosis (who have already fractured), have particularly low BMD or several risk factors for fracture or cannot tolerate the oral bisphosphonates. It is given as a daily injection with the use of a pen-type injection device. Teriparatide is only licensed for treatment if bisphosphonates have failed or are contraindicated (however, this differs by country and is not required by the FDA in the USA. However, patients with previous radiation therapy, or Paget's disease, or young patients should avoid this medication). ====Strontium ranelate==== Oral [[Strontium ranelate]] (Protelos/Protos/Protaxo/Osseor - Servier) is the first in a new class of drugs called a Dual Action Bone Agents (DABA's). It has proven efficacy in the prevention of both vertebral and non-vertebral fractures (including hip fracture) in patients over the age of 80, who are the most at risk where osteoporosis is concerned. Strontium Ranelate works by stimulating the proliferation of osteoblast (bone building) cells, and inhibiting the proliferation of osteoclast (bone absorbing) cells. This means that strontium Ranelate increases BMD by forming new bone, rather than just preserving existing bone. In comparison to bisphosphonates which only act on one aspect of bone remodeling, strontium ranelate also preserves bone turnover, allowing the microarchitecture of the bone to be continuously repaired as it would in healthy bone. Strontium ranelate is taken as a 2g oral suspension daily, and is licenced for the treatment of osteoporosis to prevent vertebral and hip fracture. Strontium ranelate has side effect benefits over the bisphosphonates, as it does not cause any form of upper GI side effect, which is the most common cause for medication withdrawal in osteoporosis. ===Lifestyle=== Changes to lifestyle factors and diet are also recommended, both regarding nutrition and exercise; ====Nutrition==== =====Calcium===== The patient should include 1200 to 1500 mg of calcium daily either via dietary means (for instance, an 8 oz glass of milk contains approximately 300 mg of calcium) or via supplementation. The body absorbs only about 500 mg of calcium at one time and so intake should be spread throughout the day. However, the benefit of supplementation of calcium alone remains, to a degree, controversial since several nations with high calcium intakes through milk-products (e.g. the USA, Sweden) have some of the highest rates of osteoporosis worldwide, though this may be linked to such countries' excess consumption of protein. A few studies even suggested an adverse effect of calcium excess on bone density and blamed the milk industry for misleading customers. Some nutritionists assert that excess consumption of dairy products causes acidification, which leaches calcium from the system, and argue that vegetables and nuts are a better source of calcium and that in fact milk products should be avoided. This theory has no proof from scientific clinical studies. Similarly, nutritionists believe that excess caffeine consumption can also contribute to leaching calcium from the bones. {{Fact|date=August 2007}} A [[meta-analysis]] of [[randomized controlled trials]] concluded "Evidence supports the use of calcium, or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation, in the preventive treatment of osteoporosis in people aged 50 years or older. For best therapeutic effect, we recommend minimum doses of 1200 mg of calcium, and 800 IU of vitamin D (for combined calcium plus vitamin D supplementation)."<ref name="pmid17720017">{{cite journal |author=Tang BMP et al |title=Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue= |pages=657-666 |year=2007 |pmid= |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61342-7}}</ref> A study that examined the relationship between calcium supplementation and clinical fracture risk in an elderly population, there was a significant decrease in fracture risk in patients that received calcium supplements versus those that received placebo. However, this benefit only applied to patients who were compliant with their treatment regimen.<ref>{{cite journal | first = RL | last = Prince | coauthors = A Devine and SS Dhaliwal | date = 2006 | title = Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Clinical Fractures and Bone Structure: Results of a 5-Year, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Elderly Women | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 166 | pages = 869-875}}</ref> =====Excess Protein===== There are three elements relating to a person's levels of calcium: consumption, absorption, and excretion. High protein intake is known to encourage urinary calcium losses and has been shown to increase risk of fracture in research studies. <ref>{{cite journal | first = D | last = Feskanich | coauthors = Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA | date = 1996 | title = Protein consumption and bone fractures in women | journal = American Journal of Epidemiol | volume = 143 | pages = 472-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first = BJ | last = Abelow | coauthors = Holford TR, Insogna KL | date = 1992 | title = Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis. | journal = Calcified Tissue International | volume = 50 | pages = 14-18.}}</ref>. This goes some way to explain why countries with high levels of calcium consumption also have high rates of osteoporosis: despite consuming enough calcium, they are also countries in which people generally consume a lot of meat, therefore protein, thus negating the importance of their calcium consumption.<ref>[http://huhs.harvard.edu/ClinicalServices/NutritionKnowHow/Calcium.htm#Negative]Harvard University Health Servies: Calcium</ref><ref>[http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/nutrition/protein_2/ The Doctor Will See You Now: Nutrition]</ref><ref>[http://www.spontaneouscreation.org/SC/NWNM2006/DietPreventsOsteoporosis.htm]Diet Prevents Osteoporosis, Joseph Keon</ref> =====Vitamin D===== Increasing vitamin D intake has been shown to reduce fractures up to twenty-five percent in older people, according to recent studies.<ref>{{cite journal | first = HA | last = Bischoff-Ferrari | coauthors = WC Willett | date = 2005 | title = Fracture Prevention With Vitamin D Supplementation: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = The Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 293 | pages = 2257-2264}}</ref><ref name="pmid17720017"/>. The very large Women's Health Initiative study, however, did not find any fracture benefit from calcium and vitamin D supplementation, but these women were already taking (on average) 1200 mg/day of calcium (12). Muscle weakness can contribute to falls so it is beneficial for people living with osteoporosis to improve muscle function. Vitamin D deficiency causes muscle weakness.<ref>{{cite journal | first = MF | last = Holick | date = 2006 | title = Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigators | volume = 116 | pages = 2062-72}}</ref>. A meta-analysis of five clinical trials showed 800 IU of vitamin D per day (plus calcium) reduced the risk of falls by 22%.<ref>{{cite journal | first = HA | last = Bischoff-Ferrari | coauthors = E Giovannucci WC Willett T Dietrich B Dawson-Hughes | date = 2006 | title = Estimation of Optimal Serum Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for Multiple Health Outcomes | journal = American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 84 | pages = 18-28}}</ref>. A different randomized, controlled study showed nursing home residents who took 800 IU of vitamin D per day (plus calcium) having a 72% reduction in the risk of falls.<ref>{{cite journal | first = KE | last = Broe | coauthors = TC Chen J Weinberg HA Bischoff-Ferrari MF Holick DP Kiel | date = 2007 | title = A Higher Dose of Vitamin D Reduces the Risk of Falls in Nursing Home Residents: A Randomized, Multiple-Dose Study | journal = The Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 55 | pages = 234-9}}</ref>. New [[NOF]] vitamin D intake recommendations (July 2007) are adults up to age 50, 400-800 IU daily and those over 50, 800 - 1,000 IU daily. =====Others===== There is some evidence to suggest bone density benefits from taking the following supplements (in addition to calcium and vitamin D): boron, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, silicon, strontium, folic acid, and vitamins B6, C, and K.<ref>Gaby, Alan R., ''Preventing and Reversing Osteoporosis,'' 1994. ISBN 0-7615-0022-7</ref><ref>Kessler, George J., ''The Bone Density Diet,'' 2000. ISBN 0-345-43284-3</ref> This is weak evidence and quite controversial. ====Exercise==== Weight-bearing [[exercise]] is of great importance for people suffering from the osteoporosis because it helps build bone density and strength. Thirty minutes of weight-bearing exercise such as walking or jogging, three times a week, has been shown to increase bone mineral density, and reduce the risk of falls by strengthening the major muscle groups in the legs and back. ==Prognosis== Patients with osteoporosis who have already had a fracture are at a high risk for '''additional fractures''' (the best predictor of fracture is a previous fracture). Treatment for the underlying osteoporosis can reduce the risk of a subsequent fracture considerably. Hip fractures can lead to decreased mobility and an additional risk of '''[[deep venous thrombosis]]''' and/or '''[[pulmonary embolism]]'''. The one year mortality rate following hip fracture is approximately 20%<ref name=boron> Medical Physiology, Boron & Boulpaep, ISBN 1-4160-2328-3, Elsevier Saunders 2005. Updated edition. 1300 pages. </ref>. Vertebral fractures can lead to '''severe chronic pain''' of neurogenic origin, which can be hard to control, as well as '''deformity'''. Though rare, multiple vertebral fractures can lead to such severe hunch back ([[kyphosis]]) that the resulting pressure on internal organs can impair one's ability to breathe. Although osteoporosis patients have an increased mortality rate due to the complications of fracture, most patients die ''with'' the disease rather than ''of'' it. ==Prevention== Methods to prevent osteoporosis include changes of lifestyle. However, there are medications that can be used for prevention as well. ===Lifestyle=== Lifestyle prevention of osteoporosis is in many aspects inversions from potentially modifiable risk factors. *Exercise :Achieving a higher peak bone mass through exercise and proper nutrition during adolescence is important for the prevention of osteoporosis. Exercise and nutrition throughout the rest of the life delays bone degeneration. *Nutrition :A proper nutrition is a diet sufficient in calcium and vitamin D. Patients at risk for osteoporosis (e.g. [[steroid]] use) are generally treated with [[vitamin D]] and calcium supplements. In [[kidney|renal]] disease, more active forms of Vitamin D such as paracalcitol or (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or [[calcitriol]] which is the main biologically active form of vitamin D) is used, as the kidney cannot adequately generate calcitriol from calcidiol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) which is the storage form of vitamin D. *Quiting tobacco smoking :Tobacco smoking inhibits the activity of osteoblasts. *Drinking moderately of alcohol *Avoiding heavy meals ===Medication=== Just as for treatment, [[bisphosphonate]] can be used in cases of very high risk. Other medicines prescribed for prevention of osteoporosis include [[raloxifene]] (Evista), a [[selective estrogen receptor modulator]] (SERM). '''Estrogen replacement''' remains a good treatment for prevention of osteoporosis but, at this time, is not recommended unless there are other indications for its use as well. There is uncertainty and controversy about whether estrogen should be recommended in women in the first decade after the menopause; hopefully new research will provide guidance. In men, testosterone replacement therapy is also an effective treatment. ==History== The link between age-related reductions in bone density and fracture risk goes back at least to [[Astley Cooper]], and the term "osteoporosis" and recognition of its pathological appearance is generally attributed to the French pathologist Lobstein.<ref>Lobstein JGCFM. ''Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie.'' Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.</ref> The American endocrinolgist [[Fuller Albright]] linked osteoporosis with the postmenopausal state.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Raisz L | title = Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects. | journal = J Clin Invest | volume = 115 | issue = 12 | pages = 3318-25 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 16322775}}</ref> --> == Baca ogé == * [[Natambaan tulang]] * [[Ostéopétrosis]], sabalikna ti ostéoporosis * [[Ostéoimunologi]] ЬфеФ == Rujukan == * Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris. ''[[:en:Osteoporosis|Osteoporosis]]''. Dicutat 19 Séptémber 2007. {{Reflist|2}} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.fore.org/ Foundation for Osteoporosis Research and Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921114858/http://www.fore.org/ |date=2007-09-21 }} Non-profit organization * [http://www.iofbonehealth.org/ The International Osteoporosis Foundation] * [http://www.osteoporosis.org.au/ Osteoporosis Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915151051/http://www.osteoporosis.org.au/ |date=2007-09-15 }} * [http://www.osteoporosis.ca/ Osteoporosis Canada] * [http://www.irishosteoporosis.ie/ Irish Osteoporosis Society] * [http://www.bones.org.nz/ Osteoporosis New Zealand Inc] * [http://www.nos.org.uk/ National Osteoporosis Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828105811/http://nos.org.uk/ |date=2008-08-28 }} (UK) * [http://www.nof.org/ The National Osteoporosis Foundation](USA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064213/http://www.hormone.org/public/osteoporosis.cfm The Osteoporosis Section] of [[The Hormone Foundation]] * [http://www.medicinenet.com/osteoporosis/article.htm MedicineNet.com Osteoporosis] Author: Carolyn Crandall,MD also Author: Ruchi Mathur,MD on Thyroid Diséase, Ostéoporosis, and Calcium A "Doctor to Patient" view * [http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/dietnutrition_and_chronicdiseases/en/ Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases] (including ostéoporosis) by a Joint [[WHO]]/[[FAO]] Expert consultation (2003) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010110855/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~kpaziana/ Osteoporosis in Pictures] * [http://courses.washington.edu/bonephys/ Osteoporosis and Bone Physiology] * [http://gotbones.healthdiaries.com Got Bones?] Ostéoporosis news. {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Éndokrinologi]] [[Kategori:Cacad tulang]] fomw2pcyjy1zx4c3mx8q3io5isfdbjb 0 25257 731712 729045 2026-11-08T02:56:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{dati2 |nami=Kabupatén Bandung Kulon |foto=[[Gambar:Curug Malela.jpg|250px]] |caption=Curug Maléla {{Location map|Indonésia_Jawa#Indonésia |float=center |label=Kabupatén Bandung Kulon |lat_deg=6 |lat_min=50 |lat_sec=21 |lat_dir=S |lon_deg=107 |lon_min=30 |lon_sec=43 |lon_dir=E}} |propinsi=[[Jawa Kulon]] |ibukota=[[Ngamprah, Bandung|Ngamprah]] |lega=1.305,77 km² |pangeusi=1.814.226 |kapadetan=1.389 |kacamatan=16 |kalurahan=165 désa |kodearea=022 |dau=Rp 1.139.444.658.000,00 (2020) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2020|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2020)|accessdate=23 Februari 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103062009/https://djpk.kemenkeu.go.id//wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|archivedate=2025-01-03}}</ref> |lambang=[[Gambar:Kab Bandung Barat.svg|80px]] |peta=[[Gambar:Map of West Java highlighting West Bandung Regency.svg|250px]] |kordinat={{coord|6.8393|S|107.5119|E|region:ID-JB_type:kabupatén|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |dasar hukum= UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2007<ref name="UU">{{cite web | url = https://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf | title = Pembentukan Daerah-Daerah Otonom di Indonesia s/d Tahun 2014 | website = Direktorat Jenderal Otonomi Daerah | location = [[Gambir, Gambir, Jakarta Pusat]] | 5 = | publisher = [[Kementerian Dalam Negeri Indonesia]] | access-date = 2 Juli 2022 | archive-date = 12 Juli 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190712121648/http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf | dead-url = yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712121648/http://otda.kemendagri.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pembentukan-Daerah-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-s.d-Tahun-2014-2.pdf |date=2019-07-12 }}</ref> |tanggal=[[2 Januari]] [[2007]]<ref name="UU"/> |motto=''Bandung Barat Cermat'' |kapala daerah=[[Bupati]] |nami kapala daerah=[[Héngki Kurniawan]] |kapala daerah1= |nami kapala daerah1= |web={{url|bandungbaratkab.go.id}} }} '''Kabupatén Bandung Kulon''' ([[aksara Sunda]]: ᮊᮘᮥᮕᮒᮦᮔ᮪ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪) mangrupa hiji [[kabupatén]] di [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonesia]] hasil pamekaran ti [[Kabupatén Bandung]]<ref name=":1" />. Pusat pamaréntahan Kabupatén Bandung Kulon aya di kecamatan [[Ngamprah, Bandung|Ngamprah]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2007_12.pdf|title=Undang Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2007 Tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Bandung Barat di Jawa Barat|first=Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat RI|website=dpr.go.id|publisher=Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat RI|accessdate=2023-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227195410/https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2007_12.pdf|archivedate=2021-12-27}}</ref>. Kabupatén ieu wawatesan jeung [[Kabupatén Purwakarta]] jeung [[Kabupatén Subang]] di beulah kalér, [[Kabupatén Bandung]], [[Kota Bandung]] jeung [[Kota Cimahi]] di beulah wétan, sarta [[Kabupatén Cianjur]] di beulah kulon<ref name=":2" />. Kabupatén Bandung Kulon ngawengku 16 [[kacamatan]], nu kabagi deui kana 165 [[désa]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kabupaten Bandung Barat dalam Angka 2022|first=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bandung Barat|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bandung Barat|year=2022|location=Kabupaten Bandung Barat|pages=31, 57-76}}</ref>. Kabupatén Bandung Kulon katelah ku sababaraha tempat wisata alam, saperti [[Gunung Tangkuban Parahu]] jeung [[Gunung Burangrang]]. == Géografi == === Wilayah === Kabupatén Bandung Kulon mangrupa salah sahiji kabupatén di Jawa Kulon. Kabupatén ieu lokasina di antara 60º 41’ - 70º 19’ Lintang Selatan jeung 107º 22’ - 108º 05’ Bujur Wétan, anu legana 1,305.77 km²<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Profil Kabupaten Bandung Barat Tahun 2018|first=Pemerintah Kabupaten Bandung Barat|publisher=Pemerintah Kabupaten Bandung Barat|year=2018|location=Kabupaten Bandung Barat|pages=1-3}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://jdih.bandungbaratkab.go.id/profil/geografis-kabupaten-bandung|title=Geografis Kabupaten Bandung Barat|first=JDIH Kabupaten Bandung Barat|website=jdih.bandungbaratkab.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-12}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Secara umum, titik ekstrem batas wilayah Kabupatén Bandung Kulon digambarkeun dina tabél di handap {| class="wikitable" |+Titik ekstrem Kabupatén Bandung Kulon | align="center" |Kulon |{{coord|-7.0580629683192|107.18198688549707}} |[[Cilangari, Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon]] |- | align="center" |Kidul |{{coord|-7.121944908216402|107.38676656193972}} |[[Mekarwangi, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon]] |- | align="center" |Wétan |{{coord|-6.8288561433278305|107.72142170081028}} |[[Suntenjaya, Lembang, Bandung Kulon]] |- | align="center" |Kalér |{{coord|-6.688547905167132|107.41020670495384}} |[[Tenjolaut, Cikalongwetan, Bandung Kulon]] |- |} === Topografi jeung Iklim === Kabupatén Bandung Kulon mangrupa daérah bukit jeung dataran rendah, dengan ketinggian di antara 0 nepi ka 2000 meter di luhureun permukaan laut, kalawan tinggi rata-ratana 110 méter. Kadéngdékan wilayah Kabupatén Bandung Kulon aya di tingkat 0-8%, 8-15%, nepi ka di luhureun 45%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://utaratimes.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-1193265773/profil-kabupaten-bandung-barat-terbaru-disini-lengkap?page=all|title=Profil Kabupaten Bandung Barat Terbaru Disini Lengkap - Halaman all|last=Mendrofa|first=Herry Pasrani|website=utaratimes.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220075110/https://utaratimes.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-1193265773/profil-kabupaten-bandung-barat-terbaru-disini-lengkap?page=all|archivedate=2023-02-20}}</ref>. Morfologi Kabupatén Bandung Kulon umumna diklasifikasikeun kana pedataran, landai, perbukitan, jeung pegunungan<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Potensi Pengembangan Budidaya Karet (Hevea Brasiliensis) di Kabupaten Bandung Barat|last=Arrasyid|first=Riko|publisher=Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia|year=2014|location=Bandung|pages=4-5}}</ref>. Kabupatén Bandung Kulon kaaup kana zona iklim panas nepi ka sejuk, jeung curah hujan rata-rata na aya di 1500-4500 mm per tahunna<ref name=":6" /> == Sejarah == Kabupatén Bandung Kulon dimekarkeun ti Kabupatén Bandung dina tanggal 2 Januari 2007, saluyu ku terbitna UU No. 12 Taun 2007 ngeunaan Pembentukan Kabupatén Bandung Kulon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2007_12.pdf|title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2007 Tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Bandung Barat|first=Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat RI|website=dpr.go.id|publisher=Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat RI|accessdate=12 Februari 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227195410/https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2007_12.pdf|archivedate=2021-12-27}}</ref>. Wacana pamekaran Kabupatén Bandung Kulon geus aya ti tahun 1990, ku ayana Surat Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Barat No. 30 taun 1990 ngeunaan Pola Induk Pengembangan Wilayah Provinsi Daerah Tingkat I Jawa Barat Dalam Jangka Panjang, anu nyebutkeun yén daérah tingkat I di Jawa Kulon dimekarkeun ti 24 jadi 42 daérah tingkat II<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandungbaratkab.go.id/halaman/sejarah-kbb|title=Sejarah KBB|website=www.bandungbaratkab.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212011851/https://www.bandungbaratkab.go.id/halaman/sejarah-kbb|archivedate=2023-02-12}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.suara.com/read/2021/11/24/115020/sejarah-kabupaten-bandung-barat-berawal-dari-gerakan-masyarakat-untuk-pemekaran|title=Sejarah Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Berawal dari Gerakan Masyarakat untuk Pemekaran|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212001842/https://jabar.suara.com/read/2021/11/24/115020/sejarah-kabupaten-bandung-barat-berawal-dari-gerakan-masyarakat-untuk-pemekaran|archivedate=2023-02-12}}</ref>. Kaputusan ngeunaan pamekaran Kabupatén Bandung Kulon dikuatkeun ku munculna UU No. 22 Taun 1999 ngeunaan Pamaréntah Daérah jeung Kaputusan DPRD Kabupaten Daérah Tingkat II Bandung Nomor 5 Tanggal 21 Juli 1999 ngeunaan persetujuan awal keur Pamekaran Wilayah Kabupaten Daérah Tingkat II Bandung anu ngajawab permohonan persetujuan Pamaréntah Kabupatén Bandung dina Surat Bupati Bandung No. 132/1235/tapem ngeunaan Permohonan Persetujuan Pamekaran Wilayah Kabupatén Daerah Tingkat II Bandung. Proses pamekaran Kabupatén Bandung Barat katunda ku ayana wacana naékna status [[Cimahi]] ti Kota Administratif ka Kota Cimahi di taun 2001<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />. Aspirasi keur ngabentuk Kabupatén Bandung Kulon dikuatkeun ku ayana pembentukan Forum Pendukung Percepatan Pemekaran Kabupaten Bandung Barat (FP3KB) anu pupuhuna Drs. H. Endang Anwar. FP3KB diadegkeun 20 Agustus 1999<ref name=":4" />. Tuntutan pamekaran Kabupatén Bandung Kulon didukung ku sababaraha organisasi masyarakat, anu puncakna ngayakeun rapat akbar di Padalarang, 6 Agustus 2000, keur ngagaungkeun aspirasi pembentukan Kabupatén Bandung Kulon ka pamaréntah Jawa Kulon. Dina kaberjalananna, aya sababaraha organisasi anu ngarojong ogé ka pembentukan Kabupatén Bandung Kulon saperti Forum Peduli Bandung Barat, Forum Pemuda Bandung Barat, jeung Forum Bandung Barat Bersatu. Dina November 2002, Komite Pembentukan Kabupaten Bandung Barat (KPKBB) diadegkeun keur nyatukeun sora jeung gagasan sakabéh kelompok masarakat nu ngarojong pembentukan Kabupatén Bandung Kulon<ref name=":4" />. Salah sahiji puncak nyorakeun aspirasi pembentukan Kabupatén Bandung Kulon nyaéta démonstrasi KPKKB dina tanggal 7 Januari 2004 dina komplék Pemda Kabupatén Bandung. Ku kituna, Pamaréntah Kabupatén Bandung nerbitkeun keputusan nyieun tim teknis penataan Kabupatén Bandung anu dipupuhuan Drs. H. Abubakar, jeung ngajalin kerjasama jeung genep paguron luhur saperti Unpad, ITB, STPDN, UPI, Unpas, jeung Unjani dina rangka nata wilayah Kabupatén Bandung<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandungbaratkab.go.id/halaman/sejarah-kbb|title=Sejarah KBB|website=www.bandungbaratkab.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212011851/https://www.bandungbaratkab.go.id/halaman/sejarah-kbb|archivedate=2023-02-12}}</ref>. Dina kaberjalanan ngadegna Kabupatén Bandung Kulon, Pamaréntah Kabupatén Bandung nepikeun surat persetujuan pembentukan Kabupatén Bandung ti DPRD Kabupatén Bandung ka Gubernur Jawa Kulon, dilanjutkeun ka [[Kamenterian Jero Nagri]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />. Hasilna, dina tanggal 2 Januari 2007, Kabupatén Bandung Kulon resmi diadegkeun dina dasar Undang Undang No. 12 taun 2007 ngeunaan Pembentukan Kabupatén Bandung Kulon. Dina mangsa éta, Kabupatén Bandung Kulon ngawengku 15 kacamatan, nyaéta Kacamatan Lembang, Parongpong, Cisarua, Cikalongwetan, Cipeundeuy, Ngamprah, Cipatat, Padalarang, Batujajar, Cihampelas, Cililin, Cipongkor, Rongga, Sindangkerta, jeung Kecamatan Gununghalu. Dina tanggal 19 Juni 2007, Menteri Jero Nagri ad Interim, [[Widodo AS]] ngaresmikeun Kabupatén Bandung Kulon jeung ngalantik Drs. Tjatja Kuswara salaku Pejabat Bupati Bandung Kulon<ref name=":5" />. Anggota Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah Kabupatén Bandung Kulon dilantik dina tanggal 18 Oktobér 2007. Pamilihan Bupati Kabupatén Bandung Kulon kahiji diayakeun tanggal 8 Juni 2008, anu ngahasilkeun bupati jeung wakil bupati Kabupatén Bandung Kulon kapilih Drs. H. Abubakar, M. Si., jeung Drs. H. Ernawan Natasaputra, M. Si.. Kaduana dilantik dina tanggal 17 Juli 2008<ref name=":5" />. == Pamaréntahan == === Daptar Bupati === {| class="wikitable" !No !Potrét !Bupati !Mulai Jabatan !Akhir Jabatan !Prd. !Ket. ! colspan="2" |Wakil Bupati |- |'''—''' | |Drs. H. Tjatja Kuswara SH. MH. ''<sup>(Penjabat)</sup>'' |2 Januari 2007 |17 Juli 2008 |'''—''' |{{refn|Ngeusian Jabatan Bupati Saacan Pemilihan Bupati Dilaksanakeun|group=ket.}} |'''—''' |'''—''' |- | rowspan="2" |1 | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:H-abubakar-bandungbaratkab.go.id.jpg|pus|nirbing|131x131px]] | rowspan="2" |[[Abubakar (politikus)|Drs. H. Abubakar M. Si.]] |17 Juli 2008 |17 Juli 2013 |1 | | |[[Ernawan Natasasputra|Drs. Ernawan Natasaputra M. Si.]] |- |17 Juli 2013 |19 April 2018 | rowspan="2" |2 | |[[Gambar:Drs.H._Yayat_Turochmat_Soemitra.jpg|pus|nirbing|130x130px]] |[[Yayat T. Soemitra|Drs. H. Yayat Turochmat Soemitra]] |- |'''—''' |[[Gambar:Drs.H._Yayat_Turochmat_Soemitra.jpg|pus|nirbing|130x130px]] |[[Yayat T. Soemitra|Drs. H. Yayat Turochmat Soemitra]]''<sup>(Pelaksana Tugas)</sup>'' |19 April 2018 |17 Juli 2018 |{{refn|Ngeusian Jabatan Bupati salami Bupati sateuacanna dinonaktifkeun|group=ket.}} |'''—''' |'''—''' |- | |[[Gambar:Dadang_Mohamad,_Pj._Bupati_Bandung_Barat.jpg|pus|nirbing|159x159px]] |Dadang Mohamad Masoem ''<sup>(Penjabat)</sup>'' |17 Juli 2018 |20 Séptember 2018 |'''—''' |{{refn|Ngeusi Jabatan Bupati saacan Pelantikan Bupati Kapilih dina Pemilu 2018|group=ket.}} |'''—''' |'''—''' |- |2 |[[Gambar:Aa_Umbara_Sutisna.png|pus|nirbing|112x112px]] |[[Aa Umbara Sutisna]] |20 Septémber 2018 |12 April 2021 |3 | | |[[Héngky Kurniawan]] |- | | |[[Héngky Kurniawan]]''<sup>(Pelaksana Tugas)</sup>'' |13 April 2021 |6 November 2022 | |{{refn|Ngeusian Jabatan Bupati salami Bupati sateuacanna dinonaktifkeun|group=ket.}} |'''—''' |'''—''' |- | | |[[Héngky Kurniawan]] |7 Novémber 2022 |''Pétahana'' | | |'''—''' |'''—''' |} <references group="ket."/> === Kecamatan === Kabupatén Bandung Kulon miboga 16 kecamatan jeung 165 désa, anu pusat pamaréntahan na aya di [[Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Kecamatan Ngamprah]] <ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017|title=Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan|publisher=Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up|archive-date=29 Desember 2018|access-date=3 Oktober 2019}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url=http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf|title=Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan|publisher=Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019|archive-date=25 Oktober 2019|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" !Kode Kemendagri !Kecamatan jeung Kode Pos !Jumlah Lembur !Daptar Lembur/Kelurahan |- valign="center" |32.17.09 |[[Batujajar, Bandung Kulon|Batujajar]] (40561) | align="center" |8 |{{Flatlist|* [[Batujajar Kulon, Batujajar, Bandung Kulon|Batujajar Kulon]] * [[Batujajar Wétan, Batujajar, Bandung Kulon|Batujajar Wétan]] * [[Cangkorah, Batujajar, Bandung Kulon|Cangkorah]] * [[Galanggang, Batujajar, Bandung Kulon|Galanggang]] * [[Giriasih, Batujajar, Bandung Kulon|Giriasih]] * [[Pangauban, Batujajar, Bandung Kulon|Pangauban]] * [[Selacau, Batujajar, Bandung Kulon|Selacau]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.10 |[[Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Cihampelas]] (40562) | align="center" |10 |{{Flatlist|* [[Cihampelas, Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Cihampelas]] * [[Cipatik, Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Cipatik]] * [[Citapen, Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Citapen]] * [[Mekarjaya, Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Mekarjaya]] * [[Mekarmukti, Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Mekarmukti]] * [[Pataruman, Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Pataruman]] * [[Singajaya, Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Singajaya]] * [[Situwangi, Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Situwangi]] * [[Tanjungjaya, Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Tanjungjaya]] * [[Tanjungwangi, Cihampelas, Bandung Kulon|Tanjungwangi]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.04 |[[Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Cikalong Wetan]] (40556) | align="center" |13 |{{Flatlist|* [[Cikalong, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Cikalong]] * [[Cipada, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Cipada]] * [[Ciptagumati, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Ciptagumati]] * [[Cisomang Kulon, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Cisomang Kulon]] * [[Ganjarsari, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Ganjarsari]] * [[Kanangasari, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Kanangasari]] * [[Mandalamukti, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Mandalamukti]] * [[Mandalasari, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Mandalasari]] * [[Mekarjaya, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Mekarjaya]] * [[Puteran, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Puteran]] * [[Rende, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Rende]] * [[Tenjolaut, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Tenjolaut]] * [[Wangunjaya, Cikalong Wetan, Bandung Kulon|Wangunjaya]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.11 |[[Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Cililin]] (40562) | align="center" |11 |{{Flatlist|* [[Batulayang, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Batulayang]] * [[Bongas, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Bongas]] * [[Budiharja, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Budiharja]] * [[Cililin, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Cililin]] * [[Karanganyar, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Karanganyar]] * [[Karangtanjung, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Karangtanjung]] * [[Karyamukti, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Karyamukti]] * [[Kidangpananjung, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Kidangpananjung]] * [[Mukapayung, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Mukapayung]] * [[Nanggerang, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Nanggerang]] * [[Rancapanggung, Cililin, Bandung Kulon|Rancapanggung]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.07 |[[Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Cipatat]] (40554) | align="center" |12 |{{Flatlist|* [[Cipatat, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Cipatat]] * [[Ciptaharja, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Ciptaharja]] * [[Cirawamekar, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Cirawamekar]] * [[Citatah, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Citatah]] * [[Gunungmasigit, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Gunungmasigit]] * [[Kertamukti, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Kertamukti]] * [[Mandalasari, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Mandalasari]] * [[Mandalawangi, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Mandalawangi]] * [[Nyalindung, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Nyalindung]] * [[Rajamandala Kulon, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Rajamandala Kulon]] * [[Sarimukti, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Sarimukti]] * [[Sumurbandung, Cipatat, Bandung Kulon|Sumurbandung]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.05 |[[Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Cipeundeuy]] (40558) | align="center" |12 |{{Flatlist|* [[Bojongmekar, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Bojongmekar]] * [[Ciharashas, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Ciharashas]] * [[Cipeundeuy, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Cipeundeuy]] * [[Ciroyom, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Ciroyom]] * [[Jatimekar, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Jatimekar]] * [[Margalaksana, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Margalaksana]] * [[Margaluyu, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Margaluyu]] * [[Nanggeleng, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Nanggeleng]] * [[Nyenang, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Nyenang]] * [[Sirnagalih, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Sirnagalih]] * [[Sirnaraja, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Sirnaraja]] * [[Sukahaji, Cipeundeuy, Bandung Kulon|Sukahaji]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.12 |[[Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Cipongkor]] (40564) | align="center" |14 |{{Flatlist|* [[Baranangsiang, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Baranangsiang]] * [[Cibenda, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Cibenda]] * [[Cicangkang Hilir, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Cicangkang Hilir]] * [[Cijambu, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Cijambu]] * [[Cijenuk, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Cijenuk]] * [[Cintaasih, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Cintaasih]] * [[Citalem, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Citalem]] * [[Girimukti, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Girimukti]] * [[Karangsari, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Karangsari]] * [[Mekarsari, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Mekarsari]] * [[Neglasari, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Neglasari]] * [[Sarinagen, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Sarinagen]] * [[Sirnagalih, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Sirnagalih]] * [[Sukamulya, Cipongkor, Bandung Kulon|Sukamulya]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.03 |[[Cisarua, Bandung Kulon|Cisarua]] (40551) | align="center" |8 |{{Flatlist|* [[Cipada, Cisarua, Bandung Kulon|Cipada]] * [[Jambudipa, Cisarua, Bandung Kulon|Jambudipa]] * [[Kertawangi, Cisarua, Bandung Kulon|Kertawangi]] * [[Padaasih, Cisarua, Bandung Kulon|Padaasih]] * [[Pasirhalang, Cisarua, Bandung Kulon|Pasirhalang]] * [[Pasirlangu, Cisarua, Bandung Kulon|Pasirlangu]] * [[Sadangmekar, Cisarua, Bandung Kulon|Sadangmekar]] * [[Tugumukti, Cisarua, Bandung Kulon|Tugumukti]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.15 |[[Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon|Gununghalu]] (40565) | align="center" |9 |{{Flatlist|* [[Bunijaya, Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon|Bunijaya]] * [[Celak, Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon|Celak]] * [[Cilangari, Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon|Cilangari]] * [[Gununghalu, Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon|Gununghalu]] * [[Sindangjaya, Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon|Sindangjaya]] * [[Sirnajaya, Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon|Sirnajaya]] * [[Sukasari, Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon|Sukasari]] * [[Tamanjaya, Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon|Tamanjaya]] * [[Wargasaluyu, Gununghalu, Bandung Kulon|Wargasaluyu]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.01 |[[Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Lembang]] (40391) | align="center" |16 |{{Flatlist|* [[Cibodas, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Cibodas]] * [[Cibogo, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Cibogo]] * [[Cikahuripan, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Cikahuripan]] * [[Cikidang, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Cikidang]] * [[Cikole, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Cikole]] * [[Gudangkahuripan, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Gudangkahuripan]] * [[Jayagiri, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Jayagiri]] * [[Kayuambon, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Kayuambon]] * [[Langensari, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Langensari]] * [[Lembang, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Lembang]] * [[Mekarwangi, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Mekarwangi]] * [[Pagerwangi, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Pagerwangi]] * [[Sukajaya, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Sukajaya]] * [[Suntenjaya, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Suntenjaya]] * [[Wangunharja, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Wangunharja]] * [[Wangunsari, Lembang, Bandung Kulon|Wangunsari]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.06 |[[Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Ngamprah]] (40552) | align="center" |11 |{{Flatlist|* [[Bojongkoneng, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Bojongkoneng]] * [[Cilame, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Cilame]] * [[Cimanggu, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Cimanggu]] * [[Cimareme, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Cimareme]] * [[Gadobangkong, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Gadobangkong]] * [[Margajaya, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Margajaya]] * [[Mekarsari, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Mekarsari]] * [[Ngamprah, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Ngamprah]] * [[Pakuhaji, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Pakuhaji]] * [[Sukatani, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Sukatani]] * [[Tanimulya, Ngamprah, Bandung Kulon|Tanimulya]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.08 |[[Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Padalarang]] (40553) | align="center" |10 |{{Flatlist|* [[Cempakamekar, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Cempakamekar]] * [[Ciburuy, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Ciburuy]] * [[Cimerang, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Cimerang]] * [[Cipeundeuy, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Cipeundeuy]] * [[Jayamekar, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Jayamekar]] * [[Kertajaya, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Kertajaya]] * [[Kertamulya, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Kertamulya]] * [[Laksanamekar, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Laksanamekar]] * [[Padalarang, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Padalarang]] * [[Tagogapu, Padalarang, Bandung Kulon|Tagogapu]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.02 |[[Parongpong, Bandung Kulon|Parongpong]] (40559) | align="center" |7 |{{Flatlist|* [[Cigugur Girang, Parongpong, Bandung Kulon|Cigugur Girang]] * [[Cihanjuang, Parongpong, Bandung Kulon|Cihanjuang]] * [[Cihanjuang Rahayu, Parongpong, Bandung Kulon|Cihanjuang Rahayu]] * [[Cihideung, Parongpong, Bandung Kulon|Cihideung]] * [[Ciwaruga, Parongpong, Bandung Kulon|Ciwaruga]] * [[Karyawangi, Parongpong, Bandung Kulon|Karyawangi]] * [[Sariwangi, Parongpong, Bandung Kulon|Sariwangi]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.13 |[[Rongga, Bandung Kulon|Rongga]] (40566) | align="center" |8 |{{Flatlist|* [[Bojong, Rongga, Bandung Kulon|Bojong]] * [[Bojongsalam, Rongga, Bandung Kulon|Bojongsalam]] * [[Cibedug, Rongga, Bandung Kulon|Cibedug]] * [[Cibitung, Rongga, Bandung Kulon|Cibitung]] * [[Cicadas, Rongga, Bandung Kulon|Cicadas]] * [[Cinengah, Rongga, Bandung Kulon|Cinengah]] * [[Sukamanah, Rongga, Bandung Kulon|Sukamanah]] * [[Sukaresmi, Rongga, Bandung Kulon|Sukaresmi]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.16 |[[Saguling, Bandung Kulon|Saguling]] (40561) | align="center" |6 |{{Flatlist|* [[Bojonghaleuang, Batujajar, Bandung Kulon|Bojonghaleuang]] * [[Cikande, Saguling, Bandung Kulon|Cikande]] * [[Cipangeran, Saguling, Bandung Kulon|Cipangeran]] * [[Girimukti, Saguling, Bandung Kulon|Girimukti]] * [[Jati, Saguling, Bandung Kulon|Jati]] * [[Saguling, Saguling, Bandung Kulon|Saguling]]}} |- valign="center" |32.17.14 |[[Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Sindangkerta]] (40563) | align="center" |11 |{{Flatlist|* [[Buninagara, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Buninagara]] * [[Cicangkang Girang, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Cicangkang Girang]] * [[Cikadu, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Cikadu]] * [[Cintakarya, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Cintakarya]] * [[Mekarwangi, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Mekarwangi]] * [[Pasirpogor, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Pasirpogor]] * [[Puncaksari, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Puncaksari]] * [[Ranca Senggang, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Ranca Senggang]] * [[Sindangkerta, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Sindangkerta]] * [[Wangunsari, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Wangunsari]] * [[Weninggalih, Sindangkerta, Bandung Kulon|Weninggalih]]}} |- valign="center" style="background-color: #ccc;" ! !TOTAL !165 ! |} == Démografi == === Pangeusi === Dina taun 2021, jumlah pangeusi Kabupatén Bandung Kulon nyaéta 1.814.226 jiwa anu kasebar di wilayah salega 1.305,77 km² dina kapadetan pangeusi 1.389 jiwa/km². Rata-rata laju pertumbuhan jumlah pangeusi di Kabupatén Bandung Kulon ningkat ti 0,07% jadi 1,65% di taun 2021. Rasio séks atawa perbandingan pangeusi lalaki jeung awéwé dina taun 2021 nyaéta 104, nandakeun yén pangeusi lalaki di Kabupatén Bandung Kulon leuwih loba tibatan pangeusi awéwé<ref name=":0" />. Kacamatan Ngamprah, Padalarang, jeung Batujajar jadi kacamatan anu kepadatan pangeusina paling tinggi di taun 2021.<ref name=":0" /> == Ékonomi == Perékonomian Kabupatén Bandung Kulon ditopang kana potensi dina séktor pertanian jeung pariwisata<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/845285/97/musrenbang-kbb-tahun-2023-rancang-pengembangan-klaster-ekonomi-dan-revitalisasi-industri-1659517721|title=Musrenbang KBB Tahun 2023 Rancang Pengembangan Klaster Ekonomi dan Revitalisasi Industri|website=SINDOnews.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227122514/https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/845285/97/musrenbang-kbb-tahun-2023-rancang-pengembangan-klaster-ekonomi-dan-revitalisasi-industri-1659517721|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref>. Dina séktor pertanian, rupa-rupa komoditas tani dihasilkeun tiap kecamatan jeung diperdagangkeun di Kabupatén Bandung Kulon saperti bawang, cabé, kentang, kol, tomat, jeung réa deui. Luas panén komoditas tani Kabupatén Bandung Kulon panggedéna aya dina jenis cabé jeung kol<ref name=":0" />. Dina bidang pariwisata, Kabupatén Bandung Kulon ngabogaan rupa-rupa déstinasi wisata di sabudeureun kabupatén. Tiap taunna aya sakitar opat nepi ka genep juta wisatawan anu datang ka Kabupatén Bandung Kulon. Stratégi Kabupatén Bandung Kulon dina ngawangun jeung mekarkeun poténsi pariwisata daérah salah sahijina ku ngarojong komunitas atawa kelompok masyarakat keur ngembangkeun poténsi wisata<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.inews.id/berita/kembangkan-potensi-wisata-bandung-barat-diparbud-kbb-gandeng-pokdarwis|title=Kembangkan Potensi Wisata Bandung Barat, Diparbud KBB Gandeng Pokdarwis|website=iNews.ID|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227122511/https://jabar.inews.id/berita/kembangkan-potensi-wisata-bandung-barat-diparbud-kbb-gandeng-pokdarwis|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref>. == Atikan == Dina taun 2022, geus aya sakitar 681 SD, 203 MI, 183 SMP, 144 MTs, 60 SMA, 99 SMK, jeung 73 MA anu aya di Kabupatén Bandung Kulon<ref name=":0" />. Partisipasi pangeusi atikan Kabupatén Bandung Kulon aya dina 49,70% (tingkat SMA/SMK/MA) nepi ka 97,69% (SD/MI). Tingkat melék hurup masarakat Kabupatén Bandung Kulon aya di 99,29 nepi ka 100%, nandakeun tingkat literasi nu tinggi di kabupatén ieu<ref name=":0" />. Sababaraha sakola atawa paguron luhur anu aya di Kabupatén Bandung Kulon nyaéta: === SMP === * [[SMP Negeri 3 Cikalongwétan]] * [[SMP Negeri 1 Cipongkor]] * [[SMP Negeri 1 Padalarang]] * [[SMP Negeri 1 Cikalongwétan]] === SMA === * [[SMA Negeri 1 Batujajar]] * [[SMA Negeri 1 Padalarang]] * [[SMA Negeri 1 Cikalongwetan]] * [[SMA Negeri 1 Cililin]] * [[SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua]] * [[SMA Negeri 1 Lémbang]] === SMK === {{col-css3-begin}} * [[SMK Pakuan Lembang]] * [[SMK Al Ikhsan Batujajar]] * [[SMK Plus Krida Utama Padalarang]] * [[SMK Bina Prestasi Bangsa]] * [[SMK Bandung Barat]] * [[SMK 45 Lembang]] * [[SMK Pakuan Lembang]] * [[SMK Taruna Nusantara Jaya]] * [[SMK Pengetahuan Nusantara Sakti Padalarang]] {{col-css3-end}} === Paguron luhur === * [[Universitas Advént Indonésia]] * [[Politeknik Negeri Bandung|Politéknik Negeri Bandung]] * [[STIKES Borromeus Bandung]] * [[Akademi Bahasa Asing Internasional]] * [[Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Darul Falah]] == Transportasi == Kabupatén Bandung Kulon ngagunakeun sababaraha jenis transportasi umum keur ngahubungkeun pangeusi di jero jeung luar kabupatén. Umumna, transportasi umum anu digunakeun aya angkutan kota (angkot) jeung karéta api. === Angkutan kota === Angkutan kota atawa disebut angkot mangrupa salah sahiji jenis transportasi umum anu biasa digunakeun di Kabupatén Bandung Kulon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idxchannel.com/economics/siap-siap-ongkos-31-trayek-angkot-di-bandung-barat-segera-naik|title=Siap-siap! Ongkos 31 Trayek Angkot di Bandung Barat Segera Naik|last=idxchannel|website=https://www.idxchannel.com/|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225120321/https://www.idxchannel.com/economics/siap-siap-ongkos-31-trayek-angkot-di-bandung-barat-segera-naik|archivedate=2023-02-25}}</ref>. Transportasi umum ieu ngahubungkeun daérah nu aya di jero jeung luar Kabupatén Bandung Kulon. Trayék atawa jurusan anu disadiakeun di antarana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/205495/perbup-kab-bandung-barat-no-36-tahun-2014|title=PERBUP Kab. Bandung Barat No. 36 Tahun 2014 tentang Tarif Angkutan Penumpang Umum Di Wilayah Kabupaten Bandung Barat [JDIH BPK RI]|website=peraturan.bpk.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225120320/https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/205495/perbup-kab-bandung-barat-no-36-tahun-2014|archivedate=2023-02-25}}</ref>: * Padalarang - Cikalong Wétan * Padalarang - Cikalong Wétan - Cipeundeuy * Padalarang - Gunung Béntang * Padalarang - Panghéotan * Padalarang - Parongpong * Padalarang - Rajamandala * Cipeundeuy - Cirata - Plered * Cillin - Sindangkerta - Gununghalu * Cililn - Cijenuk - Baranangsiang * Lembang - Maribaya - Cibodas * Lembang - Cikawari * Lembang - Cikolé * Lembang - Cijéngkol * Lembang - Cibeusi * Lembang - Cisarua * Cikole - Tangkubanparahu === Stasion Karéta === [[Gambar:Stasiun Padalarang Depan.jpg|jmpl|277x277px|Bagian payun Stasion Padalarang]] Kabupatén Bandung Kulon ngabogaan hiji stasion karéta api tingkat I jeung 8 stasion leutik (tingkat III) anu beroperasi di sabudeureun kabupatén<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ppid.dephub.go.id/files/dataka/BI_Final_RevMei.pdf|title=Buku Informasi Direktorat Jenderal Perkeretaapian 2014|website=web.archive.org|publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Perkeretaapian, Kementerian Perhubungan Indonesia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101050243/http://ppid.dephub.go.id/files/dataka/BI_Final_RevMei.pdf|archivedate=2020-01-01|accessdate=2023-02-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101050243/http://ppid.dephub.go.id/files/dataka/BI_Final_RevMei.pdf |date=2020-01-01 }}</ref>. Salian ti stasion karéta api, Kabupatén Bandung Kulon bakal boga stasion ''high speed'' ''rail'' (HSR) anu bakal dioperasikeun ku [[PT Kereta Cepat Indonésia China]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayobandung.com/bandung/pr-79665455/kebut-kereta-cepat-kcic-libatkan-12000-tenaga-kerja|title=Kebut Kereta Cepat, KCIC Libatkan 12.000 Tenaga Kerja - Ayo Bandung|last=Junari|first=Tri|website=Kebut Kereta Cepat, KCIC Libatkan 12.000 Tenaga Kerja - Ayo Bandung|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227062300/https://www.ayobandung.com/bandung/pr-79665455/kebut-kereta-cepat-kcic-libatkan-12000-tenaga-kerja|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref>. stasion anu masih beroperasi nyaéta: * Stasion karéta api ** [[Stasion Cikadongdong]] ** [[Stasion Réndéh]] ** [[Stasion Maswati]] ** [[Stasion Sasaksaat]] ** [[Stasion Cilamé]] ** [[Stasion Cipatat]] ** [[Stasion Padalarang]] ** [[Stasion Gadobangkong|Halte Gadobangkong]] * Stasion ''high speed rail'' ** [[Stasion HSR Padalarang]] Di samping stasion karéta anu aktif, Kabupatén Bandung Kulon masih boga dua stasion nonaktif, nyaéta [[Stasion Rajamandala]] jeung [[Stasion Tagogapu]]. Dina kaberjalananna, dua stasion ieu direncanakeun bakal diréaktivasi keur operasi karéta api Kiansantang, ngan teu dilanjutkeun ku sabab prasarana anu kurang layak<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medcom.id/nasional/daerah/MkM3rXDN-peluncuran-ka-kiansantang-cianjur-bandung-ditunda|title=Peluncuran KA Kiansantang Cianjur-Bandung Ditunda|last=developer|first=medcom id|website=medcom.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227122512/https://www.medcom.id/nasional/daerah/MkM3rXDN-peluncuran-ka-kiansantang-cianjur-bandung-ditunda|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cianjurtoday.com/today/pr-9657212323/ka-cianjur-bandung-lewat-tagogapu-atau-cilame-ini-jawabannya|title=KA Cianjur - Bandung Lewat Tagogapu Atau Cilame? Ini Jawabannya - Cianjur Today|last=cianjurtoday.com|website=KA Cianjur - Bandung Lewat Tagogapu Atau Cilame? Ini Jawabannya - Cianjur Today|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227122515/https://www.cianjurtoday.com/today/pr-9657212323/ka-cianjur-bandung-lewat-tagogapu-atau-cilame-ini-jawabannya|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref>. Sakabéh stasion ieu ngalayanan sababaraha karéta ti jero atawa luar Jawa Kulon. Karéta jeung jurusan anu ngaliwatan stasiun di Kabupatén Bandung Kulon nyaéta: * [[Karéta api Cikuray|KA Cikuray]] ** [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Pasar Senen]]-[[Stasion Garut|Garut]] * [[Karéta api lokal Cibatu|KA Garut Cibatuan]] ** [[Stasion Purwakarta|Purwakarta]]-[[Stasion Garut|Garut]] ** [[Stasion Padalarang|Padalarang]]-[[Stasion Garut|Garut]] * [[Karéta api lokal Bandung Raya|KA Lokal Bandung Raya]] ** [[Stasion Purwakarta|Purwakarta]]-[[Stasion Cicaléngka|Cicalengka]] ** [[Stasion Padalarang|Padalarang]]-[[Stasion Cicaléngka|Cicalengka]] * [[Karéta api Siliwangi|KA Siliwangi]] ** [[Stasion Sukabumi|Sukabumi]]-[[Stasion Cipatat|Cipatat]] ** [[Stasion Cianjur|Cianjur]]-[[Stasion Padalarang|Padalarang]] * [[Karéta Api Haurgeulis|KA Haurgeulis]] ** [[Stasion Cikampék|Cikampek]]-[[Stasion Padalarang|Padalarang]] == Pariwisata == {{col-css3-begin|3}} * [[Gunung Tangkuban Parahu]] * [[Gunung Burangrang]] * [[Curug Maribaya]] * [[Taman Begonia|Taman Bégonia]] * [[Taman Hutan Lembang]] * [[Taman Hutan Raya Ir. H. Djuanda|Taman Hutan Djuanda]] * [[Curug Omas]] * [[Curug Cimahi]] * [[Curug Malela]] * [[Situ Ciburuy]] * [[Stone Garden]] * [[Guha Pawon]] * [[Sanghyang Tikoro]] * [[Lembah Curugan Gunung Putri]] * [[Waduk Cirata]] * [[Waduk Saguling]] * [[Sēndang Geulis Kahuripan]] * [[Pasir Keraton]] * [[Tutugan Burangrang]] {{col-css3-end}} <gallery> File:Gunung burangrang @ Villa Alabare - panoramio.jpg|Gunung Burangrang File:Curug_Malela.jpg|Curug Maléla File:Taman Hutan Raya IR Djuanda.jpg|Taman Hutan Djuanda File:Curug Cimahi, 25-04-2015.jpg|Curug Cimahi File:Sunset_di_Waduk_Cirata,_Jawa_Barat.jpg|Waduk Cirata File:Saguling_Lake.jpg|Waduk Saguling File:Situ Ciburuy scenery.jpg|Situ Ciburuy File:Uzi_di_Stone_Garden_Bandung.jpg|Stone Garden </gallery> == Rujukan == {{col-css3-begin|2}} <references /> {{col-css3-end}} {{JaBar}} {{Kabupatén Bandung Kulon}} [[Kategori:Kabupatén Bandung Kulon| ]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén di Jawa Kulon|Bandung Kulon]] [[Kategori:Artikel WikiMekar]] n1cnup42ykdqb63l8eo93lcwtgxmcrd 0 25346 731752 681173 2026-11-08T06:28:27Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|LAOS|Partéy pulitik di Yunani|Réli Ortodoks Populér ''(Popular Orthodox Rally)''}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ <br />''Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao'' <br />Lao People's Democratic Republic |common_name = Laos |image_flag = Flag of Laos.svg |image_coat =Coat_of_arms_of_Laos.svg |symbol_type = Lambang nagara |image_map = LocationLaos.svg |national_motto = ສັນຕິພາບ ເອກະລາດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ເອກະພາບ ວັດທະນາຖາວອນ<br />"Peace, Independence, Democracy, Unity and Prosperity" |national_anthem = ''[[Pheng Xat Lao]]'' |official_languages = [[Basa Lao|Lao]] |demonym = [[Urang Lao|Lao]] |capital = [[Vientiane]] |latd=17 |latm=58 |latNS=N |longd=102 |longm=36 |longEW=E |largest_city = ibu kota |government_type = [[Républik sosialis]] |leader_title1 = [[Presiden Laos|Presiden]] |leader_name1 = [[Thongloun Sisoulith]] |leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Laos|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name2 = [[Phankham Viphavanh]] |sovereignty_type = [[Merdika]] |sovereignty_note = ti [[France]] |established_event1 = Tanggal |established_date1 = [[19 Juli]] [[1949]] |area_rank = ka-83 |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 236,800 |area_sq_mi = 91,429 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 2 |population_estimate = 6,521,998 |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_estimate_rank = ka-106 |population_census = 4,574,848 |population_census_year = 1995 |population_density_km2 = 25 |population_density_sq_mi = 65 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-177 |GDP_PPP_year = 2006 |GDP_PPP = $13.75 miliar |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-129 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,200 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-138 |HDI_year = 2004 |HDI = {{increase}} 0.553 |HDI_rank = ka-133 |HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">sedeng</font> |Gini = 34.6 |Gini_year = 2002 |Gini_category = <font color="#ffcc00">sedeng</font> |currency = [[Kip Lao|Kip]] |currency_code = LAK |time_zone = |utc_offset = +7 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.la]] |calling_code = 856 }} '''Laos''' ({{pronEng|ˈlɑːoʊs}}, {{IPA|/ˈlaʊs/}}, atawa {{IPA|/ˈleɪɒs/}}<ref>Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 08, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/laos {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127125147/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Laos |date=2007-11-27 }}</ref>), resmina '''Républik Démokratik Rahayat Lao''', nyaéta nagara nu [[singkur]] di [[Asia Tenggara]], diwatesan ku [[Burma]] (Myanmar) jeung [[Républik Rahayat Cina|Cina]] di kulon kaler, [[Vietnam]] di béh wetan, [[Kamboja]] di kidul, sarta [[Thailand]] di béh kulonna. Laos nyukcruk sajarahna ka Karajaan [[Lan Xang]] atawa ''Lemah Sayuta Gajah'', nu aya ti saprak [[abad ka-14]] tepi ka [[abad ka-18|18]]. Sanggeus sapériodeu minangka [[kakaisaran kolonial Perancis|jajahan Perancis]], Laos merfika taun [[1949]]. [[Perang rusiah|Perang sipil]] resmi rengse nalika gerakan [[Komunisme|komunis]] [[Pathet Lao]] ngawasa taun [[1975]] tapi paketrok antar faksi masih lumangsung sababaraha taun lilana. [[Private enterprise|Pausahaan pribadi]] geus nambahan saprak ahir [[1990-an]] nalika reformasi ekonomi kaasup diwanohkeunnana idin bisnis nu gancang. Laos kaasup kénéh di antara nagara panghandapna sacara ekonomis katut pulitis.<ref>[http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Laos Heritage Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805065034/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Laos |date=2007-08-05 }}</ref> Sanajan kitu, [[ekonomi Laos]] tuwuh 7.2% dina taun [[2006]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701201952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html |date=2017-07-01 }}</ref> [[Daptar nagara dumasar rata-rata tuwuhna GDP (nominal)|ka-35]] panggancangna sadunya. ''80% of the employed practice [[subsistence agriculture]]''.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#Econ CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000748/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#Econ |date=2010-12-29 }}</ref> Etnis nagara ieu béda-béda, kalayan 70%-na mangrupa kelompok etnis panggedéna nyaéta [[urang Lao|Lao]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#People CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000748/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#People |date=2010-12-29 }}, May 2007</ref> == Rengking internasional == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Organisasi ! Survey ! Rengking |- | [[Heritage Foundation]]/''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' | [[Index of Economic Freedom#Current ratings|Index of Economic Freedom]] | 149 tina 157 |- | [[Reporters Without Borders]] | [[Reporters Without Borders#Worldwide press freedom index|Worldwide Press Freedom Index]] | 156 tina 167 |- | [[Transparency International]] | [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] | 111 tina 163 |- | [[United Nations Development Programme]] | [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] | 133 tina 177 |- |} == Tempo ogé == * [[List of Laos-related topics]] * [[Communications in Laos]] * [[Emblem of Laos|Lambang Laos]] * [[Foreign relations of Laos]] * [[List of indices of freedom]] * [[Companies in Laos]] * [[Military of Laos|Militér Laos]] * [[Scouting in Laos]] * [[Transport in Laos|Angkutan di Laos]] '''Pamingpin minoritas etnis di Laos''' * [[Pa Chay Vue]] * [[Ong Keo]] * [[Ong Kommandam]] == Catetan jeung rujukan == {{reflist}} {{refbegin}} * Fredenburg, P. and B. Hill. 2006. ''Sharing Rice for Peace and Prosperity in the Greater Mekong Subregion.'' Sid Harta Publishers, Victoria. ISBN 1-921206-08-X. pp271. * J. M. Schiller, M. B. Chanphengxay, B. Linquist and S. Appa Rao, editors. 2006. Rice in Laos. Los Banos, (Philippines). International Rice Reséarch Institute. 457 p. ISBN 978-971-22-0211-7. * Stuart-Fox, M. 1999. A History of Laos. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59235-6. * [http://www.irri.org/donors/SDC/pdfs/15YearsOfSupport.pdf Fifteen years of support for rice research in Lao PDR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027021851/http://www.irri.org/donors/SDC/pdfs/15YearsOfSupport.pdf |date=2007-10-27 }} {{refend}} == Tumbu luar == {{sisterlinks|Laos}} {{wikivoyage|Laos}} * [http://www.unlao.org United Nations Operations in Lao P.D.R -'''RB'''-] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803175341/http://www.unlao.org/ |date=2020-08-03 }} * [http://www.undplao.org UNDP Lao Official Website -'''RB'''-] * [http://www.na.gov.la The National Assembly of Lao P.D.R.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304010400/http://www.na.gov.la/ |date=2011-03-04 }} * [http://www.mofa.gov.la Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lao P.D.R.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111003337/http://www.mofa.gov.la/ |date=2019-11-11 }} * [http://www.mot.gov.la Ministry of Trade of Lao P.D.R.]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.traveltolao.com Laos tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128081104/http://traveltolao.com/ |date=2020-11-28 }} * [http://www1.mot.gov.la/laowebsite/default.asp Ministry of Commerce of Lao P.D.R.]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.nsc.gov.la National Statistics Centre of Lao P.D.R.] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html CIA - The World Factbook: Laos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000748/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html |date=2010-12-29 }} * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Laos|Laos}} * [http://www.panda.org/laos WWF in Laos] * [http://www.vientianetimes.org.la Vientiane Times: the ''official'' newspaper] * [http://www.vientianetimes.com Vientiane Times: the ''unofficial'' website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207100455/http://www.vientianetimes.com/ |date=2007-12-07 }} * [http://laocuisine.net Lao Cuisine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921093726/http://www.laocuisine.net/ |date=2020-09-21 }} Lao Food and drinks * [http://laomusic.la Lao Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727214410/http://laomusic.la/ |date=2020-07-27 }} Latest modérn and traditional Lao Music * [http://www.laoplanet.net Lao Planet] Lao News with popularity vote * [http://laonews.la Lao News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809071407/http://laonews.la/ |date=2018-08-09 }} Daily Lao News * [http://www.laovoices.com Lao Voices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518161202/https://www.laovoices.com/ |date=2021-05-18 }} Blogs about Laos * [http://www.kpl.net.la/ KPL Daily News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111144009/http://www.kpl.net.la/ |date=2007-01-11 }} Lao News Agency * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071204144904/http://www.laofr.net/ Laos.fr community] {{fr icon}} * [http://www.amphonesinh.info/champa/ Plumeria flowers - La fleur de frangipaniers, symbole du Laos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124010848/http://www.amphonesinh.info/champa/ |date=2007-01-24 }} * [http://www.everestinfo.org/laos2/ U.S. Operations to Remove UXO - Weston, WI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110075249/http://www.everestinfo.org/laos2/ |date=2008-01-10 }} * [http://www.laos.culturalprofiles.net Laos Cultural Profile (Ministry of Information and Culture/Visiting Arts)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701044640/http://www.laos.culturalprofiles.net/ |date=2012-07-01 }} * [http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/138543.html Half of Laos' rural children chronically malnourished, says WFP ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027150054/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/138543.html |date=2012-10-27 }} {{Template group |title = Geografi lokal |list = {{Countries and territories of Southeast Asia}} }} {{Template group |title = Kaanggotaan jeung sajarah internasional |list = {{Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)}} {{East Asia Summit (EAS)}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{Communist states}} {{Former French colonies}} }} {{Countries of the Indosphere}} [[Category:Laos| ]] [[Category:Anggota ASEAN]] [[Category:Nagara miskin]] fodgyadq7nijldb192sv560lrvil3rw 0 25531 731629 728542 2026-11-07T21:48:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox media | name = Blu-ray Disc | logo = | image = [[Gambar:BluRayDiscBack.png|200px|Reverse side of a Blu-ray Disc]] | caption = | type = High-density [[optical disc]] | encoding = [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264|MPEG-4 AVC (H.264)]], and [[VC-1]] | capacity = 25 [[gigabyte|GB]] (single layer), 50&nbsp;GB (dual layer) | read = 1x@36&nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] & 2x@72&nbsp;Mbit/s | write = | standard = | owner = [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] | use = Data storage, [[High-definition video]] and [[PlayStation 3]] Games | extended from = | extended to = }} '''Cakram Blu-ray''' (basa Inggris: '''''Blu-ray Disc''''') nyaéta hiji format [[cakram optik]] nu kacida padetna pikeun nyimpen informasi digital, kaasup [[high-definition video|video definisi luhur]]. Dimensina mah sarua jeung [[DVD]] atawa [[CD]]. Ngaran ''Cakram Blu-ray'' dicokot tina [[laser]] biru-ungu ''(blue-violet)'' nu dipaké keur maca tur nulis tipe cakram ieu. Alatan [[panjang gelombang]] nu leuwih pondok (405 [[nanometer|nm]]), sacara substansial baris leuwih loba data nu bisa disimpen dina hiji Cakram Blu-ray ti batan dina format [[DVD]] nu maké laser beureum (650&nbsp;nm). Cakram Blu-ray salapis bisa nyimpen 25 [[gigabita]] (GB), leuwih ti lima kalieun ukuran DVD salapis 4.7&nbsp;GB. Cakram Blu-ray dua lapis bisa nyimpen 50&nbsp;GB, ampir genep kalieun ukuran DVD dua lapis nu 8.5&nbsp;GB. Blu-ray dimekarkeun ku [[Blu-ray Disc Association]], hiji grup pausahaan-pausahaan maju nu midangkeun elektronika konsumen, hardware komputer, jeung produksi gambar gerak. Standarna kawengku ku sababaraha paten nu dipibanda ku sababaraha pausahaan nu béda. Nepi ka Maret 2007, hiji kasapukan lisensi gabungan keur sakabéh paten nu cocog can bisa direngsekeun.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |title = Significant progress made toward creation of joint Blu-ray Disc™ patent license (Press Release) |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Seán Byrne |date = 2007-02-23 |work = cdrfreaks.com |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071112221413/http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |archivedate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref> Dumasar kana data tanggal [[2 Juli]], [[2008]] leuwih ti 650<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/movies.php?show=nowavailable | title=Total available United States releases }}</ref> pilem Cakram Blu-ray geus dirilis sacara komersil di [[Amerika Sarikat]] sarta leuwih ti 410<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/|title=Blu-ray/HD DVD releases in Japan|publisher=AVWatch|accessdate=2008-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181018/http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/|archive-date=2008-08-28}}</ref> judul Cakram Blu-ray dirilis di [[Jepang]]. Salila [[perang format cakram optis definisi luhur]], Blu-ray [[perang format|perang]] jeung saingannana, [[HD DVD]], pikeun nangtukeun nu mana salah sahiji (lamun henteu duanana) ti antara dua format ieu nu bakal mingpin pasar eusi definisi luhur keur konsumen. Dina tanggal [[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]], [[Toshiba]]&nbsp;— pausahaan utama nu ngarojong HD DVD&nbsp;— ngembarkeun yén moal neruskeun deui mekarkeun, nyieun jeung masarkeun pamuter jeung pangrekam HD DVD,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2008_02/pr1903.htm |title=Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses |publisher= Toshiba |date=[[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> nu nyababkeun ampir sakabéh nu ngarojong kana HD DVD marilu eureun, su sacara éféktifmungkas [[perang fomat]]. == Sajarah == {{Optical disc authoring}} [[Gambar:Blu-ray disc (BD-RE).JPG|ka|jmpl|200px|Cakram blu-ray kosong nu bisa ditulisan deui (BD-RE)]] Dina panengah dekade 1990-an, set [[HDTV]] komersil ahirna bisa mimiti asup kana pasar nu leuwih gedé. Sok sanajan kitu, geuningan euweuh cara nu alus tur hadé pikeun ngarekam atawa muter eusi HD. Meureun bae, da euweuh mediana nu bisa nyimpen data nu kacida gedéna, kajaba [[D-VHS|Digital VHS]]-na JVC jeung [[HDCAM|HD Betacam]]-na Sony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB891992681208651500.html?mod=googlewsj |title= In HDTV Age, Successor to VCR Still Seems to Be a Long Way Off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Evan Ramstad |date=1998-04-08 |work=online.wsj.com}}</ref> Sok sanajan kitu, geus kasohor yén maké laser nu panjang gelombangna pondok bakal bisa nyimpen optik kalawan leuwih padet. Nalika [[Shuji Nakamura]] nimu [[laser bulao|dioda laser bulao]] nu praktis, hal éta mangrupa hiji sensasi, sok sanajan perkara hukum patali jeung paten nu papanjangan, geus nyababkeun diwanohkeunana tehnologi ieu sacara komersil, jadi telat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,103862-page,1/article.html |title=Opening the Door for New Storage Options |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2002-08-12 |work=pcworld.com |publisher=}}</ref> === Asal === {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: [[UDO]] (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray (more specifically, BD-RE).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetanalog.com/features/OEG20010615S0046 |title=Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=S.B. Luitjens |date=2001-06-15 |work=planetanalog.com |publisher=}}</ref> The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar. The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the [[CEATEC]] exhibition in October 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,105534-page,1/article.html |title = Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |date= 2000-10-11 |work = cdrinfo.com }}</ref> Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of the disc, éarly discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic cartridges for protection. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1952.html |title = Replacement for DVD unveiled |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Barry Fox |date= 2002-02-19 |work = newscientist.com }}</ref> and the [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer devices were in stores on [[April 10]], 2001. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77; a BD-RE recorder that was only made available in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |title=SONY BDZ-S77 Recorder Review |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Maxim Liadov |date= |work=pricenfees.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062709/https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |archivedate=2017-02-02 }}</ref> However, there was no standard for pre-recorded vidéo (BD-ROM) and no movies were reléased for this player. The Blu-ray standard was still yéars away, since a new and secure [[Digital Rights Management|DRM]] system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it. Nobody wanted to repéat the failure of the [[Content Scramble System]] for DVDs. === Kompetisi jeung HD DVD === The [[DVD Forum]] (which was chaired by [[Toshiba]]) was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers or not. In addition, the proposed Blu-ray disc with its protective caddy was both expensive and physically different from DVD, posing several problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1829241.stm |title=Next Generation DVD Born |accessdate=2007-11-4 |date=2002-02-21 |work=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by [[Warner Bros.]] and other [[film studio|motion picture studios]] that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer [[DVD-9]] discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20020301S0091 |title=Picture's fuzzy for DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2002-03-01 |work=eetimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011212S0060 |title=Forum to weigh Microsoft's Corona as DVD encoder |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2001-12-12 |work=eetimes.com |publisher=}}</ref> However, in spite of this decision, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&PageNum=2 |title=HD on DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Philip De Lancie |date=2002-06-01 |work=emedialive.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011145939/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&PageNum=2 |archivedate=2007-10-11 }}</ref> In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,104570-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba, NEC Share Details of Blue-Laser Storage |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2002-08-29 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> It was finally adopted by the DVD forum and renamed [[HD DVD]] the next yéar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |title=DVD Forum backs Toshiba-NEC format |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-11-28 |work=theinquirer.net |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025011126/http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |archivedate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to maké preliminary investigations into the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html|title=Opinion: Trust's worth|accessdate=2007-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053736/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html|archivedate=2007-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray|title=Lieberfarb lobs charges at Blu-ray|accessdate=2007-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602111938/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray|archivedate=2009-06-02}}</ref> Three new members had to be invited and the voting rules changed before the vote finally passed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |title=High-definition DVD format divides industry into rival camps |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida and Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-14 |work=my-esm.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110720141401/http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |title=HD DVD Format Wins Key Nod From DVD Forum |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-26 |work=techweb.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106090311/http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |archivedate=2007-01-06 }}</ref> In the méan time, Sony spun off [[Professional Disc for DATA]] from the Blu-ray project. It was essentially Blu-ray with higher-quality media and components. The devices were too expensive for the consumer mass market. Instéad, it was aimed at the professional data storage space market as a replacement for their line of 5.25" [[Magneto-optical drive|MO]] drives. It was announced in October 2003, with the first devices shipping in December of the same yéar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |title=Sony to Launch 23GB Optical Disc |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-10-21 |work=dvd-recordable.org |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018151300/http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |archivedate=2007-10-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.com/2003/12/02/sony_ships_bluray_23gb_storage/ |title=Sony ships blu-ray 23GB storage system |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Tony Smith |date=2003-12-02 |work=theregister.co.uk |publisher=}}</ref> ==== Attempts to avoid a format war ==== The costs of a format war are large, both for consumers and for the industry. In an attempt to avoid starting one, the Blu-ray Disc Association and the DVD Forum attempted to negotiate a compromise in éarly 2005. One of the issues was that the Blu-ray camp wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity ([[BD-J]]), while the DVD Forum was promoting Microsoft's "iHD" (which became [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800364355_499495_f3313299.HTM |title=Sides close to deal on HD disk format |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2005-04-19 |work=eetasia.com |publisher=}}</ref> A much larger issue, though, was the physical formats of the discs themselves; the Blu-ray member companies did not want to risk losing billions of dollars in royalties as they had done with standard DVD.<ref name="stalemate">{{cite web |url=http://www.internetnews.com/storage/article.php/3671091 |title=Who Is Drawing Out The High-Def DVD Stalemate? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Andy Patrizio |date=2007-04-12 |work=internetnews.com |publisher=}}</ref> An agreement seemed close, but negotiations proceeded slowly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8e6df286-c670-11d9-b69b-00000e2511c8.html |title=Sony-Toshiba DVD format talks stall |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Michiyo Nakamoto |date=2005-05-17 |work=ft.com |publisher=}}</ref> At the end of June 2005, Sun announced that the Blu-ray Association had chosen the Java-based BD-J interactivity layer instéad of Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]. This was based on a BDA board vote favouring BD-J 10 to 4, despite a technical committee previously favouring HDi by a vote of 7 to 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html|title=Micro-managed copies|accessdate=2007-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101192254/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html|archivedate=2008-01-01}}</ref> At the same time, Microsoft and Toshiba jointly announced that they would cooperate in developing high-definition DVD players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/06/68009 |title=Microsoft, Toshiba Gear Up |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=David Cohn |date=2005-06-27 |work=wired.com |publisher=|archiveurl=https://archive.is/GMOoK|archivedate=2013-02-09}}</ref> In a top-level meeting in July, Microsoft's Bill Gates argued that the Blu-ray standard had to change to "work more smoothly with personal computers". The Blu-ray Disc Association's representatives defended the technology.<ref name="DaggersDrawn">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_42/b3955113.htm |title=Daggers Drawn Over DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Cliff Edwards, Peter Burrows, Ronald Grover, Tom Lowry and Kenji Hall |date=2005-10-17 |work=businessweek.com |publisher=}}</ref> On [[August 22]], [[2005]], the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |title=Sony, Toshiba fail to unify DVD format - report |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author= |date=2005-08-22 |work=forbes.com |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906112416/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |archivedate=2008-09-06}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906112416/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |date=2008-09-06 }}</ref> Rumours surfaced that an "unnamed partner" had pressured Toshiba to stick with HD DVD—in spite of Blu-ray's strong support among Hollywood studios and some analysts saying that HD DVD's days were numbéréd—but these rumours were denied by the parties involved; instéad, the same réasons of physical format incompatibility were cited.<ref name="stalemate"/><ref name="DaggersDrawn"/> At the end of September, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |title=Microsoft, Intel Back Toshiba's HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Susan B. Shor |date=2005-09-27 |work=ecommercetimes.com |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723214525/http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |archivedate=2009-07-23 }}</ref> [[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) made a last attempt to broker a péace between with Blu-ray Disc Association and Microsoft. The company demanded that the Blu-ray association adopted Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]] instéad of its own Java solution, and that Blu-ray adopt a mandatory managed copy féature. If the demands weren't met, HP thréatened to support HD DVD instéad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray |title=HP calls for changes to Blu-ray |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Ken Young |date=2005-10-20 |work=vnunet.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023014523/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray |archivedate=2005-10-23}}</ref> In a reséarch report, Gartner analysts Van Baker, Laura Behrens and Mike McGuire wrote that if HP's proposal was accepted, Blu-ray would become the winner of the format war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd |title=HP's Blu-ray move spells doom for HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Robert Jaques |date=2005-10-25 |work=vnunet.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220142959/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd |archivedate=2007-12-20}}</ref> However, the Blu-ray disc group did not accept HP's proposal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,175904,00.html |title=Blu-Ray Won't Bow to HP's Demands |accessdate=2007-10-19 |date=2005-11-17 |work=foxnews.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106045329/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,175904,00.html |archivedate=2007-11-06}}</ref> === Format Cakram Blu-ray rengse tur dikaluarkeun === The Blu-ray physical specifications were finished in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,117242-page,1/article.html |title = New Blu-ray Details Emerge |accessyear = 2007-10-17 |author = Martyn Williams |date= 2004-08-05 |work = pcworld.com }}</ref> In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news2615.html |title=Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-Ray Discs a Reality |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2005-01-09 |work=physorg.com |publisher=}}</ref> The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in éarly 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/06/blu-ray_spec_done/ |title = Blu-ray Disc developers complete specification |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Tony Smith |date= 2006-01-06 |work = theregister.co.uk }}</ref> AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/2004/07/64212 |title=Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Katie Dean |date=2004-07-15 |work=wired.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218001722/http://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/2004/07/64212 |archivedate=2008-12-18}}</ref> had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,123924-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba Hints at HD-DVD Delay |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2005-12-14 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray group voiced concerns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/69559 |title=AACS copy protection for Blu-ray disc and HD DVD delayed again |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Craig Morris |date=2006-02-14 |work=heise.de |publisher=}}</ref> At the request of Toshiba, an interim standard was published which did not include some féatures, like managed copy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,124961-page,1/article.html |title=Burning Questions: No Copying From First High-Def Players |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Melissa J. Perenson |date=2006-03-21 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> The first BD-ROM players were shipped in the middle of June 2006, though HD DVD players béat them in the race to the market by a few months.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,189960,00.html |title= Toshiba Starts Selling HD DVD Players in Japan |accessdate= 2007-10-17 |author= |date= 2006-03-31 |work= foxnews.com |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071106045339/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,189960,00.html |archivedate= 2007-11-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |title= Samsung Ships the First Blu-Ray Player |accessdate= 2007-10-17 |author= Dan Costa |date= 2006-06-15 |work= pcmag.com |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071022184231/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |archivedate= 2007-10-22 }}</ref> The first Blu-ray Disc titles were reléased on [[June 20]] [[2006]]. The éarliest reléases used [[MPEG-2]] vidéo compression, the same method used on [[DVD]]s. The first reléases using the newer [[VC-1]] and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|AVC]] [[codec]]s were introduced in September 2006.<ref>[http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 Full Specs in for Warner's Sept 26 Lineup; Studio to Go VC-1 for Blu-ray?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909072308/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 |date=2007-09-09 }}, BLU-RAY NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[30 August]] [[2006]]</ref> The first movies using dual layer discs (50&nbsp;GB) were introduced in October 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html | title = Click: Blu-ray Disc review | accessdate = 2007-09-15 | date = 2006-10-10 | last = Bracke | first = Peter M. | work = HighDefDigest.com | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070914020236/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html | archivedate = 2007-09-14 }}</ref> The first mass-market Blu-ray rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, reléased by [[Sony]] on [[July 18]] [[2006]]. It recorded both single and dual layer BD-R as well as BD-RE discs and had a suggested retail price of US$699. HD DVD had a héad start in the high definition vidéo market and Blu-ray sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/samsung-bd-p1000/4505-6463_7-31799185.html |title=Samsung BD-P1000 Review |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=David Katzmaier |date=2006-06-30 |work=cnet.com |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021072645/http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/samsung-bd-p1000/4505-6463_7-31799185.html#more |archivedate=2007-10-21 }}</ref> This changed when [[PlayStation 3]] launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray player. By February 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=10323 |title=Blu-ray Tips Scales |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Stephanie Prange |date=2007-02-23 |work=homemediamagazine.com |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114230056/http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=10323 |archivedate=2007-11-14}}</ref> and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD discs outsold HD DVDs by about two to one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charleston.net/news/2007/sep/30/dvd_formats_blu_ray_hd_square_off17561/ |title=DVD formats Blu-ray, HD square off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Sarah McBride |date=2007-09-30 |work=charleston.net |publisher=}}</ref> == Disc structure == === Laser and optics === Like its rival format [[HD DVD]], Blu-ray uses a "blue" (technically [[blue laser|violet]]) [[laser diode|laser]] operating at a [[wavelength]] of 405 [[Nanometre|nm]] to réad and write data. Conventional [[DVD]]s and [[Compact disc|CDs]] use red and néar infrared lasers at 650&nbsp;nm and 780&nbsp;nm respectively. The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12&nbsp;cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "[[spatial resolution|spot size]]" on which a laser can be focused is limited by [[diffraction]], and depends on the wavelength of the light and the [[Numerical aperture (microscopy)|numerical aperture]] of the [[lens (optics)|lens]] used to focus it. By decréasing the wavelength, incréasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser béam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same aréa. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs féature improvements in data encoding that further incréase the capacity. (See ''[[Compact disc]]'' for information on optical discs' physical structure.) === Hard-coating technology === Since the Blu-ray data layer is closer to the surface of the disk, compared to the [[DVD]] standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in [[polymer]] technology eventually made the caddies unnecessary. [[TDK Corporation|TDK]] was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray discs. It was named [[Durabis]]. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard. == Software standards == === Codecs === [[Codec]]s are [[data compression|compression]] schemes that store audio and vidéo more efficiently, either giving longer play time or higher quality per megabyte. There are both [[Lossy compression|lossy]] and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] compression techniques. The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and the movie-software (content). For vidéo, all players are required to support [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264/AVC]], and [[SMPTE]] [[VC-1]]. MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular [[DVD]]s, which allows [[backwards compatibility]]. H.264/AVC was developed by [[MPEG]] and [[Video Coding Experts Group|VCEG]] as a modérn successor of MPEG-2. VC-1 is another MPEG-4 derivative codec mostly developed by Microsoft. BD-ROM titles with vidéo must store vidéo using one of the three mandatory codecs. Multiple codecs on a single title are allowed. The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs, as well as the title's maximum runtime, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 vidéo typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25&nbsp;GB) BD-ROM. The more advanced vidéo codecs (VC-1 and H.264) typically achieve a vidéo runtime twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality. For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support [[Dolby Digital|Dolby Digital AC-3]], [[Digital Theater System|DTS]], and [[Linear pulse code modulation|linear PCM]]. Players may optionally support [[Dolby Digital Plus]], and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] formats [[Dolby TrueHD]] and [[DTS HD]]. BD-ROM titles must use one of mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.<ref>[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Audio Coding for Future Entertainment Formats](PDF)</ref> For users recording [[digital television]] programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's datarate of 54&nbsp;Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source ([[IPTV]], cable/satellite, or terrestrial). For Blu-ray Disc movies the maximum transfer rate is 48&nbsp;Mbit/s (1.5x) (both audio and vidéo payloads together), of which a maximum of 40&nbsp;Mbit/s can be dedicated to vidéo data. This compares favorably to the maximum of 36.55&nbsp;Mbit/s in HD DVD movies for audio and vidéo data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/|title=Blu-ray FAQ|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> === Java software support === {{utama|BD-J}} At the 2005 [[JavaOne]] trade show, it was announced that [[Sun Microsystems]]' [[Java platform|Java]] cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on [[DVD]] vidéo discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive and less séamless. Java créator [[James Gosling]], at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a [[Java Virtual Machine]] as well as network connectivity in BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional féatures that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version is called [[BD-J]] and is a subset of the [[Globally Executable MHP]] (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the [[Multimedia Home Platform]] standard. === Kode wewengkon === [[Image:Blu-ray regions with key.png|thumb|400px|right|Wewengkon keur standar Blu-ray<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Section-13470/Section-14003/Section-14006/Index.html | title = Blu-ray Disc keur Video | language = | accessdate = 2007-01-14 | year = 2006 }}</ref>]] Blu-ray discs may be encoded with a '''region code''', intended to restrict the aréa of the world in which they can be played; similar to the [[DVD region code]]s. Blu-ray players sold in a certain region should only be able to play discs encoded for that region. The purpose of this system is to allow [[film studio|motion picture studios]] to control the various aspects of a reléase (including content, date, and, in particular, price) according to the region. Discs may also be produced without region coding, so they can be played on all devices. {| class="wikitable" ! Region code !! Aréa<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 | title = The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc (BD) FAQ: What is Regional Playback Control? | language = | accessdate = 2006-08-29 | year = 2006 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070219115147/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11392 | archivedate = 2007-02-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219115147/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11392 |date=2007-02-19 }}</ref> |- |align="center" | A || [[Amerika Kaler]], [[Amerika Tengah]], [[Amerika Kidul]], [[Jepang]], [[Taiwan]], [[Korea Kaler]], [[Korea Kidul]], [[Hong Kong]], jeung [[Asia Tenggara]]. |- |align="center" | B || [[Eropa]], [[Greenland]], [[French overseas departments and territories|French territories]], [[Wetan Tengah]], [[Afrika]], [[Australia]], jeung [[Selandia Anyar]]. |- |align="center" | C || [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Mainland China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Rusia]], [[Asia Tengah]] jeung [[Asia Kidul|Kidul]]. |- |} This arrangement places the countries of the major Blu-ray manufacturers (Japan, Koréa, Malaysia) in the same region as the U.S., thus ensuring éarly reléases of U.S. content to those markets. Reportedly, éarly BD reléases (including ''[[Casino Royale]]'') are "ALL" region and therefore compatible in various BD players around the globe. === Digital rights management ('''DRM''') === The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of [[Digital rights management]].<ref name="dellbd-romprotection">{{cite web |url=http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/vectors/brcp.pdf |title=Blu-ray Disc™ Next-Generation Optical Storage: Protecting Content on the BD-ROM |accessdate=2007-05-03 |publisher=[[DELL]] |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |title=Overview of BD-ROM security |accessdate=2007-05-03 |author=AJIMA, Kosuke |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-03-29 |year=2006 |month=March |publisher=Blu-ray Disc Association Content Protection Group |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307102259/http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |archivedate=2007-03-07 }}</ref> They have been at léast partially circumvented. '''[[Advanced Access Content System]]''' (AACS) is a standard for [[content distribution]] and [[digital rights management]]. It is developed by AACS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a [[consortium]] that includes [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Matsushita]] (Panasonic), [[Warner Bros.]], [[IBM]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Sony]]. Since appéaring in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the [[trusted client]] problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a wéakly protected player ([[WinDVD]]). However, even though [[History of attacks against Advanced Access Content System|some AACS cryptographic keys have been compromised]], new reléases will use new, uncompromised keys.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}<span class="plainlinks"></span> '''[[BD+]]''' was developed by [[Cryptography Research Inc.]] and is based on their concept of [[Self-Protecting Digital Content]].<ref>http://www.cryptography.com/technology/spdc/bluray.html</ref> BD+ is effectively a small [[virtual machine]] embedded in authorized players. It allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:<ref name="dellbd-romprotection"/> * examine the host environment, to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices. * verify that the player's keys have not been changed. * execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system. * transform the audio and vidéo output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+-program unscramble it. If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially reléase BD+-code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content reléases. The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are only available to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed adopters is available from the [http://www.bdplusllc.com/home/list_of_adopters_content_participants_and_eligible_code_developers BD+ website]. BD+ was made available for content publishers in June 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=268 |title=BD+ Goes Live |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Josh |date=2007-06-19 |work=blu-ray.com |publisher=}}</ref> The first titles using BD+ were reléased in October the same yéar. Several players had problems playing back those titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071007-new-blu-ray-discs-with-bd-drm-failing-to-play-on-some-devices.html |title=New Blu-ray discs with BD+ DRM failing to play on some devices |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Jeremy Reimer |date=2007-10-07 |work=arstechnica.com}}</ref> BD+ has been circumvented by the developers of the program [[AnyDVD]] as of version 6.1.9.6 beta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |title=SlySoft's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD+ |accessdate=2007-11-07 |author=Darren Murph |date=2007-11-07 |work=engadgethd.com |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109100247/http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |archivedate=2007-11-09 }}</ref> '''[[ROM-Mark|BD-ROM Mark]]''' is a small amount of cryptographical data that is stored physically differently from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark are impossible to decode. A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization. When the first AACS keys were léaked, some Blu-ray titles became available on file-sharing networks. There is also a commercial PC software player ([[AnyDVD|AnyDVD HD]]) that allowed users to watch Blu-ray Disc movies on non-HDCP compliant PC hardware or copy them. == Player profiles == The BD-ROM specification defines four profiles of Blu-ray Disc players; in addition to the three listed in the table below, there is a fourth audio-only profile that does not require vidéo decoding or [[BD-J]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |title=Blu-ray profiles, everything you wanted to know |accessdate=2007-12-19 |author= |date=2007-12-17 |work= |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220182634/http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |archivedate=2007-12-20 }}</ref> All the vidéo-based profiles are required to have a full implementation of [[BD-J]], but with varying levels of hardware support. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Féature<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397 |title=The Authoritative BD FAQ: II. Physical, Logical, and Application Specifications |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Hugh Bennett |date=2006-06-01 |work=emedialive.com |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029172049/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |archivedate=2007-10-29 }}</ref> ! BD-Vidéo (Grace Period Profile – Profile 1.0) ! Bonus View (Final Standard Profile – Profile 1.1) ! BD-Live (Profile 2) |- | Built-in persistent memory | 64 KB | 64 KB | 64 KB |- | Local storage capability{{ref|profiles_table_note_a|[a]}} | – | 256 MB | 1 GB |- | Secondary vidéo decoder ([[Picture-in-picture|PiP]]) | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | Secondary audio decoder{{ref|profiles_table_note_b|[b]}} | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | [[Virtual file system]] | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | Internet connection capability | No | No | Mandatory |} {{note|profiles_table_note_a}}'''a''' This is used for storing audio/vidéo and title updates. It can either be built in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or a USB flash memory. {{note|profiles_table_note_b}}'''b''' A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary On [[November 1]] [[2007]], the Grace Period Profile was superseded by "Bonus View" as the minimum profile for new players reléased to the market.<ref name="BonusView">{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html|title=Blu-ray Disc Assn. promotes new Bonus View|accessdate=2007-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181606/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html|archivedate=2008-12-18}}</ref> With the exception of the PlayStation 3, profile 1.0 players cannot be upgraded to be Bonus View compliant.<ref>[http://crave.cnet.com/8301-1_105-9808376-1.html Does Blu-ray Profile 1.1 make past players obsolete?]</ref> On [[December 17]], [[2007]], the PlayStation 3 became Bonus View 1.1 compliant through PlayStation 3 System Software version 2.10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/12/17/firmware-update-v210/| title=Firmware Update (v2.10)| publisher=Sony| first=Eric| last=Lempel| date=[[2007-12-17]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref> When software authored with interactive féatures dependent on "Bonus View" hardware capabilities are played on profile 1.0 players some féatures may not be available or may offer limited capability. Profile 1.0 players will still be able to play the main féature of the disc, however.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186| title=High-Def FAQ: Blu-ray Profiles Explained| first=Joshua| last=Zyber| publisher=highdefdigest.com| date=[[2007-11-23]]| accessdate=2007-12-18| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222023739/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186| archivedate=2007-12-22}}</ref> == Backward compatibility == While it is not compulsory for manufacturers; the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray Disc drives should be capable of réading standard DVDs for [[backward compatibility]]. For instance, Samsung's first Blu-ray Disc drive can réad CDs, regular DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. All other Blu-ray Disc players reléased are also capable of DVD playback, though not all support CD playback. This includes [[Sony]], [[Panasonic]], [[Philips]], [[LG Group|LG]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] and PC-based players from [[Alienware]], [[Sony]], and [[Dell]]. == List of Blu-ray devices == <!-- maybe we should add a column specifying the player profile. This might be a good resource: http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij--> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Device name ! Manufacturer ! Type of device ! Release date ! Approximate price |- | [[PlayStation 3]] | [[Sony]] | [[Video game console]] (Profile 1.1) | [[November 11]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]399<ref name="PS3price">{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/10-18-2007/0004684726&EDATE=|title=Sony Computer Entertainment America Announces New 40GB Playstation 3 Configuration|accessdate=2007-10-29|date=[[2007-10-18]]|format=HTML|work=Sony|publisher=PR Newswire|language=English}}</ref>/499$ |- | [[Panasonic DMP-BD10|DMP-BD10]] | [[Panasonic]] | Stand-alone player | 2006 | [[United States dollar|US$]]599 |- | DMP-BD30 | [[Panasonic]] | Stand-alone player (Profile 1.1) | 2007 | [[United States dollar|US$]]500 |- | [[Sony BDP-S1|BDP-S1]] | [[Sony]] | Stand-alone player | [[December 4]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]1000 |- | BD-P1200 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | [[January 8]], [[2007]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]799 |- | BD-P1000 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | [[June 20th]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]450 |- | [[Sony BDP-S300|BDP-S300]] | [[Sony]] | Stand-alone player | | [[United States dollar|US$]]499 |- | [http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 Sharp BD-HP20S ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225061638/http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 |date=2007-12-25 }} | [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] | Stand-alone player | | |- | BD-P1400 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | | [[United States dollar|US$]]499 |- | BDP-LX70 | [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price(MSRP is not set to this. ) |- | BDP-LX80 | Pioneer | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HP1 | [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-AV1 | Sharp | BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-AV10 | Sharp | BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HDW15 | Sharp | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | December 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HDW20 | Sharp | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | December 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DMR-E700BD | [[Panasonic]] | Blu-ray/DVD Recorder | | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW200 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BR100<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html | title = Panasonic will Launch a Blu-ray Disc Recorders with BD Playback | accessdate = 2006-10-13 | year = 2006 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061027150350/http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html | archivedate = 2006-10-27 }}</ref> | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | [http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html DIGA DMR-BW700 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218023648/http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html |date=2007-12-18 }} | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW800 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW900 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-V7 | [[Sony]] | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-V9 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-T50 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-T70 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-L70 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-X90 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/MAX.htm VidaBox MAX] and [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/LUX.htm VidaBox LUX] | [[VidaBox]] | [[Media center|media center PC]] (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | | |- | BH-100<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lge.com/about/press_release/detail/PRO%7CNEWS%5EPRE%7CMENU%5ERND%7CMENU_20318_PRE%7CMENU.jhtml | title = LG BH100 Combo Drive | accessdate = 2007-04-15 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[LG Electronics]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | [[January 7]], [[2007]] | |- | BH-200 | [[LG Electronics]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | [[October]], [[2007]] | |- | BD-UP5000<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.samsung.com/PressCenter/PressRelease/PressRelease.asp?seq=20070413_0000338109 | title = Samsung BD-UP5000 Combo Drive | accessdate = 2007-04-15 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | | |- | [[VAIO]] AR Series | [[Sony]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2006 | |- | [[VAIO]] FZ Series | [[Sony]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2007 | |- | XPS M1710 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | December 2006 | [[United States dollar|US$]]3,599 |- | XPS M1730 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | XPS M2010 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | Pavilion Desktop | [[Hewlett-Packard]] | [[Desktop computer]] (can be customized to include a Blu-ray drive) | [[9 May]] [[2007]] | |- | TravelMate 8215WLMi<ref name="travelmate_blu-ray">{{cite web |url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |title=Acer TravelMate 8215WLMi with Blu-ray drive |accessdate=2007-12-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227142205/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |archivedate=2007-12-27 }}</ref> | [[Acer]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2006 | |- | ASUS Lamborghini VX2<ref name="travelmate_blu-ray"/> | [[ASUSTek]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | ASUS Lamborghini W2W<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asus.com/products4.aspx?modelmenu=2&model=1834&l1=5&l2=22&l3=192&l4=0 |title=Asus W2W with Blu-ray and/or HD DVD }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | [[ASUSTek]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | BDC-2202 | [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] | PC drive | [[May 2]], [[2007]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]299<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html | title = Pioneer BDC-2202 Blu-ray Drive - Press release | accessdate = 2007-05-04 | year = 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070504021406/http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html | archivedate = 2007-05-04 }}</ref> |- | DH-401S<ref>{{cite web|url=about:blank | title = LiteOn DH-401S SATA drive | accessdate = 2007-10-31 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[LiteOn]] | PC drive | [[31 October]] [[2007]] | |- | BC-1205PT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psu.com/Blu-ray-scores-major-new-supporter--a0001253-p0.php | title = ASUS BD-ROM/DVD writer drive | accessdate = 2007-09-09 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[ASUS]] | PC drive | [[9 September]] [[2007]] | |- | BWU-100A | [[ASUS]] | Recordable PC drive | [[July 18]] [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]699 <ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html | title = Sony BWU-100A rewritable drive | accessdate = 2007-05-04 | year = 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221112701/http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html | archivedate = 2009-02-21 }}</ref> |- | DZ-BD7A<ref>[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD70A, Blu-ray/DVD Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028033549/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.</ref> | [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]] | Blu-ray/DVD [[Camcorder]] | | |- | DZ-BD7HA<ref>[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD7HA, Blu-ray/HDD(30GB)/DVD Hybrid Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028032740/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.</ref> | [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]] | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Hybrid Camcorder | | |- | Lite-On DH-4O1S<ref name="cheap-199-player">{{cite web |url=http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |title=Cheap $199 Blu-ray Player Announced...for the PC |publisher=Gearlog |date=[[November 13]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-11-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212201834/http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |archivedate=2008-02-12 }}</ref> | [[Philips]] and [[Lite-On]] | Read Only PC Drive | | [[United States dollar|US$]]199<ref name="cheap-199-player"/> |- |} <!-- this seems out-of-place, but I'm not sure where it should go --> Sony has said that it will reléase the first portable BD player in 2008.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Hitachi is developing Blu-ray camcorders, to be reléased in Japan during fall 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hitachi Developed Critical Technologies for 1920×1080 Pixel Blu-ray Camcorder |publisher=Nikkei Business Publications, Inc |url=http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070723/136497/ |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> == Corporate support == {{utama|List of corporations supporting Blu-ray}} [[Gambar:Img440.jpg||jmpl|200px|The first Blu-Ray porn movie in the world released by Magmafilm Germany 10/2007, start after long controversy.]] Blu-ray Disc has gained a large amount of support in the corporate world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/general_information/Section-14009/Index.html|title=Companies supporting Blu-ray|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> with companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Dell]], and [[Panasonic]] backing it. Blu-ray Disc was started by [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [[LG Electronics|LG]], [[Panasonic]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], [[Philips]], [[Samsung]], [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], [[Sony]], and [[Thomson SA|Thomson]] in [[February 19]], [[2002]], with Panasonic, Sony, Pioneer, and Philips as the back-bone of the foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200202/02-0219E/ | title = Large Capacity Optical Disc Video Recording Format "Blu-ray Disc" Established | publisher=SONY Press Release | language = | date= February 19, 2002 | accessdate = 2007-08-31 }}</ref> Several members of the Blu-ray organization's Board of Directors who had originally pledged to support Blu-ray Disc later also supported [[HD DVD]], such as [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Samsung]], and [[LG]]. Among the [[Major film studio|movie studios]], Blu-ray Disc is currently exclusively supported in the United States by [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] (20% of MGM's stake is owned by [[Sony]]) as well as [[Disney]], [[20th Century Fox]], and [[Lionsgate]]. Outside of the United States, movies from these studios are often distributed by different companies, such as [[StudioCanal]] in Europe. Thus many of these Blu-ray exclusive titles are available outside the U.S. on HD DVD.<ref name="HDOutsideUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.audioholics.com/news/editorials/blu-rays-dirty-little-secret|title=Blu-ray exclusive movies on HD DVD}}</ref> Likewise, movies that are exclusive to HD DVD in the United States have Blu-ray reléases in other regions. An example of this is the Universal Studios film [[Bruce Almighty]], which has been reléased exclusively on HD DVD in the U.S., but has been reléased as a Blu-ray exclusive in Europe due to the distribution rights held by [[Buena Vista]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Many Blu-ray discs are multi-region, making import of these titles éasier.<ref>[http://bluray.liesinc.net/ Region Coded/Region Free compatibility list]</ref> It is non-exclusively supported by [[Warner Bros.]], and [[New Line Cinema]]. [[Warner Bros.]] has several HD DVD exclusive titles at the moment that are scheduled for reléase on Blu-ray in the néar future. It should be noted that some of New Line Cinema's titles, the first being [[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]], were originally announced as limited time Blu-ray exclusives due to lack of region coding with HD DVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray/|title=hddvd.com - New line titles delayed for HD DVD due to lack of region coding|accessdate=2007-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120170248/http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray|archivedate=2008-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958|title=New Line Jumps Into High-Def with 'Hairspray' on Blu-ray; HD DVD to Follow in 2008|accessdate=2007-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109201328/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958|archivedate=2007-11-09}}</ref> All future catalog titles will be reléased simultanéously in both formats. It had been reported by various sources (PC World, Ars Technica, CNN, et al) that pornography had been disallowed on Blu-ray Disc, which may have had an effect on the success of the format.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070112-8602.html |title=Adult film industry embracing HD DVD |publisher=ars technica |date=January 12, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-24}}</ref> However, this is inaccurate, as both formats have said they fully support all material, including porn, and have no control over what companies reléase with their license.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196903070 |title=Sony Denies Preventing Adult Content On Blu-Ray |publisher=InformationWeek |date=January 23, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> Blu-ray is currently exclusively backed by several [[porn|adult-movie]] studios/publishers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,135222/article.html|title=PCworld.com - Japanese Porn Industry Embraces Blu-ray}}</ref> including Taisei Co. Ltd. and Total Media Agency Inc. Contrary to many internet blogs, it has been reported by ABC News that the porn industry will not be a factor in the current format war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=2835806&page=1|title=Porn Factor: Why Erotic Movies Won't Decide Next Gen DVD War|date=January 31, 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> The main réason is that many pornographic websites have movie downloads as an option, thus making the disc format less important. Blockbuster, the largest U.S. movie rental company, offers Blu-ray exclusively in 1450 stores. Previously, the company test-marketed both competing formats at 250 stores and found that more than 70% of high definition rentals were Blu-ray discs. They continue to offer both formats at those initial 250 stores, as well as on its online rental service.<ref>[http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&item=727 Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121021837/http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&item=727 |date=2008-01-21 }}, Blockbuster Inc. Press Releases [[2007-06-18]].</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html | title = Blockbuster to favor Blu-ray high-definition discs over rival HD DVD format | accessdate = 2007-06-17 | year = 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070620083747/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html | archivedate = 2007-06-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.b2i.us/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?BzID=553&ResLibraryID=20345&Category=1027 | title = Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores | accessdate = 2007-06-17 | year = 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Netflix, the world's largest online movie rental service<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.netflix.com/MediaCenter?id=5379#about | title = About Netflix | accessdate = 2007-12-13 | year = 2007}}</ref>, offers titles in both HD-DVD and Blu-Ray formats. According to a new Internet tracking report, although Netflix's Blu-ray pages receive more hits, users are more likely to set HD DVD as their preferred format.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/34235/113/ | title = Netflix sees stronger loyalty for HD DVD than Blu-ray | accessdate = 2007-12-13 | year = 2007}}</ref> On [[July 25]] [[2007]], [[Target Corporation]] announced they will carry Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players in their stores and promote them with end cap displays including exclusive Blu-ray Disc movies from Sony and Walt Disney. Sony has publicly stated that the promotion will last at léast through this holiday séason.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN2643741920070726</ref> While Target will not carry HD DVD stand alone players on its shelves, the chain will continue to sell both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD movies in all stores and HD DVD players online.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html | title = Target to Promote Blu-Ray DVD Format | accessdate = 2007-07-29 | year = 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070727005340/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html | archivedate = 2007-07-27}}</ref> The LA Times reports that the déal to promote Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players was the result of a bidding war, in which Sony and three studios reportedly paid a "jaw-dropping" sum for the end cap displays.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/business/la-fi-dvdwar10sep10,1,5792818.story?coll=la-headlines-business-enter&ctrack=5&cset=true | title = A high-definition fight scene in slow motion | accessdate = 2007-09-10 | year = 2007 }}</ref> On [[August 20]] [[2007]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[DreamWorks Animation]], announced they would no longer be supporting the Blu-ray Disc format. Citing HD DVD's lower consumer equipment and disc replication costs (due to its similarities to the standard DVD format), all future Paramount/Dréamworks titles will be reléased exclusively on HD DVD. Together, Paramount and DréamWorks are currently the 2007 box office léaders, and their first two HD DVD-exclusive titles, [[Shrek the Third]] and [[Transformers]], are both poised to be top sellers during the 2007 holiday séason.<ref>[http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php Paramount is box office leader in 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222211500/http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/newstex/AFX-0013-19015486.htm | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | year = 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Movies directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] are not included in this announcement, as Spielberg controls his films.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/Technology/Paramount-to-Drop-BluRay-HighDef-DVDs/2007/08/21/1187462196364.html | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs {Spielberg) | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | year = 2007 }}</ref> In an interview with PC World, Alan Bell, the Executive Vice présidént and Chief Technology Officer for Paramount Pictures, stated the exclusive support for HD DVD is currently indefinite.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,136253-c,dvdtechnology/article.html | title = Interview with Executive Vice President of Paramount Pictures on HD DVD and Blu-Ray | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | year = 2007 }}</ref> However, two Viacom executives who spoke to the New York Times disclosed that the terms of the agreement were for $150 million in incentives in exchange for an exclusivity period of at léast 18 months, or through the next two holiday séasons.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/technology/21disney.html?ex=1345435200&en=fe619b851abc0231&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | title = Two Studios to Support HD DVD Over Rival | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | year = 2007}}</ref> In response to these reports of a $150 million déal, [[DreamWorks Animation]] Céo [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] stated that it was disingenuous for other companies to suggest that they were not compensated for endorsing Blu-ray.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972267.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title = Katzenberg stands behind Spielberg | accessdate = 2007-09-19 | year = 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071223120606/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972267.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | archivedate = 2007-12-23}}</ref> On [[September 24]] [[2007]] the Home Théater Specialists of America, a national buying consortium of 62 déalers and 800 installers with combined annual revenue of more than a half-billion dollars, officially endorsed Blu-ray Disc as its next-generation format of choice.<ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/index.php?id=532 Blu-ray.com - HTSA to Support Blu-ray Exclusively]</ref> == Blu-ray Disc / HD DVD comparison == {{utama|Comparison of high definition optical disc formats}} {{Cleanup-jargon|date=July 2007}} The primary rival to Blu-ray Disc is [[HD DVD]]. As of November 2007, HD DVD has the advantage in maximum disc capacity (51&nbsp;GB triple-layer versus 50&nbsp;GB dual-layer). However, no movies are currently scheduled to be reléased on the triple-layer disc; thus, Blu-ray has the advantage in ''currently available'' capacity.<ref name="tripleApproved">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm|title=DVD Forum 40th Steering Committee Meeting (Nov. 15, 2007)|accessdate=2007-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213014035/http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm|archivedate=2007-12-13}}</ref> It is unknown at this time whether the final triple-layer HD DVD specification will be compatible with current players.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.betanews.com/article/Toshiba_DVD_Forum_Hasnt_Yet_Approved_Final_51_GB_HD_DVD_After_All/1189716943 | title = Toshiba: DVD Forum Hasn't Yet Approved Final 51 GB HD DVD After All | accessdate = 2007-09-15 | date= 2007-09-13 | last = Fulton III | first = Scott M. | work = BetaNews | language = English }}</ref> As of November 2007, 44% of Blu-ray titles use the 50&nbsp;GB disc and 56% use the 25&nbsp;GB disc<ref name="bluraystats">[http://www.blu-raystats.com/index.php Blu-ray stats]</ref> while almost all HD DVD movies are in the 30&nbsp;GB dual layer format.<ref>[http://hddvd.highdefdigest.com/releasedates_historical.html ''Frequently updated list of historical release dates and disc capacities''], HD DVD NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[15 April]] [[2007]]</ref> In terms of audio/vidéo compression, Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD are similar on the surface: both support [[MPEG-2]], [[VC-1]], and [[H.264]] for vidéo compression; and Dolby Digital, PCM, and DTS for audio compression. The first generation of Blu-ray Disc movies reléased used MPEG-2 (the standard currently used in [[DVD]]s, although encoded at a much higher vidéo resolution and a much higher bit rate than those used on conventional DVDs), while initial HD DVDs reléases used the VC-1 codec. Due to gréater total disc capacity, the Blu-ray Disc producers may choose in the future to utilize a higher maximum vidéo bit rate, as well as potentially higher average bit rates. As of November 2007, 41% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in MPEG-2 while AVC is used on 33% of discs and VC-1 on 26%.<ref name="bluraystats"/> In terms of audio, there are some differences. To ensure backwards compatibility with older receivers with Dolby Digital decoders, Blu-ray Disc allows conventional Dolby Digital audiotracks at 640&nbsp;kbit/s and this is the primary audio track for 33% of Blu-ray titles, while it has gone unused for HD DVD titles. The newer Dolby Digital Plus is mandatory for HD DVD players at 3&nbsp;Mbit/s (and is used in 90% of HD DVD titles){{Fact|date=December 2007}}, while optional for BD players with support at a bitrate of 1.736&nbsp;Mbit/s for mixes that require more than 5.1 channels (has only been used on two titles).<ref name="DDplus_whitepaper">[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Digital plus ''True HD'' whitepaper] at www.dolby.com</ref> Both formats optionally support DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, a lossy compression scheme that extends the core DTS audio for better fidelity but yet is still not [[lossless]]. As for [[lossless]] audio, 43% Blu-ray Discs have 5.1 LPCM uncompressed audio,<ref name="bluraystats"/> which is the only lossless format that is mandatory for Blu-ray players. Blu-ray Disc also has optional support for Dolby TrueHD lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio, and DTS-HD Master Audio, a lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio.<ref name="BDaudio_support">[http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_audio_codecs Blu-Ray audio codecs FAQs] at blu-ray.com</ref> As of November 2007, 7% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in Dolby TrueHD while DTS-HD Master Audio is used on 12% on discs.<ref name="bluraystats"/> In total, 60% of Blu-ray Discs have either uncompressed or lossless audio. HD DVD also supports LPCM, but unlike Blu-ray, it has mandatory support for Dolby TrueHD, although only 20% of HD DVD movies have lossless audio.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc support the [[24p]] (traditional movie) frame rate, but technical implementations of this mode are different between the formats. Blu-ray Disc supports 24p with its native timing, while HD DVD uses 60i timing for 24p (encoded progressively, replacing missing fields with "repeat field flags"). Decoders can ignore the “flags” to output 24p.<ref>{{cite web|title=High Definition Facts | url=http://blogs.msdn.com/ptorr/archive/2006/03/15/HDFacts.aspx | accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> There is no impact on picture resolution and minimal impact on storage space as a result of this, as the HD DVD format often uses the same encoded vidéo—it simply adds notational overhéad.{{huh}} There is no [[Region Coding]] in the existing HD DVD specification, which méans that titles from any country can be played in players in any other country. However, a significant percentage of Blu-ray disks have [[Region Coding]] and will only play in players sold in the corresponding géographic region. Since both formats launched in the spring of 2006, an estimated 4.98 million high-definition discs have been sold, including 3.01 million in Blu-ray and 1.97 million in HD DVD through the end of September, 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news.com/Blu-ray-outsells-HD-DVD-in-U.S.-for-first-nine-months/2100-1041_3-6214944.html | title=Blu-ray outsells HD DVD in US for First nine months of 2007 - Reuters - Cnet news}}</ref> However, those figures are dwarfed by the sales of regular DVDs. Combined, the two high-def disc formats accounted for only 2.5 % of overall disc sales during the first half of 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |title=Disc Sales: Hard Numbers in for First Half of 2007 |accessdate=2007-10-25 |author= |date=2007-08-15 |work=highdefdigest.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012212838/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |archivedate=2007-10-12 }}</ref> == Ongoing development == Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue working to advance the technology. Quad-layer (100&nbsp;GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics ("Hitachi used a standard drive.").<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=3 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES 100GB BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY | language = | accessdate = 2007-09-27 | year = 2005 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071106052909/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=3 | archivedate = 2007-11-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=19493 | title = Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-Ray Disc Playback }}</ref> Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s vidéo (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s vidéo (Cinema 4K). Furthermore [[TDK]] announced in August 2006 that they have créated a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200&nbsp;GB of data on a single side, using six 33&nbsp;GB data layers.<ref name="TDK200GB_announcement">{{cite web | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=127 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT 200&nbsp;GB CAPACITY | publisher = TDK | accessdate = 2006-11-27 | date = [[August 31]] [[2006]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061216235637/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=127 | archivedate = 2006-12-16 }}</ref> Also behind closed doors at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] 2007, [[Ritek]] has revéaled that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity of both competing formats to 10 layers. That incréases the capacity of the discs to 250&nbsp;GB for Blu-ray compared to 170&nbsp;GB (HD DVD now permits 17GB per layer{{Fact|date=December 2007}}) for HD DVD using the same process. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current réader and writer technology does not support the additional layers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=5656 | title = Three HD Layers Today, Ten Tomorrow | accessdate = 2007-04-24 | date= 2007-01-10 | last = Yam | first = Marcus | work = DailyTech | language = English }}</ref> [[JVC]] has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and revéal its HD version when played on a new BD player.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jvc-victor.co.jp/english/press/2004/bd-dvd.html | title = Blu-ray/ DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology | accessdate = 2006-05-30 | year = 2006 }}</ref> This hybrid disc does not appéar to be réady for production and no titles have been announced that would utilize this disc structure. [[Hitachi]] has recently {{when}} showcased 100&nbsp;GB Blu-ray Disc, which consists of four layers containing 25&nbsp;GB éach. Unlike [[TDK]] and [[Panasonic]]'s 100&nbsp;GB disc, this disc is réadable on standard Blu-ray drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to maké it réadable to current players and drives.<ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=559 Hitachi Develops 100GB Blu-ray disc]</ref> TDK has also produced a 200&nbsp;GB six-layer prototype.<ref name="TDK200GB_announcement"/> == Variants == === BD9 / Mini-Blu-ray Disc === BD9 is a red laser DVD with BD contents on it. This disc should be rotated at 3x speed or more to satisfy the minimum transfer rate of 30.24&nbsp;Mbit/s. These disks can be used for private storing and can be authored even without implementing AACS.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html | title = Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring | accessdate = 2007-08-19 | format = HTML | work = | language = English | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175755/http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html | archivedate = 2008-07-12 }}</ref> BD9 was originally proposed by Warner Home Vidéo, as a cost-effective alternative to regular Blu-ray discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=16769 |title= BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners |accessdate=2007-10-18 |date=2006-04-11 |work=cdrinfo.com}}</ref> It is similar to HD DVD's [[HD DVD#3x DVD|3x DVD]] === AVCREC === AVCREC is a standard for storing BD content on red laser DVDs using [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] compression.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,138121-page,1/article.html |title=New Chips Enable High-Def Recording on DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2007-10-05 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> It is similar to [[HD DVD#HD REC|HD REC]] for HD DVD. === Blu-ray Disc recordable === {{utama|Blu-ray Disc recordable}} [[Blu-ray Disc]] recordable refers to two [[optical disc]] formats that can be recorded with an [[optical disc recorder]]. '''BD-R''' discs can be written to once, wheréas '''BD-RE''' can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. As of March 2007, BD-R/RE drives up to 4x retail are sold for about US$600 and 2x single-layer BD-R discs, with a capacity of 25 GB, can be found for around US$12. The théoretical maximum for Blu-ray Discs is about 12x as the speed of rotation (10,000 rpm) causes too much wobble for the discs to be réad properly, similar to the 20x and 52x respective maximum speeds of [[DVD]]s and [[Compact Disc|CDs]]. === HD DVD / Blu-Ray hybrid discs === Warner Bros. officially announced [[Total Hi Def|Total Hi Def (THD)]] at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES 2007]]. Total Hi Def (Total HD) hybrid discs supports both HD DVD and Blu-ray, HD DVD on one side (up to two layers) and Blu-ray on the other side (up to two layers). Despite initially announcing that [[Total HD]] would be réady by the second half of 2007, on [[June 27]] [[2007]], Warner Bros. issued a press reléase stating that they would be delaying the launch of Total HD discs until éarly 2008. As of September 2007, no specific titles have yet been announced. == Tempo ogé == * [[List of Blu-ray Movies]] * [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] * [[Format war]] * [[Professional Disc for DATA]] (PDD or ProDATA) * [[Comparison of high definition optical disc formats]] * [[Laserdisc#MUSE LD|MUSE LD]] – an éarlier optical disc which contained analog HDTV signals * [[D-VHS]] – a tape-based format that allows recording of 720 or 1080 high-def DTV, while remaining compatible with older VHS libraries * [[Blu-ray Disc recordable]] === Tehnologi cakram alternatif === * [[HD DVD]] * [[AVCHD]] * [[Digital Multilayer Disk]] – the successor technology to [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]] * [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD) * [[Forward Versatile Disc]] (FVD) – [http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm Taiwanese backed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408031043/http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm |date=2007-04-08 }} red laser format * [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]] * [[Holographic Versatile Disc]] – standards with 200 and 300&nbsp;GB storage are under development and prototypes expected in 2008 * [[3D optical data storage]] – a next-generation technology expected to provide TB-capacity discs * [[PH-DVD]] * [[Protein-coated disc]] * [[Tapestry Media]] * [[Ultra Density Optical]] * [[Versatile Multilayer Disc]] * [[LS-R]] – a "layer selection" technology allowing the stacking of very large numbers of DVD-like data layers in a single disc. == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == {{commonscat|Blu-ray Disc}} {{Portal|Blu-ray}} * [http://www.blu-raydisc.com/ Blu-ray Disc Association] * [http://www.blu-raydisc.info/ Blu-ray Disc License Web Site] * [http://www.aacsla.com/home AACS LA] * [http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html Panasonic Blu-ray Portal Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229042830/http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html |date=2007-12-29 }} * [http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/About/BluRay PlayStation.com: Blu-ray Disc Technology] * [http://www.dolby.com/ Dolby Laboratories] * [http://www.dtsonline.com/ DTS] * [http://www.hdmi.org/ HDMI Licensing] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070219115147/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11392 The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ] by Hugh Bennett * [http://www.digital-digest.com/highdefdvd/faq.html The High Definition DVD FAQ] – FAQ for Blu-ray, HD DVD, EVD, FVD... * [http://www.hidefdvd.com/browse-studio-bluray.htm Studios Currently Supporting Blu-ray] === Warta === * [http://pro.jvc.com/pro/pr/2004/victor/041224BDDVD_combo_ROM_Disc.pdf JVC Develops World's First Blu-ray/DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JVC Press Reléases [[2004-12-24]]. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4921784.stm Next-generation DVD battle begins] – [[BBC News Online]] [[2006-04-19]]. * [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060427/116681/?ST=english TDK Prototypes 200&nbsp;GB Recordable Blu-ray Disc with Six Layers] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2006-04-27]]. * [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070111/126348/ Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using 'Standard Drive'] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2007-01-11]]. * [http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/200704/07-037E/index.html Establishment of Industry-leading Monthly Capacity of 1.7 million Blue-violet Diodes(lower costs)] – SONY Press Reléases [[2007-04-07]]. * [http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ Mixed Messages From HD DVD Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105214853/http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ |date=2008-01-05 }} – Ultimate AV News Desk [[2007-06-14]]. * [http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&&article_ID=10786 Starz to go Blu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190153/http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&&article_ID=10786 |date=2007-09-27 }} – Home Media Magazine Top Story [[2007-06-19]]. * [http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=120988 Volume Unique Keys for released Blu-ray titles] {{Home_video}} {{HighDefinitionMedia}} [[Kategori:Cakram Blu-ray| ]] [[Kategori:Platform Java]] [[Kategori:High-definition television]] [[Kategori:Panyimpen vidéo]] [[Kategori:Nu diwanohkeun taun 2006]] [[Kategori:Média panyimpen komputer]] [[Kategori:Panyimpen audio]] [[Kategori:DVD]] [[Kategori:Éléktronika konsumén]] hussku95lhw2drnubcoqi3h0vn9neyt 0 25852 731647 653327 2026-11-07T22:54:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731647 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaca ieu eusina daptar [[walungan]] di [[Indonésia]]. ==[[Sumatera]]== ===[[Acéh]]:=== * [[Walungan Geumpang|Geumpang]] * [[Walungan Kruet|Kruet]] * [[Walungan Meureudu|Meureudu]] * [[Walungan Peureula|Peureula]] * [[Walungan Peusangan|Peusangan]] * [[Walungan Ranggos|Ranggos]] * [[Walungan Simpang Kanan|Simpang Kanan]] * [[Walungan Simpang Kiri|Simpang Kiri]] * [[Walungan Teunom|Teunom]] * [[Walungan Waila|Waila]] ===[[Sumatera Kalér]]:=== * [[Walungan Angkola|Angkola]] * [[Walungan Asahan|Asahan]] * [[Walungan Batanggadis|Batanggadis]] * [[Walungan Belawan|Belawan]] * [[Walungan Besitang|Besitang]] * [[Walungan Nalipang|Nalipang]] * [[Walungan Sarkam|Sarkam]] * [[Walungan Sibundung|Sibundung]] * [[Walungan Singkuang|Singkuang]] * [[Walungan Wampu|Wampu]] ===[[Bengkulu]]:=== * [[Walungan Alas|Alas]] * [[Walungan Bantai|Bantai]] * [[Walungan Bengkulu|Bengkulu]] * [[Walungan Ketahun|Ketahun]] * [[Walungan lpuh|lpuh]] * [[Walungan Nasal|Nasal]] * [[Walungan Seblat|Seblat]] * [[Walungan Seluma|Seluma]] * [[Walungan Tanjungaur|Tanjungaur]] ===[[Jambi]]:=== * [[Walungan Batanghari|Batanghari]] ===[[Riau]]:=== * [[Walungan Bangko|Bangko]] * [[Walungan Gaung|Gaung]] * [[Walungan Kampar Kanan|Kampar Kanan]] * [[Walungan Kampar Kiri|Kampar Kiri]] * [[Walungan Ketanan|Ketanan]] * [[Walungan Kuantan/Indragiri|Kuantan/Indragiri]] * [[Walungan Reteh|Reteh]] * [[Walungan Rokan Kanan|Rokan Kanan]] * [[Walungan Rokan Kiri|Rokan Kiri]] * [[Walungan Siak|Siak]] ===[[Sumatera Kulon]]:=== * [[Walungan Anai|Anai]] * [[Walungan Antokan|Antokan]] * [[Walungan Jujuhan|Jujuhan]] * [[Walungan Ombilin|Ombilin]] * [[Walungan Pasaman|Pasaman]] * [[Walungan Sangir|Sangir]] * [[Walungan Sihilang|Sihilang]] * [[Walungan Sindung|Sindung]] * [[Walungan Sirantih|Sirantih]] * [[Walungan Tarusan|Tarusan]] ===[[Sumatera Kidul]]:=== * [[Walungan Bulurangtiding|Bulurangtiding]] * [[Walungan Komering|Komering]] * [[Walungan Lakitan|Lakitan]] * [[Walungan Lematang|Lematang]] * [[Walungan Mesuji|Mesuji]] * [[Walungan Musi|Musi]] * [[Walungan Ogan|Ogan]] * [[Walungan Rambang|Rambang]] * [[Walungan Rawas|Rawas]] * [[Walungan Saleh|Saleh]] ===[[Lampung]]:=== * [[Walungan Basai|Basai]] * [[Walungan Jepara|Jepara]] * [[Walungan Kambas|Kambas]] * [[Walungan Pameriliun|Pameriliun]] * [[Walungan Sekampung|Sekampung]] * [[Walungan Semah|Semah]] * [[Walungan Seputih|Seputih]] * [[Walungan Simpang Balek|Simpang Balek]] * [[Walungan Sukadana|Sukadana]] * [[Walungan Tuiangbawang|Tuiangbawang]] ===[[Kapuloan Bangka Belitung]]:=== ===[[Kapuloan Riau]]:=== ==[[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]]== ===[[Banten]]:=== * [[Walungan Cisadané|Cisadané]] ===[[Jawa Kulon]]:=== * [[Walungan Ciampéa|Ciampéa]] * [[Walungan Ciaruteun|Ciaruteun]] * [[Walungan Ciasmara|Ciasmara]] * [[Walungan Cibungbulang|Cibungbulang]] * [[Walungan Cigaméa|Cigaméa]] * [[Walungan Cilamaya|Cilamaya]] * [[Walungan Cileungsi|Cileungsi]] * [[Walungan Ciliwung|Ciliwung]] * [[Walungan Cilosari|Cilosari]] * [[Walungan Cilutung|Cilutung]] * [[Walungan Cikandang|Cikandang]] * [[Walungan Cikapundung|Cikapundung]] * [[Walungan Cikuluwung|Cikuluwung]] * [[Walungan Cimandiri|Cimandiri]] * [[Walungan Cimantiung|Cimantiung]] * [[Walungan Cimanuk|Cimanuk]] * [[Walungan Cinangnéng|Cinangnéng]] * [[Walungan Cipélés|Cipélés]] * [[Walungan Cisanggarung|Cisanggarung]] * [[Walungan Citanduy|Citanduy]] * [[Walungan Citarik|Citarik]] * [[Walungan Citarum|Citarum]] * [[Walungan Ciujung|Ciujung]] * [[Walungan Purabakti|Purabakti]] ===[[DKI|DKI Jakarta]]:=== ===[[Jawa Tengah]]:=== * [[Bengawan Solo|Bengawan Solo]] * [[Walungan Bodri|Bodri]] * [[Walungan Bogowonto|Bogowonto]] * [[Walungan Comal|Comal]] * [[Walungan Klampis|Klampis]] * [[Walungan Lusi|Lusi]] * [[Walungan Pemali|Pemali]] * [[Walungan Progo|Progo]] * [[Walungan Serang|Serang]] * [[Walungan Cisarayu|Serayu]] ===[[Jawa Wétan]]:=== * [[Walungan Ajung|Ajung]] * [[Walungan Bajulmati|Bajulmati]] * [[Walungan Bedadung|Bedadung]] * [[Walungan Brangkal|Brangkal]] * [[Walungan Brantas|Brantas]] * [[Walungan Lamongan|Lamongan]] * [[Walungan Madiun|Madiun]] * [[Walungan Rejoso|Rejoso]] * [[Walungan Sampean|Sampean]] * [[Walungan Sumbermarijing|Sumbermarijing]] ===[[DIY|Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]]:=== * [[Walungan Codé|Codé]] * [[Walungan Glagah|Glagah]] * [[Walungan Opak|Opak]] * [[Walungan Oyo|Oyo]] * [[Walungan Tepus|Tepus]] * [[Walungan Malang|Malang]] ==[[Nusa Tenggara]]== ===[[Bali]]:=== * [[Walungan Ayun|Ayun]] * [[Walungan Bubuh|Bubuh]] * [[Walungan Pakerisan|Pakerisan]] * [[Walungan Pancuran|Pancuran]] * [[Walungan Pangi|Pangi]] * [[Walungan Patanu|Patanu]] * [[Walungan Sangiang|Sangiang]] * [[Walungan Sang-Sang|Sang-Sang]] * [[Walungan Sumbul|Sumbul]] * [[Walungan Unda|Unda]] ===[[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]]:=== * [[Walungan Ampang|Ampang]] * [[Walungan Gurakara|Gurakara]] * [[Walungan Jangklok|Jangklok]] * [[Walungan Kampu|Kampu]] * [[Walungan Nal|Nal]] * [[Walungan Pliwis|Pliwis]] * [[Walungan Putih|Putih]] * [[Walungan Sidutan|Sidutan]] * [[Walungan Sumpel|Sumpel]] * [[Walungan Tepa|Tepa]] ===[[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]]:=== * [[Walungan Emboko|Emboko]] * [[Walungan Fai|Fai]] * [[Walungan Jamal|Jamal]] * [[Walungan Kanjiji|Kanjiji]] * [[Walungan Lingeh|Lingeh]] * [[Walungan Polapare|Polapare]] * [[Walungan Rissa|Rissa]] * [[Walungan Wajalu|Wajalu]] * [[Walungan Wera|Wera]] ==[[Kalimantan]]== ===[[Kalimantan Kulon]]:=== * [[Walungan Airhitam|Airhitam]] * [[Walungan Beliang|Beliang]] * [[Walungan Jelai|Jelai]] * [[Walungan Kapuas|Kapuas]] * [[Walungan Landak|Landak]] * [[Walungan Melawi|Melawi]] * [[Walungan Mempawah|Mempawah]] * [[Walungan Paloh|Paloh]] * [[Walungan Pawan|Pawan]] * [[Walungan Sambas|Sambas]] ===[[Kalimantan Kidul]]:=== * [[Walungan Alalak|Alalak]] * [[Walungan Ayu|Ayu]] * [[Walungan Baharangan|Baharangan]] * [[Walungan Barito|Barito]] * [[Walungan Cegal|Cegal]] * [[Walungan Haruan|Haruan]] * [[Walungan Kurambu|Kurambu]] * [[Walungan Martapura|Martapura]] * [[Walungan Negara|Negara]] * [[Walungan Riam|Riam]] * [[Walungan Tapin|Tapin]] ===[[Kalimantan Tengah]]:=== * [[Walungan Kahayan|Kahayan]] * [[Walungan Kalanaman|Kalanaman]] * [[Walungan Katingan|Katingan]] * [[Walungan Lamandau|Lamandau]] * [[Walungan Mendawai|Mendawai]] * [[Walungan Pembuang|Pembuang]] * [[Walungan Sampit|Sampit]] * [[Walungan Seruyan|Seruyan]] ===[[Kalimantan Wétan]]:=== * [[Walungan Angisa|Angisa]] * [[Walungan Bahan|Bahan]] * [[Walungan Bani|Bani]] * [[Walungan Berau|Berau]] * [[Walungan Mahakam|Mahakam]] * [[Walungan Senyiur|Senyiur]] * [[Walungan Sesayap|Sesayap]] * [[Walungan Telen|Telen]] * [[Walungan Wahan|Wahan]] ===[[Kalimantan Kalér]]=== * [[Walungan Kayan|Kayan]] ==[[Sulawesi]]== ===[[Gorontalo]]:=== ===[[Sulawesi Kidul]]:=== * [[Walungan Girirang|Girirang]] * [[Walungan Jeneberang|Jeneberang]] * [[Walungan Karana|Karana]] * [[Walungan Malasa|Malasa]] * [[Walungan Mandar|Mandar]] * [[Walungan Maraleng|Maraleng]] * [[Walungan Sadong|Sadong]] * [[Walungan Singga|Singga]] * [[Walungan Tangkok|Tangkok]] * [[Walungan Walanae|Walanae]] ===[[Sulawesi Tenggara]]:=== * [[Walungan Konoweha|Konoweha]] * [[Walungan Labandia|Labandia]] * [[Walungan Lalindu|Lalindu]] * [[Walungan Lasolo|Lasolo]] * [[Walungan Matarombeo|Matarombeo]] * [[Walungan Peleang|Peleang]] * [[Walungan Sampolawa|Sampolawa]] * [[Walungan Watumakale|Watumakale]] ===[[Sulawesi Tengah]]:=== * [[Walungan Batui|Batui]] * [[Walungan Bongkal|Bongkal]] * [[Walungan Buol|Buol]] * [[Walungan Maraju|Maraju]] * [[Walungan Mesup|Mesup]] * [[Walungan Palu|Palu]] * [[Walungan Poso|Poso]] * [[Walungan Takuwono|Takuwono]] * [[Walungan Toili|Toili]] * [[Walungan Ulkuli|Ulkuli]] * [[Walungan Wesanga|Wesanga]] ===[[Sulawesi Kalér]]:=== * [[Walungan Ayong|Ayong]] * [[Walungan Binebase|Binebase]] * [[Walungan Bone|Bone]] * [[Walungan Laini|Laini]] * [[Walungan Naha|Naha]] * [[Walungan Polgar|Polgar]] * [[Walungan Ranayapu|Ranayapu]] * [[Walungan Tabalong|Tabalong]] * [[Walungan Tutul|Tutul]] ===[[Sulawesi Kulon]]:=== ==[[Maluku]] jeung [[Papua]]== ===[[Maluku]]=== * [[Walungan Apu|Apu]] * [[Walungan Castelo|Castelo]] * [[Walungan Marikrubu|Marikrubu]] * [[Walungan Masiulang|Masiulang]] * [[Walungan Ruate|Ruate]] * [[Walungan Sapatewa|Sapatewa]] * [[Walungan Sapulawa|Sapulawa]] * [[Walungan Sarafo|Sarafo]] * [[Walungan Togorala|Togorala]] * [[Walungan Yalua|Yalua]] ===[[Maluku Kalér]]=== ===[[Papua Kulon]]=== ===[[Papua]]=== * [[Walungan Baliem|Baliem]] * [[Walungan Bian|Bian]] * [[Walungan Digul|Digul]] * [[Walungan Kamundan|Kamundan]] * [[Walungan Lorentz|Lorentz]] * [[Walungan Mayu|Mayu]] * [[Walungan Memberamo|Memberamo]] * [[Walungan Merauke|Merauke]] * [[Walungan Noordwese|Noordwese]] * [[Walungan Sircanden|Sircanden]] * [[Walungan Warenoi|Warenoi]] ==Tempo Ogé== [[Walungan]] ==Rujukan== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217142131/http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/feature/wisata/2003/011/wis01.html Sababaraha walungan keur arung jeram kasebut dina Sinar Harapan]] * [http://www.bplhdjabar.go.id/news-crawling.cfm?doc_id=493 Tujuh walungan gedé di Jawa Barat] * [http://www.pu.go.id/publik/bencana/banjir/banjir-jabar.htm Walungan di Bogor nu katarajang banjir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302233121/http://www.pu.go.id/publik/bencana/banjir/banjir-jabar.htm |date=2007-03-02 }} * [http://organisasi.org/nama_sungai_dan_letaknya_di_indonesia_diurutkan_berdasarkan_abjad Ngaran walungan di Indonesia dumasar abjad] [[kategori:Walungan di Indonésia|*]] tczoh6s1kakhlke5qwnmqj4lv4olq37 0 25926 731740 678378 2026-11-08T05:32:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses1|the Japanese city}} {{Infobox City Japan | Name = Kobe | JapaneseName = 神戸市 | MapImage = Kobe, Hyogo.PNG | Prefecture = [[Préféktur Hyōgo|Hyōgo]] | District = | Area_km2 = 552.80 | PopDate = [[1 Séptémber]], [[2007]] | Population = 1,530,295 | Density_km2 = 2768 | Coords = {{coord|34|41|N|135|12|E|display=inline,title|type:city_region:JP}} | Tree = ''[[Camellia sasanqua]]'' | Flower = [[Hydrangea]] | Bird = | SymbolImage = Kobe_CitySymbol.svg | SymbolDescription = | Mayor = [[Tatsuo Yada]] | CityHallPostalCode = 650-8570 | CityHallAddress = 6-5-1 Kano-chō, Chūō-ku, Kōbe-shi, Hyōgo-ken | CityHallPhone = 078-331-8181 | CityHallLink = [http://www.city.kobe.jp/index-e.html Kota Kobe] }} {{nihongo|'''Kota Kobe'''|神戸市|Kōbe-shi}} nyaéta ibukota [[Hyogo Prefecture|Préféktur Hyogo]] sarta salah sahiji kota palabuan utama di Jepang jeung populasina kira-kira 1.4 juta. Kota ieu ayana di [[Kansai region|Wewengkon Kansai]] Jepang sarta bagéan ti metropolitan [[Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto]]. Kobe kaasup salah sahiji tina tujuhbelas [[City designated by government ordinance (Japan)|kota metropolitan]]. Asal Kobe dumasar kana ngaran {{nihongo|Ōwada Anchorage|大輪田泊|Ōwada-no-tomari}}, tulisan panungtung nu kacatet ti wewengkon [[Nihon Shoki]], nu sacara jentre kapanggih dina [[Ikuta Shrine|Kuil Ikuta]] ku [[Jingū of Japan|Ratu Jingū]] dina taun [[201|201 A.D.]]<ref name="ikutahistory">[http://www.ikutajinja.or.jp/index1.html Ikuta Shrine official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404125132/http://www.ikutajinja.or.jp/index1.html |date=2008-04-04 }} - "History of Ikuta Shrine" (Japanese), retrieved October 22, 2007</ref><ref name="kobecityinfo">[http://www.kobecityinfo.com/history.html Kobe City Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616060627/http://www.kobecityinfo.com/history.html |date=2008-06-16 }} - "History", retrieved February 2, 2007</ref> Dumasar kana catetan sajarah, ieu wewengkon teu pernah aya dina kakawasaan hiji pamaréntahan, pon kitu deui salila [[Tokugawa Period|Periode Tokugawa]], waktu palabuan dikontrol langsung ku [[Tokugawa Shogunate|Shogun Tokugawa]]. Kobe teu pernah aya nepi ka kiwari saméméh diwangun dina taun [[1889]]. Ngaran asalna tina {{nihongo|"kanbe"|神戸|kanbe}}, gelar pasukan panah nu ngadukung Kota Kuil Ikuta.<ref name="nagasakiu">[http://hikoma.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/en/target.php?id=5363 Nagasaki University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516202402/http://hikoma.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/en/target.php?id=5363 |date=2007-05-16 }} - "Ikuta Shrine", retrieved February 3, 2007</ref><ref name="kojien_kanbe">Entry for {{lang|ja-Hani|「神戸（かんべ）」}}. [[Kōjien]], fifth edition, 1998, [ISBN 4-00-080111-2]</ref> Kobe jadi salah sahiji [[City designated by government ordinance (Japan)|kota metropolitan]] dina taun [[1956]]. Kobe salah sahiji kota munggaran nu dibuka keur dagang jeung [[Western world|Kulon]] sanggeus ahir [[Sakoku|politik isolasi]] sarta kiwari disebut kota palabuan kosmopolitan. Dina taun [[1995]] [[Great Hanshin earthquake|Lini Gedé Hanshin]] ngancurkeun sabagéan gedé Kota Kobe salaku kota palabuan, kiwari jadi kota palabuan nomer opat pangsibukna di Jepang.<ref name="busyport2005">[http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202005.xls American Association of Port Authorities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223354/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202005.xls |date=2007-09-27 }} - "World Port Rankings 2005", retrieved July 3, 2007</ref> Sababaraha pausahaan kantor pusatna di Kobe saperti [[ASICS]], [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]], jeung [[Kobe Steel]], sarta leuwih ti 100 korporasi internasional Asia atawa Jepang ngantor di ieu kota saperti [[Procter & Gamble]] jeung [[Nestlé]].<ref name="foreign_hq">"Number of foreign corporations with headquarters in Kobe passes 100." (Japanese) in Nikkei Net, retrieved from [http://www.nikkei.co.jp/news/retto/20070702c6b0202c02.html NIKKEI.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706011802/http://www.nikkei.co.jp/news/retto/20070702c6b0202c02.html |date=2007-07-06 }} on July 3, 2007.</ref><ref name="companyhq">[http://www.hyogo-kobe.jp/english/list/company.html Hyogo-Kobe Investment Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208073732/http://www.hyogo-kobe.jp/english/list/company.html |date=2006-12-08 }} - "List of Foreign Enterprises and Examples", retrieved February 8, 2007</ref> Kobe nyaéta asal jeung tempatna [[Kobe beef|sapi Kobe]] sarta tempat [[onsen|cinyusu panas]] [[Arima Onsen]]. == Poto-poto == <gallery> Image:Kobe nakatottei07s3200.jpg|[[Kobe Port Tower|Munara Palabuan Kobe]] Image:Akashi-kaikyo_bridge_night_shot_small.jpg|[[Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge|Sasak Akashi-Kaikyo]] Image:Kobe City view from Po-ai Shiosai Park01s3.jpg|Downtown Kobe File:Kin-no-yu Arima Onsen03s3s.jpg|Arima-Onsen </gallery> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Kobe}} * {{en icon}} [http://www.city.kobe.jp/index-e.html Ramatloka resmi Kobe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324050511/http://www.city.kobe.jp/index-e.html |date=2009-03-24 }} * {{en icon}} [http://www.kobecityinfo.com Info Kota Kobe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807200305/http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?word=Kobe-shi%20%28Japan%29&s=3&notword=&f=2 New York Public Library Digital Gallery] - late 19th century photographs of Kobe * {{wikivoyage|Kobe}} {{Hyogo}} {{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}} {{pondok}} <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:Kobe]] [[Kategori:Kota di Préféktur Hyōgo]] [[Kategori:Kota basisir]] [[Kategori:Kota palabuan di Jepang]] <!--Other languages--> 95t1zev41fc8yu5mkw4j2oldial1bga 0 26621 731749 705574 2026-11-08T06:11:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731749 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Kujang |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Image:Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde Deel XLVII.pdf|page=452|250px]] ''Rupa-rupa kujang jeung [[badi]] dina laporan Hurgronje taun 1904.'' |- ! Jenis | Pakarang Tradisional / Pakakas Tatanén |- ! Asal | [[Tatar Sunda]], [[Indonésia]] |- ! Bahan | Beusi, waja, sarta pamor |- ! Fungsi | Simbol identitas, pakarang, jimat |} '''Kujang''' nyaéta hiji [[pakarang]] nu mandiri nu asalna ti wewengkon [[Sunda]].<ref name=Made>{{Cite book|title =Modul Resmi PPPK Non-Guru - Pranata Komputer 2021-2022| last= Garuda Eduka| first= I Made| coauthors =Tim | year= 2021|page=107|location=Jakarta| publisher=Cmedia| isbn=-|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wiFAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&dq=senjata+kujang+berasal+dari&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_34vk2fX8AhUuIrcAHRaqAHgQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=senjata%20kujang%20berasal%20dari&f=false}}</ref> Kujang munggaran dijieun kira-kira [[abad ka-8]] atawa [[abad ka-9|ka-9]], dijieun tina [[beusi]], [[waja]] sarta bahan pamor, panjangna kira-kira 20 nepi ka 25 [[cm]] sarta beuratna kira-kira 300 [[gram]]. Kujang mangrupa pakakas anu ngagambarkeun seukeutna anu miboga lambang kakuatan dina kahirupan sarta wawanén pikeun ngadegkeun bebeneran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ensiklopediaindonesia.com/1054/kujang-jati-diri-pusaka-tanah-pasundan/|title=Kujang: Jati Diri Pusaka Tanah Pasundan|last=Indonesia|first=Ensiklopedia|accessdate=12 Juli 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712070340/https://www.ensiklopediaindonesia.com/1054/kujang-jati-diri-pusaka-tanah-pasundan/ |date=2022-07-12 }}</ref> == Wangun == Kujang anu sampurna mah miboga kalengkepan anu ilaharna ngawengku sababaraha bagian di antarana :</br> * '''Papatuk''' atawa '''congo''', nyaéta bagian congona méncos, biasana sok dipaké pikeun nyokél. * '''Eluk''' atawa '''siih''', nyaéta eluk-eluk dina waruga kujang anu gunana pikeun mencabik-cabik awak lawan. * '''Waruga''' nyaéta awak atawa sabudeureun kujang. * '''kujang panon''' nyaéta liang leutik anu aya dina waruga anu jumlahna rupa-rupa, ti 5 nepi ka 9 liang. Aya ogé kujang Panu euweuh panonan disebut '''kujang buta'''. * '''Tonggong''', nyaéta sisina seukeut anu perenahna aya dina [[tonggong]] kujang. * '''Tadah''', nyaéta eluk leutik anu perenahna di belah [[beuteung]] kujang. * '''Aksi''', nyaéta buntut kujang anu bentukna léncop. * '''Combong''', nyaéta liang anu perenahna aya dina gagang kujang. * '''Ganja''' atawa '''landaian''' nyaéta sudut nu léncop anu mangaruhan ka belah sisi kujang. * '''Kowak''' atawa '''sarung kujang''' anu dijieunna tina [[kai samida]] anu miboga ambeu anu has tur bisa nambahan perkara goibna. * '''Pamor''' bentukna guguratan (sulangkar) atawa tutul anu aya gambaran dina luhur waruga kujang. Sulangkar atawa tutul dina waruga kujang, miboga ajén artistik pikeun neundeun racun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sejarah-budaya.com/2019/06/12/mengenal-bagian-dan-filosofi-pusaka-kujang-khas-pajajaran/|title=Mengenal Bagian dan Filosofi Pusaka Kujang Khas Pajajaran|last=Budaya|first=Sejarah|accessdate=12 Juli 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712062544/https://www.sejarah-budaya.com/2019/06/12/mengenal-bagian-dan-filosofi-pusaka-kujang-khas-pajajaran/ |date=2022-07-12 }}</ref> == Filosofi == Kecap "Kujang" asalna tina kecap ''Kudihyang'' (Kudi sarta Hyang). ''Kudi'' hartina pakakas anu miboga kakuatan gaib, sedengkeun ''Hyang'' hartina Gusti atawa Déwa. Sacara filosofis, kujang ngalambangkeun kakuatan anu asalna tina kasucian sarta pananggeuhan ka Nu Maha Kawasa.<ref name="budaya">Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Jawa Barat. "Mengenal Kujang Pajajaran".</ref> == Rupa-rupa kujang == === Dumasar kana jelema nu mibogana === Aya genep macem kujang anu nyirikeun darajat jelema nu mibogana. # Kujang ciung anu biasa dipaké ku raja, bangsawan, kokolot. # Kujang kuntul anu biasa dipaké ku patih. # Kujang jago (bentukna jiga hayam jago) anu jadi pakarang andelan panglima perang. #Kujang bangkong anu biasa dipaké ku guru jeung para ahli. #Kujang badak. # Kujang naga anu biasa dipaké ku para demang.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Potret Negeriku: Budaya Unik|last=Nugraha|first=Sigit Wahyu|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|year=2017|isbn=978-602-424-238-1|location=Jakarta|pages=113|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Potret_Negeriku_Kebudayaan_Unik/uiBQEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=kujang+sunda&pg=PA113&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://id.theasianparent.com/kujang|title=Mengenal Kujang, Senjata Tradisional dari Tlatah Pasundan|last=Intan|first=Ruhaeni|accessdate=12 Juli 2022}}</ref> === Dumasar kana kagunaan === Aya parobahan dina wangun jeung fungsi kujang sajalan jeung kamajuan téhnologi, budaya, sosial jeung ékonomi masyarakat Sunda. Kujang anu awalna jadi pakakas pertanian<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museumnusantara.com/kujang/|title=Kujang: Senjata Tradisional Spiritual dari Jawa Barat|last=Nurfaiziah|first=Fida|website=museumnusantara.com|accessdate=12 Juli 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712055247/https://museumnusantara.com/kujang/|archivedate=2022-07-12}}</ref>, ayeuna geus robah jadi pakarang anu disakralkeun. Dumasar kana fungsina, kujang téh aya opat jenis nyaéta: #kujang pusaka anu nyimbolkeun kaagungan jeung kasalametan, #kujang pakarang anu biasa dipaké keur perang, #Kujang pangarak anu biasa dipaké keur upacara #kujang pamangkas anu jadi pakakas andelan ngahuma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/kujang/|title=Kujang|last=Kemdikbud|first=Dirjen Kebudayaan|website=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/|accessdate=12 Juli 2022}}</ref> == Bahan jeung Pamor == Kujang anu kualitasna luhur dijieun tina campuran beusi, waja, sarta bahan pamor (meteorid). Proses ngadamelna dipidamel ku saurang [[Empu]] kalayan ngaliwatan rupa-rupa ritual sarta puasa supados miboga "eusi" anu luyu sareng karakter nu gaduhna. <Gallery> File:Kujang.png|Gambar File:Knife MET 36.25.804 001june2014.jpg|Kujang File:Tugu Kujang, the landmark of the rain city; Bogor.jpg|Tugu Kujang di Bogor File:Wooden flutes and keyrings, crafts from Kampung Naga.jpg|Tironan kujang jang oléh-oléh </Gallery> ==Baca ogé== *[[keris]] *[[kudi]] [[Kategori:Pakarang Sunda]] [[Kategori:Pakarang tradisional Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Pakarang]] ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{sunda-pondok}} ku3091shfa39lhb9j2uzrnc5k6sy4cq 0 26796 731594 731325 2026-11-07T19:05:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{year nav|2008}} {{C21YearInTopic}} '''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]. {{Calendar}} 2008 kasebut minangka: * [[Taun Basa Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding" GA/10592]</ref> * [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];<ref>[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013555/http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html |date=2020-11-27 }}</ref> * [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921111051/http://www.potato2008.org/ |date=2007-09-21 }}.</ref> * [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];<ref>[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019013414/http://esa.un.org/iys/ |date=2007-10-19 }}.</ref> * [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];<ref>[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]</ref> * [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];<ref>[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221062234/http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 |date=2007-12-21 }}.</ref> * [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;<ref>[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516030658/http://www.yearofreading.org.uk/ |date=2008-05-16 }}.</ref> * Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].<ref>[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430073926/http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm |date=2008-04-30 }}.</ref>; Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[Indonésia]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa adalah ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[29 Pébruari]]. == Kajadian == <!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --> === Januari === {{MonthR_31_Sal|Januari}} * [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130041939/http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 |date=2009-01-30 }}, EurActiv</ref><ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706103838/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ |date=2009-07-06 }}, EUbusiness</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/http://www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF). * [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend. * [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30. * [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. * [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election * [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. * [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&nbsp;°F). * [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. * [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. * [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. * [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference. * [[January 7]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. * [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker. * [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]]. * [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. * [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money. * [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name "[[Panasonic]]", announced to change the company name to "Panasonic Corporation" from [[October 1]], 2008.<ref>http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218171140/http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887 |date=2008-02-18 }}</ref> * [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500). * [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes. * [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.<ref>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064211/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0 |date=2008-01-18 }}</ref> * [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland. * [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]]. * [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}</ref> * [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]]. * [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling. * [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221172909/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html |date=2008-02-21 }}</ref> * [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned "unlawful or illegal activity" conducted by two activists.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120174830/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html |date=2008-01-20 }}</ref> * [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea</ref> * [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122053205/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0 |date=2008-01-22 }}</ref> * [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds. * [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]]. * [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]]. * [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community. * [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. * [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%. <!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --> * [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died. * [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]]. * [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]]. * [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar. * [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]]. * [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.<ref>http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223234051/http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html |date=2008-02-23 }}</ref> * [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]]. * [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&refer=home</ref> * [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://wsf2008.net/eng/home {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219214350/http://wsf2008.net/eng/home |date=2009-02-19 }}</ref> * [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923</ref> * [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]]. * [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]]. * [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''</ref> * [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes. * [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070611001053/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera</ref> * [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D</ref> * [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race. === Pébruari === {{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]] * [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}</ref> * [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.<ref>"Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.<ref>"Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points. * [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]]. * [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]]. * [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]]. * [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html "Rudd says sorry"], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008</ref> * [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10|accessdate=2008-02-20}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg |date=2008-09-10 }}</ref> * [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24. * [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26|accessdate=2008-10-12}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918153755/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow |date=2008-09-18 }}</ref> * [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]]. * [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis. * [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew. * [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]]. {{-}} === March === {{Month3|3|5|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]] * March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]]. * [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005. * [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed. * [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]]. * [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. * [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. * [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc. * [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament%26navi%3DMONDE "Bhutan votes for status quo"], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008</ref> * [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&nbsp;mi.<sup>2</sup>) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk. * [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]]. * [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}</ref> === April === {{Month3|4|1|year=2008}} * [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008</ref> and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408094450/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html |date=2008-04-08 }}, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008</ref><ref>[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626205104/http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 |date=2008-06-26 }}, ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008</ref> * [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]. * [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]]. * [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients. * [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News</ref> === May === {{Month3|5|3|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]] * [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]]. * [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]]. * [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M<sub>w</sub>]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]]. * [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. * [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]] * [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100. * [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries. * [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228000225/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|archivedate=2008-02-28}}</ref> * [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]]. === June === {{Month3|6|6|year=2008}} * [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. * [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested. * [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44. * [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched. * [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]]. * [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty. * [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400. * [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''"Water and sustainable development"''. * [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing. * [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]]. * [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}</ref> === July === {{Month3|7|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]] * [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces. * [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150. * [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]]. * [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes. * [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}</ref> * [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}</ref> * [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]]. * [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> * [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople. * [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]]. * [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref><ref name="yahooiraq">{{cite news |title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk |first= Selcan |last= Hacaoglu |date= 28-07-2008 |publisher= AP}}</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620203845/http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|archivedate=2007-06-20}}</ref> === August === {{Month3|8|4|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918165415/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|archivedate=2008-09-18}}</ref> * [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400. * [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected |first= |last= |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= Xinhua |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080806232202/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |archive-date= 2008-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese border assault kills 16 |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. * [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. * [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827101849/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|archivedate=2008-08-27}}</ref> * [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM |first= |last= |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date= 08-15-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-15 |publisher= CNN |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080817040145/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |archive-date= 2008-08-17 }}</ref> * [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}</ref> * [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}</ref> * [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.<ref>{{cite news |title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm |date= 08-20-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-20 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]]. * [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044758/http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|archivedate=2011-04-30}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}</ref> * [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> * [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114055640/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|archivedate=2009-11-14}}</ref> * [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}</ref> === September === {{Month3|9|0|year=2008}} * [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531200023/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|archivedate=2010-05-31}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918162321/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|archivedate=2008-09-18}}</ref> * [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&A: Cyprus peace process}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024021253/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|archivedate=2008-10-24}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}</ref> * [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} </ref> * [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}</ref> * [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917220729/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|archivedate=2008-09-17}}</ref> * [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106223640/http://press.web.cern.ch/Press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html |date=2009-01-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}</ref> * [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}</ref> * [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025034123/http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|archivedate=2008-10-25}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]. * [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry. * [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005030902/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|archivedate=2008-10-05}}</ref> * [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}</ref> * [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}</ref> * [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929061212/http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|archivedate=2008-09-29}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]</ref> * [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725225434/http://www.spacex.com/F1-004.php|archivedate=2011-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}</ref> * [[September 29]]-[[September 30]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October Eid ul-Fitr holiday [[2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of [[2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010175253/http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|archivedate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === October === {{Month3|10|2|year=2008}} * [[October 1]]-[[October 2]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Eid ul-Fitr]][[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.<ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'>Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028183632/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 |date=2008-10-28 }} ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)</ref> * [[October 3]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]] Eid ul-Fitr holiday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726074656/http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|archivedate=2011-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028110556/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|archivedate=2009-10-28}}</ref> * [[October 4]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].<ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'>Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011064650/http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 |date=2008-10-11 }} ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)</ref> * [[October 5]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]</ref><ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]</ref> * [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC<sub>3</sub>]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007190747/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|archivedate=2008-10-07}}</ref> * [[October 8]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014153056/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 |date=2008-10-14 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012012716/http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K%2F133944%2FPR%2F200810%2F1258139.xml |date=2008-10-12 }}</ref> [[Landsbanki]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217042852/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407043000/http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 |date=April 7, 2009 }}</ref> and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217043011/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081014121006/http://www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir%27s_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]</ref> * [[October 28]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[Diwali]] [[May 21]], [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === November === {{Month3|11|5|year=2008}} * [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]]. * [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class). * [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island. * [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date. * [[November 20]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203172349/http://www.fifa.com./u20womenworldcup/index.html |archivedate=2008-12-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203172349/http://www.fifa.com./u20womenworldcup/index.html |date=2008-12-03 }}</ref> * [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]]. * [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]]. <!-- DO NOT ADD "HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE" -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --> == Prediksi == === December === {{Month3|12|0|year=2008}} * [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.<ref name="endofNA">{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Staff reporter |coauthors = |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp |format = HTML |work = |publisher = Government.nl |pages = |page = |date = [[2007-02-13]] |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |language = english }}</ref> * [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007. * [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]. === Unknown dates === * The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm</ref><ref>http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031231022/http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008 |date=2006-10-31 }}</ref> * The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].<ref>http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html</ref> This process has alréady begun. * New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open. * The "Simón Bolívar" [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304072012/http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN |date=2008-03-04 }}</ref> * The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere</ref><ref>http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218153926/http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 |date=2008-02-18 }} Navy to shoot down dead satellite</ref> === Ongoing events === * [[Iraq War]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Conflict in Darfur]] * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] * [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]] <center>'''[[List of centuries|Abad]]:''' [[Abad ka-20]] • '''[[Abad ka-21]]''' • [[Abad ka-22]]</center> <center>'''[[List of decades|Dekade]]:''' [[1990-an]] • '''[[2000-an]]''' • [[2010-an]]</center> <center>'''Taun:''' [[2005|◄]] • [[2006]] • [[2007]] • [[2008]] • [[2009]] • [[2010]] • [[2011|►]]</center> <center>'''Dumasar nagara:''' [[2008 dina India|India]] • [[2008 dina Jepang|Jepang]]</center> == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2008}} === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]]) * [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]]) * [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Edward "Buddy" LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) * [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]]) * [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]]) * [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]]) == Major religious holidays == * [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims * [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins * [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival) * [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]] * [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format=|work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121836/http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|archive-date=2007-09-29}}</ref>) * [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]] * [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] * [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]] * [[March 25]] - [[Holi]] * [[April 20]] - [[Passover]] * [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]] * [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]] * [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]] * [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]] * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]] * [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]] * [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]] * [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]] * [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]] * [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]] * [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar * [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day * [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]] * [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]] * [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown * [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]] * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]] <!-- ==Births== --> == 2008 in fiction == === Books === * [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the "most representative citizen". * [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike. * [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008. * The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008. * In Francis Anderson's 1992 book "Future Undetermined" the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29. * [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s "Chaga Saga" (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space. * [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri. * ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008. * ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia. === Computer and video games === Set in 2008: * ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces. * ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover. * ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. * ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009) * ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]'' * ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' === Film === <!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> * ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. * ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008. * ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008. * Set in 2008: ** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971) ** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007) ** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) <!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> === Television === * ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life. * ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode "[[Space Pilot 3000]]"): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented. * The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008. * The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa. * ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008. * ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated. {{Events by month}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at Internet Accuracy Project {{Navbox | name = DekadeJeungTaun1 | title = [[Dekade|Dekade]] jeung [[Taun|taun]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | tracking = no | list1 = {{DekadeJeungTaun1|21}} {{Abad}} }} [[Kategori:2008| ]] g7pigwm2u7m6x8844uyqcd7jkej3vzp 0 27023 731646 730000 2026-11-07T22:53:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731646 wikitext text/x-wiki Dihandap ieu nyaéta '''daptar setasiun [[radio]] di [[Indonésia]]'''. == [[Sumatera]] == === Nanggroe Acéh Darussalam === ==== Dayeuh Sabang ==== * 99.9 Mhz - Radio Pro FM ==== Dayeuh Banda Acéh jeung Kabupatén Acéh Besar ==== * 89.4 Mhz - Radio Binkara FM * 90.6 Mhz - Radio Serambi FM * 95.3 Mhz - Radio Meugah FM * 96.9 Mhz - Radio SIS FM * 98.5 Mhz - Radio Baiturrahman FM * 99.3 Mhz - Radio Toss FM * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Kontiki FM [http://www.kontikifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304135648/http://www.kontikifm.com/ |date=2008-03-04 }} * 101.6 Mhz - Radio Antero FM [http://www.radioantero.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328101359/http://www.radioantero.com/ |date=2008-03-28 }} * 102.8 Mhz - Radio Freshone FM * 103.2 Mhz - Radio KISS FM [http://www.kissfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714135003/http://www.kissfm.co.id/ |date=2009-07-14 }} * 103.6 Mhz - Radio Jati FM * 104.4 Mhz - Radio Prima FM [http://www.radioprimafm.com] * 105.2 Mhz - Radio Flamboyan FM * 106.0 Mhz - [[Radio Nikoya FM]] [http://www.radioprimafm.com] * 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Seha FM * 107.8 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Meuraxa FM * 107.9 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Suara Perempuan FM ==== Kabupatén Pidie - Sigli ==== * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Askar FM ==== Dayeuh Lhokseumawe sarta Kabupatén Acéh Kalér ==== * 89.9 Mhz - RRI Pro-3 * 94.4 Mhz - RRI Pro-2 * 99.0 Mhz - RRI Pro-1 * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Vina Vira FM * 101.5 Mhz - Radio Bujang Salim FM * 102.7 Mhz - Radio Istiqomah Arun FM * 103.6 Mhz - Radio Adyemaja FM * 105.1 Mhz - Radio Surya FM ==== Kabupatén Bireuen ==== * 97.6 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan FM * 98.1 Mhz - Radio Getsu FM * 105.1 Mhz - Radio Andyta FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Tengah - Takengon ==== * 104.0 Mhz - Radio Amanda FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Jaya - Calang ==== * 101.0 Mhz - Radio Rapeja FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Tenggara - Kutacané ==== * 99.0 Mhz - Radio DB 99 FM ==== Kabupatén aceh selatan - Tapaktuan ==== * 88.9 Mhz - Radio SIT FM * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Kluetezz FM * 101,5 Mhz - Radio Kutanaga FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Kulon - Meulaboh ==== * 107.6 Mhz - Radio Komunitas Matahari FM * 101.2 Mhz - Radio Dalka FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Wétan - Langsa ==== * 106.1 Mhz - Radio Gipsi FM ==== Kabupatén Gayo Lues ==== * 101.1 Mhz - Radio Telangke FM ==== Kabupatén Acéh Singkil - Subulussalam ==== * 104.8 Mhz - Radio Xtra FM * 104.0 Mhz - Radio Wangwangan Pesona FM ==== Kabupatén Simeulue - Sinabang ==== * Radio Smong FM 98.7 Mhz Sinabang * Radio Simeulue Voice FM 98.7 Mhz Cai Tiis === Sumatera Kulon === * [[101 Arbes FM Padang]] 101 MHZ [http://www.arbesfm.com]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Pronews 90 FM Padang]] 90 MHZ [http://www.pronewsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010108/http://www.pronewsfm.com/ |date=2010-07-25 }} * [[Prodangdut 91.6 FM Padang]] 91.6 MHZ * [[Prosport 92.4 FM Padang]] 92.4 MHZ * [[Classy FM Padang]] 103.4 MHZ [http://www.classyfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615001852/http://www.classyfm.co.id/ |date=2011-06-15 }} * [[Favorit FM Padang]] 101.8 MHZ [http://www.favorit-fm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230110554/http://www.favorit-fm.co.id/ |date=2007-12-30 }} * [[Elsifm Bukittinggi]] 103,1 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702012244/http://www.elsifm.com/ |date=2010-07-02 }} * [[Rezafm Pasaman]] 103,5 MHZ [http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415085611/http://www.elsifm.com/rezafm.php |date=2008-04-15 }} * [[SSBS FM Padang]] 94.3 Mhz * [[Radio Komunitas Gama Smanthr3 FM Padang]] 89.7 Mhz * [[BOOS FM 104.2 Padang]] 104.2 Mhz === Jambi === * [[Irma Nada]] 97.5 MHZ * [[Kalapa Indah]] 837 KHZ === Kapuloan Bangka Belitung === * [[Radio Sonora 101.1 FM]] [http://www.sonora.co.id] === Lubuklinggau === * [[Radio DKJFM 103.4 FM]] [http://www.dkjfm.web.id]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Radio PAPEJA 101.8 FM]] [http://www.papejafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402024335/http://www.papejafm.web.id/ |date=2008-04-02 }} * [[Radio WANGWANGAN ATLAS 101 FM]] [http://www.citrafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603040703/http://www.citrafm.com/ |date=2008-06-03 }} === Palémbang === * Radio Trijaya FM 87.6 MHZ * RRI Pro 2 FM 88.4 Mhz * Radio Orban FM 90.0 MHZ * Radio Sentra FM 90.8 MHZ * RRI Pro 3 FM 91.6 MHZ * RRI Pro 1 FM 92.4 MHZ * Radio Sriwijaya FM 94.3 MHZ * Radio Trax FM 95.1 MHZ * Radio Eljhon FM 95.9 MHZ * Radio Musi FM 96.7 MHZ * Radio Play FM 97.5 MHZ * Radio Elita FM 98.3 MHZ * Radio SPI FM 99.1 MHZ * Radio Global FM 101.0 MHZ * Radio Smart FM 101.8 MHZ * Radio Sonora FM 102.6 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Radio Dangdut Indonesia FM 103.0 MHZ * Radio LCBS FM 103.4 MHZ * Radio Moméa FM 104.2 MHZ * Radio Lanugraha FM 105.0 MHZ * Radio Ramona FM 105.8 MHZ * Radio Darussalam FM 106.7 MHZ === Riau === ==== Pekanbaru ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Radio Gress FM 105.8MHZ * Radio Pas FM 105MHZ * Radio Warna FM 104.2MHZ * Radio Clapita Mas FM 103.4MHZ * Radio Suara Arum Cendana FM 102.6MHZ * Radio Monaria FM 101.8MHZ * Radio CBSFM 101MHZ * Radio Racika FM 100.2MHZ * Radio Audi FM 99.9MHZ * Radio Smart Mandiri FM 99.5MHZ * Radio RRI Prog3 FM 99.1MHZ * Radio [http://www.arfm.info/ ARFM 93.5MHZ] * Radio Bharabas FM 97.5MHZ * Radio Graha FM 96.7MHZ * Radio Pondasi FM 95.9MHZ * Radio POP FM 95.6MHZ * Radio Jalur Sakti 95.1MHZ * Radio Mentari FM 94.7MHZ * Radio SF3 94.3MHZ * Radio Indra FM 98.3MHZ * Radio Persada FM 92.4MHZ * Radio Robbani FM 91.6MHZ * Radio RRI Prog1 FM 91.2MHZ * Radio IKMI FM 90.8MHZ * Radio Pluss FM 90.0MHZ * Radio RRI Prog2 FM 88.4MHZ * Radio Aditya FM 87.6MHZ {{col-css3-end}} ==== Talukkuantan ==== * Radio Narosa FM 99.3MHZ * Radio Nikita FM 106.8MHZ === Kapuloan Riau === ==== Ujung Balé (Karimun) ==== * Radio ROK FM 107.2 FM ==== Tanjungpinang (Bintan) ==== * Radio BISS FM 103.20 MHZ (Jl. Ahmad Yani) * Radio Swara Pesona Bintan (Radio Club FM) 105.3 MHZ [http://www.clubfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404003112/http://www.clubfm.co.id/ |date=2008-04-04 }} * Radio Galaxy 107.3 FM [http://www.galaxy-fm.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109160327/http://www.galaxy-fm.net/ |date=2007-11-09 }} ==== Tembilahan ==== * Radio Senada FM 105.2 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com] ==== Batam ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Radio Suara Marga Semesta (Radio Sing FM) 105.5 MHZ [http://www.singfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122040754/http://www.singfmradio.com/ |date=2008-01-22 }} * Radio 87.6 FM The Younger's Station Seila Radio (PT.Lintas Sei Ladi) * Gress Radio Batam 88.0 MHZ * Radio Swara Wira Perkasa (Radio Wira FM) 91.7 MHZ * Radio Ramako Batam (Batam FM) 100.7 MHZ * Radio Discovery Minang (Radio Elshinta) 104.3 MHZ * Radio Hang FM 106.0 MHZ * Radio Kencana Ria Indah Suara (Kei FM) 102.3 MHZ * Radio Bigs 104.7 FM * Radio Era Baru (Xi wang zhi sheng)106.5 FM * Radio GFAN Bethelindo (Radio GFAN) 105.1 FM {{col-css3-end}} == '''[[Jawa]] barat''' == '''Bandung''' * Elshinta Radio Bandung - 89,3 FM * Global Radio Bandung - 89,7 - FM <br /> ==[[Jakarta]]== '''AM''' * Suara Melin Perdana,PT - 603 AM - KBR68H Jakarta [http://www.kbr68h.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019210102/http://www.kbr68h.com/ |date=2012-10-19 }} * Sekuntum Bunga Yonina,PT - 666 AM - Radio SBY Jakarta * Tona, PT - 702 AM - Batak's Radio Station - Jakarta * Gracia, PT - 720 AM Jakarta * Radio Suara As Syafi'iyah, PT: AM 792 Khz * Buana Komunika, PT - Radio Univ. Mercu Buana - 810 AM Jakarta * Puspa Dwi Cipta Swara,PT - 936 AM - P2sc Jakarta * RRI 999 AM Jakarta * Suara Multazam,PT - 1026 AM Jakarta * Siaran Pusat Cendrawasih,PT - 1062 AM Jakarta * Suara Mega Asri Indonésia,PT - 1080 AM Jakarta * Perkumpulan Mahasiswa Univ. Tarumanagara - 1098 AM Jakarta * RRI 1332 AM Jakarta * Ragesa Radio AM 1458 Khz * Hana Wangwangan Swara Jakarta,PT - 1494 AM Jakarta {{col-css3-end}} '''FM''' {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Hard Rock FM: 87.6 MHZ [http://www.hardrockfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * Mustang FM: 88.0 MHZ [http://www.mustangfm.com] * GLOBAL Radio: 88.4 MHZ * RADIO MUSIC FM [https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529163331/https://radiomusicfm.mantep.my.id/ |date=2024-05-29 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 3: 88.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * Campursari Radio: 89.2 MHZ * Publica FM: 89.6 MHZ * Elshinta: 90.0 MHZ [http://www.elshinta.com] * Cosmopolitan FM: 90.4 MHZ [http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218052241/http://www.cosmopolitanfm.com/ |date=2008-12-18 }} * Suara Gema Pemwangunan Utama (OZ Radio): 90.8 MHZ * RRI Jakarta Pro 1: 91.2 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * Indika Milenia (Indika FM): 91.6 MHZ [http://www.indikafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411211958/https://indikafm.com/ |date=2023-04-11 }} * Radio Sonora: 92.0 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * PAS FM: 92.4 MHZ [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * PAS FM Jakarta 92.4FM; Surabaya 104.3FM; Semarang 106FM; Solo 90.9FM [http://202.146.225.106:8000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122422/http://202.146.225.106:8000/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 4: 92.8 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * HOT FM: 93.2 MHZ * Radio X Jkt: 93.5 MHZ [http://www.radioxjakarta.wordpress.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192503/https://radioxjakarta.wordpress.com/ |date=2018-06-26 }} * MERSI FM: 93.9 MHZ * Garda Asia Bumi (Woman Radio): 94.3 MHZ * U FM (Agustina Yunior): 94.7 MHZ [http://www.u-fm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124700/http://www.u-fm.com/ |date=2008-07-05 }} * KIS FM: 95.1 MHZ [http://www.kisfmjakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211070825/http://www.kisfmjakarta.com/ |date=2005-12-11 }} * Radio Alaikassalam Sejahtera Jakarta PT.(RAS FM): 95.5 MHZ * Smart FM: 95.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com] * Radio Pelita Kasih (RPK FM): 96.3 MHZ [http://www.radiopelitakasih.com] * Swara Rhadana Dunia (HITZ FM): 96.7 MHZ * RDI: 97.1 MHZ * Female Radio: 97.9 MHZ [http://www.femaleradio.com] * Cakrawala Gita Swara (Mandarin Station): 98.3 MHZ * GEN FM: 98.7 MHZ [http://www.987genfm.com/] * Delta FM: 99.1 MHZ [http://www.deltafm.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114403/http://deltafm.net/ |date=2008-07-04 }} * Smooth FM: 99.5 MHZ * Virgin Radio Jakarta 99.9 MHZ [http://www.virginradiojakarta.com] * Radio El-gangga: 100.3 MHZ - Bekasi * 101 Jak FM: 101.0 MHZ [http://www.radioonejakarta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723234943/http://www.radioonejakarta.com/ |date=2008-07-23 }} * iRadio: 101.4 MHZ [http://www.traxonsky.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316063912/http://www.traxonsky.com/ |date=2008-03-16 }} * Terik Matahari Bahana Pemwangunan, PT. Radio Bahana 101.8 MHZ * Prambors FM: 102.2 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Camajaya Surya Nada, PT - Radio Camajaya: 102.6 MHZ Jakarta * Pop FM Jakarta: 103.0 MHZ [http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131507/http://riapopfm.big.net.id/listen.pls |date=2007-09-28 }} * Taman Mini, PT (Radio DFM): 103.4 MHZ Jakarta * Pesona Gita Anindita, PT - Brava Radio: 103.8 MHZ Jakarta * IMAX - Community Radio FM 104.0 MHZ Cijantung - Jakarta * Media Suara Trisakti,PT FM: 104.2 MHZ Jakarta * Trijaya Shakti,PT FM: 104.6 MHZ Jakarta [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * RRI Jakarta Pro 2 (Pro 2 FM): 105.0 MHZ [http://www.rri-online.com] * RIM FM Jakarta: 105.2 MHZ * Niaga Chakti Bhudi Bhakti, PT - CBB FM: 105.4 MHZ Jakarta * Ramako Jaya Raya, PT - MOST FM: 105.8 MHZ - Jakarta [http://www.mostfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115030325/http://mostfm.com/ |date=2010-01-15 }} * Bens Radio:106.2 MHZ Jakarta * Pidawuh Sosok Sohor, PT - V-Radio: 106.6 MHZ Jakarta * Persada FM : 106.9 MHZ * Radio Mitra: 107.1 MHZ * Star Radio: 107.3 MHZ * Music City FM: 107.5 MHZ * Radio JJM: 107.7 MHZ * REM SSK: 107.9 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === [[Banten]] === ==== Banten ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Héartline FM: 100.6 MHZ [http://www.heartline.co.id] * EMC Radio PT. El Mizan 93,6 FM * Sora Tunggal Angakasa Raya,PT - STAR FM: 107.3 FM - Dayeuh Tangerang, Banten * Bergaya Nyanyian Irama Sejati,PT - Bens Radio: 106.2 FM - Ciputat,Kab. Tangerang, Banten * PBS FM (Pahla Buana Sakti): 104.8 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * TOP FM: 91.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Banten FM: 95.3 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Harmoni FM: 98.1 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Krakatau FM: 93.7 FM - Labuan, Banten * Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 91.4 MHZ - Sérang * Dimensi FM: 94.9 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Pimas FM: 97.7 FM - Wewengkon Industri Sérang Wétan Cikandé * HOT Radio: 88.2 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Cilegon: 98.8 FM - Dayeuh Cilegon, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Serang: 101.6 FM - Dayeuh Sérang, Banten * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah Kabupatén Pandeglang: 97.3 FM - Pandéglang, Banten {{col-css3-end|2}} ==== Bekasi ==== * Gaya: 93.60 MHZ * M2 Radio: 94.00 Mhz * Radio Elgangga: FM 100.3 MHZ. * Radio Dakta: 107.00 MHZ === [[Jawa Kulon]] === ==== Sukabumi ==== * Radio Kiwari FM 95.4 MHZ * LPK Perkumpulan Pelaku Agribisnis dan Wirausaha Caraka Buana Suara - CBSNFM 107.7 * ==== Bogor ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com] * Radio Siaran Pemerintah Kota Bogor FM 89.4 MHZ * Radio Kancah Irama Suara Indonesia (KISI) FM 93.4 MHZ * Radio Tegar Beriman (Pemerintah Kabupatén Cibinong) FM 95.3 MHZ * Radio Ika Lesmana FM 100.1 MHZ * Radio Wangwangan Mega Swara (Megaswara FM) FM 100.8 MHZ * Radio Swara Irama Kusuma Sena (Radio Elpas) FM 103.6 MHZ * Radio Swara Lidya Sari (Radio TABIR) FM 104.0 MHZ * RRI Bogor Pro-1 FM 106.8 MHZ * RRI Bogor Pro-3 FM 107.5 MHZ * Mitra Cerita 16, PT - Music City (MC): 107.5 FM - Cimanggis {{col-css3-end}} ==== Bandung ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * U-fm Bandung 104.3 FM [http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930135145/http://ufm.broadbandsimaya.com:8100/listen.pls |date=2007-09-30 }} * Radio MGT 101.1 FM "Spirit Of Your Life". Jl. Buah Batu 8 Bandung 40262 [http://www.mgtradio.com/] * Delta FM 94,4 * Female Radio 96,4 * Prambors Radio Bandung 98.4 FM [http://www.pramborsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Radio 98,8 Raka FM Jalan Sukajadi no.223 Bandung * Trijaya FM Bandung 91.3 FM * Rase FM Bandung 102.3 FM [http://www.rasefm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509193058/http://www.rasefm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Radio Paramuda Bandung 93.7 FM * Radio Ardan Bandung 105.9 FM [http://www.ardanradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313041301/http://www.ardanradio.com/ |date=2008-03-13 }} atawa [http://202.138.229.74:8000/ online streaming]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * KLCBS 100.4 FM [http://www.klcbs.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410222115/http://klcbs.net/ |date=2008-04-10 }} * Oz Radio Bandung 103.1 FM [http://www.ozradio.net/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212160839/http://www.ozradio.net/index.php |date=2006-02-12 }} * 99ers Radio Bandung 100 FM [http://www.999.fm]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314203753/http://www.999.fm/ |date=2008-03-14 }} * Buzz FM 89.7 FM [http://www.needbuzz.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226112639/http://www.needbuzz.com/ |date=2008-02-26 }} * Maestro FM 92.5 FM * B Radio 95.6 FM * Radio Maraghita FM 106.7 * MQ FM 102.7 FM [http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012071119/http://www.cybermq.com/mqfm/index.php |date=2006-10-12 }} * K-lite FM 107.1 FM [http://www.klitefm.net.ms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314023632/http://www.klitefm.net.ms/ |date=2008-03-14 }} * Radio Global, ''relay'' Radio Elshinta 89.3 FM * GRG Radio Bandung 100.7 FM Jl.Talun No. 81 Majalaya Bandung * Poshway 107.9 FM * Hard Rock FM Bandung 87.7 FM [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * [[I Radio Bandung]] 105.1 FM Jl. Sulanjana 15 [http://www.iradiofm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019202540/http://www.iradiofm.com/ |date=2008-10-19 }} * Pop FM Bandung 106.3 FM * Radio Zora FM 90.1 FM Jalan Sumur Bandung 12 - Bandung [http://www.zora901fm.co.id]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * RADIO CBL FM 91,7 FM Jl. Guntur Sari Wetan * Monalisa FM 101,3 FM Jl. Sriguntung 12 Bandung * Radio Walagri 93.3 FM, Jl. Ir. H. Djuanda no. 101 Dago - Bandung * Radio SKY9050FM Jl. Diponegoro 21 - Bandung 40115 {{col-css3-end}} ==== Cimahi ==== * AR 92.9 FM ==== Cirebon ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * SHELTER 95.3 FM Cirebon's No.1 Hits Music Station [http://www.shelter953fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608072029/http://www.shelter953fm.com/ |date=2017-06-08 }} * DBFM 90.8 MHZ The Family Station [http://www.db908fm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822154604/http://www.db908fm.com/ |date=2007-08-22 }} * Pilaradio 88.6 MHZ Cirebon * RRI Pro 2 FM 97.5 MHZ * Nuansa FM 104.2 MHZ * Gita Suara FM 99.1 MHZ * Gracia FM 95.9 MHZ * IS Radio FM 91.80 MHZ * Cirebon FM 92.85 MHZ * Prima Sonata FM * Sindang Kasih 103.6 FM Cirebon * Salma FM * Maritim FM {{col-css3-end}} ==== Indramayu ==== * KC-10 87.9 FM * TRIAN FM 102,5 MHZ. INDRAMAYU BERCANDA PANTURA ==== Karawang ==== * Radio Komunitas Majlis Ta'lim [http://nh.web.id/ NH FM 107.7 MHZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115090632/http://nh.web.id/ |date=2008-01-15 }}, Jl. Pramuka Km. 4, Mushalla Daarunnadwah, Désa Keusik Mukti, Kec. Telagasari, Kab. Karawang, JABAR 41381 ==== Kuningan ==== * Rasuci FM * Kost FM === '''[[Jawa Tengah]]''' === ==== [[Kabupatén Brebes]] - Jateng ==== '''FM''' * Pop FM Brebes (97,2 FM) * Gemilang FM Brebes (106,5) * MS Radio Limbangan - Brebes(105,5 FM) * Top FM Bumiayu (95,1 FM)NO 1 DI BUMIAYU * RSPD Brebes- Singosari News FM Ketanggungan (90,5 FM) * RSPD Paguyangan-brebes '''AM''' * RSPD AM * Radio BSA (Berhias Suara Angkasa)<1026 Khz> ==== Kudus ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Manggala FM 100.40 Mhz * Muria AM 1440 Khz * Suara Kudus FM (RSPD) 88.00 Mhz * Pop kudus FM 93.70 Mhz * Gelora FM 107.10 Mhz * Pamira FM 93.00 Mhz * RTK FM 106.30 Mhz?? * UMK Radio FM 94.6 Mhz {{col-css3-end}} ==== Jepara ==== * R-lisa FM 89.6 Mhz ==== Kebumen (URUT FREKUWENSI AJA DI RUBAH) ==== * Ardhana FM 89,3 (DVK) * IN FM 90,5 RSPD KEBUMEN. * Bima Sakti FM 96,8 * GONG RADIO GOMBONG 97,3 MHZ ( GAWE ATI BOMBONG ) * MAS FM 101,7 RCM RADIO-NET. * Prima FM 105,3. * ==== Pati ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Pesantenan FM 95.90 Mhz * Pas FM 101.00 Mhz * Pragola FM 94.30 Mhz * Pop FM 90.80 Mhz * Boswin FM 99.90 Mhz??? * Harbos FM 102.60 Mhz * Jalesveva FM Juwana 87.60 Mhz {{col-css3-end}} ==== Purwokerto ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Dian Swara FM: 98.2 Mhz * RGM FM * RRI Pro 2 FM: 99.0 Mhz * Cipta Ngora Binangkit FM: 99.8 Mhz * Paduka Dirgantara FM: 100.6 Mhz * Swara Mitra Nusantara FM: 104.9 Mhz * Gema Mahasiswa UNSUD FM: 105.7 Mhz * Tara Valaria FM: 106.5 Mhz * RRI Pro 3 FM: 107.3 Mhz * Channel 99 Purbalinga 90.2 * Pop FM BANJARNEGARA 91 * Yasika FM 91.5 * Pop FM 91.9 * RGBS 92.3 * RRI PRO 1 93.1 * King FM 93.9 * SBS Purbalingga 94.7 * Ardi Lawt 96.4 * Dian Swara 98.2 * Prima FM 98.6 * RRI PRO 2 99 * Pop FM Banyumas 100.2 * Paduka FM 100.6 * Suara Purwokerto FM 101.4 * Crez FM 103 * Satria Ajibarang 103.9 * Mitra FM 104.9 Purwokerto * Radenmas FM Baturaden 105.3 * Metro FM 105.7 * Ria FM 106.5 * RRI PRO 3 107.3 * Prima FM Banjarnegara 97.7 {{col-css3-end}} ==== Purwodadi ==== * Pop FM: 91.5 Mhz ==== Salatiga ==== * Pesona FM: 88.40 MHZ * Swara Salatiga FM: 106.60 Mhz * Zenith FM: 97.20 MHZ * Elisa FM: 103.9 MHZ ==== Semarang ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Pas FM: 106 Mhz - * RRI Pro-1 FM: 89.0 Mhz stasiun relay di Gn. Depok Banyumas FM: 99.4 MHZ, Gn. Gantungan FM: 101.8 MHZ, Gn. Muria-colo FM:91.2 MHZ sarta AM: 801 KHZ * TOP FM: 89.4 Mhz * Trijaya FM Semarang: 89.8 Mhz * TRAX FM Semarang: 90.2 Mhz * RRI Pro-3 FM: 90.6 Mhz jaringan jakarta * Elshinta FM: 91.0 Mhz * Smart FM: 93.4 Mhz * RRI Pro-2 FM: 95.3 MHZ * Female FM: 96.1 Mhz * Suara Semarang FM: 96.9 Mhz * Pro Alma FM: 97.7 Mhz * Gaya FM: 98.5 Mhz * Merci FM: 98.9 Mhz * Radiks FM: 99.3 Mhz * RCTFM: 101.2 Mhz * IBC FM: 101.6 Mhz * Prambors FM: 102.0 Mhz * Gajahmada FM: 102.4 Mhz [https://web.archive.org/web/20080413094057/http://www.gajahmadafm.co.id/] * Jatayu FM: 102.8 Mhz * Kis FM: 103.2 Mhz * IMELDA: 104.4 Mhz * Suara Sakti FM: 105.2 Mhz * Rasika FM: 105.6 Mhz * Radio Dakwah Islam( DAIS ) FM: 107.9 MHZ * Borobudur * Lusiana * Kalimasada * Rhema Radio FM 88,6 MHZ [http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222200801/http://www.rhemaradio.com/main/ |date=2008-02-22 }} {{col-css3-end}} ==== Surakarta ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Karavan FM 107.3 Mhz Jl.MH.Thamrin 11 Manahan Solo [http://www.karavanfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119072958/http://www.karavanfm.co.id/ |date=2008-01-19 }} * PAS 90.9 FM - Radio Bisnis Solo JL.Raya Solo Anyar * Prambors Radio 99.2 MHZ [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/] * Solo Radio 92.9 FM (Ardan Group) * PTPN Rasitania 99.4FM * Jimbaran FM 103.9 Mhz Jl.MH Thamrin 11 Solo * SAS 104.3 FM JL.Raya Solo anyar * GSM 97.6 FM * Suara Slenk 92.5 FM * MQ 100.9 FM * Hizbullah 101.4 FM * Imanuel FM * JPI 106.3 FM * Pro1 FM * Pro2 FM * Swara Graha 92.1 * Mentari FM * Ria 98.8 FM Solo Sonora Group [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Kharisma 100.3 FM * Metta 104.7 FM * Solopos 103 FM * Suara Wening Ati MQ FM * UMS FM * Fiesta FM FISIP UNS 085647244884. Gedong 1 Lt. 2 FISIP UNS * Unisri FM * Ramakusala FM * Radio Komunitas Global Etnik STSI FM * 89.6 STAR FM * Pujangga 94.7 FM Pedan, Klaten [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Prima 91.7 fm * Salma 103.3 fm Klaten al-mabrrur komp. RSI (0272)325804 * Candisewu 96.6 fm Klaten Jl. Bhayangkara (0272)322888 * RWK 89.9 fm Klaten Jl. Nonoman 238 (0272)321578 * IC 106.7 fm Klaten Islamic Center JL. Solo-jogja Km 4 * Pedan radio 88 fm Klaten Jl. R.warsito relay Gn.mijil {{col-css3-end}} ==== Tegal ==== * La Bamba FM (97,6 FM) Tegal * Sananta Gelora, PT (105 FM) Tegal [http://www.sananta.com/]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * DLC * Roshinta * Elshinta Tegal (99,9 FM) * Radi Raka * Paramount 106 FM ==== Magelang ==== * [[Magelang FM]] === [[Yogyakarta]] === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Arma Sebelas/Radio Dangdut TPI FM 87.9 MHZ * Q Radio FM 88.3 MHZ * I Radio FM 88.7 MHZ * Fantasy FM 89.1 MHZ * Rasia Lima FM 89.5 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823150949/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rasialima/ |date=2006-08-23 }} * Sasando FM 90.3 MHZ * PTDI Medari FM 90.7 MHZ * RRI Pro 1 FM 91.1 MHZ * Amega (Aristia Megaswara) FM 91.9 MHZ * MQ FM 92.3 MHZ * MBS FM 92.7 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518190140/http://www.rbgroup.co.id/mbs/ |date=2006-05-18 }} * Swara Argo Sosro FM 93.2 MHZ * Rama FM 93.5 MHZ * Pratama FM 93.8 MHZ * Radio Persatuan Bantul FM 94.2 MHZ * Kotaperak FM 94.6 MHZ * Masdha FM 95.0 MHZ * Yasika FM 95.4 MHZ * Prambors FM 95.8 MHZ [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Ista FM 96.2 MHZ * Trijaya FM 97.0 MHZ [http://www.trijayafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074244/http://www.trijayafm.com/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * Sonora FM 97.4 MHZ [http://www.sonora.co.id] * EMC FM 97.8 MHZ * Pop FM Yogya FM 98.2 MHZ * GCD FM 98.6 MHZ * Vedac FM 99.0 MHZ * Retjo Buntung FM 99.4 MHZ [http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724214631/http://www.retjobuntungfm.co.id/ |date=2006-07-24 }} * Radio Anak Jogja FM 99.9 MHZ * Prima FM 100.2 MHZ * Andalan Muda FM 100.5 MHZ * Channel 5 FM 100.9 MHZ * Star FM (radio gaul-nya Jogja) FM 101.3 MHZ * Swaragama FM 101.7 MHZ [http://home.swaragama.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517214153/http://home.swaragama.com/ |date=2006-05-17 }} * Eltira FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.eltirafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232839/http://www.eltirafm.com/ |date=2008-08-28 }} * RRI Pro 2 FM 102.5 MHZ * RRI Pro 3 FM 102.9 MHZ * Disaga FM 103.3 MHZ * Female Radio FM 103.7 MHZ * Ardhia FM 104.1 MHZ * Unisi FM 104.5 MHZ * Rakosa Female Radio FM 105.3 MHZ [http://www.rbgroup.co.id/rakosa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110153044/http://rbgroup.co.id/rakosa/ |date=2006-01-10 }} * Petra FM 105.7 MHZ * [[Geronimo FM]] 106.1 MHZ [http://www.geronimo.fm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309052759/http://www.geronimo.fm/ |date=2008-03-09 }} * Uty FM 106.9 MHZ * Suara Indrakila FM 107.2 MHZ * Global FM 107.6 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === [[Jawa Wétan]] === ==== Batu - Malang ==== * Swara Buana FM * Kencana FM - FM 98,6 MHZ * Biga FM - FM 92,5 MHZ * Pro FM - FM 107,4 MHZ * Tidar FM - FM 90,3 MHZ * Simfoni - FM 106,9 MHZ * Mensana FM - FM 102.5 MHZ * Mitra FM ([[Elshinta]]) - FM 97.0 MHZ ==== Banyuwangi ==== *. Radio Komunitas Bung Tomo Banyuwangi * Visfm 101.5 MHZ Banyuwangi [http://www.visfmradio.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116052401/http://visfmradio.com/ |date=2007-11-16 }} * Sritanjung FM 102.3 MHZ Banyuwangi * MAS FM 94.3 MHZ Banyuwangi ==== Blitar ==== *RadioDonna 101.8 FM Srengat-blitar [https://web.archive.org/web/20071111171833/http://www.donnafm.co.cc/] *Satria 89,7 FM Blitar radio seni sarta budaya *Mayangkara - FM 101 MHZ *Patria - FM 102.6 MHZ *Mahardika - FM 95.9 ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon dayeuh ) *Persada - FM 93.4 MHZ ( radio pamaréntah wewengkon kab ) *Istana FM 88.4 MHZ *Purnama FM 95.1 MHZ *Radio Budaya jawa FM 87.6 MHZ *radio grast 91.6 Mhz *Radio GlobalFm blitar 107,8 Mhz ==== Jember ==== * RRI Jember - AM 963 khz, FM 87.9 MHZ, FM 89.5 MHZ, FM 95.4 MHZ, 104.5 MHZ * RKPD Jember * Frenco Radio - FM 90.2 MHZ * Radio Suara Akbar - FM 94.6 MHZ * Radio Suara Kartika - FM 107.3 MHZ * Radio Prosalina FM - 101.3 MHZ [http://prosalinaradio.com/] * Radio Kirana Indah Sentra Suara (KISS FM) - FM 96.2 MHZ * [[Trijaya FM|Best FM (Trijaya Network)]] - FM 102.9 MHZ * Radio Soka Adiswara - FM 102.1 MHZ [http://www.soka-radio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131130838/http://www.soka-radio.com/ |date=2008-01-31 }} * Radio Warta Mutiara - FM 99.10 MHZ * Radio Boss FM - FM 93.7 MHZ * Ratu FM - FM 92.85 MHZ * M.I. FM - FM 92.5 MHZ ==== Malang ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Malang - AM 891 khz, FM 94.6 MHZ, FM 99.4 MHZ, FM 105.3 MHZ * Radio Kalimaya Bhaskara - FM 102.1 MHZ * Radio Tritara Yaksa - AM 828 khz * Radio Kutilang - AM 1188 khz * Radio Wangwangan Protiga - FM 87.9 MHZ * Radio Makobu FM - FM 88.7 MHZ [http://www.makobu.com/] * RCB FM - FM 89.5 MHZ * Radio Tidar Sakti - FM 90.3 MHZ * Radio Andalus - FM 91.1 MHZ * Radio Senaputra - FM 92.1 MHZ * Bhiga FM - FM 92.5 MHZ * Radio Elfara - FM 93.0 MHZ * AWEUHAN FM - FM 93.5 MHZ * Radio DJFM - FM 93.8 MHZ * Radio Kosmonita - FM 95.4 MHZ * Pionir FM - FM 96.2 MHZ * Radio Solagracia - FM 97.2 MHZ * Radio KDS8 - FM 97.8 MHZ * Radio Kencana FM - FM 98.6 MHZ * Radio Duta FM - FM 99.15 MHZ * UM FM - FM 99.9 MHZ * FM Voice Brawijaya One - FM 100.5 MHZ * Radio Malang Kucecwara - FM 101.3 MHZ * Radio Gita FM - FM 102.9 MHZ * Puspita FM - FM 103.7 MHZ * Mitra Adiswara FM - FM 104.5 MHZ [http://www.radiomasfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225172306/http://radiomasfm.com/ |date=2008-02-25 }} * Tritara FM - FM 106.1 MHZ * Kanjuruhan FM - FM 106.5 MHZ * Sejahtera FM - FM 107.9 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} ==== Ngawi ==== * Radio Srikandi FM 107,7 Mhz * Radio Gema Suara Kebonagung (GSK FM) 89,6 Mhz ==== Ponorogo ==== * Radio Gema Surya News, Music & Culture * Radio Duta Nusantara * Romansa FM * GONG FM * Gress FM * AVIDA FM * Radio MADU Fm Ponorogo FM 107.70 Mhz * [[Smezho FM]] [http://www.smezhofm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019031602/http://www.smezhofm.com/ |date=2007-10-19 }} * Suara Gontor FM * Radio Suara Bumimas FM 103.7 MHZ ==== Surabaya ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Surabaya - AM 585 khz, FM 95.2 MHZ, FM 99.2 MHZ, FM 106.3 MHZ [http://www.rrisurabaya.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129082215/http://www.rrisurabaya.com/ |date=2007-01-29 }} * RKPD Kodya Surabaya - AM 1350 khz * JT-FM (Radio Pamaréntah Propinsi Jawa Wétan) - FM 98.9 MHZ * Radio Pendidikan JAwa Timur - AM 1503 khz, 107.5 MHZ * RKIP - AM 1449 khz * Radio Susana FM - FM 91.3 MHZ * Pas FM - FM 104.3 Mhz - Radio Bisnis Surabaya [http://www.pasfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102055628/http://www.pasfm.co.id/ |date=2007-11-02 }} * EBS FM - FM 105.9 Mhz [http://www.ebsfm.com/] * Suara Surabaya - FM 100.00 Mhz [http://www.suarasurabaya.net] * Sonora Surabaya FM - FM 98,0 Mhz [http://www.sonorasurabaya.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223144617/http://www.sonorasurabaya.co.id/ |date=2008-02-23 }} * SCFM [[Trijaya FM|Trijaya Surabaya]] - FM 104.70 MHZ * [[Elshinta|Radio Elshinta]] - FM 97.6 MHZ * Prambors FM 89.3 [http://www.pramborsfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509134111/http://www.pramborsfm.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * Kota FM - FM 88.1 MHZ [http://www.kotafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707093014/http://www.kotafm.co.id/ |date=2007-07-07 }} * [[DJFM 94.8]] - FM 94.80 Mhz [http://www.djfm.co.id] * Bungin FM - FM 96.80 Mhz [http://www.deltafm.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114403/http://deltafm.net/ |date=2008-07-04 }} * Kosmonita - FM 92.50 Mhz [http://www.kosmonitafm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704191810/http://www.kosmonitafm.com/ |date=2007-07-04 }} * Global FM - FM 90.90 Mhz [http://www.globalfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302203222/http://www.globalfm.co.id/ |date=2008-03-02 }} * Wijaya FM - FM 103.30 Mhz [http://www.wijayafm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808163841/http://www.wijayafm.co.id/ |date=2007-08-08 }} * Hard Rock FM - FM 89.70 Mhz [http://www.hardrockfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/ |date=2008-03-18 }} * [[Mercury 96 FM]] - FM 96.00 Mhz [http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003736/http://www.mercuryfm.co.id/ |date=2017-01-07 }} * Metro FM - FM 88.5 MHZ [http://www.metrofm.co.id/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608185621/http://www.metrofm.co.id/ |date=2007-06-08 }} * Istara FM - FM 101.1 MHZ [http://www.istarafm.com/] * JJ FM - FM 105.1 MHZ [http://www.jjfmradio.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022604/http://www.jjfmradio.com/ |date=2007-07-03 }} * Smart FM - FM 88.9 MHZ [http://www.smartfm.com/] * Colors FM - FM 87.7 MHZ [http://www.colorsfm.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220033038/http://www.colorsfm.com/ |date=2013-12-20 }} {{col-css3-end}} ==== Trenggalek ==== * [http://www.madufm.multiply.com/ Radio MADU FM BASISIR PRIGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} FM 96.20 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * Radio MADU FM Trenggalek FM 100.4 MHZ [http://www.madufm.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215838/http://madufm.multiply.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }} * Graha Musik Gaul FM / Granada FM 97.4 MHZ * Radio GEMA PERDIKAN FM Trenggalek 101,5 MHZ (http://www.radioperdikanfm.com{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) ==== Tulungagung ==== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat] - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://www.radiomadufm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ Radio Komunitas Petani MADU FM Tangunggunung] - FM 107.70 MHZ [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114151008/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/ |date=2009-11-14 }} * Liiur FM - FM 90.9 MHZ [http://www.liiur.com/station/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204210014/http://www.liiur.com/station/ |date=2008-02-04 }} * Radio Jos FM Tulungagung * Radio Perkasa FM * Radio jaya FM Tulungagung * Radio RKS Tulungagung * Radio Guyub Rukun Freq 106.70 MHZ == [[Bali]] sarta [[Nusa Tenggara]] == === Bali === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Rock FM 88.2 MHZ * R* Hardrock FM: 87.8 MHZ [https://web.archive.org/web/20080318205005/http://www.hardrockfm.com/] * Rupa-rupa Rama (AR), FM 104.4 MHZ * Bali Perkasa (Balisa), FM 101.6 MHZ * Bali SWIB (Swara Widdya Besakih), AM 702 MHZ * Batur (Raba), AM 954 MHZ * Barong, AM 1188 MHZ * Besakih Rasisonia, AM 702 MHZ * Cakra Swara Perkasa (CSP), AM 1044 MHZ * Cassanova, FM 102 MHZ * Wangwangan Dharma Balisatya (CDBS), FM 94.5 MHZ * Duta, FM 92.6 MHZ * Elkoga, FM 96.9 MHZ * FBI, FM 91.8 MHZ * Gema Merdeka, FM 98.1 MHZ * Genta Bali, FM 96.1 MHZ * Global FM Bali, FM 99.15 MHZ * Guntur, FM 97.7 MHZ * Phoenix, FM 91 MHZ {{col-css3-end}} === Nusa Tenggara Kulon === * RRI Mataram - AM 855 khz, FM 89.2 MHZ, FM 91.4 MHZ, FM 93.5 MHZ, FM 96.3 MHZ, FM 104.2 MHZ * Radio Suara KotaMataram - FM 105.0 MHZ * Radio Riper FM - FM 97.5 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090915/http://www.ripergroup.com/riper-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} * Radio Sutra - FM 91.6 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090927/http://www.ripergroup.com/sutra-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} * Radio Rasesa Sumbawa - FM 98.8 MHZ [http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090921/http://www.ripergroup.com/rasesa-profile.php |date=2007-09-27 }} == [[Kalimantan]] == === Banjarmasin === * Radio Smartfm 101.1 FM === Balikpapan === * SBI 102,1 Mhz * Gemaya 104.5 FM [http://www.gemayafm.web.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061603/http://www.gemayafm.web.id/ |date=2007-12-29 }} * Smartfm 97.8 Mhz * Swara Media 101.3 * RSPD 99,9 FM * AMA FM 105,3 FM * Radio Sangkakala Bornéo 91,1 MHZ FM * phalma 94,6 MHZ [http://www.phalmafm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011148/http://www.phalmafm.com/ |date=2007-09-30 }} * Rock Radio 88.7 FM [http://www.friendster.com/rockradio] === Berau === * RSPD Berau 99,3 [http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183313/http://www.rspdberau.mcommunity.biz/ |date=2008-04-04 }} === Bontang === * Radio Nuansa 97,2 fm === Martapura === * Radio M 107.1 FM [http://www.radiommartapura.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127132840/http://www.radiommartapura.com/ |date=2007-11-27 }} === Palangka Raya === * Radio Kalaweit 99.1 FM [http://www.kalaweitfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801184607/http://kalaweitfm.com/ |date=2015-08-01 }} * Radio OZON 105.8 FM [http://www.ozonfm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026061223/http://www.ozonfm.com/ |date=2007-10-26 }} === Pontianak === {{col-css3-begin|2}} * RRI Pontianak * Radio Swara Prima 99,5 FM * Trijaya FM Pontianak: 97.5 FM * RRI Pro 2 FM * RRI Pro 3 FM * Radio Sonora 96,7 FM [http://www.sonora.co.id] * Radio Volare [http://www.volarefm.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430001753/http://www.volarefm.com/ |date=2008-04-30 }} * Radio Mitra Mahardika * Prokom (Pro Komunikasi), Radio Komunitas {{col-css3-end}} ==== Luar Pontianak ==== {{col-css3-begin|2}} * Suara Sambas (104 Fm) * Vinka 88.50 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Renita 103.5 FM (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Suara Melawi 93.5 FM (Kabupatén Melawi) {{col-css3-end}} === Samarinda === * Radio Dino 90.9 FM [http://dino909fm.blogspot.com/2007/08/radio-dino-909-fm-samarinda.html] * Radio One Way 95.2 FM * Radio Bornéo 96.0 FM [http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404212249/http://borneofm.anakborneo.com/ |date=2008-04-04 }}[http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034914/http://profiles.friendster.com/36306818 |date=2010-04-06 }} * Radio Héartline 98.4 FM [http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930121534/http://www.yaski.co.id/radio.asp |date=2007-09-30 }} * Radio Suara Mahakam 101.1 FM * Radio Metro Mulawarman 101.9 FM * Radio Mitra 102.7 FM * Radio Paras 103.5 FM * Radio Gembira Raya 104.3 FM * Radio Gema Nirwana 105.1 FM === Sampit === * Radio Pesona 100,3 FM == [[Sulawesi]] == * Radio Komunitas * Radio Pendidikan dan Lingkungan Hidup 107,90 MHZ === Gorontalo === *Selebes 101 fm. *SK FM. *Nada 90,8fm. *BPKB Radio 94.7 FM === Kendari === * RRI Kendari - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 96.7 MHZ, AM 954 khz === Makassar === * RRI Makassar - FM 94.4 MHZ, FM 96.8 MHZ * Savana FM Makassar - FM 106.5 MHZ === Manado === * RRI Manado - FM 94.5 MHZ, FM 97.7 MHZ, FM 104.4 MHZ === Palu === * RRI Palu - FM 90.8 MHZ, FM 105.0 MHZ = Radio komunitas = == Riau == == Tanjungpinang == * Radio Edukasi LPMP Riau 107.7 MHZ == Wewengkon Husus Ibukota Jakarta == === Jakarta Wétan === * FORSIWAK (Forum Radio Silaturahmi Warga Kalisari) - Kalisari 13790 * Pasbit FM 98.1 - JL. Raya Bogor KM. 26 Pekayon * Kaktus FM 98.7 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * RCB (Radio Wangwangan Betawi) FM 98.9 - Pekayon13790, * Power FM 104.0 - Cijantung 13770 * Damar Jaya FM 104.4 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * Hertz Radio FM 107.4 - Jalan Pemuda, Rawamangun * AKA Radio FM 108.0 - Cijantung 13770 * N3d Radio FM 88.6 - Kalapa Dua Wétan, Ciracas * Sky FM 88.2 - Ciracas * RKP(Radio komunitas PKP) 1077 FM - Kalapa Dua Wetan, Ciracas * Agri FM 107.7 Mhz [http://agrifm.blogspot.com] === Bandung === * Radio Komunitas Majalaya Sejahtera RAKOMAJASERA FM 107.70 MHZ === Pontianak === * Radio RAMA (Suara Masyarakat Adat) 107,9 FM, * Mazmur 21 / Psalm 21 (Komunitas Yordan), 107,7 FM === Luar Pontianak === * Bambai, Sejiram (Kabupatén Kapuas Hulu) * Bujakng Pabaras, Hayu Gundaleng (Kabupatén Landak) * Dermaga Ria Persada, Sekadau (Kabupatén Sekadau) AM 936 * Gari Bindang, Manismata (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Gema Solidaritas, Ketapang (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Gempita, Sungai Pinyuh (Kabupatén Pontianak) * Manjing Tarah, Ujung (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Menara, Bengkayang (Kabupatén Pontianak) * Pamela, Ngabang (Kabupatén Landak) * Patanyakng, Balai Semandang (Kabupatén Ketapang) * Sunia Nawangi, Tunang (Kabupatén Landak) * Swara Buluh Perindu, Bodok (Kabupatén Sanggau) * Swara Melawi, Nanga Pinoh (Kabupatén Melawi) == Jawa Wétan == Blitar Radio Global Fm Blitar 107.8 Mhz == Tulungagung == * [http://www.radiomadufm.com/ Radio Komunitas Pesantren MADU FM Campurdarat Tulungagung Freq 107.70 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121001137/http://www.radiomadufm.com/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * [http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio Komunitas Petani dan Nelayan Madu Fm Tanggunggunung Freq 107.80 Mhz ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801082902/http://madufmgunung.multiply.com/Radio |date=2013-08-01 }} * Radio Komunitas Pesantren Madu FM Bendil jati Timur Sumbergempol Freq 107.9 Mhz == Jombang == * Radio Komunitas Suara Warga Jombang == Ponorogo == * Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Ponorogo Freq 107.7 MHZ == Trenggalek == * Radio Gema Perdikan FM Durenan Trenggalek * Radio Komunitas Madu Fm Pantai prigi Trenggalek Freq 96.20 MHZ * Radio Komunitas Madu FM Trenggalek Freq 100,4 MHZ * Radio Komonitas RBS FM panggul Freq 107,30 mhz # Radio Komonitas Bintangsurya freg 107,30 mhz [[Kategori:Radio]] 4d21memxnz5hm7z4s0j20121bj6bv2u 0 27091 731697 704837 2026-11-08T01:47:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indonésia Internet Exchange''' (IIX) mangrupa tempat nyambungna sagala rupa [[Internet Services Provider]] ([[ISP]]), panyadia jasa internet di Indonésia, upamana waé [[CBN]], [[3G-net]], [[Indosat M2]], [[Telkomnet Instant]] sarta nu lian-lianna. Sacara harfiah exchange hartina tutukeuran ari internet nyaéta kapondokan tina ''Interconnection Networking.'' Ku ayana IIX, sambungan internet anu aya di Indonésia henteu kudu putar-puter ku jalan jalan anu aya di luar nagri heula tuluy kakara balik deui ka Indonésia. Konsép IIX, nu ngagabungkeun jalan rupa-rupa ISP kana hiji wadah, mangrupa konsép anu munggaran di dunya IIX dijieun ku Asosiasi Pengusaha Jasa Internet Indonésia (APJII). Tujuan IIX nyaéta nyieun jaringan interkonéksi nasional anu mibanda pangabisa sarta fasilitas anu luyu jeung kaperluan nu aya, pikeun dipaké ku saban ISP anu mibanda idin di Indonésia. ISP anu nyambung ka IIX tanpa dipénta bayaran pikeun [[rubakpita]], ngan dipénta waragad pikeun sambungan fisik sepeti [[serat optik]] atawa [[leased line]]. Waragad ieu cukup murah pikeun ISP anu aya di [[Jakarta]] tapi hanjakal mahal pikeun ISP anu aya di luar Jakarta, sumawona di luar [[Jawa]], alatan waragad sambungan fisikna waé jauh leuwih mahal batan sambungan internasional kaasup kapasitas [[rubakpita]] nu langsung ku jalan [[satelit]] ka luar nagri. IIX jadi hiji jawaban pikeun pasualan kurangna infrastruktur pikeun muatan lokal. Ku ayana IIX mangka sambungan internét di Indonésia jadi leuwih murah. Indonésia Internet Exchange ngantor di Gedong Cyber Lanté 11, Jl. Kuningan Barat 8, Jakarta 12710. == Tempo ogé == * [[Telekomunikasi]] == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.apjii.or.id APJII] == Rujukan == * [http://yulian.firdaus.or.id/2005/07/15/iix/ Artikel di loka Yulian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312080715/http://yulian.firdaus.or.id/2005/07/15/iix/ |date=2008-03-12 }} * [http://www.iix.net.id/?do-latar=tujuan Loka resmi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200302070206/https://www.total.or.id/ Loka kamus TI] [[Kategori:Telekomunikasi]] [[Kategori:Internét]] 67nwfcf44cm7gwaifip7vzu0mzqwmlx 0 28378 731604 728307 2026-11-07T20:11:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Computer Hardware Bus | name = IEEE 1394 interface | image = Firewire Icon.svg | invent-date = 1995 | invent-name = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] | super-name = | super-date = | width = 1 | numdev = 63 | speed = 400–3200 [[megabit|Mbit]]/s | style = s | hotplug = Enya | external = Enya }} [[Gambar:FireWire-46 Diagram.svg|thumb|Konéktor FireWire 400 6-pin katut 4-pin]] [[Gambar:Ethernet plug grey.svg|thumb|Kakabelan gaya [[Ethernet]] alternatif make [[#FireWire S800T (IEEE 1394c-2006)|1394c]]]] Antarbeungeut '''[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] 1394''' nyaéta hiji [[standar antarbeungeut]] [[komunikasi sérial|beus sérial]] keur komunikasi nu gancang jeung transfer data wanci nyata ''[[isochronous]]'', nu mindeng dipaké dina hiji [[komputer pribadi]] (jeung [[audio digital]] katut [[vidéo digital]]). Antarbeungeut éta katelah ogé '''FireWire''' (ngaran ceuk [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]) jeung '''i.LINK''' (ngaran ceuk [[Sony]]). Najan teu loba dipaké, standar 1394 netepkeun ogé hiji antarbeungeut ''[[backplane]]''. FireWire geus ngaganti [[Small Computer System Interface|SCSI]] Paralél dina loba aplikasi, alatan béaya [[implementasi]] nu leuwih saeutik tur sistim kabelna nu basajan jeung leuwih adaptif. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} IEEE 1394 has been adopted as the [[High Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance]] (HANA) standard connection interface for A/V (audio/visual) component communication and control<ref>[http://www.hanaalliance.org/docs/whitepaper121405.php About HANA<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129032343/http://www.hanaalliance.org/docs/whitepaper121405.php |date=2010-01-29 }}</ref>. FireWire is also available in wireless, fiber optic, and coaxial versions using the isochronous protocols. Almost all modérn digital [[camcorder]]s have included this connection since 1995, as do the vast majority of high end professional audio interfaces. Since 2003 many computers intended for home or professional audio/vidéo use have built-in FireWire/i.LINK ports, including all [[Sony]] computers, all but one of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s computers (the [[MacBook Air]]), and many of its older [[iPod]]s. It is also available on many retail [[motherboards]]. == Sajarah jeung kamekaran == [[Gambar:FireWire cables.jpg|thumb|300px|4-pin (left) and 6-pin (right) FireWire 400 connectors]] [[Gambar:FireWire gniazdo.jpg|thumb|300px|6-pin FireWire 400 connector on the edge of an [[expansion card]]]] FireWire is [[Apple Inc.]]'s name for the IEEE 1394 High Speed Serial Bus. It was initiated by Apple and developed by the IEEE P1394 Working Group, largely driven by contributions from Apple, although major contributions were also made by engineers from [[Texas Instruments]], [[Sony]], [[Digital Equipment Corporation]], [[IBM]], and [[INMOS]]/[[SGS]] [[Thomson SA|Thomson]] (now [[STMicroelectronics]]). Apple intended FireWire to be a serial replacement for the parallel [[SCSI]] (Small Computer System Interface) bus while also providing connectivity for digital audio and vidéo equipment. Apple's development began in the late 1980s, later presented to the [[IEEE]]<ref name=teener>{{cite web|url=http://www.teener.com/firewire_FAQ/|title=What is Firewire|last=Teener|first=Michael J.|accessdate=2008-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802023633/http://teener.com/firewire_FAQ/|archivedate=2008-08-02}}</ref>, and was completed in 1995. As of 2007, IEEE 1394 is a composite of four documents: the original IEEE Std. 1394-1995, the [[#FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394a)|IEEE Std. 1394a-2000]] amendment, the [[#FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b)|IEEE Std. 1394b-2002]] amendment, and the [[#FireWire S800T (IEEE 1394c)|IEEE Std. 1394c-2006]] amendment. On [[June 12]] [[2008]], all these amendments as well as errata and some technical updates were incorporated into a superseding standard IEEE Std. 1394-2008. Publication of this standard is expected mid October 2008{{update after|2008|10|15}}<ref name=1394-2008>{{cite web|url=http://1394ta.org/press/TAPress/2008_0709.html|work=1394 Trade Association|title=IEEE Standards Board Approval of IEEE 1394-2008 Specification|date=[[2008-07-09]]|accessdate=2008-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808104007/http://1394ta.org/press/TAPress/2008_0709.html|archivedate=2008-08-08}}</ref> Sony's implementation of the system, known as "i.LINK" used a smaller connector with only the four signal pins, omitting the two pins which provide power to the device in favor of a separate power connector. This style was later added into the 1394a amendment.<ref name=teener /> This port is sometimes labeled "S100" or "S400" to indicated speed in Mbit/s. The system is commonly used for connection of [[data storage device]]s and [[DV]] (digital vidéo) cameras, but is also popular in industrial systems for [[machine vision]] and professional audio systems. It is preferred over the more common [[USB]] for its gréater effective speed and power distribution capabilities, and because it does not need a computer host. Perhaps more importantly, FireWire makes full use of all SCSI capabilities and has high sustained data transfer rates, a féature especially important for audio and vidéo editors. Benchmarks show that the sustained data transfer rates are higher for FireWire than for [[USB 2.0]], especially on Apple [[Mac OS X]] with more varied results on [[Microsoft Windows]].<ref>[http://www.usb-ware.com/firewire-vs-usb.htm FireWire - USB Comparison]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/2004/04/02/go_external/ |title=Go External: FireWire 800 |accessdate=2008-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308130911/http://www.tomshardware.com/2004/04/02/go_external/ |archivedate=2008-03-08}}</ref> However, the royalty which [[Apple Inc.]] and other [[patent]] holders initially demanded from users of FireWire (US$0.25 per [[end-user]] system) and the more expensive hardware needed to implement it (US$1–$2), both of which have since been dropped, have prevented FireWire from displacing USB in low-end mass-market computer peripherals, where product cost is a major constraint.<ref name=teener /> == Spesifikasi tehnis == {{seealso|Coding system of FireWire}} FireWire can connect up to 63 [[computer peripheral|peripherals]] in a tree topology (as opposed to Parallel SCSI's [[Electrical bus]] topology). It allows [[peer-to-peer]] device communication — such as communication between a [[Scanner (computing)|scanner]] and a [[Computer printer|printer]] — to take place without using system memory or the [[Central processing unit|CPU]]. FireWire also supports multiple [[server (computing)|hosts]] per bus. It is designed to support [[Plug-and-play]] and [[hot swapping]]. Its six-wire cable is more flexible than most Parallel SCSI cables and can supply up to 45 [[watt]]s of power per port at up to 30 volts, allowing moderate-consumption devices to operate without a separate power supply. (As noted éarlier, the Sony-branded i.LINK usually omits the power wiring of the cables and uses a 4-pin connector. Devices have to get their power by other méans.) FireWire devices implement the [[ISO/IEC 13213]] "configuration ROM" modél for device configuration and identification, to provide [[plug-and-play]] capability. All FireWire devices are identified by an IEEE [[EUI-64]] unique identifier (an extension of the 48-bit [[Ethernet]] [[MAC address]] format) in addition to well-known codes indicating the type of device and the [[Protocol (computing)|protocols]] it supports. === Rojongan sistim operasi === Full support for IEEE 1394a and 1394b is available for [[FreeBSD]], [[Linux]]<ref>[http://wiki.linux1394.org/ FrontPage - Linux1394<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, Apple [[Mac OS 8.6]] through to [[Mac OS 9]]<ref>[http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=86020 FireWire 2.2.2 and 2.3.3: Information and Download]</ref>, and [[Mac OS X]] as well as [[NetBSD]] and [[Haiku (operating system)|Haiku]]. [[Microsoft]] [[Windows XP]] supports both, but as of Service Pack 2, éach FireWire device will run at S100 (100&nbsp;[[megabit]]s per second) speed. A download is available from Microsoft which enables devices rated at S400 or S800 speeds to operate at their rated speed.<ref>[http://support.microsoft.com/kb/885222 Performance of 1394 devices may decrease after you install Windows XP Service Pack 2]</ref> Some FireWire hardware manufacturers also provide custom device drivers which replace the Microsoft OHCI host adapter driver stack, enabling S800-capable devices to run at full 800 Mbit/s transfer rates. At the time of its reléase, Microsoft [[Windows Vista]] supported only 1394a, with assurances that 1394b support would come in the next service pack.<ref>[http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=187002039 EETimes.com - Microsoft to support 1394b standard]</ref> Service Pack 1 for Microsoft [[Windows Vista]] has since been reléased, however the addition of 1394b support is not mentioned anywhere in the reléase documentation.<ref>[http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsVista/en/library/005f921e-f706-401e-abb5-eec42ea0a03e1033.mspx Notable Changes in Windows Vista Service Pack 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517132445/http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsVista/en/library/005f921e-f706-401e-abb5-eec42ea0a03e1033.mspx |date=2008-05-17 }}</ref><ref>[http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsVista/en/library/37f23bde-283a-4341-9a8a-ca6eb86ac8a41033.mspx Release Notes for Windows Vista Service Pack 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430041438/http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsVista/en/library/37f23bde-283a-4341-9a8a-ca6eb86ac8a41033.mspx |date=2008-04-30 }}</ref><ref>[http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsVista/en/library/20184cb6-7038-4e82-a32c-4bc10ffe56ab1033.mspx Hotfixes and Security Updates included in Windows Vista Service Pack 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511195551/http://technet2.microsoft.com/WindowsVista/en/library/20184cb6-7038-4e82-a32c-4bc10ffe56ab1033.mspx |date=2008-05-11 }}</ref> === Rojongan sistim kabel === Cable TV providers (in the US, with digital systems) must, upon request of a customer, provide a high-definition capable [[Set-top box|cable box]] with a functional FireWire interface. This applies only to customers léasing high-definition capable [[Set-top box|cable boxes]] from said cable provider after [[April 1]], [[2004]]. The relevant law is CFR 76.640 Section 4 Subsections i and ii.<ref>http://www.fcc.gov/mb/engineering/part76.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527214340/http://www.fcc.gov/mb/engineering/part76.pdf |date=2010-05-27 }} page 145</ref> The interface can be used to display or record Cable TV, including HDTV programming.<ref>[http://www.avsforum.com/avs-vb/printthread.php?t=386740 AVS Forum - How-To: Mac OS X Firewire HDTV recording<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> === Hirarki titik === FireWire devices are organized at the bus in a tree topology. éach device has a unique self-id. One of the nodes is elected root node and always has the highest id. The self-ids are assigned during the self-id process, which happens after éach bus reset. The order in which the self-ids are assigned is equivalent to traversing the tree in a [[Depth-first search|depth-first]], post-order manner. == Standar jeung versi == === FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394-1995) === [[Gambar:Firewire6-pin.jpg|thumb|200px|A 6-Pin FireWire 400 connector]] FireWire 400 can transfer data between devices at 100, 200, or 400&nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] [[half-duplex]] data rates (the actual transfer rates are 98.304, 196.608, and 393.216&nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]], i.e. 12.288, 24.576 and 49.152 [[megabyte]]s per second respectively)<ref name=teener />. These different transfer modes are commonly referred to as S100, S200, and S400. Cable length is limited to {{convert|4.5|m|ft|1}}, although up to 16 cables can be [[Daisy chain (electrical engineering)|daisy chained]] using active repéaters, external hubs, or internal hubs often present in FireWire equipment. The S400 standard limits any configuration's maximum cable length to 72&nbsp;méters. The 6-pin connector is commonly found on desktop computers, and can supply the connected device with power. The 6-pin powered connector adds power output to support external devices. Typically a device can pull about 7 to 8 watts from the port; however, the voltage varies significantly from different devices.<ref>[http://developer.apple.com/documentation/HardwareDrivers/Conceptual/HWTech_FireWire/Articles/FireW_implementation.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40003892-SW1 FireWire Developer Note]</ref> Voltage is specified as unregulated and should nominally be about 25 volts (range 24 to 30). Apple's implementation on laptops is typically related to battery power and can be as low as 9 V and more likely about 12 V. === Peningkatan (IEEE 1394a-2000) === An amendment IEEE 1394a was reléased in 2000, which both clarified and enhanced the original specification. It added in support for [[streaming media|asynchronous streaming]], quicker bus reconfiguration, [[packet concatenation]], and a power saving [[suspend mode]]. 1394a also standardized the 4-pin connector alréady widely in use. The 4-pin version is used on many consumer devices such as [[camcorders]], laptops, and other small FireWire devices. Though fully data compatible with 6-pin interfaces, it lacks power connectors. === FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b-2002) === [[Gambar:Firewire800plug.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A 9-pin FireWire 800/3200 (IEEE 1394b) connector.]] FireWire 800 (Apple's name for the 9-pin "S800 bilingual" version of the IEEE 1394b standard) was introduced commercially by Apple in 2003. This newer 1394 specification (1394b) and corresponding products allow a transfer rate of 786.432&nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] [[full-duplex]] via a new encoding scheme termed beta mode. It is backwards compatible to the slower rates and 6-pin connectors of FireWire 400. However, while the IEEE 1394a and IEEE 1394b standards are compatible, FireWire 800's connector is different from FireWire 400's connector, making the legacy cables incompatible. A bilingual cable allows the connection of older devices to the newer port. The full IEEE 1394b specification supports data rates up to 3200&nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] over beta-mode or optical connections up to 100&nbsp;metres in length. Standard [[category 5 cable|Category 5e]] [[unshielded twisted pair]] supports 100&nbsp;metres at S100. The original 1394 and 1394a standards used [[Data strobe encoding|data/strobe (D/S) encoding]] (called ''[[legacy mode]]'') on the signal wires, while 1394b adds a data encoding scheme called [[8B10B]] (also referred to as ''beta mode''). ==== FireWire S1600 jeung S3200 ==== In December 2007, the 1394 Trade Association announced that products will be available before the end of 2008 using the S1600 and S3200 modes which were alréady (mostly) defined in 1394b. The 1.6&nbsp;Gbit/s and 3.2&nbsp;Gbit/s devices will use the same 9-pin connectors as the existing FireWire 800 and will be fully compatible with existing S400 and S800 devices. The future products are intended to compete with the forthcoming [[USB 3.0]].<ref name=S3200-pr>{{cite web| url=http://www.1394ta.org/press/TAPress/2007_1212.html| title=1394 Trade Association Announces 3.2 Gigabit per Second Speed for FireWire| work=1394 Trade Association| date=[[2007-12-12]]| accessdate=2008-08-03| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106114029/http://www.1394ta.org/press/TAPress/2007_1212.html| archivedate=2010-11-06}}</ref>. === FireWire S800T (IEEE 1394c-2006) === [[Gambar:cat5.jpg|thumb|200px|FireWire is enhanced to share gigabit [[Category 5e cable]]]] IEEE 1394c-2006 was published on [[June 8]] [[2007]]. It provides the following improvements * A new port specification which provides 800 Mbit/s over the same [[8P8C|RJ45 connectors]] with [[Category 5e cable]] which is specified in IEEE 802.3 clause 40 ([[Gigabit Ethernet#1000BASE-T|gigabit Ethernet over copper twisted pair]]) * An automatic negotiation that allows the same port to connect to either IEEE Std 1394 or [[IEEE 802.3]] ([[Ethernet]]) devices. * Various minor updates to IEEE 1394b Though the potential for a combined Ethernet and FireWire RJ45 port is intriguing, [[as of December 2007]], there are no products or chipsets which include this capability. === Kamekaran ka hareupna === Besides the short term shoring up of S3200 over the beta connector [[#FireWire S3200|already discussed]], future iterations of FireWire should bring a bump in speed to 6.4 Gbit/s, use of single-mode fiber, and additional connectors such as the [[small multimedia interface]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lw.pennnet.com/display_article/312227/13/ARTCL/none/none/1/New-developments-in-IEEE-1394-(aka-FireWire)|title=New developments in IEEE 1394 (a.k.a. FireWire)|last=Baxter|first=Les|publisher=Lightwave|date=[[2007-11-01]]|accessdate=2007-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221002706/http://lw.pennnet.com/display_article/312227/13/ARTCL/none/none/1/New-developments-in-IEEE-1394-(aka-FireWire)|archivedate=2007-12-21}}</ref> == Babandinganana jeung USB == Although high-speed USB 2.0 nominally runs at a higher signaling rate (480&nbsp;[[megabit|Mbit]]/s) than FireWire 400, typical USB PC-hosts rarely exceed sustained transfers of 280 Mbit/s, with 240 Mbit/s being more typical. This is likely due to USB's reliance on the host-processor to manage low-level USB protocol, wheréas FireWire delegates the same tasks to the interface hardware. For example, the FireWire host interface supports memory-mapped devices, which allows high-level protocols to run without loading the host CPU with interrupts and buffer-copy operations.<ref>[http://www.usb-ware.com/firewire-vs-usb.htm FireWire - USB Comparison<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> FireWire 800 is substantially faster than Hi-Speed [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g4tv.com/techtvvault/features/39129/USB_20_Versus_FireWire_pg3.html|title=USB 2.0 Versus FireWire|accessdate=2006-12-04|author=Heron, Robert|publisher=TechTV|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121843/http://www.g4tv.com/techtvvault/features/39129/USB_20_Versus_FireWire_pg3.html|archivedate=2007-09-29}}</ref> == Mangpaat alternatifna IEEE 1394 == === Kapal terbang === IEEE 1394b is used in military aircraft, where weight savings are desired. Developed for use as the data bus on the [[F-22 Raptor]], it is also used on the [[F-35 Lightning II]].<ref name="avweek_20070205">"The Electric Jet." Philips, E. H. ''[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]''. [[February 5]], [[2007]].</ref> NASA's [[Space Shuttle]] also uses IEEE 1394b to monitor debris (foam, ice) which may hit the vehicle during launch.<ref name="avweek_20070205" /> This standard should not be confused with the unrelated [[MIL-STD-1394B]]. === Otomobil === IDB-1394 Customer Convenience Port (CCP) is the automotive version of the 1394 standard.<ref>[http://www.idbforum.org/ IDB Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626010313/http://www.idbforum.org/ |date=2008-06-26 }}</ref> === Jaringan maké+ FireWire === FireWire can be used for ad-hoc (terminals only, no routers) [[computer network]]s. Specifically, [[RFC:2734|RFC 2734]] specifies how to run [[IPv4]] over the FireWire interface, and [[RFC:3146|RFC 3146]] specifies how to run [[IPv6]]. [[Mac OS X]], [[Linux]], [[FreeBSD]], [[Windows ME]], [[Windows 2000]], [[Windows XP]], and [[Windows Server 2003]] all include support for networking over FireWire. A network can be set up between two computers using a single standard FireWire cable, or by multiple computers through use of a hub. This is similar to [[Ethernet]] networks with the major differences being transfer speed, wire length, and the fact that standard FireWire cables can be used for [[point-to-point (telecommunications)|point-to-point]] communication. On [[December 4, 2004]], [[Microsoft]] announced<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/IP_1394.mspx Discontinued Support for IP over 1394]</ref> that it would discontinue support for [[Internet protocol suite|IP]] networking over the FireWire interface in all future versions of [[Microsoft Windows]]. Subsequently, support for this féature was removed from both [[Windows Vista]] and [[Windows Server 2008]].<ref>[http://support.microsoft.com/kb/943719 IP networking over the IEEE 1394 bus is not supported in Windows Vista and in all later versions of Windows]</ref><ref>[http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726965.aspx#ECAA New Networking Features in Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista]</ref> The [[PlayStation 2]] console had an i.LINK-branded 1394 connector. This was used for networking until the reléase of an Ethernet adapter late in the console's lifespan, but was poorly supported by software. === IIDC === IIDC (Instrumentation & Industrial Digital Camera) is the FireWire data format standard for live vidéo, and is used by Apple's [[iSight]] A/V camera. The system was designed for [[machine vision]] systems,<ref>[http://damien.douxchamps.net/ieee1394/libdc1394/iidc_specifications.php libdc1394: IIDC/DCAM specifications<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> but is also used for other [[computer vision]] applications and for some [[webcam]]s. Although they are éasily confused since they both run over FireWire, IIDC is different from, and incompatible with, the ordinary DV (Digital Vidéo) camcorder protocol. === DV === {{utama|DV}} Digital Vidéo ([[DV]]) is a standard [[Protocol (computing)|protocol]] used by néarly all digital [[camcorders]]. Formerly, all DV cameras had a FireWire interface (usually a 4-pin), but recently many consumer brands have switched to USB. Labeling of the port varies by manufacturer, with Sony using either its i.LINK trademark or the letters 'DV'. Many [[digital video recorder]]s have a "DV-input" FireWire connector (usually a 6-pin connector) which can be used to record vidéo from a directly-connected DV camcorder ("computer-free"). The protocol also allows remote control (play, rewind, etc.) of connected devices. == Security issues == Devices on a FireWire bus can communicate by [[direct memory access]], where a device can use hardware to map internal memory to FireWire's "Physical Memory Space". The SBP-2 ([[Serial Bus Protocol 2]]) used by FireWire disk drives uses this capability to minimize interrupts and buffer copies. In SBP-2, the initiator (controlling device) sends a request by remotely writing a command into a specified aréa of the target's FireWire address space. This command usually includes buffer addresses in the initiator's FireWire "Physical Address Space", which the target is supposed to use for moving I/O data to and from the initiator.<ref>[http://www.darkreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=147713&f_src=drweekly:There is a practical attempt to hack windows using firewire vulnerabilities]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On many implementations, particularly those like PCs and Macs using the popular [[OHCI]], the mapping between the FireWire "Physical Memory Space" and device physical memory is done in hardware, without operating system intervention. While this enables high-speed and low-latency communication between data sources and sinks without unnecessary copying (such as between a vidéo camera and a software vidéo recording application, or between a disk drive and the application buffers), this can also be a security risk if untrustworthy devices are attached to the bus. For this réason, high-security installations will typically either purchase newer machines which map a [[virtual memory]] space to the FireWire "Physical Memory Space" (such as a Power Mac G5, or any Sun workstation), disable the [[OHCI]] hardware mapping between FireWire and device memory, physically disable the entire FireWire interface, or do not have FireWire at all. This féature can also be used to [[debug]] a machine whose operating system has crashed, and in some systems for remote-console operations. On [[FreeBSD]], the dcons driver provides both, using [[gdb]] as debugger. Under Linux, firescope<ref>[http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/4/3/301 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908100021/http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/4/3/301 |date=2008-09-08 }} LKML: Andi Kleen: [ANNOUNCE&#93; firescope for i386/x86-64 released<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and fireproxy<ref>[http://www.suse.de/~bk/firewire Index of /~bk/firewire<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> exist. == Tempo ogé == * [http://www.1394ta.org/Technology/Specifications/StandardsOrientationV5.0.pdf 1394 Standards Orientation, Introduction.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920193601/http://www.1394ta.org/Technology/Specifications/StandardsOrientationV5.0.pdf |date=2008-09-20 }} * [[High Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance]] aka HANA * [[HAVI]], FireWire to control Audio and Vidéo hardware. * [[Universal Serial Bus]] (USB) * [[mLAN]] Yamaha's FireWire-based music networking system * [[List of device bandwidths]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Sumber liana == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | author = IEEE p1394 Working Group | title = IEEE Std 1394-1995 High Performance Serial Bus | publisher = IEEE | date = 1996-08-30 | id = ISBN 1-55937-583-3 | url = http://shop.ieee.org/ieeestore/Product.aspx?product_no=SH94364 }} {{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book | author = IEEE p1394a Working Group | title = IEEE Std 1394a-2000 High Performance Serial Bus - Amendment 1 | publisher = IEEE | year = 2000-06-30 | id = ISBN 0-7381-1958-X | url = http://shop.ieee.org/ieeestore/Product.aspx?product_no=SH94821 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040907180204/http://shop.ieee.org/ieeestore/product.aspx?product_no=SH94821 | archive-date = 2004-09-07 | accessdate = 2008-08-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040907180204/http://shop.ieee.org/ieeestore/product.aspx?product_no=SH94821 |date=2004-09-07 }} * {{cite book | author = IEEE p1394b Working Group | title = IEEE Std 1394b-2002 High Performance Serial Bus - Amendment 2 | publisher = IEEE | date = 2002-12-14 | id = ISBN 0-7381-3253-5 | url = http://shop.ieee.org/ieeestore/Product.aspx?product_no=SH94986 }} {{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book | author = IEEE p1394c Working Group | title = IEEE Std 1394c-2006 High Performance Serial Bus - Amendment 3 | publisher = IEEE | date = 2007-06-08 | id = ISBN 0-7381-5237-4 | url = http://shop.ieee.org/ieeestore/Product.aspx?product_no=SH95578 }} {{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book | author = INCITS T10 Project 1467D | title = Information technology — Serial Bus Protocol 3 (SBP-3) | publisher = ANSI INCITS | year = 2004 | id = ANSI INCITS 375-2004 }} * {{cite book | first = Don | last = Anderson | title = FireWire System Architecture | publisher = MindShare, Inc. | year = 1999 | id = ISBN 0-201-48535-4 }} {{refend}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.1394ta.org/index.html 1394 Trade Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830023641/http://www.1394ta.org/index.html |date=2008-08-30 }} * [http://www.hanaalliance.org/ High Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance (HANA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913205116/http://www.hanaalliance.org/ |date=2008-09-13 }} Standard using IEEE 1394 FireWire for interconnecting A/V components * [http://www.apple.com/firewire/ Apple FireWire Technology] {{FOLDOC}} [[Kategori:Standar IEEE]] [[Kategori:Jejeroan Macintosh]] [[Kategori:Beus komputer]] [[Kategori:Beus sérial]] [[Kategori:Jaringan wewengkon pribadi]] 384ix32oyybyfwxnn6p72b41ybjheex 0 30237 731710 703818 2026-11-08T02:23:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Jawura | image = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Blad en vrucht van de Xanthochymus dulcis roxb moendoe TMnr 3401-1683.jpg | image_width = | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Theales]] | familia = [[Clusiaceae]] | genus = ''[[Garcinia]]'' | species = '''''G. dulcis''''' | binomial = ''Garcinia dulcis'' }} '''Jawura''' atawa ''Garcinia dulcis Kurz'' nyaéta tutuwuhan anggota génus ''Garcinia'' anu sakulawarga jeung [[manggu]] jeung [[asem kandis]].<ref name=“Lim2 ”>{{Cite book | title =Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits| first =T.K| last =Lim| publisher =Springer Science & Business Media,| location =London| year =2012| pages =35|ISBN=9789048186617|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4MDEqFGeKVoC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA21&dq=elateriospermum+tapos&hl=id&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=elateriospermum%20tapos&f=f35se|accessdate=(disungsi) 19 Pébruari 2025}}</ref> Kiwari kondisina geus beuki langka kapanggih<ref name="alamendah">[http://alamendah.org/2010/08/05/mundu-garcinia-dulcis-pohon-buah-langka/ Mundu garcinia dulcis pohon buah langka] (diaksés 14 Mé 2015)</ref>. Sanajan kitu, kiwari jawura dibudidayakeun di taman buah [[Mekarsari]]. Di Mekarsari jawura bisa ditingali dina aréal ''nursery'', jeung kebon buah blok D<ref name="mekarsari">[http://www.mekarsari.com/index.php/id/koleksi-tanaman/tanaman-hias/152-heliconia Mundu Buah Langka & Unik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203140953/https://www.mekarsari.com/index.php/id/koleksi-tanaman/tanaman-hias/152-heliconia |date=2024-12-03 }} (diakses 14 Méi 2015)</ref>. Jawura dipercaya minangka tutuwuhan asli [[Indonésia]] anu ngan saukur jadi di [[Jawa]] jeung sabagian [[Kalimantan]], sanajan ieu tutuwuhan téh tumuwuh ogé di [[Filipina]] jeung [[Thailand]] <ref name="alamendah"/>. Ieu buah langka téh kiwari dibudidayakeun di taman buah [[Mekarsari]].<ref name="mekarsari"/> [[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.0939722 - Anoniem - Garcinia dulcis Kurz - Artwork.jpeg|350px |thumb |katuhu |Jawura beunang motong]] ==Ngaran sesebutan== Jawura boga rupa-rupa ngaran sesebutan saperti ''[[baros]]'' di Sunda. Di wewengkon [[Jawa]] disebut ''mundu'', ''rata'' atawa ''klendeng''. Dina basa Inggris disebut ogé ''mundu'' atawa ''meondoe''. Di Filipina mah disebutna ''biniti'' atawa ''bagalot'', ari di [[Thailand]] dipikawanoh minangna ''maphut''. Dina basa [[Latén]] (ilmiah), jawura disebut ''Garnicia dulcis'' anu sarua jeung istilah ''Garnicia longiolia'' jeung ''Xanthochymus javanensis''<ref name="alamendah"/>. ==Déskripsi jeung Panyebaran== Jawura téh mangrupa tutuwuhan anu catangna pendék kalawan jangkungna maksimal 13-15 méter, anu bagian congo [[tangkalna|tangkal]] nyungcung ka luhur. Catangna miboga kulit warna coklat jeung boga samacem [[geutah]] warna bodas, anu bakal robah jadi coklat pias lamun geus garing. Tina tangkal jawura téh tumuwuh kalakay anu wangunna ampir siga pasagi anu regas jeung semu buluan.<ref name="alamendah"/> Wangun [[daunna|daun]] buleud semu lonyod nepi ka lonyod manjang, pangjangna 10–30&nbsp;cm jeung rubakna 3,5–14&nbsp;cm, héjo pias keur ngorana, bagian luhurna héjo kolot semu hérang, dina bagian handapna aya tulang daun anu nonjol teuas. Urat-urat daunna loba jeung paralél, panjang tangkai daun nepi kana 2&nbsp;cm. [[Kembang]] jawura mucunghul di deukeut puhu daun, warnana konéng semu bodas jeung seungit.<ref name="alamendah"/> [[Buah]] jawura wangunna buleud anu bagian tungtung luhur jeung handapna rada nyungcung, diaméterna antara 5–8&nbsp;cm. Lamun ngora kénéh warnana héjo ngora, tandana atah kénéh sarta bakal robah jadi konéng cerah (hérang) lamun geus asak. Buah jawura boga 1-5 siki anu ukuranna 2,5&nbsp;cm, warnana coklat. Daging buahna warna konéng jeung ngandung [[cai]] anu loba. Rasana amis semu haseum<ref name="alamendah"/>. Tangkal jawura tumuwuh di Indonésia jeung geus dipelak di nagara-nagara di [[Asia Tenggara]] saperti Thailand jeung Filipina. Habitatna nyaéta wewengkon dataran handap nepi ka dataran anu luhurna 500 meter dpl<ref name="alamendah"/>. ==Kagunaan== Buah jawura bisa didahar langsung jeung diolah jadi [[selé]], komo bisa ogé dipaké jadi campuran [[jamu]] tradisional. Sedengkeun [[kai]] jeung kulitna, baheula mah sok dipaké jadi campuran pikeun ngahasilkeun warna héjo alami<ref name="alamendah"/>. Di jawa campuran kai jawura, kai [[laban]], [[pandan]], [[atal]], [[toas]], [[prusi]] jeung [[sendawa]] ngahasilkeun warna héjo kolot anu dipaké ku warna di sabudeureun [[Gresik]]. Ari ri di [[Madura]] mah warna héjona téh beunang tina campuran kai jawura, gula, toas, jeung jeruk. Lamun di [[Pacitan]] dihasilkeun tina campuran papagan jawura, papagan [[manggah]], [[tegeran]], [[perusi]], jeung [[tanjung]]. Papagan jawura ogé sok dipaké keur ngawarnaan [[samak]]<ref name="proseanet">[http://www.proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=262 Detil data Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603170309/http://www.proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=262 |date=2015-06-03 }} (Diakses 14 Méi 2015)</ref>. Hal anu kudu diperhatikeun dina waktu ngadahar buah jawura sacara langsung nyaéta geutahna<ref name="alamendah"/>.. Ieu buah anu loba ngandung [[vitamin c]] téh miboga [[geutah]] anu kuat, matak nyababkeun iritas kana [[biwir]] pikeun anu can biasa mah<ref name="alamendah"/>.. Ku sabab kitu, lamun rék ngadahar buah jawura leuwih hadé dipesék heula tuluy dikumbah, sangkan geutahna leungit<ref name="alamendah"/>. Siki jeung daun jawura téh ngandung [[saponin]], [[flavonoida]], jeung [[tanin]]<ref name="warintek">[http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pangan_kesehatan/tanaman_obat/depkes/1-132.pdf Garnica dulcis Kurz]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diakses 14 Méi 2015)</ref>.Siki jawura bisa dipaké keur ubar raheut, ubar gondok jeung ubar [[sariawan]]. Pikeun ubar raheut, dipaké ± 8 gram siki jawura, tuluy dibeuleum nepi ka tutung, dibubukkeun, tuluy dipurulukkeun kana bagian anu raheut atawa moléték<ref name="warintek"/>. ==Jadi ngaran wewengkon== Ieu ngaran tutuwuhan téh jadi ngaran wewengkon di sababaraha tempat di tatar Sunda, di antarana di Bandung kidul aya wewengkon Cijawura jeung Baros di Cimahi<ref name="aingkumaha">[http://aingkumaha.blogspot.com/2008/05/nama-tempat-bandung-baheula.html Nama tempat Bandung baheula (artikel T.Bachtiar di Harian Pikiran Rakyat] (Diakses 14 Mei 2015)</ref>. Iwal ti di Bandung, ogé aya Kampung Mundu di [[Ciamis]], kacamatan Mundu di [[Cirebon]], Désa Mundu di [[Indramayu]], jeung réa deui tempat séjén anu maké ngaran ieu buah téh<ref name="aingkumaha"/>. == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu Kaluar== *{{Citebook|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=-t_ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA343&dq=bridelia+stipularis&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT3-jphu7TAhUcSY8KHV-cCAsQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=bridelia%20stipularis&f=false|title=Medicinal Plants Of The Asia-pacific: Drugs For The Future? |last=Christophe|first=Wiart|date=January 2006|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789814480338|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Clusiaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Bungbu]] luetpje3ss1zitqu9gnirc22d29e88i 0 30805 731602 711754 2026-11-07T19:57:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731602 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alloh''' (Allōhu) (''' الله''', [[Aksara Sunda Baku|Aksara Sunda]]: '''ᮃᮜᮣᮧᮂ''') nyaéta kecap dina [[basa Arab]] anu ngarujuk ka '''Pangéran''' atawa Gusti ". Kecap ieu leuwih dipikawanoh minangka sebutan pangéran ku panganut ageman [[Islam]]. Kecap ieu sorangan digolongan ku para pamaké basa arab salaku kecap anu umum pikeun nyebutkeun pangéran, leupas ti ageman maranéhanana, kaasup panganut [[Yahudi]] sarta [[Kristen]] Arab. Balukarna, kecap ieu dipaké dina tarjamahan kitab suci ageman [[Kristen]] jeung [[Yahudi]] anu maké bahasa Arab, sakumaha ogé tarjamahan [[Alkitab]] dina basa [[Indonésia]] jeung [[Turki]]. Alloh disebutkeun leuwih ti 2000 kali dina Qur'an [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041123/http://dudung.net/index.php?awal=2175&keyword=allah&naon=cari&pilihan=1]. == Jenengan Alloh == Dumasar katerangan: ''Allaahu ismun li dzaatil wajibul wujuud'' nu hartina: Alloh téh hiji ngaran hiji al anu pasti aya di mana ayana (éksisténsi). Jadi écés Alloh téh hiji ngaran hiji hal anu wajib pikeun dilayanan kalayan sebenar-benarna, alatan dumasar katerangan: ''Allaahu ismun li dzaati ma'budi bi haqq'' hartina: Allah éta téh hiji ngaran hiji hal anu wajib dilayanan (ma'budi) kalayan sebenar-benarna pangladén (ibadah). hanca == Etimologi == Sawatara teori mecakan menganalisa etimologi ti kecap "Alloh". Salah sahijina ngomong yén kecap Allāh (الله) asalna ti gabungan ti kecap al- (sang) sarta ʾilāh (pangéran) ku kituna hartosna "Sang Pangéran". Tapi téori ieu nyalahan basa sarta kaidah basa Arab. Wangun ma'rifat (definitif) ti ilah nyaéta al-ilah, lain Alloh. Ku kituna kecap al-ilah dipikawanoh dina basa Arab. Pamakéan kecap kasebut contona ku Abul A'la al-maududi dina ''Mushthalahatul Arba'ah fil Qur'an'' (h. 13) sarta Syaikh Abdul Qadir Syaibah Hamad dina ''al-adyan wal Furuq wal Dzahibul Mu'ashirah'' (h. 54). Kadua nu nulis kasebut lainna ngagunakeun kecap Alloh, melainkan al-ilah minangka wangun ma'rifat ti ilah. Dina basa Arabpun dipikawanoh kaidah, saban isim (kecap barang atawa kecap sipat) nakiroh (umum) anu miboga wangun mutsanna (dua) sarta loba, mangka isim ma'rifat kecap itupun miboga wangun mutsanna sarta loba. Hal ieu henteu lumaku pikeun kecap Alloh, kecap ieu henteu miboga wangun ma'rifat mutsanna sarta loba. Sedengkeun kecap ilah miboga wangun ma'rifat boh mutsanna (nyaéta al-ilahani boh al-ilahaini) atawa loba (nyaéta al-alihah). Ku kituna kecap al-ilah sarta Alloh nyaéta dua kecap anu nu béda.{{id}}Ahmad Husnan. ''Meluruskan Pamikiran Pakar Muslim''. Al Husna, Surakarta. Citakan Kahiji, Muharram 1425 H / Méi 2005 M. h. 25-27. Téori séjén ngomong kecap ieu asalna ti kecap [[basa Aram]] Alāhā.{{en}}Encyclopaedia of Islam, ''Alloh'' [[Cendekiawan muslim]] sakapeung menerjemahkan Alloh jadi "''God''" dina [[basa Inggris]]. Tapi kitu, sawaréh anu séjén ngomong yén Alloh henteu pikeun ditarjamahkeun, kalayan berargumen yén kecap kasebut husus sarta agung ku kituna kudu dijaga, henteu mibanda wangun loba sarta génder (béda jeung God anu mibanda wangun loba ''Gods'' sarta wangun feminin ''Goddess'' dina basa inggris). Isu ieu jadi penting dina usaha penerjemahan [[Al Qur'an]]. == Tipografi == Kecap ''Allāh'' sok ditulis tanpa [[alif]] pikeun ngedalkeun vowel ''ā''. Ieu disebabkan alatan éjahan Arab mangsa katukang ngawalan tanpa [[alif]] pikeun ngeja ''ā''. Tapi, pikeun diucapkan sacara vokal, ''alif'' leutik sok ditambahkeun di luhur tanda saddah pikeun negeskeun prononsiasi kasebut. == Alloh dina Islam == {{Islam}} Dina Islam, Alloh nyaéta hiji-hijina pangéran (tanpa sekutu) {{quran-usc|112|1}}, sang panyipta, pangéran ti [[Ibrahim|Ibrohim]], [[Ismail]], [[Ishaq]] sarta [[Yakub]], sakumaha ogé pangéran ti [[Musa]], [[Dawud]], [[Sulaiman]], [[Isa]] sarta [[Muhammad]] ﷺ. Nurutkeun F.E. Peters, " Al Qur'an nyatakeun {{Quran-usc|29|46}}, Muslim memercayai, sarta sejarawan nyatujuan, yén Muhammad sarta pamiluna menyembah pangéran anu sarua jeung anu disembah Yahudi". Allah-nya Al Qur'an nyaéta pangéran sang panyipta anu aya dina carita Ibrahim. Peters ngomong yén Al Qur'an ngagambarkeun Alloh leuwih ngawasa sarta laér dibandingkeun jeung Yahweh, sarta ogé mangrupa pangéran universal, henteu kawas Yahweh anu leuwih deukeut jeung bangsa Israél.{{en}}F.E. Peters, ''Islam'', p.&nbsp;4, Princeton University Press, 2003. Dina talari Islam disebutkeun aya 99 ngaran pikeun Alloh ([[Asmaul husna|Asma'ul Husna]]), dicokot ti ngaran-ngaran anu dipaké Al Qur'an pikeun ngarujuk ka Alloh. {{en}}{{cite book|last=Bentley|first=David|coauthors=|title=The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book|url=https://archive.org/details/99beautifulnames0000bent|publisher=William Carey Library|year=1999|month=Sept.|isbn=0-87808-299-9 }} di antara ngaran-ngaran kasebut nyaéta: * Al Malikul Mulk (Raja diraja, Maharaja) * Al Hayy (Maha Hirup) * Al Muhyii (Maha Méré Kahirupan) === Frase anu ngandung Alloh === Conto kecap-kecap anu ngagunakeun kecap Alloh: * [[Laa ilaaha illallaah|Lā ilāha illalōh]] (euweuh pangéran sajaba Alloh) * [[Allaahu Akbar|Allōhu Akbar]] (الله أكبر) (Alloh maha badag) * [[Bismillaah|Bismillāh]] (بسم الله ) (Kalayan ngaran Alloh) * [[In syaa Allaah|In syā Allōh]] (إن شاء الله) (Lamun Alloh menghendaki) * [[Maa syaa Allaah|Maa syā Allōh]] (ما شاء الله) (Kecap anu biasana diucapkan lamun nempo hiji hal anu ahéng (ganjil) sakapeung digantian kalayan kecap "subhan Alloh") * [[Subhanallaah|Subhanallōh]] (سبحان الله) (Maha suci Alloh) * [[Alhamdu li llaah|Alhamdu li llāh]] (الحمد لله) (Sagala puji pikeun Alloh) * [[Allahu a'lam|Allōhu a'lam]] (الله أعلم) (Alloh maha nyaho) * [[Jazakallohu khoiron|Jazakallōhu khōyron]] (جزاك الله خيراً; kedalan pernyataan hatur nuhun anu sabenerna hartosna "Muga Alloh méré balesan anu alus ka anjeun") === Ayana Alloh === Para Imam anu opat geus sapuk yén Rahmat Alloh Subhanahu wa ta'alla aya di luhur [['Arsy]][https://web.archive.org/web/20110727045151/http://www.dudung.net/index.php?naon=cari&pilihan=1&keyword=arsy%20&awal=0] teuaya saurang ogé ti makhluk anu sarupa sareung mantena. {{cite ramat|url=http://www.mediamuslim.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2&Itemid=9|title=Pamahaman Ngeunaan "Di manakah Alloh?"}} {{clear}} == Rujukan == [[manéhna:Alloh]] [[Kategori:Alloh| ]] [[Kategori:Islam]] {{islam-stub}} dpebbcuq15g861ldg6btczslx8gz9si 0 30913 731666 728699 2026-11-07T23:27:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox emas}} '''Emas''' atawa '''kancana''' nyaéta [[unsur kimia]] nu lambangna '''Au''' ({{lang-la|aurum}}) kalawan [[nomer atom]] 79. Ieu [[logam mulya]] geus ti bihari boga ajén anu luhur, boh pikeun [[perhiasan]], [[patung]], atawa papaés wangunan/ornaméntasi. Di alam, ieu logam kapanggih dina bentuk guruntulan atawa 'bijih' dina babatuan, dina [[véna (géologi)|urat]], jeung dina [[déposit aluvial]]. Emas fisikna padet, lemes, hérang, sarta leuleus, pangleuleusna ti antara logam-logam murni anu aya. Nu murni kelirna konéng caang, ngagurilap matak ngirut, katambah ku watekna anu henteu ngarandapan ka bakar/oksidasi ku [[hawa]] atawa [[cai]]. Dina widang ékonomi, emas dipaké dina sistem [[dinar]] jeung [[sistem Bretton Woods]].<ref name=”Kom”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/Ensiklopedia_Pelajar_dan_Umum.html?hl=id&id=jeC7B8RjuX8C#v=onepage&q=batu%20apung%20adalah&f=false| title =Ensiklopedia Pelajar dan UmumKomandoko| last =Komandoko| first =Gamal | publisher =Pustaka Widyatama| location =Jakarta| year =2010|ISBN=9789796103713|pages =83}} Disungsi24 Januari 2023</ref> Dina tungtung taun 2006, emas nu geus kungsi dikali salila ieu kira-kira nepi ka 158.000 ton<ref name="World Gold Council">{{cite web | url=http://www.invest.gold.org/sites/en/why_gold/demand_and_supply/ | title=World Gold Council | accessdate=2008-07-04 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511212013/http://www.invest.gold.org/sites/en/why_gold/demand_and_supply/ | archivedate=2008-05-11 }}</ref> (sarua jeung kubus ukuran 20,2 méter). Di industri modéren, emas dipaké dina [[éléktronik]] jeung ''kedokteran'' huntu , ku sabab watekna anu tahan korosi [[rédoks|oksidatif]] sarta alus ''konduktivitas'' [[listrik]]na. Sacara kimia, emas kaasup [[logam transisi]] nu bisa jadi [[kation]] [[trivalén]] jeung [[univalén]]. Dina [[kaayaan baku suhu jeung tekanan|STP]], emas bisa jadi [[asam kloroaurat]] mun diréaksikeun jeung ''[[aqua regia]]'' (campuran asam), atawa jeung larutan basa [[sianida]]. Emas bisa leyur dina [[raksa (unsur)|raksa]], ngabentuk aloy [[amalgam (kimia)|amalgam]] tanpa ngalaman réaksi kimia. Dina pemurnian, emas bisa dipisahkeun ti logam lian ku sabab emas henteu bisa leyur dina [[asam nitrat]] nu bisa ngaleyurkeun [[pérak]] jeung [[logam basa]] (téhnik "''inquartation and parting''"). Asam nitrat geus ti baheula dipaké pikeun mariksa aya/henteuna emas, malah kiwari istilah "uji asam" ("''acid test''") jadi baku utama dina pamariksaan emas. == Pasipatan == Emas téh logam anu istiméwa; sa[[gram]] emas bisa diamparkeun jadi lambar anu legana saméter pasagi. Lambaranana bisa ipis pisan nepi ka ampir tembus cahya. Cahya anu tembus katembongna [[biru]] semu [[héjo]], ku sabab emas mantulkeun cahya [[konéng]] jeung [[beureum]].<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html| title =Gold: causes of color| accessdate=2009-06-06}}</ref> Lambaran emas ogé mantulkeun cahya infrabeureum, ku kituna dipaké taméng infrabeureum dina pakéan tahan panas jeung pakéan luar angkasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Suiting up for space: the evolution of the space suit |url=https://archive.org/details/suitingupforspac0000lloy |last=Mallan |first=Lloyd |year=1971 |publisher=John Day Co |isbn=978-0381981501 |page=[https://archive.org/details/suitingupforspac0000lloy/page/216 216]|accessdate=24 September 2009}}</ref> Emas bisa ngabentuk campuran/aloy jeung logam lianna, utamana pikeun ngarobah pasipatan métalurgina, ngatur [[titik lééh]], atawa pikeun ngahasilkeun kelir anu éksotik.<ref name=coloredgold/> <center><gallery widths="230px"> File:Native gold nuggets.jpg|[[Bijih emas]] File:Zlato 2.jpg|Emas di alam File:Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg|Rupa-rupa kelir campuran Ag-Au-Cu </gallery></center> == Rujukan == *''[[:en:Gold|Gold]]'' (disalin 19 Agustus 2009) {{Reflist}} == Bacaan salajengna == *Faulk W & Taylor G (1979). An Immunocolloid Method for the Electron Microscope. ''Immunochemistry'' '''8''': 1081–1083. *Kodak (2006). ''Toning black-and-white materials''. Technical Data/Reference sheet G-23, Méi 2006 [http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/g23/g23.pdf ]. *Roth J, Bendayan M, Orci L (1980). FITC-Protein A-Gold Complex for Light and Electron Microscopic Immunocytochemistry. ''J. Histochemistry and Cytochemistry'' '''28''': 55–57. *World Gold Council, Jewellery Technology, [http://www.utilisegold.com/jewellery_technology/colours/colour_alloys/ Jewellery Alloys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619061619/http://www.utilisegold.com/jewellery_technology/colours/colour_alloys/ |date=2008-06-19 }} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|gold}} *[http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/gold/auriferous.html ''Getting Gold'' 1898 book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612192416/http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/gold/auriferous.html |date=2016-06-12 }} *[http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307000911/http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf |date=2008-03-07 }} *[http://www.pniok.de/au.htm Picture in the Element collection from Heinrich Pniok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029163833/http://www.pniok.de/au.htm |date=2012-10-29 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516061652/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Au/index.html WebElements.com — Gold] {{Tabél périodik}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Emas]] [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Konduktor listrik]] [[Kategori:Logam mulya]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] [[Kategori :logam]] lynmi9nl0jvcb5dkvh8790qdufuvpce 0 30986 731704 728980 2026-11-08T02:18:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:SeanConneryJune08.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Sean Connery]] sebagai pemeran pertama karakter James Bond.]] [[Gambar:PierceBrosnanCannesPhoto2.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Pierce Brosnan]] sebagai pemeran James Bond kelima.]] '''''James Bond 007''''' (leuwih terkenal ku sebatan '''''[[James Bond (karakter)|James Bond]]''''', '''''Agen 007''''' atanapi '''''JB''''') mangrupa salahsa hiji karakter [[fiksi]] nu diciptakeun taun 1953 ku panulis Inggris, [[Ian Fleming]], di mana karakter ieu saterasna muncul dina dua belas novel daring dua koleksi carita pondok versi asli.<ref>[http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/2006/understanding007.html Understanding 007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104170128/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/2006/understanding007.html |date=2010-11-04 }}. Retrieved 6 June 2007.</ref> Karakter ieu teras dipaké dina waralaba media film terlaris jeung tersukses di dunya sampai ka kiwari, dimimiti taun 1962 dina ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Copyright 1998-2007 |url=http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/index.php3 |title=MI6:: The Home Of James Bond 007 |publisher=Mi6.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=By |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117971747.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1 |title='Harry Potter' toots box office horn - Entertainment News, Los Angeles, Media - Variety |publisher=Variety.com |date=2008-12-30 |accessdate=2009-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303144307/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117971747.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1 |archive-date=2009-03-03}}</ref><ref name="jamesbond1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jamesbond007.se/quantum_of_solace_pr_stockholm.asp |title=Agent James Bond 007 - Quantum of Solace |accessdate=2009-06-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314213007/http://www.jamesbond007.se/quantum_of_solace_pr_stockholm.asp |archivedate=2011-03-14}}</ref> Saatos Fleming tilar dunya di taun 1964, panulisan novel James Bond diteraskeun ku [[Kingsley Amis]] (sabagai [[Robert Markham]]), [[John Pearson]], [[John Gardner]], [[Raymond Benson]] jeung [[Sebastian Faulks]]. Salain ti eta, [[Christopher Wood]] menovelisasi dua film janten novel, [[Charlie Higson]] menulis carita tentang Young James Bond, sareng beberapa penulis lain meunang hak kapercayaan keur ngembangkeun carita James Bond non-resmi.<ref>{{cite news |author=Copyright 1998-2007 |url=http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/literary/index.php3 |title=MI6:: The Home Of James Bond 007 |publisher=Mi6.co.uk |date=1953-04-13 |accessdate=2009-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530131951/http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/literary/index.php3 |archive-date=2019-05-30 }}</ref> Aya 22 film nu dirilis jeung kaasup dina seri produksi "resmi" [[EON Productions]], nu terakhir jeung paling anyar nyaéta ''[[Quantum of Solace]]'' nu dirilis kaping [[31 Oktober]] [[2008]] (keur kawasan [[Inggris]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7206997.stm |title=BBC NEWS &#124; Entertainment &#124; New Bond film title is confirmed |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-01-24 |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7304920.stm |title=BBC NEWS &#124; Entertainment &#124; Next Bond film gets early release |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-03-19 |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> Salain ti versi éoN, pihak produser lain ogé nyobaan ngadamel sareng ngembangkeu carita James Bond dina beberapa variasi, nyaéta dina sandiwara radio, komik, dan vidéo game. Film-film produksi éoN Productions disebat ogé sabagai film resmi (official), saatos hak produksinya dipeser ku produser [[Harry Saltzman]] di akhir 1950-an.<ref>{{cite book |last=Winder |first=Simon |year=2006 |title=The Man Who Saved Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/manwhosavedbrita0000wind_b3d6 |publisher=Picador |isbn=0-330-43954-5}}</ref> == Sejarah dan inspirasi == [[James Bond (karakter)|Komandan Sir James Bond]], ([[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]], [[Royal Naval Reserve|RNVR]]) nyaéta mangrupa saorang agen rahasia intelejen Inggris ([[Secret Intelligence Service]], disingkat SIS, atanapi disebat ogé sabagai MI6). Anjeunna diciptakan di sasih Januari 1952 ku jurnalis Inggris, Ian Fleming ketika anjeunna sedang berlibur di Jamaika. Nami James Bond dicandak tina saorang ahli burung asal AS, ogé tina saorang pengamat manuk ti Karibia.<ref>{{cite book | last = Chancellor | first = Henry | year = 2005 | title = James Bond: The Man and His World | url = https://archive.org/details/jamesbondmanhisw0000chan | publisher = John Murray | isbn = 0-7195-6815-3}}</ref> [[Gambar:Roger_Moore.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Roger Moore]], pemeran ketiga James Bond setelah [[George Lazenby]].]] Kolot James Bond nyaéta Andrew Bond, saorang [[Skotlandia]], jeung Monique Delacroix nu asalna ti Canton de Vaud, [[Swiss]]. Asal ti kaduana disebatkeun dina ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''. Fleming nambihkeun unsur Skotlandia ka James Bond saatos anjeunna ninggali karakter [[Sean Connery]] dina ''Dr. No''. Samentara karakter Swiss ditambihkeun ku sabab Ian Fleming masih kénéh miboga darah Swiss.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zacharek |first=Stephanie |url=http://salon.com/books/feature/2006/11/25/fleming/ |title=Bond, by the book &#124; Salon Books |publisher=Salon.com |date=2006-11-25 |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> Hiji rencana, tapi gagal diréalisasikeun, sempat Fleming pikirkeun nyaéta nulis sebuah novel Bond nu nyaritakeun asal usul ibunda Bond. Dina biografi fiksi tentang agen 007, John Péarson méré poéan lahir Bond di [[11 November]] [[1920]] (Hari Gencatan Senjata). Bagian awal dina film "[[For Your Eyes Only]]" méré katerangan yén istrina James Bond lahir di 1943. Dina ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]'' Tanaka nerangkeun ka Bond bahwa ia babar di Yéar of the Rat (1924/25 atanapi 1912/13). Dina novel ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'', slogan kulawarga Bond nyaéta "Orbis non sufficit" ("The world is not enough" – Dunia saja tidaklah cukup).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~tmf20/bond.shtml|title=Biography of the Literary James Bond|accessdate=2009-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914133220/http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~tmf20/bond.shtml|archivedate=2009-09-14}}</ref> == Novel dan sejenisnya == Bulan Februari 1952, Ian Fleming mimitian nulis James Bond. Saat itu anjeunna sedang ngajabat sabagai manajer keur harian Kemsley, nu mangrupakan induk perusahaan ti The Daily Express di London. Sateuacan narima tawaran jabatan manajer, Fleming sempet ngajukeun salah satu syarat, nyaéta dua sasih liburan dina sataun dina kontrak kerjanya tersebut. Ketika anjeunna ngadapatkeun waktos berliburnya tersebut, anjeunna lantas milih Jamaika, di mana akhirnya anjeunna nemukeun inspirasi keur nulis James Bond. Antara 1953 sampai hari wafatna di taun 1964, Fleming atos nulis jeung nerbitkeun 12 novel jeung hiji carita pendek (hijina deui diterbitkeun saatos wafatna Fleming). Salanjutna kalanjutan novel James Bond ditulis ku [[Kingsley Amis]] (sabagai [[Robert Markham]]), [[John Gardner]], [[Charlie Higson]], [[Raymond Benson]], nu kemudian janten orang non-Inggris pertama nu janten pangarang James Bond (Benson berasal ti [[Amerika Serikat|AS]]). Hiji deui kisah lain, judulna ''The Young Bond series'' dimimiti taun 2005 ku [[Charlie Higson]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://commanderbond.net/article/2677 | title = Charlie Higson interview with CommanderBond.net | work = The Charlie Higson CBn Interview | accessdate = February 23 2005 | dateformat = mdy | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070203194642/http://commanderbond.net/article/2677 | archivedate = 2007-02-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Benson | first = Raymond | year = 1984 | title = The James Bond Bedside Companion | url = https://archive.org/details/jamesbondbedside0000bens_v0x9 | publisher = Dodd, Mead | isbn = 1-4011-0284-0 }}</ref> Bulan Juli 2007, diumumkeun bahwa [[Sebastian Faulks]] atos ngadapet izin keur nulis beberapa novel James Bond anyar, salah sahijina keur ngenang 100 taun kalahiran Ian Fleming. Buku 100 taun Fleming tersebut berjudul ''[[Devil May Care]]'', diterbitkan jeung dirilis sacara resmi kaping 27 Mei 2008. === Novel Ian Fleming === {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- style="vertical-align: top;" | * [[1953]] ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= 213 |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 13 April |year= 1953 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1954]] ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= 234 |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 5 April |year= 1954 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1955]] ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 7 April |year= 1955 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1956]] ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|Diamonds Are Forever]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 26 March |year= 1956 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1957]] ''[[From Russia with Love (novel)|From Russia with Love]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[From Russia with Love (novel)|From Russia with Love]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 8 April |year= 1957 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1958]] ''[[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 31 March |year= 1958 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1959]] ''[[Goldfinger (novel)|Goldfinger]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Goldfinger (novel)|Goldfinger]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 23 March |year= 1959 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> | * [[1960]] ''[[For Your Eyes Only (kumpulan cerita pendek)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)|For Your Eyes Only]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 11 April |year= 1960 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> - cerita pendek * [[1961]] ''[[Thunderball (novel)|Thunderball]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Thunderball (novel)|Thunderball]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 27 March |year= 1961 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1962]] ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)|The Spy Who Loved Me]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 16 April |year= 1962 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1963]] ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 1 April |year= 1963 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1964]] ''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 16 March |year= 1964 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1965]] ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 1 April |year= 1965 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1966]] ''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= |year= 1966 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> - cerita pendek |} == Adaptasi == === Produksi EON === Film buatan éoN Productions dimimiti taun 1962 ku Dr. No. Saterasna sampai ka kiwari tos aya 22 film nu dirilis ku éoN Productions. Film-film buatan éoN Productions disebat sabagai film resmi, ku sabab hak film éta tos dipeser ku produser Harry Saltzman sejak akhir 1950-an. <!--DO NOT add the column for North American box office, the films are not an American franchise. Also note that the films are still being released in other countries. Any such addition will be reverted, so do not waste your time.--> <!--DO NOT add Never Say Never Again or the 1967 Casino Royale to this list. They are unofficial films and are listed in the unofficial films list, below! Any such addition will be reverted, so do not waste your time.--> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- !width="20"|Nomor !width="240"|Judul !taun !width="110"|Aktor !width="140"|Sutradara !Total Box Office !Anggaran !Penyesuaian Inflasi {{br}} Total Box Office** |- |align=center|'''1''' |''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'' |[[1962]] |rowspan="5" align="center"|[[Sean Connery]] |rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Terence Young]] |align=right|$59.600.000 |align=right|$1.200.000 |align=right|$425.488.741 |- |align=center|'''2''' |''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'' |[[1963]] |align=right|$78.900.000 |align=right|$2.500.000 |align=right|$555.909.803 |- |align=center|'''3''' |''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'' |[[1964]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Guy Hamilton]] |align=right|$124.900.000 |align=right|$3.500.000 |align=right|$868.659.354 |- |align=center|'''4''' |''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'' |[[1965]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Terence Young]] |align=right|$141.200.000 |align=right|$11.000.000 |align=right|$966.435.555 |- <!--DO NOT add The 1967 Casino Royale to this list. It is an unofficial film and is listed in the unofficial films list, below!--> |align=center|'''5''' |''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]'' |[[1967]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Lewis Gilbert]] |align=right|$111.600.000 |align=right|$9.500.000 |align=right|$720.388.023 |- |align=center|'''6''' |''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' |[[1969]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[George Lazenby]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Peter R. Hunt]] |align=right|$87.400.000 |align=right|$7.000.000 |align=right|$513.445.231 |- |align=center|'''7''' |''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' |[[1971]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Sean Connery]] |rowspan="3" align="center"|[[Guy Hamilton]] |align=right|$116.000.000 |align=right|$7.200.000 |align=right|$617.520.987 |- |align=center|'''8''' |''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]'' |[[1973]] |rowspan="7" align="center"|[[Roger Moore]] |align=right|$161.800.000 |align=right|$12.000.000 |align=right|$785.677.477 |- |align=center|'''9''' |''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' |[[1974]] |align=right|$97.600.000 |align=right|$13.000.000 |align=right|$426.826.774 |- |align=center|'''10''' |''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' |[[1977]] |rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Lewis Gilbert]] |align=right|$187.300.000 |align=right|$28.000.000 |align=right|$666.367.656 |- |align=center|'''11''' |''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]'' |[[1979]] |align=right|$210.300.000 |align=right|$34.000.000 |align=right|$624.527.272 |- |align=center|'''12''' |''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' |[[1981]] |rowspan="5" align="center"|[[John Glen]] |align=right|$202.800.000 |align=right|$28.000.000 |align=right|$481.005.579 |- |align=center|'''13''' |''[[Octopussy]]'' |[[1983]] |align=right|$187.500.000 |align=right|$27.500.000 |align=right|$405.873.493 |- <!--DO NOT add Never Say Never Again to this list. It is an unofficial film and is listed in the unofficial films list, below!--> |align=center|'''14''' |''[[A View to a Kill]]'' |[[1985]] |align=right|$157.800.000 |align=right|$30.000.000 |align=right|$316.186.616 |- |align=center|'''15''' |''[[The Living Daylights]]'' |[[1987]] |rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Timothy Dalton]] |align=right|$191.200.000 |align=right|$40.000.000 |align=right|$362.876.056 |- |align=center|'''16''' |''[[Licence to Kill]]'' |[[1989]] |align=right|$156.200.000 |align=right|$42.000.000 |align=right|$271.586.451 |- |align=center|'''17''' |''[[GoldenEye]]'' |[[1995]] |rowspan="4" align="center"|[[Pierce Brosnan]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Martin Campbell]] |align=right|$353.400.000 |align=right|$60.000.000 |align=right|$499.954.330 |- |align=center|'''18''' |''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' |[[1997]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Roger Spottiswoode]] |align=right|$346.600.000 |align=right|$110.000.000 |align=right|$465.588.535 |- |align=center|'''19''' |''[[The World Is Not Enough]]'' |[[1999]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Michael Apted]] |align=right|$390.000.000 |align=right|$135.000.000 |align=right|$504.705.882 |- |align=center|'''20''' |''[[Die Another Day]]'' |[[2002]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Lee Tamahori]] |align=right|$456.000.000 |align=right|$142.000.000 |align=right|$546.490.272 |- |align=center|'''21''' |''[[Casino Royale (film 2006)|Casino Royale]]'' |[[2006]] |rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Daniel Craig]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Martin Campbell]] |align=right|$599.200.000 |align=right|$150.000.000 |align=right|$640.803.677 |- |align=center|'''22''' |''[[Quantum of Solace]]'' |[[2008]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Marc Forster]] |align=right|$515.588.687 |align=right|$230.000.000 |align=right|$515.588.687 |- |'''Total''' |'''''Film 1-22''''' | | | |align=right|'''$4.739.157.447''' |align=right|'''$1.123.000.000''' |align=right|'''$11.615.711.960''' |} </center> <nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Data kaping 6 Mei 2007 (sumber - [http://commanderbond.net/article/3904 commanderbond.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519005145/http://commanderbond.net/article/3904 |date=2009-05-19 }}).''{{br}} <nowiki>**</nowiki> ''Data ngarujuk kana kurs dollar taun 2008, tepatna kaping 24 Maret 2008, sumber dari Consumer Price Index.''{{br}} <nowiki>***</nowiki> ''Semua data dina Dollar AS''<ref>[http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/series/JamesBond.php Bond franchise Box Office numbers], [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=jamesbond.htm], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060614220501/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1967/0CARO.html Casino Royale Box Office numbers (1967)], [http://www.freewebs.com/moonrakerbondstation2/index.htm Box Office numbers + Inflation]</ref> === Sanes EON-Productions === Salain produksi éoN, aya ogé sababarahiji carita James Bond dina bentuk sandiwara radio, film TV sareng film layar lebar nu dijieun ku produser lain. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- !width="20"|taun !width="240"|Judul !Type !width="110"|Aktor !Total Box Office !Anggaran !Penyesuaian Inflasi {{br}} Total Box Office** |- |1954 |''[[Casino Royale (Climax!)|Casino Royale]]'' |Episode TV |[[Barry Nelson]] |align=right|n/a |align=right|$25.000 |align=right|n/a |- |1956 |''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]'' |Radio |[[Bob Holness]] |align=right|n/a |align=right| |align=right|n/a |- |[[1967]] |''[[Casino Royale (film 1967)|Casino Royale]]'' |Film |[[David Niven]] |align=right|$44.400.000 |align=right|$12.000.000 |align=right|$286.605.987 |- |[[1983]] |''[[Never Say Never Again]]'' |Film |[[Sean Connery]] |align=right|$160.000.000 |align=right|$36.000.000 |align=right|$346.345.380 |- |1990 |''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]'' |Radio |[[Michael Jayston]] |align=right|n/a |align=right| |align=right|n/a |- |1991 |''[[James Bond Jr.]]'' |Serial kartun TV |[[Corey Burton]] |align=right|n/a |align=right| |align=right|n/a |- |2008 |''[[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]]'' |Radio |[[Toby Stephens]] |align=right|n/a |align=right| |align=right|n/a |- |'''Total''' | | | |align=right|'''$204.400.000''' |align=right|'''$48.000.000''' |align=right|'''$602.860.000''' |} </center> == Aktor == === Produksi resmi EON === * [[Sean Connery]] (1962-1967; 1971) – genep film * [[George Lazenby]] (1969) – hiji film * [[Roger Moore]] (1973-1985) – tujuh film * [[Timothy Dalton]] (1987-1989) – dua film * [[Pierce Brosnan]] (1995-2002) – opat film * [[Daniel Craig]] (2006-…) – sampai kiwari kakarek dua film === Produksi non-resmi === * [[Barry Nelson]] - 1954 * [[Bob Holness]] - 1956 * [[David Niven]] - 1967 * [[Sean Connery]] - 1983 * [[Michael Jayston]] - 1990 * [[Corey Burton]] - 1991 * [[Toby Stephens]] – 2008 == Catatan kaki == <div class="reflist4" style="height: 300px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px noprint" > {{reflist|2}} </div> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Wikiquote}} {{commons|James Bond}} {{portal}} ;Website resmi: * {{en}}[http://www.jamesbond.com/ Situs resmi James Bond] * {{en}}[http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ Pusat penerbitan novel Ian Fleming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }} * {{en}}[http://www.youngbond.com/ Situs resmi Young Bond] * {{en}}[http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/ Pinewood Studios – rumah dari James Bond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128072515/http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/ |date=2011-01-28 }} * {{en}}[http://www.007stage.com/ Website resmi Pinewood Studios Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930160508/http://www.007stage.com/ |date=2011-09-30 }} * {{en}}[http://www.30AU.co.uk/ Ian Fleming's 'Red Indians' - 30AU - Literatur James Bond Wartime unit] ;Website non-resmi: * {{en}}[http://www.007james.com/ 007James – Situsnya Mr. Bond, James Bond] * {{en}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080906114842/http://www.mi6.co.uk./ MI6 – Rumah dari James Bond] [[Kategori:Fiksi]] [[Kategori:James Bond]] 3e25dh11ibzb2hgm6min64q6e38he32 0 31464 731730 697700 2026-11-08T05:03:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Kecap (basa Sunda)|Kecap]] [[kantétan]]''' nyaéta kecap anu di wangun ku cara ngantétkeun dua wangun dasar, boh cakal jeung cakal, boh kecap jeung kecap, atawa campuran duanana, sarta ngandung hiji harti mandiri. Prosés ngawangun kecap kantétan disebut ngantétkeun ''(komposisi)''. Kecap kantétan boga dua ciri utama nyaéta ciri adegan ''(struktur)'' jeung ciri harti ''(sematis) '' == Adegan kecap Kantétan == Kecap kantétan umuna miboga adegan, di antarana : # Diwangun ku dua unsur nu disebut ''leksem'' : pakan kundang # Patali unsur-unsurna mibanda sifat : * ''Katanseselan'', nyaéta unsur-unsurna teu bisa diseselan ku unsur lian. Conto : ngégél curug → ngégél (kana curuk) * ''Katanmulangan'', nyaéta unsur-unsurna teu bisa dibalikkeun sabab sok robah jadi frasa. Conto : gedé hulu → hulu gedé * ''Katanjembaran'', nyaéta unsur-unsurna teu bisa dijembaran sewang-sewangan tapi kudu duanana. Conto : huleng jentul → panghuleng jentulna, panghulengna jentul, huleng pangjentulna. == Rupa Kecap Kantétan == Kecap kantétan umumna ngandung hiji harti mandiri nyaéta harti anu béda tina harti unsur-unsur pangwangunna. Conto : Amis budi, hartina lain budina anu amis tapi ‘marahmay/someéh’ Kecap kantétan dibédakeun jadi dua rupa, nyaéta rakitan dalit ''(kompositum)'' jeung rakitan anggang ''(areksi)'' # Rakitan dalit nyaéta kecap kantétan anu sifatna ''eksosentris'', patali unsur-unsurnageus awor pisan nepi ka bener-bener mangrupa hiji kecap nu boga harti mandiri nu béda harti ti unsur-unsurna. Ku kituna distribusina teu sarua jeung salah sahiji atawa sakabéh unsurna. Conto : panonpoé, kacapiring, parahulu,jsb # Rakitan anggang nyaéta kecap kantétan anu watekna ''endosentris'', patali unsur-unsurna can awor pisa, harti éta kecap kantétan masih katitén tina unsur-unsurna. Ku kituna, distribusina sok sarua jeung salah sahiji atawa sakabéh unsurna. Conto : [[seuri]] konéng, [[taleus]] ateul, [[indung]] bapa, jeung [[panon]] hideung. == Dumasar kana cara pangwangunna == Di handap aya sawatara conto kecap kantétan dumasar kana cara pikeun pangwangunna : # Kantétan kecap jeung kecap, contona: ''julang ngapak, héjo tihang, randamidang, panonpoé, beureum panon.'' # Kantétan kecap jeung cakal, contona: ''kurang ajar, garo singsat, anjang sono, kagok asong, kunang iteuk.'' # Kantétan cakal jeung cakal, contona: ''adug lajer, pakan kundang, adung songkol, huleng jentul, halang rintang.''<ref name=Jonathan>{{Cite book | title =Sunda Language| first =Jonathan| last =Rigg| publisher =Lange & Co| location =Batavia| year =1862| pages =5|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=heu&f=true|accessdate=(disungsi – 19 Pébruari2025)}}</ref> # Kantétan kecap jeung ''morfém unik'', contona: ''sabar darana, hésé béléké, bérés roés, keukeuh peuteukeuh.'' # Kantétan nu susunan unsur pangwangunna henteu sagemblengna produktif, contona: ''dulang tinandé; euweuh boboko tinandé atawa halu tinandé, burusut tuluy; euweuh barakatak tuluy atawa torojol tuluy.'' == Référénsi == # [http://kamus-sunda.com/blog/2015/04/mengenal-kecap-kantetan-dalam-bahasa-sunda/ Mengenal kecap kantétan dalam basa Sunda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718051609/http://kamus-sunda.com/blog/2015/04/mengenal-kecap-kantetan-dalam-bahasa-sunda/ |date=2016-07-18 }} : kamus-sunda.com # [https://web.archive.org/web/20260110063811/https://brainly.co.id/tugas/2237536 Conto kecap kantétan] : brainly.co.id {{fact}} [[Kategori:Basa Sunda]] d21bnq3qz6d3t0c48uvzf7fsbst52d3 0 31861 731691 672917 2026-11-08T01:17:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ageman Hindu''' ([[Basa Sangsakerta]]: ''Sanātana Dharma'' "Kabeneran anu Langgeng", atawa ''Vaidika Dharma'' "Pangaweruh ngeunaan Kabeneran") nyaéta sahiji [[ageman]] anu asalna ti anak buana [[India]] ([[Asia Kidul]]). Kapercayaan ageman ieu téh asalna ti bangsa-bangsa Indo-Iran kuna (anu disebut bangsa Arya). Ageman ieu kira-kira mecenghul antara taun3102 SM nepi ka 1300 SM, sarta mangrupa salah sahiji ageman pangkolotna di dunya anu masih bisa tahan nepi ka kiwari.<ref>[http://bharatvani.org/books/civilization/partI4.htm "Hinduism and the Clash of Civilizations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202120043/http://bharatvani.org/books/civilization/partI4.htm |date=2007-02-02 }} ku [[David Frawley]], [[Voice of India]], 2001. ISBN 81-85990-72-7</ref><ref>[http://java.nationalgeographic.com/studentatlas/clickup/hinduism.html Religion: Hinduism] - National Geographic</ref> Ageman ieu nyaéta ageman katilu pangbadagna di dunya, sanggeus ageman [[Kristen]] sarta [[Islam]], kalayan jumlah panganut saloba ampir 1 milyar jiwa.<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |date=2010-01-29 }}, Adherents.com (data 2005)</ref> == Tempo ogé == * [[Bali]] * [[India]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * {{id}} [http://www16.brinkster.com/okanila/phdi/default.asp Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206144501/http://www16.brinkster.com/okanila/phdi/default.asp |date=2006-12-06 }} * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060810025621/http://www.atributetohinduism.com/index_old.htm Ngahormatan ka ageman Hindu] * {{en}} [http://www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org/ Énsiklopédi Hindu pituin] [[Kategori:Ageman]] mz4fsrhlecaxuf532m4cwrg0mcskcmt 0 32374 731576 478248 2026-11-07T16:43:52Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inti sél''' atawa '''nukleus''' nyaéta [[organél]] nu kapanggih dina [[Sél (biologi)|sél]] [[éukariotik]]. Organél ieu ngandung lolobana materi génétik sél jeung wangun molekul [[DNA]] liniér panjang nu nyieun [[kromosom]] babarengan kalayan rupa-rupa jenis [[protéin]]. [[Gen]] di jero kromosom-kromosom ieu nu nyieun genom inti sél. Fungsi utama nukleus nyaéta pikeun ngajaga integritas gen-gen kasebut sarta ngadalikeun aktivitas sél kalayan ngokolakeun [[éksprési gén]]. Sajaba ti éta, nukleus ogé boga fungsi pikeun mengorganisasikan gen waktu lumangsung pembelahan sél, mroduksi mRNA pikeun mengkodekan protein, minangka tempat sintesis ribosom, tempat lumangsungna réplikasi sarta transkripsi ti DNA, sarta mengatur iraha sarta di mana éksprési gen kudu dimimitian, dijalankeun, sarta dipungkas. {{Commonscat|Cell nucleus}} {{organél}} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Organél]] 0pm2t3pftm7plejqsteuafizotnbf1j 0 33410 731805 705562 2026-11-08T09:49:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Silat (vietnamese).jpg|thumb|200px|right|Patandang Silat asal [[Vietnam]]]] '''Penca Silat''' atawa '''Maén Po''' (atanapi '''Maénpo'''); silat nyaéta [[seni]] béla diri anu asalna ti [[Asia Tenggara]]. [[Seni]] Béla Diri ieu geus kawentar di [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], Brunei Darussalam, [[Singapura]], [[Filipina]] [[Kidul]] jeung [[Thailand]] [[Kidul]] saluyu jeung nyebarna séké sélér Malayu [[Nusantara]].<ref>Trisnowati, Tamat.1986.’’’Pelajaran Dasar Pencak Silat’’’.Jakarta.</ref> == Sejarah Penca Silat == Penca silat geus dipikawanoh ku sabagéan masarakat Malayu kalawan sababaraha [[ngaran]].<ref name="Atikan Jasmani">Asep Kurnia Nenggala, "Atikan Jasmani dan Kesehatan", PT Grafindo Media Pratama, 979758349X, 9789797583491.</ref> Di semenanjung [[Malaysia]] jeung [[Singapura]], penca silat leuwih dipikawanoh ku [[ngaran]] '''gayong''' jeung '''cekak'''.<ref name="Atikan Jasmani" /> Di Thailand, penca silat dipikawanoh ku [[ngaran]] bersilat, jeung di [[Filipina]] [[kidul]] dipikawanoh ku [[ngaran]] '''pasilat'''.<ref name="Atikan Jasmani" /> Ti ngaranna, geus bisa dipikanyaho yén penca silat asalna ti [[Indonesia]] nepi ka ditetepkeun yén olahraga ieu diciptakeun nu munggaran di [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Atikan Jasmani" /> === Zaman Kuno=== Karuhun bangsa [[Indonesia]] geus boga cara ngabéla dirina nu boga fungsi pikeun mertahankeun kahirupanna atawa kelompokna ti musibat atawa tantangan [[alam]].<ref name="Penjasorkes">Moh.Gilang, dkk, "Penjasorkes SMA kls 12", Ganeca Exact, 9795712578, 9789795712572.</ref> Maranéhna nyiptakeun béla diri pikeun nirukeun gerakan sasatoan nu aya di lingkunganna, saperti gerakan [[monyét]], [[maung]], [[oray]] atawa [[manuk]] dadali.<ref name="Penjasorkes" /> === Zaman Karajaan-Karajaan di [[Indonesia]] === Karajaan-karajaan badag, saperti Majapahit jeung Sriwijaya miboga pendékar nu ngawasaan [[élmu]] béla diri jeung bisa ngahijikeun prajurit nu kamaheranna dina ngabéla dirina bisa diandelkeun.<ref name="Penjasorkes" /> Dina [[sajarah]] perjoangan ngalawan panjajah [[Walanda]], kacatet pendékar anu ngangkat sanjata,, saperti Panembahan Senopati, Sultan Agung, Pangeran Diponegoro, Tjik Ditiro, Teuku Umar, Imam Bonjol, sarta pendékar [[awéwé]], saperti Sabai Nan Aluih, Tjut Nyak Din, jeung Tjut Mutiah.<ref name="Penjasorkes" /> === [[Sajarah]] Ikatan Penca Silat Indonesia (IPSI) === Nyadar kana pentingna ngamekarkeun peran penca silat keur ngeusi sumanget kamerdikaan, ku kituna dirasa perlu ayana organisasi penca silat nu sipatna nasional, nu bisa ogé ngabeungkeut aliran penca silat nu aya di [[Indonesia]]. Dina kaping [[18]] Mei [[1948]], kabentuk Ikatan Penca Silat Seluruh [[Indonesia]] kalawan susunan pangurus puseur :<ref name="Penjasorkes" /> * Ketua Umum : Mr. Wongsonegoro * Wakil Ketua : Suria Atmadja * Penulis Umum : Marijun Sudirohadiprodjo * Bendahara : Suratno Sastroamidjojo Dina [[11]] [[Maret]] [[1980]], Persatuan Penca Silat Antarbangsa (Persilat) ngadegkeun kalawan prakarsa Eddie M. Nalapraya (Indonésia), nu kiwari ngajabat jadi pupuhu IPSI.<ref name="Atikan Jasmani"/> Acara éta dirojong ku wawakil ti [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], jeung Brunei Darussalam.<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> Kaopat [[nagara]] éta kaasup [[nagara]] [[Indonesia]], ditetepkeun salaku naratas Persilat.<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> <br />Penca Silat nyaéta hijimétodeubela diri anu dijieun ku urang [[Indonesia]] keur mertahankeun dirina sorangan ti sagala rupa musibat. Musibat anu ngancem ka kaselamatan jeung kalumangsungan hirupna. Salaku hiji [[élmu]]/metode béla diri anu lahir jeung mekar di kahirupan sosial masarakat bangsa [[Indonesia]], Penca Silat kacida dipangaruhan pisan ku palsapah, [[budaya]], jeung kapribadian bangsa [[Indonesia]].<ref name="panduan">Maryono, O’ong.1999.''Silat Merentang Waktu''.Jakarta: Galang Press.</ref> <br />Silat disawang mekar di kapuloan sakabéh [[Nusantara]] ti [[abad]] ka-7 maséhi, namung asal muasalna mah can bisa di tangtukeun. Mimiti aya [[élmu]] béla diri ieu mungkin mekar ti kaparigelan séké sélér asli [[Indonesia]] dina moro jeung perang ngagunakeun [[bedog]], tameng jeung [[tumbak]].<ref name="buku" /> Penca Silat di [[Jawa Kulon]] biasana dilengkepan ku Goong Bendé jeung alat tiup Tarompet, biasana ditepikeun kalayan musik anu disebut [[Kendang]] Penca.<ref name="buku" /> Fungsi ti musik [[Kendang]] Penca ieu nyaéta pikeun nyarengan pintonan gerak-gerak jurus silat jeung kaparigelanna anu geus ditata dina hiji wangun ibingan silat.<ref name="buku" /> Pagelaran Penca Silat dimimitian ku acara ngawanohkeun sorangan ka sakabéh patandang silat anu dibéré nomor tandang saluyu jeung ngaran sarta aliran silatna.<ref name="Penjasorkes" /> <br />Patandang silat asup ka arena tandang. Ditengah-tengah aréna, patandang méré hormat ka nu nongton di antarana kalayan cara rengkuh bari panangan katuhu nu ngeupeul jeung dampal leungeun kénca di hareupeun dada.<ref name="buku" /> Di dieu nunjukkeun yén dina pintonan Penca Silat anu dilakukeun sorangan, teu boga maksud ngajak gelut. Namung fungsina salaku seni pintonan.<ref name="buku" /> Saréngséna hormat jeung biasana, patandang ngawilujengkeun ka nayaga keur nabeuh. Biasana di [[Jawa Kulon]] sorangan, musik nu dipaké macem-macem. Salah sahijina nyaéta lagu ''Buah Kawung''.<ref name="buku">Sopandi, Atik, Kartakusamah, dkk.1994.''Ragam Cipta''.Jakarta: Dinas Kebudayaan.</ref> <br />Dasarna pakéan anu dipaké masih tetep boga pola tradisi, nyaéta iket, baju kampret [[hideung]] polos, calana pangsi, beubeur, sarung, jeung [[bedog]]. Iket keur [[awéwé]] mah cukup ku hiji lambar kaén, utamana ngabeungkeut buuk ulah nepi ka ngaganggu gerakan jurus.<ref name="buku" /> Istilah-istilah gerak silat anu dicokot tina kahirupan sapopoe nyaéta: Adeg-adeg, Ajeg, Bendul, Besot, Centok, Dengkul, Depok, Gedig, Giles, Guar Jalak Pengkor, Jambret, Kelid, Koset, Kuda-kuda, léngkah, Limbung, Malik, Mande, Mincid, Najong, Pasang, Pegung/Bendung, Pepeg, Peupeuh, Rengkuh, Rogoh, Selup, Siku, Tangkis, jeung Tarik.<ref name="buku"/> <br />Dina kamekaranna, musik nu nyarengan Penca Silat ogé kiwari leuwih dipikaresep ku masarakat. Lagu-lagu [[kendang]] penca loba nu geus dijadikeun dina wangun kasét.<ref name="buku" /> di antarana Grup Muchtar Darma Saputra geus loba ngarekam lagu-lagu [[kendang]] penca kalayan sora tarompetna nu khas.<ref name="buku" /> ==Tata Tertib Penca Silat == Saluyu jeung norma sarta ajén [[budaya]] [[Indonesia]], kawengku sababaraha aturan nu kudu diperhatikeun sarta dilakukeun kalawan bener nalika latian penca silat, di antarana nyaéta:<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> * Upacara muka latian nu kawengku ku: ** Nyiapkan barisan; ** Do'a dipingpin ku palatih; ** Maca "prasetya pesilat Indonesia" ** Hormat ka Palatih, dipingpin ku pamingpin barisan. * Pamanasan * Latian inti * Niiskeun awak * Upacara panutupan latian (sakumaha upacara bubuka) dipungkas ku sasalaman.<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> == Ciri Umum jeung Ciri Khusus == === Ciri Umum === Aya ogé ciri-ciri umum penca silat: #Penca silat ngagunakeun sakabéh bagian awak keur ngabela diri. #Penca silat teu merlukeun sanjata nu tangtu, sanjata naon waé ogé bisa dijadikeun sanjata pikeun ngabela diri. #Penca silat lahir jeung mekar sarasi jeung alam sakurilingna, adat sopan santun masarakat, watek séké sélér jeung ageman anu sakabéhna di wewengkon [[Indonesia]].<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> === Ciri Khusus === Ciri khusus penca silat: #Sikep tenang namung tetep waspada. #Tangginas, gancang, [[waktu]] jeung target nu pas sarta [[gerak]] refleks keur ngawasaan lawan, lain ngan ngandelkeun kakuatan jeung [[tanaga]] wungkul. #Ngagunakeun prinsip pindah masa beurat, maénkeun pamindahan titik beurat awak. #Ngamangpaatkeun serangan jeung [[tanaga]] lawan sacara maksimal. #Ngahemat, nyalurkeun [[tanaga]] anu minimal.<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> == Aspek dina Penca Silat == Dina Penca Silat, hal nu kudu di punjulkeun nyaéta: #Budi luhur, #Damai, jeung #Tahan uji.<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> <br />Dina silat ogé aya opat aspek anu kawengku, nyaéta: #[[Seni]]. [[Seni]] nurutkeun ahli ti [[Amérika Serikat|Amerika]], Munro (1963: 419) [[seni]] nyaéta jieunan [[manusa]] nu nimbulkeun efek psikologis ka [[manusa]] séjén anu nempona. Dina penca silat, dipintonkeun [[seni]] ngaléngkah sarta bela diri anu dihijikeun jeung [[gerak]] éndah saperti [[ibing]]. Nyieun jalma anu nempona teu ngarasa bosen dina nongton pintonan Penca Silat.<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> #Bela diri. [[Seni]] bela diri nyaéta penca silat éta sorangan. [[Seni]] bela diri nyaéta [[kasenian]] anu muncul salaku hiji cara [[jalma]] pikeun ngaproteksi dirina sorangan. Geus lila seni béla diri aya jeung mimitina mekar di paperangan. Biasana [[seni]] béla diri éta lain asalna ti [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|tantara]], namung asalna ti masarakat awam anu ngabutuhkeun téhnik mertahankeun dirina.<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> #Kajiwaan. Kajiwaan nyaéta hiji hal anu sipatna rohaniah atawa abstrak. Lain jasmaniah anu bisa ditempo ku [[panon]]. Kajiwaan leuwih ka sipat [[psikologi]], boh méntal, émosi, pikiran jeung akal. Dina penca silat, kajiwaan kacida pentingna ku sabab sipat ieu nu nangtukeun urang rek ngagunakeun pikeun kahadéan atawa kagoréngan.<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> #Olahraga. Olahraga nyaéta aktivitas keur ngalatih awak hiji jalma, teu ngan sacara jasmani namung ogé rohanina. Geus tangtu penca silat nyaéta bagian ti olahraga, ku sabab dina penca silat pinuh ku gerak awak anu ngaproduksi kesang nu leuwih loba.<ref name ="Atikan Jasmani" /> == Historisasi Penca Silat di [[Jawa Kulon]] == Dina historisasi penca silat bisa dicindekkeun yén aya dua kategori aliran penca silat, nyaéta Aliran Bangsawan jeung Aliran Rahayat. #Aliran Ménak nyaéta aliran penca silat anu dikembangkeun keur ménak (karajaan).<ref name ="buku" /> Aya mangsana penca silat ieu mangrupa alat ngabela diri hiji [[nagara]] (karajaan).<ref name ="buku" /> Sipat ti penca silat anu dimekarkeun ku bangsawan umumna sipatna katutup jeung mertahankeun kamurnianna.<ref name ="buku" /> #Aliran Rahayat nyaéta adalah aliran penca silat anu dimekarkeun ku golongan iwal bangsawan.<ref name ="buku" /> Aliran ieu dibawa ku padagang, [[ulama]], jeung masarakat. Sipat dina aliran ieu umumna kabuka jeung bisa adaptasi.<ref name ="buku" /> Di mimitian kalayan ayana [[politik]] anyar dina awal [[abad]] XX jeung kawijaksanaan [[Walanda]] nyaéta ''Etische Politiek'', nu tujuanna ngaronjatkeun kasejahteraan rahayat liwat sababaraha program, hususna atikan.<ref name ="buku" /> Kamekaran peran désa jeung dibentukna polisi [[desa]], boga pangaruh dina pola pangajaran silat di masa éta, silat geus diajarkeun di sakola-sakola dasar (désascholen), nepi ka jalma nu deukeut ka [[Walanda]] saperti Priyayi, Amtenaren, KNIL nepi ka Marechausse pasukan husus Walanda dina mangsa éta.<ref name ="buku" /> <br />Sajalan ti munculna rasa nasionalisme, ku kituna muncul ogé padungdengan di golongan pangajar penca silat dina mangsa éta ngeunaan saha nu boga hak diajar silat ieu. Kasadaran nasionalisme ieu makin kuat nalika dina taun 1915 dibuka kasempetan keur ngadegkeun organisasi politik bagi kaom bumi putra, pangajaran jadi salah sahiji materi anu diajarkeun di unggal organisasi ieu. Saperti dina kamekaran awal Syarekat Islam di wewengkon [[Jawa]] nu diiluan ku ngadegkeun mimitran Setya Hati ku Ki Ngabehi Suryodiwiryo nu nyababkeun [[Walanda]] makin ngawas kamekaran paguron ieu ku sabab boga pengikut jeung murid nu loba pisan.<ref name ="buku" /> <br />Penca silat hususna di [[Jawa]] dina [[taun]] [[40]]an kacida dipikaresep ku pamuda keur nyiapkeun kamerdikaan RI, ogé sanggeus penca silat di [[taun]] [[1942]] mangsa [[Jepang]] distandarisasi digunakeun salaku program élmu béla diri nu diajarkeun ka PETA (Pembela Tanah Air), Pasukan Pelopor jeung sajabana. [[Jepang]] méré pangdeudeul dinamétodeupangajaran sateuacan dimimitian, dilakukeun ''taizo'' pamanasan sangkan teu cidera otot. Ti dinya paguron penca silat nu dimotoran ku palajar éx PETA, Pasukan Pelopor dan Haiho.<ref name ="buku" /> <br />Sistem pangajaranna ngagunakeun sérémonial saperti béla diri [[Jepang]] (hormat, do’a, mulai pamanasan, latihan jeung ditutup ku seremonial deui) ku kituna loba sistem pangajaran nu béda antara penca silat ti [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Jawa Timur|Jawa Wetan]] jeung [[Jawa Kulon]] jeung [[Sumatera Barat|Sumatera Kulon]].<ref name ="buku" /> == Aliran Utama == Dina dunya Maén Po, aya tilu aliran gedé (aliran kolot) anu jadi sumber pikeun aliran-aliran séjénna di Jawa Barat:<ref name="kemdikbud">Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya. (2019). "Pencak Silat: Tradisi dan Identitas". [[Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan]].</ref> * '''[[Cimandé]]''': Aliran pangkolotna anu ditaratas ku [[Abah Khaer]] di daérah [[Bogor]]. Ciri hasna nyaéta kakuatan leungeun sarta téhnik tangkisan anu bedas. * '''[[Cikalong]]''': Ditaratas ku [[Radén Haji Djajadiredja]] ti kacamatan [[Cikalongkulon]], [[Cianjur]]. Ieu aliran ngutamakeun rasa (sensitivitas) sarta kakuatan tanaga jero. * '''[[Sabarandar]]''': Ditaratas ku [[Mamah Sabandar]] (asalna ti [[Pulo Sumatra]]) di daérah [[Cianjur]]. Ieu aliran kasohor ku gerakan suku anu lincah sarta téhnik nyingkah anu gancang. == Unsur Gerakan == Dina Maén Po, aya dua unsur gerakan utama anu sok dipaké: # '''Kembang''' (Bunga): Gerakan anu éndah, artistik, sarta laun. Biasana dipintonkeun dina acara adat atawa festival. # '''Buah''' (Isi): Gerakan inti anu sipatna praktis pikeun lumpat atawa ngalumpuhkeun lawan. Ieu bagian anu jadi rahasia dina unggal aliran. == Filosofi == Maén Po lain ngan saukur alat pikeun gelut, tapi miboga filosofi hirup anu jero. Aya babasan dina Maén Po nyaéta: ''"Tékad, Ucap, sarta Lampah"'' anu kudu saarah. Tujuan utama Maén Po nyaéta pikeun ngajaga diri (béla diri) sarta ngaraksa duduluran, sanés pikeun néangan musuh.<ref name="buku_silat">Maryono, O'ong. (2002). ''Pencak Silat: Merentang Waktu''. Yogyakarta: Galang Press.</ref> == Pranala Luar == * {{en}} [http://pckinternational.com/ Pukulan Cimande Kombinasi International ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617141910/http://pckinternational.com/ |date=2013-06-17 }} * {{en}} [http://www.suwandaacademy.com Suwanda Academy Website] * {{en}} [http://www.cimande.com Pukulan Cimande Pusaka International] * {{fr}} [http://www.cimandefrance.com Cimande from France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305125447/http://www.cimandefrance.com/ |date=2021-03-05 }} * {{nl icon}} [http://www.pamurkombinasitjimandetkkdhb.nl/ Atikan PAMUR Kombinasi Tjimande ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618081545/http://www.pamurkombinasitjimandetkkdhb.nl/ |date=2013-06-18 }} * {{nl icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130908151915/http://cimande.nl/indexen.html Pencak SIlat Cimande Rotterdam ] * [http://www.silatindonesia.com/en/ Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724013433/http://silatindonesia.com/en/ |date=2014-07-24 }} ==Catetan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Seni gerak]] [[Kategori:Olahraga]] nj0y439rtjpwd1begtuhpj6dsvp3jbb 0 33412 731819 710277 2026-11-08T10:49:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Prabu Dasamuka TMnr 8-111.jpg|thumb|250px|Rahwana dina [[Wayang Golék]] Purwa Sunda]] [[Gambar:Ravana on a brass chariot of Searsole Rajbari, West Bengal, India.jpg|thumb|Rahwana dina karéta kuningan, Searsole Rajbari, Benggala Kulon, India.]] '''Rahwana''' ([[devanagari]] = रावण, ravana, [[Aksara Sunda|Aks. Sunda]]:ᮛᮂᮝᮔ ) , dina [[mitologi hindu]] nya ėta palaku antagonis dina [[wiracarita]] [[Ramayana]] anu ngalawan [[Rama]], rahwana digambarkeun boga 10 hulu matakna Rahwana disebut ogé [[Dasamuka]]. Rahwana nyaéta raja Aléngka sakaligus raja iblis ([[rakhsasa]]). <ref name="sumber1">{{id}}[http://mahanagari.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&product_id=106&flypage=flypage-ask.tpl&pop=0&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=85&vmcchk=1&Itemid=85 Rahwana a.k.a Dasamuka]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 18 September 2011)</ref><ref name="sumber2">{{id}}[http://salazad.com/2010/06/rahwana-papertoy/ Rahwana (Ravana)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222102/http://salazad.com/2010/06/rahwana-papertoy/ |date=2011-06-28 }} (diaksés tanggal 18 September 2011)</ref> Rahwana nyaéta putra [[Resi Wisrawa]] ti padépokan [[dederpenyu]] jeung [[Déwi Sukési]], putri [[Prabu Sumali]] raja [[Aléngka]] <ref name="sumber3"/><ref name=sumber8>{{id}}[http://ki-demang.com/gambar wayang/index.php?option=com content&view=article&id=823&Itemid=823 Ki demang- Dasamuka]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 20 September 2011)</ref>. Nalika leutik ngaranna [[Dasasana]] atawa [[Dasagriwa]] <ref name="sumber3"/>. Rahwana boga tilu adi: [[Arya Kumbakarna]], [[Dewi Sarpakenaka]], jeung [[Arya Wibisana]]. Lian ti éta, Rahwana boga adi téré nyaéta [[Wisrawana]] (Prabu Damaraja) jeung [[Prabu Danapati]] raja di [[Lokapala]], putra resi wisrawa jeung [[Déwi Lokawati]].<ref name="sumber3">{{id}}[http://www.hadisukirno.com/artikel-detail?id=60 Artikel Rahwana Hadi Sukimo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619123548/https://www.hadisukirno.com/artikel-detail?id=60 |date=2024-06-19 }} (diaksés tanggal 18 September 2011)</ref> Rahwana boga loba pamajikan, tapi anu asli mah [[Déwi Mandodari]] (di Sunda biasa disebut Banondari).<ref name="rumpakaceurikrahwana">[http;//datasunda.org/php/dnl.php?type=ri...Ceurik%20Rahwana%20(2) Ceurik Rahwana] (diakses tangal 20 September)</ref>, anakna [[Mayasura]] anu nikah jeung widadari ngaranna [[Hema]]. Dina Ramayana dicaritakeun yén istana Rahwana pinuh ku awéwé geulis ti sakuliah nagri di dunya, lantaran awéwé di Aléngka ngarasa bungah lamun bisa nikah jeung Rahwana<ref name="sumber1"/>. Rahwana boga senjata pusaka nyaéta [[candrasa|chandrahasa]] atawa [[candrahasa|candrasa]] (pedang bulan), pakarang séjénis pedang anu boga dua ujung seukeut.<ref name="Sumber5">{{id}}Tim Penulis Sena Wangi.''Ensiklopedi Wayang Indonesia''.Jakarta:Penerbit Sena Wangi ISBN 979-9240-02-6</ref><ref name="Sumber8"/>. Lian ti éta rahwana kasohor ku kaparigelan maké pakarang perang katut élmu sihir<ref name="Sumber6"/>. [[Gambar:Tari topeng kelana.jpg|thumb|200px|left| Rahwana dina pagelaran [[Tari topéng]] [[kelana]]]] == Gelarna Rahwana == [[Resi Wisrawa]] miang ka Aléngka pikeun néangan jodo keur anakna<ref name="Sumber4"/>. Tapi nalika sang resi macakeun ''Sastra Jendra Hayuningrat Pangruwating Diyu'' ka [[Déwi Sukési]], Duaanana kabawa napsu [[syahwat]] terus ngalakukeun hubungan suami-istri<ref name="Sumber4">{{id}} [http://www.oneearthmedia.net/ind/?p=728 One Heart Media]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 20 September 2011)</ref>. Tina hubungan [[haram]] éta lahir gundukan [[getih]] anu nyampur jeung wujud [[ceuli]] sarta [[kuku]]: Rahwana, rakhsasa anu lahir tina getih anu ngalambangkeun angkara murka manusa, [[Arya Kumbakarna|Kumbakarna]], rakhsasa segedé gunung anu boga sipat wijak lahir tina wujud ceuli anu ngalambangkeun rasa kaduhung kolotna, jeung [[Déwi Sarpakenaka|Sarpakenaka]], rakhsasa awéwé anu lahir tina wujud kuku, sedengkeun [[Arya Wibisana|Wibisana]] mah lahir jadi manusa normal sabab lahir ti hubungan anu sah, lain ti syahwat wungkul<ref name="Sumber4"/> == Lalakon hirup == === Tapa di Gohkarna === [[Gambar:Sculptures - Ivory Sculpture - Sri Meenakshi-Sundareshwarar Temple - Madurai - India.JPG|thumb|200px|Relief Triwikrama Rahwana di [[Candi]] [[Sri Meenakshi-Sundareshwarar]], [[Madurai]], [[India]]]] Keur ngorana, Rahwana pernah tapa di [[Gunung Gohkarna]] jeung adi-adina salila mangbulan-bulan<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Opatanana sapuk moal waka eureun tapa lamun kahayangna can ditedunan, balukarna [[kahyangan]] jadi riweuh, para [[Déwa]] jeung [[Déwi]] jadi baringung. Ahirna [[Batara Narada]] turun ka dunya terus nanya nu jadi kahayang Maranéhna<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Dasamuka ménta dibéré kasaktén sangkan euweuh hiji mahluk naon ogé anu bisa ngéléhkeun manéhna, sanajan Batara narada geus ngingetan yén sagala nu aya di dunya bakal aya ahirna, tapi éta pamundut tetep ditedunan<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Kumbakarna ménta dibéré umur anu panjang, tapi diganti, manéhna hayang hirup nikmat, dahar sapuasna, jeung saré sapuasna<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Paméntana ditedunan. Sarpakenaka ménta sangkan bisa ngalampiaskeun napsu birahi sapuas-puasna, sedengkeun Wibisana ménta sangkan boga kawani pikeun nepikeun bebeneran. Batara Narada ngabéjaan yén unggal pilihan kaasup mihak kana bebeneran téh pasti aya resikona<ref name="Sumber5"/>. === Tapa ka Brahma === Keur ngorana, Rahwana ngalakukeun tapa ka [[Batara]] [[Brahma]] salila mangtaun-taun. Déwa Brahma resep kana pamujaanana, terus nedunan kahayang Rahwana nyaéta teu bisa diéléhkeun ku Déwa jeung sagala rupa kakuatan séjénna.<ref name="Sumber8">{{en}}[http://www.indianetzone.com/6/ravana.htm Indianet zone-Dasamuka-Ravana]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Diaksés tanggal 23 September 2011)</ref>. Sanggeus meunang kakuatan manéhna jadi pangawasa Aléngka<ref name="Sumber8"/>. Nalika Rahwana jadi Raja, Aléngka jadi nagara anu makmur, konon euweuh rahayat nu kalaparan di Karajaan Aléngka.<ref name="Sumber8"/>. === Muja ka Siwa === Sanggeus jadi raja, Rahwana ngadatangan Déwa Siwa di [[Gunung]] [[Kailasha]]<ref name="Sumber6">{{en}}[http://www.indiaparenting.com/stories/krishna/rama15.shtml ''India-parenting-Ravana character sketch''] (Diaksés tanggal 24 September 2011)</ref>. Henteu disadaran, Rahwana iseng mindahkeun bari ngulinkeun éta gunung anu jadi imahna Déwa Siwa<ref name="Sumber6"/>. Siwa anu ngarasa kesel ku kaagulan Rahwana neken éta gunung ku sukuna nepi ka Rahwana katindih, terus gagauran alatan nyeri<ref name="Sumber6"/>. [[Gana]] datang pikeun méré nyaho Rahwana, kudu kasaha manéhna ménta hampura<ref name="Sumber8"/>. Rahwana nyiptakeun jeung nyanyikeun pupujian ka Siwa pikeun nebus dosana<ref name="Sumber8"/><ref name="Sumber6"/>. Konon Rahwana ngalakukeunana mangtaun-taun, nepi ka Siwa ngabébaskeun Rahwana tina hukuman<ref name="Sumber6"/>. Siwa kagugu ku kawani jeung kasatiaanana, Rahwana dibéré hadiah nyaéta candrasa (pedang bulan) anu kacida kuatna<ref name="Sumber8"/>. Saterusna Rahwana jadi pamuja Siwa saumur hirup anu kasohor ku [[tarian]] pamujaanana nyaéta ''Shiva Tandava Stotra(m)''<ref name="Sumber8"/><ref name="Sumber6"/>. == Lalakon Cinta == === Néang titisan Déwi Sri === Hiji mangsa Rahwana panggih jeung Déwi [[Widawati]], anu mangrupa titisanna [[Dewi Sri]] pamajikan [[Batara Wisnu|Wisnu]] <ref name="Sumber5"/>. Rahwana maksa hayang nikah jeung Widawati, ahirna Déwi WIdawati ngaduruk dirina sabab embung dikawin ku Rahwana<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Rahwana teu nyerah, manéhna néang deui titisan Déwi Sri nu séjén, nyaéta Déwi [[Citrawati]], pamajikan [[Arjuna Sasrabahu]], tapi gagal deui <ref name="Sumber5"/>. Sumanget Rahwana beuki ngagedur, manéhna néang deui titisan Dewi Sri nu séjén<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Ahirna Rahwana apaleun yén Déwi [[Sukasalya]], anakna Prabu [[Banputra]] ti karajaan [[Ayodya]] nyaéta titisan Déwi Sri<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Tapi Déwi Sukasalya kaburu kabur jeung Bagawan [[Rawaatmaja]], Rahwana ngudag, terus maéhan Rawaatmaja, sedengkeun Sukasalya ménta tulung Prabu [[Dasarata]] anu kabeneran papanggih<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Rahwana ngudag maranéhna, terus maéhan Rawaatmaja anu nahan Rahwana, sedengkeun Sukasalya anu geus lumpat jauh ménta tulung Prabu [[Dasarata]] anu kabeneran papanggih<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Dasarata diancam sangkan nyerahkeun Déwi Sukasalya<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Teu lila [[Batara Guru]] datang, terus nyieun Sukasalya palsu anu dibawa Rahwana ka Aléngka, sedengkeun Sukasalya asli dibawa Dasarata<ref name="Sumber5"/>. [[Gambar:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Jatayu_vadha,_1906.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Rahwana Maéhan [[Jatayu]]]] === Rahwana Nyulik Sinta === Déwi Sarpakenaka bébéja yén [[Dewi Sinta]], pamajikan [[Rama]] keur ngalalana di [[Leuweung]] [[Dandaka]]<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Rahwana jadi inget kana caritaan [[Begawan Maryuta]] yén Sinta téh titisan Déwi Sri<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Teu loba omong deui, Rahwana miang ka Luweung Dandaka dibaturan ku [[Kala Marica]] <ref name="Sumber10">[http://candidiy.tripod.com/ramayana.htm epos Ramayana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002183440/http://candidiy.tripod.com/ramayana.htm |date=2011-10-02 }} (diaksés tanggal 22 September 2011)</ref>. Rahwana ngagunakeun cara licik: Marica robah jadi kijang sangkan Rama jeung [[Laksamana]] ngajauhan Sinta, sedengkeun Rahwana robah wujud jadi [[brahmana]] aki-aki terus nyulik Sinta ka [[Taman]] [[Argasoka]]<ref name="sumber3"/><ref name="Sumber10"/>. [[Jatayu]], sakadang Dadali dipaéhan ngagunakeun Candrasa nalika nyegah Rahwana nyulik Sinta<ref name="Sumber5"/><ref name="Sumber10"/>. Rama nyaho yén Sinta diculik Rahwana ti Jatayu anu sakarat<ref name="Sumber10"/>.Di taman Argasoka, Sinta dibaturan ku [[Trijata]], alona Rahwana<ref name="Sumber10"/>. Hampir unggal poé salila 12 taun, Sinta dirayu Rahwana, tapi Sinta ngancem rék bunuh diri lamun Rahwana wani nyekel manéhna<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Kumbakarna jeung Wibisana nentang lanceukna lantaran Rahwana dianggap nurunkeun wibawana salaku raja. Wibisana diusir ti Aléngka, sedengkeun Kumbakarna balik ka kasatriaan<ref name="Sumber5"/>. [[Gambar:Ravana losing his heads.jpg|thumb|350px|Lukisan anu ngagambarkeun Rahwana perang jeung [[Rama]]]] == Rahwana tiwas == Rahwana hésé pisan diéléhkeun, nepi ka Lesmana gé sakarat.<ref name="Sumber11">{{en}}[http://www.ramayanam.in/story/END-OF-RAVANA.php Ramayanam Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108182046/http://www.ramayanam.in/story/END-OF-RAVANA.php |date=2012-01-08 }} (diaksés tanggal 22 September 2011</ref>. Wibisana anu mantuan Rama ogé teu bisa mantuan loba, sabab najan awak Rahwaa geus ancur ku rupa-rupa pakarang perang, tapi angger Rahwana nangtung kénéh<ref name="Sumber11"/>. Najan saacanna sapuluh hulu Rahwana geus disapatkeun, tapi muncul deui<ref name="Sumber11"/>. Untungna Rama meunang pakarang perang ti Brahma<ref name="Sumber11"/>. Rama mapatkeun mantra, terus mesatkeun Brahma-astra<ref name="Sumber11"/>. Brahma-astra anu ngaluarkeun seuneu langsung niruk kana dada Rahwana anu jadi rusiah kasaktén Rahwana<ref name="Sumber11"/>. Rahwana labuh ti Karéta perangna, harita kénéh Rahwana tiwas<ref name="Sumber11"/>. Aya nu nyebutkeun ogé yén sanggeus tiwas, Rahwana ditindih Gunung [[Sumawana]] anu dibawa ku Hanoman<ref name="Sumber10"/>. Numutkeun Pawayangan Jawatimuran, Rahwana tiwas sabada sapuluh huluna sapat dipanah ku panah pusaka [[Guwawijaya]] kagungan Rama<ref name="Sumber5"/>. Unggal hulu anu sapat dicokot ku [[Hanoman]], terus diancurkeun, sedengkeun awakna ditindih ku gunung<ref name="Sumber5"/>. == Referensi == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Carita Wayang]] [[Kategori:Ramayana]] [[Kategori:Palaku Ramayana]] tp1z5bz85otzf5se1gn16ja7zrj4hhk 0 33413 731632 705063 2026-11-07T22:09:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731632 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:25em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%; float:right; margin-left:1em;" |+ style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; background:#e2e2e2; padding:5px;" | Celempung |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Celempung Tunggal.jpg|230px]]<br/>''Celempung dina prangko Indonesia taun 2013'' |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2; width:40%;" | Bahan Utama | [[Awi Gombong]] atawa [[Awi Tali]] |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;" | Waditra | Alat musik perkusi (Sunda) |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;" | Cara Maénkeun | Ditepak sarta ditutup-buka liangna |- ! style="text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;" | Asal | [[Jawa Kulon]] |} '''Celempung''' ([[Basa Indonesia|Ind.]]:''Celempung''), nyaéta salah sahiji [[waditra]] tradisional [[Sunda]] daérah [[Jawa Barat]] anu cara maénkeunana ditabeuh.<ref name="WADITRA">Drs Ubun Kubarsah R, (1996). Bandung: Dasasetra.</ref> [[Waditra]] ieu miboga pungsi sarua jeung [[kendang]] nyaéta miboga pungsi pikeun ngatur [[irama]] lagu.<ref name="WADITRA" /> Wangun penyajian [[waditra]] Celempung biasana disebut ''Celempungan''. Ilaharna dina pintonan celempungan sok dilengkepan ku sababaraha [[waditra]] taradisional séjénna nyaéta [[kacapi]], [[rebab]], atawa [[suling]] jeung [[goong buyung]].<ref name="WADITRA" /> Celempung mangrupa alat musik meunang niron tina ''[[icikibung]]'', nyaéta [[sora]] kaulinan tradisional nu mangrupa tabeuhan dampal panangan jeung gerak siku di luhur [[cai]] nepi ka ngaluarkeun sora-sora anu has.<ref name="WADITRA" /> Kaulinan ieu biasana dipaénkeun ku para wanoja anu keur mandi di walungan.<ref name="WADITRA" /> Sora-sora tina kaulinan icikibung ieu ditiron jeung dipindahkeun jadi [[waditra]] nu dijieun tina awi gedé (awi gombong) nu disebut celempung.<ref name="WADITRA" /> Alat paranti nakol celempung dijieun tina awi atawa kai anu tungtungna dibere kaen atawa banda nu ipis sangkan ngahasilkeun sora nu alus. Cara maénkeun ieu alat musik aya dua cara, nyaéta ''cara nakol,'' dua alur ditakol sakali ewang, sarta ''pangolahan sora'', leungeun kénca dijadikeun pikeun ngatur badag-leutikna udara anu kaluar ti ''bungbung'' celempung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sumedang.online/2010/09/celempung-dan-celempungan/|title=Celempung dan Celempungan|website=SUMEDANG ONLINE|language=id-ID|accessdate=2019-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721020433/https://www.sumedang.online/2010/09/celempung-dan-celempungan/|archivedate=2019-07-21}}</ref> ==Bahan== Bahan nu dijieun pikeun celempung nyaéta tina ([[awi gombong]]), ukuran diameter l.k.20&nbsp;cm, panjang l.k.40&nbsp;cm.<ref name="Ensiklopedi">Ajip Rosidi, spk. (2000) ''Ensiklopedi Sunda: Alam, Manusia, dan Budaya (termasuk Budaya Betawi dan Cirebon)''. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.</ref> Biasana nyieun celempung tina awi gombong.<ref name="WADITRA" /> Awina disopak heula jeung ditengah-tengah sopakan diliangan (samodél) kohkol, sisi sopakan hinisna kénca-katuhu dicokel anu engkena minangka jadi senarna, jeung supaya bisa ngeleter disadana.<ref name="KAMUS BASA SUNDA">R.A. Danadibrata, (2006). Bandung: PT. Kiblat Buku Utama</ref>.Nu dijadikeun bagian luhur (beungeutna) ditatah atawa diratakeun, bagian tengah diliangan ngarah sora senar agem di jero tabung; kaduana senar diatur nada-nadana, nyaéta galimer (1/da dan 4/ti) atawa nada-nada nu lian gumantung nu ngajieun.<ref name="Ensiklopedi" /> ==Bagian awak== Bagian-bagian celempung ngawengku sirah, panutup gigir beulah kénca, pongpok, panutup beulah katuhu kedua utas sembilu minangka senar, [[talingkup]], panyambung dua senar, [[nawa]], minangka liang sora,baham, minangka tempat ngola sora.<ref name="WADITRA"/> ==Cara nyieun== Cara nyieun celempung, kahiji pilih saleunjeur awi gedé (awi gombong) anu umurna geus kolot sangkan teu bubuk.{{fact}} Leunjeuran awi diukur tuluy disebit pikeun dijadikeun senar.{{fact}} Dua senar éta disebut alur celempung. Dina bagian beungeutna diratakeun, sarta tuluy diliangan.{{fact}} Liang anu dijieun téh dingaranan nawa, pungsina pikeun liang hawa.{{fact}} Dina bagian gigirna gé dijieun liang deui nu miboga pungsi pikeun ngolah sora ku dampal panangan kiwa, nu dingaranan baham.{{fact}} ==Catetan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Waditra tepak]] [[Kategori:Seni Sunda]] erj4tkvmwdth7jp2fivzsivdrbx7l7x 0 33430 731621 703462 2026-11-07T21:29:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Bonténg | image = ARS_cucumber.jpg | image_width = 260px | image_caption = Bonténg | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Cucurbitales]] | familia = [[Cucurbitaceae]] | genus = ''[[Cucumis]]'' | species = '''''C. sativus''''' | binomial = ''Cucumis sativus'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Bonténg''' nyaéta ngaran salah sahiji pepelakan nu kaasup [[palawija]], wangunna lonyod sarta eusina ngandung cai, didaharna bisa ditambul atah-atah, diacar, aya ogé anu sok diangeun.<ref name="kamus Basa Sunda">RA,Danadibrata.2006.''Kamus Basa Sunda''. Bandung:Gawé bareng PT Kiblat Buku Utama jeung Universitas Padjadjaran.Kaca 102</ref> Direuceuh, anu gedé pisan sok disebut [[catang]]; [[Suri]] bonténg gedé nu kulitna kawas samangka gurat-gurat, lamun geus asak pisan eusina sok ledok, sok disebut ogé [[puan]]. Suri ngeunahna dirujak sapertos [[alpuket]], [[baligo]], jeung [[samangka]].<ref name="kamus Basa Sunda"/> Bonténg (''Cucumis sativus L'') ogé, mangrupa pepelakan sausum anu sipatna ngareuy.<ref name="internet1">{{id}}[http://ntb.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/index.php/artikel/433-sehat-dan-segar-dengan-mentimun-cucumis-sativus-]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(diakses tanggal 22 september 2011)</ref> Habitus bonténg mangrupa pepelakan herba lemah atawa satengah ngarambat sarta mangrupa pepelakan sausum: sanggeus kembangan sarta buahan pepelakan paéh.<ref name="internet1"/> Kembangna miboga imah hiji (monoecious) jeung tipe kembang jalu sarta kembang hérmafrodit [[banci]].<ref name="internet1"/> Kembang kahiji anu dihasilkeun, biasana dina umur 4-5 minggu, nyaéta kembang jalu.<ref name="internet1"/> Kembang-kembang saterusna nyaéta kembang banci lamun tangkalna alus.<ref name="internet1"/> Hiji tangkalna bisa ngahasilkeun 20 buah, tapi dina budidaya biasana jumlah buah diwatesan pikeun ngahasilkeun ukuran buah anu alus. <ref name="internet1"/> Bonténg buahna aya nu warnana [[héjo]]. Bonténg ngandung [[vitamin A]], [[vitamin B]], [[vitamin C]], [[fosfor]], [[kalium]], [[kalsium]], seng, [[magnesium]] sarta [[zat beusi]]. Pikeun kandungan gijina bisa dipaké pikeun diét sarta produk kacantikan. Aya loba mangpaat kaséhatan ti buah bonténg. Ieu bisa mantuan sékrési dina urin sarta ku kituna minangka diuretik alami. Méré mangpaat alus ogé pikeun ginjal, kandung kemih, [[haté]], pencernaan [[protéin]], tekanan darah sarta panyakit pankréas. Nyampurkeun bonténg kalayan jus[[wortel]] alus pikeun kaayaan [[rématik]] anu disebabkan alatan kanaékan konséntrasi asam urat dina awak sarta campuran jus bonténg kalayan wortel, [[bayem]] sarta jus salada anu alus pikeun pertumbuhan [[buuk]]. Jus bonténg pohara alus pikeun panyakit biwir, panyakit [[gusi]] sarta [[huntu]]. Hal ieu alus pikeun kulit sarta masalah kaasaman lambung patali kawas seueul, gastritis sarta borok [[lambung]] Kandungan cairan anu luhur hidrat awak sarta nyieun kulit kasampak caang. Bonténg Reguler anu alus pikeun [[arthritis]], asam urat sarta éksim. Bonténg anu alus bisa ngadalikeun [[diabétes]]. Méré potongan bonténg dina panon mibanda éfék nenangkeun.<ref name="internet2">{{id}}[http://www.tipskesehatankeluarga.com/manfaat-mentimun.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010180032/http://www.tipskesehatankeluarga.com/manfaat-mentimun.html |date=2011-10-10 }}(diakses tanggal 6 oktober 2011)</ref> Bonténg mangrupa [[sayuran]] buah anu kawentar jeung dipikaresep ku sakumna masarakat.<ref name="internet4">{{id}}[http://www.bukabuku.com/browse/bookdetail/17158/budi-daya-mentimun.html Budidaya Mentimun] (diakses tanggal 20 sepetember 2011)</ref> Prospék budidaya bonténg sacara komersil jeung dikokolakeun dina skala [[agribisnis]] nu beuki cerah ku sabab pamasaran hasilna geus ka pasar internasional.<ref name="internet4"/> == Sajarah singget Bonténg == Bonténg dipercaya asli ti India, bukti-buktina nunjukkeun yén geus dibudidayakeun di Asia kulon 3000 taun.<ref name="internet">{{id}}[http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en|id&u=http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/Salads_Lettuce/Cucumbers/CucumberHistory.htm](diakses tanggal 2 oktober 2011)</ref> Di India nyebar ka [[Yunani]] jeung [[Italia]], ku sabab di Romawi resep pisan kana tutuwuhan, terus ka Cina.<ref name="internet"/> Ieu nu jadi sabab Yunani ngawanokeun ka bagian Eropa nu séjéna, jeung catatan budidaya bonténg mimiti di pikawanoh di perancis abad ka -9, inggris abad ka -14, jeung amerika utara abad pertengahan 16.<ref name="internet"/> [[Gambar:Kurkkuja.jpg|thumb|250px|righ|bonténg]] Bonténg lolobana idéntik kaum wanoja ku sabab kaampuhanana sabagé kosmétik alami pikeun kacantikan wajah.<ref name="internet4"/> Potongan bonténg bisa dipaké masker pikeun nyegerkeun jeung ngalembutkeun [[kulit]].<ref name="internet4"/> == Hasiat Bonténg bisa ku dua cara == === Dipaké di luar === ===Bisa didahar langsung=== == Kapunjulan Bonténg jang Kaséhatan == *Ngarawat [[kulit]] Bonténg mibanda sipat diurétik, éfék tiis, sarta pikeun pembersih anu masihan mangpaat kanggo kulit. Kandungan cai anu luhur; [[vitamin A]], B, sarta C; sarta mineral, kawas [[magnesium]], [[kalium]], [[mangan]], sarta [[silika]]; ieu nu ngajantenkeun bonténg jadi bagian penting dina perawatan kulit. Masker pamenteu anu ngandung sari bonténg dianggo pikeun ngencangkeun kulit. [[Asam askorbat]] sarta [[asam caffeic]] anu aya dina bonténg tiasa nurunkeun tingkat réténsi cai, anu dina giliranna ngirangan pembengkakan dina panon. *Pungsi [[Pencernaan]] Masalah pencernaan, kawas mag, gastritis kaasaman, sarta komo tukak, bisa dicageurkeun kalayan ngonsumsi jus bonténg seger saban poé. Kandungan serat kadaharan dina bonténg bisa ngusir racun tina sistem pencernaan ku kituna ningkatkeun prosés pencernaan. Komo, ngonsumsi bonténg saban poé dipeunteun pohara ampuh minangka ubar sembelit. *Kaséhatan [[Tulang]] Dina bonténg kaeusi silika anu bisa ngapromosikeun kaséhatan sendi anjeun kalayan nguatkeun jaringan ikat. *Pencernaan [[Protein]] Bonténg ngandung énzim érépsin anu bisa ngabantuan dina pencernaan protéin *Tekanan Darah Potasium, magnésium, jeung serat aya dina bonténg bisa ngabantu ngajaga tekanan darah supaya normal. *Ngubaran panyakit [[Cacingan]] Siki bonténg bisa di paké ubar alami pikeun ngusir panyakit cacingeun di saluran peujit (usus). Komo, siki bonténg ogé dipikawanoh méré mangpaat minangka anti inflamasi sarta éféktif dina ngobatan pembengkakan selaput lendir (irung) sarta [[genggerong]]. *Ngarawat [[Kuku]] Bonténg beunghar baris kandungan silika, bisa nyegah peupeus sarta garahna kuku-kuku di ramo suku sarta [[leungeun]]. *Ngubaran [[Èncok]] Jus bonténg diperkaya kandungan vitamin A, B1, B6, C, sarta D sarta folat, magnesium, sarta kalsium sabot dicampur kalayan jus wortel bisa mantuan pasién anu ngalaman nyeri sendi ku cara nurunkeun asam urat. *Ngubaran nyeuri [[huntu]] Panyawat mulut dina waos jeung gusi, hususna pyorrhéa, bisa diobatan sacara éféktif kalayan jus bonténg. Ngonsumsi bonténg atah ogé bisa ngaronjatkeun cai acay sarta boga pungsi nganétralisasi asam sarta basa di jero rongga sungut. *[[Diabétes]] Jus bonténg dipikawanoh bisa mantuan kaséhatan pasién diabétes. Kandungan mineral mangan méré mangpaat dina sintésis insulin alami di jero awak. *Pikeun ngarawat Ginjal Bonténg némbongkeun mangpaat dina mantuan ngaringankeun masalah kandung kemih sarta ginjal. Cai anu kaeusi dina bonténg mantuan pungsi ginjal kalayan ngalancarkeun prosés urinasi. Paktana, bonténg mangrupa diurétik alami pangalusna. *Nyuburkeun [[Buuk]] Bonténg ngandung silika. Jus bonténg anu dicampur kalayan wortel, bayem, sarta salada baris mantuan kasuburan buuk. Silika aya dina raramat ikat di jero awak. Sanyawa ieu mantuan kasuburan buuk, ku kituna lamun getol ngadahar kadaharan ngandung silika, Anjeun baris mibanda buuk anu alus sarta tulang anu cageur. <ref name="internet5">{{id}}[http://health.kompas.com/read/2011/08/17/10402067/12.Manfaat.Tersembunyi.Mentimun] (diakses pada tanggal 8 oktober 2011)</ref> == Hasil olahan tina bonténg == *[[Salada Udang Bonténg]] <ref name="internet6">{{id}}[http://anekakuliner.com/tag/olahan-mentimun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221074107/http://anekakuliner.com/tag/olahan-mentimun |date=2024-12-21 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 oktober 2011)</ref> *[[Salad padang]] <ref name="internet7">{{id}}[http://citarasa-masakan.com/tag/biji-mentimun/]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 oktober 2011)</ref> *[[Mie goreng aroma wijen]] <ref name="internet8">{{id}}[http://anekakuliner.com/tag/berbagai-macam-olahan-daging-sapi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221182053/http://anekakuliner.com/tag/berbagai-macam-olahan-daging-sapi |date=2024-12-21 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 oktober 2011)</ref> *és Selasih Bonténg Nata de Coco Bahan: 2 sdm selasih garing, keueum nepi ka ngembang 500 g nata de coco 1 buah bonténg, belahan, serut garihal 200 ml sirup cocopandan 20 sdm susu kentel amis es serut sacukupna Cara nyieun: Siapkeun mangkok, béré 3 sdm nata de coco, 3 sdm bonténg serut, sarta 2 sdm selasih. 2. Béré es serut <ref name="internet11">{{id}}[http://community.siutao.com/showthread.php/11892-Griya-Kuliner-Es-Selasih-Mentimun-Nata-de-Coco]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(diakses tanggal 12 oktober 2011)</ref> *Bonténg Eusi Daging Bahan: 200 gram daging kotok; 100 gram hurang; 3 buah bonténg; 3 siung bawang bodas; 2 batang daun bawang; ½ séndok téh uyah; ¼ séndok téh mécin; ½ séndok téh pedes bubuk. Cara nyieun: Bersihkeun, cincangan daging hayam sarta hurang nepi ka lemes. pisahkeun; Bersihkeun kulit bonténg, piceun kadua tungtungna, potong jadi 2 atawa 3 bagian sarta keruk sikina; Bersihkeun bawang bodas, cincang lemes; Bersihkeun daun bawang, potongan ipis; Campur daging hayam, hurang,uyah, mécin, pedes bubuk, bawang bodas sarta daun bawang. Aduk nepi ka rata; Eusi saban liang bonténg tadi jeung campuran bahan no. 5 nepi ka kabéh bahan béak; Sepan salila kurang leuwih 15 menit atawa nepi ka asak. Angkat; Sajikeun.<ref name="internet12">{{id}}[http://www.resepsederhana.com/2011/06/06/mentimun-isi-daging/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010073304/http://www.resepsederhana.com/2011/06/06/mentimun-isi-daging/ |date=2011-10-10 }}(diakses tanggal 12 oktober 2011)</ref> *Karebo Bonténg Bahan: 6 butir bawang beureum, belah, potongan sing ipis; 3 sdm cai jeruk nipis; 1/4 sdt uyah; 1 sdm gula bodas; 250 g bonténg, belah, piceun sikina, potongan ukurana 6 x 2 x 1/2&nbsp;cm; 1 sdm ebi, keueum cai panas nepi ka beyé, tiriskeun, tumbuk garihal. Samara, haluskeun: 1 sdm tarasi, goréng; 3 buah cabé beureum badag. Cara nyieun: Campur bawang beureum, cai jeruk nipis, sarta samara lemes. Adukeun sing rata; Tambahkeun uyah sarta gula, aduk balik nepi ka rata; Asupkeun bonténg sarta ebi. Adukeun sing rata; Sajikeun.<ref name="internet13">{{id}}[http://www.femina.co.id/archive/main/kuliner/kuliner_detail.asp?id=760&cid=3&views=584] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013039/http://www.femina.co.id/archive/main/kuliner/kuliner_detail.asp?id=760&cid=3&views=584 |date=2016-03-05 }}(diakses tanggal 12 oktober 2011)</ref> == Kandungan Giji dina Bonténg == Bonténg mibanda kandungan 0,65 % protein, 0,1 % lemak sarta [[karbohidrat]] saloba 2,2 %. Ogé ngandung kalsium, zat beusi, magnésium, fosforus, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 sarta vitamin C. Bonténg disebutkeun ogé ngandung 35.100 – 486.700 ppm asam linoléat minangka suku cucurbitacéae anu biasana ngandung kukurbitasin, bonténg kamungkinan ogé ngandung sanyawa éta. Kukurbitasin mangrupa sanyawa anu miboga aktivitas minangka anti tumor.<ref name="internet9">{{id}}[http://kaskusnews.us/2010/05/19/manfaat-dahsyat-timun-pada-lalapan-anda/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120221034/http://kaskusnews.us/2010/05/19/manfaat-dahsyat-timun-pada-lalapan-anda/ |date=2011-01-20 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 oktober 2011)</ref> == Téhnik Budidaya Bonténg == === I. Ngolah Taneuh === * Taneuh dikokolakeun nepi ka gembur (subur), misal ku pacul atawa di bajak sing jero kurang leuwih 20&nbsp;cm * Di jieun bedengan ukuran 80 X 300&nbsp;cm * Jarak antara bedengan 20&nbsp;cm * Di jieun parit jerona 3&nbsp;cm * Melak * Melak ku cara di tugal * Jerona liang tugalan 5–7&nbsp;cm sarta jarak antara liang (jarak pelak) 40x40 cm * Saban liang tugalan dieusi kalayan 2-3 siki, tuluy di tutup jeung taneuh (tapi ulah di padetkeun) atawa di tutup kalayan lebu sekam * Penanaman di laksanakan dina ahir usum hujan === II. Pamakéan Bibit Punjul === Sarat binih anu rék di pelak; * Bernas (boga warna mengkilap) * Leupas ti serangan hama sarta panyakit * Henteu kérod sarta baseuh * Bersih ( henteu tercampur jeung siki jujukutan boh kokotor séjén * Daya tumuwuhna leuwih ti 90% * Kacepatan tumuwuhna alus * Kadar cai 13-14% === III. Pamupukan === * Bérak anu di paké mangrupa bérak alami (kandang atawa kompos), lamun aya bisa ogé jeung bérak jieunan (Uréa, TSP sarta KCL) * Bérak alami di bikeun sacara merata dina waktu pengolahan taneuh * Bérak Uréa saloba 75 Kg/ha, di mana 25 – 35 Kg dibikeun dina waktu pelak sarta sésana di bikeun sanggeus penyiangan kahiji (15-20 poé) * Upuk TSP saloba 40 Kg/ha di bikeun dina waktu pelak anu di sebar sacara rata * Bérak KCL 20&nbsp;kg/ha dibikeun dina waktu melak === IV. Pengairan atawa irigasi === * Lamun kaayaan taneuhna kurang beueus, taneuh kudu dicaian, irigasina saukur ngabaseuhan taneuh * Cara irigasina bisa ku cara di leb [[[mengari petakan sebentar]]] atawa ngasupkeun cai dina saluran / parit nepi ka taneuh cukup beueus * Waktu pemberian cai di pigawé kalayan sawaktu: * Berkecambah umur (0-4 poé) * Mimiti pertumbuhan Végétatif (pertumbuhan batang sarta daun) kurang leuwih umur 15-20 poé * Dicaian 3 poé sakali === V. Pemberantasan gulma, hama sarta panyakit === a. Gulma Pemberantasan gulma di semprot kalayan Péstisida Roundup (pikeun numpes siki jukut / jukut) di pigawé dina waktu anyar melak sarta waktu kembangan b. Hama 1. Laleur Bilit * Pergiliran pelak jeung pepelakan lain mentimun * Nutupan liang pepelakan kalayan mulsa atawa taneuh * Siki bonténg di campur kalayan inséktisida (lamun aya) misal jeung Furodan 36 atawa Curatte 36 saloba 200 gram pikeun saban 1 Kg binih * Carana; siki bonténg langsung di campur sarta di aduk rata kalayan inséktisida * Nyemprotkeun inséktisida dina waktu pepelakan umur 7-8 poé sanggeus pelak, misal jeung Baycarb 2. Kepik Héjo * Pergiliran pepelakan jeung pepelakan salian ti Bonténg * Musnahkeun endog atawa kepongpongna * Disemprot kalayan inséktisida contona jeung Dursban 20 EC, Surecida 20 EC, Thiodan 35 EC, atawa jeung Azodrin 15 WCS anu di pigawé dina waktu pepelakan berumur 20 poé sanggeus pelak * Panyakit 1. Karat daun * Gejala * Dina daun kahiji aya bintik –bintik leutik, bintik – bintik baris ngahiji jadi bercak – bercak * Bercak baris ngembang / tépa ka bagian daun luhurna luyu nambahanana umur pepelakan * Bercak utamana loba aya di bagian handap daun sarta kelir bercak coklat (saperti karat) * Pengendalian * Pepelakan anu kaserang panyakit di cabut, saterusna di beuleum * Nyemprotkeun pungisida Dithane M-45 anu di pigawé mimitian umur 20 poé kalayan selang wayah 7 poé nepi ka pepelakan umur 30 poé terus pergiliran pepelakan <ref name="internet10">{{id}}[http://www.anakciremai.com/2008/05/cara-teknik-budidaya-mentimun-bonteng.html] (diakses pada tanggal 10 oktober 2011)</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Sayuran]] [[Kategori:Cucumis]] [[Kategori:bungbuahan]] nphg5thxhv7i2p38e2rivv492jp23ns 0 33474 731611 705623 2026-11-07T20:29:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731611 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0.5em;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.2em;" | Awug |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Gambar awug.jpg|250px]]<br /><small>Awug has Bandung anu diwangun ku lapisan tipung béas sarta gula beureum</small> |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Nami sanés | Awug-awug |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Asal | [[Indonésia]] ([[Tatar Sunda]]) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Jinis | [[Kajajén]] / [[Kué baseuh]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Bahan utama | Tipung béas, [[kalapa]], [[gula beureum]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Alat husus | [[Aseupan]] (wangun tumpeng) |} '''Awug''' atawa '''Dodongkal''' nyaéta kadaharan khas urang [[sunda]] anu dijieunna tina [[tipung]] [[béas]], [[tipung]] [[kétan]], [[gula]] beureum, [[kalapa]] parud jeung bentukna krucut. Baheulana mah dijieunna dina pas usum panén hungkul tapi kiwari mah geus henteu.<ref name="sumber1">[http://bandung.detik.com/read/2008/05/09/084033/936534/489/ ngeunaan awug(22 september 2011)]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lain ngan saukur urang Sunda wungkul nu mikaresep awug téh, tapi kiwari loba salian ti urang Sunda nu resep awug, loba nu mikaresep kadahareun ieu ku sabab ngeunah jeung rasana unik kadang mah sok dibawa pikeun oleh-oleh ti [[Bandung]] <ref name="sumber2">[http://www.kulinerbdg.com/index.php/articles/84-awug-metro ngeunaan awug(22 september 2011)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222182246/http://kulinerbdg.com/index.php/articles/84-awug-metro |date=22 December 2011 }}</ref>. Awug ogé bisa disebut [[tipung]] [[béas]] anu dilapis-lapis ku gula beureum daharna dibeulahan siga meulahan [[roti]] terus dipurulukan ku [[kalapa]] parud<ref name="R.A Danadibrat">,kamus basa Sunda.2006 kamus basa Sunda.bandung:R.A.danadribrata</ref> Adonan tipung béas anu diseupan bareung jeung [[gula]] beureum.<ref name="sumber2"/>. Awug biasa di ==Bahan-bahanna== 250 gr tipung béas, 250 gr [[tipung]] béas kétan, 500 cc cai,[[uyah]] sacukupna,sabatok kalapa, diparud,250 gr [[gula beureum]],daun cau, jeung daun pandsn sacukupna <ref name="sumber4">[http://www.ibukitakartini.com/wanita/resep-awug-awug/bahan-bahan ngadamel awug awug(01 oktober 2011)]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Cara nyieun awug== Campur [[tipung]] béas, tipung kétan, cai jeung uyah nepi ka rata, tuluy kalapa diparud. adonan dieusi ku 1/2 sendok gula beureum di tengahna terus bungkus ku daun cau seupan nepi ka asak terus angkat terus dipurulukan kalapa parud <ref name="sumber4"/>. ==Kandungan gizi dina awug== [[Énergi]] 87,9 kkal, [[protein]] 1, 4 g, [[lemak]] 0,9 g, [[karbohidrat]] 18,3 g, [[kalsium]] 2,8&nbsp;mg, [[fosfor]] 29,1&nbsp;mg, [[besi]] 0,6&nbsp;mg, [[vitamin]] A 0,1 RE, vitamin C 0,2&nbsp;mg, <ref name="sumber6">{{Cite web |url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=642&lang=id(10 |title=oktober 2011) |accessdate=2011-10-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819145939/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=642&lang=id(10 |archivedate=2019-08-19}}</ref> == Nilai Budaya == Di [[Bandung]], awug parantos janten ikon kuliner, utamana di wewengkon [[Cimenyan]]. Awug biasana dijadikeun opieun nalika aya acara ngariung, tahlilan, atanapi ngan saukur jajanan sore anu dibarengan ku [[cikopi]] atanapi [[tahaneut]]. ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Sunda]] [[Kategori:Olahan tipung béas]] 2kf7hhrkig26apdot4j0l65ytl6ih4d 0 33486 731682 684935 2026-11-08T00:29:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Guitares type Selmer Maccaferri.jpg|400px|Thumb|right|Gitar]] '''Gitar''' atawa '''hitar''' nyaéta alat [[musik]] anu kawéntar di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="internet1">{{id}}[http://generation-indonesia.niceboard.com/t383-gitar Gitar](diakses tanggal 23 september 2011)</ref> Alat musik ieu dipaénkeun ku cara anu béda-béda numutkeun tipe atawa jenisna.<ref name="internet1"/> di antara sakian loba tipe gitar, jenis gitar klasik nyaéta salah sahiji alat [[musik]] anu digunakeun utamana mah pikeun ngahaleuangkeun karya-karya solo [[musik klasik]].<ref name="internet1"/> == Sajarah Gitar == Gitar nyaéta alat musik [[tradisional]] di daérah [[Spanyol]], matakna alat musik ieu dipercaya asalna daérah Spanyol.<ref name="Buku Biru2">Pramayuda,Yudha.2011.Mau Jago Main GITAR? Mudah Banget Ko!.Jogjakarta.halaman 11.Buku Biru</ref> Ngan aya nu nyebutkeun yén sajarah Gitar dimitian saméméh [[maséhi]], nyaéta [[Zaman Babilonia]].<ref name="Buku Biru2"/> Awalna, alat musik ieu bentukna leutik jeung deuih miboga opat petikan hungkul.<ref name="Buku Biru2"/> Masing-masing dawai éta miboga pasangan.<ref name="Buku Biru2"/> Aya ogé nu nyebutkeun yén gitar asalna kapanggih ku [[manusa purba]] anu ngadéngé sora (anu ayeuna jadi nada) tina tali [[panah]] anu biasa dipaké [[moro]].<ref name="Buku Biru2"/> Kaaslian gitar henteu bisa ditempo ti kaantikanna. Sawatara ahli ngarasa pakakas ieu asalna ti [[Benua]] [[Afrika]], di mana loba Réplika modérn dina wangun kotak buleud kawas [[kulit]] [[kerang]] jeung Gut / benang-benang [[sutera]], di wewengkon benua éta. Ahli séjén manggihan pakakas ieu dina wangun [[kaca]] di rélief-rélief [[batu]] kolot di jaman [[Asia Tengah]] sarta [[Asia Kuno]]. Bahan pamikiran séjén ogé timbul kalayan kapanggihna vas-vas [[Yunani Kuno]] anu miboga corak. Greek Strings meureunan nyaéta pakakas kahiji anu dikatagorikeun minangka gitar. Gitar modérn kamungkinan akarna ti gitar [[Spanyol]], tapi sagala rupa jenis gitar kawas instrumén-instrumén anu urang bisa saksian dilukisan-lukisan dina jaman [[Medieval]] sarta [[Rénaiassance]] anu loba aya disakumna [[Éropa]]. === Sajarah kapanggihna gitar ti jaman Medieval nepi ka [[abad ka-20]], dumasar sajarah sarta kamekaranana === #[[1265]] [[Juan Gil]] ti [[Zamora]] nétélakeun yén sajarah gitar dimimitian ti ''”Ars Musica”''. #[[1283]]–[[1350]] [[Guitarra Latina]] sarta [[Guitar Moresca]] aya dina [[puisi]] ''“Archpriest of Hita”''. #[[1306]] Saurang pamaén gitar ulin dina hiji tempat réligius (The Féast of Westminister) di nagara [[Inggris]]. #[[1487]] [[Johannes Tinctoris]] boga pamadegan yén instrumén gitar kapanggih ku bangsa [[Catalans]]. #[[1546]] [[Alonso Mudarra nyiptakeun]] komposisi ''“Tres Libros de Musica en Cifras Para Vihuela”'' anu ngalibatkeun gitar di jerona. #[[1551]] – [[1555]] Salapan buku tablatur gitar dipedar ku [[Adrian Le Roy]]. #[[1600]] – [[1650]] Sagala rupa jenis tablatur pikeun gitar dipublikasikeun. Popularitasna mimitian nyaingan [[Lute]] (sajenis instrumén gitar ogé). #[[1674]] Buku ''“Guitarre Royal”'' anu dipedar ku [[F. Corbetta]] anu naékkeun popularitas ti gitar. Buku ieu didédikasikeun ka [[Raja Louis XIV]]. #[[1770]] – [[1800]] Senar ka 6 ditambahkeun dina gitar sarta kabéhanana jadi ''Single String''. #[[1800]] – [[1850]] Gitar ngalaman penclut kepopuleranna dina hal penampilan sarta publikasi. [[Fernando Sor]], [[Mauro Guiliani]], [[Matteo Carcassi]] sarta [[Dioniso Aguado]] nyaéta para komposer kaceluk anu nulis, ngajarkeun sarta medar komposisi maranéhanana. #[[1850]] – [[1892]] Saurang produsén gitar [[Manual Torres]] ngamekarkeun generasi anu urang nyaho ayeuna ieu. #[[1916]] [[Segovia]] ngayakeun konsér di [[Ateneo]], anu mangrupa gedong konsér anu pangkacelukna di [[Madrid]] dina waktu éta. Saméméhna instrumén gitar dipikawanoh tacan bisa dipidangkeun dina even sagedé ieu. === Kamekaran gitar di Wétan === Dipercaya yén sajarah gitar asalna ti belahan [[wétan]]. Di ditu para [[archéolog]] manggihan instrumén sarta barang-barang anu aya sangkut pautna jeung éta minangka patokan dina dunya asalna gitar anu tacan dipikawanoh. di antara barang-barang sajarah anu kapanggih di [[Babylonia]], anu pang rélevan nyaéta [[Plaques]] anu dijieun ti taneuh liat (1900-1800 B.C.), di mana dipintonkeun sosok-sosok bugil anu keur maénkeun instrumén-instrumén musik. Sawatara ti instrumén-instrumén éta miboga persamaan umum anu sarua jeung gitar. Analisa saterusna ngabuktikeun yén aya béda antara ''body'' sarta ''neck'' gitar. Bagian tukang ti gitar éta pohara datar; di mana bagian tukang gitar kasebut dina harigu saurang [[pastur]]. Ieu cukup ngabuktikeun yén euweuh kamungkinan instrumén kasebut ngawangun ''Bowl-shaped'' / mangkok. Pohara écés kasampak yén leungeun katuhu keur metik senar / tali-tali. Hanjakalna jumlah senar-senar kasebut henteu kasampak écés. Tapi di Plaques séjénna saeutikna aya 2 senar. Aya Bukti ti instrumén-instrumén anu nyarupaan gitar geus kasampak; [[Syria]], [[Susa]] (hiji dayeuh kuno di Kalér Teluk [[Persia]]: ibukota ti karajaan Pérsia). === Mesir sarta Romawi === Dina awalna, hiji-hijina instrumén musik anu miboga [[senar]] di Mesir nyaéta [[Harpa]] anu ngawangun busur/ ''Bow-shaped''. Sawatara lila saterusna, instrumén anu miboga beuheung anu ditandaan jeung Frets, sarta dijieun bisa ti benang-benang [[sutera]]/ Gut anu digantungkeun dina beuheung. Dina pamustunganana sawatara bagian sarta karakteristik anu baris jadi hiji instrumén anu nyambung jeung gitar sarta ogé kabéh instrumén-instrumén anu miboga senar tur miboga beuheung, kalayan padika petik sarta nundukeun sirah. Perkembangan saterusna nyieun instrumén ieu leuwih madanan wangun gitar. Instrumén-instrumén ti jaman Romawi (30 B.C – 40 A.D) kabéhanana dijieun ti kai anu saméméhna dijieun ti [[kulit]] [[embé]]. Instrumén ieu mibanda 5 bagian liang sora anu leutik. Ciri-ciri ieu lumaku nepi ka abad 16. Hiji instrumén kapanggih dikuburan [[Coptic]] di [[Mesir]], di mana dipintonkeun wangun dasar gitar, aya lekukan-lekukan anu cukup dina dina kurva-kurva disampingna jeung bagian tukang anu pohara datar. Permukaan hareup sarta tukangeunana dihijikeun ku potongan-potongan [[kai]] anu nyieun bagian gigireun / sabeulah instrumén ieu. Ciri has ieu bisa kapanggih nepi ka ayeuna. === Pertengahan Abad di Éropa === Instrumén kahiji di [[Éropa]] anu miboga senar dimimitian dina abad 3 A.D. Analisa ti abad ka 3 ngabuktikeun yén instrumén ieu miboga kotak sora anu buleud menyambung ka beuheung anu rubak. Instrumén tipe ieu terus dipaké nepi ka mangsa anu lila. Aya ogé déskripsi instrumén séjénna dimimitian di Jaman [[Dinasti Carolingian]] anu meureun asalna ti [[Perancis]] atawa [[Jerman]]. Instrumén ti [[Carolingian]] ieu ngawangun pasagi opat, kira kira miboga panjang anu sarua kalayan beuheungna, tungtung beuheungna saeutik lebar sarta miboga pangikeut senar-senar anu leutik / ''Small Pegs''. Dina ilustrasi séjénna, instrumén-instrumén ieu miboga 4 Pegs sarta 5 Pegs instrumén séjénna. Jumlah senar-senar ieu babarengan sarta dipetik kalayan 2 cara: ku [[ramo]] atawa ngagunakeun [[Pléctrum]]/ pakakas pametik senar. Instrumen ''Carolingian'' ieu henteu robah nepi ka [[abad ka-14]]. *[[Guitarra Latina]] sarta [[Guitarra Moresca]] Aya béda antara [[Guitarra Latina]] sarta [[Guitarra Morisca]]. Kecap [[Morisca]] dibawa ku jelema-jelema turunan [[Arab]]. Kotak sorana ngawangun oval sarta miboga loba liang sora. Dina waktu lalampahanana ngaliwatan [[mesir]], lolobana jelema ti [[Afrika]] sarta [[Spanyol]] nyebarkeun ciri-ciri utama ti désain gitar ieu ka nu nyieun instrumén-instrumén di Éropa Kulon. Kamungkinan anu sarua nyaéta yén gitar [[Spanyol]] anu kahiji nyaéta jieunan [[Éropa]]. Ngan anu pasti nyaéta pangaruh [[Arab]] di Spanyol mimiti ti mecenghulna gitar. ''The Guitarra Latina'' miboga sisi anu bingkeng, anu kira-kira datang ka Spanyol ti sawatara nagara di Éropa. Wangun kasebut nyaéta tipe anu dimekarkeun jadi gitar modérn. Kasuksésan gitar aya hubunganana jeung sipat-sipat para pangumbara [[suku Troubadours]]. Dina lalampahan gitar nuju [[Catalonia]] ngaliwatan [[Spanyo]] ngaliwatan [[Suku Troubadours]]. Suku Troubadours dibagian Éropa ngayakeun wisata sarta pintonan, sarta ngabengharkeun kabudayaan musik sacara lega sarta méré pangaruh badag dina nyebarkeun gitar di [[benua]] ieu. === Abad ka-16 === Nepi ka dina abad pertengahan informasi-informasi anu penting ngeunaan gitar sarta silsilahna geus dilukiskeun dina angka-angka sarta gambar dina rélief-rélief. Éta jadi hiji kayakinan luhur pakta anu henteu langsung sarta henteu bisa disingkahan. Dimimitian dina [[abad ka-16]], wangun instrumén-instrumén anu aya ayeuna ieu mangrupa pakta-pakta langsung. Gitar-gitar dina abad 16 didistribusikeun minangka ''The Vihuela'' ti jaman [[Luis Milan]], [[Rizzio Guitar]] ti [[Perancis]] sarta [[Guitarra Battente]] ti [[Italia]]. *[[The Vihuela]] The Vihuela asalna ti Spanyol, di mana instrumén ieu mangrupa 4 Vihuela leutik anu dihijikeun sarta miboga senar 5 Guitarra. Dina waktu anu sarua muncul pakakas kakara nyaéta [[Lute]]. Instrumén anu dipikaresep ku kaum bangsawan diampir sakumna daratan Éropa. Spanyol nyaéta pangecualian husus. [[Lute]] ogé geus jadi hiji jeung jelema-jelema turunan [[Arab]] anu nangtukeun aturan-aturan maén sorangan. Alatan kitu kaum bangsawan ngarasa ka hina alatan instrumén kasebut ogé dipaké ku bangsa pendatang. Saterusna kaum bangsawan ngapopulerkeun Guitarra kalayan 4 senar anu sarua / Double-strings. Kalayan perkembanganna, gitar 4 senar éta digedéan sarta dibikeun 6 senar anu sarua / ''Double-strings''. Aturan kaulinanna sarua sarta kalayan pangecualian ti senar ka tiluna, anu tone-na turun satengah. salah sahiji pamaén ''Vihuela'' anu kaceluk nyaéta [[Luis Milan]], lahir dina taun 1500. Dina taun [[1535]] [[Luis Milan]] medar hiji buku anu dijudulna ''Libro de Musica de Vihuela de Mano Intitulalo “El Maestro”''. Buku ieu mangrupa karya anu pangpentingna pikeun [[Milan]]. Data pamungkas Vihuela taun [[1700]] anu ngawakilan pamustunganana kamekaran péntas instrumén. Instrumén ieu dijieun ti ukiran logam, Vihuela mibanda lengkungan sapanjang sisi sarta liang sorana ngawangun oval. Kapopuléran instrumén ieu téh bukti ti kuantitas musik anu masih aya. Ditulis dina tablatur instrumén ieu, saban ngawakilan senar sarta dina tablatur [[Spanyol]] sarta [[Italia]]. Samentara di [[Inggris]] sarta [[Perancis]] senar-senar ''Vihuela'' dina tablatur, peunteun notna nunjukkeun macem-macem tipe not sarta aya dijajar pangluhurna. Macem-macem not ieu jiga kalayan not anu aya ayeuna. Mimiti dipublikasikeun karya [[tablatur Vihuela]] Spanyol ku [[Luis de Milan]] taun [[1535]], [[Luis de Narvaez]] taun [[1538]], [[Alonso de Mudarra]] taun [[1546]]. Koléksi Tablatur ieu diwangun ti komposisi instrumén pangalusna dina jaman [[Renaissance]] dina abad 16, nyaéta mangsa kaemasan pikeun musik Vihuela [[Spanyol]]. * 1 Gitar 4 Senar (''Four Course Guitar'' mibanda 4 pasang senar, body ngawangun gitar sarta soundboard anu rata, ''bridge'' ti lute sarta bagian tukang dijieun satengah bingkeng tapi henteu nyieun teuing buledan. Instrumén ieu ukuranana kawas gitar barudak ) Gitar 4 senar asalna ti [[Mesir]], salah sahijina datang ti éropa sarta ngalaman loba parobahan wangun sarta variatif; miboga senar 3, 4 sarta 5 senar. Gitar bersenar ieu pangpopulérna nepi ka ahir abad pertengahan. Gitar 4 senar di Italia miboga nada G, C, E, A. Sarta béda di Spanyol notasi nadana nyaéta G, D, F#, B. * 2 Gitar 5 Senar Dipertengahan Jaman, éksisténsi gitar miboga rsenar 3, 4, sarta 5 sacara babarengan mimitian kasampak. Dina abad 15, instrumén kalayan senar 4 double-strings melejit popularitasna. Gitar 5 senar ''double-strings'' anu kahiji kapanggih dina hiji ukiran di [[Italia]]. Sebutan sarta jenis ti gitar 5 senar ieu téh ''Guitarra Battente'' anu miboga ciri has bagian tukangeunana bingkeng kaluar. Tuning pikeun instrumen ieu téh A, D, G, B, E. === Abad ka-17 === [[Raja Louis XIV]] ti [[Perancis]] bisa maénkeun gitar sarta ngakuna gitar minangka instrumén pavoritna. Guru anjeunna nyaéta salah sahiji pamaén gitar [[Perancis]] anu kaceluk; [[Robert de Visee]] ([[1650]]-[[1725]]). [[Jean Baptise Lully]] nyaéta saurang [[komposer]] anu kaceluk dina waktu éta. Manéhna maénkeun gitar sarta ngakomposisikeun musik pikeun instrumén kasebut. Ngaran-ngaran ti pamaén gitar dina mangsa [[Baroque]] di [[Perancis]] geus kacatet dina sajarah, contona [[Rene Voboam]] anu ngawakilan penclut pembuatan instrumén Perancis dina [[abad ka-17]]. Manéhna nyieun gitar dina taun 1641 anu nempokeun tempat nyieun instrumén gitar anu leuwih berornamén. [[Alexandre Voboam]] sarta anakna [[Jéan]] ogé nyieun gitar anu bernuansa abad ka-17. === Pangaruh di Jerman === Di [[Éropa Kalér]] di [[Jérman]], instrumén gitar ngahontal penclut popularitasna; [[Heinrich Schutz]] ([[1585]]-[[1672]]), [[Samuel Scheidt]] ([[1587]]-[[1654]]) sarta [[Johann Hermann Schein]] ([[1586]]-[[1630]]). Conto gitar kahiji Jerman anu masih éksis nepi ka poé ieu dijieun ku [[Jacobus Stadler]] dina taun [[1624]]. Manéhna miboga lengkungan anu has sarta bagian tukangeunana polos sarta ogé nempokeun pangaruh badag désain [[Itali]]. Hiji gitar abad 17 anu dijieun ku saurang [[pendéta]], [[John ti Apsom]] miboga désain anu pohara béda ti gitar séjénna. Bagian tukang gitar ieu dipapaésan jeung gambar-gambar ''“Crucifixion”''. Nu nyieun gitar Éropa anu pangkawentarna nyaéta [[Joachim Tielke ti Hamburg]] ([[1641]]-[[1719]]). Gitar jieunanana dipapaésan ku bahan-bahan [[ivory]], [[tortoise shell]], [[ebony]], [[gold sarta silver]], [[mother-of-pearl]], [[jarcanda wood]]. Hasil karyana sok miboga kualitas pangluhurna sarta konsistén. Gigireun/sabeulahna aya hasil karyana anu dijieun ti [[ivory]] kalayan ukiran gambar [[Genesis]]. === Pangaruh di Éropa Wétan === Di [[Cekoslovakia]], [[Czech]] ‘Luthier’ mecakan pikeun adaptasi jeung gitar tipe Battente. Sajaba ayana 5 double-strings kawas gitar Battente anu pituin, gitar [[Czech]] aya tambahan hiji single-string anu dipaké pikeun maénkeunn ‘Melodic Line’. Gitar gitar anu dijieun ku Andrees Ott, saurang pakar nu nyieun instrumén ti [[Prague]] nempokeun pangaruh ti [[Italia]]. Sajarah gitar [[Polandia]] diwakilan ku [[Jakob Kremberg]], penyair, panyanyi, sarta komposer ti [[Warsaw]]. Pentingna hasil karya [[Kremberg]] ogé méré urang informasi anu penting ngeunaan tuning instrumén gitar, nyaéta 1 tone leuwih pendék batan ''tuning'' ti instrumén-instrumén mangsa kiwari. === Spanyol sarta Portugal === salah sahiji gitaris anu prominent dina taun éta téh [[Francisco Corbera]]. Manéhna ngadédikasikeun hasil karyana anu ngaranna ''Guitarra y sus differencias de sonos'' pikeun Philip IV, raja Spanyol ti taun [[1621]] nepi ka [[1665]]. Tapi gitaris [[Perancis]] anu pang kawentarna di abad 17 nyaéta [[Gasper Sanz]]. [[Sanz]] diajar gitar di Italia sarta organ ngeunaan sajarah musik. Manéhna jadi organisator di ''King’s Chaples di Naples''. Dina waktu manéhna balik ka Spanyol, manéhna medar 3 buku musik ngeunaan gitar di taun [[1674]], [[1675]] sarta [[1697]]. Buku-buku ieu muat ajaran-ajaranana anu éksténsif dina improvisasi sarta pérforma, kalayan ngagunakeun 2 padika: Strumming sarta Plucking. Manéhna percaya téhnik Strumming pohara cocog pikeun musik [[dansa]]. Tuning anu dipaké nyaéta A, D, G, B, E. === Pangaruh di Italia === Paktor utama anu ngapopulérkeun gitar di [[Italia]] sarta anu ngabengharkeun pustaka gitar nyaéta diwanohkeunana gaya petik gitar ti [[Spanyol]]. Alatan éta gitar di [[Italia]] ogé dipikawanoh minangka [[Chitaria Spagnuola]]. Gaya petik diwariskeun ti téhnik Vihuela anu diadaptasikeun ku urang Spanyol pikeun gitar maranéhanana. ''Chitaria Spagnuola'' nyaéta téhnik umum dina abad 17 sarta pamakéan ''“Spanish Guitar”'' nerus nepi ka poé ieu minangka terusan pamakéanana ti abad 17. Dua téhnik kaulinan gitar ieu pohara béda dina téhnik [[Strumming]] sarta [[Plucking]] anu éksis babarengan di [[Italia]] dina abad 17. Téhnik petik ieu diéksprésikeun dina wangun notasi tablatur. ''Strumming of Chords'' didédikasikeun ku notasi spésial anu dimekarkeun ku komposer- komposer [[Italia]] ti abad 16 sarta abad 17. === Abad ka-18 === Dina [[abad ka-18]], kanaékan jumlah gitaris sarua kalayan jumlah komposer. Sedengkeun sawatara komposer anu kaceluk dina waktu éta antara séjén; [[Johanas Arnold]] ([[1773]]-[[1806]]), [[Friedrich Baumbach]] ([[1753]]-[[1813]]), sarta [[Johann Christianfranz]] ([[1762]]-[[1814]]). Aspék pangpentingna dina musik gitar di Jerman dina abad ieu ngagunakeun instrumén gitar dina variasi kombinasi ''“ensemble”''. Contona; gitar sarta [[Flute]], gitar sarta [[bass]], gitar, [[biola]] sarta bass. *Pamaén-pamaén sarta komposer-komposer abad 18 Salah sahiji komposerna nyaéta [[Trille Labarre]], manéhna ngarang komposisi pikeun gitar [[solo]], gitar sarta biola, gitar sarta nyanyian. Komposer séjénna nyaéta; [[Antonie Lemoine]] (1763-1877) saurang ''“Virtuoso”'' kaceluk anu ngakomposisikeun sarta maénkeun kalayan [[biola]]. B. Vidal miboga peran minangka pamaén, guru sarta komposer. Manéhna nulis ''Nouvelle Methode''. *Gitar bersenar 6 Gitar bersenar 6 mangrupa inovasi anu asalna ti abad ka-18. Gitar kasebut asalna ti Italia sarta pohara dipikaresep sarta pohara populér. Alasana nyaéta; #1 Guitarra Battente ti Italia, anu mecenghul di ahir abad 17 sarta di mimiti abad 18, ngalaman parobahan jadi 6 senar. Di mana saban senarna aya 2 senar (double-strings). #2 Taun [[1732]], J.B.F.K Majer nyiptakeun tunning dina gitarna miboga senar 6. #3 Gitar nu miboga senar 6 anu asalna ti Jerman, dijieun ku [[Otto]], dijieun dumasar padika [[Italia]]. === Abad ka-19 === Dina mimiti pertengahan [[abad ka-19]], minat anyar pikeun instrumén ieu dipuseurkeun di dayeuh [[Vienna]]. Dayeuh Vienna sorangan jadi puseur pakakas musik sarta para musisi ti sakumna [[Éropa]]. Pintonan musisi éta méré dorongan mimiti anu mana gitar jadi hiji pakakas instrumén anu serius. Kawas [[Mauro Giuliani]] ([[1780]]-[[1840]]) anu ngainisiatipan ''trend tour'' gitar pikeun para gitaris. Saterusna [[Fernando Sor]] [[gitaris]] asal [[Spanyol]] anu kaceluk di éra ''Romantic Spanyol'' sarta hiji-hijina gitaris kahiji anu diondang ku [[London]] ''Pihlharmonic Society''. === Abad ka-20 === Nyaéta abad di mana urang jadi saksi kamekaran gitar anu drastis minangka instrumén artistik pikeun éksprési. Ogé minangka hiji-hijina [[abad]] anu ngabagéakeun gitar dipanggung konsér. Aya 2 dasar kapopularitasan gitar: *Diakaran ku penoména anu aya di [[abad ka-20]]. Kamekaran [[téhnologi]] [[revolusioner]] sarta kamekaran [[komunikasi]] média massa sarta [[transportasi]] anu leuwih gancang sarta épisién nyaéta aspék-aspékna kasampak. [[Radio]], [[TV]], [[industri rékaman]], [[satelit komunikasi]], [[transportasi jét]] geus mantuan nempokeun instrumén ieu sacara global. Musisi bisa ngayakeun konsér disakumna dunya dina waktu anu singget. Maranéhanana bisa ngahontal panongton-panongton anu jumlahna loba, lain ngan panongton dipanggung konsér tapi ogé panongton diimah pikeun nyaksian liwat [[TV]], ngaregepkeunana liwat [[radio]] sarta ngaliwatan rékaman-rékaman (piringan hideung, kaset sarta [[CD]]), ogé ngaliwatan [[internét]]. Para komposer, pamaén atawa pamiérsa, nyiptakeun loba kasempetan pikeun ngabangkitkeun minat maén gitar. *Sanajan henteu dramatis saméméhna, lain hartosna henteu signipikan. Ieu téh perluasan, konsékuén alami ti perkembanganna anu geus lumangsung diabad-abad saméméhna. Abad 19 diinget minangka abad di mana [[Francisco Tarrega]] ([[1852]]-[[1909]]) mawa téknik gitar dina hiji titik seni anu murni, anu geus siap ngabagéakeun datangna téhnik modérn. Para nu nyieun gitar anu kaceluk kawas [[Luthier Antonio Torres]] ([[1817]]-[[1892]]) ngamekarkeun hiji instrumén jeung saeutik variasi anu nepi ka poé ieu sanggup diaku minangka gitar. Even-even anu penting ieu geus ngaréalisasikeun pentingna lalakon gitar ti abad 20. == Jenis Gitar == Pamakéan [[amplifier]] dina gitar tacan dipaké dina jaman ieu. Amplifikasi mimitian diwanohkeun dina gitar ''“Dobro”''/ gitar ésonator anu dimimitian ku [[Dopyera brothers]], imigran Slovakia di [[Amérika]]. Maranéhanana manggihan inovasi dina gitar lamun bahan gitar dijieun tinz bahan métal sarta ditambahkeun lempengan [[logam]] (Pie Plate) kalayan ketebalan nu tangtu mangka baris ngaronjatkeun résonansi sora anu 2 kali leuwih badag sarta 2 kali leuwih teuas sorana. Jenis gitar ieu diproduksi pikeun dicoo jeung musik orchestra sarta jadi pohara populér dina taun [[1920]]-an sarta [[1930]]-an digolongan musisi [[Blues]] sarta [[Jazz]]. Saterusna dina waktu perang dunya ka-2 bahan dasar gitar ''“Dobro”'' digantian jadi [[kai]], pikeun ngagantikeun bahan [[logam]] anu pohara mahal hargana, ngan résonatorna waé anu masih ngagunakeun bahan métal. Kalayan kamekaranana, gitar terus ngalaman loba inovasi luyu jeung tungtutan pamakéanana. Tapi musisi [[Country]], [[Blues]] , sarta [[Jazz]] mimitian nyiptakeun sagala rupa jenis Tone sarta Sound anu bisa dihasilkeun ku gitar ti téhnik kawas Bend, Sustain sarta nu séjénna. Variasi tina ''sound'' kasebut ogé nyorong perkembangan ti musik [[Rock]] and [[Roll]] anu aya ti taun [[1950]]-an. [[Les Paul]] nyaéta jelema kahiji anu ngaékperimén kalayan sound gitar [[éléktrik]] dina taun [[1940]]. Gitar éléktrik kahiji nyaéta mangrupa ''hollow-body'' / gitar kopong, sakapeung mangrupa 2 buah liang sora ngawangun hurup S-shaped dina bagian hareup awak gitar. Dina taun [[1947]] [[Paul Bigsby]] gawé babarengan jeung [[Merle Travis]] mendésain solid-body gitar kawas gitar éléktrik anu urang wawuh ayeuna. [[Leo Fender]] saurang réparasi [[radio]] nyaéta jelema kahiji anu suksés mroduksi sacara masal gitar jenis ieu. ku kituna persaingan antara gitar Fender jeung gitar Gibson jieunan [[Les Paul]] nepi ka ayeuna. Aya dua jenis gitar anu dawam urang nyaho di antarana: * ''The Pick Guitar]]'' '''The Pick guitar''' dicoo kalayan metik senar jeung hiji ''pick'', di mana ''pick'' ieu bentukna buleud gépéng kawas buah [[Almond]] anu dijieun ti [[batok]] [[penyu]] atawa [[palastik]]. Gitar jenis ieu téh aya 2 buah liang sora anu ngawangun S-shaped dina awak bagian hareup gitar. Senarna dijieun ti kawat sarta nyambung dina ''Tailpiece'' / tungtung pangikat senar. ''Fingerboard''/ beuheung gitar padeukeut sarta ditandaan jeung gurat beusi / ngaranna Frets. Frets mangrupa tempat di mana ramo leungeun palebah kénca mencét senar. Gunana supaya pamaén babari pikeun néangan not-not sarta pamaén jeung wirahma. Saprak pertengahan dékadeu 30-an, ''pick guitar'' geus dijieun/ dirobah jadi guitar éléktrik kalayan masangkeun ''Contact Microphone'' di handapeun senar atawa ''pickups''. Saterusna ''pickup'' éta disambungkeun jeung ''loudspeaker''. ''The Pick Guitar'' sarta ''electric guitar'' anu pangmindengna dipaké dina musik [[Jazz]], band-band dansa sarta grup [[Rock]]. Umumna, gitar miboga jumlah dawai 6; tuluy mecenghul gitar kalayan 12 dawai anu leuwih sawajarna dipaké dina kancah musik country. Dina dékadeu 50-an, mecenghul gitar jeung dua neck (fretboard); anu hiji dawaina 6 sarta hijina deui dawaina 12 (kawas anu mindeng dipaké ku John Mclaughlin). Saterusna mecenghul ogé gitar anu miboga dawai 7 (kawas dawam nu dipaké ku Bucky Pizzarelli), komo mecenghul ogé gitar dawai 10. Éléktrik gitar tuluy mekar; ''Solid-body'' (kawas anu geus dijelaskeun di handap henteu sada résonansi, nepi ka bener-bener sora éléktrik) jenis gitar hollow-body sarta semi-hollowed. Jenis éléktrik gitar kawas éta sawajarna dipaké dina kancah musik rock/ pop. Jenis éléktrik gitar kasebut ogé nerus jeung pamakéan rupa-rupa macem sound éfféct. * ''The Finger-style Guitar'' '''The Finger-style Guitar''' dicoo kalayan metik senar ku ramo-ramo. Senar-senarna dijieun ti [[nylon]], [[Sutera]] sarta [[kawat]]. Gitar ieu miboga hiji bunderan liang sora. ''The Fingerboard'' miboga Frets kawas Pick Guitar tapi leuwih rubak. Loba karya ti para maestro klasik, di antarana [[Bach]] sarta [[chopin]], geus diaransemén pikeun gitar. Gitar, alus anu ''The Finger-style Guitar'' atawa ''The Pick Guitar'', lolobana jadi favorit pikeun panyanyi lagu-lagu daérah. Hiji wangun musik gitar anu popular tapi hésé nyaéta [[Flamenco]], tarian [[Gypsy Spanyol]].<ref name="internet3">{{id}}[http://simphonymusic.com/info/sejarah-perkembangan-alat-musik-gitar/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220013148/http://simphonymusic.com/info/sejarah-perkembangan-alat-musik-gitar/ |date=2010-02-20 }}(diakses tanggal 14 oktober 2011)</ref> == Galéri == <gallery> Gambar:Classical Guitar two views.jpg Gambar:Classical Guitar labelled german.jpg Gambar:Classical Guitar not labelled.jpg Gambar:Guitar 1.jpg Gambar:A guitar ubt.jpeg Gambar:Ebass.jpg Gambar:Bass-und-primgitarre.jpg Gambar:Spanish guitar.jpg Gambar:Spanish classical acoustic guitar3.jpg Gambar:Guitard Epiphone 03.jpg Gambar:Guitarra2.jpg Gambar:A guitar ubt.jpeg Gambar:Squeir telecaster.JPG Gambar:Epiphone Casino VT.jpg Gambar:Moodswinger.jpg Gambar:Hagstrom III.jpg Gambar:LAG Arkane AF200 BSH.JPG Gambar:Resonator Style0.jpg </gallery> == Konstruksi Gitar == === Bagian Organ Gitar === Konstruksi gitar dibagi jadi lima bagian, nyaéta [[sirah]], [[beuheung]], [[awak]] bagian luhur, [[cangkéng]] sarta awak bagian handap. *''Neck'' [[(beuheung)]] nyaéta organ gitar bagian luhur nyaéta anu ngawangun bilahan panjang. Neck/ beuheung mangrupa bagian panangtu pikeun nangtukeun supaya pas sada nadana dina pamakéan pakakas musik gitar waktu dicoo. Dina bagian beuheung aya organ-organ anu diwangun. * ''Head'' [[(sirah gitar)]], nyaéta sakumaha geus didadarkeun dina bab tiheula yén anu dimaksud sirah gitar nyaéta organ gitar anu aya di posisi pangluhurna. Dina runtuyan sirah gitar ogé aya élemén (a) Hiji set peg/dlayer anu jumlahna 6: nyaéta gulungan sarta pangait senar sakaligus minangka pangatur tegangan senar atawa minangka pakakas pikeun menyetem tegangan dawai gitar sangkan salaras luyu frékuénsi sada anu dipikahayang; (b) ''Nut'' nyaéta dudukan senar di bagian tungtung papan tekan pikeun nyiptakeun jarak–jarak antara senar. * Fret nyaéta gurat melintang anu dijieun ti [[logam]] perenahna dina beuheung gitar benerna dina bagian papan tekan (fingerboard), anu boga fungsi minangka pangwates daérah nada hiji kalayan séjénna. * ''Heel'' nyaéta bagian anu mencenghul jiga hiji tanduk, perenahna dina bagian tukang gitar dipersambungan beuheung sarta awak gitar. Dina bagian heel ieu aya organ anu nurutkeun istilah Suratman disebut huntu walang, nyaéta organ anu boga pungsi ngahubungkeun sarta nyambungkeun beuheung sarta awak tempatna anu disisi. Ciri has heel ti gitar nyaéta perenahna dina téknik konstruksina, nyaéta sajaba ditémpélkeun maké lém tapi ogé aya tambahan [[kancing]] (paseuk anu dijieun ti bahan kai). Hal ieu nurutkeun Suratman dimaksudkeun sangkan nguatkeun konstruksi sarta henteu gampang pites alatan akibat ti tarikan senar. * Tonggong beuheung, nyaéta organ beuheung gitar bagian tukang anu dijieun ti bahan kai [[nangka]] atawa [[mangga]]. * ''Fingerboad'', nyaéta papan penjarian anu di jerona aya fret sajumlah 21 watang. Sajaba ti éta dina runtuyan fingerboad ieu aya organ anu disebut ku Suratman kalayan istilah binding (samentara istilah umumna disebut banding), nyaéta organ gitar dijieun ti bahan palastik mika anu dipasang ngalingkung fingerboad. Dina rohang antara fret-fret nu tangtu aya marker, nyaéta buleudan-buleudan leutik anu boga pungsi pikeun mandu ramo kénca manggihan posisi anu dipikahayang. *Body (awak gitar) nyaéta organ gitar [[akustik]] bagian handap mangrupa tabung anu boga pungsi minangka kotak résonator === Bahan sarta Parabot === *Kai balok, nyaéta [[kai]]-kai anu baris dipaké pikeun bahan nyieun organ beuheung gitar sarta konstruksi rangka body gitar *Kai lapis (''plywood'') anu kandelna 0,3&nbsp;cm, nyaéta bahan anu baris dipaké pikeun nyieun organ body gitar (tabung gitar) nyaéta papan-papan bagian beungeut (hareup), gigireun / sabeulah, sarta tukang. *[[Awi]], nyaéta bahan anu baris dipaké pikeun paseuk dina konstruksi beuheung gitar. Awi minangka paseuk dina bagian hell sangkan bisa ngabagi beungbeurat tarikan beuheung gitar ka sakumna konstruksi tabung. Tambahan paseuk awi ieu miboga diaméter 1&nbsp;cm, panjangna 4–5&nbsp;cm. *Lem perekat, nyaéta bahan pikeun ngahijikeun organ-organ dina prosés ngaraketkeun. *Mika lembaran (scratch plate), nyaéta lembaran plastik mika (kelir bodas atawa hideung) pikeun scratch plate, nut jeung ukuran 6 x 1 x 0,6&nbsp;cm, sarta kam ukuranana 8 x 1 x 0,3&nbsp;cm sarua bahan pikeun binding dina sakumna tungtung-tungtung sisi gitar jeung ukuran 300 x 0,5 x 0,1&nbsp;cm. Sarta dijieun bunderan-bunderan kalayan diaméter 0,5&nbsp;cm pikeun marker. *Dleyer/ peg, nyaéta organ sirah gitar anu bahana dijieun tina logam sarta plastik. Bahan ieu biasana bisa dibeuli di toko-toko suku cadang pakakas musik anu kabéhanana siap rakit. *Fret medium, nyaéta bahan anu mangrupa bagian organ beuheung gitar minangka panangtu panjang pondok bentangan dawai/senar. Fret ieu dijieun ti bahan logam stainless steel sarta penampang fret ieu ngawangun hurup ”T” biasana bahan ieu geus siap rakit. *Dempul kai sarta [[beusi]], nyaéta bahan pikeun nutupan pori-pori kai (sending) dina organ-organ anu bahanna kai anu baris di cét, sangkan ngagampangkeun dina prosés pangecétan sarta henteu awuntah cét, ku kituna hasil ahir (finishing) permukaanna bisa rata, lemes sarta herang. *Cet, anu dipaké nyaéta cet beusi mérék Suzuka kalayan sagala rupa kelir luyu kaperluan. Sajaba ti éta ogé henteu nutupan kamungkinan ngagunakeun sagala rupa mérék cét séjén anu kahontal. *Mélamin kai mérék Impra minangka vernis, bahan lapisan pamungkas (finishing) dina prosés pangecétan. *Mur baut/ skurub, nyaéta bahan pikeun ngarakit organ-organ kawas, bridge kalayan papan hareup anu baris parat dina fan brancing. === Parabot === *Planer *Circular saw *Hand Grinder *Sender/ poles *Bor *Mesin router *Panggaris/ méteran *Cedit kayu *Kaoto *Tatah/pahat *Matras/ mal *Siku goyang *Gergaji manual (gergaji pentang / gergaji gorok, gergaji belah, gergaji potong) *Amplas kayu *Hiji set pakakas airbruss *[[Obeng]] *[[Palu]], [[tang]], sarta [[catut]] pikeun pemasangan fret. *[[Paku]] *[[Ban]] [[sapédah]] urut *Penjepit jemuran ti plastik === Pembentukan Bahan === *Prosés ngagaringkeun bahan kayu *Sanggeus [[kai]] bener-bener garing, saterusna dijieun pikeun organ-organ gitar *Sajaba nyieun pola pikeun organ-organ anu miboga bahan dasar kai balok ogé nyieun pola organ-organ body gitar anu bahan dasar kai lapis (plywood) *perekat kai *Hiji set pakakas airbruss diwangun ti compresoor éléktrik sarta selang angin pikeun méré tekanan hawa dina péstol semprot sehingg kaluarna cét ti péstol kasebut supaya rata tur sampurna. *Présisi === Ngarakit Bagian Neck (beuheung) === === Ngarakit Tabung (Kotak Résonator) === === Ngarakit Beuheung Sarta Tabung Resonator === === Finishing === Prosés finishing diwangun ti sagala rupa bagian prosés tahapan pakasaban di antarana, (1) pandempulan, (2) pangecétan, (3) pamasangan posisi kam/bridge, sarta (4) pamasangan senar sarta prosés penalaan <ref name="internet5">{{id}}[http://www.fibsite.com/materi/musik-materi/gitar/4-2konstruksi-organologi-gitar-akustik-produksi-home-industri.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021080525/http://www.fibsite.com/materi/musik-materi/gitar/4-2konstruksi-organologi-gitar-akustik-produksi-home-industri.html |date=2011-10-21 }}(diakses tanggal 18 oktober 2011)</ref> == Pungsi Gitar minangka pangiring (Rhytm) == Conto: Konci C mayor: Diajar Gitar| Pengertian Chord dina tangga nada C mayor Chord C diwangun ti nada 1 (do), 3 (mi) sarta 5(sol)<ref name="internet4">{{id}}[http://www.chordliriklagu.com/tutorial-gitar-lengkap/belajar-gitar-pengertian-chord] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111203559/http://www.chordliriklagu.com/tutorial-gitar-lengkap/belajar-gitar-pengertian-chord |date=2011-11-11 }}(diakses tanggal 14 oktober 2011)</ref> == Diajar Gitar == === Pengertian Chord === Chord nyaéta tilu atawa leuwih, nada anu dicoo sacara babarengan atawa papisah. Alatan dicoo 3 nada atawa leuwih mangka sora anu dihasilkeun baris kadéngé leuwih lega (rubak) sarta dawam diaplikasikan minangka pengiring vokal atawa pakakas musik melodi (bisa gitar melodi, keyboard dll.)<ref name="internet4"/> chord bisa disebut konci lagu, pikeun urang diajar.<ref name="internet4"/> == Galéri == <gallery> Gambar:Bend guitar.jpg|Téhnik ka 1 Gambar:Guitar bending.jpg|Téhnik ka 2 Gambar:Guitar bending animated.gif|Téhnik ka 3 Gambar:Tapping guitar.jpg|Téhnik ka4 Gambar:Hammer on.gif|Téhnik ka 5 Gambar:Pull off.gif|Téhnik ka 6 Gambar:Palm mute by punkettaro.gif|Téhnik ka 7 Gambar:Armonici artificiali by punkettaro.gif|Téhnik ka 8 Gambar:Sweep picking by punkettaro.gif|Téhnik ka 9 Gambar:Vibrato.gif|Téhnik ka 10 Gambar:Spectra G distorted + G pinched.gif| </gallery> == Tempo ogé == *Gitar [[Klasik]] *Gitar [[Akustik]] *Gitar [[Éléktrik]] == Galéri == <gallery> Gambar:Guitar 1.jpg|Gitar klasik Gambar:Guitard Epiphone 03.jpg|Gitar Akustik Gambar:E-Gitarre.jpg|Gitar Èléktrik </gallery> == Referensi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Waditra petik]] 0ec3jvclrjqis9vh6ip9uovh5t0m5ql 0 33655 731667 708317 2026-11-07T23:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Endog Lewo''' atawa emplod nyaéta kadaharan khas [[Garut]] persisna di Kp.Cicadas, Désa Sukajaya, [[Kecamatan Malangbong]].<ref name="Kadaharan Garut"/> Ieu kadahara téh ngan diproduksi di daérah Léwo.<ref name="Kadaharan Garut">[http://osdir.com/ml/culture.region.indonesia.sunda/2005-08/msg00255.html kadaharan deui ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427094143/http://osdir.com/ml/culture.region.indonesia.sunda/2005-08/msg00255.html |date=2014-04-27 }} (Dicutat tanggal 14 Oktober 2011)</ref> ==Gambaran== Disebut endog léwo ku sabab bentukna mirip [[endog]].<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT">Darpan, Suhardiman, Budi.2007.SEPUTAR GARUT.Garut:Komunitas Srimanganti.</ref> Warnana kakonéng-konéngan, ieu kadaharan téh sarua jeung [[comro]] jeung [[guik]] anu bahan dasarna tina sampeu jeung sarua digoréng.<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT"/> Tapi endog léwo béda jeung comro ku sabab endoh léwo mah rangu jadi bisa dijadikeun opieun.<ref name="Endog Lewo">[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Baraya_Sunda/message/2493 Baraya Sunda kadaharan deui ]</ref> ==Sajarah== Anu munggaran nyieun endog léwo téh nyaéta Haji Amin taun 1070-an.<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT"/> Basa éta téh para [[patani]] di Léwo ngahasilkeun sampeu anu loba.<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT"/> Haji Amin miboga pamikiran rék di kumahakeun éta sampeu anu loba, tuluy Haji Amin ngolah éta sampeu jadi emplod. Mimitina mah emplod téh ngan di jual di pasar Léwo wungkul.<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT"/> tapi sumebar ka pasar Cicaléngka jeung Limbangan.<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT"/> Ngan ku masarakat Malambong mah ieu kadaharan leuwih kasohor ngarana endog léwo kadaharan khas Malambong.<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT"/> Lila kalilaan éta emplod téh loba anu resep nu nepi ka ayeuna éta emplod téh sumebar ka sababaraha kota saperti Subang, Sumedang, Bandung jeung Tasikmalaya.<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT"/> ==Cara nyieuna== Bahan dasarna nyaéta tina sampeu, anu dibéré uyah jeung dibumbuan ku bawang bodas sarta bahan-bahan séjéna.<ref name="SEPUTAR GARUT"/>[[Sampeu]] anu dipaké nyaéta [[sampeu hibrida]] anu umurna ngan 8 bulan.<ref name="Endog Lewo"/> Leuwih téréh 3 atawa 4 bulan dibanding umur sampeu nu biasana rata-rata nepi ka 11-12 bulan ti mimiti dipelak nepi ka panén.<ref name="Endog Lewo"/> Jenis singkong hibrida anu dijadikeun bahan baku emplod téh disebut sampeu jantung.<ref name="Endog Lewo"/> Hipu tapi kandel, nepi ka bisa diparud pikeun dijieun adonan bahan atahna emplod.<ref name="Endog Lewo"/> Saencan ayana sampeu jantung, biasana maké [[sampeu manihot]] atawa maleho, jeung [[sampeu gambir]].<ref name="Endog Lewo"/> Tapi ka ayeunakeun sampeu anu jenis-jenisna nu gurih téh geus hésé. Ku sabab kalindih ku sampeu jenis hibrida.<ref name="Endog Lewo"/> Jenis sampeu tradisional anu masih aya nyaéta [[sampeu karihkil]] jeung [[sampeu hideung]] anu loba diolah ku pabrik tapioka.<ref name="Endog Lewo2">[http://osdir.com/ml/culture.region.indonesia.sunda/2005-08/msg00255.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427094143/http://osdir.com/ml/culture.region.indonesia.sunda/2005-08/msg00255.html |date=2014-04-27 }} (Dicutat tanggal 14 Oktober 2011)</ref> ==Catetan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan khas Garut]] [[Kategori:Opien]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan olahan tina sampeu]] 5rvrqyu7p8dc6rdfz07e0ym8x14dpuz 0 33687 731723 675938 2026-11-08T03:45:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Kampung Mahmud.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Gerbang ka Kampung Mahmud]] 1. KAMPUNG KADAL MOYAN Kampung kadal moyan perenehna ditempatna di RW 11 RW 2, Désa Buninagara, Kacamatan Sindangkerta, Kabupatén Bandung, numutkeun kepercayaan warga satempat, kampung ieu diwangun ku turunan wali Cirebon, Éyang Abdul Manaf, dina abad ka -15, anu didirikan ditepi walungan Citarum, mangrupikeun premisansi kangga Eyang Manaf salami ibadah haji. Anjeunna nyangka negara bakal dijajah kuhiji bangsa dengeun. Sarantos pasti nalika jaman kolonial Belanda desa ieu saé dijantenkeun tempat anu paling aman pugi kaayeuna komunitas disakuriling hormat Éyang Kakung Manak ku mertahankeun kuburana oge. Populasi kirang langkung, diwangun ku 13,439 urang lalaki sareng 6,600 awéwé populasi dibagi kana 2,732 rumah tangga. Secara umum, mata pencaharian masyarakat di '''Kampung Mahmud''' damel salaku patani, padagang, supir sareng karyawan atanapi swasta. Kaayaan parmukaan taneuh di Kampung Mahmud diwangun kulahan sareng sawah,  detilna : tanah perumahan sareng pekarangan sekitar 123,630 ha. 136,925 ha huma sawah, sareng tanah tatanén garing. Sawah sareng dataran garing sakitar 39,109 ha. Ningali kaayaan taneuh tiasa ngarios rada subur. Kaayaan pepelan seueur pisan dina kampungan tiasa nyayogikeun kaperluan warga satempat tanpa kedah nyandak ti luar. == Lokasi Géografis == Kampung Mahmud mangrupa salasahiji kampung adat nu aya di Kabupatén Bandung, perenahna di RW 4 Désa Mekar Rahayu Kacamatan Margaasih Kabupatén Bandung Selatan. Kampung Mahmud kawilang stratégis sabab teu pati jauh jeung Dayeuh Bandung kalawan bisa dijugjug ngagunakeun angkot jurusan Kampung Mahmud ti Terminal Tegal Lega, ngaliwatan jalur Tegal Lega, By Pass, Holis, Cigondéwa anu euruen di terminal Kampung Mahmud. Lokasi Kampung Mahmud padeukeut jeung sisi walungan Citarum. Kampung Mahmud tapel watesna nyaéta: 1) Belah kalér Désa Rahayu jeung Désa Cigondéwa 2) Belah kidul Désa Pameuntasan jeung Désa Daraulin 3) Belah kulon Désa Nanjung 4) Belah wétan Désa Margahayu Ciri anu béda ti wewengkon lianna, Kampung Mahmud miboga daur hirup jeung sistem réligi anu has. Sanajan aya sistem anu geus kapangaruhan ti luar tapi éta hal masih dina ukuran anu leutik. Ku kituna, masarakat Kampung Mahmud masih kénéh nyekel sarta ngajaga budaya anu hirup di wewengkonna. ==Sajarah Kampung Mahmud== Numutkeun masarakatna, ieu kampung téh diwangun ku [[Sembah Éyang Abdul Manaf]] nu mangrupa turunan ti wali Cirebon, [[Syarif Hidayatullah]].<ref name="web2">[http://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/gdl.php?mod=browse&op=read&id=digilib-uinsuka--eulistutis-1271 PERUBAHAN TRADISI ZIARAH KUBUR DI KAMPUNG MAHMUD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222153310/https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/gdl.php?mod=browse&op=read&id=digilib-uinsuka--eulistutis-1271 |date=2025-02-22 }} (Diaksés tanggal 15 Oktober 2011){{id}}</ref> Ieu kampung diwangun abad ka [[15 Maséhi]].<ref name="web2"/> Dimimitian ku Éyang Abdul Manaf nu indit ka [[Mekah]] ninggalkeun lemburna tur dumuk di Mekah dina waktu nu kaitung lilana.<ref name="web2"/> Hiji mangsa Éyang Abdul Manaf ngarasa hayang balik deui ka lemburna, saméméh indit ninggalkeun Mekah, anjeunna ngadu’a di hiji tempat nu dingaranan [[Gubah Mahmud]] deukeut [[Masjidil Haram]].<ref name="web2"/> Dina du’ana anjeunna meredih sangkan bisa balik deui ka lembur nu teu kacicingan ku penjajah.<ref name="web2"/> Sanggeus nepi di lemburna, anjeunna néangan tempat luyu jeung pituduh nu aya di Gubah Mahmud tug nepi ka manggih hiji tempat nyaéta di daérah walungan Citarum.<ref name="web2"/> Sanggeus manggih éta tempat, anjeunna ngawangun hiji kampung tina sakeupeul taneuh nu dibawa ti Gubah Mahmud sarta dibéré ngaran kampung Mahmud luyu jeung asal taneuh nu dipaké ngawangunna.<ref name="web2"/> Salian ti éta, harti Mahmud di dinya dipercaya miboga harti kampung nu dipuji tur loba hal nu dipantrangna.<ref name="penemuan">Rahmat Hidayat.2007.'Réligilitas Masarakat Kampung Mahmud Kecamatan Margaasih Kabupaten Bandung'.''Skripsi''.Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia</ref> Sangkan ieu kampung teu kapanggih ku penjajah, anjeunna nempatkeun 40 jin pikeun ngajaga ieu kampung.<ref name="penemuan"/> Tempat munggaran nu dipaké neundeun éta taneuh dingaranan [[Masjid Paimbaran]].<ref name="penemuan"/> == Sistem Réligi == Dina hal agama nyampak hiji konsép anu utama, nyaéta patali jeung konsép anu diyakinan (iman) sarta hal naon anu kudu dipilampah dumasar kana kayakinan (iman) dina éta agama téh. Masarakat Kampung Mahmud katangen leuwih nyoko kana hal anu diyakinan tibatan kana hal anu kudu dipilampahna. Konsép anu kuat ngabalukarkeun masarakat Kampung Mahmud taat dina hal agamana, contona katitén leuwih ngutamakeun kahayangna pikeun bisa ngalaksanakeun rukun Islam anu kalima, nyaéta ibadah haji. Tina éta hal, masarakat Kampung Mahmud loba anu  nepi ka ngorbankeun hartana ngabélaan ngajual tanah jeung sawahna pikeun bisa ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji. Sabab di Kampung Mahmud aya oriéntasi pikeun jalma anu geus ngalaksanakeun ibadah haji, éta darajatna leuwih luhur sarta dipihormat ku saréréa. Pola kahirupan agama di masarakat Kampung Mahmud katangen ogé tina hal ngamulyakeun bulan-bulan Islam, misal bulan Mulud, bulan Romadhon, bulan Muharam, jeung Idul Fitri. Dina miéling poé-poé Islam, masarakat Kampung Mahmud sok ngayakeun hajat, mangrupa sangu jeung dengeunna, pikeun disanggakeun ka kolot, dulur-dulur, ogé tatangga. Angot dina Idul Fitri, jalma-jalma pada-pada mawa rantang anu eusina sangu jeung deungeunna nu kualitasna leuwih luhur tibatan kadaharan sapopoé, pikeun ditujukeun ka kolot sarta dulur nu séjénna. Dina hakékatna, sanajan masarakat Kampung Mahmud taat dina widang agama Islamna, tapi kapercayaan kana karuhunna masih kénéh napel dina kahirupanna. Konsep kaimanan ka Gusti Nu Maha Suci, guumulung jeung percaya ka para karuhun. Éta hal mangaruhan masarakat nu aya di saluareun Kampung Mahmud. Katangen loba nu daratang pikeun ziarah, malah aya nu nepi ka mondok sababaraha peuting pikeun kapentingan ngadu’a jeung ngucap sukur, sarta diwuwuhan ku ayana paménta atawa nyambat ka karuhun anu tujuanna pikeun kasalametan jeung katingtriman. == Makam Karuhun di Kampung Mahmud == Makom Mahmud mangrupa tempat dimakamkeunana éyang-éyang (luluhur) kampung Mahmud.<ref name="penemuan" /> Loba jalma nu ngahajakeun jarah ka ieu makom lantaran dianggap karamat.<ref name="penemuan" /> Biasana nu jarah lolobana datang nalika bulan [[Mulud]], utamana mah malem [[Jumaah kliwon]].<ref name="penemuan" /> Maranéhna percaya yén para karuhun bakal datang sarta ngabulkeun sagala nu dipikahayang ku maranéhanana.<ref name="penemuan" /> Salian ti éta nu jarah percaya yén kampung Mahmud téh kampung ajaib lantaran tara kabanjiran sakitu dikurilingan ku walungan Citarum ogé.<ref name="penemuan" /> Titinggal mangrupa makam karomah di Kampung Mahmud aya di tilu lokasi, nyaéta: 1) Makam Éyang Abdul Manaf 2) Makam Sembah Eyang Dalem Abdullah Gedug 3)  Makam Sembah Agung Zaenal. Sing saha waé anu baris ziarah ka éta makam, dirina kudu aya dina kaayaan nu beresih, éstuning kudu boga wudhu, sarta maké pakéan anu rapih jeung nutupan aurat. Anu baris ziarah bakal diaping ku kuncén pikeun mingpin du’a, anu satuluyna masrahkeun ka nu ziarah pikeun ngadu’a sewang-sewangan. Baheula éta makam téh kacida diajénanana, saupamana nu ziarah rék nincak ka makam karomah sapatu jeung sendalna geus dibuka lebah masjid anu kawilang rada jauh ti makamna, tapi kaayeunakeun mah sapatu jeung sendal téh dibuka nalika rék nincak ka wangunan makam karomah. Masarakat Kampung Mahmud saupama rék ziarah ka para karuhunna tara dilaksanakeun dina unggal poé jumaah, sabab poé jumaah mah poé pikeun ibadah. Unggal wangunan makam karomah miboga kuncén anu béda-béda. Di unggal wangunan geus disadiakeun pikeun wudhu, ngadu’a atawa tafakur nu ziarah. di antara tilu makam anu aya, makam Eyang Abdul Manaf paling gedé wangunanana dibanding nu séjén. Di éta makam aya tempat pikeun ngurilingan makam sarta aya wangunan mangrupa balé pikeun wiridan/ngadu’a. == Refleksi Kahirupan Masarakat Kampung Mahmud == Ngeunaan tatacara dina kahirupan masarakat Kampung Mahmud, boh anu aya patalina jeung adat istiadat atawa jeung kayakinan kana agama, teu loba nu kapanggih dina hal anu béda jeung masarakat séjén. Salian teu loba kapangaruhan dunya luar, masarakat Kampung Mahmud ogé tuhu kana ajaran agama. Éta hal didadasaran ku sajarah anu kuat, sabab baheulana aya tokoh agama anu kakoncara. Malah nepi ayeuna makamna loba kadatangan jalma anu baris ziarah, boh masarakat sabudeur atawa masarakat luar. Sistem anu hirup di masarakat sabudeur nyaéta ajaran agama Islam. Norma-norma kaislaman anu diangkat sarta dijadikeun tetekon ku masarakat Kampung Mahmud, katitén tina kahirupan sapopoéna. Sistem kamasarakatan anu lumaku di masarakat, umumna miboga sasaruaan jeung masarakat lianna, tapi aya sawatara hal anu jadi pangbéda di hiji kampung adat. Sistem kamasarakatan anu nyampak di Kampung Mahmud miboga sawatara hal anu béda jeung masarakat dina umumna di Jawa Barat. Anu jadi ciri pangbéda di Kampung Mahmud mangrupa hiji hal anu istiméwa. Anapon kabiasaan anu hirup nu di masarakat Kampung Mahmud sarta can aya nu wani ngareumpak kana éta tetekon nyaéta teu meunang nyieun imah anu permanén (ditémbok), teu meunang maké kaca, teu meunang nabeuh goong, teu meunang ngingu soang, teu meunang nyieun sumur, jeung teu meunang ngingu. Sanajan aya sawatara hal anu euweuh patalina jeung ajaran Islam, tapi tetep masarakat Kampung Mahmud ngayakinan kana éta hal dumasar kana istiadat anu lumaku di masarakatna. Kabiasaan séjénna nyaéta pikeun jalma anu keur kakandungan jeung orok anu karék dilahirkeun, dina enas-enasna euweuh kabiasaan anu béda jeung masarakat dina umumna. Pamadegan masarakat di Kampung Mahmud pikeun hiji kabiasaan, miboga konsép yén salila éta kabiasaan teu pagedrug jeung ajaran anu diyakinanna éta kabiasaan téh lumrah dilakukeun. Pikeun nu kakandungan dina umur dua bulan atawa tilu bulan, éta téh can disebut kakandungan tapi masih kénéh nyiram. Saupama geus liwat ti tilu bulan karék disebut hamil. Biasana keur anu kakandungan aya adat kabiasaan anu lumaku saupama umur kakandungan geus nincak kana tujuh bulan. Kabiasaan anu lumaku pikeun nu tujuh bulanan disebut ogé upacara tingkeban. Upacara tingkeban biasana dilaksanakeun dina waktu anu geus ditangtukeun nyaéta dina tanggal anu aya angka 7, di antarana tanggal 7, 17, jeung 27. Lian ti éta biasana waktuna ogé isuk-isuk nyaéta jam 07.00. Tingkeban hartina nyaéta tutup, anu miboga ma’na yén ti dinya nepi ka 40 poé sanggeus ngalahirkeun kudu ditutup, teu meunang dibuka nepi ka waktuna datang. Jadi tingkeban téh minangka pangéling-éling pikeun salaki pamajikan yén dina waktu éta teu meunang campur gaul nepi ka 40 poé sanggeus ngalahirkeun. Upacara nyukuran orok dilaksanakeun saupama umur orok geus 40 poé. Éta hal disebutna marhabaan, tapi aya ogé anu nyebut asrakat. Sanggeus tamu karumpul, mitembeyan acara dibuka. Orok dipangku kalawan dibarengan jeung nu babawaan, di antarana jajambaran anu eusina cai, duit logam, gunting, jeung perhiasan emas. Anu munggaran ngagunting buuk orok téh anu dikolotkeun tina sémah anu ngahadiran. Sabada geus bérés nyukuran, dituluykeun ku acara parasmanan. Luyu jeung patokan anu jadi dadasar dina kahirupan masarakat Kampung Mahmud nyaéta Al-Qur’an jeung Sunah Rosul, cara méré ngaran ka budak anu karék lahir teu leupas tina hal kaislaman. Kabiasaan méré ngaran dumasar kana hukum palintangan teu pati dipercaya sabab lain kabiasaan anu lumrah, sok sanajan aya sawatara masarakat anu nyokot dadasar tina éta hal. Tapi lolobana, masarakat dina méré ngaran orok nu kakara lahir nyoko kana kaislaman, misal Amin, Zainal, jste. Tapi aya ogé ngaran-ngaran anu idéntik jeung kasundaan, saperti Dadang, Asép, tapi disatukangeunna ditambahan ngaran anu aya patalina jeung kasilaman. Dina hal panganténan di Kampung Mahmud mémang rada béda jeung daérah nu lianna. Sabab pipanganténeun téh asalna ti éta kampung, tapi ieu ogé lain mangrupa kabiasaan anu lumrah, ngan dina umumna saperti kitu. Dina nyorang panganténan saacanna aya waktu pikeun silih wanoh atawa téténjoan. Tapi éta hal tara lila, sabab pikeun nyingkahan hal-hal anu teu dipikahayang sarta ngajauhan hal anu pagedrug jeung ajaran Islam. Nalika lalaki jeung awéwé geus silih kenal sarta dina waktu anu cukup lila. Biasana ti kulawarga lalaki neundeun omong ka kulawarga awéwé. Sanggeus kitu kulawarga lalaki indit ngalamar awéwé nu dipimaksud pikeun mileuleuheung. Saupama ditarima biasana dituluykeun pikeun nangtukeun tanggal nikah anu geus disapukan ku dua kulawarga. Dina panganténan teu ngawajibkeun pikeun milih papacangan nu sarua asalna ti éta kampung, maksudna masarakat bisa néangan calon ti saluareun kampung adat. Dina milih calon papacangan aya ogé anu dipangnéangankeun ku kolotna, tapi éta hal lain mangrupa hiji kabiasaan anu kudu. Dina hakékatna, panganténan didasaran ku pada-pada bogoh lain sabab pilihan kolot. Anapon adat anu biasa dilakukeun dina panganténan nyaéta ngeuyeuk seureuh, meuleum harupat, nincak endog, sawér jarang dilakukeun ku masarakat Kampung Mahmud. Adat nu lianna nyaéta dina kapapaitan atawa dina nu maot. Upacara anu dilaksanakeun nalika salah saurang masarakat kapapaténan téh ku cara mulasara sacara Islam. Dina ieu upacara, aya tata cara anu dilakukeun pikeun mulasara layon, ngurebkeun, sarta sabada dikurebkeun. Dina tata cara mulasara layon nu mimiti nyaéta ngamandian layon ku salah saurang tokoh masarakat, satuluyna dikafanan, tuluy disolatkeun sarta dikurebkeun dumasar kana aturan Islam. Sabada dikurebkeun, peutingna biasa diayakeun tahlil nepi ka tujuh poéna. Dina tahlil biasana aya istilah husus nyaéta tileman atawa poé katiluna, tujuhna nyaéta poé katujuh, matang puluh nyaéta kaopat puluh, jeung natus atawa poé kasaratus. Sakumaha anu geus dijelaskeun saacanna, masarakat di Kampung Mahmud ngabogaan adat kabiasaan (adat istiadat) anu béda jeung wewengkon séjénna, hususna mah dina hal nyieun imah. Hal ieu dilantarankeun masarakat Kampung Mahmud miboga dadasar tradisi anu raket patalina jeung sikep atawa prilaku dina kahirupan sapopoé, ku kituna dina sagala aspék kahirupan dikaitkeun kana adat istiadat jeung kaperacayaan (sistem religi) anu dianut jeung dipercaya ku masarakatna. Bentuk imah masarakat Kampung Mahmud ngabogaan ciri has anu béda ti wewengkon séjén. Aya ogé anu ngabédakeun téh bisa ditilik tina bahan anu dipaké nyieun imah jeung cara dina nyieun imah. Cara anu jiga kitu di mumulé pisan ku masarakat Kampung Mahmud, lantaran lamun nepi ka ngarumpak adat dina ngadegkeun imah, boh dina tata cara nyieun imah boh dina ngagunakeun bahan pikeun imah bisa jadi mamala pikeun anu nyieun imah atawa kulawarga anu nyieun imah. Salasahiji conto lamun ngarumpak éta hal bakal ngabalukarkeun masalah dikulawarga atawa bakal aya musibah anu ngarandapan éta kulawarga. Tapi lamun ku urang ditalungtik tina struktur taneuh anu aya di Kampung Mahmud, mangrupa hiji daérah anu asalna tina ranca walungan citarum. Ku kituna, masarakat Kampung Mahmud boga kapercayaan teu meunang nyieun imah anu pageuh, ku sabab kondisi taneuh di daérah éta téh bisa ngabalukarkeun hiji musibah. Saacanna masarakat di dinya geus ngahubungkeun jeung mitos anu geus sumebar di daérahna, sakabéh imah anu aya di lingkungan masarakat Kampung Mahmud  mangrupa imah panggung. Ieu hal, dijalankeun ku masarakat Kampung Mahmud ti mimiti nu ngadegkeun Kampung Mahmud, nyaéta Embah Dalem Haji Abdul Manaf. Tapi lima taun katukang sesepuh Kampung Mahmud, Bapak H. Amin rék nyieun wangunan masjid tina témbok (permanén), ngayakeun listrik ka daérahna, mawa alat éléktronik saperti radio, jeung TV, salian ti éta rék nyieun sumur ogé jang kahirupan sapopoé. Tawasul jang karuhun mangrupa hal anu biasa dilakukeun ku masarakat Kampung Mahmud. Ieu tawasul ogé bisa dilaksanakeun nalika nyieun imah. Tujuan tawasul téh keur mundut izin jeung berkah ka karuhun anu geus ngabangun di wewengkon Kampung Mahmud sangkan dibéré kasalametan dina ngalakonan pagawéanana, ku kituna boh nu digawé boh kulawarga anu bakal nyicingan imah bakal dibéré berkah jeung kasalametan. Biasana tawasulan dilaksanakeun di tanah anu rék dibangun imah nalika mimiti mondasi. Tawasulan dilakukeun ku kulawarga anu rék ngabangun imah. Keluaraga anu rék ngabangun imah ngondang tatangga disabudeureunana jeung anu digarawé pikeun ngadu’a jeung munut kasalametan. Tawasulan dipimpin ku sesepuh kampung, bérés ngadu’a, acara dipungkas ku motong tumpeng babarengan anu disadiakeun ku tuan rumah. Upacara ritual nalika keur lumangsungna nyieun imah biasana dina waktu nyieun suhunan imah. Biasana diayakeun jiga upacara leutik, biasana nyadiakeun tumpeng atawa meuncit hayam. Terus ditambahan ogé bandéra beureum bodas anu engkena dipasang di tengah-tengah suhunan imah. Maksudna keur ngamerdékakeun imah téa. Carana, nalika suhunan bakal dipasang karék ngayakeun tawasulan ku cara meuncit hayam terus getih hayamna di usapkeun ka sakabéh tiang suhunan. Maranéhna boga kapercayaan ku cara kitu si imah bakal kuat jeung meuncit hayam dianggap sabagé hal jang ngajauhkeun musibah. Sanggeus bérés ngabangun imah, diayakeun upacara deui anu disebut salametan, acara ieu diayakeun ku sabab imah anu dibangun geus bérés jeung salamet tina hal anu teu dipikahayang. Dina upacara salametan biasana sok disadiakeun sangu tumpeng jeung kadaharan anu séjénna. Jalan jeung tata cara upacara salametan sarua jeung tawasulan saacan ngadegkeun imah. Dina upacara ieu téh dipingpin ku sesepuh atawa kuncén Kampung Mahmud. == Pakasaban Masarakat == Pakasaban masarakat Kampung Mahmud téh nyaéta tani, dagang, guru ngaji di Pasantrén, jeung mébel (nyieun korsi). Anu mahabu ayeuna nyaéta kana dagang jeung nyieun korsi. Dagang ku sabab loba sémah anu datang unggal poé keur ziarah ka makom anu aya di dinya. Ari mébel atawa nyieun korsi mah ti baheula gé geus dilaksanakeun, malah lolobana bisa dijual ka luar Bandung jeung luar nagri. Tani ayeuna geus teu loba deui ku sabab dijualan sawahna, kabita ku pangbibita duit. Aya anu dijual keur dijarieun pabrik jeung lolobana sawah jeung taneuh keur tani téh dijual keur pangwangunan tol Pasirkoja. Ieu hal geus jadi bukti yén masarakat Kampung Mahmud geus keuna ku pangbibita harta, najan aya kénéh anu tani tapi teu saloba jaman baheula saacan aya pangwangunan pabrik jeung nu séjénna. == Arsitéktur Imah == Dina ngabangun imah masarakat kudu nataharkeun heula bahan wangunan saperti kai, awi, jeung bilik. Barang-barang anu dipilih contona waé kai kudu dipilih sangkan meunang anu kuat, salian ti éta aya ogé kapercayaan yén kai bakal ngaluarkeun kakuatan magis. Nalika dipaluruh imah anu aya di Kampung Mahmud wangun imahna manjang atawa suhunanana panjang, ieu hal disababkeun ku hiji kulawarga anu anggota loba. Lamun ditilik tina legana, imah anu aya diKampung Mahmud rata-rata gararédé ti mimiti anu leutik ukuran 4X8 m nepi ka ukuran 10X20 m katambah boga buruan anu lega. Kabiasaan nyieun imah nu lega jeung gedé geus mangrupa tradisi masarakat Kampung Mahmud. Imah nu gedé jeung lega bisa méré kalaluasaan pikeun nu nyicinganana. ''Sirkulasi'' hawa ogé alus jeung jandéla-jandéla dipasang maké ukuran nu ''proporsional''. Disagédéngeun ti éta, imah ogé kasorot pisan ku panonpoé ku sabab tempat jandéla nu ngajajar manjang méré rohangan cahaya leuwih loba asupna. Tapi, buruan ukur di pager ku paseuk-paseuk tina awi, wates buruan nu hiji jeung nu séjéna padeukeut. Panyawéran ogé bisa dijadikeun salaku wates buruan imah nu hiji jeung nu séjéna. Wates imah nu kitu, aya dina kelompok imah nu deukeut jeung kolot, sedengkeun pikeun imah-imah nu aya di luar éta kelompok diwatesanan ku kebon. wangunan di Kampung Mahmud miboga ciri has anu béda jeung imah-imah séjén nyaéta dénah wangunan imah anu bentukna L.  Bentuk hateupna suhunan jolopong (suhunan lempeng atawa hateup pelana) nyaéta bentuk hateupna aya dua widang. Dua widang hateup ieu dipisahkeun ku leunjeuran kai lebah tengah wangunan imah. Bentuk hateup suhunan jolopong ieu kaayeunakeun di Kampung Mahmud loba anu geus diganti ku bentuk hateup juré atawa limasan (suhunan pondok) boh keur imah ku arsitektur tradisional atawa wangunan anu permanén. Ieu wangunan ditilik tina panto hareup imahna, kasohor ku istilah imah buka pongpok nyaéta imah anu ngabogaan panto arah asupna sajajar jeung salah sahiji tungtung watang suhunan. Mun dititénan ti bagian hareup imaha, anu kaciri téh nyaéta widang hateup segitigana. Salian ti imah keur dicicingan ogé aya wangunan masjid anu diwangun ku konstruksi imah panggung jeung balé wangunan anyar anu diwangun kira-kira bulan Agustus 2001, tapi boh konstruksi atawa bentukna nuturkeun imah anu aya di Kampung Mahmud nyaéta imah panggung jeung dénah anu bentukna L. Bahan wangunana lolobana tina awi anu mangrupa bahan konstruksi imah tradisional, hususna di Kampung Mahmud. Ku ayana kamekaran jaman, kai ogé bisa dijadikeun bahan pikeun nyieun wangunan, nepi ka dina pangaweruh tradisional, rupa-rupa kai bisa dianggap ngabogaan kakuatan goib. Bahan-bahan kai kudu diperhatikeun dina nyieun imah. Dina nataharkeun bahan-bahan sok maké hal-hal nu sipatna magis, nyaéta ngalakukeun tawasulan heula. Nalika nyieun imah, masarakat Kampung Mahmud nyayagakeun bahan wangunan nu geus pantes, boh dina segi kakuatan boh dina jenis bahanna, tuluy ditawasulan. Ku ayana tawasulan dipiharep bisa ngadatangkeun kakuatan magis jeung kakuatan séjéna ti alam goib. Ku sabab, awi dijieun bahan nyieun imah saméméh kai nu sipatna ''lentur'' jeung kuat. Awi anu pangalusna digunakeun pikeun bagian kontruksi nu sékunder, saperti bahan usuk, réng atawa bagian awi irateun bahan anyaman. Sacara rinci mah bahan wangunan anu aya di Kampung Mahmud nyaéta: 1) Hateup     Bagian wangunan imah anu guna pikeun nutupan imah bagian luhur jeung hateup téh ditutupna kudu ngagunakeun kenténg taneuh. 2) Plafon/lalangit     Plafon/lalangitna dijieun tina anyaman awi (bilik) 3)  Tihang     Dijieunna tina kai, keur pondasi tihang digunakeun batu tatapakan anu jangkungna kira-kira 50&nbsp;cm. 4)  Bilik     Bilikna dijieun tina anyaman awi (bilik), salian ti dingding bilik digunakeun ogé dingding papan. 5)  Jandéla     Panutup jandéla dijieunna tina kai. == Kasenian di Kampung Mahmud == Patali jeung kahirupan Kampung Adat Mahmud anu raket pisan jeung religiutas, produk kasenianana ogé tinangtu moal jauh tina éta kabiasaan. Kasenian anu mekar di ieu kampung téh nyaéta terbang. Ieu kasenian biasana dipagelarkeun dina raraga miéling poé-poé kaislaman jeung poé anu dianggap penting dumasar kaparcayaan masarakatna. Terbang miboga udagan pikeun nepikeun dakwah jeung ajén-ajén para ''Waliyullah'' (wali Alloh). Wangun kasenianana mangrupa adumanis antara musik jeung syair anu eusina qasidahan atawa pupujian. Alat musik anu dipaké dina terbang nyaéta dogdog, kecrék, kalayan dominasi tagoni tina sababaraha ukuran. Tinangtu tina unggal ukuran ngahasilkeun galidengna sora anu has. Pamaén terbang ngahiji dina beungkeutan grup seni anu kabéhdieunakeun bisa minton dina kariaan masarakat, saperti khitanan jeung nikahan. Najan eusina dakwah, nuturkeun kamekaran jaman terbang bisa dipintonkeun minangka hiburan anu Islami. ==Pantrangan-pantrangan nu Aya di Kampung Mahmud== Loba pantrangan nu lumaku di ieu kampung saperti ulah aya gedong atawa imah nu diwangun tina témbok, teu meunang aya [[kaca]], [[bedug]], [[sumur]], [[kenténg]] jeung [[goong]] gedé.<ref name="penemuan"/> Salian ti éta, di ieu kampung ogé pantrang pisan ngukut [[soang]] jeung [[embé]].<ref name="penemuan"/> Kiwari, éta aturan téh loba dirempak ku masarakat anu lain asli turunan Mahmud (pendatang), nepi ka loba mamala anu karandapan ku nu wani ngarempak éta aturan, ti mimiti gering parna nepi ka maotna, ekonomina euweuh kamajuan turta aya nu nepi ka pirak jeung salaki atawa pamajikanana.<ref name="penemuan"/> Ti mimiti taun [[1985]]-an, walungan Citarum geus mimiti kakeunaan ku kokotor ti pabrik, nepi ka cai walungan téh kotor tur teu bisa dipaké pikeun kahirupan sapopoé, balukarna mah sumur nu tadina dipantrang aya bisa dijieun di éta kampung.<ref name="penemuan"/> Pikeun nyieun éta sumur, teu sagawayah kitu waé, tapi kudu meunang heula widi ti para éyang.<ref name="penemuan"/> ku lantaran kitu saméméh nyieun éta sumur, para kuncén (sesepuh) di éta kampung ngalaksanakeun heula tawasul.<ref name="penemuan"/> [[Gambar:Makom Mahmud.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Gerbang ka Makom Mahmud]] [[Gambar:Tugu Mahmud.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Tugu Mahmud. Wates Balandongan jeung Kampung Mahmud]] ==Lembur Sabudeureun Kampung Mahmud== Loba lembur nu aya di sabudeureun kampung Mahmud ieu, misalna aya nu disebut [[Balandongan]] nu mangrupa buruan atawa panyawéran Mahmud, wates ti Balandongan ka Kampung Mahmud nyaéta [[Tugu Mahmud]].<ref name="penemuan"/> Aya ogé pameuntasan, lembur nu kaliliwatan nalika meuntas walungan Citarum.<ref name="penemuan"/> Salian ti éta, di beulah kuloneun kampung Mahmud, aya nu disebut [[Cigondéwa]].<ref name="penemuan"/> Asal muasal disebut Cigondéwa alatan baheula aya buta anu ngamuk tur teu teurak ku naon waé, nepi ka aya hiji gondéwa sakti anu bisa ngéléhkeun éta buta.<ref name="penemuan"/> Tapi aya salah sahiji jamparing nu keuna kana taneuh nepi ka bijil cai tina éta taneuh. ti saprak harita éta lembur dingaranan Cigondéwa.<ref name="penemuan"/> == Kahirupan Masarakat == Sakumaha anu geus dijelaskeun saacanna, masarakat di kampung Mahmud ngabogaan adat kabiasaan (adat istiadat) anu béda jeung wewengkon séjénna, hususna mah dina hal nyieun imah. Hal ieu dilantarankeun masarakat kampung Mahmud miboga dadasar tradisi anu raket patalina jeung sikep atawa prilaku dina kahirupan sapopoé, ku kituna dina sagala aspék kahirupan dikaitkeun kana adat istiadat jeung kaperacayaan (sistem religi) anu dianut jeung dipercaya ku masarakatna. Bentuk imah masarakat kampung Mahmud ngabogaan ciri has anu béda ti wewengkon séjén. Aya ogé anu ngabédakeun téh bisa ditilik tina bahan anu dipaké nyieun imah jeung cara dina nyieun imah. Cara anu jiga kitu di mumulé pisan ku masarakat kampung Mahmud, lantaran lamun nepi ka ngarumpak adat dina ngadegkeun imah, boh dina tata cara nyieun imah boh dina ngagunakeun bahan pikeun imah bisa jadi mamala pikeun anu nyieun imah atawa keluarga anu nyieun imah. Salasahiji conto lamun ngarumpak hal éta bakal aya masalah dikuluwarga atawa bakal aya musibah anu ngarandapan éta keluarga. Tapi lamun ku urang ditalungtik tina struktur taneuh anu aya di kampung Mahmud, mangrupa hiji daérah anu asalna tina ranca ti walungan citarum anu ngurililingan éta wewengkon. Ku kituna masarakat kampung Mahmud boga kapercayaan teu meunang nyieun imah anu pageuh, ku sabab kondisi taneuh di daérah éta téh bisa ngabalukarkeun hiji musibah. Saacanna masarakat di dinya geus ngahubungkeun jeung mitos anu geus sumebar di daérah maranéhna, sakabéh imah anu aya di lingkungan masarakat kampung Mahmud mangrupa imah panggung. Hal ieu dijalankeun ku masarakat kampung Mahmud ti mimiti nu ngadegkeun kampung Mahmud, nyaéta Embah Dalem Haji Abdul Manaf. Tapi lima taun katukang sesepuh kampung Mahmud, Bapak H. Amin rék nyieun wangunan masjid tina témbok (permanen), ngasupkeun listrik ka daérahna, ngasupkeun alat éléktronik saperti radio, jeung TV, salian ti éta ek nyieun sumur ogé jang kahirupan sapopoé. Dina ngabangun imah masarakat kudu nataharkeun heula bahan wangunan saperti kai, awi, jeung bilik. Barang-barang anu dipilih contona waé kai kudu dipilih sangkan meunang anu kuat, salian ti éta téh aya ogé kapercayaan yén kai bakal ngaluarkeun kakuatan magis. Nalika dipaluruh imah anu aya di kampung Mahmud bentuk imahna manjang atawa suhunanana panjang, hal ieu disababkeun jang hiji kaluarga anu anggota loba. Lamun ditilik tina legana, imah anu aya dikampung Mahmud rata-rata gararédé ti mimiti anu leutik ukuran 4X8 m nepi ka ukuran 10X20 m katambah boga buruan anu lega. Tawasul jang karuhun mangrupa hal anu geus biasa dilakukeun ku masarakat kampung Mahmud. Tawasul ieu ogé bisa dilaksanakeun nalika nyieun imah. Tujuan tawasul ieu munut izin jeung berkah ka karuhun anu geus ngabangun di wewengkon kampung Mahmud sangkan dibéré kasalametan dina ngalakonan pagawéanana, ku kituna boh nu digawé boh keluarga anu bakal nyicingan imah bakal dibéré berkah jeung kasalamtéhn. Biasana tawasulan dilaksanakeun di tanah anu rék dibangun imah nalika mimiti mondasi. Tawasulan dilakukeun ku keluaraga anu rék ngabangun imah. Keluaraga anu rék ngabangun imah ngondang tatangga disabudeureunana jeung anu digarawé pikeun ngado’a jeung munut kasalametan. Tawasulan dipimpin ku sesepuh kampung, bérés ngado’a, acara dipungkas ku motong tumpeng babarengan anu disadiakeun ku tuan rumah. Upacara ritual nalika keur lumangsungna nyieun imah biasana dina waktu nyieun suhunan imah. Biasana diayakeun jiga upacara leutik, biasana nyadiakeun tumpeng atawa meuncit hayam. Terus ditambahan ogé bandéra beureum bodas anu engkena dipasang di tengah-tengah suhunan imah. Maksudna nyaéta jang ngamerdekakeun imah téa. Carana nyaéta nalika suhunan bakal dipasang karék ngayakeun tawasulan ku cara meuncit hayam terus getih hayamna di usapkeun ka sakabéh tiang suhunan. Maranéhna boga kapercayaan ku cara kitu si imah bakal kuat jeung meuncit hayam dianggap sabagé hal jang ngajauhkeun musibah. Sanggeus bérés ngabangun imah, diayakeun upacara deui anu disebut salametan, acara ieu diayakeun ku sabab imah anu dibangun geus bérés jeung salamet tina hal anu teu dipikahayang. Dina upacara salametan biasana sok disadiakeun sangu tumpeng jeung kadaharan anu séjénna. Jalan jeung tata cara upacara salametan sarua jeung tawasulan saacan ngadegkeun imah. Dina upacara ieu téh dipingpin ku sesepuh atawa kuncén kampung Mahmud. '''Robahna cara hirup masarakat''' Sacara umum pantrangan dikelompokeun kana lingkup adat istiadat, ngan salian ngabogaan sipat-sipat anu leuwih husus jeung leuwih cocog lamun diasupkeun kana sistem kapercayaan. Tabu anu artina hiji usaha pikeun ngajauhan hiji hal anu rék dipilampah, sabab lamun nepi ka dipilampah bakal ngabalukarkeun hal anu kurang alus. Pantrangan mangrupa hukum sosial anu dipaksakeun sacara sakral, sarta ngabogaan sangsi dina kahirupan masarakat pikeun saha waé anu ngarumpakna. Sangkan pantrangan angger dipaké, ku kituna kudu aya anu di pikahormat jeung dihargaan ku sakabéh masarakat salaku anu nyepeng otoritas. Dikampung Mahmud anu nyekel otoritas téh sesepuh kampung atawa kuncén. Ku kituna pantrangan mangrupa salasahiji sistem religi anu asalana tina sistem kapercayaan masarakat. Dina pasualan anu mangrupa pantrangan, kampung Mahmud ngabogaan hiji hal anu istiméwa jeung béda ti daérah sejen. Nurutkeun informan, hal ieu teu dikaitkeun jeung ajaran agama, tapi dikaitkeun jeung ucapan anu pernah diucapkeun ku luluhurna baheula, nyaéta Eyang Abdul Manaf. Tina omonganana aya anu asup akal aya ogé anu teu asup akal. Aya ogé sababaraha pantrangan anu husus jang kampung Mahmud dianatarana waé ny éta teu meunang nyieun imah tina témbok, teu meunang nyieun imah maké kaca, teu meunang nabeuh goong, teu meunang ngukut soang, jeung teu meunang nyieun sumur. Pantrangan kahiji,kadua,jeung kalima teu ngabogaan kasang tukang. Aya ogé pantrangan anu katilu jeung kaopat ngabogaan kasang tukang yén baheula dikampung Mahmud jadi panyumputan Walanda, ku kituna tempat ieu kudu jauh tinu ramé. Lamun nabeuh goong jeung ngukut soang bisa ngaganggu. Ku ayana larangan kitu, kampung Mahmud can pernah kadatangan ku nu ngajajah. Nepi ka ayeuna amanat anu mangrupa pantrangan ti leluhur dicepeng pisan ku masarakatna. Maranéhna teu wani ngarumpak kabéh aturan jeung pantrangan. Kabuktian tina imah-imahna euweuh anu ditémbok jeung maké kaca, teu ngukut soang, jeung teu pernah nabeuh goong gedé, boh anu mangrupa kasenian degung atawa wayang golék boh anu heunteu ngandung unsure kasenian. Cenah lamun nepi aya anu ngarumpak bakal aya musibah anu ngarandapan masarakat kampung Mahmud. Komo deui saacan taun 1960an barang éléktronik jiga radio jeung tv teu pernah asup. Pernah kajadian nalika ngahurungkeun radio, éta radio téh kalah jadi ancur. Dina taun 1987, Haji Amin (Alm), nyobaan nyieun masjid tina témbok jeung maké kaca. Saacanna manéhna puasa heula jeung ngadoa salila 40 poé, munut izin ka karuhun. Ku kituna ngabangun masjid lancar jeung keluarga nagé teu ngalaman musibah nanaon. Tapi jang imah pribadi manéhna teu wani ngarumpak amanat karuhun. Hiji hal anu nyieun anéh masarakat séjén, pamaréntah, jeung ilmuwan nyaéta nalika walungan Citarum banjir gedé anu ngeueum sababaraha wewemgkon wilayah, kampung Mahmud mah teu keuna ku banjir. Padahal lamun ditilik tina posisi daérah jeung luhurna dataran, kampung Mahmud geus pasti kakeueum banjir ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Tempat]] [[Kategori:Kampung Adat]] ogb290ir8z90dco5ewrskzcnvezf1zz 0 33752 731842 710620 2026-11-08T11:43:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Boots 1 by wax115.jpg|thumb|150px|right]] '''Sapatu''' nyaéta alat pikeun ngabungkus suku anu biasana dijieunna tina [[kulit]] atawa bahan séjén , biasanya aya bagian sol,hak, kap, tur [[tali]]. Sapatu biasana dikelompokeun dumasar fungsina, saperti sapatu résmi(pesta), sapatu santai (kasual),sapatu dansa, sapatu olahraga, tur sapatu pikeun gawe<ref name="sumber1">{{Cite web |url=http://bahasa.cs.ui.ac.id/kbbi/kbbi.php?keyword=sepatu&varbidang=all&vardialek=all&varragam=all&varkelas=all&submit=tabel/ngeunaan |title=sapatu(16 oktober 2011) |accessdate=2011-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031105958/https://bahasa.cs.ui.ac.id/kbbi/kbbi.php?keyword=sepatu&varbidang=all&vardialek=all&varragam=all&varkelas=all&submit=tabel/ngeunaan |archivedate=2020-10-31}}</ref>.Sapatu berfungsi teu pikeun alas kaki wungkul, tapi ogé geus jadi bagéan tina penampilan seséorang. == Sajarah sapatu == Sapatu anu maké sol karet mimiti dijieun tur dibéré ngaran ''Plimsolls'' [[1892]] ''Goodyear'' sarta perusahaan sapatu karet divisi ti ''US Rubber Company'', mulai ngaproduksi sapatu karet jeung dina bahan kanvas maké ngaran anu béda-béda tur anu ahirna ditantukeun yén Keds nyaéta ngaran anu paling alus.<ref name="sumber2">[http://www.klikunic.com/2011/09/sejarah-lengkap-asal-muasal-sepatucek.html/ngeunaan sapatu(16 oktober 2011)]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[1908]] ''Marquis M. Converse'' ngadegkeun ''Converse shoe company'', anu ngarevolusi olahraga bola basket leuwih ti saabad tur jadi ikon Amérika.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1917]] Sapatu keds nyaéta sapatu atletik munggaran anu diproduksi sacara massal. terus sapatu ieu engkena bakal disebut snéakers ku Henry Nelson McKinney, saurang agen periklanan pikeun ''N.W. Ayer & Son'', sabab solna leuwih halus tur teu ngaluarkeun sora decitan.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1917]] Converse ngaluarkeun sapatu basket anu munggaran ''the Converse All Star''.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1920]] ''Adi Dassler'', anu ngadegkeun Adidas, mimiti ngaproduksi sapatu olahraga buatan sorangan di kamar mandi indungna tur teu ngagunakeun alat-alat listrik.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1923]] ''The All Star'' méré kasempatan ka ''Chuck Taylor All Star'', pikeun nyieun sapatu anu merkna ''Chucks'', ''Cons'', ''Connies''. Sapatu ieu kajual leuwih ti 744 juta di 144 negara.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1924]] ''Adi'' jeung ''Rudolph Dassler'', sarta bantuan 50 anggota kulawargana, ngadaftarkeun bisnisna kalayan maké ngaran ''Gebr der Dassler Schuhfabrik'' di ''Herzogenaurach'', [[Jerman]]. ieu jadi munggaran ngaadegna [[Adidas]] saperti kiwari ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1931]] Adidas munggaran ngapruduksi sapatu [[tenis]].<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1935]] ''Converse'' ngarilis ''the Jack Purcell'' maké logo [[Smile]] di bagian hareupna. Sapatu éta jadi makin dikenal di Hollywood tur di kalangan barudak baong, nanging dina taun [[1930]], nalika badminton sarta tenis jadi terkenal, ''Jack Purcell'' ngan tinggal sajarah.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1948]] Puma ''Schuhfabrik Rudolf Dassler'' ngadeug di dunia tur ngawanohkeun puma Atom, sapatu maen bola munggarn puma digunakeun ku ''tim sepakbola Jerman Barat''.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1950]] • Snéakers jadi sapatu pilihan di mamana tur jadi simbol ti pemberontakan. Murah sarta gampang dipibenang ku barudak ngora di seluruh dunia. Di ''U.S. cheerleaders'' ngagunakeun swéaters, rok mini tur kaos kaki pendek kalayan sapatu tur atasan canvas (atau keds). ''The fashion'' sacara resmi dikenalkeun nalika ''James Dean'' difoto ngagunakeun calana jinsna tur snéakers bodas. [[1962]] ''Phil Knight'' jeung ''Bill Bowerman'' ngaluarkeun sapatu atletik berteknologi tinggi (dina taunna) ''Blue Ribbon Sports'' sarta dina taun 1968 sajalan jeung design tur teknologina anu anayr, nganti ngaranna jadi ''Nike''.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1970]] • ''Platform shoes'' kalayan tuur saluhur 2-5 inci jadi inceran lalaki sarta awewe. • éra [[70-an]] ogé mangrupa awal pikeun sapatu modél bakiak jadi populer.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1972]] Logo Adidas ngalaman parobahan kalayan maké konsép ''Trefoil Logo'' nyaéta logo visual tilu [[daun]] kerangkai.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1979]] ''Nike'' nyiptakeun seri ''Nike Air'' anu munggaran. Terus dina taun [[1982]] dirilis ''Air Force One'', tur ngaluncurkeun ''si legendaris'' ''Nike Air Jordan'' [[1985]] anu mangrupa hiji ''achievement'' pikeun ''the rookie of Chicago Bulls'', [[Michael Jordan]] nepika ''Nike Air Max'' dina taun [[1987]].<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1990]] Awal éra ieu diramekeun ku jenis sapatu anu solna rata, warna-warni tur persegi. Nanging platform shoes berjaya deui .<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1995]] muséum sapatu Bata di Toronto, Kanada resmi dibuka dina bulan [[Mei]].<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1996]] Adidas ngalakukeun modérnisasi kalayan konsép ''We knew then-we know now'' anu ngagambarkeun kasuksesan masa kamari tur kajayaan masa kiwari <ref name="sumber2"/>. [[1998-2001]] Sapatu lars jadi salah sahiji simbol paling populer ti Orde Baru anu militeristik.<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[2006-2008]] Modél wedges shoes cocok jeung loba jenis jenis outfit, warp tur strappy shoes jadi inceran awewe.<ref name="sumber2"/>. = Referensi = {{reflist}} == Tutumbu kaluar == {{wikiquote|Sapatu}} {{commons|Shoes}} {{wiktionarypar|sapatu}} * [http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/ Kabéh ngeunaan sapatu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005164952/http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/ |date=2022-10-05 }}—[[Musium Sapatu Bata]] paméran onlén ngeunaan sajarah tur rupa-rupa sarampah * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813085112/http://www.footwearhistory.com/ Sajarah sarampah] * [http://www.i18nguy.com/l10n/shoes.html Grapik Konvérsi Ukuran Sapatu Internasional], ti ramatloka i18nguy, nawarkeun inpormasi leuwih jero. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130301225541/http://www.schuh-lexikon.de/en/shoe-care.html Parawatan sapatu] * [https://www.candefashions.com/about/glossary-of-shoe-terms/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083936/https://www.candefashions.com/about/glossary-of-shoe-terms/ |date=2022-03-19 }} - glosarium gumambar bagéan tur gaya sapatu {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Sarampah]] iwzcwsqx6h1mdhjhya4b6l10lr9rxko 0 33811 731827 654492 2026-11-08T11:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een ronggeng danseres met muzikanten TMnr 60027229.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Ronggéng jeung nayaga jaman baheula]] '''Ronggéng Gunung''' nyaéta kasenian has Ciamis anu biasa digelar di buruan imah nalika aya anu hajat kawinan, sunatan, atawa samalah di huma, kebon, upamana nalika dibutuhkeun pikeun upacara ngawuluku atawa melak paré.<ref name="Yuliana">Yuliana, Cendi. 2008. ''Kesenian Daerah dan Lagu-lagu Daerah''. Surakarta: Widya Duta Grafika.</ref> Durasi pamentasan Ronggéng Gunung biasana kaitung lila, kalan-kalan kakara réngsé nalika waktu maju ka subuh.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Jalma anu kagabung dina kelompok kasenian Ronggéng Gunung biasana antara genep tepi ka 10 urang, sanajan kitu osok ogé silitukeun atawa siliinjeum pamaén ti kelompok nu lian.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Biasana siliinjeum pamaén téh pikeun meunangkeun sindén lulugu, nyaéta awéwé anu umurna geus kolot, tapi hadé dina ngawihna.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Manéhna boga pancén midangkeun lagu-lagu nu geus ditangtukeun anu teu bisa dipidangkeun ku sindén séjén biasa.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Waditra anu digunakeun pikeun mirig tari Ronggéng Gunung nyaéta ktuk tilu siki, goong, jeung gendang.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Pikeun jadi ronggéng dina jaman baheula henteu gampang kawas ayeuna.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Rupaning sarat kudu dicumponan di antarana pangawakan kudu hadé, puasa 40 poé anu bukana téh ukur ngadahar cau raja dua siki.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Latihan napas pikeun ngahadéan sora, raga, jeung rohani, tur diaping ku ahlina.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Lian ti éta, umumna ronggéng kudu taat kana aturan teu meunang waka kawin, ku sabab kitu ronggéng téh kudu lanjang atawa randa.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Kamekaran Ronggéng Gunung dina période [[1904]] tepi ka [[1945]] loba ngésér ajén-ajénna.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Upamana, cara ngahormat anu asalna mah neueulkeun leungeun kana dada diganti ku sasalaman.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Tungtungna cara sasalaman ieu loba disalahgunakeun, lalaki anu ngigelan ronggéng lain wungkul sasalaman tapi ogé tepi ka nyium, ngaragap babagian awak séjénna, samalah kalan-kalan ronggéng dibawa ka tempat suni.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Ku sabab teu saluyu jeung adat-istiadat, dina taun [[1948]] kasenian Ronggéng Gunung dilarang minton hareupeun umum.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Kakara dina taun [[1950]] kasenian Ronggéng Gunung dihirupkeun deui kalawan aya parobahan, boh dina ibingna, boh dina organisasina, nepi ka kamungkinan timbulna hal-hal négatif bisa dicegah.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Pikeun nyegah pandangan négatif ngeunaan Ronggéng Gunung ieu, dilarapkeun aturan-aturan anu ngalarang ayana kontak fisik langsung antara ronggéng jeung nu ngigelanana.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Sawatara adegan anu bisa ngajurus kana laku négatif saperti nyium atawa ngaragap ronggéng dilarang sama sakali.<ref name="Yuliana" /> Aturan ieu téh diayakeun sangkan euweuh anggapan masarakat yén ronggéng idéntik jeung awéwé purah ngagoda lalaki.<ref name="Yuliana" /> ==Régenerasi Ronggéng== Ieu salah sahiji acara régenerasi ronggéng di [[Ciamis]] lumangsung tanggal 1 Oktober [[2011]], diayakeun ku Disbudpar Jawa Barat: Awéwé ngaran Pejoh, tokoh konci anu baris ngistrénan sajumlahing ronggéng ngora anu bakal ngawaris kasenian Ronggéng Gunung dina mangsa nu bakal datang.<ref name="disparbud">Pandu Radea. "Para Pewaris Ronggeng Gunung" dina http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/applications/frontend/index.php?mod=news&act=showdetail&id=345 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817130121/http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/applications/frontend/index.php?mod=news&act=showdetail&id=345 |date=2019-08-17 }}, diaksés 17 Oktober 2011</ref> Calon ronggéng ngarora anu sapopoé diasuh ku Néng Peking peuting éta didaulat pikeun neruskeun amanat karuhun, ngibing jeung ngawih [[wawangsalan]] buhun Déwi Siti samboja.<ref name="disparbud" /> Peristiwa budaya anu digelar di Pondok Wisata Disbudpar Pangandaran, malem Minggu 1 Oktober [[2011]] digagas ku Disbudpar Provinsi Jawa Barat kalawan tajuk kagiatan “Pagelaran Hasil Pewarisan Kepesindenan dalam Ronggeng Gunung”.<ref name="disparbud" /> Bi Pejoh salaku maéstro Ronggéng Gunung didaulat salaku guru anu ngawariskeun seni Ronggéng Gunung.<ref name="disparbud" /> kasempetan anu langka ieu téh sakaligus jadi titik balik pikeun Bi Pejoh minton deui hareupeun umum, sanggeus welasan taun eureun ngaronggéng.<ref name="disparbud" /> Pikeun Disbudpar, ieu kagiatan dipiharep bisa ngawewegan sumanget generasi ngora pikeun leuwih mikawanoh, neuleuman, jeung ngahirupkeun deui kasenian Ronggéng Gunung, sakaligus ngaronjatkeun citra pariwisata [[Pangandaran]].<ref name="disparbud" /> Kagiatan diropéa tepi ka katémbong ajén-ajén sakral mangsa baheula.<ref name="disparbud" /> Menyan jeung sasajén diteundeun hareupeun panggung, nandakeun yén éta kagiatan lain samata-mata sérémonial.<ref name="disparbud" /> Kagiatan ngawaris dilaksanakeun soréna saméméh kagiatan inti dimimitian.<ref name="disparbud" /> Sawatara rumaja putri binaan Néng Peking miluan ritual [[siraman]] anu diluluguan langsung ku Bi Pejoh.<ref name="disparbud" /> Sanggeus acara ngawaris réngsé, peutingna dipagelarkeun Ronggéng Gunung, Bi Pejoh minton deui bareng jeung Néng Peking katut murid-muridna.<ref name="disparbud" /> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Seni Sunda]] sh21duqcub5xgncr3rst0dfylf2pkwy 0 33831 731828 680303 2026-11-08T11:12:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:RS Dustira tampak depan 01.jpg|jmpl|RS Dustira Cimahi]] '''Rumah Sakit Dustira''' nyaéta [[rumah sakit]] anu aya di kota [[Cimahi]] pasna di Jalan Jalan Dr Dustira No 1 [[Cimahi]]. RS Dustira dibangun taun [[1887]] anu ngaran mimitina nyaéta ''Milifaire Hospital''dijadikeun rumah sakit militer (Militare Hospital) dina masa penjajahan Hindia-Belanda <ref name="sumber1">{{Cite web |url=http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=93&lang=id(17 |title=oktober 2011) |accessdate=2011-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817123626/http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=93&lang=id(17 |archivedate=2019-08-17}}</ref>. Dina jaman pendudukan Jepang [[1942]]-[[1945]], rumah sakit ieu dipergunakeun jadi tempat perawatan tawanan tentara Belanda tur parawatan tentara Jepang <ref name="sumber1"/>.Terus dina taun [[1945]]-[[1947]] dikuasai deui ku [[NICA]]<ref name="sumber1"/>. dina pas parayaan poé milangkala ''territorium III/Siliwangi'' anu ka-10, dina taun 1956 digenti ngaran jadi Rumah Sakit Dustira dicandak ti ngaran Mayor [[Dokter]] ''Dustira Prawiraamidjaya'', saurang Dokter kalahiran [[Tasikmalaya]] [[25 Juli]] [[1919]]<ref name="sumber1"/>. [[Kolonel Kawilarang]] netepkeun ngaran rumah sakit ieu ku ngaran Rumah Sakit Dustira. Hal éta dilakukeun salaku wujud panghargaan ka jasa-jasa ''Mayor dr. Dustira Prawiraamidjaya'' anu tos nunjukkeun itikad sarta patriotismena dina mantuan para pajuang di medan peperangan tur méré pertolongan pikeun para korban peperangan, utamana pikeun wilayah atawa front Padalarang <ref name="sumber1"/>. Kiwari rumah sakit ieu jadi kebanggaan prajurit di wilayah [[Kodam III/Siliwangi]] tur jadi rumah sakit rujukan paling luhur ku sabab bisa ngupayakeun pelayanan kesehatan kuratif sarta rehabilitatif anu terpadu kalayan palaksanaan kagiatan kesehatan promotif dan preventif.nepaka kiwari , fungsi ti Rumah Sakit Dustira nyaéta jadi rumah sakit. ==Fasilitas di Rumah Sakit Tk. II Dustira== fasilitas di rumah sakit ieu lumayan cuku lengkap mulai ti ruang ''unit gawat darurat'' (UGD)anu muka 24 jam,rawat jalan,rawat inap,ruang ''intensif care unit'' (ICU),instalasi pendidikan sarta kedokteran kehakiman dan forensik.<ref name="sumber2">[http://www.anneahira.com/rumah-sakit-dustira.htm(18 oktober 2011)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. == Palayanan Rawat Jalan == Rumah Sakit Tk. II Dustira [[Kota Cimahi|Cimahi]] ngabogaan 23 Poliklinik palayanan rawat jalan jeung 4 Poliklinik pangrojong. === 23 Poliklinik === # Poli Anak # Poli Tumbuh Kembang Anak # Poli Talasemia # Poli Penyakit Dalam # Poli Bedah #* Bedah Umum #* Bedah Urologi #* Bedah Orthopedi #* Bedah Syaraf #* Bedah Plastik # Poli Obstetric & Gynaecology # Poli Panyakit Jantung # Poli Panyakit Gigi & Mulut # Poli Panyakit Mata # Poli Jiwa # Poli Panyakit Syaraf # Poli Panyakit THT # Poli Kulit jeung Kelamin # Poli VCT # Poli DOTS # Poli Geriatri # Poli Paru # Poli Gizi # IGD # Hemodialisa # Endoskopi # Akupunktur # Kateterisasi Jantung ===   4 Poliklinik Pangrojong === # Fisioterapi # Laboratorium # Radiologi # Lab PCR<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://rsdustira.com//PublishPMCU|title=RUMAH SAKIT TK.II 03.05.01 DUSTIRA|website=rsdustira.com|accessdate=2022-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123070113/http://rsdustira.com/PublishPMCU |date=2022-01-23 }}</ref> == Palayanan Rawat Inap == # Ruang Teratai # Ruang Bougenvile # Ruang Sakura # Ruang Melati # Ruang Mawar # Ruang Dahlia # Ruang Anggrek # Ruang Asoka 1 # Ruang Asoka 2 # Cempaka # Kenanga # Kemuning # Ruang Wijayakusuma # Ruang Anyelir # Ruang Seruni # Ruang Flamboyan # ICU / ICCU # Ruang Isolasi Covid 19 # Paviliun Siliwangi # Paviliun Pelangi : #* Pav.Gardenia #* Pav.Edelweis #* Pav.Lavender #* Pav.Aster #* Pav.Alamanda #* Pav.Rosela #* Pav.Tulip<ref name=":0" /> == Instalasi Gawat Darurat == Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) ngabogaan palayanan 24 jam jeung doktor jaga, paramedis profesional sarta didukung ku doktor spesialis. Sasabaraha fasilitas di IGD: * Ambulan sasuai jeung Standar Akreditasi * Radiologi * Laboratorium * Bank Darah * Farmasi / Apotek<ref name=":0" /> == Medical Check Up == Medical Check Up Rumah Sakit Dustira ngalayanan: * Pamariksaan Individu / Perorangan * Pamariksaan kasehatan calon TNI / POLRI / PNS / STPDN * Pamariksaan Instansi Pamarentah /  Swasta * Pamariksaan Calon Legislatif<ref name=":0" /> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Rumah sakit]] 6ct21rtislbe8ak9nuljn439t8yo0kq 0 33901 731845 661272 2026-11-08T11:52:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731845 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Sate kambing sate ayam.JPG|thumb|Saté embé jeung saté hayam]] '''Saté''' nyaéta [[daging]] anu dikeureutan sagedé-gedé [[indung leungeun]] sarta dicolok ku [[sujén]], diasakanana dibeuleum dina luhureun [[ruhak]].<ref name="Kamus">Danadibrata,R.A.(2006).Kamus Basa Sunda.Bandung: Kiblat Buku Utama.</ref> Ilaharna saté maké daging saperti [[daging]] [[embé]], [[kelenci]], [[domba]], jeung [[sapi]].<ref name="Kamus"/> ==Rupa-Rupa Saté== # [[Saté hayam]] nyaéta kadaharan khas [[Indonésia]].<ref name="sate"/> Saté hayam dijieun tina daging hayam.<ref name="sate"/> Umumna dimasak ku cara dibeuleum ku [[areng]], maké bumbu [[kacang]] atawa bumbu [[kécap]].<ref name="sate">[http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?p=417737326 Asal muasal Sate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130180326/http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?p=417737326 |date=2024-11-30 }} (Dicutat tanggal 21 Oktober 2011)</ref> # [[Saté lilit]], nyaéta saté bahan dasarna [[udang]], ieu kadaharan téh khas [[Bali]].<ref name="sate5">[http://inforesep.com/resep-sate-lilit-bali.html Sate Lilit Bali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014130243/http://inforesep.com/resep-sate-lilit-bali.html |date=2011-10-14 }} (Dicutat tanggal 21 Oktober 2011)</ref> # [[Saté maranggi]], nyaéta saté tina daging sapi.<ref name="sate4">[http://yosieandrearizky.com/tag/asal-sate-maranggi Sate Maranggi]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Dicutat tanggal 21 Oktober 2011)</ref> Saté maranggi ngandung saeutik kolesterolna.<ref name="sate3">[http://www.indosiar.com/ragam/79740/sate-maranggi-sambal-oncom Sate Maranggi Sambal Oncom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028071430/http://indosiar.com/ragam/79740/sate-maranggi-sambal-oncom |date=2011-10-28 }} (Dicutat tanggal 21 Oktober 2011)</ref> # [[Saté gembrung]] atawa [[saté jeprét]], nyaéta saté tina [[kulit]] [[sapi]] anu dibeulahan tuluy dikulub, sanggeus kitu ditojoskeun kana [[nyéré]].<ref name="sate genbrung"/> Ieu kadaharan téh khas [[Ciamis]].<ref name="sate genbrung"/> Ieu saté katelah ku sebutan [[colok gembrung]], disebut kitu sotéh ku lantaran bahan dasarna tina kulit sapi jadi jiga kulit [[bedug]] (gembrung) anu dicolokan jiga saté.<ref name="sate genbrung">[http://jabar.tribunnews.com/read/artikel/49669/Colok-Gembrung-Makanan-Tradisi-Lintas-Generasi Gebrung]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Dicutat tanggal 21 Oktober 2011)</ref> # [[Sate torpedo]], nyaéta saté anu dijieun tina [[kanjut]] [[embé]].<ref name="sate"/> Saté ieu dipercaya bisa ningkatkeun séksual [[lalaki]].<ref name="sate"/> # [[Saté penyu]], nyaéta saté tina daging [[penyu]].<ref name="sate"/> Saté ieu lolobaba di [[Bali]].<ref name="sate"/> Saté penyu loba ngandung kolesterol. Ieu kadaharan téh geus rada langka ku sabab sato penyu ayeuna meh punah jadi salah sahiji sato anu dilindungi ku pamaréntah.<ref name="sate"/> # [[Saté laleur]], basa [[Madura]] mah di sebut [[saté lalér]], ieu saté téh lain tina daging laleur tapi tina daging embé atawa hayam anu diteukteukan laleutik saperti laleur.<ref name="sate"/> Saté ieu aslna ti [[Pamekasan]] Madura.<ref name="sate"/> Cara ngabeuleumna teu pati lila saperti saté-saté nu laina, bumbuna sarua ilaharna saté nu lain.<ref name="sate"/> # [[Saté kalong]] nyaéta kadaharan khas [[Cirebon]].<ref name="sate"/> Saté ieu dijieun tina daging [[munding]] anu dilemeskeun ku cara di tutu. Rasana amis, hampir sarua jeung [[dendeng]].<ref name="sate"/> Disebut Saté Kalong ku lantaran nu dagangna nalika soré nepi ka subuh.<ref name="sate"/> # [[Saté kerang]] nyaéta kadaharan khas [[Surabaya]].<ref name="sate"/> Saté kerang dijieuna tina daging [[kerang]].<ref name="sate"/> Saté ieu béde jeung saté nu umumna di beuleum ieu saté kerang mah di kulub.<ref name="sate"/> # [[Saté buntel]], nyaéta sajenis saté anu dijieuna tina daging [[embé]] anu dicincang anu dibungkus ku lemak embé tuluy dibeuleum.<ref name="sate"/> Bumbuna nyaéta [[pedes]] jeung [[kécap amis]].<ref name="sate"/> Ieu kadaharan téh khas [[Surakarta]].<ref name="sate"/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Olahan daging]] [[Kategori:Saté| ]] d5hajdglbmn4y2lre7k6ibgrkaihwuz 0 33944 731684 674776 2026-11-08T00:37:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[gambar:Nasi goreng.jpg|jmpl|right|Goréng sangu]] '''Goréng sangu''' nyaéta [[sangu]] anu di[[samara]]an lada atawa henteu tuluy digoréng. Malah sangkan leuwih pikabitaeun sok ditambahan maké bahan-bahan lianna kayaning [[sosis]], [[baso]], [[endog]], jeung [[daging]] <ref name="sumber2">Universitas Indonesia. [http://bahasa.cs.ui.ac.id/kbbi/kbbi.php?keyword=nasi&varbidang=all&vardialek=all&varragam=all&varkelas=all&submit=tabel(20 KBBI Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724094500/http://bahasa.cs.ui.ac.id/kbbi/kbbi.php?keyword=nasi&varbidang=all&vardialek=all&varragam=all&varkelas=all&submit=tabel(20 |date=2019-07-24 }}. Diaksés Séptémber 2011.</ref>. Goréng sangu téh dahareun nu pangdipikarésép di [[Asia Wétan]] jeung [[Asia Tenggara]]. ==Cara nyieun== ===Bahan=== *[[sangu]] tiis (ulah nu beueuy) *[[kécap]] *saos [[tomat]] *[[minyak kalapa]] *Samara ===Samara=== *[[bawang beureum]] *[[bawang bodas]] *[[cabé]] beureum *[[Cikur]] *[[tarasi]] saeutik ===Panglengkep=== *[[bonténg]] *[[endog]] *goréng hayam dijujutan leutik *goréng [[bawang beureum]] *sosis/baso ===Prak-Prakan Masak=== # Panaskeun [[minyak kalapa]] dina [[katél]]. # Goréng samara anu geus dilemeskeun nepi ka seungit. # asupkeun sangu tiisna galokeun nepi ka galo jeung samara. # Bres asupkeun saos tomat, kécap, jeung bahan panglengkep lianna nu kudu diasakan. # Angkat, wadahan kana piring sarta tambahkeun bahan-bahan palengkepna. ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{dahareun-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] cphutpy1akeiqk4uqbn5i33h8n7mqon 0 33955 731690 678914 2026-11-08T01:09:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AirPollutionSource.jpg|thumb|180px| Haseup tina pabrik industri]] '''Haseup''' nyaéta hasil pembakaran anu henteu sampurna ti bahan - bahan bakar nu tangtu<ref name="sumber1">{{id}} Leokum, Arkady(1997) '''Aku Ingin Tahu Jilid 1''' Jakarta:Quality Press</ref>. Ieu hartosna yén lamun lolobana ti bahan bakar anu pangumumna bisa kabeuleum sacara sampurna, lingkungan moal aya haseup. Lolobana ti bahan bakar ngandung [[karbon]], [[hidrogén]], [[oksigén]], [[nitrogén]], saeutik [[walirang]], sarta kamungkinan ogé [[lebu]] [[mineral]]<ref name="sumber1"/>. Lamun bahan bakar ieu bisa kabeuleum sacara sampurna, hasil ahirna nyaéta [[karbondioksida]], [[uap cai]], [[sarta nitrogén]] leupas anu kabéhanana henteu picilakaeun<ref name="sumber1"/>. Lamun walirang aya, sajumlah leutik [[sulfur dioksida]] ogé baris dikaluarkeun, sarta nalika zat ieu napel kana hawa sarta uap cai, zat ieu jadi [[asam]] anu boga sipat ngarusak<ref name="sumber1"/>. Demi pembakaran anu sampurna, bahan bakar kudu miboga cukup hawa supaya lumangsung oksidasi anu lengkep dina suhu anu luhur<ref name="sumber1"/>. Kaayaan-kaayaan ieu hésé pikeun dihontal, utamana dina bahan - bahan bakar padat, sarta hasilna nyaéta haseup<ref name="sumber1"/>. [[Antrasit]] sarta [[batu arang]] bisa dibeuleum tanpa ngahasilkeun haseup alatan henteu ngandung zat anu gampang nguap<ref name="sumber1"/>. Tapi [[batu bara]] ngora bisa jadi busuk dina suhu anu rada rendah ku kituna gas-gas sarta bahan téh jadi bébas<ref name="sumber1"/>. Gas-gas sarta bahan éta ngagabung kalayan [[debu]] sarta [[lebu]] sarta ngahasilkeun haseup<ref name="sumber1"/>. Haseup pohara ngarusak<ref name="sumber1"/>. Haseup ngarusak [[kaséhatan]], [[taneuh]], sarta [[tutuwuhan]]<ref name="sumber1"/>. Di kota-kota [[industri]], haseup bisa nurunkeun kakuatan sinar [[panonpoé]], utamana sinar-sinar [[ultraviolet]] anu pohara penting pikeun kaséhatan<ref name="sumber1"/>. Lamun [[angin]] henteu nyebarkeun haseup éta, kamungkinan kota-kota industri baris miboga pepedut-pepedut haseup saban poé<ref name="sumber1"/>. Sabenerna, di tempat lumangsungna [[pepedut]] anu haseupan éta, angka kematian mindeng jadi naék alatan [[panyakit]] [[paru-paru]] sarta jantung<ref name="sumber1"/>. Durukan kai mereun cara pangkolotna pikeun pemanasan sarta masak, sarta geus dipaké ku manusa salila puluhan rébu taun.<ref name="sumber2">{{en}} [http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/27/3/446.full Shedding new light on wood smoke: a risk factor for respiratory health] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131095353/http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/27/3/446.full |date=2016-01-31 }} (Diakses ping 2 Nopember 2011)</ref> Pembakaran biomassa, kawas kai, kokotor sato sarta sésa pepelakan, masih dipaké pikeun masak sarta pemanasan ti populasi global, utamana di nagara-nagara nu kurang berkembang.<ref name="sumber2"/> Dina dunya industri, sarta di nagara-nagara kalayan iklim usum tiis, kai sarta biomasa séjénna loba dipaké pikeun produksi panas ku potongan kai di padumukan, kompor sarta perapian.<ref name="sumber2"/> Haseup ka tutuwuhan akibatna pohara picilakaeun. Haseup pacampur jeung "pernapasan" tutuwuhan sarta nutupan [[cahaya]] panonpoé anu diperlukeun éta<ref name="sumber1"/>. Remen ogé, asam dina haseup ngarusak tutuwuhan sacara langsung<ref name="sumber1"/>. Kiwari, loba kota ngayakeun kampanyeu-kampanyeu sacara aktip pikeun ngurangan haseup atawa pikeun nyegahna supaya henteu ngabalukarkeun karuksakan<ref name="sumber1"/>. ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kimia]] [[Kategori:Polusi]] 204399572nidca2cex12i2yhv60sasc 0 33980 731771 703161 2026-11-08T08:28:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731771 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Musieum Sri Baduga''' perenahna di [[jalan B.K.R 185]] [[Tegallega]] sarta pahareup-hareup jeung [[Monumén Bandung Lautan Api]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2020/06/05/sejarah-hari-ini-5-juni-1980-peresmian-museum-sri-baduga|title=Sejarah Hari Ini (5 Juni 1980) - Peresmian Museum Sri Baduga|last=Indrajaya|first=Dimas Wahyu|website=www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-12-02}}</ref> Wangunan musieum ieu miboga suhunan nu panjang sarta potongan imah panggung nu diadumaniskeun jeung gaya arsitéktur modérn. Ieu musieum dibagi dua; wilayah publik (''public area'') nu ngawengku gedung paméran jeung auditorium sarta wilayah séjén anu teu kaasup publik (''non public area),'' nu ngawengku ruang kantor ''Kapala Museum'', ''Sub Bagian Tata Usaha'', ''Kelompok Kerja Bimbingan dan Edukasi'', ''Kelompok Kerja Konservasi dan Preparasi'' sarta ''Kelompok Kerja Koleksi'' kaasup ''Gedung Penyimpanan Koleksi''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2021/06/11/museum-sri-baduga|title=Museum Sri Baduga|website=Tribunnewswiki.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-12-02}}</ref> Ieu musieum miboga koléksi barang-barang seni budaya [[Jawa Barat]] nu aya patalina jeung [[biologi]], [[etnografi]], [[arkeologi]], [[numismatik]], [[filologi]], [[dermatologi]], seni murni jeung [[téhnologi]].<ref name=":2" /> == Arsitéktur == Wangunan musieum ieu saperti imah panggung, sarta ngabogaan suhunan manjang, anu ngagambarkeun imah has ti Jawa Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandung.go.id/news/read/6893/museum-sri-baduga-asyiknya-mengenal-budaya-sunda|title=Museum Sri Baduga: Asyiknya Mengenal Budaya Sunda|last=Bandung|first=Humas Kota|accessdate=30 November 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314091713/https://www.bandung.go.id/news/read/6893/museum-sri-baduga-asyiknya-mengenal-budaya-sunda |date=14 March 2024 }}</ref> Wujud wangunan ieu dijieun saperti imah adat tradisional Sunda anu ngaranna [[Julang Ngapak]] sangkan katémbong Kasundaanana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/mengenal-budaya-sunda-masa-silam-di-museum-sri-baduga-ada-arca-zaman-megalitik-sampai-alat-dapur-kuno-22477-mvk.html?screen=5|title=Mengenal Budaya Sunda Masa Silam di Museum Sri Baduga, Ada Arca Zaman Megalitik hingga Alat Dapur Kuno|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2023-12-02}}</ref> Musieum ieu diwangun dina tanah anu legana 8415,5 méter pasagi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/03/06/190000579/sejarah-museum-sri-baduga|title=Sejarah Museum Sri Baduga Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-12-02}}</ref>[[Gambar:Sri Baduga Museum.JPG|jmpl]] ==Sajarahna== Mimiti diwangun taun [[1974]] ngamangpaatkeun wangunan urut kawadanaan Tegallega. Pangwangunan tahap kahiji anggeus dina taun [[1980]] tuluy diresmikeun tanggal [[5 Juni]] ku ''[[Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan]]'', [[Dr. Daud Yusuf]] sarta méré ngaran Musieum Negeri Propinsi Jawa Barat.<ref name=":2" /> Sapuluh taun ti mimiti diresmikeun atawa dina taun 1990, ngaran ieu musieum dirobah ku ngaran Musieum Sri Baduga. Éta ngaran aya dina [[Prasasti Batu tulis]] ([[Bogor]]), Sri Baduga boga kawasa dina Kerajaan Sunda Galuh ti taun 1482 nepi ka 1521.<ref name=":4" /> Teras ngaran ieu ditangtukeun dumasar kana Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Nomor 02223/0/1990 kaping 4 April taun 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museum.kemdikbud.go.id/museum/profile/museum+negeri+provinsi+jawa+barat+sri+baduga|title=Museum Negeri Provinsi Jawa Barat Sri Baduga|last=Jawa Barat|first=Disbudpar|accessdate=30 November 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202030545/https://museum.kemdikbud.go.id/museum/profile/museum+negeri+provinsi+jawa+barat+sri+baduga |date=2 December 2023 }}</ref> Nginget kana kamekaran fungsi musieum minangka tempat pangrojong nu bisa nambahan élmu pangaweruh sarta bisa dijadikeun sarana rékréasi, [[Propinsi Jawa Barat]] ngalaksanakeun rénovasi kana tata paméran tetap ti mimiti taun [[1989]] nepi ka taun [[1992]], kaasup kana dilegaanana rohangan paméran di undak nu ka-3.<ref name=":2" /> Dina mimiti taun 2018, aya parobahan struktur organisasi Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Daérah Jawa Barat. Ku sabab éta, Musieum Sri Baduga janten bagéan ti UPTD (Unit Pelaksana Téknis Daérah) Pengelolaan Kedudayaan Daérah Jawa Barat, hususna dina bagéan Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d-6976393/memahami-sejarah-dan-budaya-sunda-di-museum-sri-baduga-bandung|title=Memahami Sejarah dan Budaya Sunda di Museum Sri Baduga Bandung|last=Zuhdi|first=Muhammad Hasanudin|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202030546/https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d-6976393/memahami-sejarah-dan-budaya-sunda-di-museum-sri-baduga-bandung|archivedate=2023-12-02}}</ref> [[Gambar:Stamps of Indonesia, 052-04.jpg|jmpl]] ==Koléksi Musieum Sri Baduga== Musieum ieu miboga barang-baranf anu patali jeung sajarah Jawa Barat.<ref name=":4" /> Ieu musieum miboga kurang leuwih 5.637 koléksi; koléksi nu panglobana tina élmu Étnografi nu aya patalina jeung budaya daérah.<ref name="web2"/> Koléksi-koléksi nu aya di ieu musieum teu saukur aslina (réalia) wungkul tapi ogé aya nu mangrupa réplika miniatur, foto, jeung maket.<ref name="web2"/> <br/>Papasingan koléksi di Musieum Sri Baduga nyaéta:<ref name="web2">{{Cite web|url=http://sribaduga.jabarprov.go.id/koleksi|title=Daftar Klasifikasi|first=Administrator|accessdate=26 November 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126034449/http://sribaduga.jabarprov.go.id/koleksi |date=26 November 2023 }}</ref> # [[Géologika]], koléksi disiplin élmu [[géologi]] ([[fosil]], batuan, mineral, jeung hasil alam lianna saperti [[andesit]] jeung granit).<ref name="web2"/> # [[Biologika]], koléksi disiplin élmu [[biologi]] (rorongkong manusa, tangkurak, sato, sarta tutuwuhan boh fosil boh lain fosil).<ref name="web2"/> # [[Etnografika]], koleksi disiplin [[antropologi]] nu mangrupa hasil budaya atawa identitas hiji étnis.<ref name="web2"/> # [[Arkeologika]], koleksi nu mangrupa titinggal budaya ti jaman prasejarah nepi kaasup pangaruh negara deungeun.<ref name="web2"/> # [[Historika]], koleksi nu miboga ajén sajarah sarta jadi objek panalungtikan ti mimiti asupna pangaruh negara deungeun nepi ka kiwari. (negara, inohong, kelompok, jeung sajabana).<ref name="web2"/> # [[Numismatika]] jeung [[heraldika]]. Numismatika nyaéta alat tukar atawa mata uang nu sah. Heraldika nyaéta lambang, tanda jasa, jeung tanda pangkat resmi (cap atau stempel).<ref name="web2"/> # [[Filologika]], koleksi disiplin [[filologi]] (naskah kuno tulisan leungeun nu ngagambarkeun hiji kajadian.<ref name="web2"/> # [[Keramologika]], koleksi barang nu dijieunna tina taneuh liat nu dibeuleum kayaning keramik.<ref name="web2"/> # [[Seni Rupa]], koleksi nu ngébréhkeun pangalaman artistik manusa ngaliwatan karya dua atawa tilu dimensi.<ref name="web2"/> # [[Teknologika]], barang nu némbongkeun kamekaran téhnologi tradisional nepi ka nu modérn.<ref name="web2"/> Salian ti éta, aya sababaraha koléksi Musieum Sri Baduga mangrupa sumbangan ti masarakat. Contona, kulawarga H. [[Aang Kunaéfi Kartawiria|Aang Kunaefi]], urut Gubernur Jawa Barat (1975-1980, 1980-1985) anu nyumbang 22 benda pusaka. Teras aya deui kulawarga [[Hendra Nicolas]], urut Komandan Brigade Laskar Merah Putih anu nyumbang fosil sato purba anu umurna 200 rébu taun.<ref name=":2" /> == Rohangan koléksi == Tempat koléksi di ieu musieum dibagi jadi tilu undak.<ref name=":2" /> === Undak kahiji === undak kahiji mangrupa tempat kamekaran awal sajarah alam jeung budaya Jawa Barat. Di ieu tempat aya barang-barang titinggal masa Prasejarah nepi ka jaman Hindu-Buddha. Conto koléksina nyaéta karéta kuda anu tempat diukna rada unik, wujudna sapertos sato dina mitologi anu ngaranna Lembuswana. Lembuswana nyaéta sato anu sok ditumpak ku Bathara Guru anu sok maké mahkota, sirahna sapertos maung, boga belalai sapertos gajah, kulitna aya sisik sapertos ikan jeung dina opat kakina aya taji sapertos suku hayam. Salian ti éta, aya ogé koléksi dina zaman prasajarah sapertos arca karuhun, fosil jalma prasajarah sapertos ''Homo erectus'' jeung ''Homo sapiens,'' cekungan danau di Jawa Barat zaman heubeul jeung sababaraha benda anu boga nilai rélijius.<ref name=":2" /> Dina undak kahiji, aya ogé réplika batu tulis titinggal Kerajaan Pajajaran jeung prasasti-prasasti anu sanésna, replika karéta kencana paksi nagaliman di Keraton Kanoman Cirebon. Karéta ieu ngagambarkeun sato garuda, naga, gajah anu nyimbolkeun budaya Jawa, Tionghoa jeung Arab anu janten unsur budaya masarakat Cirebon. Salian ti éta, aya relief interaktif ngeunaan sajarah situ di Bandung purba. Situ ieu baheulana salega 75 km persegi anu manjang di Bandung Raya, kaasup Kota Bandung, Kota Cimahi Kabupaten Bandung jeung Bandung Barat. Aya ogé réplika Goa Pawon anu janten imah pikeun manusa heubeul (purba) di cekungan Bandung kirang leuwih 9.500 taun ka tukang.<ref name=":3" /> === Undak kadua === Undak kadua mangrupa tempat paméran budaya tradisional mangrupa pola kahirupan masarakat, pacabakanana, cara dagang, transportasi, sajarah perjuangan bangsa, lambang-lambang kabupatén jeung kota sa-Jawa Barat jeung pangaruh [[Islam]] tur [[Eropa]]. Conto koléksina nyaéta logo ti unggal kota di Jawa Barat, aya ogé parabotan sapertos korsi, méja, lomari zaman heubeul.<ref name=":2" /> Dina undak kadua, aya ogé naskah kuno anu diserat ku huruf Sunda kuno, Jawa kuno, jeung huruf Palawa. Lolobana, éta naskah dipangaruhi ku kabudayaan Hindu. Éta naskah diserat dina daun lontar, kertas Éropa, logam jeung kayu. Aya ogé pakakas sapertos pakakas tani, pakakas dapur, duit jeung alat tuker anu sanés ti zaman prasajarah nepi ka zaman kolonial.<ref name=":3" /> === Undak katilu === Undak katilu mangrupa tempat koléksi étnografi (rupa-rupa wangun jeung fungsi kasenian sarta keramik asing). Di undak katilu, pangunjung tiasa ningali benda-benda sapertos baju pangantén adat Sunda, parabotan.<ref name=":2" /> Dina undak katilu, aya ogé koléksi ti masarakat Sumedang nyaéta kecapi anu warnana emas jeung dijieun ti kayu jati, kecapina disebat Kecapi Naga Maung ku sabab aya hiasan sirah maung jeung naga, jeung aya deui gamelan jeung wayang golék. Salian ti éta, aya ogé lukisan karya Baskara anu némbongkeun waktos Raja Siliwangi moksa di leuweung, aya deui lukisan anu dijieun ku pelukis Barli anu ngalukis tarian Sisingaan. Teras aya deui mangkok nu geus rusak titinggal Dinasti Ming anu kapanggih dina kapal anu karam di Karawang.<ref name=":3" /> ==Referensi== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Bandung]] [[Kategori:Musieum di Bandung]] [[Kategori:Wangunan di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Wangunan di Kota Bandung]] [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] q22zlldnsphhxbhqhoa9c3gloo45gal 0 34101 731802 675941 2026-11-08T09:40:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox_Disease | Name = Tinea versicolor (Panu) | Image = P versicolorklein.jpg | Width = 250 | Caption = Kulit berpanau | DiseasesDB = 10071 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|36|0|b|35}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|111.0}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001465 | eMedicineSubj = derm | eMedicineTopic = 423 | MeshID = D014010 }} '''Panu''' atawa ''hapur'' (dikenal dina istilah médis '''Tinea versicolor''') nyaéta panyakit infeksi ku jamur dina kulit anu nyababkeun titik [[bodas]] atawa [[coklat]] ngora dina [[kulit]],atawa ngaran lain panyakit panu nyaéta ''Tinea Versikolor'' <ref name="sumber1">{{Cite web |url=http://medicastore.com/penyakit/352/Tinea_Versikolor_panu.html/ngeunaan |title=panu (25 september 2011) |accessdate=25 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810212952/https://medicastore.com/penyakit/352/Tinea_Versikolor_panu.html/ngeunaan |archivedate=10 August 2025}}</ref>. Panyakit panu disababkeun ku [[jamur]] ''Pytirosporum orbiculare'' [[Jamur]] ieu mangrupa bagéan ti [[flora]] normal dina [[kulit]] [[manusa]] sarta ngan nyababkeun gangguan dina kaayaan-kaayaan tertentu.<ref name="sumber1"/>. Panyakit panu jarang teu nyababkeun nyeri atawa arateul, tapi nyababakeun titik-titik [[bodas]] atawa [[coklat]] dina kulit. == Cara ngarah teu kena panyakit panu== *Rajin Mandi tur ngagunakeun sabun anu aya bahan antiseptikna sacara rutin, sapoe 2 kali. Hal éta pikeun ngaleungit kesang anu nempel kana awak,salain ngaleungitkeun bau haseum tina kesang *Ulah ngagunakeun pakéan atawa anduk silih genti jeung batur, ku sabab , panu mangrupa panyakit anu gancang nular kana pakéan.<ref name="sumber2">[http://www.tipskesehatankeluarga.com/tips-mengatasi-panu.html/ngeunaan panu (25 september 2011)]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Cara ngobatan Panu== *Bersihkeun bagéan awak anu aya panuan. *Oleskeun obat jamur anu aman lakukeun sababaraha poé . *Sawatara urang ngobatan panu ku cara tradisional, nyaéta gosokeun laja ka bagéan awak anu aya panuan , 2 kali sapoe salila saminggu. *Lamun panuna geus nyebar kasakabéh awak, alusna pariksakeun ka dokter <ref name="sumber2"/>. ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Tinea versicolor}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Panyakit kulit]] d8m1sutw55f201fpu4vz3lyrfzn1fnr 0 34127 731772 668089 2026-11-08T08:28:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:My Chemical Romance 07.jpg|thumb|300px|Mya Chemical Romance keur manggung di ''the Big Day Out music festival'', Perth, Australia]] '''My Chemical Romance''' nyaéta grup musik ''punk-rock'' asal [[New Jersey]], [[Amerika Serikat]] anu di bentuk ku [[Gerrard Way]] jeung [[Matt Pelisher]] taun [[2001]] sabada serangan [[WTC]] [[11 September]]<ref name="kapanlagi">[http://m.kapanlagi.com/selebriti/hollywoo/m/my_chemical_romance/ My Chemical Romance-Kapanlagi.com]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 26 Oktober 2011)</ref>. Ngaran My Chemical Romance sorangan ku adina [[Gerrard Way]], [[Mikey Way]] anu basa éta keur maca buku ''Ecstacy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance'', terus dijieun wé ngaran My Chemical Romance<ref name="kapanlagi" />. Personil ayeuna nyaéta Gerard Way (vokal), Mikey Way (bass), [[Ray Toro]] (léad guitar), [[Frank Iero]] (gitar), jeung [[Mike Pedicone]] (ex-drum)<ref name="kapanlagi" />. MCR geus sababaraha kali ganti personil, awalna Matt Pelisher anu digantikeun ku Bob Dryar. Terus [[Bob Dryar]] digantikeun ku Mike Pedicone<ref name="kapanlagi" /><ref name="okezone">[http://music.okezone.com/read/2011/09/05/386/498844/my-chemical-romance-pecat-drummer-karena-mencuri Okezone.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103234054/http://music.okezone.com/read/2011/09/05/386/498844/my-chemical-romance-pecat-drummer-karena-mencuri |date=2011-11-03 }}(diaksés tanggal 26 Oktober 2011)</ref>. Ayeuna Mike dikaluarkeun sabab keuna kasus. Mike katewak nalika keur maok barang, nepi ka ayeuna can puguh saha anu ngagantikeun Mike Pedicone<ref name="okezone" />. Tapi aya wacana, yén anu ngagantikeun posisina téh nyaéta [[Jarrod Alexander]] ti grup musik Déad Country<ref name="okezone" />. ==Karir== Album pertamana dijudulan ''I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love'' anu dirilis taun [[2002]]<ref name="kapanlagi" />. Sanggeus ngaluarkeun album pertama, MCR resmi nandatanganan kontrak jeung ''Reprise Records'' terus nyieun album ''THREE CHEERS FOR SWEET REVENGE'' anu dirilis taun [[2004]]<ref name="kapanlagi" />. Nyusul suksés album kadua, album katilu MCR direkam tanggal [[10 April]] [[2006]] kalayan ngaran [[The Black Parade]]<ref name="kapanlagi" />. Album katilu MCR meunang panglélér drup musik alternatip pangalusna dina ''American Music Award'' [[2007]], jeung ''the best band'' taun 2007 versi NME award<ref name="kapanlagi" /> s. Taun [[2010]], album''Danger Days: The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys'' dirilis. MCR ogé kungsi nyieun biografi anu judulna ''Something Incridible This Way Come'', ditulis ku [[Paul Stenning]]<ref name="kapanlagi" />. ==Référénsi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Grup musik]] [[Kategori:Grup musik ti Amerika Serikat]] pefyjhz14ctk9rrsgfw7u726q4slfkr 0 34152 731591 653076 2026-11-07T17:32:40Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 /* Tingali ogé */ 731591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Bawang-bawangan.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Rupa-rupa bawang]] [[Gambar:Daun Bawang.jpg|thumb|300px|right|bawang daun]] '''Bawang''';(Allium) nyaéta ngaran beu[[beuti]]an nu sok dipaké masak.<ref name="Jonathan ">{{Citation | last =Jonathan | first = Rigg| coauthors =Jonathan | year = 1862| title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java|page=194|location=Universitas Harvard| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|Url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=KEHKEL&f=false}}</ref> Beuti bawang banguna méh buleud nyungcung, daunna buleud paranjang siga jarami.<ref name="sumber1">R.A Darnadibrata, .Kamus Basa Sunda. Kiblat 2006. Bandung.</ref> Jenis jenis bawang aya rupa-rupa saperti : #[[Bawang banggala]] nyaéta bawang nu gedé pisan # [[Bawang beureum]] nyaéta bawang anu beutina beureum # [[Bawang bodas]] nyaéta bawang anu beutina bodas # [[Bawang daun|Bawang Daun]] nyaéta sabangsa bawang teu beutian daunna buleud panjang sarta sagedé [[curuk]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Dumasar jenisna, bawang anu miboga mangpaat paling réa nyaéta [[Bawang bodas#Khasiatna|bawang bodas]].<ref name="sumber1"/> <br/> <ref name="sumber2">{{id}}[http://kabarinews.com/article/Berita_Amerika/Amerika_Tips/22_KHASIAT_BAWANG_PUTIH/2344=id manfaat bawang ]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 26 Oktober 2011)</ref> ==Tingali ogé== *[[Bawang beureum]] *[[Bawang bodas]] *[[Bawang batak]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} {{commons|Allium}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan bungbu]] [[Kategori:Beubeutian]] p13u35omdm6n7pk88ypu9hd0sg36nsd 731592 731591 2026-11-07T17:46:51Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nambihkeun info box 731592 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 220px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 90%; padding: 4px; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #cef2e0; text-align: center; font-size: 110%; padding: 4px;" | Bawang |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Bawang-bawangan.jpg|220px|Rupa-rupa jinis bawang]]<br /><small>Rupa-rupa jinis bawang</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #e2efda; text-align: center;" | Klasifikasi ilmiah |- | '''Karajaan''' || [[Plantae]] (Tumbuhan) |- | '''Ordo''' || [[Asparagales]] |- | '''Kulawarga''' || [[Amaryllidaceae]] |- | '''Genus''' || ''[[Allium]]'' |- | '''Spésiés''' || '''''Allium cepa''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #e2efda; text-align: center;" | Nami lami / Sinonim |- | colspan="2" style="font-style: italic; font-size: 95%;" | * ''Allium cepa'' var. ''typicum'' * ''Cepaea |} [[Gambar:Daun Bawang.jpg|thumb|300px|right|bawang daun]] '''Bawang''';(Allium) nyaéta ngaran beu[[beuti]]an nu sok dipaké masak.<ref name="Jonathan ">{{Citation | last =Jonathan | first = Rigg| coauthors =Jonathan | year = 1862| title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java|page=194|location=Universitas Harvard| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|Url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=KEHKEL&f=false}}</ref> Beuti bawang banguna méh buleud nyungcung, daunna buleud paranjang siga jarami.<ref name="sumber1">R.A Darnadibrata, .Kamus Basa Sunda. Kiblat 2006. Bandung.</ref> Jenis jenis bawang aya rupa-rupa saperti : #[[Bawang bombay|Bawang banggala]] nyaéta bawang nu gedé pisan #[[Bawang beureum]] nyaéta bawang anu beutina beureum #[[Bawang bodas]] nyaéta bawang anu beutina bodas #[[Bawang daun|Bawang Daun]] nyaéta sabangsa bawang teu beutian daunna buleud panjang sarta sagedé [[curuk]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Dumasar jenisna, bawang anu miboga mangpaat paling réa nyaéta [[Bawang bodas#Khasiatna|bawang bodas]].<ref name="sumber1"/> <br/> <ref name="sumber2">{{id}}[http://kabarinews.com/article/Berita_Amerika/Amerika_Tips/22_KHASIAT_BAWANG_PUTIH/2344=id manfaat bawang ]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 26 Oktober 2011)</ref> ==Tingali ogé== *[[Bawang beureum]] *[[Bawang bodas]] *[[Bawang batak]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} {{commons|Allium}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan bungbu]] [[Kategori:Beubeutian]] [[Kategori:Bungbu]] izbkgrjwz3p70yad7ht17sun7py61yb 731593 731592 2026-11-07T18:13:27Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731593 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 220px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 90%; padding: 4px; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;" ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #cef2e0; text-align: center; font-size: 110%; padding: 4px;" | Bawang |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Bawang-bawangan.jpg|220px|Rupa-rupa jinis bawang]]<br /><small>Rupa-rupa jinis bawang</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #e2efda; text-align: center;" | Klasifikasi ilmiah |- | '''Karajaan''' || [[Plantae]] (Tumbuhan) |- | '''Ordo''' || [[Asparagales]] |- | '''Kulawarga''' || [[Amaryllidaceae]] |- | '''Genus''' || ''[[Allium]]'' |- | '''Spésiés''' || '''''Allium cepa''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #e2efda; text-align: center;" | Nami lami / Sinonim |- | colspan="2" style="font-style: italic; font-size: 95%;" | * ''Allium cepa'' var. ''typicum'' * ''Cepaea |} [[Gambar:Daun Bawang.jpg|thumb|300px|right|bawang daun]] '''Bawang''';''Allium'' nyaéta ngaran beu[[beuti]]an nu sok dipaké [[bungbu]] masak.<ref name="Jonathan ">{{Citation | last =Jonathan | first = Rigg| coauthors =Jonathan | year = 1862| title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java|page=194|location=Universitas Harvard| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen|Url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=KEHKEL&f=false}}</ref> Beuti bawang banguna méh buleud nyungcung, daunna buleud paranjang siga jarami.<ref name="sumber1">R.A Darnadibrata, .Kamus Basa Sunda. Kiblat 2006. Bandung.</ref> Jenis jenis bawang aya rupa-rupa saperti : #[[Bawang bombay|Bawang banggala]] nyaéta bawang nu gedé pisan #[[Bawang beureum]] nyaéta bawang anu beutina beureum #[[Bawang bodas]] nyaéta bawang anu beutina bodas #[[Bawang daun|Bawang Daun]] nyaéta sabangsa bawang teu beutian daunna buleud panjang sarta sagedé [[curuk]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Dumasar jenisna, bawang anu miboga mangpaat paling réa nyaéta [[Bawang bodas#Khasiatna|bawang bodas]].<ref name="sumber1"/> <br/> <ref name="sumber2">{{id}}[http://kabarinews.com/article/Berita_Amerika/Amerika_Tips/22_KHASIAT_BAWANG_PUTIH/2344=id manfaat bawang ]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 26 Oktober 2011)</ref> ==Tingali ogé== *[[Bawang beureum]] *[[Bawang bodas]] *[[Bawang batak]] ==Rujukan== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} {{commons|Allium}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan bungbu]] [[Kategori:Beubeutian]] [[Kategori:Bungbu]] tvi2qrvqa0cqp9qiner0dvdtwkvax30 0 34157 731719 677757 2026-11-08T03:32:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Kadongdong |image =Spondia dulcis Blanco1.132.png<!-- Starr_980529-4218_Spondias_dulcis.jpg --> |image_caption = Kedondong |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Sapindales]] |familia = [[Anacardiaceae]] |genus = '''''Spondias''''' |species = '''''S. dulcis''''' |binomial = ''Spondias dulcis'' |binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Kadongdong''';,'''''Spondias mombin''''' mangrupa pepelakan buah anu asalna ti ''[[famili Anacardiaceae]]''.<ref name="Kadongdong">{{id}}[http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pertanian/kedondong.pdf Kedondong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911032922/http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pertanian/kedondong.pdf |date=2011-09-11 }} (diaksés tanggal 27 Oktober 2011)</ref><ref name=”Har”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=SUoIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT108&dq=Pohon+kedoya&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiV6ZiU7ZL1AhUv63MBHbeXAWQ4ChDoAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q=Pohon%20kedoya&f=false| title =Flora dan Fauna Cagar Alam Leuweung SancangHaris Mustari| last =Haris Mustari| first =Abdul | publisher =PT Penerbit IPB Press| location =Jakarta| year =2019|ISBN=9786024408046|pages =98}} Disungsi2 Pébruari 2023</ref> Jenis-jenis kadongdong punjul anu poténsial sarta loba dipelak ku para [[patani]] di antarana nyaéta [[kadongdong karimunjawa]], [[kadongdong bangkok]], sarta [[kadongdong kendeng]].<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Kadongdong karimunjawa mangrupa kadongdong anu buahna ukuranana gedé/super.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Produksi kadongdong ieu bisa lumangsung sapanjang taun, wangun buahna [[lonyod]] kalayan [[beurat]] 0,7–1&nbsp;kg/buah.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> ==Sajarah Singget== [[Gambar:Buah kedondong.JPG|jmpl|Buah Kadongdong]] Kadongdong mangrupa pepelakan buah nu mangrupa tangkal dina basa Inggris disebut [[ambarella]], [[otaheite apple]], atawa [[great hog plum]].<ref name="Kadongdong" /> Keur di [[Asia Tenggara]] disebut: kedondong ([[Indonésia]] & [[Malaysia]]), hevi ([[Filipina]]), gway ([[Myanmar]]), mokah ([[Kamboja]]), kook kvaan (Laos), makak farang (Thailand), sarta co'c (Vietnam).<ref name="Kadongdong" /> Kadongdong asalna ti [[Asia Timur]] sarta [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref name="Kadongdong" /> Pepelakan ieu geus sumebar ka sakumna wewengkon tropik.<ref name="Kadongdong" /> ==Mangpaat Kadongdong== Mangpaat buah kadongdong amis kultivar punjul didahar dina kaayaan seger, tapi sawaréh buah nu asak sok dikokolakeun jadi [[selai]], [[jeli]], sarta [[sari buah]].<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Buah anu dikulub sarta digaringkeun bisa ditunda pikeun sawatara bulan.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Buah atahna loba dipaké dina [[rujak]] sarta [[sayur]], sarta pikeun dijieun [[acar]] (sambel kadongdong).<ref name="Kadongdong"/> [[Daun]] ngorana anu dikukus dijadikeun [[lalapan]].<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Buah sarta daunna ogé dijadikeun pakan [[ingon-ingon]].<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Kaina boga warna coklat ngora sarta gampang ngalayang, henteu bisa dipaké [[kai]] patukangan, tapi sakapeung dijieun [[parahu]].<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Dipikawanoh di sagala rupa pelosok dunya sagala rupa mangpaat [[ubar]] ti buah, daun, sarta [[kulit]] batangna, sarta ti sawatara nagara dilaporkeun ayana pengobatan [[borok]], kulit perih, sarta tatu beuleum.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Unggal 100 gram bagian buah anu bisa didahar ngandung 60-85 gram [[cai]], 0,5-0,8 gram [[protein]], 0,3-1,8 gram [[lemak]], 8-10,5 gram [[sukrosa]], 0,85-3,60 gram [[serat]].<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Daging buahna mangrupa asal [[vitamin C]] sarta [[zat beusi]]; buah anu tacan asak ngandung [[pektin]] kira-kira 10%.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> ==Sentra Pepelakan== Pepelakan kadongdong loba dipelak di nagara-nagara Asia Tenggara.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Salah sahiji nagara anu jadi sentra melak kadongdong nyaéta [[Filipina]] anu mibanda hiji jenis kadongdong punjul nyaéta jenis ''[[Spondias purpurea L]]''.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Di [[Indonésia]] wewengkon penghasil kadongdong salah sahiji di antarana nyaéta [[Karimunjawa]] ([[Jepara]], [[Jawa Tengah]]).<ref name="Kadongdong"/> ==Sarat Tumuwuh== ===Iklim=== #Tangkal kadongdong cabang-cabangna rapuh sarta gampang pites ku kituna kaayaan angin anu gancang teuing bisa ngarusak tangkal ieu.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> #Curah hujan anu dipikahayang antara 1.000-1.500&nbsp;mm/taun.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Dina usum halodo daun kadongdong murudul sakumnana sarta dina usum hujan baris tumuwuh balik kalayan gancang.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> #Tangkal kadongdong merlukeun loba [[cahaya]]; tangkal anu kacedeuman ngahasilkeun buah saeutik/malahan teu bisa buahan.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> #Suhu anu haneut kira-kira 30 derajat C pohara cocog pikeun pepelakan kadongdong<ref name="Kadongdong"/> # Kelembaban hawa kira-kira 14%.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> ===Média Melak=== #Pepelakan kadongdong sanggup tumuwuh alus dina [[taneuh]] [[batu]] [[kapur]] sarta taneuh [[keusik]] asam, asal taneuh éta mibanda sistem pengaliran cai anu alus.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Taneuh anu alus nyaéta taneuh anu [[porous]], [[gembur]], sarta ngandung bahan organik.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> #Derajat Kaasaman taneuh (ph) anu luyu pikeun pepelakan kedondong nyaéta antara 5,5-6,2.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Lamun taneuh kadar asamna gedé teuing mangka pikeun naékkeun ph perlu aya pengapuran.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> #Pepelakan kadongdong henteu resep dina cai anu ngeyembeng.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Tapi tangkal ieu ogé toleran ka kekeringan, dina kaayaan stres dangdaunnanana baris murudul pikeun samentara waé.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Sistem pengairan anu alus baris ngarojong tumuwuhna kadongdong ku kituna produksina ngalimpah.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> Permukaan cai taneuh anu bisa dihontal ku pepelakan kadongdong nyaéta antara 50–200&nbsp;cm.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> #Kelerengan henteu mangaruhan teuing pepelakan kadongdong, tapi pepelakan kadongdong pangalusna dipelak dina wewengkon anu datar kalayan kelerengan antara 0-10 derajat.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> ===Jangkungna Tempat=== Pepelakan kadongdong tumuwuh alus dina dataran pendék anu garing nepi ka jangkungna 700 m dpl.<ref name="Kadongdong"/> ==Khasiat== Kulit kai kadongdong berkhasiat minangka ubar disentri, sarta daunna pikeun ubar batuk.<ref name="Kadongdong2">{{id}}[http://tanamanobat.org/248/kedondong-2/ Kedondong Tanaman Obat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106040413/http://tanamanobat.org/248/kedondong-2/ |date=2011-01-06 }} (diaksés tanggal 27 Oktober 2011)</ref> Pikeun [[ubar]] disentri dipaké + 5 gram kulit kai seger kadongdong, dikumbah tuluy dipotong-potong, dikulub kalayan 2 gelas cai salila 25 menit, sanggeus tiis disaring.<ref name="Kadongdong2"/> Hasil saringan diinum sakaligus.<ref name="Kadongdong2"/> ===Kandungan Kimia=== Daun, kulit batang sarta kulit akar kadongdong ngandung [[saponin]], [[flavonoida]] sarta [[tanin]]. <ref name="Kadongdong2"/> ==Kadaharan tina bahan Kadongdong== ===Dodol=== Lamun biasana buah kadongdong anu asem seger dijadikeun buah pikeun [[rujak]], kiwari kadongdong dikokolakeun jadi panganan anu unik.<ref name="Kadongdong3">{{id}}[http://www.detikfood.com/read/2011/06/24/140125/1667771/482/harum-legit-dodol-kedondong Harum Legit Dodol Kedondong]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 27 Oktober 2011)</ref> Dodol anu biasana rasana amis legit, kiwari saeutik rasa asem tapi seger.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> di [[Kampung Badag Dayeuh]], [[Rengat]], [[Riau]], kadonhdong henteu ngan dijadikeun buah langsung dahar waé, tapi ogé dijadikeun camilan sarta ku-ku has wewengkon kasebut.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Ku warga kira-kira, buah kadongdong anu cukup loba hasil panénna dijieun jadi [[dodol]], panganan anu rasana amis legit.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Henteu robahna kalayan dodol lolobana, dodol kadongdong ieu ogé dijieun tina bahan-bahan kawas [[gula]], buah kadongdong sarta [[wijen]].<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Buah kadongdong anu geus asak, dipesék sarta diesotkeun tina sikina.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Bumbu wijen nyieun aroma dodol jadi seungit sarta tekstur dodol jadi saeutik garihal alatan siki wijenna.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Kelir dodol kadongdong [[cokelat]] caang, henteu kawas dodol [[Betawi]] anu warnana leuwih poék.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Aromana seungit, sarta rasana henteu amis teuing.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Pikeun anu henteu resep teuing jeung rasa anu amis, dodol kadongdong ieu bisa dirasaan minangka réncang inum téh.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Hanjakalna, dodol kadongdong ieu masih pohara arang kapanggih.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Ngan sabot aya pameran kadaharan tradisional wewengkon waé dodol kadongdong ieu bisa kapanggih.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Hiji kotak dodol kadongdong ukuranana 400gr, dibandrol saharga Rp 15.000.<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> ===Jus=== Jus Kadongdong cocog pikeun ngajaga kaséhatan awak.<ref name="Kadongdong4">{{id}}[http://www.inilahjabar.com/read/detail/1435372/jus-kedondong-bergizi-dan-aman-untuk-diet Jus Kedondong Bergizi dan Aman untuk Diet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510045456/http://www.inilahjabar.com/read/detail/1435372/jus-kedondong-bergizi-dan-aman-untuk-diet/ |date=2011-05-10 }} (diaksés tanggal 27 Oktober 2011)</ref> Kadongdong, ngandung vitamin C pikeun nyegah [[sariawan]] sarta mibanda unsur gula dina wangun [[sukrosa]].<ref name="Kadongdong4"/> Unsur gula kasebut, pohara alus pikeun nambahan énérgi sarta ngaronjatkeun vitalitas awak.<ref name="Kadongdong4"/> Kandungan cai sarta serat Kadongdong ogé cukup luhur ku kituna alus pikeun ngalancarkeun pencernaan sarta bisa nyegah [[dehidrasi]].<ref name="Kadongdong3"/> Sajaba ti éta, kadongdong ngandung lemak, karbohidrat, sarta protein anu pendék ku kituna cocog jadi bagian menu diet.<ref name="Kadongdong4"/> Es Jus Kedondong <br /> Bahan: *8 buah kadongdong, cokot dagingna *150 gram gula keusik *500 ml cai Cara nyieun: *Blender lemes daging buah kadongdong kalayan 250 ml cai *Campurkeun cai asak sarta gula, jerang di luhur seuneu leutik nepi ka gula larut *Sajikeun jus kadongdong dina gelas saji babarengan, cairan gula, sarta es batu.<ref name="Kadongdong6">{{id}}[http://www.resepmasakan.us/tag/buah-kedondong Buah Kedondong]{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 27 Oktober 2011)</ref> ===Manisan=== [[Gambar:Acar kedondong.jpg|thumb|right|Manisan Kadongdong.]] Dina dasarna manisan nyaéta buah-buahan anu dikeueum dina campuran cai gula salila sawatara waktu.<ref name="Kadongdong5">{{id}}[http://carapedia.com/manisan_kedondong_info413.html Manisan Kedondong] (diaksés tanggal 27 Oktober 2011)</ref> Nyieun buah jadi manisan mangrupa salah sahiji cara pikeun ngawetkeun buah kasebut tanpa nambahan rupa-rupa bahan kimia minangka [[zat pengawet]].<ref name="Kadongdong5"/> Jenis ti manisan ieu sorangan diwangun ti 2 jenis, nyaéta [[manisan garing]] sarta [[manisan baseuh]].<<ref name="Kadongdong5"/> Di handap ieu baris dijelaskeun cara nyieun manisan baseuh anu mangrupa manisan kadongdong.<ref name="Kadongdong5"/> Konci suksés dina nyieun manisan nyaéta dina milihan buah sarta kabérésihan parabot anu dipaké.<ref name="Kadongdong5"/> Pilih buah jeung kualitas anu alus sangkan hasil manisan anu urang jieun leuwih awét.<ref name="Kadongdong5"/> Sajaba ti éta, cék kabérésihan [[pakakas]] anu urang paké.<ref name="Kadongdong5"/> Utamana pakakas anu dipaké pikeun ngeueum manisan.<ref name="Kadongdong5"/> Bahan: *500 gr buah kadongdong anu geus kolot *Peusék kulitna sarta belah-belah *Cai kapur seureuh sacukupna *200 gr gula keusik *100 ml cai *Pewarna konéng anu food grade sacukupna Cara nyieun manisan kadongdong: *Campur cai kalayan [[kapur seureuh]] *Cicingkeun sakeudeung nepi ka kapur seureuhna ngendap *Saring sarta cokot caina waé *Keueum potongan kadongdong dina cai seureuh sarta cicingkeun salila 2 jam *Tiriskeun potongan kadongdong sarta kumbah bersih *Kulub gula keusik sarta 100 ml cai , tambahkeun sawatara tetes pewarna konéng *Dagoan nepi ka ngagolak saterusna angkat ti luhur seuneu *Asupkeun potongan kadongdong kana rebusan cai gula sarta cicingkeun salila saeutikna 1x24 jam *Tiriskeun potongan kadongdong sarta poé di handap panonpoé nepi ka garing *Sanggeus garing, simpen manisan kadongdong dina wadah katutup rapet.<ref name="Kadongdong5"/> ===Jangjang Hayam Tumis Daun Kadongdong=== Rasa daun kedondong anu asam seger nambahan napsu dahar urang.<ref name="Kadongdong7">{{id}}[http://www.sajiansedap.com/recipe/detail/8738 Sajian Sedap]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 27 Oktober 2011)</ref><br /> Bahan-bahan/bumbu-bumbu: *6 buah jangjang hayam, dipotong 2 bagian *2 siung [[bawang bodas]], diiris ipis *4 butir [[bawang beureum]], diiris ipis *2 buah [[cabé héjo]], dipotong buleud *2 buah [[cabé beureum]], dipotong buleud *400 ml [[santan]] ti 1/4 butir kalapa *2 tangkai [[daun kadongdong]] *1 séndok téh [[uyah]] *1/4 séndok téh pedes bubuk *1/2 séndok téh [[gula beureum]] *3 buah [[balimbing wuluh]] (60 gram), dipotong-potong *1 séndok dahar minyak pikeun menumis Cara Nyieun: *Panaskeun minyak *Tumis bawang bodas, bawang beureum, cabé héjo, sarta cabé beureum nepi ka seungit *Asupkeun hayam *Aduk nepi ka robah kelir *Asupkeun santan, daun kadongdong, uyah, pedes bubuk, sarta gula beureum *Masak nepi ka ngagolak. *Tambahkan belimbing wuluh *Masak nepi ka kuah mengental.<ref name="Kadongdong7"/> == Referensi == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Anacardiaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan ]] 8khlh8jj92sdd3v344hbu2leytlvi83 0 34263 731815 666490 2026-11-08T10:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = República Portuguesa |common_name = Portugal |image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg |image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg |image_map = LocationPortugal.png |national_motto = — |national_anthem = [[Gambar:A Portuguesa.ogg]]{{br}}''[[A Portuguesa]]''{{br}}<small>"Lagu Kabangsaan Portugis"</small> |official_languages = [[Basa Portugis|Portugis]] <sup>1</sup> |capital = [[Lisbon]] |capitals_coordinates = <small>{{coor dm id|38|42|N|9|11|W||LU|BB}}</small> |largest_city = [[Lisbon]] |government_type = [[Républik]] |leader_title1 = [[Présidén Portugal|Présidén]] |leader_title2 = [[Perdana Menteri Portugal|Perdana Menteri]] |leader_name1 = [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]] |leader_name2 = [[Luís Montenegro]] |area_rank = 110 |area_magnitude = |area = 92.090 |areami² = 35.645 |percent_water = 0,5% |population_estimate = 10.647.763 |population_estimate_year = 2011 |population_estimate_rank = 77 |population_census = 10.555.853 |population_census_year = 2011 |population_density = 115 |population_densitymi² = ? |population_density_rank = 96 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP = US$194,4 miliar |GDP_PPP_rank = 40 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$18.503 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 39 |sovereignty_type = Formasi |sovereignty_notes = Kaping kamerdékaan (konvénsional) nyaéta [[1139]] |established_event1 = [[Condado de Portucale|Pawangunan]] |established_event2 = [[Condado Portucalense|Pawangunan ulang]] |established_event3 = [[Battle of São Mamede|Kadaulatan ''de facto'']] |established_event4 = [[Karajaan Portugal|Karajaan]] |established_event5 = [[Pajangjian Zamora|Diakuan]] |established_event6 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Pangakuan Kapausan]] |established_event7 = [[Perang Réstorasi Portugal|Réstorasi Kamerdékaan]] |established_event8 = [[Pajangjian Lisbon (1668)|Pangakuan Réstorasi Kamerdékaan]] |established_event9 = [[Révolusi 5 Oktober 1910|Républik]] |established_event10 = [[Révolusi Carnation|Démokrasi]] |established_date1 = 868 |established_date2 = 1095 |established_date3 = 24 Juni 1128 |established_date4 = 25 Juli 1139 |established_date5 = 5 Oktober 1143 |established_date6 = 23 Méi 1179 |established_date7 = 1 Désémber 1640 |established_date8 = 13 Pébruari 1668 |established_date9 = 5 Oktober 1910 |established_date10 = 25 April 1974 |currency = [[Euro]] <sup>2</sup> |currency_code = EUR |time_zone = |utc_offset = |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +1 |cctld = [[.pt]] |calling_code = 351 |footnotes= 1. [[Basa Miranda]] resmi diakuan dina 29 Januari [[1999]]. 2. Mata uang saméméh [[2002]] nyaéta [[Éscudo Portugal|Éscudo]]. }} '''Républik Portugal''' mangrupa hiji [[nagara]] di [[Éropa]] bagian barat daya. Nagara ieu tepung wates jeung [[Spanyol]] di beulah kalér jeung wétan. Di beulah kulon tepung wates jeung [[Samudra Atlantik]]. Salian ti éta, Portugal ogé miboga wewengkon di [[Madeira]], [[Asores]], jeung [[Ilhas Selvagens|Kapuloan Selvagens]]. Portugal ngaklaim hiji wewengkon leutik nu ngaranna [[Olivença]] nu dikawasaan Spanyol ti [[Kongrés Wina]]. Ngaran lami atawa [[Basa Latin|latin]] ti nagara ieu nyaéta '''Lusitania'''. Kecap '''Portugis''' mindeng dipaké pikeun nyebutkeun padumuk atawa urang nu asalna ti Portugal. Kecap ieu ogé sesebutan pikeun basa nu dipaké ku bangsa ieu. Nagara-nagara nu maké basa Portugis sok disebut minangka nagara-nagara ''Lusophone''. [[Gambar:Portuguese Empire map.jpg|thumb|Wewengkon jajahan Portugis dina puncak kajayaanna, ti [[Brasil]] nepi ka [[Timor Lésté]].]] Portugal téh [[nagara maju]]<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html Appendix B – International Organizations and Groups: developed countries (DCs)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409033504/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html |date=2008-04-09 }}, CIA&nbsp;— The World Factbook&nbsp;— Appendix B, [[The World Factbook]]</ref> jeung kaasup nagara anggota [[Uni Éropa]], ngagabung dina taun 1986. == Politik == Portugal mangrupa nagara républik kalawan [[Lisbon]] minangka ibu kota nagara. Opat komponén utama dina pamaréntahan Portugal nyaéta: [[Présidén Portugal|Présidén]] minangka pupuhu nagara, [[Parlemén Portugal|Parlemén]], [[Daptar Perdana Menteri Portugal|Perdana Menteri]] minangka pupuhu pamaréntahan jeung mahkamah luhur. Konstitusi ngabagi kakawasaan éta jadi [[éksekutif]], [[législatif]], jeung [[yudikatif]]. Présidén dipilih saban lima taun, samentara [[Daptar Perdana Menteri Portugal|Perdana Menteri]] dipilih langsung ku présidén jeung umumna mangrupa pamingpin ti partéy nu meunang pamilu. Institusi législatif diwangun ti 230 urang députi nu bakal ngajabat 4 taun. Ari mahkamah diwangun ti yudisial, administratif, jeung fiskal. == Babagian administratif == Portugal miboga 18 [[distrik]] jeung 308 [[munisipalitas]]. {| class="toccolours" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:auto; margin:1px; clear:right; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan="8" style="text-align:left; background:lightgrey; padding-left:10px; font-size:130%;"| Distrik<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.distritosdeportugal.com/ |title=Districts of Portugal |publisher=Distritosdeportugal.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226150054/http://www.distritosdeportugal.com/%20 |date=2018-12-26 }}</ref> ! style="text-align:right; background:lightgrey; padding-right:10px;"| |- style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:2%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| &nbsp; ! style="width:16%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Distrik ! style="width:16%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Aréa ! style="width:10%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Populasi ! style="width:15%; background:white; text-align:center;"| &nbsp; ! style="width:2%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| &nbsp; ! style="width:16%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Distrik ! style="width:16%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Aréa ! style="width:10%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Populasi |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 1 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Lisbon|Lisbon]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 2.761&nbsp;km² | | 2.124.426 ! rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black;"|[[Gambar:PortugalNumbered.png|180px]] | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 10 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Guarda|Guarda]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 5.518&nbsp;km² | | 173.831 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 2 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Leiria|Leiria]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 3.517&nbsp;km² | | 477.967 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 11 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Coimbra|Coimbra]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 3.947&nbsp;km² | | 436.056 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 3 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Santarém|Santarém]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 6.747&nbsp;km² | | 445.599 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 12 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Aveiro|Aveiro]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 2.808&nbsp;km² | | 752.867 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 4 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Setúbal|Setúbal]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 5.064&nbsp;km² | | 815.858 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 13 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Viseu|Viseu]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 5.007&nbsp;km² | | 394.844 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 5 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Beja|Beja]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 10.225|km² | | 154.325 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 14 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Bragança|Bragança]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 6.608&nbsp;km² | | 148.808 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 6 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Faro|Faro]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 4.960&nbsp;km² | | 458.734 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 15 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Vila Real|Vila Real]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 4.328&nbsp;km² | | 218.935 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 7 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Évora|Évora]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 7.393&nbsp;km² | | 170.535 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 16 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Porto|Porto]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 2.395&nbsp;km² | | 1.867.986 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 8 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Portalegre|Portalegre]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 6.065&nbsp;km² | | 119.543 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 17 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Braga|Braga]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 2.673&nbsp;km² | | 879.918 |- style="font-size:95%" | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 9 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Castelo Branco|Castelo Branco]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 6.675&nbsp;km² | | 208.069 | style="background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 18 | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Distrik Viana do Castelo|Viana do Castelo]]''' | style="text-align:left;"| 2.255&nbsp;km² | | 252.011 |} {{Clear}} {{Clear}} {| class="toccolours" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:auto; margin:1px; clear:right; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan="8" style="text-align:left; background:lightgrey; padding-left:10px; font-size:130%;"| Pamaréntahan otonomi ! style="text-align:right; background:lightgrey; padding-right:10px;"| |- style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:25%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Daérah otonom ! style="width:25%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Aréa ! style="width:25%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Populasi ! style="width:25%; background:white; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Démonim |- style="font-size:95%" | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Asores]]''' | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| <div class="center">2.333&nbsp;km²</div> | style="text-align:left;"| <div class="center">243.101</div> | | ''Azorean'' |- style="font-size:95%" | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| '''[[Madeira]]''' | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| <div class="center">801&nbsp;km²</div> | style="text-align:left;"| <div class="center">244.098</div> | | ''Madeiran'' |} == Réferénsi == {{reflist}} == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar nagara]] * [[Jogo do pau]] == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Category:Portugal|Portugal}} {{wikivoyage|Portugal}} * {{en}} [http://www.portugal.gov.pt/Portal/EN/ Portal resmi] * {{en}} [http://www.visitportugal.com/ Situs resmi pariwisata] * {{en}} [http://www.portugal.org/ Portugal.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713105624/http://www.portugal.org/ |date=2017-07-13 }} * {{pt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220808102721/http://previsao.growiktionary.org/ Previsão do Tempo] {{administratif Portugal}}<br /> {{Éropa}}<br /> {{Uni Éropa}}<br /> {{NATO}}<br /> {{OECD}}<br /> {{OSCE}}<br /> {{WTO}}<br /> {{Déwan Éropa}}<br /> {{Uni Latin}}<br /> {{CPLP}} [[Kategori:Portugal| ]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Portugal}} 18f452n2wjriz8pia3500oi1at4w94q 0 34309 731627 662993 2026-11-07T21:44:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Cabé beureum |image = Chilipeber.jpg |image_caption = Cabé beureum |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = |unranked_classis = |unranked_ordo = |ordo = |familia = |genus = |species = |}} '''Cabé beureum''' nyaéta pepelakan anu kaasup ka dina kulawarga pepelakan Solanacéae.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}}[http://www.apoteker.info/Pojok%20Herbal/cabai.htm=id Cabai merah ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421232502/http://www.apoteker.info/Pojok%20Herbal/cabai.htm=id |date=2026-04-21 }} (diaksés tanggal 31 Oktober 2011)</ref> Pepelakan anu buahna lada ieu dipaké sacara lega minangka samara masakan di sakumna dunya.<ref name="sumber1"/> Spesies pepelakan cabé anu pang mindeng dipaké ngawengku ''Capsicum annum'', ''Capsicum frutescens'', ''Capsicum chinense'', ''Capsicum pubescens'', sarta ''Capsicum baccatum''.<ref name="sumber1"/> Cabé beureum miboga sanyawa kimia anu dingaranan ''capsaicin'' (''8-methyl-n-vanillyl-6-nonenamide'').<ref name="sumber1"/> Sajaba ti éta, kaeusi ogé sagala rupa sanyawa anu jiga kalayan ''capsaicin'', anu dingaranan ''capsaicinoids''.<ref name="sumber1"/> Cabé beureum miboga vitamin C baréa-réa, ogé ngandung ''karoten'' (''pro vitamin A''). Kandungan kadua zat ieu henteu jida dina cabé anu boga warna konéng sarta héjo.<ref name="sumber1"/> Cabé ogé mibanda mangpaat pikeun kaséhatan awak, di antarana nyaéta:[[Capsaicin]], sanggup maéhan sél kanker dina beurit percobaan di [[laboratorium]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Panalungtikan panganyarna nétélakeun yén [[capsaicin]] bisa nurunkeun beurat awak dina jelema anu nalangsara [[obesitas]].<ref name="sumber1"/> [[Capsaicin]] dipaké pikeun maéhan sél-sél syaraf dina pankréas .<ref name="sumber1"/> Kadaharan anu ngandung cabé beureum bisa nyingkahan prosés lumangsungna mamala panyakit [[kardiovaskular]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Cabé beureum dianggap bisa ngadalikeun pencemaran mikroba dina kadaharan .<ref name="sumber1"/> Sawatara panalungtikan ngomong yén [[capsaicin]] mibanda mangpaat panangtayungan anti ulcer dina lambung anu ka infeksi bakteri ''H. pylori''.<ref name="sumber1"/> Cabé beureum mangrupa salah sahiji komuditas sayuran nu loba dikembangkeun ku [[patani]] di [[Indinesia]] sabab mibanda harga anu kawilang mahal, cabé beureum miboga mangpaat anu loba tapi cabé beureum ulah didahar loba teuing sabab bisa nyababkeun nyeri [[lambung]].<ref name="sumber2">{{id}}[Pestisida Nabati Ramuan dan Aplikasi. Penebar Swadaya.Jakarta 2002. ]</ref> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}}Kardinan. {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Sayuran]] [[Kategori:Solanaceae]] tl4p4mgrbl5k80q6oo7pgk7oy8e3sve 0 34313 731794 654312 2026-11-08T09:35:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | image = Pandan (screwpine) leaves.JPG | name = ''Pandanus amaryllifolius'' | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Pandanales]] | familia = [[Pandanaceae]] | genus = ''[[Pandanus]]'' | species = '''''P. amaryllifolius''''' | binomial = ''Pandanus amaryllifolius'' | binomial_authority = [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]] }} Pandan wangi mangrupa tuwuhan anu alusna dipelak di iklim [[tropis]].<ref name="pandan"/> Ieu tutuwuhan téh biasana osok dipelak di buruan imah atawa di kebon.<ref name="pandan"/> Pandan ogé sakapeung mah osok aya di walungan jeung tempat anu rada ''lembab''. Lamun di daérah [[pantai]] kudu dina katinggian sabudeureun 500 m dpl.<ref name="pandan"/> Perdu taunan, jangkungna 1–2 m. Watangna buleud, ngaracanbang, [[daun]] tunggal.<ref name="pandan"/> Unggal daunna bentukna pita, ipis, leueur, sisi-sisina maréncos, tapi rata, tulangna sajajar, panjang 40 – 80&nbsp;cm, lébarna 3 – 5&nbsp;cm, cucukan dina sisi-sisina, warnana [[héjo]].<ref name="pandan"/> [[Kembang]]na majemuk, bentuk bongkol, warnana [[bodas]]. Buahna buah [[batu]], ngagantung, bentuk bola, diaméter 4 - 7,5&nbsp;cm, dinding buah berambut, warnanya jingga.<ref name="pandan"/> Pandan wangi selain sebagai rempah-rempah juga digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan minyak wangi.<ref name="pandan"/> Osok dipaké jadi penyedap, paranti nyeungitan [[kadaharan]], jadi [[gincu]].<ref name="pandan"/> Biasana pandan ogé osok jadi hiasan dina [[gelung]], sangkan buuk téh ka ambeu seungit. Atawa jadi pewangi dina [[lomari]]. Daun pandan anu geus dikereutan osok jadi campuran kembang tujuh rupa.<ref name="pandan">[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?id=124 Pandan Wangi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824002058/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?id=124 |date=2011-08-24 }}(Dicutat tanggal 1 November 2011)</ref> ==Mangpaat== Salain jadi gincu jeung panyeungitan boh kadahareun boh dina [[gelung]], pandan ogé miboga mangpaat pikeun kecantikan nyaéta paranti ngahideungkeun [[buuk]] jeung ngaleunitkeun [[kotombé]]. <ref name="sumber">{{Cite web |url=http://www.conectique.com/tips_solution/beauty/hair_care/article.php?article_id=4923 |title=Pandan Untuk Kecantikan |accessdate=2011-11-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120045449/https://www.conectique.com/tips_solution/beauty/hair_care/article.php?article_id=4923 |archivedate=2023-11-20}}</ref> ==Cara Ngahideungkeun buuk== Sadiakeun 7 lembar daun pandan, tuluy dikeureutan terus dikulub ku saliter [[cai]] nepi ka warnana jadi [[héjo]].<ref name="sumber"/> Antepkeun salila sapeuting. Isukna, campurkeun cai pandan nu meunang ngulub téh jeung 3 cangkudu anu asak.<ref name="sumber"/> Saterusna usapkeun kana buuk.<ref name="sumber"/> ==Cara Ngaleungitkeun Ketombé== Sadiakeun 7 lembar daun pandan, tuluy di rendos nepi ka lemes.<ref name="sumber"/> Tambahkeun 1/2 cangkir cai bersih bari di campurkeun nepi ka rata.<ref name="sumber"/> Peres tuluy disaring.<ref name="sumber"/> Sanggeus kitu usapkeun cai éta kana [[kulit]] anu aya ketombéan.<ref name="sumber"/> Antepkeun nepi ka tuus jeung garing. Kira-kira 1/2 - 1 jam tuluy kuramas nepi ka bersih.<ref name="sumber"/> ==catetan== {{reflist|2 }} {{commonscat|Pandanus amaryllifolius}} [[Kategori:Pandanaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan bungbu]] lhu9tgdk38w0qsjyj6itdfv7g58m5g6 0 34420 731630 671828 2026-11-07T21:50:27Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Jeans.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Calana Jins]] '''Calana Jins''' nyaéta salah sahiji jinis [[calana]].<ref name="calana1"/> Calana ieu kawentar di [[Amerika Serikat]] dina taun [[1880]] anu mimiti dijieuna di [[Genoa]], [[Itali]] dina taun [[1560]].<ref name="calana1">[http://www.dikutip.com/2010/10/sejarah-celana-jeans-dan-kantong.html Sejarah Celana Jins Dan Kantong Kencilnya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325001353/http://www.dikutip.com/2010/10/sejarah-celana-jeans-dan-kantong.html |date=2013-03-25 }} (Dicutat tanggal 3 November 2011)</ref> Calana ieu osok dipaké ku [[angkatan laut]].<ref name="calana1"/> Di [[Prancis]] calana jins sok disebut ''Blue de Geans'' anu hartina biru Genoa.<ref name="calana1"/> Sanajan calana jins mimiti dijieuna di [[Éropa]] tapi masalah ''fashion'' calana jins leuwiih kawentar di [[Amérika]].<ref name="calana1"/> [[Levi Straus]] jalma mungaran anu ngawanohkeun calana kalayan bahan jéans di Amérika.<ref name="calana1"/> ==Sajarah== Dina taun [[1850]]-an nonoman 21 taun nu ngaranna '''Levi Strauss''' nepi di [[San Francisco]], [[Amérika]], ti [[Bavaria]], [[Éropa]], pikeun nyobaan kauntunganana, manéhna teu sadar yén manéhna eukeur ngamimitian nyieun hiji sajarah nu jadi kawentar pikeun dunia mode nepi ka ayeuna.<ref name="calana2">[http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?p=430222269 SEJARAH CELANA JEANS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127222732/http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?p=430222269 |date=2024-11-27 }}(Dicutat tanggal 3 November 2011)</ref> Strauss nyobaan ngajual ténda-ténda kanvas ka para penambang [[emas]].<ref name="calana2"/> Mangsa harita di Amérika keur ngeunjleung [[emas]].<ref name="calana2"/> Lain kairut ku tawaran Strauss, para panambang téh kalahkah ménta pangmawakeun calana panjang.<ref name="calana2"/> Ngaran Levi’s jadi dipikawanoh nepi ka para panambang téh naréangan ''those pants of Levi’s'' (calana si Levi) anu dijieunan tina denim.<ref name="calana2"/> Di Amérika, kecap jéans anu ayeuna dipikawanoh téh asalna tina peng-amerika-an kecap basa [[Perancis]] ''Genes'' anu artina Genoa, nyaéta kota anu nyieun calana denim di [[Italia]], anu sabenerna asalna téh ti [[Nimes]] di Perancis.<ref name="calana2"/> Sedengkeun istilah ''blue jeans'' aya nalika Levi keur [[nyelep]] denimna ku warna ''indigo'' jeung méré cap pikeun jadi pangabéda jeung calana nu lain sangkan kanyahoan yén éta téh asli jins nyieun manéhna.<ref name="calana2"/> Sacara génerik jins osok disebut '''denim'''.<ref name="calana2"/> Denim nyaéta tenunan bola katun.<ref name="calana2"/> Mimitina bola téh warnana [[bodas]] jeung [[biru]] anu asl- muasalna ti kota di [[Perancis]]. ''Nimes'' anu jadi asal kecapna denim nyaéta ''serge de Nimes''.<ref name="calana2"/> Mimitina denim dipaké pikeun pagawé anu di luar rohangan, ku sabab denim dijieuna tina [[katun]] anu bahana kuat.<ref name="calana2"/> Geus saabad leuwih denin jadi loba peminatna sanggeus Levi ngawanohkeun kana éta calana.<ref name="calana2"/> Dina taun [[1940]]-an denim dipaké pikeun produk mode dina bentuk [[gaun]], [[rok]], [[jaket]], jeung [[calana panjang]].<ref name="calana2"/> Denim jadi kawentar dina taun [[1970]]-an nalika calana jins diproduksi massal.<ref name="calana2"/> ==Baca Oge== [[Calana]] ==catetan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pakéan]] 4ry526y29bbcst7iopnmoovouhrlgto 0 34580 731816 672280 2026-11-08T10:27:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country | native_name = <span style="line-height: 1.33em;">{{lang|gv|'''''Ellan Vannin'''''}}</span> | conventional_long_name = ''Isle of Man''<br />Pulo Man | common_name = the Isle of Man | image_flag = Flag of the Isle of Mann.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Isle of Man.svg | image_map = The Isle of Man.svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=Beureum}} | national_motto = ''{{lang|la|Quocunque Jeceris Stabit}}''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Latin]])<br />Ka mana baé dialungkeun, pasti bisa nangtung.</small> | national_anthem = "[[Lagu Kabangsaan Pulo Man|O Land of Our Birth]]"<br />"''{{lang|gv|Arrane Ashoonagh dy Vannin}}''" <small>([[basa Man|Man]])</small> | royal_anthem = "[[God Save the Queen]]" | official_languages = [[basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[basa Man|Man]]<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/im.html#People CIA - The World Factbook<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073715/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/im.html#People |date=2018-12-26 }}</ref> | demonym = [[urang Man|Manx]] | capital = [[Douglas, Pulo Man|Douglas]] {{lang|gv|''(Doolish)''}} | latd=54 |latm=09 |latNS=N |longd=4 |longm=29 |longEW=W | largest_city = [[Douglas, Pulo Man|Douglas]] {{lang|gv|''(Doolish)''}} | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Depéndensi Makuta|Depéndensi Makuta Britania]]}} {{nowrap|[[Démokrasi parleménter]]}} <small>{{nowrap|([[Monarki konstitusional]])}}&nbsp; | leader_title1 = ''[[Lord of Mann]]'' | leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]] | leader_title2 = [[Gubernur Létnan Pulo Man|Gubernur Létnan]] | leader_name2 = [[Adam Wood]] | leader_title3 = [[Mentri Pupuhu Pulo Man|Mentri Pupuhu]] | leader_name3 = [[Allan Bell]] | area_rank = ka-191 | area_magnitude = 1&nbsp;E8 | area = 572 | areami² = 221<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0 | population_estimate = 80.085 | population_estimate_rank = ka-196 | population_census_year = 2006 | population_density = 140 | population_densitymi² = 362,4<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = ka-109 | GDP_PPP = $2,113 milyar<!-- cia --> | GDP_PPP_rank = ka-162 | GDP_PPP_year = 2003 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $35.000 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-11/12 | sovereignty_type = Status | sovereignty_note = [[Depéndensi Makuta]] | established_event1 = Kakawasaan dibéré ka Britania | established_date1 = 1765 | HDI_year=2010 | HDI=0,849<ref>{{cite web |url= http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf |title= Human Development Report 2010 |publisher= United Nations |accessdate= 21 April 2011 |page= 143 ff }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121150504/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf |date=21 November 2010 }}</ref> |HDI_rank=t/kas |HDI_category=<span style="color:#090;">luhur&nbsp;pisan</span> |Gini=41<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.poverty.org.uk/09/index.shtml |title= Income inequalities |publisher= The Poverty Site |accessdate= 21 April 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426071007/http://www.poverty.org.uk/09/index.shtml |date=26 April 2011 }}</ref> | currency = [[Pound sterling]]<sup>1</sup> | currency_code = GBP | country_code = | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = kénca | cctld = [[.im]] | calling_code = 44 spec.<br />+44-1624, +44-7524, +44-7624, +44-7924 | footnote1 = Pulo Man nyitak koin jeung uang [[Pound Sterling|sterling]] manéhna sorangan (tempo [[Pound Man]]). }} '''Pulo Man''' ({{lang-en|'''Isle of Man'''}}, {{lang-gv|Ellan Vannin}}<ref>''Ellan'' mangrupa basa Man ti ''pulo''; ''Vannin'' kasus génitif ti ''Mannin'', jeung boga harti (basa Inggris) ''of Mann''.</ref>, atawa ukur '''Mann''' ({{lang-gv|Mannin}}), mangrupakeu hiji [[Depéndensi makuta|Depéndensi Makuta Britania]], aya di [[Laut Irlandia]] antara pulo [[Britania]] jeung [[Irlandia]]. [[Pupuhu nagara]] nyaéta [[Elizabeth II|Ratu Elizabeth II]], nu mibanda gelar ''[[Lord of Mann]]''. ''Lord of Mann'' diwakilkeun ku hiji [[Gubernur Létnan Pulo Man|Gubernur Létnan]]. Pulo ieu sanés bagian ti [[Britania Raya]], tapi hubungan asing jeung patahananna aya dina tanggung jawab pamaréntah Brtiania Raya. == Réferénsi == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * {{en}} [http://www.gov.im Loka resmi] * {{en}} [http://www.manxforums.com Forum diskusi Manx] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007105821/http://www.isle-of-man.com/ isle-of-man.com] * {{en}} [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IsleofMan/ Milis IsleofMan di Yahoo.com] * {{en}} [http://www.manxradio.com/ Radio Manx] {{éropa|state=show}}<br /> {{Dependensi Britania|state=show}} [[Kategori:Pulo Man| ]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Britania Raya}} suah9nz6fo8dapw9jnm7tsd4nqzb3ie 0 34639 731633 653187 2026-11-07T22:10:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Cendrawasih Beureum | status = NT | image = CpZ Paradisaea rubra 00.jpg | image_width = 225px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Paradisaeidae]] | genus = ''[[Paradisaea]]'' | species = '''''P. rubra''''' | binomial = ''Paradisaea rubra'' | binomial_authority = [[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1800 }} '''Cendrawasih Beureum''' atawa dina ngaran ilmiahna ''Paradisaea rubra'' nyaéta sajenis manuk pengicau ukuranana sedeng, kalayan panjang kira-kira 33&nbsp;cm, ti marga Paradisaéa. Éndemik [[Indonésia]], Cendrawasih Beureum ngan kapanggih di leuweung dataran pendék dina [[pulo Waigeo]] sarta [[Batanta]] di kabupatén [[Raja Ampat]], propinsi [[Irian Jaya Kulon]].<ref name="internet1">{{id}}[http://www.klikunic.com/2011/03/burung-burung-indonesia-yang-eksotis.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215000458/http://www.klikunic.com/2011/03/burung-burung-indonesia-yang-eksotis.html |date=2011-12-15 }}(diakses kaping 7 november 2011)</ref> Manuk ieu boga warna [[konéng]] sarta [[coklat]], sarta miboga paruh [[konéng]].<ref name="internet2">{{id}}[http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/5797949] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119172537/http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/5797949 |date=2025-01-19 }}(diakses kaping 23 november 2011)</ref> Manuk jalu dewasa ukuranana kira-kira 72&nbsp;cm sarta miboga bulu-bulu hiasan anu warnana beureum getih jeung tungtungna miboga warna [[bodas]] dina bagian sisi beuteungna, bulu beungeut boga warna héjo zamrud gelap sarta buntutna miboga dua tali anu panjang ngawangun ''pilin dobel'' warnana hideung.<ref name="internet2"/> Manuk bikang ukuranana leuwih leutik ti batan manuk jalu, jeung beungeutna miboga warna coklat kolot sarta henteu boga bulu-bulu hiasan.<ref name="internet2"/> Cendrawasih Beureum nyaéta ngawayuh spésiés. Manuk jalu mikat pasangan ku ritual [[tarian]] anu mamérkeun bulu-bulu hiasanna.<ref name="internet2"/> Sanggeus kopulasi, manuk jalu ninggalkeun bikang sarta mimitian néangan pasangan anu séjén.<ref name="internet2"/> Manuk bikang nyileumleuman sarta ngasuh anakna sorangan.<ref name="internet2"/> Cendrawasih Beureum daharna buah-buahan sarta rupa-rupa sarangga.<ref name="internet2"/> Dumasar leungitna [[habitat]] leuweung anu terus-terusan, sarta populasi jeung daérah di mana manuk ieu kapanggih pohara kawatesan, Cendrawasih Beureum diévaluasikeun minangka manuk anu miboga résiko ampir kaancam di jero ''IUCN Red List''.<ref name="internet2"/> Manuk ieu kadaptar dina ''CITES Appendix II''.<ref name="internet2"/> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Paradisaeidae]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Indonésia]] b7n4wxf1owl5c6kdnz89fr6chw4o1z4 0 34664 731681 674808 2026-11-08T00:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Pramuka Penggalang Indonesia.JPG|200px|thumb|barudak pramuka nuju PBB]] '''Pramuka''' mangrupa singkatan tina '''Praja Muda Karana'''<ref name="sumber5">[http://deskripsi.com/singkatan/pramuka Pramuka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119005300/http://www.deskripsi.com/singkatan/pramuka |date=2016-01-19 }}(diakses 2 Desember 2011)</ref> Ari nu disebut ''kepramukaan'' nyaéta prosés atikan di luar sakola jeung di luar lingkungan kulawarga dina wangun kagiatan anu ngirut ati,pikabungaheun, [[séhat]], [[disiplin]], puguh udaganana, [[praktis]] anu diayakeun di alam luyu jeung [[Prinsip Dasar kapramukaan]] jeung [[Métode Kapramukaan]] anu tujuan utamana ngawangun [[watak]], [[ahlak]], [[budi pekerti]] anu luhung<ref name="sumber6">[http://www.diansaktikesamben.sch.id/dssekolah/34-untukumum/57-pramuka Pramuka ]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(diakses 2 Desember 2011)</ref>.Kapramukaan mangrupa sistem atikan ''kepanduan'' anu disaluyukeun jeung kaayaan, kapentingan ogé kamekaran masarakat jeung bangsa [[Indonésia]]<ref name="sumber6" />. ==Sejarah Pramuka di Dunia== Nu ngamimitian ngadegkeun Pramuka di dunya nyaéta '''Lord Robert Baden Powell of Gilwell'''<ref name="sumber1" />. Anjeunna nu ngamimitian ngabina rumaja di nagara [[Inggris]]<ref name="sumber1">[http://duniabaca.com/sejarah-awal-mula-pramuka-di-dunia.html Sejarah Awal Mula Pramuka di Dunia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115103309/http://duniabaca.com/sejarah-awal-mula-pramuka-di-dunia.html |date=2011-11-15 }}(Diakses 9 November 2011)</ref>.Pembinaan rumaja ieu anu jadi cikal bakal mekarna gerakan Pramuka. Baden Powell gumelar ka alam dunya ping 22 Pebruari 1857 anu ngaranna Robert Stephenson Smyth<ref name="sumber1" />. Bapana ngaranna powell saurang Professor Géometry di Universitas Oxford, anu tilar dunya nalika Stephenson leutik kénéh<ref name="sumber1" />.Rupa-rupa pangalaman Baden Powell ditulis dina buku ''Aids To Scouting'' anu mangrupa piunjuk pikeun para tangtara muda di [[Inggris]] supaya bisa ngalakonan pancénna ''penyelidik'' sacara hadé<ref name="sumber1" />. [[William Smyth]] saurang pingpinan [[Boys Brigade]] di [[Inggris]] ménta supaya [[Baden Powell]] ngalatih anggotana luyu jeung pangalamanana<ref name="sumber1" />. Tuluy disipakeun 21 pamuda ti [[Boys Brigade]] di unggal wilayah di [[Inggris]], diajak kémping jeung latihan di [[pulau Browns Sea]] nalika ping [[25 Juli 1907]] anu lilana 8 poé<ref name="sumber1" />. Nalika [[Taun 1910]] [[Baden Powell]] péngsiun tina tangtara anu pangkatna téh [[Letnan Jenderal]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Nalika [[taun 1912]] kawin jeung [[Ovale St. Clair Soames]] anu dipaparin tilu urang putra<ref name="sumber1" />.Anjeunna meunang ''titel'' [[Lord]] ti [[Raja George]],[[taun 1929]] [[Baden Powell]] tilar dunya [[8 Januari 1941]] di [[Nyeri]], [[Kenya]], [[Afrika]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Awal [[taun 1908]] [[Baden Powell]] nuliskeun pangalamanana pikeun kagiatan latihan kapramukaan anu di''rintisna''<ref name="sumber1" />.Kumpulan tulisanana ieu dijadikeun buku anu judulna '''Scouting For Boys'''<ref name="sumber1" />. Buku ieu gancang sumebar di [[Inggris]] jeung nagara-nagara séjénna anu satuluyna jadi organisasi kapramukaan nu saméméhna ngan pikeun lalaki hungkul anu disebutna '''Boys Scout'''<ref name="sumber1" />. [[Taun 1912]] dibantuan ku adina, [[Agnes]] nyieun organisasi kapramukaan pikeun awéwé anu ngaranna '''Girl Guides''' anu satuluyna diteruskeun ku pamajikanana<ref name="sumber1" />. [[Taun 1916]] ngadeg kelompok pramuka usia '''siaga''' anu ngaranna ''CUB'' (anak serigala)anu bukuna [[The Jungle Book]] karangan [[Rudyard Kipling]] salaku cecekelan dina kagiatanana<ref name="sumber1" />. Buku ieu nyaritakeun ngeunaan ''Mowgli si anak rimba'' anu dipiara di reuma ku induk serigala<ref name="sumber1" />. [[Taun 1918]] anjeunna nyieun '''Rover Scout''' pikeun anu umurna 17 taun<ref name="sumber1" />. [[Taun 1922]] anjeunna nerbitkeun buku '''Rovering To Success (Mengembara Menuju Bahagia)'''<ref name="sumber1" />'. [[Gambar:200px-Logo pramuka internasional.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Logo Pramuka Internasional]] Taun 1920 diayakeun Jambore Dunya anu mimitina di [[Olympia Hall]],[[London]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Anjeunna ngondang pramuka ti 27 Nagara jeung harita ogé '''Baden Powell''' diistrénan jadi Bapa Pandu Sadunya (Chief Scout of The World)<ref name="sumber1" />.<br /> [[Taun 1924]] Jambore II di [[Ermelunden, Copenhagen, Denmark]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1929]] Jambore III di [[Arrow Park, Birkenhead, Inggris]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1933]] Jambore IV di [[Godollo, Budapest, Hongaria]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1937]] Jambore V di [[Vogelenzang, Blomendaal, Walanda]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1947]] Jambore VI di [[Moisson, Perancis]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1951]] Jambore VII di [[Salz Kamergut, Austria]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1955]] Jambore VIII di [[sutton Park, Sutton Coldfild, Inggris]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1959]] Jambore IX di [[Makiling, Philipina]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1963]] Jambore X di [[Marathon, Yunani]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1967]] Jambore XI di [[Idaho, Amerika Serikat]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1971]] Jambore XII di [[Asagiri, Jepang]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1975]] Jambore XIII di [[Lillehammer, Norwegia]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1979]] Jambore XIV di [[Neishaboor, Iran]] tapi dibatalkeun<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1983]] Jambore XV di [[Kananaskis, Alberta, Kanada]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1987]] Jambore XVI di [[Cataract Scout Park, Australia]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1991]] Jambore XVII di [[Korea Selatan]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1995]] Jambore XVIII di [[Walanda]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 1999]] Jambore XIX di [[Chili, Amerika Selatan]]<ref name="sumber1" /><br /> [[Taun 2003]] Jambore XX di [[Thailand]]<ref name="sumber1" /> [[Taun 1914]] anjeunna tulis piunjuk pikeun kursus Pembina Pramuka anu bisa kalaksanakeun nalika [[taun 1919]]<ref name="sumber1" />.Ti sobatna [[W.F. de Bois Maclarren]], meunang tanah sapétak di [[Chingford]] anu satuluyna dijadikeun tempat atikan pembina pramuka anu dingaranan [[Gilwell Park]]<ref name="sumber1" />. [[Taun 1920]] dijieun [[Dewan Internasional]] anu 9 orang anggota jeung Biro Sekretariatnya di [[London, Inggris]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Nalika [[taun 1958]] Biro Kapramukaan sadunya dipindahkeun ti [[London]] ka [[Ottawa Kanada]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Tanggal [[1 Mei 1968]] Biro kapramukaan Sadunya dipindahkeun deui ka [[Geneva, Swiss]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Ti mimiti [[taun 1920]] Pupuhu Biro Kapramukaan Sadunya nyaéta [[Hebert Martin]] (Inggris),[[Kolonel J.S. Nilson ]](Inggris), [[Mayjen D.C. Spry ]](Kanada) anu nalika taun 1965 diganti ku [[R.T. Lund]] [[1 Mei 1968]] diganti deui ku [[DR. Laszio Nagy]] salaku Sékjén<ref name="sumber1" />. Biro Kapramukaan sadunya Lalaki miboga 5 kantor kawasan nyaéta [[Costa Rica]], [[Mesir]], [[Philipina]], [[Swiss]] jeung [[Nigeria]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Ari Biro kapramukaan Sadunya Awéwé markasna di London anu jadi 5 kantor kawasan di [[Eropa]], [[Asia Pasifik]], [[Arab]], [[Afrika]] jeung [[Amerika Latin]]<ref name="sumber1" />. ==Lambang== [[Gambar:Tunas Kelapa.jpeg|thumb|right|200px|Kalangkang Tunas Kelapa]] Lambang Gerakan Pramuka nyaéta '''''Tunas Kalapa'''''<ref name="sumber2">[http://www.pramukanet.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=128&Itemid=51 Lambang Gerakan Pramuka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031171338/http://www.pramukanet.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=128&Itemid=51 |date=2011-10-31 }}(diakses 9 november 2011)</ref>.Lambang gerakan pramuka nyaéta tanda pengenal tetap anu ngswengku cita-cita unggal anggota Pramuka<ref name="sumber2" />.Lambang éta dijieun ku Bapak [[Soemardjo Asmodipuro]], saurang pembina Pramuka anu aktif digawé di lingkungan [[Departemen Pertanian]] anu satuluyna dipaké ti mimiti [[16 Agustus 1961]]<ref name="sumber2" />. Lambang éta ditetepkeun ku [[Surat Keputusan Kwartir Nasional Gerakan Pramuka No. 06/KN/72 taun 1972]]<ref name="sumber2" />. Harti lambang gerakan pramuka:<br /> 1. kalapa dina kaayaan ''jadi'' disebut '''Cikal''', jeung istilah ''cikal bakal'' di [[Indonesia]] hartina penduduk asli anu ngamimitian ngawariskeun generasi anyar<ref name="sumber2" />. Jadi kalapa anu keur tumuwuh téh ngandung harti [[konotatif]] yén unggal pramuka mangrupa inti pikeun kalumangsungan hirup Bangsa Indonésia<ref name="sumber2" />.<br /> 2.'''kalapa téh awét''' dina kaayaan kumaha waé,Jadi lambang éta miboga harti yén unggal anggota pramuka nyaéta jalma anu [[jasmani]] jeung [[rohanina]] [[séhat]], [[kuat]] jeung [[rajin]] sarta miboga tékad nu gedé dina nyanghareupan rupa-rupa tantangan dina hirup jeung dina ngambah sagala ujian jeung kasusah pikeun babakti ka lemah cai jeung bangsa [[Indonesia]]<ref name="sumber2" />.<br /> 3.'''kalapa bisa jadi di mana waé''', anu ngabuktikeun gedéna upaya dina nyaluyukeun diri jeung masarakat di mana manéhna hirup jeung dina kaayaan naon waé<ref name="sumber2" />.<br /> 4.'''kalapa tumuwuhna lempeng ka luhur''' jeung mangrupa salah sahiji tatangkalan anu pangluhurna di Indonésia<ref name="sumber2" />.Jadi lambang éta ngandung harti yén unggal pramuka miboga cita-cita anu luhur jeung ''lurus'', nyaéta mulya jeung jujur ogé tetep panceg dina galur<ref name="sumber2" />.<br /> 5.'''Akar kalapa''' mah kuat jeung pageuh dina jero [[taneuh]]<ref name="sumber2" />. Jadi lambang éta ngandung harti tékad jeung kayakinan unggal pramuka anu nyekel pageuh kana dadasar jeung landasan-landasan anu hadé, bener, kuat jeung ''nyata'' nyaéta tékad jeung kayakinan anu dipaké ku manéhna pikeun nguatkeun diri pikeun ngahontal cita-citana<ref name="sumber2" />.<br /> 6.'''Kalapa''' nyaéta tangkal anu ''serba guna'' ti mimiti [[akar]] nepi ka [[pucuk]]na<ref name="sumber2" />. Jadi [[lambang]] éta miboga harti unggal pramuka nyaéta manusa anu boga guna, jeung babakti pikeun kapentingan lemah cai, bangsa jeung nagara [[Indonesia]] sarta umat manusa<ref name="sumber2" />. ==Pamakéan Lambang== Lambang gerakan pramuka bisa dipaké dina [[panji]], [[bandéra]], [[papan ngaran]] [[kwartir]] jeung satuan, [[tanda pengenal]] administrasi gerakan pramuka<ref name="sumber2" />.Pamakéan éta maksudna salaku alat atikan pikeun nalingakeun jeung ngaronjatkeun kagiatan gerakan pramuka luyu jeung kiasan anu aya dina lambang pramuka éta<ref name="sumber2" />. ==Tingkatan Pramuka== ===Pramuka Siaga=== Pramuka Siaga nyaéta Golongan Pramuka anu umurna 7 nepi ka 10 taun<ref name="sumber3" />. Ari kelompok gedé dina siaga disebut '''Perindukan'''<ref name="sumber3" />. Perindukan téh eusina 24 urang Pramuka Siaga<ref name="sumber3" />.Perindukan dibagi jadi satuan leutik anu disebut '''Barung'''<ref name="sumber3" />. Dina sabarung aya 6 urang Pramuka Siaga<ref name="sumber3" />. Ngawangun Barung anu dilaksanakeun ku para Pramuka Siaga nu dibantuan ku [[Pembina]] jeung [[Pembantu Pembina Pramuka Siaga]]<ref name="sumber3" />. Di unggal Barung maké ngaran warna, contona: Barung [[Beureum]], Barung [[Bodas]], Barung [[Héjo]], jeung réa-réa deui<ref name="sumber3" />. Satuluyna pikeun unggal Barung dibéré tanda ku [[bandéra]] luyu jeung ngaran Barungna<ref name="sumber3" />.Kapamingpinan dina Barung Siaga luyu jeung '''Kaputusan Kwartir Nasional gerakan Pramuka Nomor 231 taun 2007''' ngeunaan penyelenggaraan gugus depan Pramuka dipingpin ku saurang Pembina Siaga anu yuswana minimal 21 taun, dibantuan ku tilu urang Pembantu pembina Siaga anu yuswana minimal 16 taun<ref name="sumber3" />. ====Kode Kehormatan Pramuka Siaga==== [[Gambar:Indonesian Cub Scouts.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pramuka Siaga Puteri]] Kode kehormatan di tingkat Pramuka Siaga nyaéta Dwi Satya dina wangun jangji jeung wangun moralna dina Dwi Dharma<ref name="sumber3">[Riyanto, lukys.dkk.[s.a] PEGANGAN LENGKAP GERAKAN PRAMUKA. Surabaya: Terbit Terang]</ref> *Dwi Satya<ref name="sumber3" /> ''Demi kehormatanku aku berjanji akan bersungguh-sungguh''<ref name="sumber3" /> :(1)''Menjalankan kewajibanku terhadap Tuhan dan Negara Republik Indonesia''.<ref name="sumber3" /> :(2)''Setiap hari berbuat kebaikan''<ref name="sumber3" /> *Dwi Dharma :(1)''Siaga itu menurut ayah dan ibunda''<ref name="sumber3" /> :(2)''Siaga itu berani dan tidak putus asa''<ref name="sumber3" /> ====Rupa-Rupa Tanda Kecakapan Pramuka Siaga==== Aya tilu rupa tingkatan Pramuka Siaga nyaéta [[Siaga Mula]], [[Siaga Bantu]], jeung [[Siaga Tata]]<ref name="sumber3" />.Jang Pramuka Siaga aya tilu rupa Upacara nyaéta ''Upacara pembukaan Latihan'','' upacara penutupan Latihan'' jeung '' Upacara Pelantikan''<ref name="sumber3" />. ====Kalengkepan Pramuka Siaga==== [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kinderen krijgen les op een lagere school van de stichting Bhakti Luhur TMnr 20018375.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pramuka siaga Putera]] Anapon kalengkepan Pramuka Siaga nyaéta [[topi]] barét warna coklat, tanda topi anu mangrupa [[tunas kelapa]] warna [[konéng]] ari dadasarna warna [[héjo daun]] wangunna pikeun awéwé mah [[buleud]] tapi ari pikeun lalaki mah wangunna [[segi panjang]]<ref name="sumber3" />.Tanda pelantikanana nyaéta [[tunas kelapa]] anu warnana [[konéng emas]] anu warna dasarna [[coklat kolot]] anu dipasangkeun di [[dada]] beulah [[kénca]]<ref name="sumber3" />. ''Setangan Leher'' pikeun lalaki nyaéta [[segitilu]] anu warnana [[beureum bodas]], bahanna tina kaén anu ngabutuhkeun [[cingcin]] supaya leuwih rapih dipasangkeun di handapeun [[kerah]] baju biasa disebut '''kacu''', Ari pikeun awéwé maké pita anu legana 3,5&nbsp;cm panjangna 40&nbsp;cm pamakéanana pita di[[simpul mati]]keun<ref name="sumber3" />.[[Baju]], [[Calana]] jeung [[erok]]na warnana sarua [[coklat ngora]] kaluhuranana jeung [[coklat kolot]] pikeun ka handapanana<ref name="sumber3" />.[[Sapatu]] jeung [[kaos kaki]] warnana [[coklat]] atawa [[hideung]]<ref name="sumber3" />.Tanda Barung dipasangkeun dileungeun [[baju]] beulah [[kénca]], ari [[lokasi]] dipasangkeun dina leungeun [[baju]] beulah [[katuhu]]<ref name="sumber3" />. Tanda pangkat Siaga Bantu nyaéta gambar ''mancung'' hulu anu warnana [[bodas]] tapi dasarna [[héjo]], Lamun tanda pangakat Siaga Tata nyaéta dua tanda anu sarua jeung tanda siaga bantu anu dipasangkeun di leungeun beulah [[kénca]]<ref name="sumber3" />. ===Pramuka Penggalang=== Pramuka Penggalang nyaéta Golongan Pramuka nu yuswana 12-15 taun. Satuluyna kelompok gedé dina Penggalang disebut pasukan Penggalang. Dina pasukan Penggalang aya kelompok-kelompok leutik anu disebut regu Penggalang nu diwangun ku 6 - 8 urang. Ngaran-ngaran regu dicokot tina ngaran sato jeung kekembangan. Ngaran sato pikeun regu putra, ari ngaran kekembangan pikeun ngaran regu putri. ====Kode Kehormatan Pramuka Penggalang==== Wangun kode kehormatan Pramuka Penggalang nyaéta janji anu ngabungkeuleuk dina Tri Satya jeung Dasa Dharma. *Tri Satya ''Demi Kehormatanku aku berjanji akan bersungguh-sungguh'': :1. ''Menjalankan Kewajibanku terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, Negara Kesatuan republik Indonesia dan mengamalkan Pancasila''<ref name="sumber3" /> :2. ''Menolong sesama hidup dan mempersiapkan diri membangun masyarakat''<ref name="sumber3" /> :3. ''Menepati Dasa Dharma''<ref name="sumber3" />. *Dasa Dharma ''Pramuka itu'': :1. ''Takwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa<ref name="sumber3" />'' :2. ''Cinta alam dan kasih sayang sesama manusia<ref name="sumber3" />'' :3. ''Patriot yang sopan dan ksatria<ref name="sumber3" />'' :4. ''Patuh dan suka bermusyawarah<ref name="sumber3" />'' :5. ''Rela menolong dan tabah<ref name="sumber3" />'' :6. ''Rajin, terampil dan gembira<ref name="sumber3" />'' :7. ''Hemat, cermat dan bersahaja<ref name="sumber3" />'' :8. ''Disiplin, berani dan setia<ref name="sumber3" />'' :9. ''Bertanggungjawab dan dapat dipercaya<ref name="sumber3" />'' :10. ''Suci dalam pikiran, perkataan dan perbuatan<ref name="sumber3" />'' ====Lawungan Pramuka Penggalang==== [[Gambar:Kemah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kémah]] ===== Jambore===== Lawungan Pramuka Penggalang anu dibéré ngaran Jambore dilaksanakeun di [[tingkat nasional]]<ref name="sumber3" />. Tapi bisa ogé diayakeun di tingkat Daerah, Cabang atawa Ranting<ref name="sumber3" />. Saméméh ngayakeun kagiatan Jambore, perlu ayana rarancang atawa tatahar, pengorganisasian jeung pelaksanaan sacara kompréhénsif<ref name="sumber3" />. =====Lomba Tingkat===== Lomba tingkat (LT) nyaéta gelanggang Penggalang Putera jeung Penggalang Puteri boh sacara bérégu atawa perorangan <ref name="sumber3" />. Nomor lomba ngeunaan kasingeran jeung kaparigelan<ref name="sumber3" />. Tujuan perlombaan éta nyaéta nguji kamampuh penggalang<ref name="sumber3" />. Anapon rupa-rupa LT nyaéta LT1 anu diayakeun ku gugus depan, LTII anu diayakeun ku Kortan/kwartir ranting, LTIII diayakeun ku Kwartir cabang, LT IV diayakeun ku kwartir Daerah jeung anu pamungkas nyaéta LT V anu diayakeun ku Kwartir Nasional<ref name="sumber3" />.Conto kagiatan LT dumasar kana aspék kamampuh nyaéta kaparigelan jeung kasingeran<ref name="sumber3" />. Kaparigelan anu dilombakeun nyaéta lomba ''Peta pita'', ''Peta perjalanan'', [[Semaphore]], [[Morse]], [[kémah]], ''pioneering dasar'', [[Panorama]], [[Sandi]], jeung [[Lomba Masak]]<ref name="sumber3" />.Ari dina aspék kasingeran nyaéta lomba ''mendaki tangga'',''mendaki jeung turun tebing'',''Sambung tali'', ''meniti kayu bulat''.Lian ti dua aspék anu geus disebutkeun tadi aya ogé aspék perlombaan séjén kayaning aspék [[kasenian]] atawa [[olahraga]], [[kaagamaan]], jeung [[kamasarakatan]]<ref name="sumber3" />. ====Tanda Kecakapan Umum==== Aya tilu tingkatan Tanda Kecakapan Umum pikeun Penggalang téh nyaéta Ramu, Rakit jeung Terap ====Tanda Kecakapan Khusus==== Tanda Kecakapan Khusus pikeun Penggalang aya tilu tingkatan nyaéta Purwa, Madya jeung Utama ===Pramuka Penegak=== [[Gambar:Pembina Pramuka 1.png|thumb|right|200px|Pembina Pramuka]] Ambalan nyaéta kelompok gedé dina pramuka penegak<ref name="sumber3" />. Ngaran Ambalan biasanya nyokot tina ngaran sababaraha [[pahlawan]], contona:Ambalan Bung Karno, Ambalan Diponegoro, jrrd<ref name="sumber3" />.Dina Ambalan aya organisasi anu ngawadahan aspirasi penegak anu dingaranan DA(Dewan Ambalan)<ref name="sumber3" />. Cara kerja [[dewan]] ieu nyaéta nyieun kaputusan sacara [[musyawarah]] mufakat<ref name="sumber3" />.Dina Ambalan penegak aya [[pembina]]<ref name="sumber3" />. Pembina mangrupa dulur kolot Ambalan Penegak anu kudu dihargaan jeung diajénan<ref name="sumber3" />.Golongan usia pramuka anu kagolong kana Penegak nyaéta 16-20 taun<ref name="sumber3" />.Dina hiji Ambalan aya sababaraha kelompok leutik anu disebut '''Sangga'''<ref name="sumber3" />. Sangga dipingpin ku saurang pamingpin anu dibantuan ku wawakilna<ref name="sumber3" />. Ngaran-ngaran Sangga dina Pramuka Penegak biasana nyokot tina tahapan kamerdikaan Indonésia, nyaéta:<br /> :1. Sangga perintis<ref name="sumber3" /> :2. Sangga Penegas<ref name="sumber3" /> :3. Sangga Pendobrak<ref name="sumber3" /> :4. Sangga Pencoba<ref name="sumber3" /> :5. Sangga Pelaksana<ref name="sumber3" /> Tapi salian ti eta, ngaran sangga bisa ogé nyokot tina ngaran sato, kembang, tokoh wayang atawa nu paling sederhana ngaeta ku nomer, jiga Sangga 1 Sangga 2 jrrd. Kode kehormatan Pramuka Penegak sarua jeung kode kehormatan penegak Penggalang nyaéta [[Tri satya]] jeung [[Dasa Dharma]]<ref name="sumber3" />. ====Lawungan Pramuka penegak==== :1.'''PW (Perkémahan Wirakarya)'''<ref name="sumber3" /> PW nyaéta lawungan Pramuka anu diayakeun ku penegak jeung pandéga ti rupa-rupa satuan (Ambalan dan satuan Karya)<ref name="sumber3" />. Kagiatan ieu ngahijikeun diri sarta ngawangun masarakat anu luyu jeung jangji Tri Satya<ref name="sumber3" />. :2.'''Raimuna''' <ref name="sumber3" /> Raimuna nyaéta perkémahan pikeun ngabina jiwa Pramuka Penegak/ Pandéga anu miboga sifat [[kréatif]] jeung [[produktif]] anu ngawengku unsur ''edukatif'' (atikan) ngaliwatan sababaraha kagiatan kawas ieu di handap: ::1. Lomba karya di widang téhnologi tepat guna<ref name="sumber3" /> ::2. Lomba Karya tulis<ref name="sumber3" /> ::3. Lomba kaparigelan<ref name="sumber3" /> :3.'''Musppanitra'''<ref name="sumber3" /> Musppanitra nyaéta dialog musawarah penegak/pandéga [[putera]] jeung [[puteri]] anu ngabahas masalah-masalah [[organisasi]], [[kagiatan]], [[program gawé]], [[anggaran]] jeung sajabana<ref name="sumber3" />. Aya sababaraha tingkatan ngayakeun Musppanitra nyaéta [[Musppanitra Nasional]], [[Musppanitra Daérah]], [[jeung Musppanitra Cabang]]<ref name="sumber3" />. :4. '''Pesta Karya''' Pesta Karya nyaéta lawungan spésifik(husus) anu dihadiran ku Penegak/ pandéga anggota Saka (Satuan Karya)<ref name="sumber3" />.Anapon rupa-rupa Pésta Karya nyaéta [[Pésta Karya Taruna Bumi]], [[Pésta Karya Bhayangkara]], [[Pésta Karya Bahari]] jeung [[Pésta Karya Dirgantara]]<ref name="sumber3" />. ====Tingkatan Pramuka Penegak==== [[Gambar:Pramuka Penegak putri.png|thumb|right|100px|Pramuka Penegak Putri]] :a.Penegak Bantara<ref name="sumber3" /> Syarat asup jadi Penegak Bantara, nyaéta: ::-Nyumponan [[SKU]] Penegak Bantara<ref name="sumber3" /> ::-[[Dilantik]] ku pembinana<ref name="sumber3" /> :b.Penegak Laksana<ref name="sumber3" /> syarat asup jadi Penegak Laksana, nyaéta: ::-Nyumponan [[SKU]] Penegak Laksana<ref name="sumber3" /> ::-Dilantik ku [[pembina]]na<ref name="sumber3" /> ==Lagu Hymne Pramuka== ''Kami pramuka Indonesia''<ref name="sumber4">[http://www.pramukanet.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=118&Itemid=51 Lagu Hymne Pramuka ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133634/http://www.pramukanet.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=118&Itemid=51 |date=2012-01-11 }}(diakses 2 Desember 2011)</ref><br /> ''manusia Pancasila''<ref name="sumber4" /><br /> ''Satyaku ku Dharmakan''<ref name="sumber4" /><br /> ''Dharmaku ku Baktikan''<ref name="sumber4" /><br /> ''Agar Jaya Indonesia''<ref name="sumber4" /><br /> ''Indonesia Tanah Airku''<ref name="sumber4" /><br /> ''Kami jadi Pandumu''<ref name="sumber4" /><br />'' ==Sandi Rusiah di Pramuka== *'''[[Morse]]''' Nalika taun [[1823]] di [[Amerika]] kapanggih Morse<ref name="sumber3" />. Nu manggihan Morse téh nyaéta [[Samuel F.B Morse]]<ref name="sumber3" />. Hurup ieu dipaké salaku alat komunikasi anu sifatna rusiah<ref name="sumber3" />. *'''[[Semaphore]]''' Semaphore nyaéta alat komunikasi dua arah anu wangunna dua [[bandéra]], unggal bandérana aya gagangan<ref name="sumber3" />.Warna anu sering dipaké jadi warna bandéra nyaéta warna [[beureum]] atawa [[konéng]]<ref name="sumber3" />. *'''Rupa-Rupa Sandi''' Sandi mangrupa kode rusiah<ref name="sumber3" />. Kode ieu bisa dipikanyaho ku jalma anu wanoh kana ieu [[sandi]]<ref name="sumber3" />.Dina pramuka aya sababaraha rupa sandi di antarana nyaéta:[[Sandi Angka]], [[Sandi A-N]], [[Sandi A-Z]],[[Sandi Rumput]], jeung [[Sandi Udang]]<ref name="sumber3" />. ==Referensi== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Organisasi]] 805uyugzpsvadzrrssaeoeppmp2ehvo 0 34681 731702 674168 2026-11-08T02:16:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731702 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:White Wall Clock.jpg|thumb||Jam Témbok]] [[Gambar:Santiago Catedral.Reloxo da Berenguela 613.jpg|thumb|200px|Jam munara Berenguela di [[Spanyol]] ]] '''Jam témbok''' nyaéta jam [[loncéng]] nu dipasang dina témbok.<ref name="internet2">[http://bahasa.cs.ui.ac.id/kbbi/kbbi.php?keyword=jam&varbidang=all&vardialek=all&varragam=all&varkelas=all&submit=tabel Pengertian Jam Dinding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014708/http://bahasa.cs.ui.ac.id/kbbi/kbbi.php?keyword=jam&varbidang=all&vardialek=all&varragam=all&varkelas=all&submit=tabel |date=2012-03-06 }} diakses tanggal 09 November 2011</ref> Dina sajarahna jam témbok boga peran penting pisan di [[imah]]. <ref name="internet1">[http://www.pasarteknik.com/serba-serbi/92-jam-dinding/178-sejarah-jam-dinding.html Sejarah Jam Dinding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517135914/http://www.pasarteknik.com/serba-serbi/92-jam-dinding/178-sejarah-jam-dinding.html |date=2021-05-17 }} diakses tanggal 09 November 2011</ref>Jam témbok geus aya salila ratusan taun, mimitina dumasar kalangkang cahaya panon poé. <ref name="internet1"/> Tuluy mekar ti alam ka analog, mékanik nu ukuranna gedé pisan jeung mahal. <ref name="internet1"/> Biasana digunakeun di tempat umum saperti [[geréja]] jeung wangunan publik lianna. <ref name="internet1"/> Jam témbok nu di jero rohangan mimiti aya di imah-imah di [[Inggris]] kira-kira taun 1600-an. <ref name="internet1"/> Dijieun tina bahan kuningan nu digantung dina témbok ku bantuan [[tali]] jeung [[ranté]].<ref name="internet1"/> Ngan para raja jeung ratu nu bisa mayar mahal hiji kaméwahan miboga jam témbok di imah-imah manéhna jeung istana. <ref name="internet1"/> Saurang pangrajin merlukeun waktu mangbulan-bulan keur nyieun hiji jam témbok. <ref name="internet1"/> [[Inggris]] nu mimiti ngarobah jam témbok kuningan tradisional jadi jam témbok modérn nu akurat pisan jeung ngirut ku gaya jeung deseinna nu dijieun tina [[kai]] nu dicét. <ref name="internet1"/> Jam témbok lain ngan digunakeun keur nandaan waktu, tapi ogé digunakeun keur ngingetan kajadian kaagamaan, budaya jeung olahraga.<ref name="internet1"/> Ku lantaran produksi massal jeung bahan nu dijieun tina [[plastik]], jam témbok jadi murah pisan jeung bisa kabeuli ku sakabéh jalma.<ref name="internet1"/> == Referensi == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Jam]] c859xq3c8hg5v4n9arywgjuto63lpy7 0 34724 731635 668073 2026-11-07T22:15:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731635 wikitext text/x-wiki [[gambar:Christian Doppler.jpg|thumb|Christian Dopler]] '''Christian Doppler''' nyaéta saurang matématikawan [[Austria]] anu jumeneng antara taun [[1803]]-[[1853]].<ref name="windows2universe">{{id}}[http://www.windows2universe.org/people/enlightenment/doppler.html Christian Doppler] (diakses tanggal 10 november 2011)</ref> Lahir kaping [[29 Novémber]] [[1803]] di Salzburg, [[Austria]]<ref name="aprendre">{{id}}[http://www.apprendre-math.info/indonesien/historyDetail.htm?id=Doppler Christian Doppler] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190329/http://www.apprendre-math.info/indonesien/historyDetail.htm?id=Doppler |date=2016-03-04 }} (diakses tanggal 10 Nopember 2011)</ref> Anjeunna dipikawanoh alatan prinsip anu munggaran diusulkeun ngeunaan warna cahaya tina [[béntang]] ganda dina taun [[1842]].<ref name="windows2universe"/> Éta prinsip téh kiwari dipikawanoh minangka [[éfék Dopler]].<ref name="windows2universe"/> Anjeunna boga hipotésis yén ''pitch'' sora baris robah lamun éta sumber sorana téh gerak. Hipotésis Dopler diuji ku [[Beli]] dina taun [[1845]].<ref name="windows2universe"/> Anjeunna maké dua sét [[nadiri]]: sasét disimpen cicing di hiji [[stasion]] [[Karéta Api|karéta api]] jeung hiji deui gerak dina karéta.<ref name="windows2universe"/> Éta kadua sét musisi téh nyorakeun alat musikna dina nada anu sarua.<ref name="windows2universe"/> Nalika karéta liwat ka éta stasion, aya kaahéngan yén frékuénsi tina dua nada teu sarua, sanajan musisina nyorakeun dina nada anu sarua. Hal ieu ngabuktikeun hipotésis Dopler.<ref name="windows2universe"/> Dina ahir studina di Universitas WIna tain [[1829]], Dopler diangkat minangka asistén profésor mékanik jeung matématika anu leuwih luhur di Universtas, nyaéta Profésor A. Burg.<ref name="aprendre"/> Anjeunna medalkeun opat makalah matématika nalika opat taunna Burg jadi asistén, anjeunna jadi anu mimiti méré kontribusi kana téori anu satata.<ref name="aprendre"/> Kalungguhan jadi asistén téh ngan saukur sawatara jeung pos Dopler, rada leuwih kolot tina nu lolobana, tuluy mimiti néangan pos permanén dina umur 30.<ref name="aprendre"/> ==Sumber== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Élmuwan asal Austria]] 6xfwe4utxb4qvqfjh6z8a1i1w8y5i06 0 34745 731743 678697 2026-11-08T05:44:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731743 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Kornmaa2006.jpg|thumb|300px|Personil Korn]] '''Korn''' atawa '''KoЯn''' nyaéta grup musik [[rock]] anu idéntik jeung aliran [[nu metal]], [[alternatp]] jeung [[metal progesif]] asal [[Kalifornia]], [[Amerika Serikat]]<ref name="kapanlagi">[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/hollywood/k/korn/ Korn-Kapanlagi.com] (diaksés tanggal 10 Nopémber 2011)</ref>. Ieu grup musik dibentuk di [[Bakersfield]], Kalifornia anu awalna lima anggota, di antara: Jonathan Davis, Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu,James "Munky" Shaffer, [[David Silveria]] jeung [[Brian "Head" Welch]]<ref name="rock" />. Personil Korn nu ayeuna nyaéta [[Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu]] - [[bass]], [[Jonathan Davis]] - [[vokal]], [[Ray Luzier]] - [[drum]] jeung [[James "Munky" Shaffer]] - [[gitar]]<ref name="rock">{{en}}[http://rock.about.com/od/korn/p/Korn.htm Korn-rockabout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016035446/http://rock.about.com/od/korn/p/Korn.htm |date=2011-10-16 }} (diaksés tanggal 10 Nopémber 2011)</ref>. Musik-musik Korn loba ngusung téma rasa kuciwa, téma-téma ''demonic'', jsté<ref name="rock" />. ==Karir== Korn ngarilis album demo pertamana taun [[1993]] kalayan judul ''NEIDERMEYER'S MND''<ref name="lastfm">{{en}}[http://www.last.fm/music/Korn Korn-Latsfm.com] (diaksés tanggal 10 Nopémner 2011)</ref>. Album studiona anu dijudulan ''KORN'' dirilis taun [[1994]]<ref name="kapanlagi" /><ref name="rock" />. Taun [[1996]], Korn ngarilis album ''LIFE IS PEACHY''<ref name="rock" /><ref name="lastfm" />. Korn nyieun terobosan anyardina album ''FOLLOW THE LEADER'' anu asup jadi jawara dina ''Billboard 200'' taun [[1998]]<ref name="rock" />. Korn ngasupkeun unsur-unsur [[hip-hop]], sési ritem, jeung éfék [[keyboard]] pikeun ngahasilkeun aliran ''rap-rock''<ref name="rock" />. Diteruskeun ku album ''ISSUES'' anu dirilis taun [[1999]]<ref name="kapanlagi" /><ref name="rock" />. taun [[2002]], Korn nagrilis album ''UNTOUCHABLE'' anu diteruskeun ku album ''TAKE a LOOK in the MIRROR''<ref name="rock" />. Album ''SEE YOU ON THE OTHER SIDE'' dirilis taun [[2005]], ditutup ku album ''REMEMBER WHO YOU ARE'' dina taun [[2010]]<ref name="rock" />. Lian ti éta, Korn ngarilis album kompilasi ''GREATEST HITS HITS VOL 1, LIVE AND RARE, MTV UNPLUGGED: KORN'' jeung ''KORN COVERS'', sarta loba singlena anu payu di Pasar musik dunya<ref name="kapanlagi" /> ==Réfréénsi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Grup musik]] [[Kategori:Grup musik ti Amerika Serikat]] 17x1rjxgn7jr3ksvez3hpy1vtx8zkrw 0 34811 731821 704603 2026-11-08T10:53:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox Writer |name = Ramadhan Karta Hadimadja |image = Ramadhan KH.JPG |imagesize = |caption = Ramadhan KH |pseudonym = |birth_name = Radén Ramadhan Karta Hadimadja |birth_date = {{birth date|1927|3|16}} |birth_place = [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]] |death_date = {{death date and age|2006|3|16|1927|3|16}} |death_place = [[Cape Town]], [[Afrika Selatan]] |occupation = Sastrawan, Sastrawan Sunda, Budayawan, Wartawan |nationality = Indonésia |ethnicity = Sunda |citizenship = Indonésia |period = |genre = [[Novél]], [[Carpon]], [[Sajak]], [[Biografi]] |subject = Sastra Indonésia, Biografi |movement = |notableworks = |spouse = * Pruistin Atmadjasaputra * Salfrida Nasution |partner = |children = * [[Gilang Ramadhan|Gilang Ramadhan Karta Hadimadja]] * Gumilang Ramadhan Karta Hadimadja |relatives = [[Aoh K. Hadimadja]] |influences = |influenced = |awards = * Hadiah Sastra Southeast Asia Write Award (1993). * Anggota kehormatan ti Perhimpunan Sejarahwan Indonesia (2001). * Anggota ti Akademi Jakarta. |almamater = * [[Institut Téknologi Bandung]]. * Akademi Dinas Luar Negeri. |signature = |website = |portaldisp = }} '''Haji Ramadhan Kartahadimadja''' atawa kasohor ku sebutan '''Ramadhan K.H''' nyaéta salah sahiji inohong [[Sunda]] nu karya-karyana euyeub pisan ({{lahirmati|[[Bandung]]|16|03|1927|[[Cape Town]] [[Afrika Kidul]]|16|03|2006}}) .<ref name="penemuan1">Tim Redaksi.2000.Ensiklopedi Sunda Alam, Manusia dan Budaya.Jakarta:Pustaka Jaya dan Yayasan Kebudayaan Rancage</ref> Panulis, rédaktur kabudayaan, jeung novélis. Kungsi kuliah di [[ITB]], tapi pindah ka [[ADLN]].<ref name="penemuan1"/> Duanana ogé euweuh nu tamat.<ref name="penemuan1"/> Mimitina mah resep kana ngalukis, tuluy jadi [[wartawan]] nepi ka kungsi ngaluuhan olimpiadeu [[1952]] di [[Helsinki]].<ref name="penemuan1"/> Buku munggaranana nyaéta ''[[Bola Keranjang]]'' ([[1952]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> Kungsi diuleum ku [[Sticusa]] ka nagri [[Walanda]].<ref name="penemuan1"/> Tuluy digawé di éta kantor bari keurseus basa [[Spanyol]].<ref name="penemuan1"/> Alatan kairut ku sastra Spanyol utamana ku [[Federico Garcia Lorca]].<ref name="penemuan1"/> ==Karya-karyana== ===Biografi=== * ''[[Kuantar ke Gerbang: kisah cinta Ibu Inggit dengan Bung Karno]]'' ([[1981]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> * ''[[Gelombang hidupku: Dewi Dja dari Dardanella]]'' ([[1982]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> * ''[[Soeharto pikiran, ucapan, dan tindakan saya]]'' ([[1988]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> * ''[[A.E. Kawilarang - untuk Sang Merah Putih]]'' ([[1988]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> * ''[[Bang Ali demi Jakarta 1966-1977]]'' ([[1992]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> * ''[[Hoegeng, polisi idaman dan kenyataan]]'' (gawé bareng jeung [[Abrar Yusra]]) ([[1993]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Soemitro, mantan Pangkopkamtib: dari Pangdam Mulawarman sampai Pangkopkamtib]]'' ([[1994]]).<ref name="web1">[http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPBS/JUR._PEND._BAHASA_DAERAH/194711101975011-ANO_KARSANA/Perihal_Ramadhan_K.H..pdf Perihal Ramadhan K.H] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016160140/http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPBS/JUR._PEND._BAHASA_DAERAH/194711101975011-ANO_KARSANA/Perihal_Ramadhan_K.H..pdf |date=2021-10-16 }} (Diakses tanggal 11 Nopember 2011) {{id}}</ref> * ''[[Gobel, pelopor industri elektronika Indonesia dengan falsafah usaha pohon pisang]]'' ([[1994]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Sjamaun Gaharu, cuplikan perjuangan di daérah modal]]'' (gawé bareng jeung [[Hamid Jabbar]], [[Sjamaun Gaharu]]) ([[1995]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[D.I. Pandjaitan, pahlawan revolusi gugur dalam seragam kebesaran]]'' (gawé bareng jeung [[Sugiarta Sriwibawa]]) ([[1997]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Demi bangsa - liku-liku pengabdian Prof. Dr. Midian Sirait: dari guru SR Porsea sampai Guru Besar ITB]]'' (gawé bareng jeung [[Sugiarta Sriwibawa]]) ([[1999]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[H. Priyatna Abdurrasyid - dari Cilampeni ke New York: mengikuti hati nurani]]'' ([[2001]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[H. Djaelani Hidajat - dari tukang sortir pos sampai menteri]]'' (gawé bareng jeung [[Tatang Sumarsono]]) ([[2002]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Pergulatan tanpa henti - Adnan Buyung Nasution]]'' (gawé bareng jeung [[Nina Pane]]) ([[2004]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Menguak duniaku: kisah sejati kelainan seksual]]'' ([[1988]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> ===Novel=== * ''[[Rojan revolusi]]'' ([[1971]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> * ''[[Kemelut hidup]]'' ([[1977]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> * ''[[Keluarga Permana]]'' ([[1978]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> * ''[[Ladang Perminus]]'' ([[1990]]).<ref name="web1"/> ===Puisi=== * ''[[Priangan si Djelita: kumpulan sandjak]]'' ([[1956]]).<ref name="penemuan1"/> * ''[[Am Rande des Reisfelds: zweisprachige Anthologie moderner indonesischer Lyrik / herausgegeben von Berthold Damshäuser und Ramadan K.H. aus dem indonesischen übersetzt von Berthold Damshäuser: antologi dwibahasa puisi Indonesia modern]]''([[1990]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Gebt mir Indonesien zurück! - Anthologie moderner indonesischer Lyrik / herausgegeben von Berthold Damshäuser und Ramadan K.H.; aus dem Indonesischen übersetzt von Berthold Damshäuser, mit einem Vorwort von Berthold Damshäuser]]'' ([[1994]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Jakarta & Berlin dalam cermin puisi: antologi dwibahasa dengan puisi mengenai Jakarta dan Berlin]]'' ([[2002]]).<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Antologie Bilingue de la Poesie Indonesienne Contemporaine: antologi puisi dwibahasa Indonesia-Prancis (..)]]''.<ref name="web1"/> ==Referensi== {{Reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Inohong Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sastrawan Indonésia]] gkfr2dq7s8jsfesqknp3q0hzqqni996 0 34818 731839 654546 2026-11-08T11:36:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:HK BaWang Int'l Shampo 霸王國際 Packaging container.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Sampo]] '''Sampo''' nyaéta [[sabun]] cair keur ngumbah [[buuk]] jeung kulit hulu, dijieun tina campuran tutuwuhan atawa zat kimia.<ref name="internet2">[http://www.artikata.com/arti-348871-sampo.html Pengertian Sampo] diakses tanggal 09 November 2011</ref> Sampo nyaéta produk keur ngarawat buuk nu digunakeun pikeun ngaleungitkeun [[minyak]], kotoran, partikel kulit, [[ketombé]], polusi lingkungan sarta partikel kontamina lian nu sacara bertahap numpuk dina buuk.<ref name="internet1">[http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/4220835 Sejarah Sampo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224024040/http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/4220835 |date=2025-02-24 }} diakses tanggal 09 November 2011</ref> Tujuanna nyaéta ngaleungitkeun komponén nu teu dipikahayang tapi teu ngajadikeun buuk hésé diatur.<ref name="internet2"/> Sampo nalika dicaian mangrupa surfaktan bisa mersihan buuk jeung kulit hulu, bisa ngaleungitkeun minyak alami nu melumasi buuk.<ref name="internet2"/> Kuramas sering ogé bareng jeung maké kondisionér pikeun ngababarikeun nyisiran jeung styling.<ref name="internet2"/> ==Sajarah Sampo== Sampo aslina hartina mencétan hulu dina basa [[India]] Utara boh kecap boh konsépna diwanohkeun ka [[Britania]] ti Kolonial India.<ref name="internet2"/> Kecap sampo dina basa [[Inggris]] asalna ti Hindi chāmpo (चाँपो / tʃã po ː ː /. makéna basa [[Inggris]] di India tanggal Anglo ka 1762.<ref name="internet2"/> Di India,, chaAmpo digunakeun keur mencétan hulu, biasana maké sababaraha rupa minyak buuk.<ref name="internet2"/> Istilah jeung layanan mencétan hulu ([[kuramas]]) diwanohkeun di Britania ku pangusaha [[Sake Dean Mahomed]] taun [[1814]].<ref name="internet2"/> Nalika Déan bareng jeung garwana muka usaha mandi kuramas nu dikenal minangka Mahomed’s Indian Vapour Bath’s di [[Brighton]], Inggris.<ref name="internet2"/> Mandi kuramasna siga mandi [[Turki]] nu klienna narima pangobatan India champi (kuramas) atawa terapi pijet.<ref name="internet2"/> Layanana éta meunang pangajén jeung meunang gelar ‘Bedah keramas’ ku [[George IV]] jeung [[William IV]].<ref name="internet2"/> Dina taun 1900-an, harti kecap ngagésér tina harti mencétan hulu maké sabun kana buuk.<ref name="internet2"/> Saméméhna, sabun biasa (mandi) geus digunakeun keur ngumbah buuk.<ref name="internet2"/> Tapi, sabun (mandi) ngajadikeun buuk teu genah, ngaganggu, jeung katempona teu sehat.<ref name="internet2"/> Salila tahap awal kamekaran sampo, panata buuk ti Inggris nyieun campuran sabun dina cai jeung ditambahan hérbal keur méré éfék buuk bersinar jeung aroma kana buuk.<ref name="internet2"/>[[Kasey Hebert]] nyaéta jalma nu mimiti nyieun sampo.<ref name="internet2"/> Mimitina produk sabun jeung sampo rada sarua, duanana ngandung surfaktan, sarupaning diterjén.<ref name="internet2"/> Sampo modérn siga nu dikenal ayeuna mimiti diwanohkeun dina taun [[1930]]-an, [[Drene]] nu mangrupa sampo sintétik kahiji (non-sabun).<ref name="internet2"/> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Sampo]] [[Kategori:Produk Perawatan]] t5yfsn0abkfzwf2hny60nje5o2xiio6 0 34839 731634 659486 2026-11-07T22:10:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Cenderawasih Gagak | status = LC | image = Lycocorax pyrrhopterus by Bowdler Sharpe.jpg | image_width = 225px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Paradisaeidae]] | genus = '''''Lycocorax''''' | genus_authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1853 | species = '''''L. pyrrhopterus''''' | binomial = ''Lycocorax pyrrhopterus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1850) }} '''Cendrawasih Gagak''', ''Lycocorax pyrrhopterus'', nyaéta Cendarwasih anu rupana jiga manuk gagak ukuranana sedeng sarta miboga panjang kira-kira 34&nbsp;cm. Cendrawasih gagak miboga nulu anu warna poék, tapi [[lembut]] kawas [[sutera]].<ref name="internet1">{{id}}[http://www.i-dus.com/2011/04/7-jenis-burung-cendrawasih-yang-sangat.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125152319/http://www.i-dus.com/2011/04/7-jenis-burung-cendrawasih-yang-sangat.html |date=2011-11-25 }}(diakses kaping 11 november 2011)</ref> Pamatukna manuk Cendrawasih gagak ieu miboga warna [[hideung]], kelir di panonna [[beureum]] karmin, sarta mibanda sora panggero anu ngingetkeun urang kana sora gogog [[anjing]].<ref name="internet1"/> Manuk Cendawasih gagak anu jalu sarta manuk bikangna mirip pisan, malahmah hésé di bédakeun. Manuk bikangnamah saeutik leuwih gedé batan manuk jaluna.<ref name="internet1"/> Cendrawasih ieu boga sipat [[monogami]] sarta éndemikna cicing di leuweung dataran rendah di kapuloan [[Maluku]] di [[Indonésia]]. Kadaharan utamana nyaéta sabangsaning buah-buahan sarta [[artropod]]. Tilu sub spésiésna geus dipikawanoh, sarta ditandaan kalayan aya atawa henteuna bercak bodas dina [[bulu]] jangjang handapna.<ref name="internet1"/> Cendrawasih gagak umumna kapanggih di wewengkon habitatna, Cendrawasih Gagak diévaluasi miboga résiko pisan di jero IUCN Red List sarta kadaptar dina CITES Appendix II.<ref name="internet2">{{id}}[http://id.efactory.pl/Cendrawasih_Gagak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602032711/http://id.efactory.pl/Cendrawasih_Gagak |date=2025-06-02 }}(diakses kaping 26 november 2011)</ref> Cendrawasih gagak bisa punah lamun urang teu bisa ngajaga popilasina. Sabab geus kaancam pisan, lamun teu urang saha deui nu bakal ngajaga sarta ngalestarikeun manuk ieu. ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Paradisaeidae]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Indonésia]] lupb5u0xw77ua7jv69bikpp838mqz6a 0 34883 731589 654006 2026-11-07T17:29:42Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nambihkeun gambar 731589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Lobak |image = Daikon.Japan.jpg |image_caption = |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Brassicales]] |familia = [[Brassicaceae]] |genus = '''''Raphanus''''' |species = '''''R. sativus''''' |binomial = ''Raphanus sativus'' |binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] |}} '''Lobak'''; '''Raphanus sativus''' nyaéta ngaran [[tutuwuhan]] beu[[beuti]]an siga [[wortel]] ngan [[warna]]na bodas, jangkungna kurang leuwih saméter, [[watang]]na beyé, [[warna]]na bodas sepa.<ref name="sumber ka hiji">[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&id=301 Lobak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026093711/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&id=301 |date=2011-10-26 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 12 November 2011)</ref> [[Daun]]na nunggal, lonjong, sisina rérégéan, [[warna]]na héjo jeung [[bulu]]an.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Kembang]]na wangun turuy di tungtung [[watang]], [[benang sari]] [[warna]]na konéng semu héjo, [[makuta]]na lonjong [[warna]]na bodas.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Buah]]na lonjong [[warna]]na cokelat.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Siki]]na ogé lonjong.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/><br /> Lobak asup kana kulawarga ''Cruciferae'' sarta miboga tilu variétas atawa jenis, nyaéta: ''Raphanus sativus L. Var. Hortensis Backer, Rahpanus sativus L. Var. Radicula Pres. A. DC'' atawa leuwih dipikawanoh minangka ''radish'', sarta anu pamungkas nyaéta ''Raphanus sativus L. Var. Niger Mirat'' atawa leuwih dipikawanoh minangka lobak hideung alatan miboga [[beuti]] nu [[warna]]na hideung.<ref name="sumber ka dua">[http://khasiatbuah.com/lobak.htm Lobak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101234451/http://khasiatbuah.com/lobak.htm |date=2011-11-01 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 12 November 2011)</ref><br /> Lobak ngandung [[énzim]] ''diatase'' anu miboga pancén mantuan nyerna [[pati]], [[vitamin A]], [[vitamin B1]], [[vitamin B2]], [[vitamin C]], [[vitamin E]], [[niasin]], [[minyak]] [[asiri]], [[kolin]], [[serat]] nu garihal, [[sulfur]], [[kalsium]], [[fosfor]], [[zat]] [[beusi]], [[asam oksalat]], [[kalium]], [[silikon]], sarta [[raphain]].<ref name="sumber ka dua"/> Kalayan kandungan nu kasebut, lobak mangpaat pikeun ngurangan bulenan [[lemak]] jeung [[lemak]] nu ngaheurasan dina awak, ngabersihkeun [[liver]], nyingkahan hésé ngising, nyegah [[kanker]], nungkulan [[batuk]] jeung [[bronkitis]], nungkulan panas, nungkulan hésé saré atawa [[insomnia]], [[reumatik]], ngurangan napsu dahar, mantuan nungkulan panyakit [[sinus]], ngubaran [[radang]] [[genggerong]], ngabersihkeun [[lendir]] jeung [[reuhak]] (mucus), sarta nungkulan [[infeksi]] [[virus]] kawas batuk jeung salesma.<ref name="sumber ka dua"/> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Sayuran]] [[Kategori:Brassicaceae]] [[Kategori:Beubeutian]] il33imzl69iw6e15rqj81b7hgt5a464 0 34909 731619 672973 2026-11-07T21:23:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731619 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Blackberry Logo.svg|thumb|]] '''Blackberry''' salah sahiji mérek hp ([[telepon keupeul]]) anu tadina dirancang husus pikeun komunikasi [[''email'']].<ref name="BB"/> Blackberry dijieun ku RIM atawa ''Research in Motion''. Blackbbery miboga jaringan ''wireless'' atawa ''nirkabel'' bisa pikeun ngaksés ''email'' atawa ngalakukeun kagiatan séjéna saperti ''browsing'' atawa nelepon.<ref name="BB">[http://www.tasikisme.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2186:apakah-blackberry-itu&catid=43:mobile-tips&Itemid=70 Apakah Blackberry itu?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105002306/http://tasikisme.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2186:apakah-blackberry-itu&catid=43:mobile-tips&Itemid=70 |date=2011-11-05 }} (Dicutat tanggal 20 November 2011)</ref> =='''Sajarah'''== Mimiti usahana mah usaha leutik klayan modal hasil nginjeum, RIM mekar jadi usaha anu dipikareueus tur dipikahormat di [[Kanada]].<ref name="BB3"/> Suksésna ieu usaha anu nagarana ''Research In Motion Ltd'', mimitina tina kahayang saurang pamuda anu di ''drop out'' ti [[kampus]]na nyaéta [[Universitas Waterloo]] jurusan [[teknik elektro]].<ref name="BB3"/> Ngaranan [[Mike Lazardis]] urang [[Yunani]] anu [[imigrasi]] ti [[Turki]] ka Kanada dina [[taun 1967]].<ref name="BB3"/> Lazardis miboga injeuman modal usaha ti babaturan jeun kulawarga.<ref name="BB3"/> RIM suksés kalayan panghasilana $1 juta jeung miboga 12 urang karyawan.<ref name="BB3"/> Mimitina RIM kairut ku perangkat [[digital nirkabel]] nalika narima kontrak ti ''Roger Cantel Mobile Comminications'', operator [[pager]] jeung [[telepon seluler]] taun [[1987]].<ref name="BB3"/> Dina kontrakna, RIM miboga tugas néangan kamampuh tina sistim jaringan digital nirkabel anyar anu bakal diwanohkeun ku [[Ericsson]].<ref name="BB3"/> Satuluyna hasil nyieun [[modem]] [[radio]] nirkabel anu ukurana leutik.<ref name="BB3"/> Taun [[1990]], modem buatanna loba dipaké ku perusahaan OEM pikeun sababaraha produk tina [[komputer]] nepi ka mesin otomatis.<ref name="BB3">[http://www.berryindo.com/forum/topic/sejarah-blackberry Sejarah Blackberry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129194423/http://www.berryindo.com/forum/topic/sejarah-blackberry |date=2011-11-29 }}(Dicutat tanggal 20 November 20011)</ref> Mimitina blackberry rék dingaranan ''POCKET LINK'' ku sabab aya pikiran éta ngaran kaasup fungsional tapi nyatana ngaran éta matak bosen, nepi ka asalna rék dingaranan [[strawberry]] tapi teu jadi, nyatana hapé éta téh dingaranan blackberry.<ref name="bb1"/> Mimitina blackberry asup ka pasaran anu leuwih museurkeun kana layanan [[e-mail]] gegas.<ref name="bb1"/> Mimitina mah perangkat BlackBerry ngan miboga layar ''monokrom'', tapi ayeuna mah sakabéh modél geus miboga tampilan anu layar warna.<ref name="bb1">[http://www.akujagoan.com/2010/12/sejarah-handphone-blackberry.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426012006/http://www.akujagoan.com/2010/12/sejarah-handphone-blackberry.html |date=2012-04-26 }} (Dicutat tanggal 20 November 20011)</ref> =='''Rupa-rupa Blackberry jeung istilahna''' == #BlackBerry Bold 9930-Montana.<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Bold 9900-(Dakota).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Torch 9860-(Monza).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Torch 9850-(Monaco).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Torch 9810-(Jennings).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Torch 9800-(Talladega).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Bold 9790-(Bellagio).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Bold 9788-(Onyx).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Bold 9780-(Delta).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Bold 9700-(Onyx).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Style 9670-(Oxford).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Bold 9650-(Essex).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Tour 9630-(Niagara).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Storm 2 9550-(Odin).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Storm 9530-(Thunder).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Storm 2 9520-(Odin).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Storm 9500-(Thunder).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Curve 9380-(Orlando).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Curve 9370-(Sedona).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Curve 9360-(Apollo).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Curve 9350-(Sedona).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Curve 9330-(Aries2).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Curve 9300-(Kepler).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Péarl 9105-(Stratus).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Péarl 9100-(Stratus).<ref name="BB1"/> #BlackBerry Curve 8980-(Atlas).<ref name="BB1">[http://www.berryindo.com/forum/topic/info-macam-macam-blackberry-dan-istilahnya Macam-Macam Blackberry Dan Istilahnya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130140951/http://www.berryindo.com/forum/topic/info-macam-macam-blackberry-dan-istilahnya |date=2011-11-30 }} (Dicutat tanggal 20 November 20011)</ref> ==catetan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Mérek HP]] [[Kategori:Komunikasi]] 8us4wgngf0xpi6pscsccq0gxinzsa5g 0 34919 731809 654369 2026-11-08T09:58:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} '''Pésta dadung''' (tali tambang dina [[Basa Sunda]]) nyaéta [[kasenian tradisional]] asalna ti [[Désa Legokherang]] Kacamatan [[Cilebak]] [[Kabupatén Kuningan]] anu hirup ratusan taun ka tukang.<ref name="sumber1"/> Sanajan dina lalampahanana henteu salancar kasenian talari séjénna.<ref name="sumber1"/> Tapi sesepuh désa henteu ngarep-ngarep talari éta leungit.<ref name="sumber1"/> Sabab geus lumangsung sacara turun tumurun sarta jadi salah sahiji seni budaya [[Kabupatén Kuningan]].<ref name="sumber1"/> ==Sajarah Pésta Dadung== '''Pésta dadung''' mimitian diwanohkeun ka masarakat luar désa saprak kapamingpinan pupuhu désa nyaéta [[Kuwu]] [[Angkin Jiwa Laksana]], kira-kira taun [[1818]].<ref name="sumber4"/> Saméméhna pesta dadung mangrupa [[kaulinan barudak]] anu diangkat jadi talari masarakat kalayan dina pintonan anu leuwih hadé.<ref name="sumber4"/> Dina jaman éta, Angkin ngadatangkeun waditra [[gamelan]] [[salendro]] sarta [[pelog]] ti [[Cirebon]] sarta [[tambang]] atawa dadung.<ref name="sumber4"/> Dadung panjangna kurang leuwih 12 méter tujuanana pikeun pakakas ngibing sarta mawakeun tembang lagu anu dipirig [[gamelan]].<ref name="sumber4"/> [[Ibing]] anu dipaké jenis [[ibing jalak pengkor]] hasil kréasi [[Angkin Jiwa Laksana]].<ref name="sumber4"/> Sedengkeun kawih pikeun marengan [[gamelan]], ngagunakeun [[musik]] kangsreng sarta waledan.<ref name="sumber4"/> Kadua jenis [[musik]] ieu hasil ciptaan [[Sunan Gunung Djati]] atawa bisa disebut [[Wali Sanga]], ku kituna talari pesta dadung mibanda visi nyaéta pikeun ngamumulé talari kahirupan agraris sarta ajén-ajén sumebarna [[Islam]].<ref name="sumber4"/> Sabab jaman baheula, sumebarna [[Islam]] leuwih ''efektif'' ngaliwatan kasenian.<ref name="sumber4">{{id}}[http://www.pelita.or.id/baca.php?id=67312=id Pesta Dadung semakin merana ]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 22 November 2011)</ref> Parobahan ti [[kaulinan budak]] angon jadi tradisi sukur ti masarakat anu [[pakasaban]]na ngandelkeun sektor [[tatanén]] sarta ternak sabada panén raya.<ref name="sumber1">Edi.S.Ekajati.Sejarah Kuningan. PT Kiblat 2003. Bandung.</ref> Dadung, hartina [[tambang]], biasana dijieun tina serat [[kulit]] [[kai waru]] anu boga fungsi pikeun nalian [[munding]] atawa [[sapi]].<ref name="sumber2">{{id}}[http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=888&lang==id kebudayaan jawa barat ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817130137/http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=888&lang==id |date=2019-08-17 }} (diaksés tanggal 13 November 2011)</ref> Kawas ogé ritus-ritus séjénna, pesta dadung sok dilaksanakeun sataun sakali dina mangsa katilu ([[Usum halodo]]) nyanghareupan usum [[hujan]] datang.<ref name="sumber2"/> Tapi, wayah palaksanaanana saterusna dirobah jadi saban tanggal 18 [[Agustus]] patali jeung perayaan HUT Kamerdikaan R.I. Tempatna di balé désa.<ref name="sumber2"/> ==Prak-Prakan Pésta Dadung== Pésta Dadung kasebut mimiti dipirig ku [[gamelan renteng]], tapi alatan [[gamelan]] kasebut kabeuleum dina mangsa DI/TII, saterusna digantian kalayan [[dogdog]], sarta pamustunganana kiwari digantian kalayan [[gamelan]] pelog atawa salendro.<ref name="sumber2"/> Upacara éta miboga sawatara tahapan: kebaktian, [[Rajah Pamunah]], (Tulak [[Allah]], atawa Qulhu Sungsang), sarta hiburan, nyaéta [[tayuban]].<ref name="sumber2"/> Upacara baris dimimitian lamun sagala pasaratan geus kacumponan, antara séjén: pengumpulan [[dadung]] sipuh atawa ''dadung pusaka'', nyaéta [[dadung]] anu pangbadagna ([[dadung]] keramat) sarta [[dadung]] nu tukang ngagon, sarta sesajen anu diwangun luhur: parawanten, rurujakan, sarta jajanan pasar.<ref name="sumber2"/> Sanggeus kabéh pasaratan dianggap komplit, sasipuh upacara saterusna ngabeuleum menyan sarta maca [[mantra]].<ref name="sumber2"/> Katut nyaéta [[mantra]]na: ::''Alloh kaula pangampura'' ::''parukuyan rat gumilang'' ::''aseupna si kendi wulang'' ::''ka gigir ka para nabi'' ::''ka handap ka ambu ka rama'' ::''nu calik tungtung damar'' ::''kadaharan tungtung kukus'' ::''sakedap kanu kagungan'' Réngsé ngabacakeun [[mantra]], [[dadung]] nu tukang ngagon dicokot ku unggal nu bogana.<ref name="sumber2"/> Sedengkeun [[dadung]] keramat diteundeun di luhur hiji baki sarta dibawa ku ronggeng bari ngigel.<ref name="sumber2"/> [[Dadung]] kasebut saterusna dibikeun ka Puhu Désa sarta di serah tarimakeun ka Raksabumi pikeun dibikeun ka pupuhu upacara.<ref name="sumber2"/> Gulungan [[dadung]] dibuka, tungtung anu hiji dicekel pupuhu upacara sarta tungtung anu hijina deui dicekel ku pupuhu RT.<ref name="sumber2"/> Pupuhu upacara saterusna macakeun [[rajah]] pamunah, anu diteruskeun kalayan macakeun tulak [[Alloh]].<ref name="sumber2"/> Sanggeus éta, [[dadung]] saterusna ditarikan ku pupuhu désa dibiruyungan para aparat désa sarta ronggéng dina [[tembang]] renggong buyut.<ref name="sumber2"/> Sabada réngsé, [[dadung]] saterusna ditunda sarta acara dituluykeun kalayan [[tayuban]].<ref name="sumber2"/> Ronggéngna nyaéta tukang ngagon sarta masarakat anu hadir dina upacara kasebut.<ref name="sumber2"/> Maranéhanana ngibing nepi ka isuk-isuk sarta lekasan kira-kira jam 04.00 isuk-isuk.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kiwari, pésta dadung kasebut dijadikeun minangka salah sahiji bagian ti upacara miceun hama di Dinya Hyang dina runtuyan upacara [[Sérén Taun]] di Cigugur, [[Kabupatén Kuningan]].<ref name="sumber2"/> Aya hal metot dina pésta dadung ieu, di mana [[gamelan]] anu marengan lagu-lagu puhun anu diibingan ku tukang angon kalayan mawa sagala rupa sarandu sarta [[tambang]] pikeun nalian [[munding]].<ref name="sumber3">{{id}}[http://kuningannews.com/kuningan/tentang/sosial-dan-lingkungan/5088-desa-legokherang-gelar-pesta-dadung.html=id pesta dadung di kuningan]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 20 November 2011)</ref> Saméméhna dipigawé leuwih tiheula ngadu'a.<ref name="sumber3"/> Tuluy ibingan ogé dimimitian anu dituturkeun ogé ku warga sarta [[Bupati]] [[Kuningan]] katut warga séjénna.<ref name="sumber3"/> Aya ogé runtuyan kagiatan anu dipigawé, nyaéta meuncit [[munding]], ngadegkeun [[balandongan]], sukuran hasil bumi, ngajarah sarta acara penclut ngibingan dadung.<ref name="sumber3"/> Iwal ti éta Ratusan masarakat kasampak ngajajar mapay pasir kalayan mawa [[kohko]]l anu dijieun tina [[awi]].<ref name="sumber6">{{id}}[http://fotokita.net/foto/131488401510_0028747/pesta-dadung=id Pesta dadung]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 2 Desember 2011)</ref> ==Ajén inajén dina Pésta Dadung== Ajén falsafah anu bisa diguar tina tradisi pésta dadung nyaéta pésta dadung mangrupa kasenian tradisional masarakat [[Kabupatén Kuningan]] anu msih kénéh ngamumulé tradisi karuhun ti taun ka taun.<ref name="sumber5">Wawan Hermawan Spk.Kuningan Menembus Waktu. Humas Pemda Kabupaten Kuningan 2000. Kuningan.</ref> Salasahijina nyaéta ajén réligi anu di mana pésta dadung harita mangrupa média pikeun budak angon jeung [[patani]] ngucap sukur ka nu maha kawasa, sabab harita [[dadung]] dipaké pikeun pakakas paranti nalian [[munding]] anu bisa ngagarap [[sawah]] sangkan subur.<ref name="sumber5"/> Iwal ti éta pésta dadung mangrupa média pikeun sumebarna agama [[Islam]] di [[Kabupatén Kuningan]], sabab harita keur [[Islam]] mimiti asup ka [[kuningan]] pésta dadung geus jadi pintonan pikeun hiburan masarakatna anu di mangpaatkeun ku [[Sunan Gunung Djati]] pikeun nyebarkeun agama [[Islam]].<ref name="sumber5"/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kabudayaan sunda]] [[Kategori:Upacara adat]] sg4dfg30vaa9or3djokqbccbjk008qt 0 35165 731825 703859 2026-11-08T11:06:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:Rihanna AMA 2009 Red carpet.jpg|thumb|250px|right|'''Rihanna''' nalika di ''American Music Award Red Carpet'' (2009)]] '''Robyn Rihanna Fenty''' leuwih dipikawanoh '''Rihanna''' ({{lahirmati|[[Amérika Sarikat]]|20|2|1988||||}}) nyaéta saurang panyanyi di [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="Rihanna">[http://biografi.gudangmateri.com/2010/05/biografi-rihanna.html Biografi Rihanna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003045555/http://biografi.gudangmateri.com/2010/05/biografi-rihanna.html |date=2011-10-03 }} (Diakses tanggal 17 November 2011)</ref> . Rihanna mangrupa anak kahiji ti tilu sodara. Manéhna mibanda dua adi lalaki ngaranna ''Rorrey'' sarta ''Rajad Fenty''.<ref name="internet1">{{id}}[http://hot.detik.com/tokoh/726/0/robyn-rihanna-fenty Robyn Rihanna Fenty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613014239/http://hot.detik.com/tokoh/726/0/robyn-rihanna-fenty |date=2013-06-13 }} (diakses kaping 18 november 2011)</ref> Ngaranna kaceluk liwat sawatara single saperti [["Umbrella"]] sarta [["Pon de Replay"]] anu meunang peringkat kahiji di tangga [[lagu]] [[internasional]]. Single-single kasebut aya dina albeum [["Music of the Sun"]] (2005). Albeum [[R 'n' B]] anu mengusung musik [[dance]] [[pop]], [[reggae]] [[pop]] sarta musik [[karibia]] ieu ngahontal suksés sarta kajual kira-kira 69.000 copy di minggu kahiji.<ref name="internet1"/> Ngaranna beuki melejit sabot Rihanna ngahontal [[Grammy 2008]] pikeun kategori ''Best Rap/Sung Collaboration'' liwat single anu dibawakeun babarengan [[rapper Jay-z]], [["Umbrella"]]. Komo dina taun [[2010]], manéhna meunnang dua panghargaan [[Grammy]] pikeun kategori ''Best Rap/Sung Collaboration'' sarta ''Best Rap Song'' liwat single anu dibawakeunana babarengan [[Jay-z]] sarta [[Kanye West]], ''"Run This Town"''.<ref name="internet1"/> Rihanna geus ngajual leuwih ti 20 juta album sarta 60 juta singel anu nyieun manéhna jadi salah sahiji artis kalayan penjualan musik panglarisna sapanjang mangsa nyaéta artis pang ngorana sapanjang sajarah di tangga lagu ''Billboard'' anu ngahontal sapuluh singel nomer hiji dina Hot 100. Dina [[Maret]] 2010, Rihanna geus ngajual kira-kira 5,4 juta unit album sarta leuwih ti 33,7 juta singel digital di Amérika serikat. ''Billboarddinamai Rihanna the Digital Songs Artist'' dina dekade 2000-an, sarta manéhna diperingkat ke-17 minangka artis dina dékadeu 2000-an. Manéhna narima sawatara pangajén, kaasup ''World Music Awards 2007'' ''best-selling Pop Female Artist'' sarta ''Female Entertainerof the Year'', sarta ''Brit Awards2011'' pikeun ''Best International Female Solo Artist'' (Panyanyi Solo awéwé Internasional pangalusna). Manéhna narima total opat pangajén ''Grammy Awards'', opat ''American Music Awards'', sarta dalapan belas ''Billboard Musicawards''. Rihanna ogé dipilih minangka duta resmi nonoman sarta [[budaya]] [[Barbados]].<ref name="internet2">{{id}}[http://m-search.jp/ms/n_news.cgi?MoN=g&UoN=wapedia.mobi%2Fid%2FRihanna Rihanna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106154337/http://m-search.jp/ms/n_news.cgi?MoN=g&UoN=wapedia.mobi/id/Rihanna |date=2026-01-06 }} (diakses kaping 18 november 2011)</ref> Dina taun [[2009]], Rihanna pernah jadi korban kekerasan kabogohna, [[Chris Brown]]. Komo Rihanna sempet bedo témbong di ajang [[Grammy Awards 2009]] sarta ngabolaykeun konserna di [[Indonésia]] alatan pemukulan anu dipigawé ku ''Chris''.<ref name="internet1"/> ==Awal Karir== Rihanna dikenalkeun ku babaturanna jeung [[Evan Rodgers]], saurang produser asal [[New York]].<ref name="Biography">[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/hollywood/r/rihanna/ Biography] (Diakses tanggal 17 November 2011)</ref> Mimitina Rihanna diajar nyanyi sacara otodidak, manéhna dipikawanoh di [[Barbados]] nalika nyanyikeun lagu ''[[Hero]]'' milik [[Mariah Carey]] dina hiji acara di sakolana.<ref name="Biography"/> Tuluy, [[Evan Rodgers]] ngawanohkeun Rihanna ka [[Jay-z]] anu nyekel kalungguhan salaku Céo di Def Jam Records.<ref name="Biography"/> Nalika [[Jay-z]] ngadéngé sora vokal Rihanna, [[Jay-z]] yakin yén Rihanna baris jadi béntang.<ref name="Biography"/> Basa harita, Rihanna boga tilu album nyaéta Music Of The Sun, A Girl Like Me , jeung Good Girl Gone Bad.<ref name="Biography"/> Rihanna teu ngan ngageluti hiji widang waé, manéhna diajar di dunya seni peran.<ref name="Biography"/> Rihanna sempet akting dina film Bring It On: All Or Nothing taun [[2006]].<ref name="Biography"/> ==Album== #Album Music of the Sun ([[2005]]) #Album A Girl Like Me ([[2006]]) #Album Good Girl Gone Bad ([[2007]]) #Album Rated R ([[2009]]) #Album Loud ([[2010]]) #Tour-Rihanna: Live in Concert Tour (2006) #Tour-The Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (2007) #Tour-The Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (2008) #Tour-The Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (2009) #Tour-Last Girl on éarth Tour (2010) #Tour-Loud Tour ([[2011]]) #Panulis Buku Rihanna: The Last Girl on éarth (2010) <ref name="Lagu">[http://lirik.kapanlagi.com/artis/rihanna Lagu] (Diakses tanggal 17 November 2011)</ref> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Amérika Sarikat]] cznol9m18zzth4fpyw4wpr9d51dojx6 0 35338 731793 654303 2026-11-08T09:31:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:Pelikan Radiergummi.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Pamupus.]] '''Pamupus''' atawa '''setip''' mangrupa salah sahiji kalengkepan alat [[tulis]] anu mangrupa [[karet]] leuleus anu bisa ngaleungitkeun tanda anu dihasilkeun ku [[paltot]].<ref name="PP">[http://forum.vivanews.com/sejarah-dan-budaya/99393-sejarah-asal-mula-penghapus.html Sejarah Asal Mula Penghapus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012213529/http://forum.vivanews.com/sejarah-dan-budaya/99393-sejarah-asal-mula-penghapus.html |date=2011-10-12 }}(Dicutat tanggal 20 November 2011)</ref> Pamupus kenyal saperti [[karét]], jeung biasana [[warna bodas]] atawa [[hideung]].<ref name="PP"/> Aya ogé [[paltot]] anu aya pamupusna.<ref name="PP"/> Pamupus anu mahal hargana alatan bahanna tina ''vinyl'' atawa [[plastik]] pikeun tambahan tina karét.<ref name="PP"/> Pamupus ogé miboga harti pikeun ngahapus [[bor]] saperti [[papan]] [[hideung]] atawa [[papan bodas]].<ref name="PP"/> Pamupus papan hideung tradisional mangrupa blok [[kai]] anu bentukna [[persegi panjang]] anu dijieuna tina [[kaén]] [[wol]].<ref name="PP"/> =='''Sajarah'''== Dina [[taun 1770]], pakar sains [[Joseph Priestley]] ngébréhkeun yén, manéhna pernah ningali bahan anu saluyu pikeun dipaké ngaleungitkeun urut aréng paltot dina [[kertas]].<ref name="pamupus"/> Nalika éta di [[Éropa]], tulisan urut paltot dihapus tina kertas maké kubus-[[kubus]] anu laleutik anu dijieun tina karét.<ref name="pamupus"/> Kubus-kubus leutik éta osok dipaké pikeun tujuan di [[Inggris]] jeung [[Australia]].<ref name="pamupus">[http://www.bungakurnia.com/2011/02/sejarah-pensil-dan-penghapus.html Sejarah Pensil dan Penghapus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121439/http://www.bungakurnia.com/2011/02/sejarah-pensil-dan-penghapus.html |date=2011-09-28 }} (Dicutat tanggal 21 November 2011)</ref> Dina taun [[1770]], [[Edward Naime]], [[insinyur]] Inggris, disebut anu nyiptakeun pamupus karét nu munggaran.<ref name="pamupus"/> Saencan maké karét, serbuk [[roti]] dipaké pikeun jadi pamupus.<ref name="pamupus"/> Naime ngébréhkeun yén manéhna salah mawa kepingan karét lain serbukan roti, tuluy manggihan ciri-ciri pamupus tina karét, ti saprak éta mimitina ngajualan pamupus karét.<ref name="pamupus"/> Karét nu atah kénéh hésé diteundeun, lantaran babari rusak.<ref name="pamupus"/> Dina taun [[1839]], [[Charles Goodyear]], anu manggihan prosés [[vulkanisasi]], kaédah anu miara karét jeung ngajadikeun bahan anu awét.<ref name="pamupus"/> Pamupus jadi barang anu umum kalayan kamekaran karét anu divulkanisasi.<ref name="pamupus"/> Dina taun [[1858]], [[Hyman Lipman]] ti [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Amérika Serikat]], narima hak patén nu munggaran pikeun pamupus aya dina ujung paltot.<ref name="pamupus"/> Tapi ahirna hak patén éta ditolak alatan éta lain pamanggih anu anyar.<ref name="pamupus"/> == '''Rupa-rupa pamupus''' == [[Gambar:Kneaded_eraser.JPG|thumb|300px|Pamupus uli anu babari dibentuk, akurat, jeung teu matak kotor]] Rupa-rupa pamupus anu sok aya dina paltot biasana warna beureum ngora atawa beureum anu karakteristikna babari rapet.<ref name="pp"/> Jinis ieu lumayan alus pikeun ngahapus urut paltot, sanajan balukarna sok ngotoran jeung ngarusak kertas lamun sering dipakéna.<ref name="pp">[http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/4287711 jenis - jenis penghapus (Setip) dan penemunya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201094449/http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/4287711 |date=2024-12-01 }}(Dicutat tanggal 20 November 2011)</ref> Jinis anu kasohor di kalangan [[seniman]] nyaéta pamupus ''art gum'', dijieuna tina karét anu teksturna kasar tapi lembut.<ref name="pp"/> Jinis ieu cocog pikeun ngahapus pikeun kertasna anu lega. Tapi pamupus ieu loba ninggalkeun urut pamupusna jadi teu akurat.<ref name="pp"/> Lamun loba teuing maké ieu pamupus balukarna warna kertas jadi ka [[konéng]]-konéngan.<ref name="pp"/> Pamupus ''art gum'' biasana warnana poék saperti kacoklat-coklatan.<ref name="pp"/> Pampus uli, atawa bahasa [[Inggris]] ''kneaded eraser'', osok dipaké ku seniman.<ref name="pp"/> Pamupus jinis ieu dijieuna tina bahan kelabu anu nyarupaan adonan atawa [[lém]].<ref name="pp"/> Kaonjoyanan nyaéta teu ninggalkeun sisa pamupus nepi ka awét dibandingkeun pamupus lainna.<ref name="pp"/> Partikel grafit jeung [[taneuh liat]] ditarik ku adonan karét nepi ka lewih akurat jeung teu ninggalkeun urut pamupus.<ref name="pp"/> Pamupus ieu loba dipaké pikeun méré épék hérang atawa percikan [[cai]].<ref name="pp"/> Kahéngkérana nyaéta saeutik rpet dina [[leungeun]] jeung babari lééh dina suhu luhur.<ref name="pp"/> Pamupus ''vinyl'' lembut miboga tékstur saperti [[plastik]] jeung ciri-ciri pamupus ieu hampir sarua jeung pamupus karét biasa.<ref name="pp"/> Ngan saeutik leuwih lembut jeung kuat, jadi teu babari rusak jeung aman dipaké.<ref name="pp"/> Pamupus ''vinyl'' biasana warna bodas jeung babari kotor lamun dirampa.<ref name="pp"/> ==catetan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Perlengkapan menulis]] [[Kategori:Media seni rupa]] 2uvm1zv9p8jf6n3exmxxftpluqp5ez9 0 35339 731808 658814 2026-11-08T09:56:41Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Bubblegum.jpg|thumb|Awéwé anu keur ngadahar permén karét]] '''Permén karét''' nyaéta [[permén]] anu digayem, permén ieu miboga ciri has nyaéta bisa nyieun gelembung.<ref name="karet"/> Rupa-rupa warnana kito ogé rasana.<ref name="karet">[http://infobebas.web.id/2011/sejarah-dari-permen-karet.html sejarah dari permen karet]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(Dicutat tanggal 21 November 2011)</ref> == '''Sajarah''' == Permén Karét anu kahot geus aya dina [[huntu]] nalika [[5000 taun]] anu dijieuna tina [[kulit]] [[kai]] ''birch'', anu kapanggihna di [[Kierikki]],[[Finlandia]]. Dipaké pikeun antiseptik jeung nyegerkeun baham pikeun sélér ''aztec''.Permén Karét geus dipikawanoh ti jaman [[Yunani kuno]], Permén anu dijieuna tina [[damar wangi]]. Urang sélér [[indian]] di [[Amérika]] geus ngadahar permén karét anu dijieuna tina [[getah]] tangkal camara anu disebutna ''chicle''.<ref name="unik">[http://www.beritaunik.net/unik-anéh/sejarah-permen-karet.html Sejarah Permen Karet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124202906/http://www.beritaunik.net/unik-an%C3%A9h/sejarah-permen-karet.html |date=2025-01-24 }} (Dicutat tanggal 21 November 2011)</ref> =='''Rupa-rupa permén karét'''== Permén karét aya dina salgala rasa saperti ''mint'', ''wintergreen'', ''kayu manis'' jeung rupa-rupa [[bungbuahan]].<ref name="permen"/> Euwueh tipe standar permén, tapi bisa dibentuk kalayan sababahara bentuk jeung ukuran, contona saperti : * [[Gum Balls]] - bentukna saperti [[bola]] bari dibulen.<ref name="permen"/> Permén modél ieu osok dijual di mesin permén karét.<ref name="permen"/> Di [[Britania Raya]] osok disebut ''Screwballs''.<ref name="permen"/> Di Amérika Serikat disebutna "Gum Balls".<ref name="permen">[http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?p=341804436 Macam-macam permen karet]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Dicutat tanggal 21 November 2011)</ref> * [[Bubblegum]] - dijieun kalayan karakteristik sangkan bisa ngahasilkeun ''gelembung'' nalika ditiup.<ref name="permen"/> * [[Sugarfree gum]] - dijieun tina gula biang.<ref name="permen"/> * Permén jeung Gum kombinasi - utamana permén karét anu kapanggih dina sababaraha jinis permén lolipop, saperti [[Charm Blow Pops]].<ref name="permen"/> * [[Center Filled Gum]] - bola karét anu bentukna di sabudeureun pusat permén karét anu lembut atawa cair.<ref name="permen"/> * [[Slab Gum Cut & Wrap Gum]] - Ngarana disaluyukeun jeung ngaran mesin anu mungkus ieu permén, biasana dina bentuk [[kubus]], atawa bentuk [[silinder]].<ref name="permen"/> * Permén Karét pungsional - mangrupa permén karét kalayan pungsi praktis.<ref name="permen"/> [[Vibe Energy Gum]], misalna, maké permén karét pikeun sistem pengiriman [[kafein]], [[ginseng]], guarana, jeung ''green tea''.<ref name="permen"/> * Permén Karét ubar- permén karét anu gunana pikeun maturan ubarasup kana tikoro ngaliwatan kana ciduh, carana ubarbakal gampang asup ka jero aliran getih dibandingkeun pél.<ref name="permen"/> * Permén Karét Bubuk - ngalir bébas dina bentuk bubuk atawa bubuk anu dipadetkeun jadi bentuk anu unik.<ref name="permen"/> * Permén Karét Stik - bentukna [[persegi panjang]], ipis, datar, saperti lempengan.<ref name="permen"/> ==catetan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Permén]] 2seuvav4kefuwka2yih6rbudga828xw 0 35649 731840 654548 2026-11-08T11:37:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731840 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samsung''' nyaéta ngaran pausahaan anu kawentar dina widang éléktronik, ''SAMSUNG Precision Company'' (anu diadegkeun dina taun[[1977]]) nyimpen dasar di atmosfer industri téknologi luhur séjénna.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}}[http://www.samsung.com/id/old_aboutsamsung/samsunggroup/timelinehistory/SAMSUNGGroup_Group19381969.html=id masa awal samsung] (diaksés tanggal 27 November 2011)</ref> Samsung mitembeyan sajarahna dina taun[[1938]] awalna minangka perusahan trading, ngirimkeun [[lauk]] garing sarta bungbuahan ka [[Manchuria]] anu dikawasa [[Jepang]].<ref name="sumber2">{{id}}[http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/3259081=id Sejarah Berdirinya samsung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125193441/http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/3259081=id |date=2025-01-25 }} (diaksés tanggal 28 November 2011)</ref> Pangadegna, [[Lee Byung-chul]].<ref name="sumber2"/> ''SAMSUNG Aerospace Industries'' anu digantian ngaran dina bulan Pebruari taun[[1987]] (kiwari dipikawanoh minangka Samsung Techwin), Samsung geus ngamekarkeun pangabisa atmosferna kalayan gancang anu moal kungsi bisa diturutan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Dina pertengahan taun[[1980]]an ogé nempo Samsung ngasupan bisnis perkembangan sistem, anu nyieun Sistem Data Samsung dina taun[[1985]] (kiwari dipikawanoh minangka Samsung SDS) minangka pamingpin dina layanan Téknologi Informasi kaasup layanan integrasi sistem, manajemén sistem, konsultasi, sarta raramat.<ref name="sumber1"/> Fokus kanaékan Samsung dina téknologi ngarah dina perkembangan utama séjénna dina pertengahan taun[[1980]] kalayan kréasi dua lembaga Riset jeung tumuwuhna pausahaan, Lembaga Riset Ékonomi ''Samsung Economic Research Institute'' (SÉRI) dina taun[[1986]] sarta Lembaga Téknologi Tingkat Tuluy Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) dina taun[[1987]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Kadua organisasi perintis R&D babarengan geus mantuan Samsung dina ngahontal tujuan komo leuwih laér dina widang ''éléktronik'', ''semikonduktor'', zat [[kimia]] polimér luhur, pembuatan génétik, ''télékomunikasi optikal'', atmosfer sarta widang anyar pamekaran téknologi ti nanoteknologi nepi ka arsitektur raramat tingkat tuluy.<ref name="sumber1"/> Dina tanggal 19 Nopémber taun[[1987]], Pupuhu Pangadeg Samsung [[Byung-chull Lee]] maot sanggeus ampir lima puluh taunminangka lulugu pausahaan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Budak [[lalaki]]na, [[Kun-hee Lee]] junun jadi Pamingpin anu anyar.<ref name="sumber1"/> Dina peringatan ka-50 Ngadedna Samsung dina taun[[1988]], manéhna nyalabarkeun "Yayasan Kadua" pausahaan, anu mengatur tumuwuhna Samsung pikeun jadi pausahaan abad ke-21 kelas dunya.<ref name="sumber1"/> Pikeun "Yayasan Kadua" ieu, Samsung nangtang dirina sorangan pikeun nyusun bisnis sarta ngasupan anu anyar jeung tujuan pikeun jadi salah sahiji pausahaan éléktronik lima pangluhurna dunya.<ref name="sumber1"/> Penggabungan Samsung élékronik sarta Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications henteu cangcaya mangrupa waktu strategi utama dina prosés lumangsungna pikeun ngahontal tujuan.<ref name="sumber1"/> == Sajarah == Dina sajarahna, Samsung pikeun jadi raksasa di industri éléktronika di dunya teu lancar kawas sutra. Ngamimitian usahana tina ékspor sayuran, buah, jeung lauk, pausahaan antukna lakah ngaleuwihan pesaingna, kaasup [[Sony]], targét mimiti anu ku maranéhna hayang ngaleuwihan. Dina taun 1937, alatan wabah perang antara [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] jeung [[Jepang]], [[Byung-chul]], anu harita sabenerna boga usaha panggilingan béas jeung angkutan leutik di Masan, basisir kidul-wétan Samananjung [[Koréa]], kapaksa mindahkeun usahana ka Taégu, hiji wewengkon di kalér-wétaneun. Éta tempat legenda Samsung dimimitian.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/samsung-berawal-dari-sayuran-menjadi-raja-smartphone-dunia-ciML|title=Samsung, Berawal dari Sayuran Menjadi Raja Smartphone Dunia|last=Pramisti|first=Nurul Qomariyah|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2022-02-13}}</ref> Di kota anu jadi pusat kapamimpinan politik jeung rézim militér cicing, Byung-chul nyieun toko umum kalayan modal awal 30,000 won. Mawa ngaran Samsung, anu ngabogaan harti tilu béntang, manéhna hayang toko ieu jadi pausahaan anu gedé, kuat, sareng tahan kawas béntang di langit. Ngamangpaatkeun kaayaan perang, Samsung diékspor buah garing sarta kadaharan ti laut, sayuran, jeung barang dagangan lianna ka Mancuria di daratan timur laut [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], terus hiji koloni [[Jepang]], kitu ogé [[Béijing]].<ref name=":0" /> Dina buku ''"Samsung, Media Empire and Family: A Power Web"'' ditulis ku [[Chunhyo Kim]], [[Byung-chu]]<nowiki/>l meunangkeun modal awal pikeun ngadegkeun Samsung sajaba ti kulawargana, kitu ogé ti [[bank Jepang]]. Ieu nunjukeun kaunggulan bisnis [[Byung-chul]], sabab dina waktu harita éta toko-toko dagang henteu ngabogaan aksés kana dana kawas kitu. Salila [[Perang Dunya II]], Byung-chul diajar loba ngeunaan pasar jeung ngamangpaatkeun kasempetan bisnis. Manéhna nengetan pisan kumaha konglomerat [[Jepang]], anu mindeng disebut [[zaibatsu]], ngajalankeun jeung ngatur pausahaan di [[Koréa]]. Teu lila keur Samsung ngembangkeun. Dina saeutik leuwih dasawarsa, Samsung geus boga pabrik tipung sorangan, mesin ''confectionery'', manufaktur sarta operasi dagangan.<ref name=":0" /> Salila administrasi militér [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] di Nagara Ginseng antara 1945 sareng 1948, [[Byung-chul]] mindahkeun markas bisnisna ka [[Seoul|Séoul]]. Manéhna tuluy muka ''Samsung Trading Corporation'' dina taun 1948. Dua taun ti harita, Samsung anggeus ngadegkeun pausahaan dagang di Masan, Taégu jeung [[Seoul|Séoul]]. Sanajan bangkrut, sabab narima dudukung politik ti rezim Présidén [[Syngman Rhee]] dina taun 1946 nepi ka 1960, pausahaan ngalaman perkembangan anu lumayan gancang. Pausahaan, contona, junun ngalegaan bisnisna kana séktor perbankan, jaminan, asuransi, pupuk jeung semén dina ahir taun 1950-an. Dina taun 1951, Samsung Moolsan diadegkeun. Perusahaan ngékspor jeung ngimpor barang militér, gula jeung pupuk nalika Perang [[Koréa]].<ref name=":0" /> Saanggeus kasandung kasus bahan baku ilégal anu ngajerat Pupuk Hankuk, anu diadegkeun ku Samsung di 1963, [[Byung-chul]] tuluy mundur salaku Pupuhu Samsung di 1967. Dua taun satuluyna manéhna deui Pupuhu Samsung sarta ngadegkeun Samsung Electronics, anu saterusna jadi pamaén global anu kacida dianggap kiwari. Dina taun 1970-an Samsung nguatkeun jalur bisnis éléktronika jeung semikonduktor. Maranéhna gawé bareng jeung sababaraha pausahaan [[Jepang]], salah sahijina nyaéta [[Sanyo]]. Kolaborasi maranéhanana ngahasilkeun produksi télévisi munggaran Samsung di 1970. Dina patengahan taun 1980-an, Samsung geus junun nutupan ampir sakabéh séktor ékonomi Koréa. Saenggeus maotna [[Byung-chul]] dina bulan Nopémber 1987, di handapeun anak katilu na, [[Lee Kun-hee]], Samsung asup ka jaman anyar ti jadi pabrik alat asli (OEM) ka perusahaan transnasional di pasar dunya.<ref name=":0" /> Sataun ti harita, maranéhna milih alat-alat bumi, télékomunikasi jeung sémikonduktor salaku garis bisnis inti. Samsung Electronics engké jadi pausahaan inti anu ngatur anak pausahaan anu lain. Dina mangsa pamaréntahan Kun-hee, Samsung dibagi jadi genep pausahaan: [[Samsung]], [[Hansol]], [[Saehan]], [[Shinsaegae]], [[CJ]], jeung [[JoongAng Ilbo]]. Sésana mangrupa sajarah. Ti saprak éta, Samsung henteu kungsi ngeureunkeun lajuna nepi ayeuna, saanggeus nyekel status produsén ''smartphone'' anu paling laris di dunya.<ref name=":0" /> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Pausahaan teknologi]] 9es01gkuvs0isldkfc90qk5tvkb6j8e 0 35815 731600 667403 2026-11-07T19:52:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Alex Ferguson.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Alex Ferguson]] {{Infobox football biography | playername = Alex Ferguson | image = [[Berkas:Alex Ferguson.jpg|200px|Sir Alex Ferguson]] | fullname = Alexander Chapman Ferguson | dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1941|12|31}} | cityofbirth = [[Glasgow]] | countryofbirth = [[Skotlandia]] | currentclub = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] ([[pelatih]]) | position = [[Striker]] (telah pensiun) | years = 1957–1960<br />1960–1964<br />1964–1967<br />1967–1969<br />1969–1973<br />1973–1974 | clubs = [[Queen's Park F.C.|Queen's Park]]<br />[[St. Johnstone F.C.|St. Johnstone]]<br />[[Dunfermline Athletic F.C.|Dunfermline Athletic]]<br />[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]<br />[[Falkirk F.C.|Falkirk]]<br />[[Ayr United F.C.|Ayr United]]<br />'''Total''' | caps(goals) = {{0}}32 {{0}}(11)<br />{{0}}37 {{0}}(19)<br />{{0}}88 {{0}}(66)<br />{{0}}41 {{0}}(25)<br />106 {{0}}(37)<br />{{0}}24 {{0}}{{0}}(9)<br />'''327 (167)''' | manageryears = 1974<br />1974–1978<br />1978–1986<br />1985–1986<br />1986– | managerclubs = [[East Stirlingshire F.C.|East Stirlingshire]]<br />[[St. Mirren F.C.|St. Mirren]]<br />[[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]]<br />{{timnas|Skotlandia}}<br />[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] }} Sir Alex Ferguson atawa leuwih dipikawanoh Alex Ferguson CBE dibabarkeun [[31 Desember]] [[1941]] di [[Govan]],tempat nyieun kapal [[Glasgow]]<ref name="sumber1">[http://www.biografitokohdunia.com/2011/01/sir-alex-ferguson-tokoh-dibalik-kisah.html Sir Alex Ferguson tokoh dibalik kisah sukses Klub sepakbola MU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118101847/http://www.biografitokohdunia.com/2011/01/sir-alex-ferguson-tokoh-dibalik-kisah.html |date=2012-01-18 }}(diakses 2 Desember 2011)</ref>. Alexander Chapman Ferguson nyaéta mantan pamaén bal warga [[Skotlandia]]. Sabada jadi pamaén, manéhna ngalatih [[klub Stirling Timur]], [[St Mirren]], [[Aberdeen]]<ref name="sumber1"/>. Ti mimiti [[6 November]] [[1986]] nepi ka ayeuna Sir Alex ngagantikeun [[Ron Atkinson]] minangka ''pelatih''<ref name="sumber1"/>. Manéhna jadi manajer leuwih ti 1000 pertandingan [[Manchaster United]]<ref name="sumber1"/>. Sir Alex Ferguson dianggap minangka salah sahiji manajer anu panghadéna sadunya<ref name="sumber1"/>. Rekor Sir Alex malah mah teu kaganti ku pelatih nu séjénna dina sajarah maén bal di [[Inggris]]<ref name="sumber1"/>.Karakterna minangka pekerja keras méré pangaruh anu gedé pisan dina préstasina minangka pelatih, manajer, arsitek jeung tokoh anu mawa parobahan gedé di [[Manchaster United]]<ref name="sumber1"/>. Nalika Bulan [[November]] [[1986]] Fergie nampik tawaran anu alus ti [[Barcelona]], [[Arsenal]], [[Rangers]] jeung [[Tottenham]] pikeun dijadikeun manajer di klub-klub raksasa nu disebutkeun saméméhna<ref name="sumber1"/>. Manéhna justru milih [[Manchester United]],ninggalkeun kasuksésanana di [[Skotlandia]]<ref name="sumber1"/>. Ferguson ngawangun deui [[Manchaster United]] anu masih kénéh aya dina mangsa-mangsa anu sulit anu patalina jeung ngarékrut pamaén-pamaén ngora<ref name="sumber1"/>.Manéhna nekenkeun pisan kana kadisiplinan ka para apamaén MU, manéhna ogé ngaposisikeun dirina minangka méntor, motivator jeung nu ngawangun méntal para pamaén MU<ref name="sumber1"/>.Fergie ogé ngaleungitkeun budaya mabok di [[Old Traford]] ku cara ngaluarkeun pamaén-pamaén anu geus jadi idola di MU<ref name="sumber1"/>. Di [[Manchester United]], Sir Alex jadi pelatih anu pangsuksésna dina sajarah maén bal di [[Inggris]], ku cara mingpin tim anu bisa meunangkeun 11 gelar juara liga<ref name="sumber1"/>. taun [[1999]], manéhna jadi pelatih munggaran anu bisa mawa tim inggris meunangkeun [[treble]] ti [[Liga Utama]], [[Piala FA]] jeung [[Liga Champions UEFA]]<ref name="sumber1"/>.Ogé jadi hiji-hijina pelatih anu meunangkeun [[Piala FA]] 5 kali, Fergie ogé jadi hiji-hijina pelatih anu bisa meunangkeun gelar [[Liga Inggris]] 3 kali (1998-1999, 1999-2000 jeung 2000-2001)<ref name="sumber1"/>. Taun [[2008]], manéhna gabung jeung [[Brian Clough]] (Nottingham Forest), [[Bob Paisley]] (Liverpool) minangka pelatih [[Britania]] anu pernah meunangkeun kejuaraan Eropa leuwih ti sakali<ref name="sumber1"/>. Dua puluh lima taun babarengan jeung [[Manchester United]], manajer [[The Red Devils]], Sir Alex Ferguson geus jadi jalma anu teu bisa digantikeun ku sasaha.Sababaraha kali manéhna ngabatalkeun rencana péngsiunna<ref name="sumber2">[http://ceritamu.com/Bola/Liga-Inggris/MU-Pasti-Kesulitan-Cari-Pengganti-Alex-Ferguson.aspx MU Pasti Kesulitan Cari Pengganti Alex Ferguson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118094007/http://www.ceritamu.com/Bola/Liga-Inggris/MU-Pasti-Kesulitan-Cari-Pengganti-Alex-Ferguson.aspx |date=2011-11-18 }}(diakses 2 Desember 2011)</ref>.Nepi ka ayeuna, Sir Alex masih aya di ''bench'' United<ref name="sumber2"/>. Can aya kaputusan iraha Sir Alex péngsiun ti [[Manchester United]], malah manéhna sorangan teu nyahoeun iraha rék péngsiun<ref name="sumber2"/>. [[CEO]] [[Manchester United]], [[David Gill]] nyebutkeun yén MU pasti hésé néangan pelatih anu sarupa jiga Fergie<ref name="sumber2"/>.Ku ayana Fergie, Mu bisa meunangkeun gelar anu aya di dunya pikeun MU<ref name="sumber2"/>. Dina asuhan Fergie ogé, MU disulap jadi hiji kleub gedé anu teu ngan saukur dipikawanoh di [[Inggris]] tapi nepi ka sakuliah dunya<ref name="sumber2"/>. ==Rekor Kesuksesan<ref name="sumber1"/>== *Trofi Liga Premier Skotlandia (3 kali): taun [[1985]], [[1984]], [[1980]]; *Trofi Divisi Pertama Skotlandia (1 kali): taun [[1977]]; *Trofi Piala FA Skotlandia (3 kali) :[[1986]], [[1984]], [[1983]], [[1982]]; *Trofi PialaLiga Skotlandia (1 kali): Taun [[1986]]; *Trofi Liga Primer Inggris (11 kali) Taun [[2009]], [[2008]], [[2007]], [[2003]], [[2001]], [[2000]], [[1999]], [[1997]], [[1996]], [[1994]], [[1993]]; *Trofi Piala FA (5 kali) Taun [[2004]],[[1999]],[[1996]],[[1994]],[[1990]]; *Trofi Piala Liga 4 kali: Taun [[2010]], [[2009]], [[2006]], [[1992]] *Trofi FA Charity Shield (enam kali): taun [[1997]], [[1996]], [[1994]], [[1993]], [[1990]], [[2003]]; *Trofi Liga Champions Eropa: [[2008]], [[1999]]; *Trofi Piala UEFA Cup Winners (2 kali):Taun [[1991]], [[1983]]; *Trofi Piala Super Eropa (2 kali):Taun [[1991]], [[1983]]; *Trofi juara dunia antar klub (1 kali):Taun [[1999]] == Referensi == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Pelatih sepak bola Skotlandia]] [[Kategori:Pemain sepak bola Skotlandia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Skotlandia]] [[Kategori:Bangsawan Inggris]] 3p7ew81sfszu7r3kw1ctpz596bez4x5 0 35868 731705 678677 2026-11-08T02:18:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:James Dean in East of Eden trailer 2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|James Dean dina film Eden Of East]] {{Infobox actor | name = James Dean | imagesize = 200px | caption = Sebagai Cal Trask di ''[[East of Eden (film)|East of Eden]]'' (1955) | birthname = James Byron Dean | birthdate = {{birth date|1931|2|8|mf=y}} | birthplace = [[Marion, Indiana]], [[Amerika Serikat]] | deathdate = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1955|9|30|1931|2|8}}}} | deathplace = [[Cholame, California]], [[Amerika Serikat]] | othername = Jimmy Dean | occupation = Aktor | yearsactive = 1951–1955 }} '''James Byron Déan''' nyaéta [[aktor]] [[Amerika]] anu geus moyan nalika taun [[1950]]-an, ngaliwatan aktingna dina TV jeung film<ref name="sumber1">[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/hollywood/j/james_dean/ James Dean](diakses 3 Desember 2011)</ref>.Déan dibabarkeun di [[Indiana]], [[8 Februari]] [[1931]] ,manéhna mimiti dipikawanoh tina aktingna ngaliwatan peranna salaku [[Jim Stark]] dina film ''Rebel Without A Cause''[[1955]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Akting séjén anungabalukarkeun Déan dipikawanoh nyaéta dina akting salaku [[Cal Trask]] dina film ''East Of Eden'' [[1955]] jeung merankeun patani anu ''rasis'' [[Jett Rink]] dina film ''Giant'' [[195]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Dua film ieu ngabalukarkeun manéhna meunangkeun ''Nominasi Best Actor Academy Awards''<ref name="sumber1" />. Lian ti éta ngaliwatan ''Rebel Without A Cause'' [[1955]], manéhna suksés bisa ngahontal ''Nominasi Best Aktor [[BAFTA Awards]]''<ref name="sumber1" />. Déan miboga kalangenan [[balap]], manéhna wafat ping [[30 September]] [[1955]], di hareupeun studiona sorangan, diperkirakeun lantaran serangan [[jantung]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Déan nalika leutik hirup jeung tumuwuh di ''peternakan'' bibi jeung emangna di [[Fairmount]], [[Indiana]]<ref name="sumber2">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000015/bio James Dean](diakses 3 November 2011)</ref>. Sabada lulus sakol manéhna pindah ka [[New York]] pikeun ngahontal cita-citana nyaéta akting<ref name="sumber2" />. ==Filmografi== *''Fixed Bayonets'' [[1951]]<ref name="sumber3">[http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?t=10607662 biografi james dean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130101955/http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?t=10607662 |date=2024-11-30 }}(diaksess 3 Desember 2011)</ref> *''Sailor Beware'' [[1952]]<ref name="sumber3" /> *''Has Anybody Seen My Gal?'' [[1953]]<ref name="sumber3" /> *''East of Eden'' [[1955]]<ref name="sumber3" /> *''Rebel Without a Cause'' [[1955]]<ref name="sumber3" /> *''Giant'' [[1956]]<ref name="sumber3" /> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Aktor Amérika Sarikat]] tahi1mpvm1nfw1u89jgven6ganqba82 0 35877 731724 707454 2026-11-08T03:46:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Blue Business Shirt.jpg|thumb|Kaméja leungeun panjang]] '''Kaméja''' asal kecapna tina [[bahasa Portugis]] nyaéta ''camisa'', hartina [[baju]] atawa papakéan, utamana keur [[lalaki]].<ref name="baju"/> Papakéan ieu nutupan [[leunguen]], [[taktak]], [[dada]] nepi ka [[beuteung]].<ref name="baju">[http://www.dacostume.com/tag/sejarah-kemeja/ Definisi & Sejarah Baju Kemeja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917005633/http://www.dacostume.com/tag/sejarah-kemeja/ |date=2013-09-17 }} (Dicutat tanggal 3 Desember 2011)</ref> =='''Sajarah Kaméja'''== Dina [[taun 1800-an]] kerah anu gedé jeung heuras ngabalukarkeun bahaya lantaran matak arheut kana [[ceuli]].<ref name="baju"/> tTi jaman baheula, baju kaméja [[bodas]] dipikawanoh pikeun [[raksukan]] [[bangsawan]].<ref name="baju"/> Dina [[buku]], '''Men’s Wardrobe seri Chic Simple''', diébréhkeun yén bangsawan [[Éropa]] [[abad ka-17]] biasa maké kaméja bodas anu maké mamanis rénda dibelah dada jeung leungeun.<ref name="baju"/> Maranéhna osok maké raksukan tuxedo, raksukan anu aslna ti golongan bangsawan [[Inggris]].<ref name="baju"/> Nepi ka ahir [[abad ka-19]] kaméja bodas dianggap paling ''elegan''.<ref name="baju"/> Baheula lalaki anu maké kaméja bdas dianggap beunghar lantaran loba [[duit]] pikeun ngaganti kaméja anu bodas tur bersih.<ref name="baju"/> Kaméja bodas dianggap raksukan lalaki paranti digawé di tempat anu bersih.<ref name="baju"/> Sanajan tina bahan naon waé kaméja warna bodas katinagli bersih, ''elegan'' jeung ''méwah''.<ref name="baju"/> =='''Rupa-rupa kaméja'''== * ''Camp shirt'' – kaméja leungeun pendék atawa blus anu basajan kalayan saku hareup jeung kerah kamping.<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Dress shirt'' – kaméja kalayan kerah ''formal'', ilaharna maké [[kancing]] jeung lengan mansét.<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Dinner shirt'' – kaméja husus dijieun pikeun dipaké jeung papakéan séjéna, saperti [[dasi]] [[hideung]] atawa dasi [[bodas]].<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Winchester Shirt'' – kaméja garis atawa warna tapi kerahna bodas jeung mansét.<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Guayabera'' – kaméja meunang nyulam (bordir) miboga opat saku.<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Poet shirt'' – kaméja anu logor atawa blus kalayan lengan penuh.<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''T-shirt''.<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Polo SHIRT''.<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Baseball shirt'' - biasana dibédakeun ku tilu parapat lengan, lencana tim, jeung jahitan beubeu datar.<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Tunic'' – asalna tina [[bahasa Latin]], ''tunika'', ilharna dipaké ku lalaki jeung [[awéwé]] di [[Romawi Kuno]], dibédakeuna ku konstruksi dua.<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Night shirt'' – papakéan paranti [[saré]].<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Sleeveless Shirt'' – Kaméha euweuh lenganan.<ref name="kaskus"/> Disebut ogé ''tank top''.<ref name="kaskus"/> * ''Halter top'' – euweuh lenganan, produk konveksi tanpa lengan bagi perempuan.<ref name="kaskus"/> Biasana maké tali di bagian tukang [[beuheung]] jeung di [[tonggong]] belah handap.<ref name="kaskus">[http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?t=9961322 Kemeja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126205834/http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?t=9961322 |date=2024-11-26 }} (Dicutat tanggal 3 Desember 2011)</ref> ==catetan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Baju]] [[Kategori:Papakéan]] h6qayvb4yc506usizu4yn2w35f4ame0 0 35886 731826 667836 2026-11-08T11:08:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox football biography | playername = Robin van Persie | image = [[File:RVP Holland training.jpg|250px]] | fullname = Robin van Persie<ref name="PFA 627">{{cite book | last = Hugman | first = Barry J. | title = The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005 | publisher = Queen Anne Press | year = 2004 | page = 627 | isbn = 1852916656 }}</ref> | height = {{height|metres=1.83}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/robin-van-persie |title=Player Profile – Robin van Persie |publisher=Premier League |accessdate=10 December 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228153104/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.overview.html/robin-van-persie |date=28 December 2011 }}</ref> | dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1983|8|6}} | cityofbirth = [[Rotterdam]] | countryofbirth = [[Walanda]] | currentclub = [[Manchester United]] | clubnumber = 20 | position = [[Panarajang]],<br />[[Gelandang|Gelandang jangjang]] | youthyears1 = 1998–1999 |youthclubs1 = [[SBV Excelsior|Excelsior]] | youthyears2 = 1999–2001 |youthclubs2 = [[Feyenoord]] | years1 = 2001–2004 |clubs1 = [[Feyenoord]] |caps1 = 61 |goals1 = 15 | years2 = 2004–2012 |clubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] |caps2 = 194 |goals2= 96 | years3 = 2012- |clubs3 = [[Manchester United]] |caps3 = 19 |goals3= 16<!-- HANYA PENAMPILAN DAN GOL DI LIGA DOMESTIK --> | nationalyears1 = 2000 |nationalteam1 = {{timnasu|17|Walanda}} |nationalcaps1 = 6 |nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2001 |nationalteam2 = {{timnasu|19|Walanda}} |nationalcaps2 = 6 |nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2002–2005 |nationalteam3 = {{timnasu|21|Walanda}} |nationalcaps3 = 12 |nationalgoals3 = 1 | nationalyears4 = 2005– |nationalteam4 = {{timnas|Walanda}} |nationalcaps4 = 71 |nationalgoals4 = 31 | pcupdate = 17:51, 26 Désémber 2012 (UTC) | ntupdate = 21:51, 16 Oktober 2012 (UTC) }} '''Robin van Persie''' (van Persie atawa RvP; {{lahirmati|[[Rotterdam]], [[Walanda]]|6|8|1983}}) nyaéta salah sahiji pamaén [[Sepak Bola]] profésional ti [[Walanda]].<ref name="Profil RvP">[http://www.bola.net/profile/robin_van_persie/ Profil RvP] (diaksés 03-12-2011)</ref> van Persie nyaéta anak tina dua urang [[seniman]], anjeunna tileuleutik di arahkeun pikeun pikeun neruskeun kolotna, tapi anjeunna kalah leuwih resep kana sepak bola, tuluy gabung jeung tim SBV Excelsior.<ref name="Profil RvP"/> Anjeunna nyieun terobosan di klub kota kalahiranna [[Feyenoord]], di mana anjeunna méakeun tilu musim ogé meunangkeun Piala [[UEFA]] 2002.<ref name="Profil RvP"/> Pacéngkadan anjeunna jeung palatih [[Bert van Marwijk]] nu ahirna nyababkeun anjeunna pindah ka [[Liga Premier]] jeung [[Arsenal]] saharga 2,75 juta pound dina taun [[2004]].<ref name="Profil RvP"/> Salian éta van Persie ogé jadi pamaén andalan pikeun timnas Belanda dina tuornamént [[Piala Éropa]] [[2008]], jeung [[Piala Dunia]] [[2010]], di [[Afrika Selatan]].<ref name="Profil RvP 2">[http://www.biografitokohdunia.com/2011/05/biografi-robin-van-persie_15.html Profil RvP 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210044748/http://www.biografitokohdunia.com/2011/05/biografi-robin-van-persie_15.html |date=2011-12-10 }} (Diaksés 03-12-2011)</ref> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pamaén-bal-stub}} [[Kategori:Pamaén bal Walanda]] [[Kategori:Pamaén Piala Dunya FIFA 2006]] [[Kategori:Pamaén Piala Dunya FIFA 2010]] [[Kategori:Pamaén Pasanggiri Maén Bal Éropa UEFA 2012]] [[Kategori:Pamaén Feyenoord Rotterdam]] [[Kategori:Pamaén Arsenal F.C.]] [[Kategori:Pamaén Pasanggiri Maén Bal Éropa UEFA 2008]] [[Kategori:Pamaén Manchester United]] m3m4lfg8bu3eh6emzxy9nmbj09mjt6b 0 35987 731686 731360 2026-11-08T00:39:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = ''República de Guinea Ecuatorial''<br />''République de Guinée équatoriale''<br />''República da Guiné Equatorial'' |conventional_long_name = Républik Guinéa Khatulistiwa |common_name = Guinéa Khatulistiwa |image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg |image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg |symbol_type = Coat of arms |image_map = Location_Equatorial_Guinea_AU_Africa.svg |image_map2 = Equatorial Guinea-CIA WFB Map.png |national_motto = Unidad, Paz, Justicia{{spaces|2}}<small>{{es icon}}</small><br /> Unité, Paix, Justice{{spaces|2}}<small>{{fr icon}}</small><br /> Unidade, Paz, Justiça{{spaces|2}}<small>{{pt icon}}</small><br /> Kahijian, Rapih, Kaadilan |national_anthem = [[Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad]] |official_languages = [[Basa Spanyol]]<br />[[Basa Perancis]]<br />[[Basa Portugis]] |ethnic_groups = 85.7% [[Urang Fang|Fang]], 6.5% [[Urang Bubi|Bubi]], 3.6% Mdowe, 1.6% [[Annobon]], 1.1% Bujeba, 1.4% nu lian ([[Spanyol Guinéa Khatulistiwa|Spanyol]])<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html Cia World Factbook; Equatorial Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831000148/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html |date=2020-08-31 }}</ref> |demonym = Equatoguinean, Equatorial Guinean |capital = [[Malabo]] |latd = 3 |latm = 45 |lats = 13.73 |latNS = N |longd = 8 |longm = 47 |longs = 5.13 |longEW = E |largest_city = [[Bata, Guinéa Khatulistiwa|Bata]] |government_type = [[Républik]] [[Nagara kahijian|kahijian]] [[sistem présidénsial|présidensial]] |leader_title1 = [[Daptar Présidén Guinéa Khatulistiwa|Présidén]] |leader_title2 = [[Daptar Perdana Mentri Guinéa Khatulistiwa|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] |leader_name2 = [[Francisco Pascual Obama Asue]] |area_rank = ka-144 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area = 28.050 |areami² = 10.830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = tiasa teu dipadulikeun |population_estimate = 676.000<ref name=unpop>{{cite journal |url = http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title = World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |version = 2008 revision |format = PDF |publisher = United Nations |author = Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year = 2009 |accessdate = 2009-03-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160115172319/https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |archive-date = 2016-01-15 }}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = ka-166 |population_estimate_year = 2009 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 24,1 |population_densitymi² = 62,4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-187 |GDP_PPP_year = 2010 |GDP_PPP = $24,146 milyar<ref name="wb2010">[http://data.worldbank.org/country/equatorial-guinea World Development Indicators database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204173257/http://data.worldbank.org//country//equatorial-guinea |date=2011-12-04 }}, [[World Bank]], accessed on August 23, 2011.</ref><!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $34.824<ref name="wb2010"/><!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22nd<!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_nominal = $14,006 milyar<ref name="wb2010"/><!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_nominal_year = 2010 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $20.200<ref name="wb2010"/><!--Do not edit!--> |sovereignty_type = [[Kamerdikaan]] |sovereignty_note = ti [[Spanyol]] |established_event1 = [[Gunéa Spanyol]] |established_date1 = 11 Agustus 1926 |established_event2 = Didéklarasikeun |established_date2 = 11 Agustus 1968 |established_event3 = Diakuan |established_date3 = 12 Oktober 1968 |HDI = {{increase}} 0,538<ref name="UN">{{cite web |url = http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf |format = PDF |title = Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G |publisher = The United Nations |accessdate = 2009-10-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091122115116/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf |archivedate = 2009-11-22 }}</ref> |HDI_rank = ka-117 |HDI_year = 2010 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">sedeng</span> |currency = [[Franc CFA Afrika Tengah]] |currency_code = XAF |country_code = |time_zone = [[Wanci Afrika Kulon|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = teu kaobsérvasi |utc_offset_DST = +1 |drives_on = katuhu |cctld = [[.gq]] |calling_code = 240 }} '''Guinéa Khatulistiwa''' atawa '''Guinéa Ékuator''', resmina '''Républik Guinéa Khatulistiwa''' ({{lang-es|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}}, {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðe ɣiˈne.a ekwatoˈɾjal|pron}}; {{lang-fr|République de Guinée équatoriale}}, {{IPA-fr|ʁepyblik də ɡine ekwatoʁjal|pron}}, ({{lang-pt|República da Guiné Equatorial}}, {{IPA-pt|ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ ekwatoˈɾjaɫ|pron}}); mangrupa hiji nagara nu aya di [[Afrika]] Tengah. Nagara ieu ngawengku dua bagian: hiji Wewengkon Buana ([[Río Muni]]), kaasup sababaraha pulo leutik saperti [[Corisco]], [[Elobey Grande]], jeung [[Elobey Chico]]; sarta hiji [[Pulo di Guinéa Khatulistiwa|wewengkon insulér]] nu boga eusi pulo [[Propinsi Annobón|Annobón]] jeung pulo [[Bioko]] (baheulana ''Fernando Po'') di mana ayana ibu kota [[Malabo]]. Annobón mangrupa pulo nu pangkidulna di Guinéa Khatulistiwa jeung aya di kiduleun [[khatulistiwa]]. Pulo Bioko mangrpakeun lokasi pangkalérna di Guinéa Khatulistiwa. Antara dua pulo éta jeung ka kalérna aya wewengkon daratan utama, nu tepung wates jeung [[Kamerun]] ka kalér, [[Gabon]] di kidul jeung wétan, sarta [[Telul Guinéa]] di kulon, di mana nagara [[São Tomé jeung Príncipe]] aya antara Bioko jeung Annobón. Pamanggihan [[minyak bumi]] di sababaraha taun ieu ngalihkeun status ékonomi jeung pulitik nagara. [[GDP]] per kapitana aya dina réngking ka-28 sadunya.<ref>'''[[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]''': [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html GDP - per capita (PPP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html |date=2013-04-24 }}, [[The World Factbook]], [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> == Babagian administratif == :''Artikel utama: [[Propinsi di Guinéa Khatulistiwa]]'' Guinéa Khatulistiwa dibagi kana 7 [[propinsi]] (ibu kotana aya di jero kurung): # [[Propinsi Annobón]] ([[San Antonio de Palé]]) # [[Propinsi Bioko Norte]] ([[Malabo]]) # [[Propinsi Bioko Sur]] ([[Luba, Guinéa Khatulistiwa|Luba]]) # [[Propinsi Centro Sur]] ([[Evinayong]]) # [[Propinsi Kié-Ntem]] ([[Ebebiyín]]) # [[Propinsi Litoral (Guinéa Khatulistiwa)|Litoral]] ([[Bata, Guinéa Khatulistiwa|Bata]]) # [[Propinsi Wele-Nzas]] ([[Mongomo]]) Propinsi-propinsina saterasna dibagi kana distrik-distrik. == Tempo ogé == {{col|2}} * [[Teluk Bonny]] ogé kawanoh salaku [[Teluk Biafra]] * [[Teluk Guinéa]] * [[Telekomunikasi di Guinéa Khatulistiwa]] * [[Hubungan luar nagri Guinéa Khatulistiwa]] * [[Militér Guinéa Khatulistiwa]] * [[Usaha kudéta Guinéa Khatulistiwa 2004]] * [[Daptar kota di Guinéa Khatulistiwa]] </div> == Catetan jeung réferénsi == {{CIA World Factbook}} {{Reflist|2}} == Buku == *[[Max Liniger-Goumaz]], ''Small is not Always Beautiful: The Story of Equatorial Guinea'' (French 1986, translated 1989) ISBN 0-389-20861-2 *[[Ibrahim K. Sundiata]], ''Equatorial Guinea: Colonialism, State Terror, and the Search for Stability'' (1990, Boulder: Westview Press) ISBN 0-8133-0429-6 * [[Robert Klitgaard]]. 1990. ''Tropical Gangsters''. New York: Basic Books. (World Bank economist tries to assist pre-oil Equatorial Guinéa) ISBN 0-465-08760-4 * [[D.L. Claret]]. ''Cien años de evangelización en Guinea Ecuatorial (1883–1983)/ One Hundred Years of Evangelism in Equatorial Guinea'' (1983, Barcelona: Claretian Missionaries) * [[Adam Roberts (scholar)|Adam Roberts]], ''The Wonga Coup: Guns, Thugs and a Ruthless Determination to Create Mayhem in an Oil-Rich Corner of Africa'' (2006, PublicAffairs) ISBN 1-58648-371-4 == Tumbu kaluar == {{Sisterlinks|Equatorial Guinea}} ; Pamaréntah * [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/ Loka Pamaréntah Resmi Guinéa Khatulistiwa] ; Informasi umum * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023151.stm Propil Nagara] ti [[BBC News]] *{{CIA World Factbook link|ek|Equatorial Guinea}} *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/equatorialguinea.htm Equatorial Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084803/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/equatorialguinea.htm |date=2008-06-07 }} ti ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Equatorial_Guinea|Guinéa Khatulistiwa}} *{{wikiatlas|Equatorial Guinea}} *[http://www.iradier.org/colaboracion5.htm Peta topograpis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911170006/http://www.iradier.org/colaboracion5.htm |date=2007-09-11 }} {{es}} *{{wikivoyage|Equatorial Guinea}} ; Média warta * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210516201857/http://allafrica.com/equatorialguinea/ Guinéa Khatulistiwa] ti [[AllAfrica.com]] * [http://www.guinea-ecuatorial.net/ms/main.asp Guinea-Ecuatorial.net] ; Basa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204730/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/39/TH_39_123_190_0.pdf Las lenguas de Guinea Ecuatorial: Materiales bibliográficos para su estudio] {{Template group |title = Géografi lokal |list = {{Countries of Africa}} }} {{Template group |title = Kaanggotaan internasional |list = {{African Union}} {{South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone}} {{La Francophonie}} {{CPLP}} }} {{Template group |title = Basa |list = {{Niger-Congo-speaking}} }} {{Coord|1|30|N|10|00|E|type:country|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guinea Khatulistiwa}} [[Kategori:Guinéa Khatulistiwa| ]] [[Kategori:Anggota La Francophonie]] [[Kategori:Anggota Uni Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara jeung téritori Bantu]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu kirang kawangun]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu maké basa Perancis]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu maké basa Spanyol]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu tepung wates jeung Samudra Atlantik]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1968]] [[Kategori:Républik]] [[Kategori:Urut koloni Portugis]] [[Kategori:Urut koloni Spanyol]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Guinéa Khatulistiwa}} 1tqzt7on15mt463ryqg1qv3y53x9897 0 36487 731623 728495 2026-11-07T21:30:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} {{Infobox country |native_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">República Federativa do Brasil</span> |conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Républik Féderasi Brasil</span> |common_name = Brasil |image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg |alt_flag = |image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg |alt_coat = |symbol_type = Lambang |national_motto = ''"Ordem e Progresso"'' |national_anthem = [[Gambar:Hino Nacional Brasileiro instrumental.ogg]]<br /><small>[[Lagu Kabangsaan Brasil|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]] |royal_anthem = |other_symbol_type = [[Tanda (lambang)|Tanda nasional]] |other_symbol = [[Tanda Nasional Brasil|Selo Nacional do Brasil]] [[Gambar:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|15px]] |image_map = Brazil (orthographic projection).svg |alt_map = |map_caption = |image_map2 = |alt_map2 = |map_caption2 = |capital = [[Brasília]] |latd= 15 | latm= 45 | latNS = S |longd= 47 |longm= 57 |longEW = W |largest_city = [[São Paulo]] |official_languages = [[Basa Portugis]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Demographics|publisher=Brazilian Government|year=2011|url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/brazil/brazil-in-numbers/demographics|accessdate=2011-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117051415/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/brazil/brazil-in-numbers/demographics|archivedate=2011-11-17}} {{en}}</ref> |national_languages = |regional_languages = |languages_type = |languages = |ethnic_groups = 47,73% [[Brasil Kulit Bodas|Bodas]]<br />43,13% [[Pardo|Soklat]] ([[Multiras#Brazil|Multiras]])<br />7,61% [[Brasil Kulit Hideung|Hideung]]<br />1,09% [[Brasil Asia|Asia]]<br />0,43% [[Urang pribumi Brasil|Amerindian]] |ethnic_groups_year = 2010<ref name="raca2010">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 — Cor ou raça] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217041601/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref> |demonym = Brazilian |government_type = [[Républik]] [[Féderalisme|féderal]] [[sistim présidénsial|présidénsial]] [[républik konstitusional|konstitusional]] |leader_title1 = [[Présidén Brasil|Présidén]] |leader_name1 = [[Jair Bolsonaro]] |leader_title2 = [[Wakil Présidén Brasil|Wakil Présidén]] |leader_name2 = [[Braga Neto]] |legislature = [[Kongrés Nasional Brasil|Kongrés Nasional]] |upper_house = [[Sénat Brasil|Sénat Féderal]] |lower_house = [[Déwan Députi Brasil|Déwan Députi]] |sovereignty_type = [[Déklarasi Kamerdikaan Brasil|Kamerdikaan]] |sovereignty_note = ti [[Karajaan Portugal, Brasil, jeung Algarves Ngahiji]] |established_event1 = [[Kakaisaran Brasil|Didéklarasi]] |established_date1 = 7 Séptémber 1822 |established_event2 = [[Kakaisaran Brasil|Diakuan]] |established_date2 = 29 Agustus 1825 |established_event3 = [[República Velha|Républik]] |established_date3 = 15 Nopémber 1889 |established_event4 = [[Konstitusi Brasil|Konstitusi nu ayeuna]] |established_date4 = 5 Oktober 1988 |area_rank = ka-5 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area = 8514877 |areami² = 3287597 |area_footnote = |percent_water = 0,65 |area_label = Total |population_census = 190.732.694<ref>IBGE. [http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118115603/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 |date=2012-01-18 }}.</ref> |population_census_rank = ka-5 |population_census_year = 2010 |population_density = 22 |population_densitymi² = 57 |population_density_rank = ka-182 |GDP_PPP = $2,172 triliun<ref name=imf>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=25&pr.y=4|title=Brazil|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2011-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429194649/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=25&pr.y=4|archivedate=2011-04-29}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2011 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11.767<ref name=imf/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $2,421 triliun<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal_rank = ka-7 |GDP_nominal_year = 2011 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12.422<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini = <span style="color: #0c0; font-size: larger;">▼</span>53.6<ref name = "2010censusgini">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab8.pdf Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 — Rendimento] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105225211/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab8.pdf |date=2012-01-05 }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_category = <span style="color:#e0584e;">luhur</span> |HDI = 0,718<ref name=HDI11>{{cite web|title=Table 1: Human development index 2011 and its components|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2011-12-04|publisher=UNDP|author=UNDP Human Development Report 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111152313/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf|archivedate=2011-11-11}}</ref> |HDI_rank = ka-84 |HDI_year = 2011 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">luhur</span> |currency = [[Real Brasil|Real]] (R$) |currency_code = BRL |time_zone = [[Wanci di Brasil|BRT]]<ref name="timezones" /> |utc_offset = [[UTC−02|-2]] nepi ka [[UTC−04|-4]]<ref name="timezones">{{cite web | title = Hora Legal Brasileira | publisher = Observatório Nacional | url = http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm | accessdate = 2009-02-21 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722173247/http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm | archivedate = 2011-07-22 }}</ref> |time_zone_DST = [[Wanci di Brasil#Usum panas|BRST]] |antipodes = |date_format = pp/bb/tttt ([[Common Era|CE]]) |DST_note = |utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−02|-2]] to [[UTC−04|-4]] |drives_on = katuhu |cctld = [[.br]] |iso3166code = |calling_code = [[Nomer telepon di Brasil|55]] }} '''Brasil''' ({{lang-pt|Brasil}}, {{IPA-pt|bɾaˈziw|IPA}}), resmina '''Républik Féderasi Brasil'''<ref>As on for example the [http://www.brasil.gov.br/?set_language=en national website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628154407/http://www.brasil.gov.br/?set_language=en |date=2018-06-28 }}.</ref><ref name="Mugnier">{{cite journal|last=Mugnier|first=Clifford|date=January 2009|title=Grids & Datums – Federative Republic of Brazil|url=http://www.asprs.org/resources/GRIDS/01-2009-brazil.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621192851/http://www.asprs.org/resources/grids/01-2009-brazil.pdf|archive-date=2009-06-21|accessdate=2011-12-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621192851/http://www.asprs.org/resources/grids/01-2009-brazil.pdf |date=2009-06-21 }}</ref> ({{lang-pt|República Federativa do Brasil}}, {{Audio|Pt-br-República Federativa do Brasil.ogg|listen}}), nyaéta nagara nu panggedéna di [[Amérika Kidul]]. Brasil mangrupa nagara nu panggedéna kalima sadunya, boh aréana boh populasina.<ref name="CIA Geo"/><ref name="CIA People">{{cite web | title = People of Brazil | booktitle = The World Factbook | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | year = 2008 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html | accessdate = 2008-06-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20201229014518/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html | archivedate = 2020-12-29 }}</ref> Nagara ieu mangrupa nagara anggota [[CPLP]] sahiji-hijina di [[buana Amérika]] jeung nagara [[lusopon]] nu panggedéna sadunya.<ref name="CIA Geo">{{cite web | title = Geography of Brazil | booktitle = The World Factbook | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | year = 2008 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html | accessdate = 2008-06-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20201229014518/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html | archivedate = 2020-12-29 }}</ref> === Babagian administratif === :''Artikel utama: [[Nagara bagian di Brasil]], [[Kotamadya di Brasil]]'' {{See also|Région di Brasil}} Brasil mangrupa hiji féderasi nu ngawengku 26 [[Nagara féderasi|nagara bagian]], hiji [[Distrik Féderal Brasil|distrik féderal]] (nu ngawengku ibu kotana, [[Brasília]]), jeung kotamadya-kotamadya.<ref name="Constituição">{{cite web | title = Brazilian Federal Constitution | publisher = Presidency of the Republic | year = 1988 | url = http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm | language = Portuguese | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213194044/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm |date=2007-12-13 }} {{cite web | title = Brazilian Federal Constitution | publisher = v-brazil.com | year = 2007 | url = http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html | quote = Unofficial translate | accessdate = 2008-06-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html | archivedate = 2018-09-28 }}</ref> Nagara bagian miboga administrasi otonom, ngumpulkeun pajakna sorangan, jeung narima bagain ti pajak nu dikumpulkeun ku pamaréntah Féderal. Nagara bagian miboga gubernur jeung hiji badan législatif. == Tempo ogé == *[[Daptar inohong Brasil]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} <!-- ===Bibliograpi=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Azevedo, Aroldo. ''O Brasil e suas regiões''. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971. {{pt icon}} * Barman, Roderick J. ''Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 {{en icon}} * [[C. R. Boxer|Boxer, Charles R.]]. ''O império marítimo português 1415–1825''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 8535902929 {{pt icon}} * Bueno, Eduardo. ''Brasil: uma História''. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. {{pt icon}} ISBN 8508082134 * Calmon, Pedro. ''História da Civilização Brasileira''. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002. {{pt icon}} * Carvalho, José Murilo de. ''D. Pedro II''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. {{pt icon}} * Coelho, Marcos Amorim. ''Geografia do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996. {{pt icon}} * Diégues, Fernando. ''A revolução brasílica''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004. {{pt icon}} *''[[Barsa (encyclopedia)|Enciclopédia Barsa]]''. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987. {{pt icon}} * Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. ''Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002)'', 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. ISBN 8573263083{{pt icon}} * [[Elio Gaspari|Gaspari, Elio]]. ''A ditadura envergonhada''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 8535902775 {{pt icon}} * Janotti, Aldo. ''O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990. {{pt icon}} * Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v.1''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. {{pt icon}} * Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v.3''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. {{pt icon}} * Lustosa, Isabel. ''D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter''. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. ISBN 8535908072 {{pt icon}} * Moreira, Igor A. G. ''O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil''. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981. {{pt icon}} * Munro, Dana Gardner. ''The Latin American Republics; A History''. New York: D. Appleton, 1942. {{en icon}} * Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. ''As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos''. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. ISBN 8571648379 {{pt icon}} * [[Thomas Skidmore|Skidmore, Thomas E]]. ''Uma História do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. {{pt icon}} ISBN 8521903138 * Souza, Adriana Barreto de. ''Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento''. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. {{pt icon}} ISBN 9788520008645 * Vainfas, Ronaldo. ''Dicionário do Brasil Imperial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. ISBN 8573024410 {{pt icon}} * Vesentini, José William. ''Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil''. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988. {{pt icon}} * Vianna, Hélio. ''História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república'', 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994. {{pt icon}} {{Refend}} --> == Bacaan salajengna == {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |author=Alves, Maria Helena Moreira |title=State and Opposition in Military Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/stateoppositioni0000alve_m2e2 |location=Austin, TX |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1985}} * {{cite book |author=Amann, Edmund |title=The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso |publisher=World Development (pp.&nbsp;1805–1819) |year=1990}} * {{cite web |title=Background Note: Brazil |publisher=US Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm |accessdate=2011-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123353/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm |archivedate=2011-06-29 }} * {{cite book |author=Bellos, Alex |title=Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/futebolbrazilian0000bell |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing plc |year=2003}} * {{cite book |author=Bethell, Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1991}} * {{cite book |author=Costa, João Cruz |title=A History of Ideas in Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofideasin00cost |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1964}} * {{cite book |author=Fausto, Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1999}} * {{cite book |author=Furtado, Celso |title=The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times |year=1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_C0-BNY-426 |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press}} * {{cite book |author=Leal, Victor Nunes |title=Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0521214882 |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1977}} * {{cite book |author=Malathronas, John |title=Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul |url=https://archive.org/details/brazillifebloods0000mala |location=Chichester |publisher=Summersdale |year=2003}} * {{cite book |author=Martinez-Lara, Javier |title=Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change |publisher=Macmillan |year=1995}} * {{cite book |author=Prado Júnior, Caio |title=The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/colonialbackgrou00praduoft |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967}} * {{cite book |author=Schneider, Ronald |title=Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Boulder Westview |year=1995}} * {{cite book |author=Skidmore, Thomas E. |title=Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_C0-AZU-499 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974}} * {{cite book |author=Wagley, Charles |title=An Introduction to Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobr0000wagl_k5a3 |location=New York, New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1963}} * {{cite book |title=The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil |location=New York, NY |publisher=World Almanac Books |year=2006}} {{Refend}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Sisterlinks}} {{Wikisource|CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Brazil}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120103092809/http://braziltour.com/ Braziltour.com] * [http://www.brasil.gov.br/ Pamaréntah Féderal Brasil] * [http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Institut Géografi jeung Statistika Brasil] * {{CIA World Factbook link|br|Brazil}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/brazil.htm Brazil] di ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Brazil|Brasil}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105025706/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/brtoc.html Propil Nagara] ti [[Library of Congress]] AS (1997) * {{wikivoyage|Brazil}} {{osmrelation-inline|59470}} {{navboxes| list = {{Brazil topics|state=expanded}} {{navboxes|title=[[Gambar:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Géografi lokal| list = {{Countries of South America}} }} {{navboxes|title=Kaanggotaan internasional| list = {{Latin Union}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}} {{Union of South American Nations (Unasur\Unasul)}} {{Mercosur\Mercosul (Southern Common Market)}} {{Organization of American States}} {{G8+5}} {{G-20}} {{G15 nations}} {{BRIC}} {{South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone}} }} {{Portuguese overseas empire}} }} {{Authority control}} {{nagara-geo-stub|Brasil}} [[Kategori:Brasil| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu tepung wates jeung Samudra Atlantik]] [[Kategori:Nagara féderal]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Portugis]] [[Kategori:Nagara G15]] [[Kategori:Nagara G20]] [[Kategori:Nagara Amérika Latin]] [[Kategori:Démokrasi liberal]] [[Kategori:Anggota Mercosur]] [[Kategori:Anggota CPLP]] [[Kategori:Anggota Uni Nagara Amérika Kidul]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu maké basa Portugis]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Amérika Kidul]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1822]] o7vp7bnl3wtvhonflxkplzyve4anvp3 0 36536 731725 729147 2026-11-08T03:55:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731725 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Falklands jeung Malvinas ngarah ka dieu. Pikeun kagunaan lian, tingali [[Falkland (disambiguasi)]] jeung [[Malvinas (disambiguasi)]]'' <!--Do not edit this article to include or remove any Spanish names without first discussing it on Talk. Any substantial changes without consensus on Talk may result in an immediate block from editing.--> {{Infobox country |native_name = Falkland Islands |conventional_long_name = Kapuloan Falkland |common_name = Kapuloan Falkland |demonym = Falkland Islander |image_flag = Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg |image_coat = Coa Falkland.svg |symbol = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands |image_map = LocationFalklandIslands.png |national_motto = ''"Desire the right"'' |national_anthem = "[[God Save the Queen]]" (resmi)<br />"[[Song of the Falklands]]"{{Ref label|anthem-note|a|}} |official_languages = [[Basa Inggris]] |capital = [[Stanley, Kapuloan Falkland|Stanley]] |latd=51 |latm=42 |latNS=S |longd=57 |longm=51 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Stanley, Kapuloan Falkland|Stanley]] |ethnic_groups = 61,3% [[Urang Kapuloan Falkland|Falkland]]{{Ref label|islander-note|b|}}<br /> 29,0% Britania<br /> 2,6% [[Urang Spanyol|Spanyol]] <br /> 0,6% Jepang <br /> 6,5% [[Chili]] & nu lian<ref>{{cite web |author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=FK |title=Ethnic People Groups of Falkland Islands |publisher=Joshua Project |date= |accessdate=28 February 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225075020/https://joshuaproject.net/countries/FK |date=25 December 2018 }}</ref> |government_type = [[Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania]] ([[monarki konstitusional]] jeung [[wewengkon depéndensi|depéndensi]] [[démokrasi répréséntatif|démokratik]] [[sistim parleméntér|parleméntér]]) |leader_title1 = [[Raja/Ratu Britania Raya|Ratu]] |leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]] |leader_title2 = [[Gubernur Kapuloan Falkland|Gubernur]] |leader_name2 = [[Nigel Haywood]]<ref name=HaywoodGovernor>{{cite web |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/09/01/british-consul-in-basra-next-falkland-islands-governor |title=British consul in Basra next Falkland Islands governor |publisher=MercoPress |date=1 September 2009 |author=Lisa Watson |accessdate=18 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819145607/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/09/01/british-consul-in-basra-next-falkland-islands-governor |archivedate=19 August 2017 }}</ref> |leader_title3 = [[Pupuhu Eksekutif Kapuloan Falkland|Pupuhu Eksekutif]] |leader_name3 = [[Keith Padgett]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Falkland Islands Government appoints new Chief Executive |publisher=Falkland Islands Government |date=30 August 2007 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/news-2007.php |accessdate=29 October 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107135513/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/news-2007.php |date=7 November 2007 }}</ref> |area_rank = ka-162 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area = 12.173 |areami² = 4.700 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0 |population_estimate = 3.140<ref name=cia>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html |title = Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |publisher = CIA |accessdate = 5 March 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100129145002/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html |archivedate = 29 January 2010 }}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = ka-220 |population_estimate_year = Juli 2008 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 0,26 |population_densitymi² = 0,65 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-240 |GDP_PPP = $75&nbsp;yuta |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-223 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $25.000 (pakr. 2002) |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ''teu karéngking'' |sovereignty_type = [[Sajarah Kapuloan Falkland|Ngadeg]] |established_event1 = [[Pangadegan Ulang Kakawasaan Britania di Kapuloan Falkland|Kakawasaan Britnia ngadeg deui]] |established_date1 = 5 Januari 1833 |established_event2 = [[Invasi Kapuloan Falkland 1982|Invasi Argéntina]] |established_date2 = 2 April 1982 |established_event3 = [[Sumerahna Argéntina dina Perang Falkland|Pambébasan]] |established_date3 = 14 Juni 1982 |established_event4 = [[Konstitusi Kapuloan Falkland|Konstitusi nu ayeuna]] |established_date4 = 1 Januari 2009 |HDI = t/s |HDI_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_category = |currency = [[Pound Kapuloan Falkland]]{{Ref label|currency-note|c|}} |currency_code = FKP |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = -4 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = -3 |cctld = [[.fk]] |calling_code = 500 |drives_on = kénca |footnotes = a. {{note|anthem-note}} "[[Song of the Falklands]]" dipaké salaku lagu kabangsaan di pasanggiri-pasanggiri olah raga.<br /> b. {{note|islander-note}} Kalobaannana katurunan/asli Britania.<br /> c. {{note|currency-note}} Diatur/Disaluyukeun jeung [[Pound sterling|Pound sterling (GBP)]]. }} <!-- KE HEULA! Kalimah kahiji ditulis dumasar kana konsénsus antara raloba éditor Wikipédia di Wikipédia Basa Inggris ti diskusi nu panjang jeung sesah (tempo kaca sawalana [[:en:Falkland Islands]]). Upami miboga argumén/alesan anyar ngeunaannana, omongkeun heula di ditu. --> '''Kapuloan Falkland''' ({{lang-es|Islas Malvinas}}) nyaéta hiji [[kapuloan]] di [[Samudra Atlantik Kidul]], aya kira-kira {{convert|250|nmi|mi km|lk=on}} ti basisir daratan utama [[Amérika Kidul]]. Kapuloan ieu diwangun ti [[Falkland Wétan]], [[Falkland Kulon]] jeung 776 pulo alit. Ibu kotana, [[Stanley, Kapuloan Falkland|Stanley]], aya di Falkland Wétan. == Papaséaan kadaulatan == {{utama|Papaséaan kadaulatan Kapuloan Falkland}} Sanajan [[Komite Dékolonisasi Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] ngasupkeun Kapuloan Falkland dina [[Daptar Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ngeunaan Téritori Tanpa Pamaréntahan Sorangan]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gaspd422.doc.htm |title = Remaining 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories on United Nations List Are "16 Too Many", Fourth Committee Told, As It Takes Up Cluster of Decolonization Issues |date = 5 October 2009 |publisher = Department of Public Information, United Nations |accessdate = 17 May 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604121731/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gaspd422.doc.htm |archivedate = 4 June 2011 }}</ref> geus ditegeskeun yén Kapuloan Falkland mangrupa salah sahiji ti 16 téritori nu miboga populasi nu kaliwat saeutik, "pikeun jadi nagara nu bisa tetep aya, merdika pinuh."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/Independence-of-Colonial-Peoples-PROGRESS-OF-DECOLONIZATION.html |title = Independence of Colonial Peoples – Progress of decolonization |publisher = Encyclopedia of the Nations |accessdate = 17 May 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110610040759/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/Independence-of-Colonial-Peoples-PROGRESS-OF-DECOLONIZATION.html |archivedate = 10 June 2011 }}</ref> Pamaréntah boh Britania Raya boh Argéntina duanana ngaklaim tanggung jawab pikeun kapuloan ieu. Klaim Britania Raya dumasar kana administrasi nu teterusanna kana pulo ieu saprak 1833 (teu mipadulikeun panjajahan militér Argéntina dina 1982) jeung hak para warga kapuloan ieu "hak pikeun nangtukeun awak sorangan, kaasup hak tetep Britania lamun éta nu dipikahayangkeun ku maranéhna".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/south-america/falkland-islands/ |title = Falkland Islands (British Overseas Territory) |publisher = United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office |work = Travel & living abroad |accessdate = 17 May 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100309021010/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/south-america/falkland-islands/ |archivedate = 9 March 2010 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524190529/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/south-america/falkland-islands/ |date=24 May 2011 }}</ref> Argéntina ngaklaim yén nagara éta miboga kapuloan éta ti Spanyol basa Argéntina merdika dina 1811 jeung yén Britania Raya ngaleuwihan otoritasna ku cara nundung para padumuk Argéntina dina 1833.<ref name=AR_FA>{{cite web |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/portal/seree/malvinas/homeing.html |title=Islas Malvinas, Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur |publisher=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores [Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs] |accessdate=6 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531174231/http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/portal/seree/malvinas/homeing.html |archivedate=31 May 2011 }}</ref> Padumuk kapuloan ieu teu narima klaim kadaulatan Argéntina.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/7287195/Falkland-Islands-Argentina-cant-scare-us-say-islanders.html |title=Falkland Islands: Argentina can't scare us, say islanders |last=Leonard |first=Tom |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |date=22 February 2010 |accessdate=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105130306/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/7287195/Falkland-Islands-Argentina-cant-scare-us-say-islanders.html |archive-date=5 January 2012 }}</ref> == Tempo ogé == *[[Argéntina]] *[[Britania Raya]] *[[Papaséaan kadaulatan Georgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul]] == Rujukan == === Catetan suku === {{Reflist}} <!-- === Bibliography === {{cite book|author=Julius Goebel|title=The struggle for the Falkland Islands: a study in legal and diplomatic history|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V_lNAAAAMβAJ|accessdate=17 March 2011|date=August 1971|publisher=Kennikat Press|isbn=9780804613903|ref=Goebel}} {{cite book|author=Laurio Hedelvio Destéfani|title=The Malvinas, the South Georgias, and the South Sandwich Islands, the conflict with Britain|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sGAJSfxqd7oC|accessdate=17 March 2011|year=1982|publisher=Edipress|isbn=9789500169042|ref=Destefani}} {{cite book|author=David Tatham|title=The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (Including South Georgia): From Discovery Up to 1981|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0D0VNAAACAAJ|accessdate=17 March 2011|date=1 June 2008|publisher=D. Tatham|isbn=9780955898501|ref=Tatham}} --> === Bacaan salajengna === * L.L. Ivanov et al. [[wikisource:The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People|''The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People''.]] Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2003. Printed in Bulgaria by Double T Publishers. 96 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 954-91503-1-3 * Carlos Escudé and Andrés Cisneros, eds. [http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/historia_indice00.htm ''Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas''.] Work developed and published under the auspices of the Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI). Buenos Aires: GEL/Nuevohacer, 2000. (in Spanish) ISBN 950-694-546-2 * Graham Pascoe and Peter Pepper [http://www.falklandshistory.org/gettingitright.pdf Getting it right: the real history of the Falklands/Malvinas.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216085223/http://falklandshistory.org/gettingitright.pdf |date=2012-02-16 }} May 2008. * [http://www.samueljohnson.com/falklands.html Thoughts on the Late Transactions Respecting Falkland's Islands by Samuel Johnson 1771] * Greig, D.W. [http://www.austlii.com/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw//1978/2.pdf Sovereignty and the Falkland Islands Crisis.] ''Austrialian Year Book of International Law''. Vol. 8 (1983). pp.&nbsp;20–70. ISSN: 0084-7658 * César Caviedes. [http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/search/retrieve/?Vol=29&Num=2&Start=172 Conflict Over The Falkland Islands: A Never-Ending Story?] ''Latin American Research Review''. Vol. 29 (1994) No. 2. pp.&nbsp;172–187. === Tumbu kaluar === {{Sisterlinks}} *{{Wikiatlas|Falkland Islands}} *{{wikivoyage|Falkland Islands}} *{{CIA World Factbook link|fk|Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)}} * {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Falkland_Islands/|Kapuloan Falkland}} * [http://www.falklands.gov.fk/ Pamaréntah Kapuloan Falkland] loka resmi * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120418161028/http://visitorfalklands.com/ visitorfalklands.com] * [http://www.falklands.info/ Portal Informasi Kapuloan Falkland] {{-}} {{Falkland Islands topics|state=uncollapsed}} {{Template group |title = [[Gambar:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Géografi lokal |list = {{British dependencies}} {{Countries of South America}} {{Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories}} }} {{Template group |title = Papaséaan wewengkon |list = {{Territorial disputes involving the United Kingdom}} {{Territorial disputes involving Argentina}} }} {{English official language clickable map}} {{coord|51|41|S|59|10|W|scale:2500000_source:GNS|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Falkland Kapuloan}} [[Kategori:Kapuloan Falkland| ]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dipaséakeun]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Papaséaan ngaran géografis]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1833]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Kapuloan Falkland}} <!--Interwikis--> 7meba3bpuzztykmjm1y3ck2d21edp0t 0 36748 731617 728468 2026-11-07T21:20:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = The Bermudas <br/> ''Somers Isles'' <br> Bermuda | common_name = Bermuda | image_flag = Flag of Bermuda.svg | image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg | image_map = LocationBermuda.png | national_motto = ''"Quo Fata Ferunt"'' | national_anthem = "[[God Save the Queen]]" (resmi)<br/>"[[Hail to Bermuda]]" (teu resmi) | languages_type = [[Basa resmi]]<br>{{nobold|(Basa nu lian)}} | languages = [[Basa Inggris]]<br>([[Basa Portugis]])<sup>1</sup> | ethnic_groups = 54,8% [[urang Afro-Karibia|Afro-Karibia]]<br/>34,1% [[grup étnis di Eropa|Eropa]]<br/>6,4% [[Multiras]]<br/>4,3% Nu lian<br/>0,4% Teu kaspésifikasi<ref name=cia>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Bermuda |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bd.html |year=2009 |accessdate=23 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604143735/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bd.html |archivedate=4 June 2020 }}</ref> |capital=[[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]] |latd=32 |latm=18 |latNS=N |longd=64 |longm=47 |longEW=W |largest_settlement_type = Munisipalitas |largest_settlement = <br />[[St. George's, Bermuda|St. George's]] |government_type = [[Téritori Peuntas Latu Britania]] ([[monarki konstitusional]] jeung [[wewengkon depéndensi|Depéndensi]] [[démokrasi pawakilan|démokratik]] [[sistim parleméntér|parlrméntér]]) | leader_title1 = [[Monarki Britania Raya|Raja/Ratu]] | leader_title2 = [[Gubernur Bermuda|Gubernur]] | leader_title3 = [[Perdana Mentri Bermuda|Perdana Mentri]] | leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]] | leader_name2 = [[Richard Gozney|Sir Richard Gozney]] | leader_name3 = [[Paula Cox]] | area_rank = ka-221 | area_magnitude = 1 E7 | area = 53,2 | areami² = 20,6 | percent_water = 27% | population_census = 64.268 | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density = 1.275 | population_densitymi² = 3.293 | population_density_rank = ka-8 | GDP_PPP = $5,85&nbsp;milyar<ref name=Gazette17Dec08>[http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d8c8b730030001&sectionId=60 Bermuda leads in GDP per capita], ''The Royal Gazette'', 07/12/08 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220123136/http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d8c8b730030001&sectionId=60 |date=2008-12-20 }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = ka-149 <!-- estimate --> | GDP_PPP_year = 2009<ref name="Gazette17Dec08" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $97.000<ref name="Gazette17Dec08" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-1 <!-- not listed by IMF; rank based on CIA Factbook --> | HDI = t/s | HDI_rank = t/s | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI_category = t/s | demonym = Bermudian | currency = [[Dolar Bermuda]]<sup>2</sup> | currency_code = BMD | country_code = | time_zone = [[Zona Wanci Standar Atlantik|Atlantik]] | utc_offset = -4 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on_the_ = left_side_of_road | cctld = [[.bm]] | calling_code = [[+1-441|1-441]] | footnote1 = Dumasar [[CIA World Factbook]]. | footnote2 = Satingkat jeung $AS. }} [[Gambar:Bermuda from space.jpg|ka|300px|jmpl|Bermuda ti angkasa]] '''Bermuda''' (resmina, '''the Bermudas''' atanapi '''Kapuloan Somers''' <nowiki>[</nowiki>{{lang-en|Somers Isles}}<nowiki>]</nowiki>) nyaéta hiji [[téritori peuntas laut Britania]] di [[Samudra Atlantik|Samudra Atlantik Kalér]]. Ibu kotana nyaéta [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]]. Bermuda dipanggih dina 1505 ku navigator Spanyol, [[Juan de Bermúdez]], anu ngaklaimna pikeun [[Kakaisaran Spanyol]]. Teu dikawasaan, (saur Bermúdez, anjeunna ninggalkeun pulo éta ngan dieusian ku babi), pulo ieu jadi [[Kakaisaran kolonial Britania|didumukan ku Britania]] dina 1609, nyieunnanna wewengkon peuntas laut nu masih aya nu pangkolotna jeung panglobana populasina. == Tingali ogé == * [[Téritori peuntas laut Britania]] * [[Daptar inohong Bermuda]] == Rujukan == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonisation/trust3.htm |title=Non-Self-Governing Territories listed by General Assembly in 2002 |work=United Nations Special Committee of 24 on Decolonization |accessdate = 10 March 2005}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} * {{cite book |title=The New American Desk Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/newamericandeskenewy00newy |edition=Third |year=1993 |chapter=Bermuda |isbn=0-451-17566-2 |publisher=Signet |location=New York, New York}} {{Refend}} {{Reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Sisterlinks|commons=Category:Bermuda}} * [http://www.gov.bm Pamaréntah Bermuda ] – loka pamaréntah resmi * [http://www.communityandculture.bm/ Departemén Hubungan Komunitas jeung Budaya, Bermuda] * {{CIA World Factbook link|bd|Bermuda}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/bermuda.htm Bermuda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516140712/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/bermuda.htm |date=2011-05-16 }} ti ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/Bermuda|Bermuda}} * {{Wikiatlas|Bermuda}} * [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/227546/pinoy-abroad/racist-graffiti-in-bermuda-tell-pinoys-to-move-out] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321102843/http://www.bsx.com/NewsArticle.asp?articleID=1100793168 Bursa Saham Bermuda] ;Pelesir * {{wikivoyage|Bermuda}} * [http://www.bermuda.com Bermuda.com] * [http://www.bermudatourism.com/ Departemén Pariwisata Bermuda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031041056/http://bermudatourism.com/ |date=2013-10-31 }} (loka pamaréntah Bermuda) * [http://www.bermudaairport.com/ Bandar Udara Internasional Bermuda] {{Bermuda topics|state=uncollapsed}} {{Template group |title = [[Gambar:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Géografi lokal | list = {{Countries and territories of the Caribbean}} {{Countries of North America}} }} {{Template group | title = Kaanggotaam internasional | list = {{British dependencies}} {{EU Dependencies}} {{Outlying territories of European countries|state=collapsed}} {{Caribbean Community (CARICOM)|state=collapsed}} }} {{English dialects by continent}} {{English official language clickable map}} {{nagara-geo-stub|Bermuda}} [[Kategori:Bermuda| ]] [[Kategori:Kapuloan di Samudra Atlantik]] [[Kategori:Sagitilu Bermuda]] [[Kategori:Téritori Peuntas Laut Britania]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon depéndensi di Amérika Kalér]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Britania]] [[Kategori:Nagara pulo]] [[Kategori:Pulo di Samudra Atlantik Kalér]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Amérika Kalér]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon husus Uni Éropa]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1612]] lpcq7x7k7jez3tzqm03mupr6s2foyug 0 37851 731640 728593 2026-11-07T22:30:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game |title = Cities XL 2011 |collapsible = |state = |show image = |image = [[File:Cities XL 2011 cover.jpg|250px]] |caption =Sampul Cities xl 2011 |developer = [[Focus Home Interactive]] |publisher = Focus Home Interactive |distributor = |series = ''[[Cities XL]]'' |version = |released = 14 Oktober 2010 |genre = [[Simuloator kota]] |modes = [[Pamaén tunggal]] |ratings = {{vgratings|PEGI=3}} {{vgratings|OFLC=G<ref name="OFLCRating">{{cite web|title=Classification Database - Cities XL 2011|url=http://www.classification.gov.au/www/cob/find.nsf/d853f429dd038ae1ca25759b0003557c/188b98f03a6dd463ca2577a6005d6c4f?OpenDocument|publisher=Australian Government|date=2010-09-22|accessdate=2010-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305163229/http://www.classification.gov.au/www/cob/find.nsf/d853f429dd038ae1ca25759b0003557c/188b98f03a6dd463ca2577a6005d6c4f?OpenDocument|archivedate=2012-03-05}}</ref>}} {{vgratings|ESRB=E}} |platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]] |distribution = |media = |requirements = }} '''''Cities XL 2011''''' nyaéta hiji [[simulator kota]] nu dimekarkeun ku [[Focus Home Interactive]]. Kaulinan ieu museur kana mode pamaén tunggal. ''Cities XL 2011'' dirilis dina 14 Oktober 2010. Fitur-fitur anyar kaasup wangunan jeung peta, paningkatan [[transportasi umum]], paningkatan sistim [[pajak]], sarta pilihan [[niaga|dagang]] nu dialuskeun.<ref name="CitiesXL2011">{{cite web|title=Focus Home Interactive announces Cities XL 2011|url=http://www2.citiesxl.com/index.php?rub=news-info&id=13|publisher=[[Focus Home Interactive]]|date=2010-07-04|accessdate=2010-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708155528/http://www2.citiesxl.com/index.php?rub=news-info&id=13|archivedate=2011-07-08}}</ref> ==Pamekaran== Kaulinan ieu sacara resmi dipublikasikeun ku Focus Home Interactive, nu nyandak alih lisénsi kaulinan ieu nalika [[Monte Cristo (pausahaan)|Monte Cristo]] tutup ku sabab panjualan buruk ''[[Cities XL]]''.<ref name="CitiesXL2011"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Priest|first=Simon|title=Cities XL developer Monte Cristo Games closes doors "this week"|url=http://www.strategyinformer.com/news/8152/cities-xl-developer-monte-cristo-games-closes-doors-this-week|publisher=StrategyInformer|accessdate=2010-09-25|date=2010-05-28}}</ref> == Rilis== ''Cities XL 2011'' dirilis dina 14 Oktober 2010.<ref name="CitiesXL2011Date">{{cite web|title=Cities XL 2011 |url=http://www2.citiesxl.com/index.php?rub=citiesxl2011|publisher=[[Focus Home Interactive]]|accessdate=2010-09-27}}</ref> == Panarimaan == {{VG Reviews | GR = 75%<ref name="GameRankings">{{cite web|title=Cities XL 2011|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/998419-cities-xl-2011/index.html|publisher=[[GameRankings]]|accessdate=2011-02-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228022439/http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/998419-cities-xl-2011/index.html|archivedate=2011-02-28}}</ref> | MC = 70 ti 100<ref name=Metacritic>{{cite web|title=Cities XL 2011|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/cities-xl-2011|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=2011-02-06}}</ref> | GameZone = 7 ti 10<ref name="GameZone">{{cite web|last=Splechta|first=Mike|title=Cities XL 2011|url=http://pc.gamezone.com/reviews/item/cities_xl_2011_review/|publisher=[[GameZone]]|accessdate=2011-02-06|date=2010-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127105528/http://pc.gamezone.com/reviews/item/cities_xl_2011_review/|archivedate=2011-01-27}}</ref> | IGN = 7.0 ti 10<ref name="IGN">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Neilie|title=Cities XL 2011 Review|url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/113/1134380p1.html|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=2011-02-06|date=2010-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121235230/http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/113/1134380p1.html|archivedate=2010-11-21}}</ref> | PCGUK = 71%<ref name="Metacritic"/> }} ''Cities XL 2011'' narima peunteun rata-rata.<ref name="Metacritic"/> [[IGN]] nerangkeun yén kaulinan ieu "kawas anu saméméhna, dikurang mode multi-pamaén" sarta nyindekkeun yén kaulinan ieu "teu boga loba nu anyar nu ditawarkeun". Pameunteunanna tapi muji mode [[latihan]] jeung grafisna.<ref name="IGN"/> [[GameZone]] ngabandingkeun ''Cities XL 2011'' jeung [[Civilization IV]] sarta nyindekkeun yén "sametawis kirangna tujuan atanapi carita kaulinan moal cocog jeung sababaraha pamaén, heunteu boga harti ngaganggu alam candu ''Cities XL 2011''".<ref name="GameZone"/> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www2.citiesxl.com/ Loka resmi ''Cities XL 2011''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420075138/http://www.citiesxl.com/ |date=2008-04-20 }} [[Category:kaulinan video 2010]] [[Category:kaulinan ngawangun kota]] [[Category:kaulinan video nu dimekarkeun di Perancis]] [[Category:kaulinan Windows]] 52a9dnfuknp4ey8ad7al4ujc3f8ldm5 0 39022 731655 650324 2026-11-07T23:13:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Divisi Rangpur | native_name = রংপুর বিভাগ | native_name_lang = bn<!-- ISO 639-2 code --> | settlement_type = [[divisi di Bangladés|Divisi]] | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_map = Bangladesh location map-Rangpur Division.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Lokasi Divisi Rangpur di Bangladés | latd = 25|latm = 50|latNS = N | longd = 89|longm = 00|longEW = E | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_type = region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Nagara | subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladés}} | established_title = | established_date = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 16.320,26 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 16412287 | population_as_of = Sénsus 2011 | population_density_km2 = 975 | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Wanci Standar Bangladés|BST]] | utc_offset1 = +6 | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''Divisi Rangpur''' ({{lang-bn|রংপুর বিভাগ}}) nyaéta salah sahiji [[divisi di Bangladés|divisi]] di [[Bangladés]]. 25-1-2010 Baheulana, divisi ieu mangrupa 8 distrik di bagian kalér [[Divisi Rajshahi]], nu teras dipisahkeun saprak 25 Januari 2010. Divisi Rangpur miboga 8 distrik: [[Distrik Rangpur|Rangpur]],<ref>Maps and Population figures [http://www.travelsradiate.com/asia/peoples-republic-of-bangladesh/rangpur/1185188 "Rangpur"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407064653/http://www.travelsradiate.com/asia/peoples-republic-of-bangladesh/rangpur/1185188 |date=2022-04-07 }}, ''travelsradiate'', diaksés 2 Januari 2011.</ref> [[Distrik Dinajpur, Bangladés|Dinajpur]], [[Distrik Kurigram|Kurigram]], [[Distrik Gaibandha|Gaibandha]], [[Distrik Nilphamari|Nilphamari]], [[Distrik Panchagarh|Panchagarh]], [[Distrik Thakurgaon|Thakurgaon]], sarta [[Distrik Lalmonirhat|Lalmonirhat]]. ==Tingali ogé== * [[Divisi di Bangladés]] * [[Distrik Rangpur]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} {{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rangpur}} [[Category:divisi Rangpur| ]] [[Category:divisi di Bangladés]] i4vreo5438bxnooeqpmti02yazlf6yc 0 39522 731716 729077 2026-11-08T03:18:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo Kabupatén Pangandaran}}'''Kabupatén Pangandaran''' ([[aksara Sunda]]: {{sund|ᮊᮘᮥᮕᮒᮦᮔ᮪ ᮕᮍᮔ᮪ᮓᮛᮔ᮪}}) nyaéta hiji [[kabupaten]] di [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|Propinsi]] [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Tapel wates ieu Kabupatén nyaéta [[Kabupatén Ciamis]] sarta [[Kota Banjar]] di kalér, [[Kabupatén Cilacap]] di wétan, [[Samudera Hindia]] di kidul jeung [[Kabupatén Tasikmalaya]] di kulon. Pangandaran robah jadi kabupatén dumasar kana Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Taun 2012. Dina UU disebutkeun yén Kabupatén Pangandaran asalna babagian ti wilayah Kabupatén Ciamis anu ngawengku [[Cigugur, Pangandaran|Cigugur]], [[Cijulang, Pangandaran|Cijulang]], [[Cimerak, Pangandaran|Cimerak,]] [[Kalipucang, Pangandaran|Kalipucang]], [[Langkaplancar, Pangandaran|Langkaplancar]], [[Mangunjaya, Pangandaran|Mangunjaya]], [[Padaherang, Pangandaran|Padaherang]], [[Pangandaran, Pangandaran|Pangandaran]], [[Parigi, Pangandaran|Parigi]] jeung [[Sidamulih, Pangandaran|Sidamulih]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://portal.pangandarankab.go.id/tentang-pangandaran|title=Selayang Pandang Kabupaten Pangandaran|website=portal.pangandarankab.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210021316/https://portal.pangandarankab.go.id/tentang-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-10}}</ref> == Dasar Hukum Dijieuna Kabupatén Pangandaran == # Undang-undang Dasar Negara Kesatuan Républik Indonésia taun 1945 # Undang-undang Nomor 32 taun 2004 sakumaha nu geus dirobah ku Undang-undang Nomor 12 taun 2008 ngeunaan Pamaréntahan Daérah. # Undang-undang Nomor 12 taun 2011 ngeunaan Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan. # PP Nomor 78 taun 2007 ngeunaan Tatacara Pembentukan, Penghapusan dan Penggabungan Daérah. # Perda Propinsi Jawa Barat ngeunaan Pengembangan Wilayah Jawa Barat Bagéan Kidul taun 2010-2029.<ref>Firdaus, Enang Muhammad. 2013. ''Pembentukan Daerah Otonomi Baru Kabupaten Pangandaran Provinsi Jawa Barat''. Yogyakarta: UIN Sunan Kalijaga (''no publish'')</ref> == Visi jeung Misi == Dina periode pamaréntahan 2019-2021 anu Bupatina H. Jeje Wiradinata jeung Wakilna H. Ujang Endin Visi jeung Misi Pangandaran téh kieu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portal.pangandarankab.go.id/tentang-pangandaran|title=Selayang Pandang Kabupaten Pangandaran|website=portal.pangandarankab.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228040336/https://portal.pangandarankab.go.id/tentang-pangandaran#visi-misi|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref> === Visi === PANGANDARAN JUARA MENUJU WISATA BERKELAS DUNIA YANG BERPIJAK PADA NILAI KARAKTER BANGSA. === Misi === * Ngawujudkeun Pangandaran anu [[iman]], [[takwa]] jeung hirup rukun dina kahirupan dumasar asas kaagamaan. * Mekarkeun aksesbilitas atikan nepi ka [[Paguron Luhur]], jeung ngaronjatkeun karaharjaan tenaga [[atikan]] sarta ngaronjatkeun kompetensi lulusan. * Ngawujudkeun reformasi [[birokrasi]] anu éféktif, éfisién jeung akuntabel. * Mekarkeun wisata kalayan ngalegaan aksés jeung ngokolakeun kalumangsuanganana. * Ngaronjatkeun ketahanan ékonomi jeung sosial anu adil nyoko kana poténsi lokal. * Ngaronjatkeun pangwangunan infrastruktur, tata ruang jeung [[mitigasi]] bencana. == Lambang == [[Gambar:Logo Kabupaten Pangandaran.svg|kiri|jmpl|120x120px|Logo Kabupatén Pangandaran.]] Harti [[logo]] pangandaran dumasar kana Peraturan [[Bupati]] No. 4 Taun 2013.<ref name=":2" /> * Taméng atawa perisai warna [[biru]] anu ngalambangkeun katingtriman jeung karaharjaan [[masarakat]] pangandaran. Warna biruna ngalambangkeun [[cai]] laut anu jadi ciri utamana pangandaran. Ukuran (skala 1:2) perisai luhurna 17 cm, lega belah kénca 7 cm tina titik tengah lega belah katuhu 7 cm tina titik tengah miboga harti 17 Juli 2007 salaku déklarasi ngadegna Kabupatén Pangandaran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://galajabar.pikiran-rakyat.com/jabar/pr-1081482644/makna-lambang-daerah-kabupaten-pangandaran|title=Makna Lambang Daerah Kabupaten Pangandaran|last=Suhendra|first=Endan|website=galajabar.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217012923/https://galajabar.pikiran-rakyat.com/jabar/pr-1081482644/makna-lambang-daerah-kabupaten-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> * [[Béntang]] miboga simbol Tuhan anu Maha Tunggal. * [[Kujang]] mangrupa simbol [[Pusaka Sunda (majalah)|pusaka]] [[Pakuan Pajajaran|pajajaran]]. Dina kujang aya lima liang leutik anu ngalambangkeun dasar [[nagara]] jeung warna [[konéng]] ngalambangkeun kaadilan jeung kaadilan. * [[Paré]] jeung [[kapas]]. Paré mangrupa kadaharan poko masarakat anu jumlahna aya 25 jadi ciri tanggal ngadegna Kabupatén Pangandaran luyu jeung UU No. 21 tauun 2012. [[Simbolik|Simbol]] kapas anu ngaruntuy ngalambangkeun karaharjaan sandang jeung pangan, jumlahna aya 10 anu ngagambarkeun bulan ngadegna Kabupatén Pangandaran, nyaéta bulan ka-10 ([[Oktober]]) jeung taun (2012) dina jumlah 12 digambarkeunn ku jumlah [[daun]] [[kalapa]] luyu jeung UU No. 21 Tauun 2012. * Tangkal Kalapa warna [[héjo]]. Ngalambangkeun tangkal anu loba mangpaatna keur urang Pangandaran ti mimiti tangkalna, buahna jeung daunna. Daun kalapa anu aya 12 siki nuduhkeun taun diadegkeunna Pangandaran. * [[Gunung]] Warna héjo. Ngalambangkeun kasuburan di Pangandaran. Kabéh pepelakan [[tropis]] bisa jadi di [[taneuh]] wilayah Pangandaran. * Pager. Pager atawa bénténg anu jumlahna aya 10 ngalambangkeun jumlah kacamatan di Pangandaran. * Pondasi. Pondasi anu jumlahna aya 21 ngalambangkeun UU No. 21 anu jadi dasar [[hukum]] ngadegna Kabupatén Pangandaran. * Gelombang 17 jeung 7 Warna [[Bodas]]. Ngagambarkeun sumberdaya alam laut di Pangandaran anu mangrupa laut, [[walungan]], [[balong]], tambak jeung rawa-rawa. Gelombang air anu 17 warna bodas nuduhkeun tanggal déklarasi Pangandaran ku Présidium dina tanggal 17 (17 Juli 2007).<ref name=":2" /> * Kembang [[Rafflesia|Raflesia]]. Ngalambangkeun kaabadian jeung kaadilan dumasar [[Pancasila]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypangandaran.com/ragam/pr-5564041526/arti-dan-makna-logo-kabupaten-pangandaran-nyiur-bentangan-alam-dalam-wujudkan-kesejahteraan|title=Arti dan Makna Logo Kabupaten Pangandaran, Nyiur Bentangan Alam dalam Wujudkan Kesejahteraan - Daily Pangandaran - Halaman 2|last=Fadilah|first=Aldi N.|website=Arti dan Makna Logo Kabupaten Pangandaran, Nyiur Bentangan Alam dalam Wujudkan Kesejahteraan - Daily Pangandaran - Halaman 2|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217014426/https://www.dailypangandaran.com/ragam/pr-5564041526/arti-dan-makna-logo-kabupaten-pangandaran-nyiur-bentangan-alam-dalam-wujudkan-kesejahteraan|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> * Gambar [[Pita]] [[Konéng]] ngalambangkeun persatuan jeung kesatuan.<ref name=":3" /> * [[Jargon]] ''Jasa Karya Makarya Praja.'' Jasa hartina kaonjoyan, kaunggulan. Makarya téh hartina ngawangun. Praja hartina nagara atawa nagri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-5951393/menelisik-makna-logo-kabupaten-pangandaran-tentram-di-antara-laut-gunung|title=Menelisik Makna Logo Kabupaten Pangandaran: Tentram di Antara Laut-Gunung|last=Fadilah|first=Aldi Nur|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215053157/https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-5951393/menelisik-makna-logo-kabupaten-pangandaran-tentram-di-antara-laut-gunung|archivedate=2023-02-15}}</ref> == Ikon == === Lauk Marlin === [[Gambar:Tugu Ikan Marlin di pangandaran.jpg|jmpl|Tugu Marlin Pangandaran.|kiri|213x213px]] Ikon Kabupatén Pangandaran nyaéta lauk [[marlin]] biru. Ieu lauk dijadikeun tugu anu dibangun di bundaran [[Masjid]] Besar Al- Istiqomah dina taun 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/ikan-blue-marlin-jadi-ikon-kabupaten-pangandaran-begini-asal-usulnya.html|title=Ikan Blue Marlin Jadi Ikon Kabupaten Pangandaran, Begini Asal Usulnya|last=Diva Kautsar|first=Nurul|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217023141/https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/ikan-blue-marlin-jadi-ikon-kabupaten-pangandaran-begini-asal-usulnya.html|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> Marlin ogé salah sahiji lauk anu hirup panglilana nyaéta 27 taun. Salian di Pangandaran, Tugu Marlin ogé aya di Kacamatan Cijulang, Pertiluan Cikembulan-Pamugaran jeung Alun-Alun Parigi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/350350/tugu-ikan-marlin-di-pangandaran-antara-filosofi-dan-simbol-penyambutan-wisatawan|title=Tugu Ikan Marlin di Pangandaran Antara Filosofi dan Simbol Penyambutan Wisatawan - TIMES Indonesia|last=Maarif (MG-340)|first=Syamsul|website=timesindonesia.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217053623/https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/350350/tugu-ikan-marlin-di-pangandaran-antara-filosofi-dan-simbol-penyambutan-wisatawan|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> Tuluy, dina tuguna tulisan jargon Pangandaran nyaéta ''Jasa Karya Makarya Praja.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-5949758/ini-makna-tugu-marlin-yang-menjadi-ikon-khas-kabupaten-pangandaran|title=Ini Makna Tugu Marlin yang Menjadi Ikon Khas Kabupaten Pangandaran|last=Fadillah|first=Aldi Nur|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217023142/https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-5949758/ini-makna-tugu-marlin-yang-menjadi-ikon-khas-kabupaten-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> Lauk marlin dipilih sabab miboga karakter lincah, atraktif jeung mandiri lamun di [[Habitat|habitatna]]. Dipiharep pangwangunan di Kabupatén Pangandaran ogé terus nérékél salincah lauk marlin, lian ti éta dipiharep Pangandaran bisa mandiri ngokolakeun wilayahna kalawan ngamangpaatkeun sumber [[daya]] anu aya ku kabijaksanaan.<ref name=":4" /> [[Gambar:Masjid Al-Istiqomah Pangandaran.jpg|jmpl|Masjid Al-Istiqomah.]] === Masjid Al- Istiqomah === Ieu masjid diadegkeun taun 1974. Alamatna di Jalan Baru Nomor 109 Pangandaran, Dusun Karangsalam RT 06 RW 01 [[Pananjung Pangandaran|Desa Pananjung]]. Di ieu masjid ogé aya Madrasah jeung Pabukon anu bisa digunakeun ku masarakat umum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://simas.kemenag.go.id/index.php/profil/masjid/174004/|title=Sistem Informasi Masjid|website=simas.kemenag.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119045338/https://simas.kemenag.go.id/index.php/profil/masjid/174004/|archivedate=2025-01-19}}</ref> === Bandara Nusawiru === Bandara Nusawiru pernahna di Kacamatan Cijulang, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Ieu bandara legana 50 héktare dikokolakeun ku [[Dinas Perhubungan]] [[Provinsi Jawa Barat]] kalawan dijadikeun [[transportasi]] keur ngarojong [[pariwisata]] jeung nganteurkeun hasil laut ka luar daérah.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|title=Begini Wujud Bandara Nusawiru Penunjang Pariwisata dan Perekonomian di Ciamis Jawa Barat|url=https://m.solopos.com/begini-wujud-bandara-nusawiru-penunjang-pariwisata-dan-perekonomian-di-ciamis-jawa-barat-1152065/amp|newspaper=Solopos.com|date=2021-09-06WIB14:00:34+00:00|access-date=2023-02-18|language=id-ID|first=Burhan Aris|last=Nugraha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218181043/https://m.solopos.com/begini-wujud-bandara-nusawiru-penunjang-pariwisata-dan-perekonomian-di-ciamis-jawa-barat-1152065/amp|archive-date=2023-02-18}}</ref> Bandara Nusawiru diwangun taun 1996, ngan kungsi tutup salila mangsa [[réformasi]]. Dibuka deui taun 2004. Harita méméh taun 2004 maskapai [[Merpati Airlines]] kungsi muka penerbangan doméstik ti Nusawiru ka Bandung kalawan jarak tempuh 30 menit.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/746030/singapore-airshow-st-electronics-justru-jual-pagar|title=Singapore Airshow, ST Electronics Justru Jual Pagar|last=Geken|first=Fransisco Rosarians Enga|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218182540/https://dunia.tempo.co/read/746030/singapore-airshow-st-electronics-justru-jual-pagar|archivedate=2023-02-18}}</ref> Salian ti muka layanan transportasi [[wisata]] jeung [[barang]], aya ogé penerbangan doméstik Pangandaran ka [[Jakarta]] jeung [[Bandung]] ka Jakarta. Salian ti éta, bisa ogé ngurus [[kapal udara]] (''Aircraft Maintenance Center'') jeung [[atikan]] sumber daya penerbangan (''Aviation Training Center'').<ref name=":6" /> Kiwari, Bandara Nusawiru ngaakomodasi penerbangan kalawan maskapai [[Susi Air]]. Kapal udara indit ka Jakarta ti Nusawiru jam 6 isuk-isuk. Ari Susi Air anu ti Jakarta mah mimiti indit jam 8 isuk-isuk. Ti Nusawiru ka Jakarta pernahna di [[Bandara Halim Peranakusumah]] téh biasana ukur sajam.<ref name=":7" /> [[Gambar:KITLV A964 - Kust bij Pangandaran bij Tjiamis, KITLV 95104.tiff|jmpl|Pangandaran Jaman Baheula.]] == Sajarah == Ngaran Pangandaran miboga tilu harti, nyaéta kecap ''andar'', ''andar-andar'', jeung ''kadaharan + daharan'' . ''Andar-andar'', dina basa Sunda, hartina ngumbara atawa migran. Hal ieu lantaran wewengkon éta baheulana mangrupa tempat anu dibuka ku pamayang urang Sunda. Disagigireun ti éta, étimologi kadua, ''kadaharan + daharan'' ngandung harti "tempat nafkah", sabab ku jalan indit ka laut maranéhna hirup. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seputarpangandaran.com/sejarah-singkat-berdirinya-kabupaten-pangandaran/|title=Sejarah Singkat Berdirinya Kabupaten Pangandaran|last=|website=Seputar Pangandaran|language=id-id|accessdate=2022-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211080952/https://seputarpangandaran.com/sejarah-singkat-berdirinya-kabupaten-pangandaran/|archivedate=2022-02-11}}</ref> Dina folklor anu diciptakeun ku masarakat Pangandaran, Pangandaran dibentuk nalika [[Pananjung, Pangandaran, Pangandaran|Désa Pananjung]] dibuka ku pamayang Sunda. Pamayang Sunda percaya yén bakal gampang pikeun meunangkeun lauk tempo ombak laut anu tenang. Alesan anu asup akal nyaéta ayana lahan anu nyodor ka laut anu bakal ngaréndéngkeun ombak [[Samudra Hindia]] anu bahaya ka basisir. Para pamayang tuluy ngagunakeun ''andar'' minangka tempat neundeun parahu. Ahirna matuh jeung jadi kampung nu disebut "Pangandaran".<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|title=Pangandaran dahulu merupakan pusat kerajaan?|url=https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/847231/21/pangandaran-dahulu-merupakan-pusat-kerajaan|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-02-14|last=Maarif|first=Syamsul|publisher=daerah.sindonews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211082404/https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/847231/21/pangandaran-dahulu-merupakan-pusat-kerajaan|archive-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> Nurutkeun Asep Nurdin Rosihan Anwar, sesepuh nyebutkeun wewengkon “Pananjung” lantaran ayana ''tanjung'' jeung ogé tempat-tempat karamat. Istilah ieu tuluy dimekarkeun jadi ''pangnanjung-nanjungna'' (pangsuburna atawa makmur). Saterusna, Pananjung jadi salah sahiji puseur karajaan anu saumur jeung Karajaan Galuh Pangauban anu puseurna di [[Putrapinggan, Kalipucang, Ciamis|Putrapinggan]] kira-kira abad ka-14 Maséhi. sanggeus mecenghulna [[Karajaan Sunda|Karajaan Pajajaran]] di [[Pakuan, Bogor Selatan, Bogor|Pakuan]]. Dipingpin ku Prabu Anggalarang, hanjakal Karajaan Pananjung ditumpes ku bajak laut sabab karajaan teu daék ngajual pepelakanana ka maranéhna, dina mangsa paceklik. Dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]], Pangandaran jadi bagian ti [[Tasikmalaya|Kabupatén Sukapura]]. Dina taun 1922, Y. Everen (Résidén Priangan) nyieun Pananjung taman anyar waktu anjeunna ngaluarkeun banténg, tilu sapi jeung sababaraha peucang. Lantaran miboga rupa-rupa sato jeung spésiés tutuwuhan langka dina raraga ngajaga kalumangsungan habitatna, dina taun 1934 Pananjung dijadikeun cagar alam anu legana 530 ha.<ref name=":02" /> Taun 1961, sanggeus kapanggihna ''Rafflesia patma,'' status Pananjung robah jadi cagar alam. Ku ngaronjatna kabutuhan wewengkon rékréasi, dina taun 1978 sabagéan legana 37,70 ha dijadikeun taman wisata. Taun 1990 wewengkon perairan sabudeureunana ogé dikukuhkeun minangka cagar alam laut (470 ha) sahingga total luas wewengkon cagar alam jadi 1000 ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/132577201/cagar-alam-pananjung-pangandaran-konservasi-dan-situs-sejarah|title=Cagar Alam Pananjung Pangandaran: Konservasi dan Situs Sejarah - Semua Halaman - National Geographic|last=Mukhaer|first=Afkar Aristoteles|publisher=nationalgeographic.grid.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211083529/https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/132577201/cagar-alam-pananjung-pangandaran-konservasi-dan-situs-sejarah|archivedate=2022-02-11}}</ref> == Géografi == <mapframe latitude="-7.669143" longitude="108.562431" zoom="10" width="342" height="154" />Sacara [[astronomi]], Kabupatén Pangandaran perenahna antara 108 darajat 30' - 108 darajat 40' Bujur Wétan sarta 7 darajat 40'20" - 7 darajat 50'20" lintang kidul. Dumasar kana posisi [[Géografi|géografisna]], Wewengkon kacamatan Pangandaran nyaéta 1.011,04 kilométer pasagi dumasar Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2012 ngeunaan Ngadegna Kabupatén Pangandaran Propinsi Jawa Kulon. Dumasar kana itungan garis lempeng, jarak antara Kabupatén Pangandaran jeung puseur dayeuh Propinsi Jawa Kulon nyaéta [[Kota Bandung]] téh 211 kilométer. Kota pangdeukeutna ka kacamatan Pangandaran nyaéta dayeuh [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]] kalawan jarak 84 km. Kacamatan anu panglegana nyaeta Kacamatan Kalipucang kalawan legana 136,78 kilométer pasagi jeung Kacamatan Sidamulih jadi pangheureutna nyaéta 32,78 kilométer pasagi.<ref name=":1" /> == Wilayah == [[Gambar:Indian Ocean view.jpg|jmpl|Samudra Hindia jadi salah sahiji wates Pangandaran.]] Kabupatén Pangandaran legana nyaéta 168.509 Ha kalayan legana laut 67.340 Ha jeung panjangna [[basisir]] 91 Km.<ref name=":0" /> === Batas Wilayah === * Belah kalér watesna nyaéta [[Ciulu, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Désa Ciulu]], [[Pasawahan, Banjaranyar, Ciamis|Désa Pasawahan]], [[Cikupa, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Désa Cikupa]] [[Banjarsari, Ciamis|Kacamatan Banjarsari]], [[Sidarahayu, Lakbok, Ciamis|Désa Sidarahayu]] [[Purwadadi, Ciamis|Kacamatan Purwadadi]], [[Sidamulih, Pamarican, Ciamis|Désa Sidamulih]] [[Pamarican, Ciamis|Kacamatan Pamarican]], Kabupatén Ciamis jeung [[Citalahab, Karang Jaya, Tasikmalaya|Désa Citalahab]] [[Karangjaya, Tasikmalaya|Kacamatan Karangjaya]], [[Désa Cisarua]] [[Cinéam, Tasikmalaya|Kacamatan Cinéam]] [[Kabupatén Tasikmalaya|Kabupatén Tasikmalaya.]] * Belah wétan watesna nyaéta [[Tambaksari, Ciamis|Désa Tambaksari]], [[Sidanegara|Désa Sidanegara]], [[Rejamulya|Désa Rejamulya]] [[Kedungreja|Kacamatan Kedungreja]], [[Sidamukti|Désa Sidamukti]], [[Désa Patimuan]], [[Rawaapu|Désa Rawaapu]], [[Désa Cinyawang]], [[Désa Purwodadi]] [[Patimuan|Kacamatan Patimuan]] [[Kabupatén Cilacap]] [[Jawa Tengah|Provinsi Jawa Tengah]]. * Belah kidul watesna nyaéta [[Samudra Hindia|Samudera Hindia]]. * Belah kulon watesna nyaéta [[Pasangrahan|Désa Pasangrahan]] [[Cikatomas, Tasikmalaya|Kacamatan Cikatomas,]] [[Néglasari, Salawu, Tasikmalaya|Désa Neglasari]], [[Tawang, Pancatengah, Tasikmalaya|Désa Tawang]], [[Pancawangi, Pancatengah, Tasikmalaya|Désa Panca Wangi]], [[Mekarsari|Désa Mekarsari]] [[Pancatengah, Tasikmalaya|Kacamatan Pancatengah]], [[Cimanuk, Cikalong, Tasikmalaya|Désa Cimanuk]] [[Cikalong, Tasikmalaya|Kacamatan Cikalong]], [[Mulyasari, Tamansari, Tasikmalaya|Désa Mulyasari]] [[Salopa, Tasikmalaya|Kacamatan Salopa]] Kabupatén Tasikmalaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kemhan.go.id/ppid/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/uu21-2012bt.pdf|title=UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 21 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG PEMBENTUKAN KABUPATEN PANGANDARAN DI PROVINSI JAWA BARAT|accessdate=2023-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628065935/https://www.kemhan.go.id/ppid/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/uu21-2012bt.pdf|archivedate=2017-06-28}}</ref> === Wilayah Administratif === Ieu di handap mangrupa wincikan kacamatan jeung désa di Pangandaran. * Kacamatan Cigugur jumlah désana aya tujuh, nyaéta [[Bunisari, Cigugur, Ciamis|Désa Bunisari]], [[Campaka|Désa Campaka]], [[Cigugur, Pangandaran|Désa Cigugur]], [[Cimindi, Cigugur, Ciamis|Désa Cimindi]], [[Harumandala, Cigugur, Ciamis|Désa Harumandala]], [[Kertajaya, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Kertajaya]], jeung [[Pagerbumi, Cigugur, Ciamis|Désa Pagerbumi]]. * Kacamatan Cijulang jumlah désana aya tujuh, nyaéta [[Batukaras, Cijulang, Ciamis|Désa Batukaras]], [[Ciakar, Cijulang, Ciamis|Désa Ciakar]], [[Cibanten, Cijulang, Ciamis|Désa Cibanten]], [[Cijulang, Cijulang, Pangandaran|Désa Cijulang]], [[Kertayasa, Cijulang, Ciamis|Désa Kertayasa]], [[Kondangjajar, Cijulang, Ciamis|Désa Kondangjajar]], [[Margacinta, Cijulang, Ciamis|Désa Margacinta]]. * Kacamatan Cimerak jumlah désana aya sabelas, nyaéta [[Batumalang, Cimerak, Ciamis|Désa Batumalang]], [[Cimerak, Pangandaran|Désa Cimerak]], [[Ciparanti, Cimerak, Ciamis|Désa Ciparanti]], [[Kertaharja, Cimerak, Ciamis|Désa Kertaharja]], [[Kertamukti, Cimerak, Ciamis|Désa Kertamukti]], [[Legokjawa, Cimerak, Ciamis|Désa Legokjawa]], [[Limusgedé, Cimerak, Ciamis|Désa Limusgede]], [[Masawah, Cimerak, Ciamis|Désa Masawah]], [[Mekarsari|Désa Mekarsari]], [[Sindangsari|Désa Sindangsari]], [[Sukajaya, Cimerak, Ciamis|Désa Sukajaya]]. * Kacamatan Kalipucang jumlah désana aya salapan, nyaéta [[Bagolo, Kalipucang, Ciamis|Désa Bagolo]], [[Banjarharja, Kalipucang, Ciamis|Désa Banjarharja]], [[Cibuluh, Kalipucang, Ciamis|Désa Cibuluh]], [[Ciparakan, Kalipucang, Ciamis|Désa Ciparakan]], [[Emplak, Kalipucang, Ciamis|Désa Emplak]], [[Kalipucang, Pangandaran|Désa Kalipucang]], [[Pamotan, Kalipucang, Ciamis|Désa Pamotan]], [[Putrapinggan, Kalipucang, Ciamis|Désa Putrapinggan]], [[Tunggilis, Kalipucang, Ciamis|Désa Tunggilis]]. * Kacamatan Langkaplancar jumlah désana aya lima belas, nyaéta [[Bangunjaya, Langkaplancar, Ciamis|Désa Bangunjaya]], [[Bangunkarya, Langkaplancar, Ciamis|Désa Bangunkarya]], [[Bojong|Désa Bojong]], [[Bojongkondang, Langkaplancar, Ciamis|Désa Bojongkondang]], [[Bungur Raya|Désa Bungur Raya]], [[Cimanggu|Désa Cimanggu]], [[Cisarua|Désa Cisarua]], [[Jadikarya, Langkaplancar, Ciamis|Désa Jadikarya]], [[Jadimulya, Langkaplancar, Ciamis|Désa Jadimulya]], [[Jayasari, Langkaplancar, Ciamis|Désa Jayasari]], [[Karangkamiri, Langkaplancar, Ciamis|Désa Karangkamiri]], [[Langkaplancar, Pangandaran|Désa Langkaplancar]], [[Mekarwangi|Désa Mekarwangi]], [[Pangkalan|Désa Pangkalan]], [[Sukamulya|Désa Sukamulya]]. * Kacamatan Mangunjaya jumlah désana aya lima, nyaéta [[Jangraga, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Jangraga]], [[Kertajaya, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Kertajaya]], [[Mangunjaya, Pangandaran|Désa Mangunjaya]], [[Sindang Jaya, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Sindang Jaya]] jeung [[Sukamaju|Désa Sukamaju]]. * Kacamatan Padahérang jumlah désana aya opat belas, nyaéta [[Bojongsari, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Bojongsari]], [[Cibogo, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Cibogo]], [[Ciganjeng, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Ciganjeng]], [[Karangmulya, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Karangmulya]], [[Karangpawitan, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Karangpawitan]], [[Karangsari|Désa Karangsari]], [[Kedungwuluh, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Kedungwuluh]], [[Maruyung Sari, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Maruyung Sari]], [[Padahérang, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Padaherang]], [[Palédah, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Paledah]], [[Panyutran, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Panyutran]], [[Pasirgeulis, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Pasirgeulis]], [[Sindangwangi, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Sindangwangi]], [[Sukanagara, Padahérang, Ciamis|Désa Sukanagara]]. * Kacamatan Pangandaran jumlah désana aya dalapan, nyaéta [[Babakan|Désa Babakan]], [[Pagergunung, Pangandaran, Ciamis|Désa Pagergunung]], [[Pananjung, Pangandaran, Pangandaran|Désa Pananjung]], [[Pangandaran, Pangandaran, Pangandaran|Désa Pangandaran]], [[Purbahayu, Pangandaran, Ciamis|Désa Purbahayu]], [[Sidomulyo|Désa Sidomulyo]], [[Sukahurip, Pangandaran, Ciamis|Désa Sukahurip]], [[Wonoharjo, Pangandaran, Ciamis|Désa Wonoharjo]]. * Kacamatan Parigi jumlah désana aya sapuluh, nyaéta [[Bojong|Désa Bojong]], [[Cibenda, Parigi, Ciamis|Désa Cibenda]], [[Ciliang, Parigi, Ciamis|Désa Ciliang]], [[Desa Cintakarya|Désa Cintakarya]], [[Cintaratu, Parigi, Ciamis|Désa Cintaratu]], [[Karangbenda, Parigi, Ciamis|Désa Karangbenda]], [[Karangjaladri, Parigi, Ciamis|Désa Karangjaladri]], [[Parakanmanggu, Parigi, Ciamis|Désa Parakanmanggu]], [[Parigi, Pangandaran|Désa Parigi]], [[Selasari, Parigi, Ciamis|Désa Selasari]]. * Kacamatan Sidamulih jumlah désana aya tujuh, nyaéta [[Cikalong, Sidamulih, Ciamis|Désa Cikalong]], [[Cikembulan, Sidamulih, Ciamis|Désa Cikembulan]], [[Kalijati, Sidamulih, Ciamis|Désa Kalijati]], [[Kersaratu, Sidamulih, Ciamis|Désa Kersaratu]], [[Pajatén, Sidamulih, Ciamis|Désa Pajaten]], [[Sidamulih, Sidamulih, Ciamis|Désa Sidamulih]] jeung [[Sukaresik, Sidamulih, Ciamis|Désa Sukaresik]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Permendagri No. 137 Tahun 2017|url=http://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017|date=2018-12-29|last=Kementerian Dalam Negeri Indonesia}}</ref> == Démografi == === Penduduk === Dina taun 2020, jumlah penduduk Kabupatén Pangandaran 423,67 rébu jiwa. Ngawengku 212,21 rébu jiwa penduduk lalaki jeung 211,45 ribu jiwa penduduk awéwé, ku kituna angka rasio wanda baga di Kabupatén Pangandaran 100,40 anu hartina aya 100-101 penduduk lalaki dina unggal 100 penduduk awéwé. Lamun ditilik dumasar kacamatan, Langkaplancar miboga rasio wanda baga pangluhurna, nyaéta 102,47, ari anu panghandapna Kacamatan Cijulang nyaéta 96,88. Sakabéh kacamatan miboga angka rasio wanda baga leuwih ti 100,anu hartina jumlah penduduk lalaki leuwih loba, iwal di di tilu kacamatan nyaéta Kacamatan Parigi, Cijulang, jeung Sidamulih. Jumlah penduduk anu panglobana aya di Kacamatan Padahérang nyaéta 68,12 rébu jiwa (16,08 persen). Lian ti éta, kacamatan kalayan populasi pangleutikna nyaéta Kacamatan Cigugur anu miboga 22,80 rébu penduduk. Wilayah Ieu di handap daptar Bupati Pangandaran sanggeus dimekarkeun ti KabuKabupatén Pangandaran miboga tingkat kepadatan penduduk anu .r 1 kacamatan kalayan tingkat kepadatan penduduk leuwih ti 1.000 jiwa/km2 nyaéta Kacamatan Padahérang. Penduduk Kabupatén Pangandaran anu umurna 15 taun atawa leuwih dina taun 2020 nepi ka 319.852 urang. Jumlah angkatan anu kaasup umur produktif nepi ka 245.619 urang, dimana 233.143 di antarana digawé dina sababaraha séktor usaha, sésana 12.476 masih nganggur. Jumlah éta ngagambarkeun angka tingkat nganggur jadi 5,08 persén. Pagawé di Kabupatén Pangandaran didominasi ku lulusan SD ka handap, nyaéta nepi ka 53,87 persén.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apindojabar.or.id/assets/img/uu/e2c008310ad34b42f1b27e4c315377d1.pdf|title=Kabupaten Pangandaran Dalam Angka|last=Hendri|first=Nevi|website=https://www.apindojabar.or.id/|publisher=CV. Rikma Karya|accessdate=2023-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210031044/https://www.apindojabar.or.id/assets/img/uu/e2c008310ad34b42f1b27e4c315377d1.pdf|archivedate=2023-02-10}}</ref> == Daptar Bupati == Ieu di handap mangrupa bupati anu kungsi ngajabat di Pangandaran. * Dr. Drs. H. [[Endjang Naffandy]], M.Si. Anjeunna jadi pejabat bupati ti ping 22 April 2013 nepi ka 22 April 2015, partaina independen.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|url=https://news.mypangandaran.com/berita/read/kecamatan-cijulang/1487/pangandaran-akhirnya-resmi-jadi-kabupaten-endjang-affandi-jadi-pj-bupati|title=Pangandaran Akhirnya Resmi Jadi Kabupaten, Endjang Affandi Jadi Pj Bupati|last=Sumaryadi|first=Adi|website=news.mypangandaran.com|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222032814/https://news.mypangandaran.com/berita/read/kecamatan-cijulang/1487/pangandaran-akhirnya-resmi-jadi-kabupaten-endjang-affandi-jadi-pj-bupati|archivedate=2023-02-22}}</ref> *Drs. H. [[Daud Achmad]]. Anjeunna jadi pejabat bupati ping 22 April 2015 nepi ka 17 Februari 2016, partaina independen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2015/04/gantikan-endjang-daud-achmad-dilantik-jadi-penjabat-bupati-pangandaran/|title=Gantikan Endjang, Daud Achmad Dilantik Jadi Penjabat Bupati Pangandaran|last=Madlani|website=Harapan Rakyat|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222032814/https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2015/04/gantikan-endjang-daud-achmad-dilantik-jadi-penjabat-bupati-pangandaran/|archivedate=2023-02-22}}</ref> *H. [[Jeje Wiradinata]]. Dilantik jadi bupati ping 17 Februari 2016 nepi ka 17 Februari 2021. Anjeunna ti [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]]. Wakil Bupatina nyaéta H. [[Adang Hadari]]. *Drs. H. Kusdiana, M.M. Ngajabat Pelaksana Harian Bupati 17 Februari 2021 – 26 Februari 2021. *H. Jeje Wiradinata dilantik deui jadi bupati anu kadua kalina dina ping 26 Februari 2021. Wakilna nya a H. [[Ujang Endin Indrawan]]. Mangsa jabatanana nepi ka 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://humas.pangandarankab.go.id/public/publikasi/berita/daerah/gubernur-jawa-barat-lantik-bupati-dan-wakil-bupati-pangandaran|title=GUBERNUR JAWA BARAT LANTIK BUPATI DAN WAKIL BUPATI PANGANDARAN|website=humas.pangandarankab.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227133113/https://humas.pangandarankab.go.id/public/publikasi/berita/daerah/gubernur-jawa-barat-lantik-bupati-dan-wakil-bupati-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref> == Déwan Perwakilan == [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vlag van de Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan TMnr 6195-1.jpg|jmpl|PDIP Unggul di Pangandaran.]] Ieu di handap mangrupa komposisi [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Républik Indonésia|DPRD]] Kabupatén Pangandaran dua taun pamungkas. Tina Pemilu 2014-2019 anu dominan téh PDIP kalayan 8 korsi, [[PKB]] 4 korsi, [[Gerindra]] sakorsi, [[Golkar]] 5 korsi, [[Nasdem]] 2 korsi, [[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera|PKS]] 3 korsi, [[PPP]] 3 korsi , [[PAN]] 7 korsi jeung [[Demokrat]] 2 korsi. Ari dina periode 2019-2014 tetep didominasi ku PDIP 15 korsi, PKB 5 korsi, Gerindra 3 korsi, Golkar 5 korsi, Nasdem 0 korsi, PKS 3 korsi, [[Perindo]] sakorsi, PPP 3 korsi , PAN 5 korsi jeung Demokrat 0 korsi. Jadi jumlah anggota DPRD di Pangandaran téh ngaronjat anu tadina periode 2014-2019 nag 35 urang kalayan jumlah partai 9, ari periode 2019-2024 mah 40 urang anggota DPR ti 8 partai politik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4635062/pdip-kuasai-15-dari-40-kursi-dprd-pangandaran-ini-daftarnya|title=PDIP Kuasai 15 dari 40 Kursi DPRD Pangandaran, Ini Daftarnya|last=Nurroni|first=Andi|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227112229/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4635062/pdip-kuasai-15-dari-40-kursi-dprd-pangandaran-ini-daftarnya|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref> == Pamaréntahan == Sacara administratif di taun 2020 Kabupatén Pangandaran diwangun ku 10 kacamatan jeung 93 désa. Jumlah panghandapna pamaréntahan di Kabupatén Pangandaran dumasar kana unit lingkungan lokal diwangun ku 917 [[Rukun Warga]] (RW) jeung 3.196 [[Rukun Tatangga]] (RT), kalawan babandingan RT nepi ka RW 3,49. Jumlah [[Pegawai Negeri Sipil]] (PNS) di lingkungan Pamaréntah Kabupatén Pangandaran 2020 lobana 3.586 urang, 1.705 urang pagawé lalaki jeung 1.881 pagawé Awéwé. Pamaréntah Kabupatén Pangandaran nyusun APBD ([[Anggaran Panghasilan jeung Balanja Daerah]]) salaku wangun rarancang pangwangunan régional. Tatahar anggaran pamaréntah daerah kudu ditataan ku cara ngaronjatkeun kinerja administrasi wewengkon anu oriéntasina kana pelayanan publik. Réalisasi panarimaan Kabupatén Pangandaran taun 2020 téh 1572,22 milyar rupiah. Ari réalisasi belanja taun 2020 ngahontal1547,37 milyar rupiah.<ref name=":1" /> == Fasilitas Kaséhatan == Fasilitas kaséhatan anu deukeut jeung kajangkau ku masarakat nyaéta [[puskésmas]]. Ieu di handap daptar alamat puskésmas di Pangandaran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypangandaran.com/news/pr-5564026330/daftar-alamat-puskesmas-di-kabupaten-pangandaran-lengkap-dengan-nama-akses-jalan|title=Daftar Alamat Puskesmas di Kabupaten Pangandaran, Lengkap dengan Nama Akses Jalan - Daily Pangandaran|last=Fadilah|first=Aldi N.|website=Daftar Alamat Puskesmas di Kabupaten Pangandaran, Lengkap dengan Nama Akses Jalan - Daily Pangandaran|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222181703/https://www.dailypangandaran.com/news/pr-5564026330/daftar-alamat-puskesmas-di-kabupaten-pangandaran-lengkap-dengan-nama-akses-jalan|archivedate=2023-02-22}}</ref> *Cimerak bisa Rawat Inap aya di Jalan Sindangsari No. 63 Dusun Patrol RT 03/01 Desa Sukajaya jeung di Jalan Raya Ciparanti Dusun Sindangsari RT 05/02 Desa Legokjawa. *Sidamulih bisa Rawat Inap aya di Jalan Raya Cijulang No.93 Dusun Cikangkung RT 01/07 Desa Cikembulan jeung di Jalan Karangsari No 139 RT 01/02 Desa Sidamulih. *Kalipucang bisa Rawat Inap aya di Jalan Raya Kalipucang Dusun Empangsari RT 04/05 Desa Kalipucang. *Padahérang bisa Rawat Inap aya di Jalan Raya Pangandaran No 753 dusun Balater RT 01/01 Desa Sindangwangi jeung di Jalan Raya Babakan Pikiran Rakyat No 2 RT 01/01 Desa Karangpawitan. *Pangandaran bisa Rawat Inap aya di Dusun Bojong Karekes RT 01/16 Desa Babakan jeung di Jalan Raya Cijulang No.93, Desa Cikembulan. *Mangunjaya bisa Rawat Inap aya di Jalan Mangunjaya RT 02/01 Desa Mangunjaya. *Parigi bisa Rawat Inap aya di Jalan Raya Cijulang No 143 RT 01/01 Desa Parigi jeung di Jalan Dusun Selakambang RT 05/02 Desa Selasari. *Langkaplancar bisa Rawat Inap aya di Jalan Raya Bojong, RT 10/03 Jadikarya jeung di Jalan Raya Langkaplancar No 9 Dusun Limusnunggal RT 05/02, Desa Bangunjaya. *Cijulang bisa Rawat Inap aya di Jalan Bandara Nusawiru RT 23/25 Dusun Kalensari Desa Kondangjajar. *Cigugur bisa Rawat Inap aya di Jalan Raya Jurago Cilembu RT 007/003 Desa Cigugur. Dina taun 2020, Kabupatén Pangandaran ngawangun RSUD Pandéga di Jalan Merdéka Nomer 412 Désa Pananjung Kacamatan Pangandaran. Ieu rumah sakit kaasup tipe C kalayan layanan BLUD. Legana nepi ka 5 héktar kalayan wangunan 4 lanté. Layanan anu bisa dimangpaatkeun ku masarakat nyaéta [[Orthopéadi]] jeung [[Traumatologi]] (Bedah Tulang), bedah umum, panyakit dalam, [[kulit]] jeung kelamin, [[Bidan|kabidanan]], [[neurologi]], Pediatri atawa klinik budak, poli mata, kaséhatan [[huntu]] budak, panyakit [[baham]] jeung réhabilitasi médis. Ieu dijelaskeun data kamer sacara lengkep. Kelas I aya 18 kamer, Kelas II aya 27 kamer, Kelas III aya 73 kamer, ICU aya 10 ruangan, HCU aya 7 kamer, Perinatologi aya 26 rohangan, ICU Tekanan Negatif dengan Ventilator aya 4 ruangan, ICU Tekanan Negatif tanpa Ventilator aya 6 rohangan, ICU Tanpa Tekanan Negatif Dengan Ventilator jeung ICU Tanpa Tekanan Negatif Tanpa Ventilator can boga rohangan, Isolasi Tekanan Negatif aya 98 rohangan, Isolasi Tanpa Tekanan Negatif, NICU Khusus Covid jeung PICU Khusus Covid can boga rohangan, IGD Khusus Covid aya 8 rohangan, VK (Ibu Melahirkan) Khusus Covid aya 2 rohangan jeung Isolasi Perinatologi Khusus Covid aya 2 rohangan.<ref name=":9" /> Lian ti éta, sumber daya manusa atawa tanaga kaséhatanana ogé tangtu geus kompetén pisan. Dokter Umum aya 11 urang, Dokter Gigi 3 urang, Dokter Panyakit dalam aya 4 urang, Dokter Kesehatan anak aya 5 urang, Dokter Bedah aya 6 urang, Dokter Obstetri & ginekologi aya 7 urang, Dokter Anestesiologi aya 8 urang, Ahli Radiologi aya 9 urang, Ahli Patologi Klinik aya 10 urang, Ahli Rehabilitasi Medik aya 11 urang, Dokter Syaraf aya 12 urang, Dokter Kulit dan Kelamin aya 13 urang, Ahli Orthopedi aya 14 urang, Ahli Pedodonsi aya 15 urang, Dokter Panyakit Mulut aya 16 urang, Apoteker aya 17 urang, Asisten Apoteker aya 18 urang, D3 Keperawatan aya 19 urang, D3 Kebidanan aya 21 urang, Dietisien aya 22 urang, S1 Analis Kesehatan aya 23 urang, D3 Analis Kesehatan aya 24 urang, Fisioterapi aya 25 urang, Radiografer aya 26 urang, Elektromedis aya 27 urang, Perekam Medis dan Informasi Kesehatan aya 28 urang, Petugas IPSRS/Teknisi pemeliharaan fasilitas aya 29 urang, Sanitasi Lingkungan aya 31 urang, Petugas Kamar Jenazah / Pemulasaran Jenazah aya 32 urang, Administrasi aya 33 urang, Ners aya 34 urang, Ahli teknologi laboratorium medik aya 35 urang, Tenaga Non Kesehatan Lainnya aya 36 urang, Penata anestesi aya 37 urang, Refraksionis Optisien aya 38 urang, Promosi Kesehatan dan Ilmu Perilaku aya 3 urang.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://sirs.kemkes.go.id/fo/home/profile_rs/3218001|title=RS Online|website=sirs.kemkes.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22}}</ref> [[Gambar:SMP Miftahul Huda Musri' Pangandaran - panoramio (1).jpg|jmpl|SMP Miftahul Huda Musri' Pangandaran.]] == Atikan jeung Data Sakola == [[Gambar:SMP Plus Ma'arif NU Pangandaran - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|SMP Plus Ma'arif NU Pangandaran.]] === Sakola Dasar === Jumlah sakola dasar anu aya di Kabupatén Pangandaran nyaéta 282 sakola negri jeung 2 sakola swasta. Jumlah guruna 2605 guru di sakola negri jeung 13 guru di sakola swasta. Jumlah muridna 32227 di sakola negri jeung 244 di sakola swasta. Jadi rasiona saurang guru ngajar 12 urang murid.<ref name=":1" /> [[Gambar:SMP Negeri 1 Pangandaran - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|SMP Negeri 1 Pangandaran.]] === Madrasah Ibtidaiyah === Jumlah madrasah ibtidaiyah di Pangandaran anu negri téh aya 6 jeung anu swasta aya 55 sakola. Jumlah guru di sakola negri aya 101 urang jeung jumlah guru di sakola swasta aya 451 urang. Jumlah murid di sakola negri aya 1190 jeung di sakola swasta aya 5351. Jadi, rasiona nyaéta saurang guru ngajar 12 urang murid.<ref name=":1" /> === Sakola Menengah Pertama === Jumlah sakola menengan pertama di Pangandaran anu negri téh aya 37 jeung anu swasta aya 15 sakola. Jumlah guru di sakola negri aya 912 urang jeung jumlah guru di sakola swasta aya 167 urang. Jumlah murid di sakola negri aya 11906 jeung di sakola swasta aya 1949. Jadi, rasiona nyaéta saurang guru ngajar 12 urang murid.<ref name=":1" /> [[Gambar:SMP Muhammadiyah Pangandaran - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|SMP Muhammadiyah Pangandaran.]] ==== Daptar Sakola ==== [[Gambar:SMP Muhammadiyah Pangandaran - panoramio (1).jpg|jmpl|SMP Muhammadiyah Pangandaran.]] Ieu di handap mangrupa daptar lengkep SMP di Pangandaran.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://datapendidikan.com:443/smp/kab/pangandaran|title=Daftar Lengkap SMP di Kab. Pangandaran Beserta Alamatnya|last=|first=|website=DATA PENDIDIKAN|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223203619/https://www.datapendidikan.com/smp/kab/pangandaran |date=2023-02-23 }}</ref> *SMP NEGERI 4 LANGKAPLANCAR aya di Jalan Raya Bojong Jadikarya, Langkaplancar. *SMP MUHAMMADIYAH PANGANDARAN aya di Jalan Merdeka Nomer 27, Pangandaran. *SMP NEGERI 1 CIGUGUR aya di Jalan Jurago No.178 RT33/11, Cigugur. *SMP NEGERI 2 MANGUNJAYA aya di Jalan Sindangjaya, Mangunjaya. *SMP NEGERI 3 CIMERAK aya di Jalan Sindangsari No. Km. 10, Cimerak. *SMP NEGERI 3 LANGKAPLANCAR di Jalan Langkaplancar. *SMP NEGERI 3 PADAHERANG aya di Jalan Bendung Manganti, Padaherang. *SMP NEGERI 3 PANGANDARAN aya di Jalan Karanganyar, Pangandaran. *SMP NEGERI 2 PANGANDARAN aya di Jalan Sukahurip No. 35, Pangandaran. *SMP NEGERI 2 PARIGI aya di Jalan Raya Cintaratu No. 52, Parigi. *SMP NEGERI 5 PADAHERANG aya di Jalan Sukanagara No. 60 Rt 20 / 05, Padaherang. *SMP NEGERI 4 PADAHERANG aya di Jalan Perintis, Padaherang. *SMP NEGERI 1 LANGKAPLANCAR aya di Jalan Raya Cigugur 94, Langkaplancar. *SMP NEGERI 1 MANGUNJAYA aya di Jalan Mangunjaya No 565, Mangunjaya. *SMP NEGERI 1 PADAHERANG aya di Jalan Si Kabayan Babakan Pikiran Rakyat, Padaherang. *SMP NEGERI 1 PANGANDARAN aya di Jalan Merdeka Nomor 321, Pangandaran. *SMP NEGERI 1 KALIPUCANG aya di Jalan Raya Kalipucang No. 247, Kalipucang. *SMP NEGERI 1 CIJULANG aya di Jalan Pasirsumbul No. 351, Cijulang. *SMP NEGERI 1 CIMERAK aya di Jalan Raya Sindangsari No. 174, Cimerak. *SMP NEGERI 2 CIJULANG aya di Jalan Pasirpandan No. 30, Cijulang. *SMP NEGERI 2 CIMERAK aya di Jalan Raya Ciparanti No.351, Cimerak. *SMP NEGERI 2 KALIPUCANG aya di Pamotan Kalipucang. *SMP NEGERI 2 CIGUGUR aya di Jalan Bunar No. 9, Cigugur. *SMP NEGERI 2 LANGKAPLANCAR aya di Jalan Pasirwaru No. 33, Langkaplancar. *SMPN SATU ATAP PARIGI aya di Jalan Cikohkol No. 1041, Parigi. *SMP NEGERI 2 SIDAMULIH aya di Jalan Raya Cijulang KM 07, Sidamulih. *SMP NEGERI SATU ATAP 1 LANGKAPLANCAR aya di Dusun Cintamukti Rt 06 / 03, Langkaplancar. *SMP NEGERI 2 PADAHERANG aya di Jalan Raya Pangandaran, Sindangwangi, Padaherang. *SMP TERPADU MAFATIHUL HUDA aya di Jalan Paledah No. 26, Padaherang. *SMP NEGERI 1 SIDAMULIH aya di Jalan Sidamulih No.26, Sidamulih. *SMP TERPADU JAMANIS aya di Jalan Cigugur Km. 03 Pasirkiara, Parigi. *SMP NEGERI SATU ATAP I SIDAMULIH aya di Jalan Karanganyar No.127 Kalijati, Sidamulih. *SMP NEGERI SATU ATAP CIGUGUR aya di Jalan Jurago Dusun Ciguha, Cigugur. *SMP NEGERI SATU ATAP 1 CIMERAK aya di Jalan Cireuma, Cimerak. *SMP NEGERI SATU ATAP 1 KALIPUCANG aya di Dusun Ciparakan, Kalipucang. *SMP NEGERI 6 PADAHERANG aya di Panyutran, Padaherang. *SMPS PLUS MA ARIF NU PANGANDARAN aya di Jalan Bani Husen No. 20 Wonoharjo. *SMPS MIFTAHUL HUDA MUSRI PANGANDARAN aya di Jalan Raya Babakan No. 60, Pangandaran. *SMPS IT IBNU AHKAM KALIPUCANG aya di Jalan Raya Banjarharja, Kalipucang. *SMPS PLUS MA ARIF NU PARIGI aya di Jalan Cintaratu Km. 03, Parigi. *SMP NEGERI 3 KALIPUCANG aya di Dusun Sukasirna Bagolo, Kalipucang. *SMPN 5 LANGKAPLANCAR aya di Jalan Raya Karangkamiri, Langkaplancar. *SMP NU AL-ITQON CIMERAK aya di Dusun Lebaksari Rt024/Rw008, Cimerak. *SMP IT CIBENDA aya di Jalan Raya Cijulang No 66 Cibenda, Parigi. *SMP PLUS NURUL BAYAN CIMERAK aya di Jalan Sindangsari Cidadap, Cimerak. *SMP MAARIF NU NURUL QURAN RANCAPASUNG aya di Dusun Gerewing Rt 25 Rw 03, Padaherang. *SMP NEGERI 6 LANGKAPLANCAR aya di Jalan Raya Bungur Raya, Langkaplancar. *SMP MAARIF NU DARUSSAADAH aya di Cipancur Rt 04/04, Langkaplancar. *SMP DHARMA KSATRIA aya di Dusun Patinggen 2 Rt 20 Rw 05, Padaherang. *SMP AL AMIN PANGANDARAN aya di Pondoklombok Rt 02 Rw 08, Pangandaran. *SMP TERPADU AL MUHAIMIN aya di Dusun Babakan Rt 07 Rw 02, Mangunjaya. *SMP AL-FURQON BOARDING SCHOOL aya di Dusun Cidadap Rt 017 Rw 005, Cimerak. === Madrasah Tsanawiyah === Jumlah madrasah tsanawiyah di Pangandaran anu negri téh aya 4 jeung anu swasta aya 30 sakola. Jumlah guru di sakola negri aya 146 urang jeung jumlah guru di sakola swasta aya 395 urang. Jumlah murid di sakola negri aya 1710 jeung di sakola swasta aya 3880. Jadi, rasiona nyaéta saurang guru ngajar 10 urang murid.<ref name=":1" /> === Sakola Menengah Atas === Jumlah sakola menengan atas di Pangandaran anu negri téh aya 5 jeung anu swasta aya 3 sakola. Jumlah guru di sakola negri aya 212 urang jeung jumlah guru di sakola swasta aya 38 urang. Jumlah murid di sakola negri aya 4114 jeung di sakola swasta aya 453. Jadi, rasiona nyaéta saurang guru ngajar 18 urang murid.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Daptar Sakola ==== Ieu di handap mangrupa daptar SMA di Pangandaran.<ref name=":10" /> *SMAN 1 MANGUNJAYA aya di Jalan Raya Mangunjaya, Mangunjaya. *SMAN 1 PANGANDARAN aya di Jalan Raya Babakan No. 129, Pangandaran. *SMAN 1 PARIGI aya di Jalan Babakan Ardiyasa No.62, Parigi. *SMAS MUHAMMADIYAH PANGANDARAN aya di Jalan Merdeka No. 27 Pangandaran. *SMAN 1 LANGKAPLANCAR aya di Jalan Langkaplancar Dusun Cibeureum, Langkaplancar. *SMA KSATRIA NUSANTARA PADAHERANG aya di Dusun Patinggen 2, Padaherang. *SMA INFORMATIKA NURUL BAYAN aya di Jalan Sindang No.35 Cimerak. *SMA NEGERI 1 CIGUGUR aya di Jalan Jurago No. 178 Rt 33 Rw 11, Cigugur. === Sakola Menengah Kejuruan === Jumlah sakola menengan kejuruan di Pangandaran anu negri téh aya 6 jeung anu swasta aya 25 sakola. Jumlah guru di sakola negri aya 283 urang jeung jumlah guru di sakola swasta aya 369 urang. Jumlah murid di sakola negri aya 5118 jeung di sakola swasta aya 4547. Jadi, rasiona nyaéta saurang guru ngajar 15 urang murid.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Daptar Sakola ==== Ieu di handap mangrupa sapuluhdata sakola menengah kejuruan di Pangandaran anu panghadéna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cilacap.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-2396120063/keren-10-smk-unggulan-di-kabupaten-pangandaran-ini-dapat-rating-google-terbaik-berapa-akreditasi-sekolahmu?page=3|title=Keren! 10 SMK Unggulan di Kabupaten Pangandaran ini Dapat Rating Google Terbaik, Berapa Akreditasi Sekolahmu? - Halaman 3|last=Haq|first=Khitob Nur|website=cilacap.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223203620/https://cilacap.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-2396120063/keren-10-smk-unggulan-di-kabupaten-pangandaran-ini-dapat-rating-google-terbaik-berapa-akreditasi-sekolahmu?page=3|archivedate=2023-02-23}}</ref> *SMK NEGERI 1 PANGANDARAN aya di Jalan Raya Merdeka No. 222, Pangandaran. *SMK NEGERI 1 CIJULANG aya di Jalan Mayor Raswian, Cijulang. *SMK BAKTI KARYA PARIGI aya di Jalan Raya Cikubang, Parigi. *SMKS PASUNDAN PADAHERANG aya di Raya Pangandaran-Sambong RT18 RW 09 Dusun Sambong, Padaherang. *SMKS PUTERA PANGANDARAN aya di Jalan Barat Lapang Merdeka No. 323, Pangandaran. *SMKN 1 PADAHERANG aya di Jalan Raya Padaherang KM 1, Padaherang. *SMKS PASUNDAN CIJULANG aya di Jalan Raya Cijulang Nomer 222, Cijulang. *SMK NEGERI 1 KALIPUCANG aya di Dusun Cibuluh II RT 15/04, Kalipucang. *SMK PLUS DARUNNAJAH PADAHERANG aya di Jalan Bendung Manganti, Padaherang. *SMKS AL KAUTSAR KALIPUCANG aya di Jalan Raya Kalipucang No. 154, Kalipucang. === Madrasah Aliyah === Jumlah madrasah aliyah di Pangandaran anu negri téh aya 2 jeung anu swasta aya 14 sakola. Jumlah guru di sakola negri aya 68 urang jeung jumlah guru di sakola swasta aya 213 urang. Jumlah murid di sakola negri aya 854 jeung di sakola swasta aya 1860. Jadi, rasiona nyaéta saurang guru ngajar 10 urang murid.<ref name=":1" /> === Paguron Luhur di Pangandaran === Paguron luhur anu aya di Pangandaran téh nyaéta [[Universitas Padjadjaran]], [[Politeknik Kelautan Dan Perikanan Pangandaran]] (Poltek KP pangandaran), [[Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Nahdlatul Ulama]] (STITNU) Al-Farabi, [[Universitas Saleh Budiman]] jeung [[Universitas Galuh]] Cabang Pangandaran.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.inews.id/berita/universitas-di-pangandaran-jawa-barat|title=5 Universitas di Pangandaran Jawa Barat, Ada Perkuliahan ala Militer|last=Lestari|first=Ayu Ika|website=iNews.ID|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227022055/https://jabar.inews.id/berita/universitas-di-pangandaran-jawa-barat|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref> ==== Universitas Padjadjaran ==== Program Studi di Luar Kampus Utama (PSDKU) Universitas Padjadjaran diadegkeun taun 2016 anu alamatna di Jalan Cintaratu, Désa Cintaratu, Kacamatan Parigi, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Program studi anu aya téh nyaéta Perikanan, Peternakan, Ilmu Komunikasi jeung Keperawatan. Kahiji, program studi perikanan patali jeung paélmuan perikanan hususna di kawasan [[tropis]]. Prospék lulusan ieu program studi bisa jadi pangusaha di widang perikanan jeung ngokolakeun pariwisata di kawasan basisir, ngeusi posisi manajerial di instansi, [[konsultan]] di kawasan basisir jeung kawasan kamekaran perikanan. Kadua, program studi peternakan patali jeung kajian sumber daya alami jeung ternak tropis. Katilu, program studi ilmu [[komunikasi]] patali jeung paélmuan komunikasi pariwisata. Lian ti éta, élmu séjén ogé bakal integratif dina lawungan kuliah kayaning komunikasi [[politik]], [[kaséhatan]] jeung komunikasi [[Média sosial|média]]. Kaopat, Keperawatan anu patali jeung élmu kaséhatan pariwisata (''healt tourism'') manusa boh keur [[wisatawan]], masarakat, pagawé pamaréntah jeung pihak-pihak séjénna anu pakait.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/perguruan-tinggi/d-6135489/mau-kuliah-di-unpad-ini-daftar-prodi-di-kampus-pangandaran-dan-keunggulannya|title=Mau Kuliah di Unpad? Ini Daftar Prodi di Kampus Pangandaran dan Keunggulannya|last=Zulfikar|first=Fahri|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227022052/https://www.detik.com/edu/perguruan-tinggi/d-6135489/mau-kuliah-di-unpad-ini-daftar-prodi-di-kampus-pangandaran-dan-keunggulannya|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref> ==== Politeknik Kelautan Dan Perikanan Pangandaran ==== Ieu politeknik aya di Jalan Raya Babakan KM 2, Désa Babakan, Kacamatan Pangandaran. Lajuning laku atikan di satuan pendidikan KKP leuwih ngutamakeun prakték kaparigelan batan tiori anu kaunggel dina [[kurikulum]] kalawan komposisi 30 persén tiori jeung 70 persén prakték. Atikan vokasional di satuan pendidikan di KKP nyaéta mekarna pangaweruh (''knowledge''), kaparigelan (''skills'') jeung karakter (''character building''). Atikan vokasional dilaksanakeun ngagunakeun pamarekan ''Teaching Factory'' (TEFA), nepi ka para [[mahasiswa]] boga kompeténsi dina sistem [[produksi]] kawas di dunya [[industri]]. Sistem panarimaan mahasiswa ngagunakeun perséntase 50 persén barudak palaku utama (kultivator, pamayang, pangolah lauk jeung patani uyah), sarta 50 persén masarakat umum. Jurusan anu aya nyaéta Budidaya Ikan, Pengolahan Hasil Laut, jeung Teknologi Kelautan.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=https://pkpp.ac.id/|title=PKPP – Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Pangandaran|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227022057/https://pkpp.ac.id/|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref> ===== Dasar Hukum ===== Ieu politeknik diadegkeun dumasar Surat [[Menteri]] [[Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi]] Republik Indonesia No. 261/M/IX/2017 dina ping 26 [[Séptémber]] 2017 jadi awal ngadegna Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Pangandaran. Keputusan Kepala [[Badan Riset dan Sumber Daya Manusia Kelautan dan Perikanan]] Nomor: 96/KEP-BRSDM/2017 tanggal 2 November 2017 ngeunaan Tim persiapan penyelanggaraan Tri Dharma paguron luhur dina POLITEKNIK KP, PERMEN KP No. 46/ Permen-KP/2018 tanggal 8 [[November|Nopémber]] 2018 ngeunaan [[Organisasi]] jeung tata kerja POLITEKNIK KP jeung PERMEN KP No. 59/ Permen-KP/2018ping 26 Désémber 2018 ngeunaan Statuta Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Pangandaran.<ref name=":23" /> ==== Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Nahdlatul Ulama (STITNU) Al-Farabi ==== Sakola Ilmu Tarbiyah Nahdatul Ulama Al Farabi Pangandaran nyaéta paguron luhur anu resmi ngadeg ti taun 2014 kalayan nomer Surat Katerangan [[Kementrian Agama]] Republik Indonesia Nomer 7052. STIT NU Al Farabi téh paguron luhur resmi munggaran di Pangandaran. STIT NU Al Farabi boga dua jurusan, nyaéta Manajemén Pendidikan Islam jeung Pendidikan Islam [[Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini|PAUD]]. Nyukcruk sajarah Sakola Tarbiyah Nahdlatul Ulama Al Farabi Pangandaran, dialpukahan taun 1983 ku K. H. Ahmad Tajudin. Anjeunna ahli [[mantiq]] anu medalkeun generasi Qur'an, mampuh nganalisis Al-Quran, [[Hadits]], [[Ijma]]’, [[Qiyas]] dina rupa-rupa puseur implengan, utamana [[linguistik]]. Ngaran [[Al Farabi]] téh [[ulama]] anu aya dina widang [[logika]], ku kituna ieu universitas dingaranan Al Farabi, sabab anjeunna jadi inohong dina widang logika jeung mudah-mudahan ka hareupna alumni STIT NU Al Farabi jadi individu anu unggul kawas Al Farabi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stitnualfarabi.ac.id/beranda/tentang-kami/sejarah/|title=SEJARAH|website=STITNU AL-FARABI PANGANDARAN|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227022057/https://stitnualfarabi.ac.id/beranda/tentang-kami/sejarah/|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref> ==== Universitas Saleh Budiman ==== Ieu universitas diadegkeun ku Yayasan HS Budiman.Program anu dicanangkeun téh nyaéta atikan, kaséhatan jeung politik.<ref name=":24" /> ==== Universitas Galuh ==== Ieu universitas aya di Désa Margacinta, Kacamtan Cijulang, Pangandaran. Program studi anu geus dibuka nyaéta Ilmu sosial politik jeung pertanian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2018/02/ini-daftar-program-studi-kampus-2-unigal-pangandaran/|title=Ini Daftar Program Studi Kampus 2 Unigal Pangandaran|last=Madlani|website=Harapan Rakyat|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227032056/https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2018/02/ini-daftar-program-studi-kampus-2-unigal-pangandaran/|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref> == Pariwisata == === Méga Téraséring === Méga Téraséring ayana di Cibuluh, [[Désa Sukamulya]], Kacamatan Langkaplancar, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Ieu [[Kampung]] Reforma Agraria bisa jadi pilihan sabab bisa midangkeun suasana pa[[sawah]]an jeung alam anu kacida éndah ciri utama daérah pi[[lembur]]an. Aya tilu désa anu kaasup kana mega téraséring di antarana Désa Sukamulya, [[Désa Campaka]] jeung [[Désa Jadimulya]] kalayan lega wilayahna 1.200 héktar.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d-6349819/liburan-ke-pangandaran-jangan-lupa-jajal-14-objek-wisata-ini|title=Liburan ke Pangandaran, Jangan Lupa Jajal 14 Objek Wisata Ini|last=Fadillah|first=Aldi Nur|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217210855/https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d-6349819/liburan-ke-pangandaran-jangan-lupa-jajal-14-objek-wisata-ini|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> Désa Sukamulya geus kaasup salah sahiji 80 Désa Budaya tina 74.000 Désa anu aya di Indonesia. dumasar SK  Kemendikbud Ristek ping 1 April 2022. Di sabudeureun méga téraséring ogé aya pasar sawah anu mangrupa inisiatif masarakat anu kréatif. Ieu pasar téh ngajual rupa-rupa kadaharan anu biasana jadi pangjugjugan wisatawatan anu datang utamana anu nyapédah ngamangpaatkeun kondisi jalan améga térasering anu tiis. Kadaharan anu dijual téh nyaéta saperti lahang, pecel, gula kawung asli, gegetuk, awug, surabi, cuhcur, dawegan, jeung wédang jahé. Salian ti éta, sok aya ogé sangu liwet sapuratina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2022/11/pasar-sawah-mega-terasering-wisata-berbasis-budaya-di-pangandaran/|title=Pasar Sawah Mega Terasering, Wisata Berbasis Budaya di Pangandaran|last=Madlani|website=Harapan Rakyat|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217210855/https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2022/11/pasar-sawah-mega-terasering-wisata-berbasis-budaya-di-pangandaran/|archivedate=2023-02-17}}</ref> === Batu Lumpang === Objék wisata alam Batu Lumpang pernahna di [[Désa Parakanmanggu]], Kacamatan Parigi, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Jarakna 21,4 Km atawa kurang leuwih 44 menit perjalanan ti puseur [[Dayeuh]] Pangandaran ngaliwatan Jalan Kacamatan Cigugur. [[Walungan]] Batu Lumpang ngamalir ti Ciwayang. Ieu lokasi wisata mangrupa salah sahiji tempat panghadéna keur aktivitas wisata dina [[cai]], di antarana, body rafting, kayak atawa kano, nyalusur walungan jeung ngojay.<ref name=":5" /> Wisata Batu Lumpang téh ayana di kawasan batuan [[kapur]] atawa ékosistem karst di Dusun Dukuh 1. Pasir kapur jeung [[lamping]] anu jararangkung jadi ciri utama wisatana, matak loba anu nyebut ogé Grand Cliff atawa lamping agung. Aktivitas wisata cai anu pangdipikaresepna nyaéta kayak kalayan rute jalan anu pondok jeung anu panjang kira-kira waktu tempuhna 1-4 jam. Waragadna ukur 100.000-250.000/saurang. Salian ti éta, wisatawan ogé bakal diuji adrenalinna ku cara [[luncat]] tina lamping kana cai walungan aya anu jangkungna 5 méter aya ogé anu 10 méter. Salila aktivitas wisata cai lumangsung, wisatawan ogé bisa nempoan guha landak kalayan kaéndah ukiran batu [[stalagtit]] jeung [[stalagmit]] anu lumayan baradag. Jerona guha kurang leuwih 400 méter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sumsel24.com/plesiran/pr-3284013417/hoby-naik-kayak-atau-kano-batu-lumpang-garden-pangandaran-bisa-jadi-pilihan-untuk-body-rafting|title=Hoby Naik Kayak Atau Kano, Batu Lumpang Garden Pangandaran Bisa Jadi Pilihan Untuk Body Rafting - Sumsel 24|last=Tuswanto|website=www.sumsel24.com|accessdate=2023-02-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218185447/https://www.sumsel24.com/plesiran/amp/pr-3284013417/hoby-naik-kayak-atau-kano-batu-lumpang-garden-pangandaran-bisa-jadi-pilihan-untuk-body-rafting |date=2023-02-18 }}</ref> Gua Landak téh dibuka keur kagiatan wisata taun 2020 kalayan saméméhna teu kahaja kapanggih ku masarakat sabudeureun tempat. Jarakna kurang leuwih 300 méter ti tempat parkir kandaraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.validnews.id/kultura/serunya-susur-sungai-dan-gua-di-batu-lumpang-pangandaran|title=Serunya Susur Sungai Dan Gua Di Batu Lumpang Pangandaran|last=Samudra|first=Gema Bayu|website=https://www.validnews.id/|accessdate=2023-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118183530/https://validnews.id/kultura/serunya-susur-sungai-dan-gua-di-batu-lumpang-pangandaran|archivedate=2025-01-18}}</ref> === Santirah === Désa Wisata Santirah Bodyrafting mangrupa salah sahiji pilihan liburan di wewengkon pilemburan. Objek wisata alam Santirah mangrupa [[Curug]] atawa air terjun anu deukeut jeung [[surupan]] (cai walungan anu asup kana jero [[guha]]). Guhana mangrupa jalan cai walungan anu ngamalir ka arah Walungan Citumang nepi ka labas ka laut. Lokasina aya di [[Désa Selasari]], Kacamatan Parigi, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Kira-kira 42 menit lalampahan atawa 24,7 km ti bunderan Marlin Pangandaran ngaliwatan Jalan Raya Cijulang jeung Jalan Cintaratu.<ref name=":5" /> Ieu wisata buka ti [[senén]] nepi ka [[minggu]] jam 08.00 - 16.30 WIB. Anapon fasilitas anu aya nyaéta [[alat]] wisata cai jeung pemandu geus sayaga di tempatna. Lamun ngalakukeun nyalusur walungan, bakal katémbong pamandangan 4 [[lulurung]] alami tina batuan karst, 5 curug alami anu éndah, lamping [[batu]] anu rupa-rupa wangunna jeung ngagolontorna cai anu hérang ngagenclang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nativeindonesia.com/green-santirah/|title=Green Santirah, Wonderfull River Tubing di Pangandaran - NativeIndonesia.com|last=Sukmah|first=Fenti|website=www.nativeindonesia.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219044749/https://www.nativeindonesia.com/green-santirah/|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> === Jojogan === Objék wisata alam Jojogan jadi salah sahiji pilihan liburan ka Pangandaran. Jojogan mangrupa tempat wisata di Gunung Tilu, [[Désa Cintaratu]], Kacamatan Parigi, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Wisata alam pagunungan anu midangkeun kaéndahan alam anu liuh ku tatangkalan jeung panorama alam basisir Pangandaran bisa katempo ti ieu pasir. Ieu objék wisata aya di 1000 MdPL atawa kurang leuwih 1660 saluhureun beungeut laut.<ref name=":5" /> [[Gambar:Body rafting green canyon.jpg|jmpl|Body Rafting di Cukang Taneuh.]] === Green Canyon === Green Canyon salah sahiji objék wisata keur nguji [[adrenalin]] anu pernahna di Désa Kertayasa, Kacamatan Cijulang, Kabupatén Pangandaran anu jarakna kira-kira 57 menit lalampahan kalawan jarak tempuh jarak tempuh 28,9 km ngaliwatan Jalan Raya Cijulang. Green Canyon midangkeun kaéndahan alam ngagolontorna cai walungan anu digédéng ku dua [[pasir]] babatuan anu narabas ka guha. Tah, dina lawing guhana aya ngaririncik cai abadi anu teu kungsi saat sanajan [[usum]] [[halodo]]. Aktivitas wisata cai anu bisa dilakukeun nyaéta bodyrafting, ngojay, naék [[parahu]] jeung nyalusur walungan.<ref name=":5" /> Ngaran Green Canyon mimiti diwanohkeun ku wisatawan ti [[Prancis]] anu ngaranna Bill Jhon anu matalikeun kaayaan alam di cukang taneuh jeung [[Arizona]], [[Amérika Serikat]]. Warga lokal nyebut cukang taneuh sabab aya [[Cukang Taneuh|cukang]] tina taneuh anu panjangna 3 méter kabentuk sacara alami nepi ka ngahubungkeun lamping walungan Kacamatan Cijulang jeung Kacamatan Cimerak. Anapon keur atraksi wisata mah aya sababaraha tempat anu bisa didatangan nyaéta guha cukang taneuh, Batu Tengah, Batu Payung jeung Pamandian Putri. Harga tikét asup nyaéta 10.000, tapi lamun hayang body rafting mah aya pakét 200.000 nepi ka 450.000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d-6309831/rute-lokasi-dan-harga-tiket-green-canyon-pangandaran|title=Rute, Lokasi dan Harga Tiket Green Canyon Pangandaran|last=Fadillah|first=Aldi Nur|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219044753/https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d-6309831/rute-lokasi-dan-harga-tiket-green-canyon-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> [[Gambar:Madasari Beach.jpg|jmpl|Basisir Madasari Pangandaran.]] === Basisir Madasari === Basisir Madasari blok Bulak Benda pernahna di [[Désa Masawah]], Kacamatan Cimerak. Kurang leuwih 20 km ti puseur dayeuh Pangandaran. Basisir Bulak Benda teu bisa dipaké ngojay sabab lambakna anu gedé pisan. Ngan bisa digunakeun keur surfing wungkul komo pamaén surfing [[kidal]] mah. Bulak Benda kawentar ku Tugu Tsunami Singkil anu jadi ciri utamana.<ref name=":5" /> Ieu basisir téh lila teu kajangkau ku [[manusa]], malah saacan diresmikeun jadi tempat wisata mah ngaranna téh Madang Nyari. Ngan ku Daéng Danto urang [[Kota Padang|Bugis]] dirobah ngaranna jadi Madasari. Mada téh hartina [[Pangan|kadaharan]], ari sari hartina rasa. Anapon [[sajarah]] lengkepna kieu, Jaman baheula ieu wilayah téh mangrupa pakaburan [[Kuda]] Ngapung nu [[Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa|Sultan Agung]] ti [[Mataram]]. Kuda téh jalu jeung dibawa langsung ti [[Mekah]] waktu ngalakukeun [[ibadah]] [[haji]]. Di pilemburan kuda téh ngawin kuda [[bikang]]. Hanjakal kuda anu dikawin téh paéh. Sabab kudana paéh nu bogana nepi ka teu nyari dahar atawa teu mirasa lamun dahar téh. Tah ti harita di wewengkon madasari mah ulah miara kuda [[jalu]] da matak [[sial]] jeung picilakaeun wungkul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topijelajah.com/pantai-madasari.html|title=Pantai Madasari Pangandaran: Lokasi, Foto, Penginapan|last=Ambarsari|first=Novi|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219050324/https://www.topijelajah.com/pantai-madasari.html|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> [[Gambar:Pintu masuk pantai Batu Hiu.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|Lulurung Hiu mun asup ka Pulo Leutik.]] === Basisir Batu Hiu === Batu Hiu pernahna di [[Ciliang, Parigi, Ciamis|Désa Ciliang]], Kacamatan Parigi, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Ieu basisir téh nyanghareup ka [[kidul]] [[Pulo Jawa]]. Lokasina kurang leuwih 14 kilométer ti puseur dayeuh Pangandaran. Salah sahiji tempat anu mideng dipikaresep ku wisatawan nyaéta [[pulo]] leutik, ti dinya bisa nempo biruna laut jeung gunukan [[Karang|batu karang]] anu méh akur jeung sirip [[Hiu|lauk hiu]]. Keur ngajangkau pulo leutik téh kudu ngaliwatan heula lulurung anu jiga [[Baham|sungut]] lauk hiu. Salian ti aya pulo leutik, di dieu gé aya puseur miara [[penyu]] atawa [[kuya]] leutik anu dikokolakeun ku Kelompok Pelestari [[Biota]] Laut. Lian ti éta, aya ogé [[makam]] karamat jeung bentangan lamping karang anu sakitu éndahna jiga di [[Tanah Lot]], [[Bali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2020/02/05/pantai-batu-hiu|title=Pantai Batu Hiu|last=Haris|website=Tribunnewswiki.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219054221/https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2020/02/05/pantai-batu-hiu|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> [[Gambar:Pantai Batu Hiu Pangandaran.jpg|jmpl|320x320px|Pulo Leutik anu batuna jiga sirip Hiu.]] ==== Dongéng ==== Kacaritakeun dina abad ka sawelas, datang rombongan ti karajaan mataram nu di pimpin ku Aki Gedé jeung Nini Gede. Rombongan téh mangrupa [[Prajurit|prajurit-prajurit]] ti Mataram. Ku sabab, kasakténna marénahna di usir ku [[Karajaan Mataram (Hindu)|karajaan]] sabab para luluhur karajaan sieun kasaingan tanding lamun éta Aki jeung Nini Gedé masih kénéh aya di sabuderun karajaan mataram mah. Geus lila ngalalakon ahirna nepi ka daérah basisir laut kidul (ayeuna jadi batu hiu) Aki jeung Nini Gedé istirahat. Nalika istirahat Aki nitah ka rombonganana néangan lauk jang dahar rombonganana. Basa éta prajurit nu di titah téh nyaéta Galuh Oder jeung Galunggung Kuning. Aranjeunna néngan nepi ka tengah laut nu ahirna eta prajurit nu duaan tadi meunangkeun lauk anu kacida gédéna. Kabungah maranéhna karasa nepi ka éak-éakan. Tuluy wé di bawa ka sisi basisir pikeun diasakan ku rombongan nu séjénna tapi saacan éta lauk di asakan eta lauk ditingali heula ku Aki jeung Nini Gedé. Saprak éta di tingali ku Aki jeung Nini Gedé maranehna ngarasa reuwas ningali lauk badag nu miboga [[sisit]] kasar jeung heuras. Aki jeung Nini Gedé nyebut Lauk Hiu. Saprak Aki jeung Nini nyebutkeun kekecapan éta, lauk robah jadi batu badag nu jiga lauk hiu. Tah ti harita éta lembur katelah waé Batu Hiu nu perenahna di Désa Ciliang kecamatan, Kabupatén pangandaran.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Humaira|first=Megan Asri|date=2015-10-10|title=LEGENDA BATU HIU: ANALISIS STRUKTUR, KONTEKS PENUTUR, FUNGSI, DAN MAKNA|url=https://ojs.unida.ac.id/index.php/jtdik/article/download/308/188|journal=DIDAKTIKA TAUHIDI: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=108–120|doi=10.30997/dt.v2i2.308|issn=2550-0252|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414142923/http://ojs.unida.ac.id/index.php/jtdik/article/download/308/188|archive-date=2018-04-14|accessdate=2023-02-19}}</ref> [[Gambar:Pemandangan Pantai Pasir Putih Pangandaran.jpg|jmpl|270x270px|Keusik bodas di Karapyak sarua jeung di Pangandaran.]] === Basisir Karapyak === Basisir Karapyak anu katelahna ''paradise beach'' mangrupa tempat wisata anu aya di [[Bagolo, Kalipucang, Ciamis|Désa Bagolo]], Kacamatan Kalipucang, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Jarakna kira-kira 7,9 kilométer kalayan waktu tempuh 14 menit ti Tugu Emplak Kalipucang atawa ti Bunderan Marlin Pangandaran anu jarakna kira-kira 19,6 kilométer. Pamandangan di Karapyak mah nyaéta [[keusik]] [[bodas]] jeung sapanjang [[garis]] basisirna diwuwuh ku batu karang anu kacida éndahna. Ku sabab, loba batu karang jadi di sisi basisir téh loba [[Sato|sasatoan]] laut kayaning lauk laleutik jeung biota laut lianna. Salian ti fasilitas alami tadi aya ogé [[Hotel|Hotel Melati]] atawa Pondok Wisata, [[Réstorasi Méiji|restoran]], lokasi ''rest area'', ''coffee shop,'' mushola jeung ''camping ground''. <ref name=":8" /> ==== Dongéng ==== Ngaran Karapyak téh mangrupa jujuluk anu dimimitian ku [[Sudagar Batik|saudagar]] [[munding]]. Kacaturkeun baheula aya saudagar anu [[sakti]] manggulang-manggaling kaceluk kamamana. Anjeunna boga munding anu disiapkeun jeung dipiara, tapi keur didadago rék diurus téh kalah teu datang waé ka [[kandang]]. Antukna ambek jeung ngaruksak kandangna. Urut kandang munding éta dirobah jadi batu atawa guha dan mundingna teu balik-balik. Ku urang sabudeureun bagolo tempat éta dingaranan Panembahan Kandang Munding anu dina taun 1975 nepi ka 1981 mah mindeng loba anu ngadatangan keur néangan nomer [[kupon]] jitu SDSB. Ti harita, wilayah bagolo meunang supata yén anu nalanjak miara munding pasti bakal [[paéh]] jeung mawa sial anu ngukutna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2016/06/ternyata-begini-cerita-dibalik-nama-pantai-karapyak-pangandaran/|title=Ternyata, Begini Cerita Dibalik Nama Pantai Karapyak Pangandaran|last=Rachman|first=Entang Saeful|website=Harapan Rakyat|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219070851/https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2016/06/ternyata-begini-cerita-dibalik-nama-pantai-karapyak-pangandaran/|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> ==== Alternatif wisata ==== Salian ti éta, aya ogé wisata alternatif di Karapyak nyaéta ''Karapyak Glamping and Lodges'' jeung ''Teras Karacak Valley''. ''Karapyak Glamping and Lodges'' mah mangrupa tempat tempat ulin, swafoto jeung tempat kémah anu jarakna ukur 240 méter ti basisir karapyak. Lega lahanna 7.467 méter persegi. [[Arsitéktur|Arsitékturna]] ngagunakeun jawa klasik jeung [[modérn]]. Ti ieu tempat bisa katempo gugusan [[Nusakambangan|Pulo Nusakambangan]], Pasir Gunung, Batuan Karang, [[Teluk Nusawere]], Muara Walungan [[Citanduy]], [[Cagar Alam]] Teluk Pananjung Pangandaran jeung Samudra Hindia. Di jero hotél aya dua kolal paranti ngojay jeung spa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2022/10/18/wisata-pantai-pangandaran-terbaru-karapyak-glamping-lodges-jadi-destinasi-dengan-view-yang-lengkap|title=Wisata Pantai Pangandaran Terbaru, Karapyak Glamping Lodges Jadi Destinasi dengan View yang Lengkap|last=Padni|website=Tribunjabar.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219073800/https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2022/10/18/wisata-pantai-pangandaran-terbaru-karapyak-glamping-lodges-jadi-destinasi-dengan-view-yang-lengkap|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> Ari ''Teras Karacak Valley'' tempat dipoto anu pamandanganana langsung satungtung deuleu basisir karapyak.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://tourism.pangandarankab.go.id/artikel/destinasi-wisata-pantai-karapyak|title=Destinasi Wisata Pantai Karapyak|last=Saepudin|first=Ana|website=tourism.pangandarankab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219070852/https://tourism.pangandarankab.go.id/artikel/destinasi-wisata-pantai-karapyak|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> [[Gambar:Batukaras3.jpg|jmpl|Kaayaan di Batukaras.]] [[Gambar:Batukaras2.jpg|jmpl|Batu damar jeung batu anu ti baheula teu robah wangunna ti baheula.]] === Basisir Batukaras === Basisir Batukaras pernahna di [[Batukaras, Cijulang, Ciamis|Désa Batukaras]], Kacamatan Cijulang, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Jarak tempuhna 34,1 kilométer ti Bunderan Marlin Pangandaran kalawan kurang leuwih lalampahan 56 menit. Ieu basisir mimiti diwanohkeun dina taun 1970-an ku Ucup ka [[turis]] urang [[Australia]]. Jaman harita ukur anjeunna anu lancar [[Sanyawa Basa|basa]] [[Inggris|inggrisna]]. Turis anu diwanohkeun téh kacida resepna sabab basisir batukaras mah tenang [[Lambak|lambakna]] jeung mangrupa teluk. Tuluy kakara taun 1980-an, basisir dibuka keur umum boh wisatawan lokal, boh internasional. Sabab beuki ramé anu datang, diwangun wé hotél munggaran anu dingaranan Legok Pari (kiwari Hotél Teratai). Ngaran batukaras téh asalna tina [[dua]] [[kecap]] nyaéta batu jeung karas. Batu mah barang anu teuas tapi lain [[logam]], ari karas mah hartina [[papan]] [[kai]] atawa dadampar batu keur [[sastrawan]] [[kuno]] ngukir atawa [[nulis]] [[Karya sastra|karyana]]. Lian ti éta, batukaras gé batu anu teuas. Sabab di ieu tempat mah loba batu teuas, anu kawentar nyaéta batu damar. Dingaranan [[damar]] sabab lamun geus [[peuting]] mah batu téh jiga hurung jeung pangcaangna ti batan batu anu séjén. Di Batukaras ogé aya konsérvasi mangrove di blok sanghyangkalang kira-kira sakilométer ti basisir batukaras. Lamun disalusur deui salian ti wisata konsérvasi, aya deui [[Situ Cisamping]] di [[Mandala|Désa Mandala]] jeung Pasir Bintaos anu jadi panghubung ti basisir batukaras ka madasari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d-6333292/sejarah-dan-potensi-pantai-batukaras-spot-wisata-favorit-pangandaran|title=Sejarah dan Potensi Pantai Batukaras, Spot Wisata Favorit Pangandaran|last=Fadilah|first=Aldi Nur|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219083627/https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d-6333292/sejarah-dan-potensi-pantai-batukaras-spot-wisata-favorit-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> === Basisir Karang Nini === Basisir Karang Nini pernahna di Désa Emplak, Kacamatan Kalipucang, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Di ieu basisir dipahing pisan ngojay sabab lambakna anu gedé jeung loba batu karang anu bisa ngabahayakeun. Wisatawan ukur bisa dipoto, nempo pamandangan basisir keusik bodas anu kacida éndahna jeung nempo biota laut di sisi basisir anu kajebak ku batu karang. Lamun hayang ngajugjug ka Karang Nini kurang leuwih 12 kilométer ti puseur dayeuh Pangandaran atawa 30 menit lalampahan. Di sabudeureun Karang Nini pinuh ku leuweung [[konsérvasi]] tatangkalan kayaning [[mahoni]], [[jati]] jeung [[Albasia|albu]]. Lian ti éta, urang bisa nempo torowongan urut karéta api anu pangpanjangna di Indonesia kira-kira panjangna 1,2 kilométer anu dingaranan [[Torowongan Wilhélmina|torowongan Wihelmina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://priangan.tribunnews.com/2022/12/10/serunya-nerlibur-di-pantai-karang-nini-di-pangandaran-bisa-jadi-spot-foto-dan-tempat-berkemah|title=Serunya Berlibur di Pantai Karang Nini di Pangandaran, Bisa Jadi Spot Foto dan Tempat Berkemah|last=Lisaholith|first=Lu'un Aulia|website=tribunpriangan.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219152855/https://priangan.tribunnews.com/2022/12/10/serunya-nerlibur-di-pantai-karang-nini-di-pangandaran-bisa-jadi-spot-foto-dan-tempat-berkemah|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> ==== Dongéng ==== Harita di Desa Karangtanjung, mun ayeuna mah katelahna Désa Emplak. Hirup sapasang  salaki pamajikan. Katelahna Aki Argapati Ara jeung Nini Ambu Kolot, anu najan mangpuluh-puluh taun geus rarabi can waé kasinugrhan boga turunan. Tapi najan kitu, teu ieuh ngurangan kana kasugeman lalayaran dina sagara rumah tangga, tetep silih pikanyaah, pikadeudeuh lain bobohongan. Demi nutupan pangabutuh sapopoéna, unggal peuting Ki Argapati Ara sok kalaut néangan lauk keur deungeun [[sangu]]. Dina hiji waktu Ki Argapati Ara seja indit ka laut, mung hanjakal [[Usum|cuacana]] keur butut. Ti dinya Ambu Kolot teu ngawidian ka salakina, tapi angger Ki Argapati Ara naék kana parahu mangkat ka laut néangan lauk. Ku hariwang kacida Nini Ambu kolot tetep nyaram, oge tetep Ki Argapati Ara merekedeweng hayang ngala lauk. Sanggeus kitu Ki Argapati Ara ka tengah lautan. Ngadak-ngadak langit angkeb, cuaca mendung, gumpalan ombak ageung neunggar parahu Ki Argapati Ara. Barang di neunggar parahu teh ancur, Ki Argapati Ara kabawa lambak ka hilir ka girang, ka buntang-banting. Rarasaan Ambu Kolot teu genah, sabab inget ka salakina bisi aya nanaon, sabab cuacana butut téa. Sanggeus kitu, Nini Ambu Kolot lumpat ka Basisir bari ngagaeroan salakina, kadéngé ku tatanggana yén Ki Argapati Ara teu aya. Terus ditéangan bari di bantuan ku tatanggana, tapi weléh teu kapanggih. Nini Ambu Kolot diuk dina batu karang unggal poé laju sok bari ngadu'a, “Nun Gusti, mudah-mudahan salaki abdi upami masih keneh hirup, dimana ayeuna upami parantos maot hoyong ditingalikeun jasadna. Margi abdi tos jangji badé sauyunan dugi ka pati, sabagja sacilaka jeung salaki abdi.” Gusti nu maha agung ngaijabah du’ana Nini Ambu Kolot. Katingali  batu karang dihareupeun Ambu Kolot. “Sing yakin, batu karang anu ngambang di hareupeun téh asalna tina jelmaan Ki Argapati Ara. Jadi, ulah ngaharepkeun deui salaki anjeun bisa hirup kawas sabihara-sabihari”. Kitu nu kadéngé ku Nini Ambu ti sora anu ghaib téh. Nini Ambu ukur bisa olohok. Teu nyangka sacongo buuk lamun salaki anu dipikacintana ngalaman nasib nu pait kawas kitu. Tapi, Nini Ambu kolot sadar, yén sakabéh anu tumiba ka diri jeung salakina teh takdir tu nu Kawasa nu teu bias di pungpang. Nya Nini Ambu diuk dina batu karang téa, bari nyurucud cisoca. Gedé kanyaah jeung duriatna ka nu jadi salaki. Nini Ambu lungsur tina batu karang. Brek deku mayunan batu karang anu aya dihareupeunana. Nini Ambu Kolot ngadu’a, “Nun Pangéran abdi sadaya, abdi kalintang nyaahna ka salaki abdi, salamina hoyong sasarengan. Jadikeun abdi kawas salaki abdi.”  Beuki murubut cisocana. Paménta Nini Ambu diijabah ku Pangéran. Ngadak sakala langit nu tadi lenglang jadi ceudeum. Paul ngajanggélék jadi pulas hideung, pihujaneun. Kingkilaban ting bérébét silih samber, jiga nu sukan-sukan jeung angina anu tingsaléor kukurayeun. Bareng jeung kajadian kitu, Nini Ambu jleg ngajanggélék jadi batu karang. Persisna pahareup-hareup jeung batu karang jelmaan salakina. Bentukna kawas awak nini-nini. Nya ti harita ku warga sapanjang basisir, éta patempatan dingaranan Karang Nini ,Sedengken batu anu aya di hareupeunana nyaéta Balé Kambang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://priangantimurnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/budaya/pr-1223842381/sejarah-asal-usul-pantai-karang-nini-pangandaran-ada-kisah-cinta-sehidup-semati-dua-insan-manusia|title=Sejarah Asal Usul Pantai Karang Nini Pangandaran, Ada Kisah Cinta Sehidup Semati Dua Insan Manusia|last=Nugraha|first=Galih Cipta|website=priangantimurnews.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219152855/https://priangantimurnews.pikiran-rakyat.com/budaya/pr-1223842381/sejarah-asal-usul-pantai-karang-nini-pangandaran-ada-kisah-cinta-sehidup-semati-dua-insan-manusia|archivedate=2023-02-19}}</ref> [[Gambar:Rusa Cagar Alam Pangandaran.jpg|jmpl|Rusa di Cagar Alam Pangandaran.]] === Cagar Alam === Cagar Alam Pangandaran nyaéta [[cagar alam]] anu aya di Désa Pangandaran, Kacamatan Pangandaran, Kabupatén Pangandaran, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Cagar Alam Pananjung Pangandaran téh padeukeut jeung Taman Wisata Alam Pangandaran anu jadi tempat wisata di Jawa Barat. Sajarah kabentukna kawasan konservasi Pangandaran dimimitian nalika Residen Priangan (Y. Eycken) ngawasa dina taun 1922, kalayan ngajukeun pikeun ngarobah wewengkon anu tadina mangrupa wewengkon tani jadi [[Cagar alam liar|taman moro.GB]] No. 19-669 dikaluarkeun ku Diréktur Van Scomishe Zoken dina ping 7 Désémber 1934. Taun 1961 robah status tina Suaka Margasatwa jadi Cagar Alam Pangandaran anu legana 457 héktar dumasar kana SK [[Daptar Menteri Pertanian Indonésia|Menteri Pertanian]] No. 34/KMP/1961, ping 20 April 1961 sanggeus kapanggihna kembang [[Raksasa Padma|Padma Raflesia]]. Luyu jeung kabutuhan masarakat kana rékréasi, sawaréh lahan anu legana kana legana 37,70 héktar dijadikeun Leuweung Pariwisata dina wangun Taman Wisata Alam (TWA), antukna lega cagar alam téh nambahan jadi 419,3 héktar dumasar kana Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomer 170/Kpts/Um/1978 ping 10 Maret 1978.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=594&lang=id|title=Cagar Alam Pananjung|last=|first=|website=disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531182827/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=594&lang=id|archivedate=2020-05-31}}</ref> Ku ayana gunukan karang anu alus di sabudeureun basisir Cagar Alam, dumasar kana SK [[Daptar Menteri Lingkungan Hidup jeung Kehutanan Indonésia|Mentri Kehutanan]] No. 225/Kpts-II/1990 tanggal 8 Maret 1990, basisir anu legana 470 héktar ditunjuk jadi Cagar Alam Laut Pananjung Pangandaran.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=http://bbksdajabar.ksdae.menlhk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Profil-Bidwil-3-Fix_skw_6_cal-pangandaran.pdf|title=Cagar Alam Laut Pananjung Pangandaran|last=|first=|website=bbksdajabar.ksdae.menlhk.go.id|accessdate=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201152432/http://bbksdajabar.ksdae.menlhk.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Profil-Bidwil-3-Fix_skw_6_cal-pangandaran.pdf|archivedate=2023-02-01}}</ref> [[Gambar:Monyet di Cagar alam Pangandaran.jpg|jmpl|Monyét anu dibébaskeun di Cagar Alam Pangandaran.]] ==== Sasatoan ==== Fauna anu bisa kapanggih nyaéta [[Cra monyét|monyét]] (''[[Macaca fascicularis]]''), [[Lutung|monyét]] (''Trachipytecus auratus''), [[landak]] ( ''Hystrix bracyura''), [[Peusing Sunda|pangolins]] (''Manis Javanica''), [[Uncal Sunda|kijang]] (''Cervus Timorensis'') jeung [[Peucang|kijang]] (''Tragulus Javanicus''). Sedengkeun pikeun jenis [[manuk]], di wewengkon ieu bisa kapanggih manuk [[tulungulung]] (''Magalaema javensis''), manuk [[Kangguru beuteung bodas|Kangkareng]] (''Anthracoceros convexus''), [[Cangéhgar|unggas leuweung]] (''Gallus varius''), [[Tando]] (''Chynocephalus variegatus'') jeung [[Sanca|oray piton]] (''Python molurus''). <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gogreencanyon.com/2014/09/taman-wisata-alam-dan-cagar-alam.html|title=Green Canyon Pangandaran|last=Khatulistiwa|first=|website=Green Canyon Pangandaran|accessdate=2023-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222022044/https://www.gogreencanyon.com/2014/09/taman-wisata-alam-dan-cagar-alam.html|archivedate=2023-02-22}}</ref> ==== Tutuwuhan ==== Kira-kira 80% tina tutuwuhan mangrupa végétasi [[leuweung sekundér]] heubeul jeung sésana mangrupa [[leuweung primér]]. Tangkal anu dominan di antarana [[Laban]] (''Vitex pubescens''), [[Kiségél]] (''Dilenia excelsea''), jeung [[Marong]] (''Cratoxylon formosum''). Sajaba ti éta, aya ogé jenis tangkal kayaning [[Rengas|Reungas]] (''Buchanania arborencens''), [[Kondang]] (''Ficus variegata''), [[teureup]] (''Artocarpus elsatica'') jeung sajabana. Tina formasi [[Barringtonia conoidea|Baringtonia]] diwangun ku [[Nyamplung]] (''Callophylum inophylum''), [[waru laut]] (''Hibiscus tiliaceus''), [[Katapang|Ketapang]] (''Terminia cattapa''), jeung [[Butun]] (''Baringtonia aistica''). Di dataran handap aya perkebunan anu mangrupa pepelakan éksotika, anu diwangun ku [[jati]] (''Tectona grandis''), [[Mahoni]] (''Swietenia mahagoni'') jeung [[Komis]] (''Acacia auriculiformis'').<ref name=":12" /> [[Gambar:Plang himbauan di Cagar Budaya Pantai Pangandaran.jpg|jmpl|Plang di Cagar Alam.]] ==== Biota laut ==== Potensi biota laut di kawasan Cagar Alam Laut Pangandaran didominasi ku jenis karang batu (''Scleractinia''), ''Acropora sp''., ''Fungia sp.'', ''Goniopora sp.'', ''Alveopora sp.'', sarta sababaraha lauk hias jeung sasatoan anu bisa hirup dina karang kayaning ''Heniochus sp.'', ''[[Kepe-kepe|Chactodon sp]].'', ''Plectorhyncus sp.'', jeung ''Apolemichtys sp''.<ref name=":22" /> ==== Guha jeung titinggal sajarah ==== Di cagar alam aya guha lanang, guha panggung, guha parat, guha sumur mudal, guha jepang. Anapon prasasti titinggal sajarah aya batu kaldé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sumsel24.com/plesiran/pr-3283720515/ada-apa-saja-objek-wisata-di-taman-wisata-cagar-alam-pangandaran|title=Ada Apa Saja Objek Wisata di Taman Wisata Cagar Alam Pangandaran - Sumsel 24|last=Tuswanto|website=Ada Apa Saja Objek Wisata di Taman Wisata Cagar Alam Pangandaran - Sumsel 24|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222025559/https://www.sumsel24.com/plesiran/pr-3283720515/ada-apa-saja-objek-wisata-di-taman-wisata-cagar-alam-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-22}}</ref> ===== Guha lanang ===== Ieu guha pangpanjangna lamun dibandingkeun jeung guha parat atawa [[panggung]]. Ieu guha dingaranan lanang sabab baheulana jadi tempat pangreureuhan [[budak]] lalaki jeung jaman karajaan. ===== Guha panggung ===== Guha panggung téh miboga stalagnit jeung stalagtit anu éndah jeung nyanghareup langsung ka laut. Disebut guha panggung sabab dina bagian guhana aya bagian anu jiga pisan panggung. ===== Guha parat ===== Baheulana guha parat téh tempat muja semédina para [[Bangsawan]] [[Mesir]], [[Pangéran]] [[Maja Agung]], Pangéran Kanoman ([[Syekh Muhammad]]), jeung Pangéran Kesepuluh ([[Syekh Ahmad]]). ===== Batu Kaldé ===== Ieu batu kaldé mangrupa prasasti jaman [[hindu]] kuna. Batu kaldé téh mangrupa [[prasasti]] anak [[sapi]]. Ieu prasasti mangrupa titinggal [[Karajaan Pananjung]] keur mitineung Radén [[Arya Sapi Gumarang]] anu geus hasil ngaraharjakeun masarakat waktu harita. Di sabudeureun batu kaldé aya makam para luluhur karajaan pananjung. ===== Guha Sumur Mudal ===== Ieu guha mangrupa sumber utama [[cinyusu]] waktu jaman karajaan pananjung. Cinyusu ti ieu tempat kacida mudal jeung jadi sumber kahirupan jaman harita. ===== Guha Jepang ===== Ieu guha dijieun tina [[témbok]] beton anu disamarkeun ku [[taneuh]]. Ieu guha mangrupa pertahanan [[Tentara]] [[Jepang]] (''Dai Nippon''). Dina ieu guha aya liang keur ngintip pergerakan musuh ti laut. Ieu guha dijieun kira-kira taun 1941-1945 ku pagawé paksa ([[romusa]]). [[Gambar:Malate, Manila, Aquarium, Fish 2, Philippines.jpg|jmpl|Lauk dina Akuarium Gedé kawas di Piamari Pangandaran.]] === Piamari === ''Pangandaran Integrated Aquarium and Marine Research Institute'' (Piamari) dibuka ping 17 [[Désémber]] 2022. Ieu tempat wisata dijieun keur tujuan édukatif utamana sangkan nu daratang téh wanoh kana wanda-wanda [[lauk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/rm9jse382|title=Piamari Ditarget Jadi Daya Tarik Baru Wisatawan ke Pangandaran|last=Adji P|first=Bayu|website=Republika Online|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228050134/https://republika.co.id/share/rm9jse382|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref> Ieu Gedung diwangun dina taun 2017 kalayan miboga tilu wangunan utama nyaéta gedung aquarium, gedung riset jeung gedung [[asrama]] keur para mahasiswa atawa staf anu ngalaksanakeun [[panalungtikan]]. Di jero wangunan aya [[torowongan]] anu panjangna 47,895 méter. Wahana wisata téh aya tilu wangunan anu eusina biota laut. Tuluy aya deui ''touchpool'' (tina cai laut) ''tunnel aquarium'' (tina cai biasa) jeung ''theater aquarium'' (tina cai laut). Lian ti éta, aya [[museum]] barang muatan tenggelam anu ngawengku keramik-keramik jaman dinasti abad 17 nepi ka18, botol-botol jaman baheula, jeung barang séjénna. Anggaran anu digunakeun keur ngawangun ieu Piamari nepi ka 93 Milyar. Keur ngokolakeunana ku [[Balai Pelatihan dan Penyuluhan Perikanan]] (BP3) Tegal anu bakal jadi nu boga akuarium raksasa Piamari Pangandaran, sabab BP3 Tegal aya dina garis komando [[Badan Riset dan Sumber Daya Manusia Kelautan dan Perikanan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urbanjabar.com/featured/pr-925488690/aquarium-raksasa-piamari-buka-pangandaran-selalu-bikin-candu|title=Aquarium Raksasa Piamari Buka! Pangandaran Selalu Bikin Candu - Urban Jabar|last=Anisa|first=Iis|website=Aquarium Raksasa Piamari Buka! Pangandaran Selalu Bikin Candu - Urban Jabar|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228050139/https://www.urbanjabar.com/featured/pr-925488690/aquarium-raksasa-piamari-buka-pangandaran-selalu-bikin-candu|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref> === Tempat wisata lianna === Tempat wisata anu lianna diurutkeun dumasar kacamatan di Pangandaran. ==== Kacamatan Cimerak ==== Di Cimerak aya wisata alam, wisata budaya jeung wisata buatan kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.<ref name=":1" /> * Curug Cigayor aya di Dusun Sirnagalih RT 07 RW 05, Désa Limusgede. * Curug Sawer aya di Dusun Ciwalini RT 016 RW 005, Désa Ciparanti. * Basisir Madasari aya di Dusun Madasari, Désa Masawah. * Basisir Bukit Panon Nyampai (Sebrotan) aya di Dusun Madasari, Désa Masawah. * Basisir Karang Seugeul aya di Dusun Madasari, Désa Masawah. * Basisir Legok Gandu aya di Dusun Madasari, Désa Masawah. * Basisir Batu Leuit aya di Dusun Madasari, Désa Masawah. * Basisir Cariu aya di Alam Dusun Madasari, Désa Masawah. * Basisir Panon Nyampai aya di Dusun Madasari, Désa Masawah. * Pacuan Kuda aya di Dusun Cidadap RT 01 RW 06, Désa Legokjawa. * Muara Singkil aya di Dusun Cidadap RW 07 RT 04, Désa Legokjawa. * Guha Cirawun aya di Alam Désa Masawah Dusun Masawah RT 09 RW 03. * Guha Gunung Randa aya di Dusun Masawah Désa Masawah RT 06 RW 02.   * Guha Ciperengut aya di Désa Masawah Dusun Babakan RT 15 RW 05. * Leuweung Lindung aya di Désa Masawah Dusun Masawah RT 06 RW 03. * Pemakaman Sembah Sukayatma aya di Dusun Babakan, Désa Masawah RT 15 RW 05. * Basisir Cidahon aya di Cimanuk, Kertamukti. * Basisir Keusik aya di Dusun Cidahon, Désa Kertamukti RT 18 RW 05. * Basisir Cikaracak aya di Dusun Cireuma, Désa Kertamukti RT 07 RW 03. * Basisir Muara Gatah aya di Dusun Cireuma, Désa Kertamukti RT 08 RW 03. * Basisir Balekambang aya di Dusun Cidahon, Désa Kertamukti RT20 RW 06. * Curug 100 Ubin aya di Dusun Sukamanah, Désa Kertamukti RT 27 RW 08. * Wisata Air Jojongor aya di Désa Legokjawa Rw 04 RT 06, Dusun Legok. * Makom Syeh Malik Ibrahim Cijulang Sajati aya di Dusun Legok RT 06 Rw 04, Désa Legokjawa. * Basisir Pasir Gede aya di Dusun Cikuya Rw 05 RT 04, Désa Legokjawa. * Wisata Walungan Masigit aya di Dusun Liunggunung RT 03 Rw 08, Désa Legokjawa. * Basisir Legok aya di Dusun Legok RT 05 RW 04, Désa Legokjawa. * Basisir Muara Citotok aya di Dusun Citotok RT 001 RW 001, Désa Ciparanti. * Wisata Pasir Sereh aya di Dusun Patrol RT 06 RW 02, Désa Sukajaya. * Guha Hayam aya di Dusun Patrol RT 06 RW 02, Désa Sukajaya. * Guha Bagong aya di Dusun Patrol RT 06 RW 02, Désa Sukajaya. * Guha Kolor aya di Dusun Patrol RT 06 RW 02, Désa Sukajaya. * Cagar Budaya Kebun Dukuh aya di Dusun Ranto batang, Désa Mekarsari. * Cagar Budaya Guha Kramat aya di Dusun Rantobatang, Désa Mekarsari. * Curug Penganten aya di Dusun Cikondang RT 15 RW 06, Désa Kertaharja. * Makom Syekh Jampang aya di Dusun Jampang RT 40 RW 15, Désa Kertaharja. * Curug Dendeng aya di Dusun Jampang RT 42 RW 16, Désa Kertaharja. * Curug Indradila aya di Dusun Jampang RT 39 RW 14, Désa Kertaharja. * Curug Ciareuy aya di Dusun Purwasari RT 31 RW 12, Désa Kertaharja. * Makom Syekh H.Basyarudin aya di Dusun Karanganyar RT 01 RW 01, Désa Kertaharja. * Pangapungan aya di Dusun Kutakanyere RT 43 RW 09, Désa Sindangsari. ==== Kacamatan Cijulang ==== Di Cijulang aya wisata alam, wisata budaya jeung wisata buatan kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.<ref name=":1" /> * Situ Cisamping aya di Jalan Basisir Indah, Batukaras. * Mangrove Batukaras atawa Broad Walk aya di Désa Batukaras, Dusun Sanghiangkalang. * Basisir Batu Nunggul aya di Désa Batukaras. * Muara Jaya Cibodas aya di Désa Kertayasa. * Guha Bahu aya di Désa Kertayasa. * Jembatan Cinta Margacinta aya di Désa Margacinta. * Makam Dalem Sembah Agung aya di Désa Batukaras, Dusun Pasuketan RT 28 RW13. * Bukit Muntuk Wereng aya di Dusun Cibunian Désa Margacinta RT 04 RW 08. * Désa Wisata Budaya Margacinta atawa Kampung Badud aya di Dusun Margajaya RT 01 RW 12, Désa Margacinta. * Cijoelang Rafting aya di Dusun Pangancraan RT 02 RW 11, Désa Margacinta. * Taman Budaya Sagati aya di Dusun Balembeng RT 01 RW 01, Désa Margacinta. * Guha Patra aya di Dusun Cibodas RT 01 RW 07, Désa Cibanten. * Kawasan Leuweung Pondok Patra aya di Dusun Cibodas RT 01 RW 07, Désa Cibanten. * Situs Sumur Bandung aya di Désa Kondangjajar Dusun Binangun RT 11 RW 03. * Curug Taringgul aya di Dusun Cicurug, RT 01 RW 09 Cijulang. ==== Kacamatan Cigugur ==== Di Cigugur aya wisata alam, wisata budaya jeung wisata buatan kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.<ref name=":1" /> * Ciwayang Body Rafting aya di Jalan Jurago Km. 0, Dusun Cikoranji, Désa Cimindi. * River Tubbing Muara Kacapi aya di Dusun Tegalega, Désa Cigugur. * Guha Angin atawa Goa Cidaringo aya di Dusun Cilembu, Désa Cilembu. * Danau Cioe aya di Jalan Ciakar Dusun Cicurug, Désa Bunisari * Situs Buyut Alpi aya di Dusun Burujul Désa Campaka. * Pacinan Campaka aya di Dusun Ciguha, Désa Campaka. * Curug Maung KeRTajaya aya di Dusun Cikuya, Désa KeRTajaya, RT 03 RW 01. * Curug Leuwi Leutak Harumandala aya di Leuwi Leutak, Désa Harumandala. * Guha Cilalay aya di Dusun Karanganyar, Désa Cigugur. * Kampung Ekologi Leuwi Polo aya di Jalan Pagerbumi-Campaka, Dusun Pagerbumi, Désa Pagerbumi. * Leuwi Sipatahunan aya di Désa Cempaka, Dusun Cempaka. * Ciboralang aya di Dusun Jelat, Désa Harumandala. * Gunung Haur aya di Dusun Cimapag, Désa Harumandala. * Walungan Cisalak/Jebulan/ Cisodong aya di Dusun Cisalak, Désa Bunisari. * Walungan Cibadodon aya di Jalan Leuwi Jati, Dusun Cilembu, Désa Cigugur RT 13 RW 04. * Muara Cijalu aya di RT 14 RW 15 Dusun Mandalamekar, Désa Harumandala. * Leuwi Rangkong aya di Dusun Cigugur, Désa Campaka. * Situs Radén Ridwan Leuwi Badak aya di Dusun Sindangsari, Désa Campaka. * Curug Tonjong aya di Dusun Sindangsari, Désa Campaka. * Leuwi Bulet aya di Dusun Cigugur, Désa Campaka. * Situs Matra Wadana/ Makam Eyang Langlang Buana aya di Dusun Ciguha, Désa Campaka. * Situs Buyut Jimah aya di Dusun Burujul, Désa Campaka. * Makam Aki Gede Nini Gede aya di Désa Campaka. ==== Kacamatan Langkaplancar ==== Di Langkaplancar aya wisata alam, wisata budaya jeung wisata buatan kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.<ref name=":1" /> * Guha Sinjang Lawang aya di Dusun Panineungan, Désa Jadimulya. * Curug Luhur aya di Dusun Cimanggu, Désa Cimanggu RT 05 R2 02. * Curug Bilik aya di Dusun Mekarsari, Désa Jayasari RT 02 RW 01. * Curug Tilu Haurangrang aya di Dusun Langkaplancar, Désa Langkaplancar. * Curug Ki Muhtar aya di Dusun Cipancur RT 06 RW 04, Désa Langkaplancar. * Situs Wisata Gunung Singkup aya di Dusun Désa, Désa Bojongkondang RT 08 RW 03. * Situs K.H Abdul Hamid aya di Dusun Désa, Désa Bojongkondang RT 08 RW 03. * Situs Wisata Gunung Parang aya di Dusun Jayasari, Désa Jayasari RT 02 RW 05. * Gunung Bedogan aya di Dusun Cimanyeti RT 02 RW 03, Désa Jayasari. * Situs Wisata Gunung kelir aya di Dusun Cibeureum, Désa Cimanggu RT 07 RW 02 . * Wisata Alam Pasir Kisegel aya di Dusun Cimanggu, Désa Cimanggu RT 06 RW 02. * Guha Reregan aya di Désa Bungur Raya, Dusun Karangpawitan RT 02 RW 04. * Guha Langkob aya di Dusun Karangbungur RT 04 RW 02, Désa Bangunkarya. * Dataran Jeruk (DJ) aya di Dusun Désa, Désa Bojongkondang RT 30 RW 04. * Susukan Jero (SSJ) Buatan aya di Dusun Désa RT 29 RW 03, Désa Bojongkondang. ==== Kacamatan Sidamulih ==== Di Sidamulih aya wisata alam, wisata budaya jeung wisata buatan kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.<ref name=":1" /> * Curug Bebek aya di Dusun Sangkabawang RT 018 RW 008, Désa Kalijati. * Curug Taringgul aya di Dusun Karanganyar RT 004 RW 002, Désa Kalijati. * Curug Luhur aya di Dusun Muaratiga RT 04 RW 01, Désa Kersaratu. * Curug Pule aya di Dusun Muaratiga RT 04 RW 01,Désa Kersaratu. * Situ Cirangkong aya di Dusun Citambelang RT 02 RW 06, Désa Kersaratu. * Guha Parangpang aya di Dusun Cibeureum RT 004 RW 009 Désa Sidamulih * Cikembulan Pass aya di RT 01 RW 02 Désa Cikembulan. * Pantai Karang TiRTa aya di Dusun Cipari RT 006 RW 002 Désa Sukaresik. * Guha Sodong Panjang aya di Dusun Cikalong, RT 05 RW 02, Désa Cikalong. * Kampung Budaya Cijumleng aya di Désa Cikalong, Kacamatan Sidamulih. ==== Kacamatan Pangandaran ==== Di Pangandaran aya wisata alam, wisata budaya jeung wisata buatan kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.<ref name=":1" /> * Curug Bojong aya di Dusun Cihandiwung, Désa Sukahurip. * Curug Jambé Anom aya di Dusun Mungganggondang RT05 RW 04, Désa Purbahayu. * Wisata Air Cipingit aya di Dusun Mungganggondang RT05 RW 04, Désa Purbahayu. * Sentra Seafood jeung Kampung Turis aya di Jalan Pamugaran, Désa Pananjung. * Kawasan pantai Bulak Setra aya di Désa Babakan, Kecamatan Pangandaran. * Gua Kaca aya di Désa Sidomulyo Dusun Pasirkored RT 03 RW 16. * Bukit Galau aya di Désa Sidomulyo, Dusun Pasirkored RT 03 RW 16. * Guha Walet aya di Désa Sidomulyo, Dusun Pasirkored. * Guha Junti aya di Désa Sidomulyo, Dusun Pasirkored. * Bendungan Matras aya di RT 02 RW 03 Dusun Cikuluh, Désa Sukahurip. * Guha Bojong Lekor aya di RT 02 RW 03 Dusun Cikuluh, Désa Sukahurip. * Guha Surupan Daya aya di RT 03 RW 16 Dusun Pasirkored, Désa Sidomulyo. * Makam Ki Juru Simpen aya di Dusun Mungganggondang, Désa Purbahayu. * Makam Raksa Wedana aya di Dusun Mungganggondang, Désa Purbahayu. * Makam Eyang Paju aya di Dusun Mungganggondang RT 05 RW 04 Désa Purbahayu. * Guha Badak Paeh aya di Dusun Bengkekan Désa Sukahurip. * Rumah Uyeng aya di Jalan Raya Pangandaran, Désa Babakan, Kecamatan Pangandaran. * Museum Nyamuk aya di Jalan Raya Pangandaran Km. 3 Désa Babakan. * Hooba aya di Dusun Karangsari, Désa Pananjung. * Guha Cirangkis aya di Dusun Pondok Mangir, Désa Sidomulyo. * Guha Surupan aya di RT 03 RT 02 Dusun Cikuluh, Désa Sukahurip. ==== Kacamatan Kalipucang ==== Di Kalipucang aya wisata alam, wisata budaya jeung wisata buatan kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.<ref name=":1" /> * Guha Donan aya di Dusun Cintamaju, Désa Tunggilis. * Basisir Palatar Agung aya di Dusun Ciawitali RT 07 RW 08. * Basisir Tangkisan aya di Dusun Sindangmangu RT 07 RW 09, Désa Bagolo. * Basisir Karang Kuda aya di Dusun Sulasirna RT 10 RW 03, Désa Bagolo. * Curug Puringis aya di Dusun Bojong RT 03 RW 06, Désa Putrapinggan. * Basisir Lembah Putri aya di Dusun Karangsari RT 04 RW 01, Désa Putrapinggan. * Situs Galuh Pangauban aya di Dusun Karang Sari RT 01 RW 02, Désa Putrapinggan. * Curug Guling Sapi aya di Dusun Karangsari RT 03 RW 02, Désa Putrapinggan. * Guha Jepang aya di Dusun Karangsari RT 04 RW 01, Désa Putrapinggan. * Bungker Jepang aya di Area Ciputrapinggan, Dusun Karangsari RT 04 RW 01, Désa Putrapinggan. * Bungker Jepang Area Waterpark aya di Dusun Karangsari RT 04 RW 01, Désa Putrapinggan. * Muara Ciparanekean aya di Dusun Karangsari RT 04 RW 01, Désa Putrapinggan. * Walungan Ciputrapinggan aya di Dusun Karangsari RT 04 RW 01, Désa Putrapinggan. * Guha Lalay aya di Dusun Karangsari RT 04 RW 01, Désa Putrapinggan. * Guha Menir aya di Dusun Karangsari RT 04 RW 01, Désa Putrapinggan. * Guha Ronggeng aya di Dusun Karangsari RT 04 RW 01, Désa Putrapinggan. * Batu Bangkong aya di Dusun Karangsari RT 04 RW 01, Désa Putrapinggan. ==== Kacamatan Padahérang ==== Di Padahérang aya wisata alam, wisata budaya jeung wisata buatan kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.<ref name=":1" /> * Saung Ranggon aya di Désa Bojongsari, Kacamatan Padaherang. * Situs Cipatat aya di Dusun Sapuangin, Désa Karangsari. * Situs Dayang Sumbi aya di Dusun Paledah, Désa Paledah. * Paliken Hills aya di Désa Pasirgeulis, Dusun Paliken. * Situs Paliken aya di Dusun Paliken, Désa Gunung Putri. * Pemandian air panas kedungwuluh aya di Désa kedungwuluh. * Curug Kedung Lumpang aya di Désa kedungwuluh. * Makam Embah Gedeng Mataram aya di Dusun Paledah, Désa Paledah, RT 01 RW 01. * Jogjogan Ciganjeng aya di Désa Bojongsari. * Curug Bunton aya di Désa Kedungwuluh, Dusun Kedungwuluh RT 23 RW 09. * Situs Astana Budha aya di Désa Pasirgeulis, Dusun Grewing RT 23, Rw 04. * Situs Pasirgeulis aya di Désa Pasirgeulis, Dusun Grewing RT 13 RW 04. * Situs Lingga Kencana aya di Dusun Sentul, Désa Sukanagara RT 01 RW 01. * Situs Eyang K.H Santarudin aya di Dusun Sentul, Désa Sukanagara RT 01 RW 01. * Makam Kyai Syech Muchtar aya di Dusun Paledah, Désa Paledah. ==== Kacamatan Mangunjaya ==== Di Mangunjaya aya wisata alam jeung wisata budaya kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.<ref name=":1" /> * Rawa Cogekan aya di Dusun Cogekan RT 10 RW 03 Désa Kertajaya. * Situs Candi Mangunjaya aya di Dusun Pasirlaja, Désa Mangunjaya. * Situs Pranayaga atawa Watu Gimbal aya di Dusun Gimbal, Désa Mangunjaya. * Tugu Ki Gandul Manggala aya di Dusun Gimbal, Désa Mangunjaya. * Tugu Pangéling-éling aya di Dusun Cogekan RT 10 RW 03, Désa Kertajaya Cungkuk. ==== Kacamatan Parigi ==== Di Parigi aya wisata alam, wisata buatan jeung wisata budaya kalawan wincikan ieu di handap.<ref name=":1" /> * Imah Zaman Kolonial Parigi aya di Jalan Raya Cijulang No 776, Désa Parigi. * Guha Lalay aya di Dusun Salekambang, Désa Selasari. * Guha Peteng aya di Dusun Salekambang, Désa Selasari. * Guha Panjang aya di Dusun Salekambang, Désa Selasari. * Guha Citalun aya di Dusun Salekambang, Désa Selasari. * Guha Panyipuhan aya di Désa Cintaratu. * Guha Umin Daya aya di Désa Cintakarya * Guha Ilin aya di Désa Karangbenda. * Guha Sahyo aya di Désa Karangbenda. * Batulawang aya di Dusun Cikadu, Désa Selasari. * Situs Jagaraksa aya di Dusun Salakambang, Désa Selasari. * Situs Patapaan aya di Dusun Banjarsari, Désa Selasari. * Situs Cipancur aya di Dusun Banjarsari, Désa Selasari. * Situs Gunung Karang aya di Dusun Banjarsari, Désa Selasari. * Leuwi Astana aya di Dusun Giriharja, Désa Selasari. * Batu Paneker aya di Dusun Karangmukti, Désa Selasari. == Budaya == Budaya anu diguar téh nyaéta kasenian jeung tradisi. === Kasenian === Kasenian anu aya di Pangandaran téh kalintang lobana, ngan anu ciri has mah ukur aya 3 nyaéta ronggéng gunung, badud jeung lebon. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.faktaindonesianews.com/?arsip=3094&judul=4-jenis-kesenian-tradisional-pangandaran-yang-tetap-dilestarikan-hingga-kini|title=4 Jenis Kesenian Tradisional Pangandaran yang Tetap Dilestarikan Hingga Kini|last=Kuswandi|first=Rio|website=https://www.faktaindonesianews.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223214847/https://www.faktaindonesianews.com/?arsip=3094&judul=4-jenis-kesenian-tradisional-pangandaran-yang-tetap-dilestarikan-hingga-kini|archivedate=2023-02-23}}</ref> [[Gambar:Ronggeng Gunung.jpg|jmpl|Nu nari ronggéng gunung.]] ==== Ronggéng gunung ==== Ieu kasenian téh mimiti mekar di Désa Ciparakan, Kacamatan Kalipucang.<ref name=":11" /> Wangun kesenianana mangrupa salah sahiji [[Ibing|tarian]] buhun (kuna) anu dipidangkeun ku konsép pintonan minimalis. Ronggéng asalna tina kecap ''Renggana'' (Sanskerta) anu hartina wanoja anu dipikacinta. Awéwé anu dimaksud téh penari anu dipilih pikeun ngabagéakeun [[Nu datang|sémah]] [[Bangsawan|karajaan]] anu sok dipirig ku alat musik [[Tradisi|tradisional]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|last=S|first=Euis Thresnawaty|date=2016-06-02|title=RASPI SANG MAESTRO RONGGENG GUNUNG|url=http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/article/view/75|journal=Patanjala: Journal of Historical and Cultural Research|language=ID|volume=8|issue=2|pages=235–250|doi=10.30959/patanjala.v8i2.75|issn=2598-1242|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726204836/http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/article/view/75|archive-date=2022-07-26|accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref> Ari kecap gunung patali jeung wewengkon Désa Ciparakan (pagunungan) salaku tempat asalna jeung tumuwuhna ieu tari. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Nopianti|first=Risa|date=Maret 2014|title=Dari Ronggeng Gunung ke Ronggeng Kaler|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323791096_DARI_RONGGENG_GUNUNG_KE_RONGGENG_KALER_PERUBAHAN_NILAI_DAN_FUNGSI|journal=Patanjala|volume=6|issue=1|pages=81-92|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223214844/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323791096_DARI_RONGGENG_GUNUNG_KE_RONGGENG_KALER_PERUBAHAN_NILAI_DAN_FUNGSI|archive-date=2023-02-23|accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref> Dina dasarna, ieu tari dipaké minangka sarana ritual désa pikeun ngahormatan Dewi Sri sarta hiburan sanggeus réngsé waktu melak paré. Tapi, sanggeus sistem perkebunan kolonial Walanda aya, éta hal jadi robah fungsina kalah jadi sarana hiburan pikeun awéwé pribumi keur pagawé kontrak ahli anu dibawa ku Walanda (Dogér Kontrak). <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ratih|first=Dewi|last2=Sondarika|first2=Wulan|date=2017-09-05|title=ANALISIS POTENSI DESA DITINJAU DARI SOSIAL BUDAYA KESENIAN TRADISIONAL RONGGENG GUNUNG DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN MASYARAKAT PRASEJAHTERA (Studi kasus di desa Ciulu Kec. Banjarsari Kab. Ciamis Jawa Barat)|url=https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/index.php/artefak/article/view/909|journal=Jurnal Artefak|language=id|volume=4|issue=2|pages=161–166|doi=10.25157/ja.v4i2.909|issn=2580-0027|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223214846/https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/index.php/artefak/article/view/909|archive-date=2023-02-23|accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref> Tari Ronggéng Gunung medal tina gabungan kasenian [[Bajidor]] jeung [[Penca Silat|Pencak Silat]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/1123012/21/ronggeng-gunung-miliki-sejarah-dan-perkembangan-di-pangandaran|title=Ronggeng Gunung Miliki Sejarah dan Perkembangan di Pangandaran|last=Maarif|first=Syamsul|website=SINDOnews.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223214845/https://daerah.sindonews.com/berita/1123012/21/ronggeng-gunung-miliki-sejarah-dan-perkembangan-di-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-23}}</ref> Ronggéng Gunung biasana dilaksanakeun dina waktu 2 nepii ka 12 jam sakaligus. Dina hiji pidangan biasana dipigawé 6 nepi ka 8 [[lagu]]. Sacara umum, téma tembang dina ieu [[Seni|kasenian]] téh nyaritakeun rasa sono ka lalaki jeung nyindiran [[Bajak laut|para bajak laut]] anu maéhan Anggalarang.<ref name=":04" /> Dina awalna, ronggéng gunung dijadikeun sarana pikeun ngawanohkeun [[upacara]] [[adat]] saperti [[panén]], narima tamu, [[nikahan]], jeung [[nyunatan]] anu matak pikaresepeun pisan sabab ngajajah unsur érotis [[Ibing|penari]]. Sanajan kitu, dina periode ti taun 1904 nepi ka 1945, sababaraha ajén-inajén jeung konsép nampilkeun ronggéng gunung ngalaman parobahan luyu jeung [[Norma (disambiguasi)|norma-norma]] jeung tatakrama anu beuki hadé di [[Umum|masarakat]][[Lingkungan|.]] Salah sahiji conto parobahan aturan nyaéta mahing penari kontak langsung jeung penari lalaki atawa panongton lalaki anu milu dina tari ronggéng.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/raspi-ronggeng-gunung-yang-lahir-dari-penderitaan-cFqQ|title=Raspi, Ronggeng Gunung yang Lahir dari Penderitaan|last=Teguh|first=Irfan|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223214842/https://tirto.id/raspi-ronggeng-gunung-yang-lahir-dari-penderitaan-cFqQ|archivedate=2023-02-23}}</ref> [[Gambar:Tarian Ronggeng Gunung.jpg|jmpl|Ronggéng Gunung Pangandaran dina acara helaran.]] ===== Pamaén ===== Pamaén dina rongéng gunung téh ukur nu nari, sindén jeung pamaén alat musik. Penari utama dina ronggéng gunung nyaéta awéwé anu maké kostum kabaya, sagigireun kebat (kain batik), [[Karémbong|salendang]] mangrupa aksesori penting nalika nari. Fungsi ieu karémbong nyaéta pikeun ngondang lawan (lalaki) anu asalna ti panongton anu hadir dina [[Program|éta acara]] . Lamun karémbong dipaké dina [[beuheung]] salah sahiji panongton, hartina jalma nu geus dipilih jadi penari lalaki.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|title=Ensiklopedi Tari Indonesia Seri P-T|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=QLOECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=ronggeng+gunung&source=bl&ots=IyD_rGxz7R&sig=ACfU3U2Pzk61VMdA8An9oYwSTuusxio-Tg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih3r-Xu9jrAhWBX30KHXaFDaw4ZBDoATAHegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=ronggeng%20gunung&f=false|publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan|language=id|last=Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|first=Departemen|year=1986|location=Jakarta|pages=41}}</ref> Penari lalaki jumlahna 10 urang. Kostum anu dipaké nyaéta [[sarung]], [[iket]] jeung [[bedog]] anu disorén dina cangkéng. Penari lalaki ngurilingan penari awéwé dina pola gerak sirkular kawas arah jarum jam. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Nopianti|first=Risa|date=Maret 2014|title=Dari Ronggeng Gunung ke Ronggeng Kaler|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323791096_DARI_RONGGENG_GUNUNG_KE_RONGGENG_KALER_PERUBAHAN_NILAI_DAN_FUNGSI|journal=Patanjala|volume=6|issue=1|pages=81-92|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223214844/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323791096_DARI_RONGGENG_GUNUNG_KE_RONGGENG_KALER_PERUBAHAN_NILAI_DAN_FUNGSI|archive-date=2023-02-23|accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref>Sindén ''lulugu'' (utama) nyaéta wanoja sepuh anu miboga [[sora]] anu has sarta halimpu. Biasana, bisa mawa lagu-lagu anu henteu ditembangkeun ku sindén biasa. Ngan tilu urang anu wajib maénkeun alat musik, sabab alat musik anu dimaenkeun ngan ukur [[Ketok|ketuk]], [[goong]], jeung [[kendang]].<ref name=":15" /> ===== Lagu ===== Lagu-lagu anu biasa ditembangkeun ku sindén dina rupa-rupa pintonan ronggéng Gunung nyaéta 18 lagu anu disebut tari kuduk anu ngandung [[sisindiran]] jeung [[wawangsalan]].<ref name=":15" /> Lagu kudupturi, ladrang, sisigaran, goléwang, kawungan banter, parutan, dengdet, ondai, liring, kawungan kulonan, manangis, mangonét, urung-urung, tunggul kawung, trondol, cacar manuk, kidung, raja mudik. Papasingan [[Tembang Cianjuran|tembang]] téh dibagi jadi tilu bagian, nyaéta bubuka, inti jeung panutup. Pikeun bagian bubuka, nyaéta wangsalan [[ladrang]] jeung kudupturi. Bagian utama wawangsalan golewang, kawungan banter, parutan, ondai, liring, kawungan kulonan, manangis, mangonet, urung-urung, tunggul kawung, trondol, cacar manuk, tembang. Bagian panutup dengdet wangsalan, raja mulih sisigaran. Lagu-lagu Ronggéng gunung mibanda [[wirahma]] bébas kalawan rumpaka tur wangunna [[pupuh]]. Wangun sekar, kaasup wangun tembang anu ngagunakeun [[nada]] luhur (meluk) pinuh ku [[sora]] (legeto) kalawan rumpaka minangka média pagelaran wungkul. Loba anu nganggap lagu-lagu ieu saluyu sareng wangun tembang Sunda, wirahma buhun, sabab hésé pisan ngatranskripsikeun ieu lagu-lagu atawa nyieun catetan bareng. Éta hal jadi salah sahiji faktor anu nyababkeun ronggéng gunung hésé pisan regenerasi dina pamaén sindén<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|title=RONGGENG GUNUNGSEBUAH KESENIAN RAKYAT DIKABUPATEN CIAMIS, JAWA BARAT|last=Kusumah|first=S. Dloyana|publisher=DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAY AAN|year=1982|location=Jakarta|pages=26|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/14088/1/Ronggeng%20gunung%20sebuah%20kesenian%20rakyat%20di%20kabupaten%20ciamis%20jawa%20barat.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406113753/https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/14088/1/Ronggeng%20gunung%20sebuah%20kesenian%20rakyat%20di%20kabupaten%20ciamis%20jawa%20barat.PDF|archive-date=2023-04-06|accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref> ===== Kontéks pidangan ===== Dina pintonan Ronggéng Gunung, unsur [[dinamisme]] bisa katitén tina anggota kelompok kasenian Ronggéng Gunung, boh ronggéng boh [[nayaga]]. Maranéhna miboga [[isim]] salaku objék anu boga fungsi minangka alat pikeun nahan bahaya atawa musibah anu diakibatkeun ku kalakuan jalma séjén anu [[sirik]] atawa lantaran aya kompetisi antara pamaén sorangan jeung kelompok séjén. Salian ti éta, fungsi séjénna nyaéta pikeun ngajaga kawibawaan pribadi pamingpin rombongan Ronggéng Gunung sangkan dipikahormat boh ku bawahan boh ku batur. Unsur-unsur [[sulap]] kaagamaan [[animisme]] dina pagelaran Ronggéng Gunung bisa katitén dina papasingan [[sesajén]] anu disusun saméméh pintonan dimimitian. Bacaan du’a dilaksanakeun ku pingpinan rombongan (rombongan) sarta diiluan ku sakumna anggota katut ronggéng. Disadiakeunana sesajén miboga maksud sangkan roh-roh jahat moal ngaganggu jeung ménta ngajaga kasalametan para nayaga jeung ronggéng, narik simpati hadirin pikeun pagelaran sarta sangkan acara lancar nepi ka réngsé, dijauhkeun tina gangguan ti roh jahat sabudeureun tempat pintonan sarta gangguan [[cuaca]] salila acara. Para pamaén Ronggeng Gunung, hususna para penari wanoja, biasana mibanda [[mantra]] atawa du’a asihan ([[pélét]]) pikeun maksud nu hadé, upamana sangkan panongton resep. Mindeng kajadian panongton lalaki kagégéloan ku penari ronggéng sarta sanggeus lalajo bakal salawasna inget ka awéwé anu nari. Dina ngagunakeun mantra pikeun narik simpati panongton, para ronggéng ngagunakeun [[basa]] Sunda kuna, sangkan hartina henteu dipikawanoh deui ku nu mapatkeun. Tapi beuki teu ngarti kana harti mantra, beuki [[sakral]] aranjeunna ngarasa.<ref name=":16" /> ==== Badud ==== Badud asalna ti Dusun Margajaya, Desa Margacinta, [[Cijulang, Pangandaran|Kecamatan Cijulang]], [[Kabupaten Pangandaran]]. Lokasi utamana aya di tepi ngarai, di gigireun pangkal [[rawayan]] gantung anu manjang luhureun [[walungan]]. Éta wilayah dijadikeun [[Kampung]] [[Budaya]] atawa mindeng disebut Kampung Badud.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swarapangandaran.com/seni-badud-menolak-punah/|title=Ficer: Seni Badud Menolak Punah|last=Andi Nurroni|website=Swarapangandaran.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-02-23|accessdate=2023-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424024131/https://swarapangandaran.com/seni-badud-menolak-punah/|archivedate=2019-04-24}}</ref> Seni Badud mimiti suciptakeun taun 1868 anu didadasaran kasieun [[masarakat]] ku [[sasatoan]] [[leuweung]] waktu rék ngala [[paré]] atawa [[panén]]. Ku kituna, dijieun alat anu ngaranna [[dogdog]], dijieun tina [[awi]] anu dijadikeun alat musik pamirig kasenian badud. Dina taun 2013, seni badud ngalaman tumpur jeung kakara ahir taun 2014 mimiti dimekarkeun deui kalayan inisiatif padepokan seni badud. Sanggeus kitu, pamarintah Désa Margacinta mimiti museurkeun paniténna kana ieu kasenian buhun ku cara dijadikan [[kagiatan]] [[ekstrakurikuler]] di [[sakola]] di sabudeureun Désa Margacinta. [[Pargelaran]] [[seni]] Badud dijieun keur ngareuah-reuah [[ritual]] panén di [[sawah]]. Konsép peran anu ditampilkeun nyaéta pamaén maké atribut [[kedok]] sasatoan anu wujudna [[monyet]], [[lutung]], jeung [[maung]] anu dijieun tina bahan basajan luyu jeung kamampuh [[patani]]. Para pamaén ngalakukeun gerakan luyu jeung karakter kedok anu dipakéna, rombongan pamaén seni badud leumpang ngareuah-reuah rombongan patani anu mawa hasil panén anu bakal diasupkeun kana [[lumbung]] di désa. Salian ti éta, seni Badud ogé mangrupa salah sahiji cara ngusir [[hama]] anu bakal ngarusak paré. Ieu hal dilakukeun waktu usum nuar tatangkalan jeung melak binih paré anu dimimitian ku bacaan du'a, [[mantra]] jeung rupa-rupa [[sasajén]].<ref name=":17">https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/dashboard/media/Buku%20Penetapan%20WBTb%202018.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406070051/https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/dashboard/media/Buku%20Penetapan%20WBTb%202018.pdf |date=2023-04-06 }}</ref> Pagelaran kasenian Badud lumangsung sapoé sapeuting. Saacan ieu seni dimimitian, dijieun heula sasajén keur ngahargaan para [[karuhun]] anu geus tilar dunya atawa rupa-rupa kakuatan anu nangtayungan masarakat sabudeureun Margacinta. Sasajénna ngawengku parupuyan atawa [[menyan]], [[rujak]] [[kembang]] ros, [[endog]], rujak [[cau]], [[daging]] atah, [[gula batu]], [[roko]] bangjo, roko surutu, jeung roko warna [[coklat]] dua batang. Waktu lakon pagelaran rék dimimitian isuk, sasajén anu geus kakumpul diteundeun di tengah-tengah tempat pagelaran. Lamun aya pamaén anu kaancikan jeung hayang wanda dahareun tinggal nyokot dina tempat éta sasajén. Sakabéh pamaén anu geus kaancikan bakal mikahayang kadaharan anu béda-béda. Contona maung anu geus kaancikan bakal milih daging atah, lamun [[barongsay]] atawa [[ébég]] bakal milih rupa-rupa wanda rujak. Kabéh pamaén ngalakukeun kabéh gerakan di luar kadalina sabab geus kaancikan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/badud-margacinta/|title=Badud Margacinta|last=irvansetiawan|website=Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat|language=en-US|access-date=2023-02-23|accessdate=2023-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223231418/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/badud-margacinta/|archivedate=2023-02-23}}</ref> Alat musik anu digunakeun nyaéta dalapan [[angklung]] laras [[saléndro]] ti mimiti panghandapna nepi ka [[nada]] pangluhurna. Ieu angklung dipaénkeun kalayan cara dicekel hiji éwang ku nu maénna.<ref>Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya (2018). [https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/dashboard/media/Buku%20Penetapan%20WBTb%202018.pdf Penetapan Warisan Budaya Takbenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406070051/https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/dashboard/media/Buku%20Penetapan%20WBTb%202018.pdf |date=2023-04-06 }} . Hal. 133</ref> Wanda angklung anu dipaké ngawengku angklung roel hiji, roel dua, aclik, sorolok, ambruk satu, ambruk dua, penerus, jeung jenglong. Alat musik angklung miboga peran salaku [[melodi]] [[rumpaka]] [[lagu]] anu dipaénkeun. Salian ti éta, aya genep dogdog anu dipaénkeun ku genep urang kalayan nada anu pangluhurna nepi ka anu panghandapna. Alat musik endol, nyaéta dogdog pangleutikna dipaké keur ketukan bubuka ku [[dalang]]. Dogdog sedeng atawa dungdung, nyaéta dogdog anu leuwih gedé tibatan dogdog endol kajaba cara nabeuhna dibédakeun. Dogdog bondol atawa kentrung hiji, miboga peran méré ketukan tetap atawa ketukan tesis, Dalang atawa kentrung dua (ambruk), bajidor hiji (badublag), bajidor dua (badublag), nyaéta dogdog anu panggedéna di antara dogdog bajidot hiji jeung dua, miboga peran méré [[warna]] tepakan [[kendang]], biasana dogdog badublag méré tanda bakal aya gong atawa méré sora ahir lamun aya goongan. Ieu dogdog miboga sora jiga kendang, sabab [[sora]] anu dimunculkeunna ampir sarua jeung tepak kendang. Ngan alat musik dogdog bakal méré nada anu leuwih variatif.<ref>Permana,Ruwendi. [http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPBS/JUR._PEND._BAHASA_DAERAH/195901011986011-RUSWENDI_PERMANA/Pertunjukan_Kesenian_Tardisional_Badud_Di_Kecamatan_Cijulang.pdf Kesenian Tardisional Badud Di Kecamatan Cijulang Kabupaten Ciamis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426161601/http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPBS/JUR._PEND._BAHASA_DAERAH/195901011986011-RUSWENDI_PERMANA/Pertunjukan_Kesenian_Tardisional_Badud_Di_Kecamatan_Cijulang.pdf |date=2019-04-26 }}. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.</ref> [[Gambar:Berlatih pencak silat.jpg|jmpl|Lebon kaasup béladiri.]] ==== Lebon ==== Kasenian Lebon mangrupa salasahiji [[kasenian]] has Kabupatén Pangandaran anu mimiti dipikawanoh sarta dimekarkeun di Pangandaran dina taun 1950. Ieu kasenian kungsi leungit alatan ayana gerakan DITII.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Sofyan|first=Agus Nero|last2=Sofianto|first2=Kunto|last3=Sutirman|first3=Maman|last4=Suganda|first4=Dadang|date=2021-07-06|title=REGENERASI KEARIFAN LOKAL KESENIAN LEBON SEBAGAI BUDAYA LELUHUR PANGANDARAN, JAWA BARAT|url=https://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/sosiohumaniora/article/view/24855|journal=Sosiohumaniora|language=id|volume=23|issue=2|pages=158–166|doi=10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v23i2.24855|issn=2443-2660|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224024207/https://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/sosiohumaniora/article/view/24855|archive-date=2023-02-24|accessdate=2023-02-24}}</ref> Kasenian Lebon mangrupa salah sahiji [[tradisi]] jawara antar désa jeung salah sahiji [[Budaya|kabudayaan]] pikeun ngaréngsékeun pasualan-pasualan saperti sengketa [[lahan]], téritorial, papaséaan anu geus teu bisa ditarima deui dipungkas jaman baheula mah dipungkas ku kasenian Lebon.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/seni-lebon-kabupaten-pangandaran/|title=Seni Lebon Kabupaten Pangandaran|last=Admin_BPK_Wil_IX|website=Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224024205/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/seni-lebon-kabupaten-pangandaran/|archivedate=2023-02-24}}</ref> Kecap Lebon sacara etimologis dicokot tina sisipan basa Jawa jeung Sunda, nyaéta ''lebboni'' (basa Jawa) anu hartina diboéhan jeung lebokna (bahasa Sunda) anu hartina dilebok atawa dikurebkeun kana taneuh (kuburan atawa dikubur).<ref name=":18" /> Dina kasenian Lebon asli jaman baheula keur nu éléh atawa nu maot dina perang langsung dikubur di tempat. Ku alatan éta, dua pihak anu meunangna dina unggal perang nyiapkeun [[boéh]], [[pacul]] jeung [[sekop]] pikeun ngubur lawan anu éléh dina perangna. Sanajan kitu, bareng jeung parobahan jaman, Seni Lebon geus robah jadi hiji pementasan seni [[drama]] tina adegan perang Lebon sabenerna kalawan alur carita dijieun sangkan tetep saperti aslina. Pikeun ngurangan atawa ngahalangan tatu dina pangperangan antar [[jawara]] maké alat kasalametan dina sababaraha bagian awakna. Bagian awak anu dihalangan nyaéta [[sirah]], ngagunakeun [[daun]] [[jambé]] anu dibungkus ku lawon, leungeun nepi ka [[siku]] jeung [[suku]] ngagunakeun kulit sasatoan. Lian ti éta, pikeun ngéléhkeun lawan, unggal nu tarung dibéré alat paneunggeul tina [[rotan]]. Para palaku kasenian Lebon dina tarung biasana nunjukkeun gerak-gerak anu tangtu saperti dina [[pencak silat]]. Gerak-gerik pencak silat dikolaborasikeun jeung iringan ketuk saperti pencak silat. Dina pintonan kasenian Lebon, nu tarung bisa neunggeul [[leungeun]] lawan kalayan jumlah anu tangtu nepi ka bisa dianggap pinunjul. Salila pagelaran, unggal nu tarung dibéré du'a sarta ngaduruk [[menyan]] jeung kurban sasatoan salaku ritual indit sarta ngadu'a babarengan sangkan jawara balik kalawan awak salamet. Skénario dina kasenian Lebon kiwari geus diatur antara nu meunang jeung nu éléh geus ditangtukeun, ahirna masing-masing sponsor bajoang pikeun ngabéla jawarana. Balukarna, para sponsor tuluy dipisahkeun ku para jawara nu tarung jeung ahirna damai. Patempuran Lebon anu tadina hésé kacida ayeuna robah jadi sarana hiburan anu ditataan sangkan bisa terus dimumulé dibarengan ku kamajuan jaman. Kasenian Lebon anu tadina mangrupa tarung bebas antara jawara, tuluy robah jadi seni pintonan. Dina prak-prakanana, pintonan kasenian Lebon biasana dihijikeun jeung [[gondang buhun]], [[beluk]], [[ronggéng gunung]], [[angklung]] Lebon, jeung kasenian séjénna. Harta utama nyaéta iteuk rotan anu dicekel dina leungeun katuhu. Dina leungeun kéncana dibungkus ku leungeun baju anu seukeut dijieun ogé tina rotan. Pamaén maké leungeun baju panjang jeung calana panjang lengkep jeung panutup sirah dijieunna tina lawon. Pikeun ngamumulé kasenian Lebon, mindeng dipentaskeun dina poé Kamerdikaan Indonesia di tingkat désa jeung kacamatan, atawa sanggeus [[usum]] [[panén]]. Salian ti éta, kasenian Lebon biasana dipidangkeun dina [[Hajat Leweung]] di Désa Pepedan, Désa Selasari, Kabupatén Pangandaran.<ref name=":19" /> === Tradisi === Tradisi di Pangandaran téh aya nampaling, kaliwonan jeung hajat laut.h[[Gambar:Belalang cokelat (Phaleoba fumosa).jpg|jmpl|Simeut anu sok jadi hama di sawah.]] ==== Nampaling ==== Ieu tradisi dilakukeun ku masarakat Désa Cikalong, Kacamatan Sidamulih, Kabupaten Pangandaran. Nampaling mangrupa [[kagiatan]] néwak [[simeut]] anu dilaksanakeun unggal usum [[panén]] paré kira-kira bulan [[Séptémber]]-[[Oktober]]. Dina mangsa harita [[hama]] simeut loba pisan. Ieu tradisi geus aya kira-kira taun 1600-an. Tadina mah ukur kagiatan biasa, ngan dijadikeun [[festival]] [[budaya]] sangkan leuwih ceuyah deui. Ngaran nampaling dicokot tina alat anu digunakeun keur néwak simeutna dijieun tina [[Anyam|anyaman]] [[awi]], bentukna kerucut jeung dikaitkeun kana gagang. sanggeus simeut ditéwak diasupkeun kana wadah tina awi ([[kembu]]). Sanggeus diala, simeut langsung diolah jadi kadaharan kayaning [[goréng]] simeut jeung [[oséng]] simeut. Lian ti éta, waktu tradisi lumangsung biasa aya anu meuli di tempat ka nu geus ngala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-6329311/mengenal-tradisi-nampaling-menangkap-belalang-jelang-panen-di-pangandaran|title=Mengenal Tradisi Nampaling, Menangkap Belalang Jelang Panen di Pangandaran|last=Fadilah|first=Aldi Nur|website=detikTravel|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224234050/https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-6329311/mengenal-tradisi-nampaling-menangkap-belalang-jelang-panen-di-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-24}}</ref> [[Gambar:Babies male - 2 months.jpg|jmpl|Kaliwonan mangrupa tradisi ngamandian orok.]] ==== Kaliwonan ==== Tradisi Kaliwonan mangrupa kabudayaan ngamandian [[orok]] umur lima bulan (balita) anu dilaksanakeun turun-tinurun ti kolotna ka turunanana anu masih dipiara ku masarakat Pangandaran. Ieu tradisi mangrupa salasahiji kabudayaan anu can ngalaman parobahan dimimitian tina tata cara jeung prak-prakanana. Ti baheula henteu dilaksanakeun unggal [[poé]] [[kaliwon]], tapi ukur tanggal anu pasaranana ninggang dina Kaliwon anu jangkep. Tradisi ngamandian dina Kaliwonan dipercaya jadi salasahiji tradisi sangkan kahirupan orok leuwih [[barokah]], hirup [[aman]], [[séhat]] [[jasmani]] sarta miboga [[haté]] anu beresih jeung mawa kahadéan ka sasama, kulawarga, [[nagara]] katut [[Agama|agamana]]. Cai anu digunakeun keur ngamandian téh nyaéta cai [[kembang]] anu geus dibacakeun du’a bari dipencet atawa diurut sababaraha bagian awak orok bari mapatkeun rupaning [[jampé]]. Cai kembang keur ngamandian budak dina Kaliwonan ogé kudu aya dibekelan, di antarana [[duit]] récéh heubeul anu dijieun tina [[logam]] bengkok kalayan gambar [[Ratu]] [[Wihelmina]] sarta batu alam husus anu dianggap geus karamat. Tradisi kaliwonan dijadikeun sarana [[silaturahmi]] jeung [[sawala]] pikeun babagi pangalaman antara ibu-ibu bari ngasuh budakna sangkan aya mangpaatna sacara [[sosial]]. Ieu tradisi dilaksanakeun sabulan opat kali unggal kaliwon jeung sabulanna aya istilah kaliwon gedé anu lumangsung dina poé [[Jumaah]] kaliwon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.okezone.com/read/2017/01/20/406/1597131/tradisi-kaliwonan-yang-masih-dipertahankan-masyarakat-pangandaran|title=Tradisi Kaliwonan yang Masih Dipertahankan Masyarakat Pangandaran : Okezone Travel|last=Maarif|first=Syamsul|website=https://travel.okezone.com/|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226091926/https://travel.okezone.com/read/2017/01/20/406/1597131/tradisi-kaliwonan-yang-masih-dipertahankan-masyarakat-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-26}}</ref> [[Gambar:Tradisi sedekah bumi wayang golek.jpg|jmpl|Wayang Golék jadi pagelan pamungkas upacara hajat laut.]] ==== Hajat laut ==== Hajat Laut mangrupa tradisi turun-tinurun anu biasa dilaksanakeun ku masarakat basisir, hususna di wewengkon basisir kidul. Warga basisir Pangandaran biasana ngayakeun acara hajat laut saban poé Kemis saméméh malem Jumaah Kaliwon, awal bulan Muharam atawa bulan Syura. Ieu tradisi dilaksanakeun minangka wujud [[rasa]] [[sukur]] para pamayang ka [[Alloh|Gusti]] anu parantos maparin [[rezeki]] jeung kasalametan dina ngalaksanakeun pagawéanana di laut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.inews.id/berita/warga-pesisir-pantai-selatan-pangandaran-gelar-hajat-laut-dengan-prokes-ketat|title=Warga Pesisir Pantai Selatan Pangandaran Gelar Hajat Laut dengan Prokes Ketat|last=Ramdiansyah|first=Irfan|website=iNews.ID|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226211627/https://jabar.inews.id/berita/warga-pesisir-pantai-selatan-pangandaran-gelar-hajat-laut-dengan-prokes-ketat|archivedate=2023-02-26}}</ref> Hajat laut téh turunan tina hajat [[leuweung]], sabab [[sasajén]] anu dipalidkeun ka tengah laut téh hasil [[Tatanen|tatanén]] anu mangrupa kadaharan jeung rupa-rupa hasil séjénna. Lamun dina basa Sunda Hajat Laut téh asalna tina dua [[kecap]] nyaéta Hajat anu hartina kahayang, pamaksudan jeung laut anu hartina ciptaan Nu Maha Kawasa dina wujud cai [[asin]] anu anu ngaplak lega. Hajat Laut bisa dihartikeun mangrupa niat syukur jeung kahayang ka Nu Maha Kawasa kana anugrahna nyaéta laut anu dijerona bisa jadi sumber kahirupan, atuh kasalametan dipiharep dina nyiar kipayah sing salamet jeung sapopoéna diriksa tina bancang pakéwuh anu bisa datang ti laut iraha waé. Tina bentangan 91 Kilométer basisir Pangandaran, Hajat Laut biasana dilaksanakeun di [[basisir Karapyak]], [[Basisir Pangandaran]], [[Basisir Bojés]], [[Basisir Batukaras]] jeung [[Basisir Madasari]]. Runtuyan acarana téh para pamayang mawa Dongdang (pawai) anu dijerona nyangkaruk hasil tatanén, di antarana [[bungbuahan]] jeung [[tumpeng]] dibawa ka basisir, tuluy diasupkeun kana [[parahu]], jeung dilarung dibawa ka laut. Dina Larung téh aya [[Simbolik|simbol]] wujud rasa sukur ka Nu Maha Kawasa, ngabakti ka Nu Maha Kawasa, jeung miboga fungsi utama anu bisa dibuktikeun ngaliwatan larung sasajén (nyésa-nyésa keur nu sejen). Sa Ajen ari sa téh hiji, Ajén teh ageman, [[Filsafat|falsafahna]] aya patalina jeung katunggalan Allah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/budaya/d-6224178/filosofi-ritual-hajat-laut-pangandaran-wujud-syukur-dari-laut-selatan|title=Filosofi Ritual Hajat Laut Pangandaran, Wujud Syukur dari Laut Selatan|last=Fadillah|first=Aldi Nur|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226211626/https://www.detik.com/jabar/budaya/d-6224178/filosofi-ritual-hajat-laut-pangandaran-wujud-syukur-dari-laut-selatan|archivedate=2023-02-26}}</ref> Ieu upacara salah sahiji anu dilaksanakeun di Batukaras dua poé kalayan wincikan kawas kieu. ==== Tatahar ==== Nataharkeun upacara adat Hajat Laut dimimitian ku latihan maén [[musik]], nyiapkeun sasajén jeung latihan [[Ibing|nari]]. Patali jeung ngabagéakeun taun anyar [[Islam]], upacara hajat Laut dilaksanakeun dina wangun kagiatan dina hal-hal anu patali jeung agama Islam.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Syarifuddin|first=Didin|last2=Nurlatipah|first2=Lisna|date=April 2015|title=DAYA TARIK WISATA UPACARA TRADISIONAL HAJAT LAUT SEBAGAI NILAI BUDAYA MASYARAKAT BATU KARAS|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/jurel/article/viewFile/1050/702|journal=Jurnal Manajemen Resort & Leisure|volume=12|page=105|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226211630/https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/jurel/article/viewFile/1050/702|archive-date=2023-02-26}}</ref> ==== Poé kahiji ==== Para pamayang henteu ka laut salila dua poé saméméh [[ritual]] laut dimimitian, ku kituna para pamayang bisa ilubiung dina kagiatan ([[Tabligh Akbar|tabligh akbar]]) di [[lapang]] Batu Karas. Dina ieu acara kacida ceuyahna kanyat dipasangan [[korsi]] loba jeung [[panggung]].<ref name=":21" /> ==== Poé kadua ==== Réa jalma nu daratang ka lapang Batukaras. Di basisir loba parahu anu geus dihias pararantes. Geus loba jalma nu datang, tapi upacara bubuka arak-arakan ka tengah laut dilaksanakeun pabeubeurang, masarakat masih nungguan di sisi basisir. Acara dimimitian ku bubuka, [[biantara]], maca [[ayat]] [[suci]] [[Al-Qur'an]] jeung [[Yasin]], tuluy [[upacara]] [[adat]]. Persiapan arak-arakan ku ngondang Bupati anu diiringkeun ku penari jeung papayung ka basisir jeung di tukangeunana aya sasajén anu siap dilarung kalawan diteundeun dina wangun imah leutik anu katutup. Masarakatna riweuh pisan waktu arak-arakan rék dimimitian. Di tengah-tengah laut kabéh parahu eureun sarta sasajén dilarungkeun bari dibarengan ku bacaan ayat suci Al-Qur'an heula, tuluy masarakat mimiti nyokot cai laut pikeun silih simbeuh ti hiji parahu ka parahu séjénna. Sanggeus prosési réngsé tuluy balik deui ka [[darat]], acara di laut geus lekasan. Soréna aya hiburan keur masarakat, nyaéta pagelaran [[wayang golék]] nepi ka sapeuting jeput.<ref name=":21" /> == Ékonomi == Dina widang ékonomi aya poténsi wisata kuliner atawa kadaharan, puseur oléh-oléh jeung hasil bumi masarakat. === Kadaharan === Kadaharan has Pangandaran téh aya Asin Jambal Roti, Opak Cikalong, jus honjé, pindang gunung jeung liwet jolem. [[Gambar:Ikan asin jambal roti.JPG|jmpl|Lauk Jambal Roti.]] [[Gambar:Arius 090604-0069 mank.JPG|jmpl|Lauk asin jambal roti keur dipoé.]] [[Gambar:NeoariusPaucus4FishBase.jpg|jmpl|Lauk Kadungkang atawa Manyung bahan Lauk Asin Jambal Roti.]] [[Gambar:Sundanese Food 02.JPG|jmpl|Lauk asin jambal roti jeung sangu haneut sapuratina.]] ==== Asin jambal roti ==== Ngaran jambal roti téh tina dua kecap nyaéta jambal anu hartina lauk anu diasinkeun jeung roti anu mangrupa kadaharan anu kandel jeung gedé dagingna.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sumsel24.com/kuliner/pr-3282592152/ikan-asin-jambal-roti-pangandaran-dari-ikan-apa-dan-kenapa-disebut-jambal-roti|title=Ikan Asin Jambal Roti Pangandaran Dari Ikan Apa? Dan Kenapa Disebut Jambal Roti ? - Sumsel 24 - Halaman 2|last=SE|first=Ketih|website=Ikan Asin Jambal Roti Pangandaran Dari Ikan Apa? Dan Kenapa Disebut Jambal Roti ? - Sumsel 24 - Halaman 2|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228111206/https://www.sumsel24.com/kuliner/pr-3282592152/ikan-asin-jambal-roti-pangandaran-dari-ikan-apa-dan-kenapa-disebut-jambal-roti|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref> Lauk [[asin jambal roti]] téh aya tilu wanda nyaéta asin jambal roti mantéga, jambal roti tuban jeung jambal roti bodas. Lamun asin jambal roti mantéga asalna tina lauk [[kadukang]] atawa manyung.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2021/02/18/kalau-main-ke-pantai-pangandaran-jangan-lupa-oleh-olehnya-ikan-asin-jambal-roti-maknyus|title=Kalau Main ke Pantai Pangandaran, Jangan Lupa Oleh-olehnya, Ikan Asin Jambal Roti, Maknyus|last=Padna|website=Tribunjabar.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228111159/https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2021/02/18/kalau-main-ke-pantai-pangandaran-jangan-lupa-oleh-olehnya-ikan-asin-jambal-roti-maknyus|archivedate=2023-02-28}}</ref> Di wewengkon lianna sok aya anu nyebut Kedukan, Keropak, Dukang, Badukang, Bedukang, Pedukang, Babukan, Kedapang Waru jeung Lauk cucuk. Ieu lauk biasana hirup di walungan, basisir anu leutakan jeung laut. Keur nyumponan pangabutuh kulinér biasana lauk kadungkang sok dibantuan pasokanana ti wewengkon [[Kota Cirebon|Cirebon]].<ref name=":26" /> Jambal roti tuban asalna tina lauk [[tuban]] jeung jambal roti bodas asalna tina lauk anu warna bodas. Harga lauk asin jambal roti mantéga 140.000 sakilogramna, lauk jambal bodas hargana 120.000 sakilogramna jeung anu pangmahalna mah lauk asin jambal roti Tuban hargana nepi ka 150.000 sakilogramna. Prosés nyieun lauk asin jambal téh kieu, lauk anu rék dijadikeun asin jambal dibeulah tuluy diberesihan. Campurkeun [[uyah]] [[kristal]] kana [[beuteung]] jeung bagian awak lauk nepi ka rata. Uyah kristal dipilih sabab miboga asin anu maksimal. Sanggeus kitu dipoé nepi ka garing dina morérétna [[cahya]] [[panonpoé]]. Husus lauk asin jambal Tuban prosésna lumayan lila, ti mimiti ngeueuman dina cai jeung diuyahan, dipoé nepi ka layak jual téh mikabutuh waktu 10-12 poé.<ref name=":27" /> ==== Opak cikalong ==== [[Gambar:Opak Ketan makanan khas orang Sunda (1).jpg|jmpl|280x280px|Opak ketan legit.|kiri]]Geus lila ieu kadaharan dijieun tina [[ketan]] kalawan sok dijadikeun oléh- oléh [[tradisional]] ku nu geus pakanci ti Pangandaran. Kalayan rasa has, tékstur anu lemes tina tipung ketan, rasa anu unik jeung rangu sabab prosés masakna henteu ngagunakeun [[katél]] tapi digarang sacara langsung dina [[seuneu]]. Lolobana anu nyieun opak Cikalong dilakukeun ku ibu rumah tangga ti Désa Cikalong, Kacamatan Sidamulih, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Ngaliwatan prosés jeung ngagunakeun pakakas basajan, opak Cikalong salawasna bisa ngarojong [[ékonomi]] désa jeung kahirupan masarakat anu nyieunna. Ku kituna, nu nyieun ieu mah tangtu tirun-tinurun ti [[Kulawarga|kulawargana]] ka sababaraha générasi. Nyieun opak téh henteu hésé teuing, saha waé bisa ngalakukeunana. Carana campurkeun [[tipung]] ketan jeung [[cipati]] tuluy ditambah [[uyah]] sacukupna. Sanggeus jadi [[adonan]], dicetak laju digaringkeun dina [[panonpoé]]. Sanggeus garing tuluy digarang dina seuneu sacara langsung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pangandarannews.com/2017/08/opak-cikalong-masih-tetap-jadi-oleh.html|title=OPAK CIKALONG MASIH TETAP JADI OLEH-OLEH KHAS PANGANDARAN|last=AS|first=Anton|accessdate=2023-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224201028/https://www.pangandarannews.com/2017/08/opak-cikalong-masih-tetap-jadi-oleh.html|archivedate=2023-02-24}}</ref> ==== Jus honjé ==== [[Gambar:Etlingera elatior 7zz.jpg|jmpl|280x280px|Honjé bisa jadi jus.]] Jus honje mimiti disebut minangka inuman has Pangandaran, nalika Pangandaran masih jadi Daerah Otonom Baru (DOB). [[Endjang Naffandy]], anu harita diangkat jadi Plt. Bupati Pangandaran, ngahadiran acara di Kementrian. Waktu keur anteng ngobrol jeung [[pajabat]] séjén ti luar wewengkon, Endjang ditanya naon [[kadaharan]] jeung [[inuman]] has Pangandaran. Salah saurang babaturan Endjang anu ngaranna Gumilar kabeneran aya di gigireunana. Gumilar tuluy ngaharéwos, inuman khas Pangandaran nyaéta [[jus honjé]]. Ari kadaharan has Pangandaran nyaéta [[pindang gunung]]. Endjang tuluy ngajawab pananya para pejabat bari ngajelaskeun rasa has tina jus honjé jeung pindang gunung. Nalika status Pangandaran masih DOB, jus honjé jeung pindang gunung jadi utama dina [[Acara|acara-acara]] resmi. Keur ngajaga kualitas jus honje sangkan rasana tetep unik dina [[létah]]. Bahan bakuna kudu ngagunakeun [[honjé]] laka beureum (''etlingera hemisphaerica''). Cara nyieunna, honjé laka nu warnana beureum dikumbah nepi ka beresih. Tuluy dipipil atawa dipocél, ditutu laju dicampur [[cai]] diasakan nepi ka ngagolak. Sanggeus asak laju disaring jeung diamisan ku [[gula]] bodas sacukupna. Ukuran 20 botol 330 mililiter jus honjé bisa dihasilkeun tina sakilogram honjé laka beureum. [[Harga]] bahan bakuna nyaéta honjé sakilona ukur 20.000, tapi lamun keur [[usum]] [[halodo]] mah bisa undak kana harga 25.000 nepi ka 30.000. Ieu jus lamun disimpen dina [[botol]] jeung teu kana kulkaskeun sanajan teu maké bahan pangawét bisa kuat nepi ka sabulan teu kadaluarsa. Tapi, lamun diteundeun dina [[kulkas]] mah bisa kuat nepi ka 10 bulan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2021/02/sejarah-jus-honje-jadi-minuman-khas-pangandaran/|title=Sejarah Jus Honje Jadi Minuman Khas Pangandaran|last=Enceng|website=Harapan Rakyat|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224203336/https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2021/02/sejarah-jus-honje-jadi-minuman-khas-pangandaran/|archivedate=2023-02-24}}</ref> Khasiat jus honjé lamun dikonsumsi rutin bakal nambahan [[stamina]] jeung daya tahan awak jadi wedel, ngaleungitkeun teu ngareunah awak ku sabab asup [[angin]] jeung ngurangan [[Kolesterol|koléstrol]] anu aya dina [[awak]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mypangandaran.com/blog/read/kuliner-pangandaran/175/jus-honje-minuman-khas-pangandaran|title=myPangandaran - Informasi Pangandaran Terlengkap|last=Sumarwoto|website=www.mypangandaran.com|accessdate=2023-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224203337/https://www.mypangandaran.com/blog/read/kuliner-pangandaran/175/jus-honje-minuman-khas-pangandaran|archivedate=2023-02-24}}</ref> [[Gambar:Red Snapper Raw.jpg|jmpl|Lauk kakap beureum bisa diolah jadi pindang gunung.]] ==== Pindang gunung ==== Ngaran pindang gunung téh asalna tina dua kecap nyaéta pindang jeung gunung. Pindang hartina sayuran atawa sop anu bahan dasarna lauk laut, ari dingaranan gunung sabab dina prosés nyieunna ngagunakeun [[bungbu]] anu asalna ti pilemburan atawa bungbu anu biasana aya jeung tumuwuh di wewengkon pagunungan, saperti honjé jeung [[daun]] [[kadongdong]]. Ieu kadaharan geus aya ti taun 1970-an, ngan mahabu jeung dipikawanoh ku masarakat mah sanggeus Pangandaran remi jadi kabupatén pamekaran ti [[Ciamis]] dina taun 2012. Salah sahiji promosi wisata kulinér anu panggedéna nyaéta dina festival kulinér anu dialpukahan ku Program Studi di Luar Kampus Utama (PSDKU) Universitas Padjajaran (UNPAD) Pangandaran, dina 24 November 2018 anu bisa ngahasilkeun 2018 porsi pindang gunung. Cara anu dilakukeun téh geus diasupkeun jadi rékor Museum Rekor Indonesia (MURI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/pindang-gunung/|title=Pindang Gunung|last=Setiawan|first=Irvan|website=Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224212449/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/pindang-gunung/|archivedate=2023-02-24}}</ref> Ieu kadaharan téh sabenerna mah [[sop]] [[lauk]], ngan anu jadi ciri hasna nyaéta kuahna anu warna [[konéng]] jeung rasana beunghar ku bungbu-bungbu tradisional. Ieu kadaharan téh sabenerna resép basajan ti para [[pamayang]] anu hayang basajan ngolah lauk anu unggal poé aya di [[Dapur|dapurna]]. Lauk anu digunakeun bahan bakuna bébas, bisa lauk [[balong]] ([[guramé]] jeung [[kancra]]) atawa lauk laut. Tapi leuwih pédo mah lamun digunakeun lauk [[kakap beureum]], [[mangmung]], [[kerapu]], [[karokod]] jeung [[tongkol]]. Bungbu anu diperelukeun keur masak pindang gunung nyaéta [[konéng]], honjé, daun kadongdong, [[tarasi]] jeung [[céngék]]. Cara masakna, golakkeun heula cai dina [[panci]]. Lauk anu rék diasakan diberesihan heula tuluy dikeureutan luyu jeung kahayang. Réndos tarasi, konéng, uyah jeung céngék nepi ka lembut. Sanggeus cai ngagolak, asupkeun bahan anu geus diréndos tadi. Sangkan rasa bungbuna teu peuheur, saméméh diasupkeun cai dina panci kudu bener-bener ngagolak. Sanggeus kitu, asupkeun lauk. Utamakeun huluna heula sabab éta anu asakna rada lila. Geprék kembang honjé sacukupna asupkeun kana panci. Tungguan 15-20 menit. Pamungkas asupkeun daun kadongdong. Sanggeus cai ngagolak jeung lauk asak karasa hipu angkat pindahkeun kana [[piring]] saji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/pindang-gunung-di-kabupaten-pangandaran/|title=Pindang Gunung di Kabupaten Pangandaran|last=Somantri|first=Ria Andayani|website=Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224210637/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/pindang-gunung-di-kabupaten-pangandaran/|archivedate=2023-02-24}}</ref> [[Gambar:Nasi Liwet Jolem.jpg|jmpl|Liwet jolem ti Cijulang.]] ==== Liwet jolem ==== Liwet jolem asalna ti Kacamatan Cijulang, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Anu jadi ciri has tina ieu [[liwet]] ti batan jeung sangu liwet anu séjén nyaéta dipakéna [[oér]] atawa jantung [[cau kepok]] jeung [[cau siem]] keur bahan panambahna. Lian ti éta, lauk anu digunakeunana jaér [[guramé]] jeung kancra, lain [[peda]] jeung [[teri]] cara sangu liwet biasa. <ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.genpi.co/wisata/213/mencicipi-nasi-liwet-jolem-khas-cijulang-yang-bikin-ketagihan|title=GenPI.co|last=SISWANDINI|first=NOVIANTI|website=GenPI.co|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224220434/https://jabar.genpi.co/wisata/213/mencicipi-nasi-liwet-jolem-khas-cijulang-yang-bikin-ketagihan|archivedate=2023-02-24}}</ref> Bungbu anu digunakeun dina sangu liwet jolem nyaéta [[séréh]], [[tomat]],céngék jeung bungbu konéng anu geus diréndos. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.detik.com/berita-boga/d-5950279/juara-sedapnya-nasi-liwet-jolem-khas-pangandaran-topping-ikan-mas|title=Juara Sedapnya! Nasi Liwet Jolem Khas Pangandaran Topping Ikan Mas|last=Fadilah|first=Aldi Nur|website=detikfood|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224220437/https://food.detik.com/berita-boga/d-5950279/juara-sedapnya-nasi-liwet-jolem-khas-pangandaran-topping-ikan-mas|archivedate=2023-02-24}}</ref> Keur nambahan rasa, ieu sangu liwet leuwih ngeunah lamun didahar bareng jeung pencok kacang Ieu kadaharan biasana loba di rumah makan sabudeureun wisata basisir [[Batu Karas|batu karas]] jeung [[Cukang Taneuh|green canyon]].<ref name=":20" /> === Puseur Balanja === * Atlantik. Ieu tempat ayana di Jalan Raya Banjar-Pangandaran Nomer 16, Putrapinggan, Kacamatan Kalipucang, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Ieu toko kawilang kumplit jeung buka unggal poé [[senén]] nepi ka poé [[jumaah]] jam 07.00-22.00 WIB jeung poé minggu mah 24 jam. * Oléh-oléh Basisir Pangandaran téh ayana di Jalan Bulak Laut, Pananjung, Kacamatan Pangandaran, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Bukana unggal poé ti jam 07.00-22.00 WIB. * Owen Résto aya di Jalan Raya Babakan, Kacamatan Pangandaran, Kabupatén Pangandaran. Buka unggal poé ti jam 08.00 nepi ka 21.00 WIB. * Puseur oléh-oléh Pangandaran Ibu Ros anu aya di Kidang Pananjung No.133, Kacamatan Pangandaran, Kabupatén Pangandaran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/jendela-dunia/5-pusat-oleh-oleh-pangandaran-untuk-keluarga-tercinta-1yaYN7sjoUG|title=5 Pusat Oleh-Oleh Pangandaran untuk Keluarga Tercinta|last=Diah|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227035342/https://kumparan.com/jendela-dunia/5-pusat-oleh-oleh-pangandaran-untuk-keluarga-tercinta-1yaYN7sjoUG|archivedate=2023-02-27}}</ref> [[Gambar:JAGUNG.jpg|jmpl|Jagong hasil tani panglobana salian ti paré di Pangandaran.]] === Tatanén === Dina taun 2020, produksi tatanén [[sayuran]] taunan panglobana nyaéta [[bonténg]] 4.768 kintal. Ari produksi bungbuahan didominasi ku [[cau]] 118.532 kintal. pikeun tutuwuhan biopharma atawa anu miboga khasiat keur [[ubar]], produksi pangbadagna nyaéta [[kapulaga]] 4.486.649 kilogram jeung [[jahé]] anu lobana 90.704 kilogram. Keur kadaharan poko salian ti [[paré]] mah produksi panglobana nyaéta [[jagong]] nepi ka 11.857,11 Ton. Ieu di handap jumlah lahan [[sawah]] anu dikokolakeun ku masarakat di Pangandaran. Legana lahan sawah anu diolah di Kacamatan Cimerak aya 1427 héktar (9%), Kacamatan Sidamulih aya 1025 héktar (6%), Kacamatan Kalipucang aya 918 héktar (5%), Kacamatan Padahérang aya 3670 héktare (22%), Kacamatan Pangandaran aya 1095 héktar (5%), Kacamatan Mangunjaya aya 1761 héktar (11%), Kacamatan Parigi aya 2095 héktar (13%), Kacamatan Langkaplancar aya 2269 héktar (14%), Kacamatan Cijulang aya 1404 héktar (8%), Kacamatan Cigugur aya 899 héktar (5%). <ref name=":1" /> [[Gambar:Potongan daging sapi (1).JPG|jmpl|Daging sapi hasil ternak panggedéna di Pangandaran.]] === Ternak === Ingon-ingon anu loba dikukut di Kabupatén Pangandaran téh aya anu awakna gedé, leutik jeung jangjangan. Dina taun 2020, jumlah [[sapi]] potong 18.137, [[kuda]] 138, 318 [[munding]], [[embé]] 12.299 jeung 26.317 [[domba]]. Unggas anu dipiara téh nyaéta [[hayam]] endog, broiler campur, hayam ras, jeung [[éntog]]. Jumlah hayam endog aya 320.252, campuran broiler 297.072, hayam ras 338.177 jeung éntog aya 28.575. Ari produksi daging ingon-ingon pangbadagna nyaéta sapi anu lobana 662.696 kilogram. Produksi panggedéna daging sato anu jangjangan nyaéta hayam ras anu lobana 3.875.714 kilogram.<ref name=":1" /> == Transportasi == [[Gambar:Stasiun Banjar 2020.jpg|jmpl|Jalur karéta api ka Pangandaran ukur bisa diaksés nepi Stasion Banjar.]] Di Kabupatén Pangandaran panjang jalanna dina taun 2020 nyaéta 504,31 kilométer. Tina sakabéh panjangna jalan 78,77% dina kaayaan alus, 6,32% dina kaayaan sedeng, 3,87% dina kaayaan ruksak jeung11,04% dina kaayaan ruksak beurat.<ref name=":1" /> [[Gambar:Pangandaran Train (KLB 12412).jpg|jmpl|[[Gambar:KA Pangandaran Logo.jpg|jmpl|Plang Karéta Api Pangandaran-Bandung.]]Karéta Api Pangandaran.]] === Transportasi darat === Terminal téh di Kabupatén Pangandaran téh aya di Désa Pananjung, Kacamatan Pangandaran. Dina sapoé mobilisasi kandaraan di terminal téh nepi ka 60 unit [[angkutan]]. Angkutan pedésaan 20 angkutan, [[bus]] antar kota dalam provinsi (AKDP) aya 26 angkutan jeung bus antar kota antar provinsi (AKAP) aya 16 angkutan. [[Terminal Pangandaran]] kaasup kana tipe C anu bakal ditaékkeun statusna ku Pamaréntah Provinsi Jawa Kulon kana tipe B sanggeus diréhab deui.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/334924/rencana-pembangunan-terminal-pangandaran-dalam-tahap-kajian|title=Rencana Pembangunan Terminal Pangandaran dalam Tahap Kajian - TIMES Indonesia|last=Hilmansyah (MG-312)|first=Hilman|website=timesindonesia.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118164652/https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/334924/rencana-pembangunan-terminal-pangandaran-dalam-tahap-kajian|archivedate=2025-01-18}}</ref> Salian ti terminal aya ogé aksés ngagunakeun [[karéta api]] ti [[Stasion Banjar]]. Ngan ayeuna mah masih non-aktif kénéh. Baheula mah aya cabang jalur ti Stasion Banjar ka Pangandaran tuluy ka Cijulang, ngan kiwari keur ngalaman prosés réaktivasi ku [[pamaréntah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arahkata.pikiran-rakyat.com/berita/pr-1281478525/wow-reaktivasi-rel-ka-banjar-pangandaran-bakal-habiskan-rp1-triliun|title=Wow.. Reaktivasi Rel KA Banjar-Pangandaran Bakal Habiskan Rp1 Triliun|last=Novriansyah|first=Dudy|website=arahkata.pikiran-rakyat.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211120327/https://arahkata.pikiran-rakyat.com/berita/pr-1281478525/wow-reaktivasi-rel-ka-banjar-pangandaran-bakal-habiskan-rp1-triliun|archivedate=2022-02-11}}</ref> === Transportasi Udara === Di Pangandaran aya bandara nyaéta Nusawiru di Kacamatan Cijulang. Ieu bandara nyadiakeun jasa transportasi udara ti Pangandaran ka Bandung jeung Pangandaran ka Jakarta.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}}{{JaBar}} {{Kabupatén Pangandaran}} {{Indonesia-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kabupatén Pangandaran| ]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén di Jawa Kulon|Pangandaran]] [[Kategori:Artikel WikiMekar]] 1ubb5p6se344llyq0jkcyrqxvcl0f9j 0 39720 731616 666544 2026-11-07T21:01:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incubator|code= mak/Main Page}} {{Kotak info basa |name=Basa Makassar |nativename=ᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ{{br}}Mangkasara'{{br}} |states=[[Indonésia]] |region=[[Sulawesi Kidul]] |speakers=2.467.000{{citation needed}} |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=[[rungkun basa Melayu-Polinésia|Melayu-Polinésia]] |fam3=[[rungkun basa Sulawesi Kidul|Sulawesi Kidul]] |fam4=[[rungkun basa Makassar|Makassar]] |iso2=mak |iso3=mak |script=[[Lontara]], [[Latin]] }} '''Basa Makassar''', dilandi ogé '''Basa Mangkasara'''' nyaéta hiji [[basa]] nu dipaké ku [[Urang Makassar]], hiji grup étnis ti [[Sulawesi Kidul]], [[Indonésia]]. == Tumbu kaluar == * {{en}} [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lontara.htm Aksara Lontara jeung Makassar] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20251118000800/https://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2633r.pdf Aksara Lontara dina Unicode] * {{id}} [http://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Peribahasa_Bugis-Makassar Paribasa dina Basa Bugis jeung Makassar di Wikiquote] {{basa-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Makassar, Bahasa}} [[Kategori:Basa di Sulawesi Kidul|Makassar]] [[Kategori:basa di Indonésia|Makassar]] [[Kategori:Basa Melayu-Polinésia|Makassar]] [[Kategori:Basa wewengkon di Indonésia|Makassar]] 1nskwkyifuqjvgskgoe99ma8zqgv7go 0 40914 731674 728708 2026-11-07T23:36:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Eyjafjallajökull | other_name = Guðnasteinn <br> Hámundur | photo = Eyjafjallajokull Gigjokull in ash.jpg | photo_caption = Gígjökull, [[Morfologi glasiér|Saluran kaluar glasiér]] Eyjafjallajökull panglegana nu katutupan ku lebu vulkanis | elevation_m = 1651 | listing = | pronunciation = {{IPA-is|ˈeɪjaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥}} | location = [[Wewengkon Kidul (Islandia)|Suðurland]], [[Islandia]] | range = | map = Iceland | map_caption = Islandia | map_size = | label_position = | lat_d = 63 | lat_m = 37 | lat_s = 12 | lat_NS = N | long_d = 19 | long_m = 36 | long_s = 48 | long_EW = W | region = IS | coordinates_ref = <ref name="peakbagger">[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8834 "Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland"]. Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2013-08-09.</ref> | topo = | type = [[Stratovolkano]] | age = | volcanic_arc/belt = East Volcanic Zone | last_eruption = Maret tepi ka Juni 2010 | first_ascent = | easiest_route = }} [[File:Iceland volcano april 4 2010.JPG|thumb|right|Sawangan ti béh kaléreun Mýrdalsjökull, Fimmvörðuháls katut Eyjafjallajökull (ti kénca ka katuhu) dina 4 April 2010, dipoto ti luhurna 10,000&nbsp;méter (32,800&nbsp;suku)]] '''Eyjafjallajökull''' (dikecapkeun {{IPA-is|ˈeɪjaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥||Is-Eyjafjallajökull (3).oga}}; [[basa Islandia]] keur "glasiér Eyjafjöll") nyaéta salah sahiji [[lapisan és]] [[Islandia]] nu rada leutik, perenahna di béh kaléreun [[Skógar]], kuloneun [[Mýrdalsjökull]]. Ieu lapisan és téh nutupan [[kaldéra]] [[gunung api]] nu luhur ponclotna 1.651 méter (5.147 kaki). Ieu gunung api geus bitu rada mindeng ti [[période glasial pangahirna]], pangpandeurina mah bituna téh [[bituna Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010|taun 2010]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/eruptions/2010/03/increasing_signs_of_activity_a.php |title=Increasing signs of activity at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland: Eruptions |doi=10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.005 |publisher=Scienceblogs.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419024054/http://scienceblogs.com/eruptions/2010/03/increasing_signs_of_activity_a.php |archivedate=2010-04-19 }}</ref><ref name="BBC8621581">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8622978.stm |title=Iceland's volcanic ash halts flights in northern Europe |date=15 April 2010 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=15 April 2010}}</ref> ==Géografi== Eyjafjallajökull ngawengku hiji gunung api nu kabéhanana katutupan ku lapisan és. Ieu lapisan és nutupan hiji wewengkon nu legana kira-kira 100 km<sup>2</sup> (39 mil<sup>2</sup>), nu ngaluarkeun loba [[saluran kaluar glasiér]]. Saluran kaluar glasiér utama nyaéta di béh kalér; Gígjökull, ngalir ka Lónið, jeung Steinholtsjökull, ngalir deui ka Steinholtslón. Ieu glasiér téh panglegana ka-4 di Islandia mah.<ref name="vefur1">{{citation |url=http://iceland.vefur.is/iceland_nature/glaciers_in_iceland/eyjafjallajokull.htm |title=Eyjafjallajokull Glacier |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015083838/http://iceland.vefur.is/iceland_nature/glaciers_in_iceland/eyjafjallajokull.htm |accessdate=2014-09-17 |archivedate=2013-10-15 }}</ref> Dina taun 1967 aya urug gedé dina bojong glasial. Dina tanggal 16 Januari 1967 jam 13:47:55 (atawa 1:47:55 PM) aya kajadian bitu dina glasiér. Ieu kajadian bisa karékam wancina alatan séismometer-séismometer di Kirkjubæjarklaustur ngamonitor ieu gerakan. Nalika kurang leuwih {{convert|15000000|m3|0|abbr=off}} material nabrak glasier éta, sajumlah gedé udara, és, katut cai mimiti bagerak ti handapeun glasiér kaluar ka laguna nu aya dina suku glasiér.<ref name="vefur1"/> Gunungna sorangan mah, mangrupa hiji [[stratovolkano]], nu titik pangluhurna mah luhurna {{convert|1651|m|ft}}, tur boga hiji [[Kawah vulkanis|kawah]] nu gurat tengahna {{convert|3|–|4|km|mi}}, muka ka béh kaler. Biwir kawahna boga tilu punclut, nyaéta (saarah jeung jarum jam ti kalér wétan) Guðnasteinn, {{convert|1500|m|ft}} (kurang leuwih), Hámundur, {{convert|1651|m|ft}} jeung Goðasteinn, {{convert|1497|m|ft}} <!-- ref>[http://atlas.lmi.is/kortasafn_kort/2001-540-qv.jpg Map of area]</ref -->. Beungeut kidul ieu gunung mangrupa hiji bagéan tina [[basisir]] [[Atlantik]] Islandia, nu salila mangrébu-rébu taun, lautna geus mundur {{convert|5|km|mi}}. Basisir saméméhna mah kiwari mangrupa jungkrang nu lewang kalayan sababaraha [[curug]], nu pangkasohorna mah [[Skógafoss]]. Nalika angin kenceng, cai tina curug-curug nu leuwih leutik malah bisa katiup naék deui ka gunung. Wewengkon antara gunung jeung basisir kiwari mangrupa hiji amparan nu rélatif datar, legana {{convert|2|to|5|km|0|abbr=in}}, katelahna Eyjafjöll. Ieu gunung api eusina hiji [[rohangan magma]] di sahandapeun gunung, nu asalna tina [[wates nu béda|perbédaan]] [[lémpéng téktonik|téktonik]] [[Tonggong Atlantik Tengah]]. Ieu gunung téh bagéan tina ranté pagunungan nu manjang sapanjang Islandia. Tatangga-tatangga pangdeukeutna nu aktif nyaéta [[Gunung api Katla|Katla]], di béh kalér wétan, jeung [[Eldfell]], di [[Heimaey]], di béh kidul kuloneunanan. Ieu gunung api sacara géologis dianggep boga hubungan jeung Katla, sabab lamun Eyjafjallajökull bitu, biasana dituluykeun ku bituna Katla. [[File:Iceland Eyjafjallajökull from Sólheimajökull.JPG|thumb|left|Eyjafjallajökull bulan Maret 2006, ditempo to hiji wewengkon wisata di Sólheimajökull, glasiér di gunung api Katla.]] Gunung api Eyjafjallajökull bitu taun 920, 1612 tuluy ti 1821 tepi ka 1823 nalika nyababkeun [[caah nyebrot situ glasial]] atawa [[jökulhlaup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16567&ew_0_a_id=360723 |title="Last Eyjafjallajökull Eruption Lasted Two Years", Iceland Review |publisher=Icelandreview.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713001426/http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16567&ew_0_a_id=360723 |archivedate=2011-07-13 }}</ref> [[Bituna Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010|Bitu tilu kali taun 2010]] nyaéta tanggal 20 Maret, April–Méi, sarta Juni. Kajadian bulan Maret mah nyababkeun évakuasi gegedéan kira-kira 500 urang lokal,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/gallery/2010/apr/01/iceland-volcano-tourist-trips |title="Iceland's hottest ticket&nbsp;— volcano tourism", The |publisher=Guardian |date= 1 April 2010|accessdate=2010-04-18 | location=London | first=Tom | last=Robbins}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Associated Press |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/21/volacno-erupts-iceland |title="Volcano erupts in Iceland" ''Hundreds of people evacuated from areas near glacier but no immediate reports of damage or injuries'', The |publisher=Guardian |date=2010-03-25 |accessdate=2010-04-18 | location=London}}</ref> tapi bitu tanggal 14 April mah sapuluh tepi ka dua puluh kalieun leuwih kuat sarta nyababkeun [[Gangguan perjalanan udara sanggeus bituna Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010|gangguan gedé kana lalu lintas udara]] di sakabéh [[Éropah]]. Nyababkeun dibolaykeunanan rébuan penerbangan di Éropah katut Islandia. ==Étimologi== Ieu ngaran hartina "[[glasiér]]" (atawa ciplesna mah hartina "[[tutup és]]") Eyjafjöll. Kecap ''jökull'', nu hartina glasiér atawa tutup és, mangrupa [[basa nu sakulawarga]] jeung kecap [[Basa Inggris Panengah]] ''ikel'' nu aya dina ''-icle'' dina basa Inggris ''[[wikt:icicle|icicle]]''). ''Eyjafjöll'' mangrupa ngaran nu dilélér pikeun sisi kidul gunung katut gunung-gunung leutik nu ngawangun suku gunung. ''Eyjafjöll'' asalna tina kecap ''eyja'' (jamak tina ''ey'', nu hartina ''[[wikt:eyot|eyot]]'' atawa ''[[wikt:island|island]]''), jeung kecap jamak ''fjöll'', hartina ''[[wikt:fell#Etymology 3|fells]]'' atawa ''[[wikt:mountain|pagunungan]]''), lamun dihijikeun sacara literal hartina: "pagunungan di kapuloan". Ieu ngaran meureun nujul kana kapuloan [[Vestmannaeyjar]] nu aya di deukeuteunana. Kecap ''fjalla'' mangrupa jamak génitif tina ''fjöll'', jadi ''Eyjafjalla'' mangrupa wangun génitif tina ''Eyjafjöll'' nu hartina: "tina Eyjafjöll". Tarjamah literal bagéan demi bagéan tina ''Eyjafjallajökull'' baris jadi "tutup és Pagunungan di Kapuloan". Eyjafjallajökull kadang-kadang ditujulkeun kana ''[[numeronym]]'' "E15".<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.034|noedit}}</ref> == Géologi == [[File:Volcanic system of Iceland-Map-en.svg|thumb|right|Wewengkon katut sistem vulkanis aktif di Islandia]] Ieu [[stratovolcano]], nu liang-liangna miturut kana trén wétan-kulon, kawangun ku [[lava]] [[basalt]] tepi ka [[andesite]]. lolobana bitu historisna mangrupa [[bitu éksplosif]].<ref>{{cite gvp|title=Eyjafjallajökull: Eruptive History|vnum= 1702-02=&volpage=erupt|accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> Sok sanajan kitu, [[liang nu rengat]] aya dina kadua sisina (utamana béh kulon).<ref>{{cite gvp|title=Eyjafjallajökull: Summary|vnum= 1702-02=|accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> ===Bitu taun 1821 tepi ka 1823=== Sababaraha karuksakan disababkeun ku bitu leutik taun 1821.<ref name=larsen>{{cite book|last=Larsen|first=G.|year=1999|title=Gosið í Eyjafjallajökli 1821–1823|trans_title=The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 1821–1823|publisher=Science Institute|id=Research Report RH-28-99|page=13|location=Reykjavík|url=http://www2.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/swdocument/1015722/RH-28-1999_GLarsen-Eyj%C3%B6kull.pdf|format=PDF|language=Icelandic|archive-url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20101122162525/http://www2.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/swdocument/1015722/RH-28-1999_GLarsen-Eyjökull.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-22|accessdate=2014-09-17}}</ref> Hususna, lebu nu kaluar alatan bitu ngandung pecahan [[florida]] nu loba, nu lamun dosisna loba mah bisa ngabahyakeun struktur tulang sato piaraan, kuda, domba, katut manusa. Ieu bitu ogé nyababkeun [[gerakan glasiér]] leutik jeung sedeng sarta caah di walungan [[Markarfljót]] jeung [[Holtsá]] nu aya deukeuteunana. Fase éruptif dimimitian tanggal 19 jeung 20 Désémber 1821 ku ayana bitu éksplosif nu tumuluy tepi ka sababaraha poé. Sumber-sumber nerangkeun yén [[lebu ragragan]] kacida kandelna di wewengkon sabudeureun gunung api, hususna ka béh kidul jeung kulon.<ref name=larsen/> Sanggeus kajadian éta, runtuyan bitu nu leuwih leutik tumuluy tepi ka bulan Juni 1822. Ti ahir Juni nepikeun ka awal Agustus 1822, runtuyan bitu lianna nuturkeun. Kolom bituna luhur pisan, kalayan lebu ragragan tepi ka jauh béh kalér nagara, di [[Eyjafjörður]], sarta béh kidul kulon, di bojong [[Seltjarnarnes]] deukeuteun [[Reykjavík]]. Période ti Agustus tepi ka Désémber 1822 katingalina mah leuwih simpé, tapi para patani mah matalikeun paraéhna lembu jeung domba di wewengkon Eyjafjörður jeung karacunan alatan bitu, nu ari analisis modéren mah ngidéntifikasi ieu kajadian téh minangka [[karacunan florida]]. Sababaraha glasiér leutik leupas ka walungan Holtsá. Nu leuwih gedéna mah nyaahan dataran deukeuteun walungan Markarfljót. Sumberna teu netepkeun tanggal pasti. Dina taun 1823, sababaraha urang lalaki naék ka Eyjafjallajökull pikeun mariksa [[kawah vulkanis|kawah]]na. Maranéhanana manggihan hiji [[liang rengat]] deukeuteun [[kaldéra]] poncot béh kulon deukeuteun ''Guðnasteinn''. Dina taun 1823 awal, gunung api deukeuteunana, [[gunung api Katla|Katla]] sahandapeun lapisan és [[Mýrdalsjökull]] bitu tur dina wanci nu babarengan, kolom sa'abna katempo dina poncot Eyjafjallajökull. Lebu tina bitu Eyjafjallajökull taun 1821 kapanggih di sakabéh wewengkon kidul Islandia. Kelirna kulawu kolot, keusik jeung [[koral]]na ngandung [[silikon dioksida]] 28–40%. ===Bitu taun 2010=== {{Main|Bituna Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010|Pangaruh bituna Eyjafjallajökull bulan April 2010|Gangguan angkutan udara sanggeus bituna Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010}} [[File:Eyjafjallajökull Glacier - 29.8.09.jpg|thumb|alt=A |Poto Eyjafjallajökull, dicokot ti [[Rute 1 (Islandia)|Rute 1]] bulan Agustus 2009]] Bulan April 2010, [[aktivitas séismik]] katangén di wewengkon ieu gunung api, ku ayana mangrébu-rébu [[lini]] leutik (lolobananana magnitudona 1–2 [[skala magnitudo Richter]], ukur saeutik nu leuwih gedé ti 3 magnitudo) {{convert|7|–|10|km|mi}} di handapeun ieu gunung api.<ref>Pulo-pulo Veðurstofa (5 Maret 2010) {{cite web | title=Jarðskjálftahrina undir Eyjafjallajökli | work=Veðurstofa Ísland (The Meteorological Institute of Iceland)|url=http://www.vedur.is/um-vi/frettir/2010/nr/1831}}</ref> Dina ping 26 Pébruari 2010, peta séismik nu teu wajar dibarengan ku ngalegaanana kulit bumi kacida gancangna nu kadaptar ku [[Institut Météorologi Islandia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fasteignaskrá measurement tools|url=http://skra.is/default.aspx?pageid=943|accessdate=2014-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328095226/http://www.skra.is/default.aspx?pageid=943|archivedate=2015-03-28}}</ref> Ieu téh ngabuktikeun ka [[ahli géofisika]] yén magma ngocor ti handapeun kulit bumi ka [[rohangan magma]] gunung api Eyjafjallajökull sarta tekananana ngakar tina prosés nu nyababkeun pindahna kulit bumi di daérah pertanian Þorvaldseyri.<ref>Morgublaðið (26.02.2010) {{cite web |title=Innskot undir Eyjafjallajökli|work=Morgunblaðið|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2010/02/26/innskot_undir_eyjafjallajokli/}}</ref> Aktivitas séismik tumuluy ngagedéan sarta ti saprak 3–5 Maret, ampir 3,000 lini kauukur dina épiséntrum ieu gunung api. <!-- The eruption is thought to have begun on 20 March 2010, about {{convert|8|km|mi}} east of the top crater of the volcano, on [[Fimmvörðuháls]], the high neck between Eyjafjallajökull and the neighboring icecap, Mýrdalsjökull. This first eruption, in the form of a [[fissure vent]], did not occur under the glacier and was smaller in scale than had been expected by some geologists. The fissure opened on the north side of Fimmvörðuháls, directly across the popular hiking trail between Skógar, south of the pass, and [[Þórsmörk]], immediately to the north. [[File:Fimmvorduhals 2010 03 27 dawn.jpg|thumb|left|The eruption on 27 March 2010]] [[File:Eyjafjallajökull crater 2013.jpg|thumb|left|The crater three years post eruption in March 2013]] On 14 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull resumed erupting after a brief pause, this time from the top crater in the centre of the glacier, causing [[jökulhlaup]] (also known as [[meltwater]] floods) to rush down the nearby rivers, and requiring 800 people to be evacuated.<ref name="BBC8621581"/> This eruption was explosive in nature, due to melt water getting into the volcanic vent. It was estimated to be ten to twenty times larger than the previous one in [[Fimmvörðuháls]]. This second eruption threw volcanic ash several kilometres up in the atmosphere which led to [[Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption|air travel disruption]] in northwest Europe for six days from 15 April to 21 April 2010 and also in May 2010,{{Clarify|date=May 2011}} including the closure of [[airspace]] over many parts of Europe.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8636461.stm BBC: Row grows over airspace shutdown costs, 22 April 2010]</ref> The eruptions also created [[dirty thunderstorm|electrical storms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36645958?GT1=43001|title=‘Dirty thunderstorm’: Lightning in a volcano}}</ref> On 23 May 2010, the London Volcanic Ash Advisory Commission declared the eruption to have stopped, but stated that they were continuing to monitor the volcano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/aviation/vaac/vaacuk.html|title=Met Office: Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres}}</ref> The volcano continued to have several earthquakes daily, with [[Volcanologist]]s watching the volcano closely.<ref name="en.vedur.is">{{cite web|url=http://en.vedur.is/earthquakes-and-volcanism/earthquakes/myrdalsjokull/ |title=Iceland Meteorological office – Earthquakes Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland |publisher=En.vedur.is |date= |accessdate=2013-03-26}}</ref> As of August 2010, Eyjafjallajökull was considered dormant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/archive/2010/volcano-pauses |title=Iceland volcano ‘pauses’ |date= |accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref>--> <!-- ************************************************************** * * * Please consider adding new information to the main article * * located at [[2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull]] instead * * of adding it here. * * * *************************************************************** --> <!-- ===Relationship to Katla=== [[File:Eyjafjallajökull en Katla.png|thumb|400px|right| Cross section through Eyjafjöll and Katla]] Eyjafjallajökull lies {{convert|25|km|0|abbr=on}} west of another subglacial volcano, [[Katla volcano|Katla]], under the [[Mýrdalsjökull]] ice cap, which is much more active and known for its powerful [[subglacial eruption]]s and its large magma chamber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/15943975?story_id=15943975&source=features_box2 |title=Green.view: Back into the clouds |publisher=The Economist |date=2010-04-16 |accessdate=2010-04-22}}</ref> Each of the eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in 920, 1612, and 1821–1823 has preceded an eruption of Katla.<ref name="icelandprepares">{{cite news|title=Iceland prepares for second, more devastating volcanic eruption|publisher=TimesOnline|author=Roger Boyes|accessdate=21 March 2010|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7070239.ece | location=London | date=21 March 2010}}</ref> Katla has not displayed any unusual activity (such as expansion of the crust or seismic activity) during the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, though geologists have been concerned about the general instability of Katla since 1999. Some geophysicists in Iceland believe that the Eyjafjallajökull eruption may trigger an eruption of Katla, which would cause major flooding due to melting of glacial ice and send up massive plumes of ash.<ref name="icelandprepares"/><ref>Kastljósið 22.3.2010, Sjónvarpið, "Viðtal við Dr. Pál Einarsson, jarðeðlisfræðing"</ref> On 20 April 2010 Icelandic President [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson|Ólafur Grímsson]] said "the time for Katla to erupt is coming close...we [Iceland] have prepared...it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8631343.stm BBC Newsnight interview with President Grímsson of Iceland, 20 April 2010]</ref> Volcanologists continue to monitor Katla, aware that any eruption from Katla following an eruption from Eyjafjallajökull has historically occurred within months of an Eyjafjallajökull eruption. The Icelandic Meteorological Office updates its website with reports of quakes both at Eyjafjallajökull and Katla.<ref name="en.vedur.is"/> A small eruption of Katla was confirmed on 8 July 2011 after a harmonic tremor was detected. The event produced cracks on Katla's glacier and a [[jökulhlaup]] that destroyed a bridge on the [[Ring Road (Iceland)|Ring Road]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-03=&volpage=weekly|title=Weekly Reports|work=Katla|publisher=Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program}}</ref> --> == Tempo ogé == * [[Glaciers of Iceland|Glasiér di Islandia]] * [[Volcanism of Iceland|Vulkanisme di Islandia]] * [[Waterfalls of Iceland|Curug di Islandia]] * [[Ragnar Th. Sigurdsson]] nu moto bituna gunung Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010 {{portal bar|Géografi|Géologi}} == Rujukan == {{Reflist|colwidth=32em}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons category|Eyjafjallajökull}} {{Wikinews2|Ash from Iceland volcano could affect UK flights|European airspace closed by volcanic ash|Volcanic eruption starts on top of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland|Icelandic volcanic eruption prompts evacuation, flight diversions|Europe's airline chaos: in depth}} ; Poto * [http://www.eyjafjallajokull.com/ Poto katut vidio ti Eyjafjallajökull] * [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=43252 Gambar satelit nalika bitu taun 2010 yasana NASA] * [http://www.millhouse.nl/eyjafjallajokull/ Poto bitu taun 2010 yasana Fred Kamphues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418185156/http://www.millhouse.nl/eyjafjallajokull/ |date=2010-04-18 }} * [http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/5137 Kumpulan gambar satelit ti Blog Satelit CIMSS] * [http://lostinstockholm.com/2010/04/16/amazing-photos-from-the-volcanic-eruption-in-iceland/ Koléksi Poto Panghadéna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709151026/http://lostinstockholm.com/2010/04/16/amazing-photos-from-the-volcanic-eruption-in-iceland/ |date=2012-07-09 }} * [http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/04/more_from_eyjafjallajokull.html More from Eyjafjallajökull – Gambar Badag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525085824/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/04/more_from_eyjafjallajokull.html |date=2013-05-25 }} * [http://www.raw.is/?cat=4 Poto-poto ku Raw Iceland], hiji organisasi basis Reykjavík nu ngorganisir poto wisata amatir jeung profésional ka ieu gunung api. ; Vidio jeung webcam * [[2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull#Webcams|Webcam nalika bitu]] * [http://vimeo.com/11008464 Vidio pondok 17 April 2010. Kurang leuwih 30 menit diputer salila 18 detik.] * [http://www.flickr.com/photos/iriya/4526241556/ Video bitu munggaran 2010] * [http://www.vimeo.com/10548285 Video bitu munggaran 2010 yasana Raw Iceland] * [http://www.helicoptericeland.com/volcano-tour-eyjafjallajokull/ Video sanggeus bituna Eyjafjallajokull. Dicokot 28 Juli 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718182351/http://www.helicoptericeland.com/volcano-tour-eyjafjallajokull/ |date=2010-07-18 }} * [http://www.vimeo.com/11122783 Saurang kru pilem badarat di Eyjafjallajokull salila bitu 2010] ; Audio * [http://www.binauralairwaves.com/2008/12/icelandic-waterfall-in-fall-2008.html Gunung api Eyjafjallajökull: Curug Seljalandsfoss (rékaman keur dua ceuli optimal keur headpon)] ; Artikel géologis * [http://www.jardvis.hi.is/page/jheyjafjallajokull Universitas Islandia: Sajarah Eyjafjallajökull] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907091633/http://www.jardvis.hi.is/page/jheyjafjallajokull |date=2009-09-07 }} {{is icon}} * [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7W57-4X83J77-7&_user=713833&_origUdi=B6VCS-4XH0MNS-2&_fmt=high&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000039878&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=713833&md5=905703f9b1f300b531ddaf11e2fc50fa Géologi gunung api Katla jeung Eyjafjallajökull, Universitas Islandia] * [http://www.vedur.is/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_013.pdf Jalur magma jeung lini di Eyjafjallajökull, Institut Météorologi Islandia (PDF)] * [http://www.evropusamvinna.is/solofile/1015933 Institut Élmu Bumi&nbsp;– Bitu di Eyjafjallajökull] {{Webarchive|url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100809191050/www.evropusamvinna.is/solofile/1015933 |date=2010-08-09 }} (laporan status bitu poéan) * [http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm#eyjafjol Laporan Aktivitas Vulkanis Mingguan SI / USGS keur Eyjafjallajökull] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112102231/http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm#eyjafjol |date=2005-11-12 }} ; Perkiraan lebu penerbangan * [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/aviation/vaac/vaacuk_vag.html Perkiraan Grafis Lebu Vulkanis keur wewengkon Atlantik Kalér] * [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/corporate/pressoffice/2010/volcano/ashconcentration/ Peta Konséntrasi Lebu Vulkanis keur wewengkon Atlantik Kalér] ; Peta * [http://www.lmi.is/Files/Skra_0041261.pdf Peta wewengkon Iceland National Land Survey] {{Webarchive|url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100813154030/www.lmi.is/Files/Skra_0041261.pdf |date=2010-08-13 }} * [http://atlas.lmi.is/kortasafn_kort/2001-540-qv.jpg Peta kontur] {{Glaciers of Iceland}} {{2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eyjafjallajokull}} [[Kategori:Eyjafjallajökull|*]] [[Kategori:Islandia Kidul]] [[Kategori:Gunung api di Islandia]] [[Kategori:Gunung api aktif]] [[Kategori:Stratovolkano]] [[Kategori:Gunung api VEI-4]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon Vulanis Kidul di Islandia]] 7sp9vhitlavhg79mslgmsilhurk8b5y 0 42490 731698 681343 2026-11-08T02:03:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731698 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ismail Marzuki.jpg|thumb|300px|Ismail Marzuki]] '''Ismail Marzuki''' ({{lahirmati|[[Batavia]], [[Hindia Walanda]]|11|5|1914|[[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]]|25|5|1958}}) nyaéta saurang [[komponis]] anu aktif tur produktif nyieunan komposisi [[lagu]] anu lolobana watek [[lagu]]na téh [[nasionalis]]-[[romantis]].<ref name="hiji">profil.<!--ok-->merdeka<!--ok-->.<!--ok-->com. 2014. ''Ismail Marzuki''. Merdeka: [http://profil.merdeka.com/indonesia/i/ismail-marzuki/ Index Profil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224184443/http://profil.merdeka.com/indonesia/i/ismail-marzuki |date=2014-12-24 }}.</ref> Anjeunna bisa disebut minangka [[komposer]] panaratas anu sénior.<ref name="hiji"/> Minangka tukang nyipta lagu, Ismail Mazuki nyaéta jalma anu neundeun dasar gaya nyanyian "Karesep [[Indonésia]]" nu satemenna dina [[lagu]]-[[lagu]] kasohor [[Indonésia]].<ref name="hiji"/> Gaya populer jeung [[irama]] [[lagu]]-[[lagu]]na anu salsé jadi hiji modél anu diturutan ku para tukang nyipta [[musik]] nyanyian [[Indonésia]] dina zamanna nika taun [[1980]]-an.<ref name="hiji"/> ==Lalakon hirup== Ku sakumna dulur jeung sobat dalitna, Ismail Marzuki biasa nelah disebut Mail atawa Maing.{{fact}} Maing kaasup kana saguliwek masarakat pribumi anu dianggap cukup kadidik dina mangsa harita.<ref name="dua">Indrawati, Dewi. dkk. 2008. ''Aktif Berbahasa Indonesia SMP/SMT kelas 7''. Jakarta: Depdiknas.</ref> [[Bakat]]-[[bakat]] [[musik]]na geus katara ti keur leutik mula.{{fact}} Sababaraha [[lagu]] munggaranna dijieun nalika anjeunna masih kénéh umur 17 taun. Anjeunna mahér maénkeun sarupaning [[instrumen]] [[musik]], saperti [[gitar]], [[akordéon]], [[flute]], [[saxophone]], [[klarinét]], jeung [[piano]].<ref name="dua"/> Anjeunna ogé kasohor minangka tukang ngawih [[musik]] [[hiburan]] jeung [[keroncong]].<ref name="dua"/> ==Orkés Studio PPRK== Sakumaha umumna para pa[[musik]] dina zamanna, anjeunna loba icikibung di dunya hiburan [[musik]] liwat [[studio]] [[radio]] jeung tempat-tempat hajatan [[musik]] umum.<ref name="dua"/> Anjeunna ngahiji jeung [[Muziek Verenenging Lief Java]] ogé [[Hawaiian Band The Sweet Java Inlanders]].<ref name="dua"/> Ismail Marzuki kawilang aktif di [[radio]] [[NIROM]], [[BRV]], [[VORO]], jeung [[Perserikatan Perhimpunan Radio Ketimuran]] ([[PPRK]]). Babarengan jeung inohong-inohong [[musik]] [[keroncong]], saperti [[M. Sagi]], [[M. Sardi]], [[Soetodjo]], jeung [[Koesbini]], anjeunna ngadegkeun orkés studio [[PPRK]] anu utamana mah maénkeun [[lagu]]-[[lagu]] [[Indonésia]] populér jeung [[musik]] [[keroncong]].<ref name="dua"/> ==Panaratas ''Bintang Radio'' == Dina mangsa pangawasaan [[Jepang]], Ismail Marzuki ogé aktif minangka pamusik di Orkés [[Radio]] [[Hosso Kanri Kyeku]] babarengan jeung para pa[[musik]] sazamanna, saperti [[Koesbini]], [[Binsar Sitompul]], [[Amir Pasaribu]], jeung [[Soedharnoto]].<ref name="dua"/> Babarengan jeung maranéhanana ogé, Ismail Marzuki jadi salah saurang panaratas kawangunna [[Orkes Studio Jakarta]] jeung pasanggiri [[musik]] [[vokal]] nasional ''Bintang Radio'' pasca–[[Proklamasi Kamerdikaan RI]].<ref name="dua"/> ==Seniman pajuang== Sakumaha pa[[musik]] dina zamanna, sumanget kabangsaan Ismail Marzuki pikeun merjuangkeun kamerdikaan ogé kacida gedéna.<ref name="dua"/> Anjeunna ogé kasohor minangka "Seniman Pajoang" anu loba nyiptakeun [[lagu]]-[[lagu]] pajuangan jeung cinta lemah cai. [[Lagu]]-[[lagu]]na anu geus jadi ikon [[lagu]]-[[lagu]] pajoangan nyaéta [[Hallo Hallo Bandung]], [[Kopral Jono]], [[Sepasang Mata Bola]], [[Selendang Sutera]], [[Sapu Tangan dari Bandung Selatan]], [[Melati di Tapal Batas]], [[Selamat Jalan Pahlawan Muda]], [[Juwita Malam]], [[Gugur Bunga di Taman Bhakti]], [[Nyiur Melambai]], [[Tanah Pusaka]], jeung [[Rayuan Pulau Kelapa]].<ref name="dua"/> ==Panaratas musik modérn== [[Lagu]]-[[lagu]] Ismail Marzuki geus ngilhaman arah [[lagu]] jeung warna panyiptaan [[lagu]]-[[lagu]], [[musik]], [[radio]] jeung [[musik pop]] [[Indonésia]] nika taun [[1980]]-an.<ref name="dua"/> Ismail Marzuki geus nempatkeun diri manéhna minangka salah saurang panaratas dina ngembangna [[musik]] [[modérn]] di [[Indonésia]].<ref name="dua"/> Saméméh tilar dunya, dina taun [[1957]] anjeunna nyiptakeun karyana anu pamungkas. Dina taun [[1968]] pamaréntah [[DKI Jakarta]] ngaabadikeun ngaranna pikeun hiji puseur kasenian Jakarta anu dipikawanoh ku ngaran [[Taman Ismail Mazuki]] ([[TIM]]).<ref name="dua"/> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Inohong Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] 56bf9178fsfogz9el3gbid1c19hh575 0 42522 731742 708265 2026-11-08T05:37:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731742 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Компост та кури.jpg|jmpl|ka]] '''Kompos''' nyaéta hasil parsial dékomposisi / teu lengkep tina campuran bahan organik nu bisa digancangan sacara artifisial ku rupa-rupa populasi mikroba dina kondisi lingkungan nu haneut, beueus , jeung ''aérobik'' atawa anaérobik ( ''modifikasi'' tina JH Crawford , 2003 ). Nyieun kompos pikeun ngatur ogé ngajaga prosés alami nepika kompos bisa ngajadi leuwih gancang. Prosés ieu ngawengku ti mimiti nyieun bahan campuran anu saimbang, cai anu cukup, ''aeration'', jeung kompos ''aktivator'' <ref>[http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompos Nyieun kompos]</ref>. Dina prakna éta kabéh ''prosés'' disebutna ''composting'' tayalian bahan ''organik'' anu ''dékomposisi'' sacara ''biologis'', utamana ku mikroba nu ngagunakeun zat [[organik]] salaku ''sumber'' ''énergina''. === Rupa-rupa Kompos === [[File:Total-applied-phosphorous-crops (OWID 1035).png|thumb|300px|Grafik pamakéan fosfor ($P$) dumasar kana jinis pepelakan. Fosfor mangrupa unsur hara penting dina [[gemuk]] pikeun kamekaran akar sarta buah.]] Kompos bisa ditempo tina tilu aspék: * Tina prosés nyieuna, nyaéta aya kompos ''aérobik'' jeung ''anaérobik''. * Tina ''dékomposer''na, aya kompos nu maké mikro [[organisme]], aya ogé anu maké ''aktivitas'' makro organismena. * Tina Wanguna aya amu padet sarta aya ogé cairan. Di dieu aya sababaraha conto tina ilahar dipaké kompos .<ref>[http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html Wangun kompos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216164246/http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html |date=2014-12-16 }}</ref>. ==Pedaran== # kompos [[aérobik]]; ngaliwatan hiji prosés [[biokimia]] ngaliwatan oksigén. Bahan atah utama tayalian composting aérobik tina résidu pamotongan, kandang sato atawa campuran duanana. Prosés produks nyokot 40-50 poé. Panjang waktu gumantung kana ''tipe pengurai'' dékomposisi sarta ''bahan baku'' gemuk.<ref>[http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html Komposting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216164246/http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html |date=2014-12-16 }}</ref> # Bérak Bokashi; gemuk [[Bokashi]] nyaéta salah sahiji anaérobik kompos paling kawentar. Ciri gemuk bokashi perenahna di ''tipe inoculant'' dipaké pikeun ''starter'' na, mikro organisme éféktif ( EM4 ). Inoculant diwangun ku campuran rupa-rupa mikroorganisme anu bisa ''decompose'' pilihan bahan [[organik]] gancang jeung éféktif.<ref>[http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html gemuk Bokashi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216164246/http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html |date=2014-12-16 }}</ref> # ''Vermicompost''; mangrupa salah sahiji produk kompos nu ''utilizes'' makroorganisme salaku ''pengurai''. Makroorganisme dipaké nyaéta [[earthworms]] ''tipe Lumbricus'' atawa ''tipe'' séjén. ''Vermicompost'' dijieun kalayan bahan [[organik]] salaku cara nyadiakeun eupan ka ''earthworms'' . Kandang éarthworm anu dihasilkeun disebut ''vermicompost'' . Tipe lianna [[organisme]] nu bisa dipaké pikeun nyieun kompos tayalian ti bilatung.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html |title=mikro organisme Vermicompost |accessdate=2015-01-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216164246/http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html |archivedate=2014-12-16}}</ref> # Bérak ''Cair Organik'' / Gemuk éncér Organik (POC) ; Kompos anu dijieun gemuk organik cairan ku ''composting'' baseuh. Prosésna bisa lumangsung kalawan ''aerobically'' atawa lumangsung ''anaérob''. gemuk organik éncér loba dijieun sabab leuwih gampang diserep ku tutuwuhan. Tina sawatara prakték, pupuk organik cairan leuwih ''efektif'' dibikeun daun ti di akar (iwal dina sistim hydroponic ). Nyemprot pupuk organik cair dina daun kudu maké dosis nu bener. Dosing kaleuleuwihan baris ngabalukarkeun withering daun gancang.[http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216164246/http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html |date=2014-12-16 }} ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== *[http://alamtani.com/pupuk-kompos.html|gemuk Bokashi]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{id}}[http://hortikultura.go.id/ Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura - Departemen Pertanian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905033443/http://www.hortikultura.go.id/ |date=2011-09-05 }} *{{id}}[http://agrohort.ipb.ac.id/ Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura IPB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023125820/http://agrohort.ipb.ac.id/ |date=2012-10-23 }} *{{id}}[http://beritahortikultura.blogspot.com/ Berita Hortikultura] *{{en}}[http://horticulture.kar.nic.in Karnataka State Horticulture Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820184011/http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/ |date=2017-08-20 }} *{{en}}[http://horticulture.wisc.edu/ University of Wisconsin Department of Horticulture] *{{en}}[http://hort.cals.cornell.edu/ Department of Horticulture] *{{en}}[http://bes-solutions.com/horticulture/ Horticulture PAC]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Agronomi]] [[Kategori:Tatanén]] eq4k52cdb21e6qi0le774bx5wlpwar3 0 42880 731583 624455 2026-11-07T17:10:29Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Apicomplexa | image = Malaria.jpg|Plasmodium | image_caption = False-colored electron micrograph of a ''Plasmodium'' sp. sporozoite. | domain = Eukariota | regnum = Chromalveolata | superphylum = Alveolata | phylum = '''Apicomplexa''' | phylum_authority = Levine, 1970<ref name="Levine1970">{{cite journal |author=Levine ND |chapter=Taxonomy of the Sporozoa |title=Proceedings Of the Second International Congress of Parasitology |journal=J Parasitol |volume=56 |issue=4, Sect. 2, Part 1: Suppl. |pages=208–9 |year=1970 |jstor=3277701 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Levine ND |title=Uniform Terminology for the Protozoan Subphylum Apicomplexa |journal=J Eukaryot Microbiol |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=352–5 |date=May 1971 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.1971.tb03330.x |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1971.tb03330.x/abstract}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Classes & Subclasses <small>Perkins, 2000</small> | subdivision = *[[Aconoidasida]] (without [[conoid (organelle)|conoid]]) *[[Conoidasida]] (with conoid) **[[Coccidia]] or [[Coccidiasina]] **[[Gregarinia]] or [[Gregarinasina]] }} '''Apicomplexa '''atawa sakapeung sok disebut '''Sporozoa '''([[basa Latin]], ''spore = [[siki]], zoa = [[sato]]'') nyaéta kelompok protista unisélulér nu siklus hirupna miboga wangun siga spora. Apicomplexa teu mibanda alat gerak. Sakabéh apicomplexa hirup minangka [[parasit]] dina awak [[sato]] jeung [[manusa]].<ref name=":0">Aryulina, Dian. 2006. Biologi SMA dan MA untuk Kelas X. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga</ref> == Sistem Hirup Apicomplexa == [[File:Plasmodium ovale macrogametocyte 5942 lores.jpg|left|thumb|''Plasmodium ovale ''nyaéta salasahiji jenus apicomplexa]] Cara réproduksi apicomplexa nyaéta sacara aséksual jeung séksual. Gantina sistem aséksual jeung séksualna kompléks, kalawan robahna bisa sababaraha kali ganti bentuk sarta kudu boga [[dua]] atau leuwih [[indung]] inang. Réproduksi aséksual dilakonan ku cara meulah binér. Sedengkeun réproduksi séksual dilakonan ku ngawangun gamet tuluy diteruskeun ku ngahijina gamet [[jalu]] jeung [[bikang]]. Conto apicomplexa nyaéta ''Toxoplasma gondii'' anu ngalantarankeun panyakit toksoplasmosis jeung ''Plasmodium'' anu ngalantarankeun panyakit malaria di [[manusa]].<ref>Subadri. 2009. ''Biologi 1 Untuk SMA X''. Jakarta: CV. Usaha Makmur</ref> ''Toxoplasma gondii'' asup ka awak [[manusa]] ngaliwatan kadaharan, misalna [[daging]] nu katepaan kista ''Toxoplasma'' ti féses [[ucing]]. Inféksi ''Toxoplasma'' utama ngabahayakeun pikeun [[indung]] nu keur reuneuh sabab bisa maéhan [[émbrio]] atawa [[orok]] nu dibabarkeun bisa cacat. ''Plasmodium'' asup ka awak [[manusa]] ngaliwatan reungit ''Anopheles'' bikang. Di jero awak [[manusa]], plasmodium nyerang [[sél]]-[[sél]] [[haté]] jeung [[sél]]-[[sél]] [[getih]] ([[éritrosit]]). Aya opat rupa plasmodium anu bisa ngalantarankeun panyakit [[malaria]] nyaéta ''Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, ''jeung ''Plasmodium falciparum''. '' ''Plasmodium vivax jeung ''Plasmodium ovale'' ngalantarankeun panyakit [[malaria]] [[tertiana]], ''Plasmodium malariae'' ngalantarankeun panyakit [[malaria]] [[kuartana]], jeung ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ngalantarankeun panyakit [[malaria]] anu pangbahayana nyaéta [[malaria]] [[tropikana]]<ref name=":0" /> ''Plasmodium vivax'' jeung ''Plasmodium ovale'' bisa hirup sanajan teu aktif di jero [[sél]] haté anu kajangkit [[malaria]] mangbulan-bulan nepi ka taunan. Balukarna, di [[hiji]] mangsa panyakit [[malaria]] bisa kambuh deui. Cara megatkeun siklus hirupna nyaéta ku cara nyempitkeun daérah hirupna nyaéta [[cai]]. Boh nguras [[cai]] atawa nutup penampungan [[cai]].<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Panyakit]] [[Kategori:Apicomplexa]] 7g49w85wtscgi1o4y2xx88ipr5gwuil 731584 731583 2026-11-07T17:11:02Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Apicomplexa | image = Malaria.jpg|Plasmodium | image_caption = False-colored electron micrograph of a ''Plasmodium'' sp. sporozoite. | domain = Eukariota | regnum = Chromalveolata | superphylum = Alveolata | phylum = '''Apicomplexa''' | phylum_authority = Levine, 1970<ref name="Levine1970">{{cite journal |author=Levine ND |chapter=Taxonomy of the Sporozoa |title=Proceedings Of the Second International Congress of Parasitology |journal=J Parasitol |volume=56 |issue=4, Sect. 2, Part 1: Suppl. |pages=208–9 |year=1970 |jstor=3277701 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Levine ND |title=Uniform Terminology for the Protozoan Subphylum Apicomplexa |journal=J Eukaryot Microbiol |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=352–5 |date=May 1971 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.1971.tb03330.x |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1971.tb03330.x/abstract}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Classes & Subclasses <small>Perkins, 2000</small> | subdivision = *[[Aconoidasida]] (without [[conoid (organelle)|conoid]]) *[[Conoidasida]] (with conoid) **[[Coccidia]] or [[Coccidiasina]] **[[Gregarinia]] or [[Gregarinasina]] }} '''Apicomplexa '''atawa sakapeung sok disebut '''Sporozoa '''([[basa Latin]], ''spore = [[siki]], zoa = [[sato]]'') nyaéta kelompok protista unisélulér nu siklus hirupna miboga wangun siga spora. Apicomplexa teu mibanda alat gerak. Sakabéh apicomplexa hirup minangka [[parasit]] dina awak [[sato]] jeung [[manusa]].<ref name=":0">Aryulina, Dian. 2006. Biologi SMA dan MA untuk Kelas X. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga</ref> == Sistem Hirup Apicomplexa == [[File:Plasmodium ovale macrogametocyte 5942 lores.jpg|left|thumb|''Plasmodium ovale ''nyaéta salasahiji jenus apicomplexa]] Cara réproduksi apicomplexa nyaéta sacara aséksual jeung séksual. Gantina sistem aséksual jeung séksualna kompléks, kalawan robahna bisa sababaraha kali ganti bentuk sarta kudu boga [[dua]] atau leuwih [[indung]] inang. Réproduksi aséksual dilakonan ku cara meulah binér. Sedengkeun réproduksi séksual dilakonan ku ngawangun gamet tuluy diteruskeun ku ngahijina gamet [[jalu]] jeung [[bikang]]. Conto apicomplexa nyaéta ''Toxoplasma gondii'' anu ngalantarankeun panyakit toksoplasmosis jeung ''Plasmodium'' anu ngalantarankeun panyakit malaria di [[manusa]].<ref>Subadri. 2009. ''Biologi 1 Untuk SMA X''. Jakarta: CV. Usaha Makmur</ref> ''Toxoplasma gondii'' asup ka awak [[manusa]] ngaliwatan kadaharan, misalna [[daging]] nu katepaan kista ''Toxoplasma'' ti féses [[ucing]]. Inféksi ''Toxoplasma'' utama ngabahayakeun pikeun [[indung]] nu keur reuneuh sabab bisa maéhan [[émbrio]] atawa [[orok]] nu dibabarkeun bisa cacat. ''Plasmodium'' asup ka awak [[manusa]] ngaliwatan reungit ''Anopheles'' bikang. Di jero awak [[manusa]], plasmodium nyerang [[sél]]-[[sél]] [[haté]] jeung [[sél]]-[[sél]] [[getih]] ([[éritrosit]]). Aya opat rupa plasmodium anu bisa ngalantarankeun panyakit [[malaria]] nyaéta ''Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, ''jeung ''Plasmodium falciparum''. ''Plasmodium vivax'' jeung ''Plasmodium ovale'' ngalantarankeun panyakit [[malaria]] [[tertiana]], ''Plasmodium malariae'' ngalantarankeun panyakit [[malaria]] [[kuartana]], jeung ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ngalantarankeun panyakit [[malaria]] anu pangbahayana nyaéta [[malaria]] [[tropikana]]<ref name=":0" /> ''Plasmodium vivax'' jeung ''Plasmodium ovale'' bisa hirup sanajan teu aktif di jero [[sél]] haté anu kajangkit [[malaria]] mangbulan-bulan nepi ka taunan. Balukarna, di [[hiji]] mangsa panyakit [[malaria]] bisa kambuh deui. Cara megatkeun siklus hirupna nyaéta ku cara nyempitkeun daérah hirupna nyaéta [[cai]]. Boh nguras [[cai]] atawa nutup penampungan [[cai]].<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Panyakit]] [[Kategori:Apicomplexa]] axm0s0ui5rzkwgc5baj8xymqhx95f6i 0 43063 731832 711741 2026-11-08T11:18:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{geulis}}{{redirect|Tiongkok}} {{hatnote|''Pikeun pamaréntahan [[Kuomintang]] anu kiwari maréntah Taiwan, tingali [[Républik Tiongkok]]''}} {{Infobox country | native_name = 中华人民共和国<br />''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó'' | conventional_long_name = Républik Rahayat Tiongkok | common_name = Républik Rahayat Tiongkok | image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg | image_coat = 中華人民共和國國徽.svg | symbol_type = Lambang | image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Wewengkon RRT warnana héjo kolot.<br />Wewengkon klaim tapi teu dikawasaan warnana héjo ngora. | map_width = 220px | national_anthem = <center> </center><br />"[[Barisan Para Sukarélawan]]"<br />《义勇军进行曲》 ([[Pinyin]]: ''Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ'') | official_languages = [[Basa Tionghoa Standar|Mandarin Standar Modérn]]<ref name="langlaw">{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language |publisher=Gov.cn |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |date=24 July 2013 }}</ref> | languages_type = Basa tulis resmi | languages = [[Basa Tionghoa Vérnakular|Tionghoa Vérnakular]] | languages_sub = ya | languages2_type = [[Aksara resmi]] | languages2 = [[Aksara Tionghoa basajan]]<ref name="langlaw" /> | languages2_sub = ya | regional_languages = <small>[[basa Mongolia|Mongolia]], [[basa Tibet Standar|Tibet]], [[basa Uyghur|Uyghur]], [[basa Zhuang Standar|Zhuang]], jeung [[Basa di Tiongkok|lianna]]</small> | ethnic_groups = 91,51% [[Urang Han|Han]]; 55 minoritas diaku<br />{{Collapsible list|title=<small>[[Daptar kelompok étnis]]</small>|1,30% [[Urang Zhuang|Zhuang]]|0,86% [[Urang Manchu|Manchu]]|0,79% [[Urang Uyghur|Uyghur]]|0,79% [[Urang Hui|Hui]]|0,72% [[Urang Miao|Miao]]|0,65% [[Urang Yi|Yi]]|0,62% [[Urang Tujia|Tujia]]|0,47% [[Urang Mongol di Tiongkok|Mongol]]|0,44% [[Urang Tibet|Tibet]]|0,26% [[Buyei]]|0,15% [[Urang Koréa di Tiongkok|Koréa]]|1,05% lianna}} | capital = [[Béijing]] (Peking) | latd=39 |latm=55 |latNS=N |longd=116 |longm=23 |longEW=E | largest_city = [[Shanghai]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chan, K. W. |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=Eurasian Geography and Economics |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |accessdate=30 April 2015 |doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |date=15 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.usc.edu/(S(swqn0p55xbqmsu45cwso5lzy)A(IEcheuFczAEkAAAAODRlNTk2OTMtMDViMC00Yjk5LWFmZTgtODc1OTA1YWYxMDM4e9e8O7-g5_HYhuft0Huy7h2GlGg1))/ShowAverageDay.aspx?articleID=910 |title=What are China's largest and richest cities? |publisher=University of Southern California |year=2007 |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109005931/http://china.usc.edu/(S(swqn0p55xbqmsu45cwso5lzy)A(IEcheuFczAEkAAAAODRlNTk2OTMtMDViMC00Yjk5LWFmZTgtODc1OTA1YWYxMDM4e9e8O7-g5_HYhuft0Huy7h2GlGg1))/ShowAverageDay.aspx?articleID=910 |date=9 November 2013 }}</ref> <!-- | demonym = Chinese --> | government_type = [[Marxisme–Leninisme]], [[nagara partéy tunggal]]<ref name="pplrepub">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=China |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |accessdate=17 Maret 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401044739/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |date=2009-04-01 }}</ref>{{Ref label |complex|a|}} | leader_title1 = [[Présidén Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Présidén]] | leader_name1 = [[Xi Jinping]] | leader_title2 = [[Perdana Menteri Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Perdana Menteri]] | leader_name2 = [[Li Qiang]] | leader_title3 = Pupuhu Kongrés | leader_name3 = [[Zhao Leji]] | leader_title4 = Pupuhu Konferénsi | leader_name4 = [[Wang Hunsing]] | legislature = [[Kongrés Rahayat Nasional]] | sovereignty_type = [[Sajarah Tiongkok|Pangbentukan]] | area_footnote ={{Ref label |territory|c|}} atawa 9.671.018&nbsp;km² {{Ref label |territory|c|}} | area_km2 = 9.640.821 | area_sq_mi = 3704427 | area_rank = ka-3/ka-4 | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | percent_water = 2,8{{Ref label |mainland|d|}} |population_estimate = 1.353.821.000 |population_estimate_rank = ka-1 |population_estimate_year = 2011 | population_census = 1.339.724.852<ref name="Estimate2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110428_402722244.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=Stats.gov.cn |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610201205/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110428_402722244.htm |date=10 June 2011 }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = ka-1 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_km2 = 139,6 | population_density_sq_mi = 363,3 | population_density_rank = ka-81 | GDP_nominal = $13.374 triliun<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=14&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=China |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409084623/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=14&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |date=9 April 2015 }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_rank = ka-2 | GDP_nominal_year = 2013 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9.828<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ka-90 | GDP_PPP_year = 2013 | GDP_PPP = $8.939 triliun<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_rank = ka-2 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $6.569<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-91 | Gini = 41,5<ref name="Ref_">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513124910/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |date=2009-05-13 }} [Gini rankings]</ref> | Gini_year = 2007 | HDI_year = 2011 | HDI = {{increase}} 0,663<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2011|year=2011|publisher=Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|accessdate=17 April 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111152313/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf |date=11 November 2011 }}</ref> | HDI_rank = ka-89 | HDI_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">sedeng</span> | currency = [[Renminbi|Renminbi (yuan)]] (¥) | currency_code = CNY | time_zone = [[Waktu Standar Tiongkok]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = yyyy-mm-dd <br />''atawa'' yyyy{{lang|zh|年}}m{{lang|zh|月}}d{{lang|zh|日}} <br />CE; [[Kalénder Tiongkok|CE-1949]]) | drives_on = Katuhu, iwal Hong Kong jeung Makau | cctld = [[.cn]]{{Ref label |mainland|c|}} [[.中國]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=ICANN |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707121158/http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |date=7 July 2010 }}</ref> [[.中国]] | calling_code = [[+86|86]]{{Ref label |mainland|c|}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | collapse = no | title = Tiongkok | pic = China (Chinese characters).svg | piccap = "Tiongkok" dina [[Aksara Tionghoa basajan|Hanzi Basajan]] (luhur) jeung [[Hanzi Tradisional]] (handap) | picupright = 0.45 | t = {{linktext|中國}} | s = {{linktext|中国}} | p = Zhōngguó | w = Chung¹-kuo² | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|.|g|wo|2}} | sic = Zong<sup>1</sup> gwe<sup>2</sup> | bpmf = ㄓㄨㄥ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄍㄨㄛˊ | xej = ﺟْﻮﻗُﻮَع | tp = Jhongguó | mps = Jūngguó | gr = Jonggwo | myr = Jūnggwó | zh-dungan = Җунгуй | poj = Tiong-kok | tl = Tiong-kok | gan = Tung-koe̍t | hsn = Tan<sup>33</sup>-kwɛ<sup>24</sup>/ | wuu = Tson<sup>平</sup>-koh<sup>入</sup> | j = Zung1gwok3 | y = Jùnggwok ''or'' Jūnggwok | ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|ung|7|.|gw|ok|3}} ''or'' {{IPAc-yue|z|ung|1|.|gw|ok|3}} | h = Dung<sup>24</sup>-gued<sup>2</sup> | phfs = Chûng-koet | buc = Dṳ̆ng-guók | hhbuc = De̤ng-go̤h | mblmc = Dô̤ng-gŏ | por = China | showflag = p | order = st | l = {{nowrap|Nagara Tengah atawa Puseur<ref name=zg>{{citation |contribution=Reconstructing China beyond Homogeneity |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bEiDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 105] |series=''Political Theories in East Asian Context'' |title=Patriotism in East Asia |editor=Jun-Hyeok Kwak |editor2=Koichiro Matsuda |display-editors=0 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |date=2015 |last=Bilik |first=Naran }}</ref>}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = Républik Rahayat Tiongkok | pic = PRC (Chinese characters.svg| | piccap = "Républik Rahayat Tiongkok" dina [[Aksara Tionghoa basajan|Hanzi Basajan]] (luhur) jeung [[Hanzi Tradisional]] (handap) | picupright = 1.15 | t = {{linktext|中華人民共和國}} | s = {{linktext|中华人民共和国}} | p = Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó | gr = Jonghwa Renmin Gonqhergwo | mps = Jūnghuá Rénmín Gùnghéguó | w = Chung¹-hua² Jên²-min²<br />Kung⁴-ho²-kuo² | tp = Jhonghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó | myr = Jūnghwá Rénmín Gùnghégwó | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|.|h|wa|2|-|r|en|2|.|m|in|2|-|g|ong|4|.|h|e|2|.|g|wo|2}} | sic = Zong<sup>1</sup> hua<sup>2</sup> Zen<sup>2</sup> min<sup>2</sup><br />Gong<sup>4</sup> hwe<sup>2</sup> gwe<sup>2</sup> | bpmf = ㄓㄨㄥ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄏㄨㄚˊ<br />ㄖㄣˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄇㄧㄣˊ<br />ㄍㄨㄥˋ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄏㄜˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄍㄨㄛˊ | xej = ﺟْﻮﺧُﻮَ ژٌمٍ ﻗْﻮحْقُوَع | zh-dungan = Җунхуа Жынмин Гунхәгуй | poj = Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok | tl = Tiong-huâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok | gan = Chungfa Ninmin Khungfokoet | wuu = Tson<sup>平</sup> gho<sup>平</sup> zin<sup>平</sup> min<sup>平</sup><br />gon<sup>去</sup> ghu<sup>平</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> | j = Zung1waa4 Jan4man4 Gung6wo4gwok3 | ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|ung|7|.|w|aa|4|-|j|an|4|.|m|an|4|-|g|ung|6|.|w|o|4|.|gw|ok|3}}<br />''or''<br />{{IPAc-yue|z|ung|1|.|w|aa|4|-|j|an|4|.|m|an|4|-|g|ung|6|.|w|o|4|.|gw|ok|3}} | y = Jùng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok<br />''or''<br />Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok | hsn = /tan<sup>33</sup> go<sup>13</sup> ŋin<sup>13</sup> min<sup>13</sup><br />gan<sup>45</sup> gu<sup>13</sup> kwɛ<sup>24</sup>/ | h = Dung<sup>24</sup> fa<sup>11</sup> ngin<sup>11</sup> min<sup>11</sup> kiung<sup>55</sup> fo<sup>11</sup> gued<sup>2</sup> | phfs = Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn<br />Khiung-fò-koet | buc = Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng<br />Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók | hhbuc = De̤ng-huá Cíng-míng<br />Gē̤ng-hó̤-go̤h | mblmc = Dô̤ng-uǎ Nêng-měng<br />Gō̤ng-uǎ-gŏ | mon = [[File:Mongolian-PRC2.svg|70px|alt=Bügüde nayiramdaqu dumdadu arad ulus, ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ]] | monr = Bügüde nayiramdaqu dumdadu arad ulus | tib = {{bo-textonly|ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི<br />མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ}} | wylie = krung hwa mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab | zwpy = Zhunghua Mimang Jitun Gyalkab | uig = جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى | uly = Jungxua Xelq Jumhuriyiti | uyy = Junghua Həlⱪ Jumⱨuriyiti | sgs = Junghua Hälk̂ Jumĥuriyiti | usy = Җуңхуа Хәлқ Җумһурийити | zha = Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz | por = República Popular da China | showflag = p | order = st }} '''Républik Rahayat Tiongkok''' ({{zh|t=中華人民共和國|s=中华人民共和国|p=Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó}} {{Audio-IPA|Zh-Zhonghua renmin gongheguo.ogg|tʂʊŋ˥xua˧˥ʐɛn˧˥mɪn˧˥kʊŋ˥˩xə˧˥kuɔ˧˥}}, singgetna '''Tiongkok'''; ti [[28 Juni]] [[1967]] nepi ka [[14 Maret]] [[2014]]<ref>[http://news.liputan6.com/read/2025991/sby-ganti-istilah-china-jadi-tionghoa-ahok-itu-langkah-tepat SBY ganti istilah China jadi Tionghoa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062502/http://news.liputan6.com/read/2025991/sby-ganti-istilah-china-jadi-tionghoa-ahok-itu-langkah-tepat |date=2014-09-24 }} Diaksés 30 April 2015</ref> mah sok disebut '''Républik Rahayat Tjina'''/'''RRT''' atawa '''Républik Rahayat Cina'''/'''RRC''', harpiah: Républik Rahayat [[Tionghoa]]) nyaéta hiji nagara anu nganjrek di wewengkon [[Asia Kalér]] nu ibukotana téh di [[Béijing]]. Nagara ieu mibanda sajumlahing pangeusi anu kawilang [[Daptar nagara dumasar jumlah pangeusi|panglobana di sakuliah dunya]] (kurang leuwih 1,35 milyar jiwa) jeung lega wewengkon 9,69 yuta kilométer pasagi, ngabalukarkeun [[Daptar nagara dumasar lega wewengkon|nagara ka-4 panglegana]] di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="listofcountriesoftheworld.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.listofcountriesoftheworld.com/area-land.html |title=Countries of the world ordered by land area |publisher=Listofcountriesoftheworld.com |accessdate=30 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305040447/http://www.listofcountriesoftheworld.com/area-land.html |date=5 March 2010 }}</ref> Nagara ieu diadegkeun dina taun [[1949]] sabérésna [[Perang Sadulur Tiongkok]], ti harita dipingpin ku hiji [[partéy pulitik|partéy]] tunggal, nyaéta [[Partéy Komunis Tiongkok]] (PKT).<ref name="kemenlu">{{cite web|url=http://www.kemlu.go.id/beijing/Documents/Informasi%20Dasar%20RRT.pdf|title=Informasi Dasar RRT|publisher=Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia|accessdate=30 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202234021/https://www.kemlu.go.id/beijing/Documents/Informasi%20Dasar%20RRT.pdf|archivedate=2 December 2024}}</ref> ==Étimologi== [[File:Zhongguo.gif|thumb|left|<center>''Tulisan Tiongkok'', anu ditulis dina aksara Tionghoa tradisional jeung aksara Tionghoa basajan</center>]] Dina larapanana RRT téh leuwih dipikawanoh minangka ''Cina'' nu asalna tina kecap [[basa Pérsia]] ''Chin'' ({{lang|fa|چین}}), anu mangrupa serepan tina [[basa Sansakerta]], nyaéta kecap ''[[Cina|Cīna]]'' ({{lang|sa|चीन}}).<ref name="dict">{{cite web |url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/China?qsrc=2888 |title = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : China |publisher = Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin |accessdate = 5/6/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921131850/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/China?qsrc=2888 |date=2011-09-21 }}</ref> Katerangan ieu mimiti dicatet dina taun [[1516]] dina jurnal urang Portugis [[Duarte Barbosa]].<ref>"China". ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1989). ISBN 0-19-957315-8.<br /> ''[http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=edzW9fuOF-cC&pg=PA211&dq=#v=onepage&q=%22Very%20Great%20Kingdom%20of%20China%22&f=false The Book of Duarte Barbosa]'' (bagian judul "The Very Great Kingdom of China"). ISBN 81-206-0451-2. In the [http://purl.pt/435/ Asli basa Portugisna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508211742/http://purl.pt/435|date=2013-05-08}}, bagian judul "O Grande Reino da China".</ref> Jurnal éta ditarjamahkeun jeung dipedalkeun di [[Inggris]] dina taun [[1555]].<ref>Eden, Richard (1555). ''Decades of the New World'': "The great China whose kyng is thought the greatest prince in the world."<br />{{cite book | title=Western Views of China and the Far East, Volume 1 | publisher=Asian Research Service | year=1984 | page=34 |first=Henry Allen |last=Myers}}</ref> Téori séjén anu diusulkeun dina [[abad ka-17]] ku [[Martino Martini]], yén Cina asalna tina "Qin" ({{lang|zh-hans|秦}}), wewengkon pangkulonna ti karajaan Cina mangsa [[Dinasti Zhou]].<ref name="Martini">Martino, Martin, ''Novus Atlas Sinensis'', Vienna 1655, Preface, p. 2.</ref> Kecap ieu ogé dipaké dina kitab suci Hindu mungguran, kaasup ''[[Mahābhārata]]'' ([[abad ka-5 SM]]) jeung [[Manusmṛti|Hukum Manu]] ([[abad ka-2 SM]] ).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Clash of Empires: the invention of China in modern world making|last=Liu|first=Lydia He|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|pages=77–78|isbn=9780674040298 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf |title = The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China' |publisher = Geoff Wade |accessdate = 5/6/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117222125/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf |date=2017-11-17 }}</ref> Ngaran resmi nagara modérnna mah Républik Rahayat Tiongkok ({{zh| s=中华人民共和国| hp=Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó}}). Ngaran vernakularna mah nyaéta ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|Zhōngguó}}'' ({{zh|s=中国}}, tina ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|zhōng}}'', "puseur" atawa "tengah", jeung ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|guó}}'', "nagara", atawa istilah modérnna mah "bangsa") ku kituna jadi wéh ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|Zhōnghuá}}'' ({{zh|s=中华}}), sanajan dina runtuyan sajarahna ngaran resmi nagara ieu téh geus digunta-ganti waé ku dinasti-dinasti jeung pamaréntahan modérn. Istilah ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|Zhōngguó}}'' nyangkaruk dina mangrupa-rupa téks kuna, kayaning sajarah klasik ti [[abad ka-6 SM]], sarta dina mangsa pra-kakaisaran mah sok dipaké minangka konsép pikeun ngabédakeun jeung budaya séké sélér [[Huaxia]] anu dianggap "barbar". Istilah ieu bisa mangrupa tunggal atawa jamak, nujul ka kelompok nagara atawa propinsi di dataran tengah, tapi ti [[abad ka-19]] mah teu dipaké deui minangka ngaran pikeun nagara ka sakumna wewengkon RRT.<ref>Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). ''Chinese History: A Manual''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Rev. and enl. kaca 132. ISBN 0-674-00247-4.</ref> ==Bandéra jeung Lambang== {{utama|Bandéra jeung Lambang Républik Rahayat Tiongkok}} ===Bandéra=== Warna [[beureum]] dina bandéra Tiongkok ngalambangkeun révolusi [[Komunis]] jeung sakaligus ngaréfléksikeun warna tradisional masarakat Tiongkok. [[Béntang]] [[emas]] gedé ngagambarkeun [[Partéy Komunis Tiongkok]], sedengkeun opat [[béntang]] leutik ngagambarkeun kelas sosial masarakat. Lima béntang sakumna ngagambarkeun pentingna angka lima pikeun pamikiran jeung sajarah Tiongkok. Warna [[konéng]] dina lima béntangna ngagambarkeun yén Tiongkok mangrupa kelompok étnis [[konéng]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===Lambang=== Lambang nasional RRT ngagambarkeun kadaulatan Tiongkok anu eusina bandéra nasional RRT, [[Tiananmen]], jeung beunyeur [[paré]]. [[Tiananmen]] ayana di handapeun [[cahya]] lima [[béntang]] sarta dikurilingan ku beunyeur [[paré]] jeung giri-giri di handapna.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Lima béntang hartina kasatuan masarakat Tiongkok dina kapamingpinan [[Partéy Komunis Tiongkok]]. [[Tiananmen]] mangrupa tempat dilaksanakeunna upacara pangwangunan RRT. Beunyeur paré jeung giri-giri ngagambarkeun kaum patani jeung kelas pagawé. Sakumna mah, lambang nasional RRT ngacirikeun yén Tiongkok mangrupa nagara [[sosialis]] anu dipingpin ku kelas pagawé jeung dumasar kana aliansi pagawé–patani.<ref name="kemenlu"/> ==Sajarah== ===Prasajarah=== [[Gambar:Territories of Dynasties in China.gif|thumb|<center>Téritorial Évolusi Tiongkok.</center>]] Ti jaman [[Néolitik]] mula, masarakat Tiongkok geus kaorganisir sarta netep dina ngalakonan kagiatan tani jeung [[peternakan]]. Kagiatan melak paré geus dimimitian ti taun [[5000 SM]]. Sedengkeun barang tina perunggu geus kapanggih di [[Majiayao]] (antara taun [[2300 SM]] – [[2700 SM]]), hal ieu nétélakeun yén jaman perunggu di Tiongkok geus dimimitian kurang leuwih ti taun [[2100 SM]] samangsa [[Dinasti Xia]]. Tapi sakumna pangwangunan perunggu téh bisa kaparenganana mah dina mangsa [[Dinasti Shang]] ([[1122 SM]] – [[1766 SM]]).<ref>Aedeen Cremin. 2007. ''Archaeologica: the world's most significant sites and cultural treasures'', Global Book Publishing. kaca 246.</ref><ref>Patricia Buckley Ebrey. 1996. ''The Cambridge illustrated history of China'', Cambridge University Press. kaca 22.</ref>. ===Dinasti Munggaran=== [[Dinasti Xia]] mangrupa dinasti munggaran,<ref name=CRO>{{cite web |author= Diario del Pueblo |publisher= People.com.cn |url= http://spanish.people.com.cn/refran/breve.htm |title= Breve cronología histórica de China |accessdate= 5/7/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308125407/http://spanish.people.com.cn/refran/breve.htm |date=2021-03-08 }}</ref> tapi can pernah kabukti sacara konkrit da nu ayana ngan saukur catetan sastrana wungkul.<ref name=XIA>{{cite web |publisher= Arte Historia.jcyl.es |url= http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/civilizaciones/contextos/2827.htm |title= Las dinastías Xia y Shang (China) |accessdate= 5/7/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724070625/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/civilizaciones/contextos/2827.htm |date=2012-07-24 }}</ref> Dumasar rujukan dina téks-téks kuna ieu, diperkirakeun yén [[Dinasti Xia]] geus maréntah kurang leuwih taun [[2205 SM]], anu nujul kana tilu kaisar: [[Fu Xi]], [[Shen Nong]] jeung [[Huang Di]].<ref name=XIA/> Dina mangsa saméméh dinasti ieu ngadeg, kakawasaan pangluhurna mah nyaéta mangsa transisi gagantian kakawasaan antara Dinasti [[Dinasti Xia|Xia]] jeung [[Dinasti Yi|Yi]]. Dinasti munggaran Tiongkok anu ninggalkeun tapak sajarah mah nyaéta [[Dinasti Shang]], anu mertahankeun sistem féodal saru di tungtung walungan Huáng Hé' antara [[abad ka-17 SM]] nepi ka [[abad ka-11 SM]]. Sanajan kitu, mimitina mah [[Dinasti Shang]] téh maréntah di Propinsi Shandong kidul<ref name=CRO/> anu masih mangrupa daérah rawa kénéh dina mangsa harita mah, nepikakeun kakuatanna jadi leuwih gedé batan séké sélér nu aya di wewengkon wétan, anu sok disebut séké sélér yi.<ref name=CRO/> Raja Tang, dianggap minangka raja anu luhung ku élmu jembar ku panalar sarta wijaksana dina mingpin [[Dinasti Shang]], ibukota karajaanna dipuseurkeun di wewengkon [[Erligang]].<ref name=CRO/> Tulisan Tiongkok pangkolotna anu kapanggih nyaéta ukiran tulang ahli nujum ti [[Dinasti Shang]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA904#v=onepage&q&f=false | page=904 | number=Pam |name=Hollister |title=Zhengzhou | encyclopedia=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |editor=Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M.|editorial= Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |year=1996|language= english}}</ref> sarta ngandung tulisan tina karakter Tionghoa modérn. [[Dinasti Shang]] kaéléhkeun ku urang [[Dinasti Zhou|Zhou]] anu ngadegkeun [[Dinasti Zhou]] anu maréntah antara [[abad ka-12 SM]] nepi ka [[abad ka-5 SM]], nalika kakawasaan [[Dinasti Zhou|Zhou]] laun-laun museur sarta sumebar jadi mangrupa kakawasaan [[féodal]] nepi ka antukna karajaan téh teu boga pangawasa, ti dinya bijil sawatara nagara indepénden anu silih merangan antar maranéhanana salila usum semi jeung usum gugur mangsa harita. Antara [[abad ka-5 SM]] jeung [[abad ka-3 SM]] éta mangrupa période nagara perang, nu mana wilayah Tiongkok kiwari kabagi jadi tujuh nagara ngadaulat, masing-masing dipingpin ku rajana sorangan, menteri jeung tentarana ogé dibentuk. ===Kakaisaran Tiongkok=== [[File:Terracotta Army 5.jpg|thumb|<center>Patung taneuh liat anu nanjeur di makam prajurit Qin Shi Huang (abad ka-3 SM).</center>]] [[Qin Shi Huang]] saurang gubernur nagara [[Qin]], anu ngadegkeun kasatuan nagara Tiongkok munggaran dina taun [[221]], mungkasan période perang antar nagara. [[Qin Shi Huang]] "Kaisar Munggaran" diproklamasikeun sarta loba ngayakeun réformasi, hususna mah kawajiban standarisasi basa Cina resmi, sistem ukur, sarta mata uang. [[Dinasti Qin]] ngan lumangsung 15 taun ti sanggeus maotna kaisar [[Qin Shi Huang]], antukna bijil kawijakan legalisasi otoritér nu ngabalukarkeun béréndélan pangberontakan.<ref name="memuseum">{{cite web|title=Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127)|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nsong/hd_nsong.htm|publisher=MetMuseum.org|accessdate=5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152800/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nsong/hd_nsong.htm |date=2017-10-10 }}</ref> Tuluy bijil [[Dinasti Han]], anu mikawasa Tiongkok ti [[206]] M nepi ka [[220]] M, nyiptakeun idéntitas budaya pangeusina anu mayeng nepi ka kiwari. Dinasti ieu terus ngalegaan wilayah kakaisaran Tiongkokna liwat kampanyeu militér ngurilingan [[Koréa]], [[Viétnam]], [[Mongolia]] jeung [[Asia Tengah]], ogé anu ngarojong dibabakanna [[Jalur Sutra]].<ref name="memuseum"/> [[Dinasti Han]] sacara tumuluy jadi nagara nu paékonomianna pangbadagna tur pangkolotna di dunya. [[Dinasti Han]] ngadopsi paham [[Konfusianisme]] minangka idéologi nagarana, idéologi anu dikembangkeun dina période usum semi jeung usum gugur. Sanajan sacara resmi ninggalkeun légalisme "idéologi nagara Qin", lembaga jeung kawijakan légalistikna mah tetep dijadikeun minangka dasar pamaréntahan [[Dinasti Han]].<ref name="memuseum"/> Sanggeus runtuhna [[Dinasti Han]], dituturkeun ku période séjén hasil tina susa-sésa [[Dinasti Han]] anu dipikawanoh minangka période Tilu Karajaan. Nagara-nagara anu bijil dina période ini, salasahijina karajaan Wu, ngajalin hubungan diplomatik jeung [[Jepang]] sarta ngawanohkeun sistem panulisan anu aya. Taun [[558]] Tiongkok balik deui aya dina kakawasaan [[Dinasti Sui]], anu singget pisan da ku éléhna téa dina [[Perang Goguryeo-Sui]] ([[598]]-[[614]]).<ref name="memuseum"/> [[File:The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling.jpg|thumb|300px|left|<center>Témbok badag Tiongkok, anu diwangun ku dinasti-dinasti sacara tuluy-tumuluy leuwih ti 2.000 taun pikeun ngaraksa tina serangan para pangjajah Xiongnu Mongolia jeung Manchuria.</center>]] Dina pangawasaan [[Dinasti Tang]] jeung [[Dinasti Song]], téknologi jeung budaya Tiongkok nepi kana jaman kaemasanna. [[Dinasti Tang]] tetep ngawasa nepi ka pertengahan [[abad ka-8]], nalika pangberontakan An Shi ngancurkeun kasejahteraan kakaisaran. [[Dinasti Song]] nyaéta pamaréntahan munggaran di dunya anu nyetak tagihan sarta ngaberlakukeun kawijakan pikeun ngawangun tentara anu permanén.<ref name="memuseum"/> Antara [[abad ka-10]] nepi ka [[abad ka-11]], pangeusi Tiongkok jadi dua kali lipet nyaéta kurang leuwih 100 yuta jiwa, sawaréhna mah éta téh balukar tina tarékah lelegaan pamelakan paré di daérah tengah jeung kulon, sarta ngareuahna hasil panén. Salila pamaréntahan [[Dinasti Song]] loba hasil anu karasa di antarana dina widang filsafat jeung seni, saham ogé paniagaan sarta karya seni. Hiji kabinangkitan Konfusianisme ogé bijil dina nyanghareupan tumuwuhna paham Buddhisme salila pamaréntahan [[Dinasti Tang]].<ref name="memuseum"/> [[File:La cité interdite 0244.JPG|thumb|<center>Istana kakaisaran Tiongkok ti pertengahan Dinasti Ming (abad ka-15)</center>]] Dina [[abad ka-13]], Tiongkok saeutik-saeutik ditaklukeun ku [[kakaisaran Mongol]]. Taun [[1271]], pamingpin Mongol [[Kubilai Khan]] ngadegkeun [[Dinasti Yuan]]. [[Dinasti Yuan|Yuan]] naklukeun susa-sésa panungtung ti [[Dinasti Song]] taun [[1279]]. Saméméh invasi Mongol, pangeusi Tiongkok [[Dinasti Song]] téh nyaéta 120 yuta jiwa, jadi ngurangan 60 yuta nalika sénsus taun [[1300]].<ref>Ping-ti Ho. "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China". dina ''Études Song''. Séri 1. Nomor 1. 1970. kaca 33–53.</ref> Saurang tukang tani nu ngaranna [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] ngagulingkeun [[Dinasti Yuan]] dina taun [[1368]] sarta sarta ngadegkeun [[Dinasti Ming]]. Dina pangawasaan [[Dinasti Ming]], Tiongkok marengan jaman kaemasan lianna, ngembangkeun salasahiji armada laut pangkuatna sadunya tur ékonomi pangbeungharna sarta makmur di tengah ngembangna seni jeung budaya Tiongkok. [[Dinasti Ming]] salila période ieu ngistrénan [[Cheng Ho]] mingpin éksplorasi ka sakuliah dunya, nepi ka [[Buana Afrika|Afrika]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/25/kenya-china | work=The Guardian | first=Xan | last=Rice | title=Chinese archaeologists' African quest for sunken ship of Ming admiral | date=25 July 2010 | location=London | accessdate=5/7/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226213152/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/25/kenya-china |date=26 February 2013 }}</ref> Dina mangsa awal [[Dinasti Ming]], ibukota Tiongkok dipindahkeun ti [[Nanjing]] ka [[Béijing]]. Salila [[Dinasti Ming]], filsuf saperti [[Wang Yangming]] loba ngritik sarta nyumebarkeun paham [[Neo-Konfusianismena]] ku konsép [[individualisme]] jeung moralitas bawaan.<ref name="Wang">{{cite web|title=Wang Yangming (1472—1529)|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/wangyang/|work=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|accessdate=5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502074204/http://www.iep.utm.edu/wangyang/ |date=2015-05-02 }}</ref> Dina taun [[1644]], Béijing dikepung ku koalisi pasukan pangberontak anu dipingpin ku [[Li Zicheng]], seurang pajabat Ming anu mingpin pangberontakan patani. Antukna Kaisar Ming Chongzhen maéhan manéh nalika kota éta dipikawasa.<ref name="Wang"/> === Républik Tiongkok (1912–1949) === [[File:Sunyatsen1.jpg|thumb|120px|<center>Sun Yat-sen</center>]] {{utama|Républik Tiongkok (1912-1949)|Républik Tiongkok|Sajarah Républik Tiongkok}} Dina taun [[1900]], Tiongkok mangrupa tempat kajadianna [[Pangberontakan Boxer]] anu harita gagal.<ref name="Boxer">{{cite web|title=Boxer Rebellion|url=http://www.history.com/topics/boxer-rebellion|accessdate=5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427222115/http://www.history.com/topics/boxer-rebellion |date=2015-04-27 }}</ref> Sékté kakaisaran anu gagal dina ngayakeun réformasi, antukna digulingkeun dina taun [[1911]] sarta didéklarasikeun wéh [[Républik Tiongkok]] bari nyokot wewengkon Tuva anu dipikawasa ku [[Uni Soviét]] jeung wewengkon [[Mongolia]]. Sedengkeun [[Tibét]] nyatakeun diri merdéka.<ref name="Boxer"/> Pangadeg [[Républik Tiongkok]], [[Sun Yat-sén]] anu jadi présidén munggaranna. Tapi karusuhan lumangsung di nagara ieu, ku sabab jénderal jeung panglima perangna hayang narik perhatian. Dina taun [[1928]], para panglima perang diéléhkeun dina kapamingpinan [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. di dinya lumangsung ogé perang sadulur anu lila antara [[Nasionalis]] jeung [[Komunis]], kapotong ku perang antara Tiongkok-Jepang. [[Jepang]] loba nyieun nagara-nagara bonéka di wewengkon Tiongkok anu ditaklukeunna. Taun [[1941]], Tiongkok meunangkeun perang Tiongkok-Jepang ku bantuan ti [[Amérika Sarikat]], kaasup dina wangun pasokan senjata.<ref name="Boxer"/> ===Républik Rahayat Tiongkok=== [[File:1945 Mao and Chiang.jpg|thumb|<center>Mao Zedong jeung Chiang Kai-shek taun 1946.</center>]] Sabérésna [[perang Tiongkok–Jepang]] dina taun [[1945]] balukar tina éléhna [[Jepang]] di [[Perang Dunya II]], pasalingsingan antara [[PKT]] jeung [[Kuomintang]] angot deui.<ref name="UNY">{{cite web |author= Ririn Darini, M.Hum |publisher= Fakultas Ilmu Sosial - Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta |url= http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/Garis%20Besar%20Sej%20Cina%20Era%20Mao.pdf |title= Garis Besar Sejarah China Era Mao |accessdate= 5/8/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412200540/http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/Garis%20Besar%20Sej%20Cina%20Era%20Mao.pdf |date=2015-04-12 }}</ref> Sanggeus éléhna [[Jepang]], pamaréntah [[Républik Tiongkok]] rusuh nitah ka sakumna aparatur pikeun nyokot kadudukan tentara [[Jepang]] di kurang leuwih wewengkon Tiongkok.<ref name="UNY"/> Sedengkeun [[Zhu Te]], Panglima Angkatan Bersenjata [[PKC]] ngaluarkeun paréntah supaya sabagian Tentara Beureum asup ka [[Manchuria]] jeung nungtut ka pamaréntah Tiongkok supaya ngalocotan senjata sakabéh tantara [[Jepang]].<ref name="UNY"/> Harita Tentara Beureum ngawasaan daérah pilemberun anu lega pisan sangkan Pamaréntah Tiongkok hariwangeun. Ku kituna Pamaréntah Tiongkok ménta pitulung [[Amérika Sarikat]] mikeun nulungan ngabéréskeun masalahna di Tiongkok.<ref name="UNY"/> [[Présidén Truman]] ngutus [[Jénderal George Marshall]] pikeun lalampahan minangka panumbu dina sengketa antara Pamaréntah Nasionalis jeung [[Partéy Komunis Tiongkok]].<ref name="UNY"/> Salasahiji anu direncanakeunna nyaéta palaksanaan paleburan tentara dua pihak jadi hiji tentara nasional.<ref name="UNY"/> Tapi sanggeuss Marshall indit mah perang antara Pamaréntah Nasionalis jeung [[PKT]] bijil deui malah mah mingkin lega cakupanna.<ref name="UNY"/> Najan mimitina mah éléh waé, tapi Tentara Beureum mingkin ngalegaan pangaruhna komona di daérah pilemburan, tarékah éta liwat pulitik ''land reform'' ti [[PKT]].<ref name="UNY"/> Taneuh-taneuh kabogaan tuan taneuh dicokot tur dibikeun ka para patani pikeun digarap.<ref name="UNY"/> Tentara Beureum anu ngawasaan wewengkon Tiongkok kalér gagancangan ka belah kiduleun Walungan [[Yang Tze]]. Tuluy ngarebut [[Nanking]], ibu kota pamaréntahan [[Nasionalis Tiongkok]].<ref name="UNY"/> Balukarna, pamaréntah Nasionalis Tiongkok kapaksa kudu mindahkeun ibu kotana ka [[Kanton]]. Tuluy wewengkon [[Hangou]], [[Shanghai]] jeung [[Qingdao]] sacara tuluy-tumuluy beunang ku kaum [[komunis]].<ref name="UNY"/> Sanggeus sapasi ti wewengkon Tiongkok bisa kakawasaan, ti dinya [[Mao Zedong]] mimiti nyiapkeun pangwangunan hiji Nagara Tiongkok anu sakumaha dicita-citakeun ku Partéy Komunis.<ref name="UNY"/> Léngkah munggaranna mah ku ngabentuk membentuk Panitia Sisiapan Majelis Pamusyawaratan Pulitik.<ref name="UNY"/> Panitia ieu ngahasil dina milih 21 urang pikeun ngajabat minangka Déwan Poéan ku [[Mao Zedong]] minangka pupuhuna sarta [[Chou Enlai]] minangka wakil pupuhu.<ref name="UNY"/> Ku stratégi ''lembur ngepung kota'', [[PKT]] bisa nyingkirkeun [[Kuomintang]] sarta dina tanggal [[1 Oktober]] [[1949]] meroklamasikeun ngadegna Républik Rahayat Tiongkok (RRT) anu ibukotana di [[Béijing]].<ref name="UNY"/> Pamingping pangluhurna tentara RRC nyaéta [[Zhu De]], sedengkeun [[Chou Enlai]] jadi Perdana Menteri rangkepan jeung Menteri Luar Negeri.<ref name="UNY"/> Tanggal [[14 Oktober]] [[1949]] [[Kanton]] bisa dipikawasa ku [[Tentara Beureum]], sangkan pamaréntah nasionalis kapaksa pindah ka [[Chongqing]].<ref name="UNY"/> Dina tanggal [[28 Nopémber]] [[1949]] [[Chongqing]] ogé beunang [[Tentara Beureum]].<ref name="UNY"/> Tuluy Propinsi [[Yunnan]] jeung [[Hainan]] beunang, nu antukna [[Républik Tiongkok|pamaréntah nasionalis]] teu boga wewengkon deui di Tiongkok daratan. Pamaréntahan [[Chiang Kai Shek]] kabur ka [[Taipéi]] anu nganjrek di [[Pulo Formosa]] ([[Taiwan]]).<ref name="UNY"/> Dina tanggal [[1 Maret]] [[1950]], [[Chiang Kai Shek]] ngajabat deui minangka présidén [[Républik Tiongkok]].<ref name="UNY"/> Sanggeus diproklamirkeunna Républik Rahayat Tiongkok, [[Uni Soviét]] ngakukeun kana kadaulatanna RRT sarta megatkeun hubungan diplomatikna jeung pamaréntahan [[Républik Tiongkok|Nasionalis Tiongkok]].<ref name="UNY"/> India ogé ngakukeun kana kadaulatan RRT dina tanggal [[30 Désémber]] [[1949]].<ref name="UNY"/> Dina tanggal [[6 Januari]] [[1950]] Inggris ngakukeun kadaulatan RRT sahingga Inggris mangrupa nagara démokratis kulon munggaran anu ngayakeun hubungan jeung pamaréntahan RRT.<ref name="UNY"/> ==Pulitik== ===Pamaréntahan=== Ti mimiti diwanohkeunna réformasi [[ékonomi]] taun [[1978]], RRT geus jadi nagara anu ronjatan [[ékonomi]]na paling gancang di dunya. Dina taun [[2012]], RRT téh nagara nu [[ékonomi]]na pangbadagna kadua di dunya, sanggeus [[Amérika Sarikat]], boh total nominal [[PDB]]na boh ''purchasing power parity''/[[Paritas Daya Beuli|paritas daya beulina]] (PPP), ogé jadi [[éksport]]ir jeung [[import]]ir barang panggedéna kadua di dunya. RRT mibanda [[senjata]] [[nuklir]] jeung [[tentara]] panggedéna di dunya, ku anggaran tatahanan panggedéna kadua di dunya.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Dibandingkeun jeung kawijakan ''closed-door'' RRT dina taun [[1970]]-an, [[liberal]]isasi mah geus nyieun iklim administrasi di RRT jadi teu pati réstriktif. [[Partéy Komunis Tiongkok]] (PKT) nyekel peran paling penting dina struktur [[pulitik]] RRT.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Prosés demokratisasi jeung réformasi pulitik anu dijalankeun jeung ''China characteristic'' bareng jeung kamajuan ékonomi sarta tingkat kasejahteraan masarakat RRT geus ngabijilkeun konsép anyar di widang pangwangunan ékonomi anu dipiwanoh ku sebutan ''Beijing Consensus''.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Konsép ieu nujul kana ngahasilna Pamaréntah RRT dina ngawangun jeung ngadorong paékonomian RRT sangkan bisa nahan tina hanteman [[krisis monétér]] global taun [[2008]]–[[2009]] anu ditulungan ku kuatna stabilitas [[pulitik]] jeung kaamanan nasional sangkan loba anu niléy yén RRT bisa jadi "modél anyar" dina ngawangun hiji [[nagara]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===''National People’s Congress'' (NPC)=== [[File:GreatHall auditorium.jpg|thumb|350px|<center>Gedong tempat diayakeunna ''National People’s Congress'' (NPC).</center>]] RRT nganut sistem [[unikameral]], anu kakawasaan pangluhurna aya di ''[[National People’s Congress]]'' (NPC/Parlemén). Sanajan aya 9 [[partéy pulitik|partéy]] di jero [[NPC]], tapi sora mayoritas aya di [[PKT]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sedengkeun 8 partéy lianna, nyaéta [[Partéy Komite Révolusi Tiongkok Kuomintang]], [[Liga Démokratik Tiongkok]], [[Pangwangunan Nasional Démokratik]], [[Partéy Kamajuan Démokrasi]], [[Partéy Démokratik Tani jeung Buruh]], [[Partéy Zhi Gong]], [[Partéy Daérah Istiméwa Taiwan Démokrasi]], sarta [[Partéy Asosiasi 9-3]]/3 [[Séptémber]], ngan nepikeun aspirasi masarakat anu diwakilanna. Anggota NPC dipilih liwat pangumpulan sora sacara rusiah ku propinsi, daérah otonomi, jeung kotamadya anu langsung ditangtayungan pamaréntah puseur sarta [[militer]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> Lian ti kitu, kelompok séké sélér minoritas ogé miboga wawakil di [[NPC]], boh anu kagabung dina Partéy boh utusan daérah.<ref name="kemenlu"/> [[NPC]] mibanda anggota 2.987 urang nu mangsa jabatanna 5 taun. [[NPC]] ngayakeun sidang paripurna unggal taun sakali jeung mun Komite Tetep nganggap perlu atawa mun leuwih ti 1/5 anggota [[NPC]] ngusulkeunna, [[NPC]] bisa ngayakeun sidang unggal waktu. NPC ngayakeun sidang munggaran dina taun [[1954]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> [[NPC]] miboga fungsi jeung kakawasaan, di antara ngamandeménkeun [[UUD]] jeung mikaawas palaksanaanna; ngasahkeun status dasar nagara; milih [[présidén]] jeung wakil [[présidén]]; netepkeun perdana menteri luyu jeung usul présidén; netepkeun wakil-wakil perdana menteri, panaséhat nagara, menteri-menteri, auditor nagara, jeung sékjén déwan nagara dumasar usul perdana menteri; milih puhu Komite Militer Pusat jeung netepkeun anggota-anggotana; milih jaksa agung; milih puhu mahkamah agung; mariksa sarta nyatujuan rencana nasional pangwangunan [[ékonomi]] jeung [[sosial]] sarta laporan palaksanaanna; mariksa jeung nyatujuan anggaran nagara sarta laporan palaksanaanna; jeung mutuskeun masalah-masalah kanagaraan séjénna.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Di sagigireun éta, RRT ogé mibanda lembaga panaséhat, nyaéta ''[[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]]'' (CPPCC) anu anggotana téh unsur [[PKT]], Partéy-Partéy non-komunis (8 Partéy), golongan étnis minoritas, agama, cindikiawan, organisasi sosial, jeung organisasi masarakat, kayaning [[palang mérah]], pamuda, jeung urang-urang Tiongkok parantauan. Anggota CPPCC kurang leuwih 2.237 urang.<ref name="kemenlu"/> [[Lembaga Peradilan]] di antarana Mahkamah Rahayat Agung (MA), peradilan daérah luyu jeung tingkat daérahna, peradilan militér, jeung peradilan rahayat husus. Mangsa jabatan Puhu MA nyaéta 5 taun jeung bisa dipilih deui ngan pikeun 2 mangsa jabatan. MA miboga tanggung jawab ka [[NPC]]. Sedengkeun peradilan daérah miboga tanggung jawab ka lembaga nagara anu ngawangunna, tapi pangawasan administrasina dilakonan ku lembaga peradilan sacara jumenjang. MA ngaawas Peradilan Rahayat Daérah tingkat I, sedengkeun Peradilan Rahayat Daérah tingkat I ngaawas Peradilan Rahayat Daérah tingkat II.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sidang [[NPC]] tanggal [[5 Maret|5]]–[[14 Maret]] [[2011]], geus ngasahkeun [[Repelita]] ka-12 pangwangunan [[ékonomi]] jeung [[sosial]] RRT taun [[2011]]–[[2015]], jeung ngaklém geus nepi targét pangwangunan sistim hukum [[sosialis]] anu mikarakter [[Tiongkok]]. Pikeun RRT, Repelita ka-12 kacida penting pikeun ngawangun masarakat anu sejahtera dina segala rupa hal salian penting pikeun neuleuman réformasi jeung nembrakna sarta ngagancangkeun transformasi tumuwuhna [[ékonomi]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> [[File:The 1st Session of the 12th National People's Congress open 20130305.jpg|thumb|350px|<center>Sidang NPC ka-12 taun 2013.</center>]] Lian ti kitu, dina sidang NPC tanggal [[5 Maret|5]]–[[14 Maret]] [[2012]] pamaréntah RRT boga angkeuhan bakal ngarurusuh réformasi pamaréntahan liwat ngalegaan démokrasi sosialis, palaksanaan pamilu, jeung panangtayungan hak nyora warga nagara kana jalanna pamaréntahan sarta nyiptakeun pamaréntahan anu bersih, nu bébas tina [[korupsi]]. Sidang ogé ngabahas ngeunaan amandemén ''[[Criminal Procedure Law]]'' anu leuwih nyanghareupkeun hak asasi manusa hususna patalian jeung hak katuduh palaku kriminalitas. Amandemén éta ogé ngatur ngeunaan larangan larapan kakerasan dina invéstigasi ka katuduh jeung ngklarifikasi prosedur jéntré ngeunaan hukuman maot. Larapan hukuman maot kudu meunang widi heula ti pangadilan luhur jeung lamun pangadilan luhur nolak hukuman maot, mangka kasusna akan dibalikeun ka pangadilan lokal.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Taun [[2012]] mangrupa taun kacida pentingna pikeun RRT, nu mana dina tanggal [[8 Nopémber|8]]–[[14 Nopémber]] [[2012]] geus diayakeun Kongrés Nasional PKT ka-18. Kongrés éta ngahasilkeun di antarana: *Amandemén Konstitusi PKT, nyaéta ngasupkeun konsép pamikiran Pangwangunan Sacara Ilmiah minangka salasahiji tetekon gawé PKT bareng jeung [[Marxisme-Leninisme]], Pamikiran [[Mao Zedong]], Téori [[Deng Xiaoping]] jeung konsép Tilu Kawawakilan sarta rumojong kamajuan ékologi sosialis; *Milih anggota Komite Tetép Politbiro PKT ka-18 anu lobana tujuh urang (saméméhna PKT ka-17 lobana salapan urang); *Milih Xi Jinping minangka Sékjén PKT anu anyar ngagantikeun Hu Jintao; *Milih Xi Jinping minangka Puhu Komisi Militér Puseur PKT.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sidang pléno munggaran [[NPC]] ka-12 anu lumangsung tanggal [[5 Maret|5]]-[[17 Maret]] [[2013]], geus netepkeun kapamingpinan anyar RRT nyaéta alihan tina Generasi ka-4 ka Generasi ka-5 ([[Xi Jinping]]) pikeun mingpin RRT sapuluh taun ka hareup. Sidang geus milih jeung netepkeun [[Xi Jinping]] minangka Présidén jeung Puhu Komisi Militér Puseur (KMP) Nasional RRT anu anyar ngagantikeun [[Hu Jintao]] anu pangsiun, jeung [[Li Yuanchao]] kapilih jadi Wakil [[Présidén]] ngagantikeun [[Xi Jinping]]. Sidang ogé geus milih jeung netepkeun [[Zhang Dejiang]] minangka Puhu Komite Tetep [[NPC]] ka-12 (Puhu DPR RRT). [[File:Great Hall Of The People At Night.JPG|thumb|500px|left|<center>Gedong NPC anu tohaga ditémbong ti luar.</center>]] Dina tanggal [[15 Maret]] [[2013]], sanggeus dinominasikeun ku Présidén Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang kapilih jadi Perdana Menteri RRT ngagantikeun [[Wen Jiabao]] anu pangsiun. Lian ti kitu, [[Zhou Qiang]] kapilih jadi Puhu Mahkamah Rahayat Agung RRT ngagantikeun [[Wang Shengjun]] jeung [[Cao Jiaming]] kapilih deui jadi Jaksa Rahayat Agung RRT.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sedengkeun pikeun jabatan Wakil Puhu KMP, sanggeus dinominasikeun ku Présidén [[Xi Jinping]], [[NPC]] netepkeun [[Fan Changlong]] jeung [[Xu Qiliang]] minangka Wakil KMP jeung ogé netepkeun dalapan anggota KMP nyaéta: [[Chang Wanquan]], [[Fang Fenghui]], [[Zhang Yang]], [[Zhao Keshi]], [[Zhang Youxia]], [[Wu Shengli]], [[Ma Xiaotian]] jeung [[Wei Fenghe]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sidang éta ogé ngadopsi réstrukturisasi [[kabinét]] ti 27 kamenterian jadi 25 kamenterian anu tujuanna pikeun ngurangan birokrasi jeung nyieun pamaréntah nu leuwih éfisién pikeun ngajamin éféktivitas jalanna pamaréntahan kaasup pikeun neken prakték [[korupsi]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===Hubungan jeung Républik Tiongkok=== Dina pakuat-pakaitna jeung [[Taiwan]], hubungan kadua belah pihak aya dina kamajuan ti mimiti "Presiden" Taiwan [[Ma Ying-jeou]] ngajabat dina bulan [[Méi]] [[2008]]. Sabulan sanggeus pangistrénan, runtuyan patemuan digelar antara lembaga semiresmi kadua belah pihak, nyaéta ''Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits'' (ARATS/Daratan) jeung ''Straits Exchange Foundation'' (SEF/Taiwan) anu sempet nagen salila salapan taun. Nepi ka taun [[2012]] katompérnakeun, kadua belah pihak geus nandatanganan 18 pajangjian, di antarana: palayaran langsung, pengawangan langsung, palayanan pos langsung, katahanan pangan, pajangjian gawé bareng kaséhatan, atikan, haki, pajangjian inspéksi produk jeung karantina, tutukeuran wisatawan, panangtayungan invéstasi sarta pajangjian rancangan gawé bareng [[ékonomi]] (''Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement'' ECFA). Sawatara kasupaketan penting lianna nyaéta supaya kadua pihak geus mimiti ngabahas isu hubungan [[pulitik]] jeung [[militér]] sarta gawé bareng tutukeuran [[budaya]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> === Hubungan Luar Negeri Lianna === Ti mimiti dicanangkeunna kawijakan réformasi taun [[1978]], pola kawijakan luar negeri RRT gé ngalaman parobahan dadasar. Sanajan tetep miharep kapentingan dina ngajaga weuteuhna wilayah jeung stabilitas kaamanan, tapi kawijakan pulitik luar negerina mah diarahkeun keur ngadukung suksésna pangwangunan nasional jeung marengkeun harmonisasi hubungan antarbangsa. Dina mimitina, RRT ngawanohkeun konsép ''peaceful rise'', kiwari pemerintah RRT ngaganti ku istilah ''peaceful development''. RRT kaciri ngamangpaatkeun sagala forum [[internasional]]/[[régional]], ogé sacara bilateral sangkan bisa ngamankeun kapentingan nasionalna.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Dina tingkat régional RRT martisipasi aktif, di antarana dina rarancang gawé bareng [[ASEAN]], [[ARF]], [[EAS]], [[ESCAP]], [[APEC]], [[ACD]], [[BRICS]] ([[Brasil]], [[Rusia]], [[India]], RRT, jeung [[Afrika Kidul]]), [[G20]], [[SCO]] (''Shanghai Cooperation Organization''), jeung ''Greater Mekong Subregion'' ([[GMS]]). Sedengkeun dina tingkat multilateral, RRT nyaéta salasahiji anggota tetep DK PBB (P5), ITU, ICAO, IMO, CEDAW, jeung badan husus PBB lianna. RRT jadi pihak mangrupa-rupa pajangjian internasional, di antarana Traktat Non-Proliferasi Nuklir (NPT), Konvénsi Sanjata Kimiawi'','' Konvensi Senjata Biologis, sarta Traktat Palarangan Sakabéhna Uji Coba Nuklir (CTBT).<ref name="kemenlu"/> Sedengkeun dina hal ngabérésan aksi separatisme di [[Tibet]], salasahiji tarékah anu dilakonan ku pamaréntah RRT nyaéta diwangunna jalur [[karéta api]] sapanjang 1.956&nbsp;km, anu numbukeun kota [[Golmud]] di Propinsi [[Qinghai]] jeung kota [[Lhasa]] di [[Tibet]], anu diresmikeun dina taun [[1996]]. Babaraha pihak nilik pangwangunan jalur kareta api ieu minangka upaya Pamaréntah RRT pikeun ngadeukeutkeun [[Tibet]] jeung [[Béijing]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===Babagian Administratif=== RRT dibagi jadi 22 provinsi (''sheng''), 5 daerah otonom (''zizhiqu''), jeung 4 kotamadya (''shih'') anu dikontrol langsung ku pamaréntah puseur). RRT ogé mibanda 2 daérah otonomi husus nyaéta [[Hong Kong]] jeung [[Makau]] sarta ngaklaim kadaulatan pikeun provinsi ka-23 nyaéta [[Taiwan]], anu kadaptarna mah minangka nagara kapisah.<ref name="statoid">{{cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/ucn.html |title=China Provinces |publisher=www.statoids.com |accessdate=5/5/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101151906/http://www.statoids.com/ucn.html |date=2004-01-01 }}</ref> Euweuh hiji ogé tina babagian administratif ieu anu diaku ku pamaréntah [[Républik Tiongkok]], anu ngaklaim sakabéh wilayah RRT. {{Peta_leutik_propinsi_RRT/daptar_propinsi}} {{Peta_leutik_propinsi_RRT}} ==Ékonomi== ===Sajarah Ékonomi=== Ti taun [[1970]]-an katompérnakeun, RRT geus ngarobah sistem paékonomianna tina [[sistem ékonomi]] katutup jeung ''centrally planned'' jadi [[sistem ékonomi]] anu leuwih nyoko kana [[pasar]]. Jeung ngaimpléméntasikeun kawijakan éta dina taun [[2010]] RRT suksés jadi [[éksportir]] pangbadagna sadunya. Réformasi [[ékonomi]] RRT dimimitian sacara tumahap nyaéta kaluar tina sistem patanian koléktif jeung ngalegakeunna dina liberalisasi [[harga]], déséntralisasi fiskal, ngaronjatkeun [[otonomi]] [[BUMN]], ngadiversifikasi sistem [[perbankan]], ngembangkeun pasar [[saham]], ngaronjatkeun tumuwuhna séktor [[swasta]], jeung muka diri kana padagangan, sarta [[invéstasi]] luar negeri.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Dina taun [[2012]], di tengah kajadian krisis kauangan global, RRT masih bisa mertahankeun tumuwuhna [[ékonomi]] anu stabil jeung tetep. Sawatara préstasi anu dicekel ku RRT di antarana nyaéta naékna GDP tina RMB 26,6 triliun (4,2 triliun [[USD]]) jadi RMB 51,9 trilyun (8,3 triliun [[USD]]), anu nempatkeun RRT di réngking kadua sacara global. Disagigireun éta, beubeunangan pamaréntah ogé naék tina RMB 5,1 triliun (822 miliar [[USD]]) jadi RMB 11,7 triliun (1,88 triliun [[USD]]) ku nambahna lapangan gawé saloba 58,7 yuta.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Salasahiji konci ngahasilna Pamaréntah RRT dina mertahankeun tumuwuhna [[ékonomi]] di tengah [[krisis global]] nyaéta palarapan kawijakan [[fiskal]] anu pro-aktif, kawijakan ''easy moneter'', palarapan kawijakan finansial nu sagembléngna, rumonjatanna balanja pamaréntah, jeung nyieun pangurangan pajak sacara struktural. Disagigireun éta, igé dilakonan panyaluyuan giro wajib minimum jeung suku bunga pikeun mertaankeun tumuwuhna anu pas dina suplai [[duit]] jeung [[krédit]]. Dina ngaréspon trén parobahan makro [[ékonomi]], pamaréntah ogé sacara gancang nginténsifkeun impléméntasi kawijakan, ngurangan daya dorong ti kawijakan stimulus sacara tepat waktu, jeung ngimpléméntasikeun kawijakan fiskal pro-aktif jeung [[kawijakan monétér]] anu ati-ati. Dina raraga pikeun ngagancangkeun panyaluyuan [[struktur ékonomi]] jeung ngembangkeun kualitas sarta kinérja pangwangunan [[ékonomi]], pamaréntah geus ngalakonan runtuyan tarékah pikeun ngadorong pamundutan [[doméstik]]. Minangka hasilna, kontribusi pamundutan doméstik kana tumuwuhna [[ékonomi]] ngaronjat.<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===Industri=== Di widang [[industri]], RRT ngalakonan sawatara tarékah pikeun meromosikeun transformasi séktor [[industri]] anu antukna ngajadikeun [[industri]] [[manufaktur]] RRT panggedéna di dunya, ku tumuwuhna niléy tambah taunan rata-rata nepi 13,4%. Hal ieu sakaligus ngajadikeun [[manufaktur téknologi]] luhur minangka pilar utama [[ékonomi]] RRT. Disagigireun éta, dina période lima taun ieu, industri stratégis kawengku ''clean energy'', konsérvasi énérgi, panangtayungan lingkungan, téknologi komunikasi jeung ''bio-medicines'' geus tumuwuh gancang. Kontribusi séktor jasa kana GPD ogé rumonjat kurang leuwih 2,7%, jeung ngajadikeun séktor ieu bisa nyiptakeun lapangan gawé leuwih loba batan séktor séjén.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Padagangan internasional RRT dina waktu lima taun panungtung rata-rata tumuwuh 12,2%/taun jeung RRT aya dina réngking kadua nagara anu padaganganna pangbadagna di dunya. RRT geus jadi pangékspor pangbadagna sadunya sarta kontribusina ka pasar internasional ogé ngaronjat leuwih ti 2% tinimbang taun [[2007]]. Pikeun [[invéstasi]], salila lima taun pamaréntah geus ngagunakeun [[invéstasi]] asing saloba 552,8 miliar [[USD]]. Sarta pikeun ngarojong ékspansi pangusaha RRT kaluar negeri, pamaréntah ngalarapkeun stratégi ''go global''.<ref name="kemenlu"/> ==Géografi== [[File:YellowRiver Gorges.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>Jungkrang walungan Huáng Hé'</center>]]RRT mangrupa nagara pangbadagna ka-3 di dunya sanggeus [[Rusia]] jeung [[Kanada]], wewengkonna ngawengku daratan anu kacida legana di tapak [[Paadaban Lebak Walungan Konéng]]. Di beulah wétan, salian ti basisir [[Sagara Konéng]] jeung [[Sagara Tiongkok Wétan]], kapanggih ogé hiji daratan anu lega tur padet nu ditempatan ku lapangan taneuh anyar, basisir [[Laut Tiongkok Kidul|Sagara Tiongkok Kidul]] leuwih ngabentuk gugunungan jeung Tiongkok beulah kidul didominasi wewengkon pasir jeung jajaran gunung anu leuwih héndép. Di beulah tengah ngétan kapanggih délta 2 walungan utama Tiongkok, Huang He (Walungan Konéng) jeung Chang Jiang (Walungan Panjang). Walungan-walungan utama séjénna nyaéta Zhu Jiang, Songhua Jiang, Mekong, Brahmaputra jeung Amur. Ka beulah kulonna, jajaran gunung anu utama, hususna Himalaya kalawan titik pangjangkungna di Tiongkok [[Gunung Everest]], jeung ciri-ciri plato jangkung di antara wentang daratan anu leuwih garing ti batan gurun samodél [[Gurun Taklamakan]] jeung [[Gurun Gobi]]. Ku sabab halodo panjang jeung jigana gara-gara patanén anu leutik migawé badéy lebu geus jadi hal anu biasa dina usum semi di Tiongkok. Nurutkeun Badan Pangraksa Lingkungan Tiongkok, Gurun Gobi geus dimekarkeun jeung mangrupa sumber utama badéy lebu anu mangaruhan Tiongkok jeung wewengkon [[Asia Kalér Ngétan]] séjénna saperti [[Koréa]] jeung [[Jepang]]. Keusik ti beulah kalér geus kacaturkeun nepi ke basisir kulon [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Pangurusan cai walungan (saperti pamiceunan sésa tinja, pangotoran ku kilang, jeung ékstraksi cai pikeun irigasi jeung inumeun) jeung ngaheureutanna taneuh pasir matak ngabalukarkeun dampak goréng ka nagara séjén.{{fact}} ===Walungan=== {{utama|Daptar walungan di RRT}} Dua walungan utama RRT, Huáng Hé' (Walungan Konéng) jeung Chang Jiang (Yangzi atawa Walungan Yangtze), sarta walungan mutiara (Zhu Jiang) sistem délta nu dicirian ku Xi Jiang (Walungan kulon) di [[kidul wétan]] RRT, geus aya rarancangan gawé pikeun ngamekarkeun kagiatan [[tani]] jeung tumuwuhna populasi ti sapanjang [[sajarah Tiongkok]].<ref name="afe">{{cite web |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/china/geog/maps.htm#2a |title=Chinese Geography: Readings and Maps |publisher=afe.easia.columbia.edu |accessdate=6/5/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430063920/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/china/geog/maps.htm#2a |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> Walungan séjén nyaéta Heilong Jiang (dipikawanoh ogé minangka walungan Amur ceuk ngaran [[Rusia]]na) nyirikeun wates antara RRT jeung [[Rusia]]. Dina mangsa baheula, daérah ieu téh salah sahiji konfrontasi antara dua nagara.<ref name="afe"/> ===Pagunungan=== [[File:Huangshan, China (YELLOW MOUNTAIN-LANDSCAPE) VIII (1061671042).jpg|thumb|250px|<center>Pagunungan Huangshan</center>]] {{utama|Daptar pagunungan di RRT}} [[Himalaya]], pagunungan anu pangluhurna di dunya, ngawangun wawatesan kidul kulon jeung [[India]], [[Nepal]] sarta [[Bhutan]], ogé di dinya nganjrekna poncrot pangluhurna di dunya.<ref name="wa">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/china/cnland.htm|title=Geography of China|publisher=www.worldatlas.com|accessdate=6/5/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508131753/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/china/cnland.htm |date=2015-05-08 }}</ref> Nganjrekna poncrot pangluhurna [[Himalaya]] téh nyaéta di RRT, anu dipikawanoh minangka [[Gunung Everest]], anu mangrupa gunung pangluhurna di dunya, sarta luhurna nepi kana 8.850 m.<ref name="wa"/> Loba walungan anu bijil ti [[Himalaya]], kaasup walungan Indus jeung Brahmaputra. Di bagéan kalér wétan, wawates RRT jeung [[Rusia]] ogé diwates ku pagunungan cingcin luhur.<ref name="wa"/> ===Gurun=== Gurun Gobi mayakpak ti belah [[kulon]] ka [[wétan]] di sapanjang wawatesan jeung [[Mongolia]].<ref name="wa"/> Éta mangrupa topografi variatif ti gurun pasir ka tutugan gunung anu landeuh sarta dataran luhur anu ngabaris nepi ka [[Mongolia]].<ref name="wa"/> Halodo kateterusan ngabalukarkeun daérah kaserang badéy kekebul, sahingga RRT kaleungitan sayuta héktar per taunna wewengkon nu jadi gurun.<ref name="wa"/> Titik panglandeuhna di RRT nyaéta logak gersang Tupan anu nganjrek di bagian [[kulon]], sarta mangrupa titik panglandeuhna katilu di [[marcapada]].<ref name="wa"/> ===Flora jeung Fauna=== [[File:Panda ChiangMaiZoo humarkus.jpg|thumb|170px|<center>Panda badag di Chiang Mai Zoo</center>]] RRT mangrupa salasahiji ti 17 [[nagara mégadiversitas]],<ref name="environment">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |title=Biodiversity Theme Report |publisher=Environment.gov.au |date=10/12/2009 |dateaccess=5/6/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208141905/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |date=2008-12-08 }}</ref> sarta nganjrek di antara dua [[ékologi]] pangbadagna di dunya: [[Paléarktik]] jeung [[Indomalaya]]. RRT mibanda leuwih ti 34.687 spésiés [[amfibi]], [[manuk]], [[mamalia]], [[réptil]] jeung tutuwuhan vaskular, ogé minangka nagara katilu anu paling réa kaanékaragaman hayatina di [[marcapada]], sanggeus [[Brazil]] jeung [[Kolombia]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03highest_biodiversity.htm|title= Countries with the Highest Biological Diversity|publisher= Mongabay.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326060253/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03highest_biodiversity.htm |date=2013-03-26 }}</ref> Malah mah RRT téh imah pikeun 551 spesies mamalia (ka-3 di dunya)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals/analysis/geographic-patterns|title= IUCN Initiatives – Mammals – Analysis of Data – Geographic Patterns 2012|publisher= IUCN Red List.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512150801/http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals/analysis/geographic-patterns |date=2013-05-12 }}</ref>, 1.221 jenis manuk (ka-8 di dunya)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03birds.htm|title= Countries with the most bird species|publisher= Mongabay.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216152146/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03birds.htm |date=2013-02-16 }}</ref>, 424 spésiés [[réptil]] (ka-7 di dunya)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03reptiles.htm|title= Countries with the most reptile species|publisher= Mongabay.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216152129/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03reptiles.htm |date=2013-02-16 }}</ref> jeung 333 spésiés amfibi (ka-7 di dunya)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/geographic-patterns#diversity|title= IUCN Initiatives – Amphibians – Analysis of Data – Geographic Patterns 2012|publisher= IUCN Red List.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512145131/http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/geographic-patterns#diversity |date=2013-05-12 }}</ref>. di antara spésiés éndemik mamalia di nagara ieu, nyaéta: [[panda]], monyét bulu emas, maung tiongkok kulon, manuk Moron, ibis Jepang, lumba-lumba walungan bodas jeung [[aligator tiongkok]].<ref name="mongabay">{{cite web|url= http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03plants.htm|title= Countries with the most vascular plant species|publisher= Mongabay.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112001508/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03plants.htm |date=2014-01-12 }}</ref> Di wewengkonna mah aya leuwih ti 32.000 spésiés tutuwuhan vaskular jeung mangrupa imah pikeun mangrupa-rupa leuweung konifer tiis.<ref name="mongabay"/> Éta ngadominasi di kalér sarta mangrupa habitat pikeun saro sarupaning [[uncal]], beruang hideung asia jeung leuwih ti 120 spésiés [[manuk]].<ref name="mongabay"/> Di rungkun konifer baseuh bisa dipanggihan leunjeuran [[awi]].<ref name="mongabay"/> [[Tangkal yew]] (''Taxus chinensis'') jeung juniper ayana di dataran luhur nu mana rododrendón ngagantikeun awi.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rebanadasderealidad.com.ar/economia-10-01.htm|title= El bambú: ¿un recurso sustentable?|accessdate= 5/6/2015|publisher= Varas, Eugenio J.}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514202854/http://www.rebanadasderealidad.com.ar/economia-10-01.htm |date=2014-05-14 }}</ref> Leuweung subtropis, anu ngadominasi di puseur jeung kulon nyaéta imah pikeun leuwih ti 146.000 spésiés flora. [[Leuweung tropis]] jeung [[leuweung usuman]], sanajan kawates ku [[Yunnan]] jeung [[Hainan]] tapina ngandung saparapat tina sakabéh spésiés sato jeung tutuwuhan anu kapanggih di RRT.<ref name=FF>{{cite web |obra= China.org.cn |url= http://spanish.china.org.cn/spanish/xi-jk/206.htm |title= Flora y fauna de China |accessdate= 5/6/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095625/http://spanish.china.org.cn/spanish/xi-jk/206.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Di RRT tumuwuh leuwih ti 10.000 spésiés supa,<ref name="mongabay"/> anu ampir 6.000-na mah nyaéta supa jarangkung. Spésiés tutuwuhan anu penting lianna kawengku: [[metasecouya]], camara tiongkok, Cataya, pinus Taiwan, cemara fujiano davidia, guatapercha jeung campotecia.<ref name=FF/> Sahenteuna 840 spésiés sato kaancam punah, utamana ku sabab tarékah manusa kayaning parusakan habitat, polusi jeung moro sato pikeun dahareun, kulit sarta bahan-bahan pikeun ubar tradisional.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/infographic-top-20-countries-with-most-endangered-species|title= Top 20 countries with most endangered species IUCN Red List|publisher= MNN.com|accessdate= 5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424182826/http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/infographic-top-20-countries-with-most-endangered-species |date=2013-04-24 }}</ref> Spésiés kaancam punah anu ditangtayungan ku hukum dina taun 2005 aya leuwih ti 2.349 wewengkon lindung ngawengku legana 149.950.000 ha, 15% tina wilayah PRT.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nature Reserves|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Brief/193257.htm|publisher=China.org.cn|accessdate=5/6/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010150919/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Brief/193257.htm |date=2017-10-10 }}</ref> Tanggal [[11 Juni]] [[1992]] pamaréntah PRT nandatanganan [[Konvénsi Kaanékaragaman Hayati Rio de Janeiro]], sarta jadi anggota Konvénsi dina tanggal [[5 Januari]] [[1993]]. Satuluyna ngahasilkeun hiji stratégi jeung rancangan aksi nasional kaanékaragaman hayati, yén sanggeus tinjauan ditarima ku konvénsi dina tanggal [[21 Séptémber]] [[2010]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/ |title=List of Parties |accessdate=5/6/2015 |publisher=CBD.int }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124005746/http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/ |date=2011-01-24 }}</ref> ==Infrastruktur== [[File:Tianjin Railway station platform with CRH3 in background.jpg|thumb|Stasion karéta api Tianjin nu aya CRH3 di tukangna]] ===Tumuwuhna Pangwangunan=== Dina widang infrastruktur, salila période lima taun, pamaréntah geus suksés ngabangun leuwih ti 18 yuta unit [[imah]] nu disubsidi jeung ngoméan 12 yuta unit [[imah]] di daérah pasisian.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Disagigireun éta, ogé geus suksés diwangun 19.700&nbsp;km jalur [[kareta api]], nu mana 8951&nbsp;km na nyaéta jalur [[kareta api]] éksprés.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Pamaréntah ogé geus ngawangun 609.000&nbsp;km jalan anyar, jeung 42.000&nbsp;km na mangrupa [[jalan tol]], anu nambah panjang [[jalan tol]] sacara sakabéhna jadi 95.600&nbsp;km.<ref name="kemenlu"/> Leuwih jerona, ogé geus diwangun 31 bandara jeung 602 palabuan pikeun 10.000 ton kapal sarta pangwangunan proyék badag pikeun ngamalirkeun gas jeung listrik ti [[kulon]] ka [[wétan]].<ref name="kemenlu"/> ===Jalan=== [[Jalan tol]] Tiongkok nu panjangna 65.000 kilométer mangrupa [[jalan tol]] pangpanjangna kadua di dunya, handapeun [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="jalan">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/roads.asp |title=Roads Sector in China |publisher=asiatradehub.com |accessdate=5/15/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422032927/http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/roads.asp |date=2015-04-22 }}</ref> *Taun [[2020]] pamaréntah RRT geus ngarencanakeun pikeun méréskeun tilu yuta kilométer [[jalan tol]] jeung jalan raya, naék ti nu tadina dua yuta kilométer dina taun [[2008]].<ref name="jalan"/> *RRT mangrupa puseur [[jalan tol]], ku sabab jalan tol RRT téh 70% ti total jalan tol di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="jalan"/> *Pamaréntah RRT ngabiayaan ampir sakabéh proyék jalan ku anggaranna sorangan, sedengkeun séktor swasta miboga perang nu kawates.<ref name="jalan"/> *Séktor [[jalan tol]] téh salah sahiji bisnis anu nguntungkeun pisan di RRT pikeun taun [[2009]], bareng jeung bisnis ''real estate'' sarta kauangan.<ref name="jalan"/> ===Karéta Api=== Galur [[karéta api]] RRT dina taun [[2008]] katompérnakeun, geus nepi kana 79,687.5&nbsp;km, aya dina réngking kahiji sa-[[Asia]].<ref name="kareta1">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/railways.asp |title=China Railways- Overview |publisher=asiatradehub.com |accessdate=5/15/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325102338/http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/railways.asp |date=2015-03-25 }}</ref> Ti wétan ka kulon, kalér ka kidul, dikombinasikeun ku diwangunna galur nu cukup gedé nyaéta galur [[karéta api]] [[Ganzhi]] nu jadi faktor ronjatanna.<ref name="kareta1"/> Pangoperasian transportasi [[karéta api]] di RRT geus dimimitian ti taun [[2008]],<ref name="kareta2">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/railways3.asp |title=The operation of rail transport in China |publisher=asiatradehub.com |accessdate=5/15/2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031225702/http://www.asiatradehub.com/china/railways3.asp |date=2013-10-31 }}</ref> kabagi jadi [[karéta api]] nasional sarta [[karéta api]] pagawé nu tujuanna pikeun ngalarapkeun konsép pangwangunan ilmiah, dinas ogé ngutamakeun kapentingan rahayat, nu inovasina terus maju dina kasatuan, ogé pikeun miceun runtuyan kamacétan, pangwangunan transportasi [[karéta api]] RRT geus nepi kana préstasi anu luar biasa.<ref name="kareta2"/> ==Atikan== Dina taun [[1986]], RRT geus ngarumuskeun tujuan jangka panjang pangwangunan wajib diajar salapan taun pikeun sakumna budak. Dina taun [[1997]], RRT miboga 628.840 [[sakola dasar]], 78.642 [[sekolah luhur]] jeung 1.020 sakola husus.<ref name="asiap">{{cite web|url= http://www.asia-planet.net/china/education.htm|title= Education|publisher= Orasia co., ltd.|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410152232/http://www.asia-planet.net/china/education.htm |date=2011-04-10 }}</ref> Dina bulan [[Pébruari]] [[2006]], pamaréntah ngarévisi target pikeun ngayakeun atikan wajib diajar salapan taun tur haratis, kaasup nyadiakeun buku pangajaranna sarta di tingkat kuliahanna ogé, di [[propinsi]] belah [[kulon]] kawilang miskinna.<ref name="chinaeco">{{cite web|url= http://en.ce.cn/National/Rural/200602/21/t20060221_6154334.shtml|title= China pledges free 9-year education in rural west|publisher= China Economic Net|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152014/http://en.ce.cn/National/Rural/200602/21/t20060221_6154334.shtml |date=2017-10-10 }}</ref> [[File:HUST-Main-building-4111.jpg|thumb|Universitas Sains dan Téknologi Huazhong nu ngadeg di Wuhan]] Dina taun [[2002]], tingkat masarakat anu beunta kana widang atikan di RRT nyaéta 90,9%, anu komposisina 95,1% lalaki jeung 86,5% awéwé.<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url= http://travelblog.org/World/ch-ppl.html|title= Chinese People|publisher= TravelBlog|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811222854/http://www.travelblog.org/World/ch-ppl.html |date=2007-08-11 }}</ref> Dina bulan Maret [[2007]], RRT ngumumkeun kaputusan pikeun ngajadikeun atikan minangka "Prioritas Stratégis Nasional", ku anggaran nasionalna tilu kali lipet dina dua taun sarta tambahan 223.500.000.000 yuan disadiakeun salila lima taun pikeun ngaronjatkeun atikan wajib di daérah kapencil.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-03/05/content_5800996.htm|title= Premier Wen announces hefty educational investment|publisher= news.xinhuanet.com|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414054357/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-03/05/content_5800996.htm |date=2016-04-14 }}</ref> Kualitas universitas RRT mah variatif nu lolobanana mah daptarna téh di [[Béijing University]], [[Universitas Rahayat Tiongkok]] (''Renmin University of China''), jeung [[Tsinghua University]] di [[Béijing]], [[Fudan University]], [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]], [[Xi'an Jiaotong University]] di Xi'an, [[Nanjing University]] di Nanjing, [[Universitas Sains jeung Téknologi RRT]] di Hefei, [[Universitas Zhejiang]] di Hangzhou sarta [[Wuhan University]] di Wuhan.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-02/21/content_418027.htm|title= Chinese University Ranking unveiled|publisher= China Daily|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514060937/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-02/21/content_418027.htm |date=2011-05-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://rank2003.netbig.com/en/rnk_1_0_0.htm|title= All-around Ranking|publisher= Netbig rank|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104140729/http://rank2003.netbig.com/en/rnk_1_0_0.htm |date=2011-01-04 }}</ref> Di RRT, sistem atikanna dibagi jadi tilu kategori: atikan dasar, atikan luhur, dan atikan déwasa. Geus ditetepkan yén unggal budak téh kudu miluan wajib diajar salapan taun dina atikan formal.<ref name="edu.cn">{{cite web|url= http://www.edu.cn/20041203/3123354.shtml|title= Education System in China|publisher= China Education and Research Network|accessdate= 5/7/2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094522/http://www.edu.cn/20041203/3123354.shtml |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> ===Atikan Dasar=== Atikan dasar di Tiongkok di antarana atikan pra-sakola, atikan dasar jeung atikan menengah biasa. Prasakola, atawa taman kanak-kanak, paling lila nepi ka tilu taun, nu patokanna ti umur tilu taun nepi ka umur genep taun, liwat ti éta sok langsung di ka sakola dasarkeun.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Taun akademik anu dilarapkeunana dibagi jadi dua seméster.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Atikan menengah dibagi jadi atikan menengah umum jeung husus, [[SMK]] atawa atikan téknik. Atikan menengah umum dibagi geui jadi sakola menengah umum handap jeung sakola menengah umum luhur.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Lulusan sakola dasar nu hayang neruskeun kudu nyokot ujian asup anu dikokola sacara lokal, anu dipertimbangkeun ka hareupna boh leuwih cocog ka sakola menengah umum atawa ka menengah kajuruan.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Sakola menengah kajuruan kagiatanna antara dua nepi ka opat taun sarta dilatih jadi pagawé calakan, [[patani]], ogé jadi tanaga manajerial jeung tanaga téknis.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Sedengkeun sakola téknik kagiatanna opat taun pikeun ngalatih tanaga téknis.<ref name="edu.cn"/> ===Atikan Luhur=== Atikan luhur nyaéta tingkatan sarjana kayaning [[paguron luhur]] junior 2-3 taun(sakapeung mah disebut siklus pondok [[paguron luhur]]), [[paguron luhur]] 4 taun, sarta universitas anu nawarkeun program pangajaran akademik jeung kajuruanna.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Loba ogé [[paguron luhur]] jeung universitas menawarkan program [[pascasarjana]] anu nojo ka tingkat master atawa [[Ph.D.]]<ref name="edu.cn"/> Atikan luhur Tiongkok di tingkat sarjana dibagi jadi program tilu taun jeung program opat taun.<ref name="edu.cn"/> ===Atikan Déwasa=== Kategori atikan jalma déwasa patumpang-tindih jeung tilu kategori dina atikan luhur.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Atikan déwasa tingkat dasar kaasup Sakola Dasar, Sekolah Dasar Patani-Pagawé, jeung kelas kaaksaraan.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Atikan menengah déwasa ngawengku sakola menengah husus [[radio]]/[[TV]], sakola menengah husus pikeun kader, sakola menengah husus pikeun staf jeung pagawé, sakola menengah husus pikeun patani sarta sakola husus palatihan [[guru]] jeung koréspondénsi sakola.<ref name="edu.cn"/> Atikan dewasa tingkat luhur kaasup universitas radio/TV, lembaga kader, [[paguron luhur]] pagawé, [[paguron luhur]] patani, [[paguron luhur]] koréspondénsi sarta [[paguron luhur]] atikan.<ref name="edu.cn"/> == Budaya Tiongkok di Tatar Sunda == '''Pangaruh budaya Tiongkok di Tatar Sunda''' lumangsung ti mimiti datangna [[Tiongkok|Bangsa Tiongkok]] di Kapuloan Nusantara<ref name="Buku1">Museum Negeri Sri Baduga. 2007. ''Budaya Cina di Tatar Sunda''. Bandung: Museum Negeri Sri Baduga</ref><ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/andreaja9693/budaya-cina-sunda Http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/andreaja9693/budaya-cina-sunda] [Diaksés ping 18 Septémber 2017]</ref>. Numutkeun sumber kronik Tiongkok kuna masa [[Dinasti Han]], nétélakeun yén saudagar Tiongkok geus ngalakukeun lalayaran ka [[Asia Tenggara]] dina abad ka-2 SM nyaéta di sabudeureun Palembang jeung Bornéo<ref name="Buku1" />. Budaya Tiongkok mibanda pangaruh nu loba keur unggal aspék kahirupan masarakat Tatar Sunda, ti mimiti kadaharan, pakakas, corak jeung modél baju, dagang, tatanén, basa, katut pangobatan.<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang kadaharan misalna aya tahu, [[togé]], [[tauco]], [[moci]], [[baso]], [[siomay]], [[bihun]], [[emih]] jeung [[kécap]].<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang pakakas, péso, katél, jeung wawadahan tina keramik lianna.<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang corak jeung modél baju misalna calana pangsi, [[kabaya encim]], [[kelom]] jeung [[payung]], katut motif batik [[méga mendung]] ti daérah pasisian [[Cirebon]].<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang dagang misalna ayana [[sempoa]] jeung timbangan.<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang tatanén contona cara melak paré kalawan maké sistem sawah.<ref name="Buku1" /> Dina widang basa tinangtu loba kekecapan serepan tina [[basa Tiongkok]], di antarana kecap [[bolay]], [[cap]], [[cét]], [[jimpo]], [[kinca]], [[loténg]], jrrd.<ref name="Buku1" /> Pon komo dina widang pangobatan mah, ti mimiti rupaning ubar katut pakakas médisna.<ref name="Buku1" /> ==Rujukan== {{reflist|30em}} == Bacaan satuluyna == {{refbegin|40em}} * Farah, Paolo (2006). "Five Years of China's WTO Membership: EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". ''Legal Issues of Economic Integration''. Kluwer Law International. Volume 33, Number 3. pp.&nbsp;263–304. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=916768 Abstract]. * Heilig, Gerhard K. (2006/2007). ''[http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm China Bibliography – Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105234238/http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm|date=5 Nopémber 2015 }}.'' China-Profile.com. * Jaffe, Amy Myers, "Green Giant: Renewable Energy and Chinese Power", ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', vol. 97, no. 2 (Maret / April 2018), pp.&nbsp;83–93. * [[Ian Denis Johnson|Johnson, Ian]], "What Holds China Together?", ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp.&nbsp;14, 16, 18. "The [[Manchus]]... had [in 1644] conquered the last ethnic Chinese empire, the [[Ming empire|Ming]] [and established Imperial China's last dynasty, the [[Qing]]]... The Manchus expanded the empire's borders northward to include all of [[Mongolia]], and westward to [[Tibet]] and [[Xinjiang]]." [p.&nbsp;16.] "China's rulers have no faith that anything but force can keep this sprawling country intact." [p.&nbsp;18.] * {{cite book|last=Lagerwey|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAOOzQi0dCkC|year=2010|title=China: A Religious State|publisher=University of Hong Kong Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-988-8028-04-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Meng|first=Fanhua|title=Phenomenon of Chinese Culture at the Turn of the 21st century|year=2011|publisher=Silkroad Press|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-4332-35-4}} * {{cite book|author = Sang Ye|title = China Candid: The People on the People's Republic|url = https://archive.org/details/chinacandidpeopl0000yesa|year=2006|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-24514-3 }} * {{cite book|last=Selden|first=Mark|title=The People's Republic of China: Documentary History of Revolutionary Change|year=1979|publisher=Monthly Review Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-85345-532-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesrepublico0000unse }} * {{cite book|last = Shambaugh|first = David L.|year = 2008|title = China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aMpj-MboMR4C|publisher = University of California Press|location = Washington, DC; Berkeley, CA|isbn = 978-0-520-25492-3 }} {{refend}} {{Sister project links|China|auto=1|wikt=y|v=y}} {{Library resources box}} === Pamaréntahan === * [http://english.gov.cn/ Puseur tina Pamaréntah Républik Rahayat Tiongkok] {{in lang|en}} === Informasi umum === * [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html China at a Glance] from ''[[People's Daily]]'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017877 BBC News – China Profile] * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220073104/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |date=2021-12-20 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120609183901/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/china.htm China, People's Republic of] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/China}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China China]'s ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' éntri === Peta === * [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&ll=30.600094,103.710938&spn=64.10009,177.1875&om=1 Google Maps—China] * {{Wikiatlas|Républik Rahayat Tiongkok}} * {{OSM relation|270056}} <!-- {{China topics}}--> {{Navboxes | title = Wewengkon Géograpis | list = {{Countries of Asia}} }} {{Navboxes | title = Kaanggotaan Internasional | list = <!--{{Trilateral meeting leaders}} -->{{G8 nations}}<!-- {{G20}} {{BRICS}}--> {{East Asia Summit (EAS)}}<!-- {{Socialism by state}} {{UN Security Council}}--> {{World Trade Organization}}<!-- {{Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}} {{Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}--> }} <!--{{States with limited recognition}} {{Province-level divisions of China}}--> {{Coord|35|N|103|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:China, People's Republic Of}} [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Wétan]] 81u1yxzr44op6rvgvsdlhnuqjs3stn9 0 43956 731818 698122 2026-11-08T10:38:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Kliping-Koran-Tentang-Gerakan-Sultan-Riau.jpg|thumb]] '''Pérs''' mangrupa lembaga [[sosial]] jeung wahana [[komunikasi]] [[massa]] pikeun ngalakonan kagiatan [[jurnalistik]], saperti néangan, meunangkeun, mikaboga, nyimpen, ngolah jeung nepikeun [[informasi]], boh dina bentuk [[téks]], [[sora]], [[gambar]], sora jeung gambar, kitu ogé [[data]] jeung [[grafik]] sarta dina bentuk séjén ngagunakeun [[média]] citak, media [[elektronik]], sareng sadaya saluran nu sadia<ref name=":0">{{id}}[http://www.kpi.go.id/download/regulasi/UU%20No.%2040%20Tahun%201999%20tentang%20Pers.pdf UU tentang Pers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430222856/http://www.kpi.go.id/download/regulasi/UU%20No.%2040%20Tahun%201999%20tentang%20Pers.pdf |date=2015-04-30 }} (diakses 9 Juli 2015)</ref>. Dina elmu komunikasi, harti pérs nyaéta<ref name=":1">{{id}}[http://www.pengertianahli.com/2013/11/pengertian-pers-apa-itu-pers.html#_ Pengertian Pers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114220339/http://www.pengertianahli.com/2013/11/pengertian-pers-apa-itu-pers.html#_ |date=2015-01-14 }} (diakses 9 Juli 2015)</ref>: #[[Usaha]] pacitakan atawa penerbitan<ref name=":1" />, #Usaha ngumpul jeung siaran [[warta]]<ref name=":1" />, #Nyiarkeun [[warta]] ngaliwatan [[koran]], [[majalah]], [[radio]], jeung [[televisi]]<ref name=":1" />, #Jalma nu dina aktipitas siaran warta<ref name=":1" />, #Média panyiaran warta, nyaéta koran, majalah, radio, jeung televisi<ref name=":1" />. ==Fungsi Pers== Pers [[nasional]] miboga fungsi salaku média informasi, atikan, hiburan, jeung kontrol sosial<ref name=":0" />. Salian fungsi-fungsi éta ayat (1), pers nasional bisa ngawula salaku lembaga ékonomi<ref name=":0" />. Sahanteuna aya opat fungsi pérs salaku kontrol sosial, nu ngandung makna demokrasi, di jerona aya unsur-unsur di handap ieu<ref name=":2">{{id}}[http://koransuararakyat.com/article/96438/peran-pers-sebagai-fungsi-kontrol-sosial.html Peran Pers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716063351/http://koransuararakyat.com/article/96438/peran-pers-sebagai-fungsi-kontrol-sosial.html |date=2015-07-16 }} (diakses 9 Juli 2015)</ref>: *''Social participation'' (partisipasi masarakat dina pamaréntahan),<ref name=":2" /> *''Social responsibility'' (akuntabilitas pamaréntah ka rahayat),<ref name=":2" /> *''Social support'' (pangrojong rahayat ka pamaréntah ),<ref name=":2" /> *jeung ''Social control'' (kontrol masarakat ngalawan lampah pamaréntah).<ref name=":2" /> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Komunikasi]] [[Kategori:Media massa]] szqpfn7rcn0bccwz2rqsn8whusc9f54 0 43961 731618 671699 2026-11-07T21:20:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Beurat molekul''' (BM) atawa biasa disebut '''molekul rélatif''' (Mr) nyaéta beurat hiji molekul dina satuan massa atom (sma)<ref name=kimiant>{{id}}http://www.kimiatnt.com/tutorial.php?dokumen=5 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102155355/http://www.kimiatnt.com/tutorial.php?dokumen=5 |date=2015-01-02 }} (diakses 6 Juli 2015)</ref>. Beurat molekul (Mr) bisa diitung ku ngajumlahkeun beurat sakabéh [[atom]] anu nyusunna<ref name=kimiant/>. rumus ngitungna: Mr = ΣAr Beurat molekul rélatif tina hiji [[senyawa]] bisa ditangtukeun ku rupa-rupa métode gumantung tina sifat-sifat [[fisika]] éta senyawana<ref name=dokumen>{{id}}http://dokumen.tips/documents/berat-molekul-adalah-jumlah-massa.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306153609/http://dokumen.tips/documents/berat-molekul-adalah-jumlah-massa.html |date=2016-03-06 }} (diakses 6 Juli 2015)</ref>. Beurat molekul senyawa anu [[volatil]] bisa ditangtukeun ku ngagunakeun persamaan gas idéal jeung massa jenis gas<ref name=dokumen/>. ==Sumber Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[kategori:kimia]] mbpof5b4nz5d7kgtbns20ycjhb2iye2 0 43963 731693 684672 2026-11-08T01:34:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Héksosa''' (''hexose'') nyaéta [[karbohidrat]] anu mangrupa ranté anu disusun ku genep [[atom]] [[karbon]], misalna [[glukosa]] jeung [[fruktosa]]<ref name=glosarium>{{id}}http://glosarium.org/arti/?k=heksosa {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927141616/http://glosarium.org/arti/?k=heksosa |date=2015-09-27 }} (diakses 6 Juli 2015)</ref>. Ieu [[karbohidrat]] téh dikelompokkeun minangka [[aldohéksosa]], gumantung kana ayana sipat [[aldéhida]] atawa [[kéton]]<ref name=glosarium/>. Héksosa miboga peran anu penting minangka sumber [[énérgi]] pikeun [[métabolisme]]<ref>{{id}}[http://idpengertian.com/2015/07/fungsi-heksosa-dan-pentosa.html Fungsi heksosa dan pentosa]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(diakses 6 Juli 2015)</ref> ==Sumber rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[kategori:biologi]] cwosu0ekz0a7wly17g6y00znp5icpgu 0 44590 731786 673089 2026-11-08T09:18:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:Ayam cemani(1).jpg|thumb|Hayam]] '''Ovivar''' mangrupa istilah [[zoologi]] jinis [[réproduksi]] nu ngahasilkeun [[endog]] anu dikaluarkeun ngembang jeung [[megar]] di luar [[awak]] [[indung]]na.<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://www.maksudkata.com/arti-ovipar-kamus-bahasa-indonesia-kbbi.html Arti Ovivar]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} diakses 13 Juli 2015</ref> [[Endog]] éta disileungleuman nepi ka megar.{{fact}} Biasana, endog katutupan ku [[cangkang]] anu teuas, pikeun mastikeun panyalindungan [[fisik]] keur [[émbrio]] anu eukeur tumuwuh.<ref name="dua">{{id}}[http://www.infolengkap.net/2015/01/pengertian-hewan-ovipar-vivipar-ovovivipar.html Pengertian hewan Ovivar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018111756/http://www.infolengkap.net/2015/01/pengertian-hewan-ovipar-vivipar-ovovivipar.html |date=2015-10-18 }} diakses 13 Juli 2015</ref> Prosés neuasan [[kulit]] lumangsung sacara [[alami]] sanggeus gén indung diasupkeun ka jero [[sél]] endog atawa endogna.<ref name="dua" /> Fusi matéri lumangsung sanggeus jalangan(?) suksés antara [[jalu]] sawawa jeung [[bikang]] sawawa.<ref name="dua" /> Fértilisasi biasana lumangsung di luar awak dina [[sato]] ovipar, di mana nu bikang endogan jeung [[spérma]] dikaluarkeun ku jalu, keur dibuahan.<ref name="dua" /> Perlu dicatet, yén endog jeung spérma bakal dileupaskeun ka lingkungan akuatik sabab lamun henteu maranéhna moal bisa hirup kawas [[lauk]] jeung [[ampibi]].<ref name="dua" /> ==Ciri-Ciri== #Boga ceuli tapi teu boga daun ceuli.<ref name="tilu">{{id}}[http://binatang.net/ciri-ciri-dan-contoh-hewan-ovipar/ Ciri-ciri ovivar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627134514/http://binatang.net/ciri-ciri-dan-contoh-hewan-ovipar/ |date=2015-06-27 }} diakses 13 juli 2015</ref> #Teu boga kelenjar [[mamalia|mamae]]/ susu sabab henteu nyusu.<ref name="tilu" /> #Sababaraha sato nyileungleum endog nepi ka megar, contona [[hayam]] jeung [[manuk]].<ref name="tilu" /> #Sababaraha liana teu nyireungleuman endog, saperti sababaraha rupa lauk, nyaéta bandeng, mujaer jeung nila.<ref name="tilu" /> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Réproduksi sato]] oc4frtlh28bmvc8jtlfbxqgr2sewt8m 0 45518 731610 729500 2026-11-07T20:28:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731610 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Blad van monocotyl Suikermais.jpg|thumb|Tutuwuhan nu mangrupa organisme autotrof]] '''Organisme autotrof''' nyaéta [[organisme]] anu bisa ngarobah bahan [[anorganik]] tuluy dirobah jadi bahan [[organik]] (dina basa séjén, bisa nyieun dahareun sorangan) jeung maké bantuan [[énérgi]] saperti énérgi [[cahya]] [[panonpoé]] jeung [[kimia]].<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://www.kamusq.com/2013/07/organisme-autotrof-nyaéta-pengertian.html Pengertian Autotrof] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009170857/http://www.kamusq.com/2013/07/organisme-autotrof-nya%C3%A9ta-pengertian.html |date=2025-10-09 }} diaksés 14 Juli 2015</ref> ==Jenis organisme Autotrof== ===Organisme Fotoautotrof=== Organisme [[fotoautotrof]] nyaéta [[organisme]] nu bisa ngarobah bahan [[anorganik]] jadi bahan [[organik]] maké bantuan cahya panonpoé jeung sajinisna.<ref name="dua">{{id}}[https://kamusq.com/organisme-autotrof-adalah/ Pengertian Organisme autotrof] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529211736/http://www.kamusq.com/2013/07/organisme-autotrof-adalah-pengertian.html |date=2015-05-29 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.kamusq.com/2013/07/organisme-autotrof-adalah-pengertian.html |title=Arsip salinan |accessdate=2015-07-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529211736/http://www.kamusq.com/2013/07/organisme-autotrof-adalah-pengertian.html |archivedate=2015-05-29}} diakses 14 Juli 2015</ref> Conto organisme fotoautotrof nyaéta [[tutuwuhan]] [[héjo]].<ref name="dua" /> Tutuwuhan héjo salaku organisme autotrof nu mangrupa panghasil dahareun biasana nempatan posisi panghandapna dina dasar piramida dahareun.<ref name="dua" /> Salaku produsen, organisme autotrof mangrupa unsur konci utama dina kalangsungan hirup sakabéh organisme.<ref name="dua" /> Prosés nyieun dahareun maké bantuan cahya panonpoé ku tutuwuhan héjo disebut [[potosintésis]].<ref name="dua" /> Salian tutuwuhan héjo, aya ogé sajinis [[baktéri]] nu mangrupa organisme fotoautotrof sanajan prosésna dilakukeun sacara anaérob nu matak teu bisa ngahasilkeun [[oksigén]].<ref name="dua" /> ===Organisme Kemoautotrof=== Organisme Kemoautotrof nyaéta organisme nu bisa nyieun dahareun sorangan ngamangpaatkeun énergi kimiawi tina réaksi oksidasi molekul.<ref name="dua" /> Conto Organisme Kemoautotrof nyaéta [[baktéri]].<ref name="dua" /> Dina prosés oksidasi molekul organik ieu ngabutuhkeun [[oksigén]].<ref name="dua" /> Sedengkeun sanyawa organik anu bisa dipaké dina prosés kemoautotrof antarana [[beusi]], [[walirang]], jeung [[nitrogén]].<ref name="dua" /> Baktéri Kemoautotrof dingaranan dumasar kana molekul organik nu jadi médiana, saperti [[baktéri walirang]], [[baktéri beusi]], [[baktéri nitrogén]], jsb.<ref name="dua" /> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] 1um80iuxqyjsssmitv9ymr2cjigzlic 0 46098 731603 708875 2026-11-07T20:08:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731603 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 262px;"> [[File:Animexample3edit.png]] <div class="thumbcaption">Animasi bola anu ngancul (handap) dijieun tina 6 ''frame'' gambar.</div> [[File:Animexample.gif]] <div class="thumbcaption">Ieu animasi lajuna 10 frame per detik.</div> </div> </div> '''Animasi''' ([[Aksara Sunda]]:ᮃᮔᮤᮙᮞᮤ) dicokot tina [[basa Inggris]] nyaéta ''animate'' anu hartina ngahirupkeun, méré [[jiwa]] jeung ngagerakkeun barang [[paéh]].<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://www.idseducation.com/articles/apa-itu-animasi/ Apa itu Animasi] (diakses 12 Agustus 2015)</ref> Animasi mangrupa hiji prosés ngarékam jeung maénkeun deui runtuyan [[gambar]] [[statis]] pikeun meunangkeun [[ilusi]] anu bisa gerak.<ref>{{en}} McGraw, Ibiz Fernandez, ''Macromedia Flash Animation & Cartooning'': A creativeGuide, Hill/Osborn, California, 2002</ref> Prinsip dasar animasi kapanggih tina [[sipat]] [[mata]] [[manusa]], nyaéta: ''persistance of vision'' (pola titingalian anu kaatur). [[Paul Roget]], [[Joseph Plateau]] jeung [[Pierre Desvigenes]], maké [[alat optik]] anu dijieun ku maranéhna, junun ngabuktikeun yén mata manusa condong ningali urutan gambar-gambar dina waktu nu tangtu salaku hiji pola.<ref>{{id}}[http://marcoturnip.blog.widyatama.ac.id/2014/06/14/pengertian-prinsip-prinsip-dan-perbedaan-animasi/ Pengertian, prinsip dan perbedaan animasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811024005/http://marcoturnip.blog.widyatama.ac.id/2014/06/14/pengertian-prinsip-prinsip-dan-perbedaan-animasi/ |date=2015-08-11 }} (diakses 12 Agustus 2015)</ref> ==Sajarah== Animasi mimiti dipeloporan ku [[Winsor McCay]] ti [[Amérika Sarikat]], [[Emile Cohl]] jeung [[Georges Melies]] ti [[Prancis]].<ref name="kij">{{en}}[http://www.usca.edu/swygert/animation/history.htm The History of Animation] (diakses 13 Agustus 2015)</ref> Animasi mimiti aya saacan taun [[1910]], dijieun tina [[gambar]]-gambar sederhana anu difoto hiji-hiji.<ref name="kij"/> Ieu mangrupa [[karya]] nu kaasup hésé lantaran aya ratusan gambar tina samenitna.<ref name="kij"/> [[Gambar:Walt Disney and Dr. Wernher von Braun - GPN-2000-000060.jpg|left|thumb|254x254px|Walt Disney]] [[Seluloid]] mimiti dimekarkeun dina taun [[1913]] anu jadi ngagampangkeun kana ngelola animasi.<ref name="kij" /> Lain ku gambar anu loba, [[animator]] ayeuna mah bisa nyieun latar tukang anu kompleks maké latar hareup anu gerak dina antara sababaraha bagian seluloid [[transparan]] salian gambar anu di warnaan di luhurna.<ref name="kij" /> Animator jadi teu kudu ngulang nyieun latar tukang ku lantaran latar éta dipasang [[statis]], sedengkeun karakterna angger gerak.<ref name="kij" /> Ieu ogé ngajadikeun animasi leuwih jero, utamana lamun élemén latar hareup ditempatkeun dina ''frame''.<ref name="kij" /> [[Walt Disney]] ahirna bisa mawa animasi kana tingkat anu anyar.<ref name="kij" /> anjeunna mengrupa animator anu mimiti nambahan sora kana [[film kartun]] dina pamuteran perdana [[Steambolt Willie]] dina taun [[1928]].<ref name="kij" /> Dina taun [[1937]], anjeunna nyieun Film animasi panjang anu mimiti aya, judulna Snow White and the Seven Gnome.<ref name="kij" /> Sanggeus dikenalkeuna [[komputer]], animasi ahirna asup kana tingkat anyar.<ref name="kij" /> Loba [[film]] ayeuna geus diasupan Special Effect.<ref name="kij" /> Film kiwari kawas [[Star Wars]] jieunan Géorge Lucas geus gumantung pisan kana animasi komputer saperti ''special effect''.<ref name="kij" /> [[Toy Story]], anu diproduksi ku [[Walt Disney Productions]] jeung [[Pixar Animation Studios]], jadi film animasi panjang pinuh anu mimiti aya dina komputer saprak dirilis dina taun [[1995]].<ref name="kij" /> Ku ayana [[Komputer|''Personal Computer'']] (PC), kiwari [[masarakat]] biasa ogé bisa nyieun animasi.<ref name="kij" /> ==Rupa-rupa Animasi dumasar Téhnikna== Aya rupa-rupa jenis animasi anu loba dipaké dina [[industri]] [[hiburan]] téh.<ref name="kjh">{{id}}[http://septiandekky.blog.widyatama.ac.id/2014/06/13/pengertian-dan-jenis-jenis-animasi/ Pengertian dan Jenis-jenis Animasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818104301/http://septiandekky.blog.widyatama.ac.id/2014/06/13/pengertian-dan-jenis-jenis-animasi/ |date=2015-08-18 }} diakses 15 Agustus 2015</ref> Umumna bisa dibédakeun dumasar téhnik nyieunna.<ref name="arena">{{en}}[http://www.arena-multimedia.com/blog/index.php/animation-techniques/ Animation Techniques] (Diakses 20 Agustus 2015)</ref> Téhnik anu dipaké ku para animator pikeun mawa karakter jeung caritana sangkan jadi hirup, tuluy mekar nepi ka teu bisa diukur ti taun ka taun.<ref name="movie">{{en}}[http://movies.about.com/od/animatedmovies/a/animated-techniques.htm Animated techniques] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923033307/http://movies.about.com/od/animatedmovies/a/animated-techniques.htm |date=2015-09-23 }} movies.about.com (diakses 20 Agustus 2015)</ref> Sacara umum, aya tilu tipe primér animasi, nyaéta animasi tradisional, animasi ''stop-motion'', jeung animasi komputer.<ref name="movie"/> ===Animasi Tradisional=== ====Animasi Sél|Animasi sél (''Cell Animation'')==== [[File:Animhorse.gif|thumb|right|Conto animasi tradisional, animasi kuda lumpat maké cara [[rotoscoping]] jieunan [[Eadweard Muybridge]] dina abad ka-19]] Kecap "''cell''" asalna tina kecap "celluloid", nu mangrupa [[material]] nu dipaké pikeun nyieun [[gambar]] anu gerak dina mimitina.<ref name="kjh"/> Ayeuna, material [[film]] dijieun dina [[asetat]] (acetate), lain celluloid.<ref name="kjh"/> Potongan animasi dijieun tina sapotong asetat atawa sél (cell).<ref name="kjh"/> Sél animasi biasana mangrupa lambaran-lambaran latar tukang jeung hiji sel pikeun unggal obyek anu gerak sacara [[mandiri]] di luhur latar tukang.<ref name="kjh"/> lambaran-lambaran ieu ngamungkinkeun animator pikeun misahkeun jeung ngagambar deui bagian-bagian gambar anu robah antara frame anu ngurut.<ref name="kjh"/> Hiji frame diwangun tina sél latar tukang jeung sél di luhurna.<ref name="kjh"/> Misalna saurang animator hayang nyieun karakter anu [[leumpang]], mimitina manéhna ngagambar lambaran latar tukang, tuluy nyieun [[karakter]] bakal leumpang dina lambaran satuluyna, terus nyieun karakter minangka [[suku]] diangkat jeung ahirna nyieun karakter suku diléngkahkeun.<ref name="kjh"/> Di antara lambaran-lambaran (''frame-frame'') disa diselapan efek animasi supaya karakter leumpang mulus. Frame-frame anu dipaké pikeun nyelapan celah-celah éta disebut keyframe.<ref name="kjh"/> salian ku keyframe prosés jeung terminology animasi sél maké layering jeung tweening bisa dijieun maké animasi komputer.<ref name="kjh"/> ====Animasi Frame (Animasi Bingkai)==== Animasi ieu mangrupa wangun animasi anu sederhana.<ref name="kjh"/> diumpamakeun Andari boga hiji buku gambar anu aya serian dina sisi auditan nu ngaruntuy.<ref name="kjh"/> Lamun [[jempol]] Andari muka [[buku]] éta gancang, maka bakal katingali gerak.<ref name="kjh"/> Dina [[komputer]] [[multimédia]], animasi buku nihil nampilkeun runtuyan gambar sacara gancang.<ref name="kjh"/> Antara gambar anu hiji (Frame Hiji) jeung gambar séjén (bingkai lain) béda.<ref name="kjh"/> ====Animasi Sprite (''Sprite Animation'')==== Animasi sprite sarupa jeung téhnik animasi ATB, nyaéta objek anu ditempatkeun dina puncak grafik latar tukang anu cicing.<ref name="kjh"/> Sprite mangrupa satiap bagian basa tina animasi Andari anu gerak mandiri, kawas [[manuk]] [[ngapung]], rotasi [[planét]], bola ancul-anculan atawa muter.<ref name="kjh"/> Panganimasian Sprite gerak salaku objék mandiri.<ref name="kjh"/> ===Animasi Gerak Cicing (''stop motion'')=== Animasi ''stop-motion'' saenyana mah geus miheulaan animasi tradisional, mangrupa animasi ''hand-drawn'', nyaéta animasi anu gerakanna dijieun ku ngagerakkeun objek saeutik-saeutik.<ref name="movie"/> Upaya mimiti dina animasi ieu dijieun dina film [[The Humpty Dumpty Circus]], anu dipedalkeun taun [[1898]].<ref name="movie"/> Fitur animasi ''stop-motion'' teu pernah meunang hasil nu nyongcolang pikeun daya tarik anu lega di antara dulur-dulur animasi 2D-na.<ref name="movie"/> Aya saeutik kacangcayaan yén hahalang panggedéna pikeun nyieun animasi ''stop-motion'' téh nyaéta merlukeun waktu anu lila pisan.<ref name="movie"/> Animator kudu mindahkeun objék hiji frame dina hiji waktu pikeun niron gerakan.<ref name="movie"/> Umumna film téh ngandung 24 frame per detik, ku kituna bisa nepika sababaraha jam pikeun ngahasilkeun sababaraha detik rekaman.<ref name="movie"/> ====Animasi Clay (''Clay Animation'')==== [[File:Claychick.jpg|thumb|Adegan animasi ''clay'' dina acara [[tipi]] [[Finlandia]]]] Animasi ieu sok disebut ogé animasi ''doll'' ([[bonéka]]).<ref name="kjh"/> Animasi ieu dijieun maké bonéka [[taneuh liat]] atawa material lain anu digerakkeun lalaunan, tuluy unggal gerakan bonéka-bonéka éta difoto nngaruntuy, sanggeus prosés pamotrétan anggeus, runtuyan [[foto]] dijalankeun dina gancang nu tangtu pikeun ngahasilkeun gerak anu unik.<ref name="kjh"/> Conto pamakéan animasi ieu aya dina [[film]] [[Chicken Run]] ti [[Dream Work Pictures]].<ref name="kjh"/> téhnik animasi ieu anu jadi cikal bakal animasi 3 diménsi anu nyieuna dibantuan maké komputer.<ref name="kjh"/> ===Animasi Komputer=== Animasi komputer nyaéta seni nyieun gambar gerak kalawan maké alat [[komputer]].<ref name="sdialy">{{en}}[http://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/computer_animation.htm Computer animation] Sciencedaily.com (Diakses 20 Agustus 2015)</ref> Ieu mangrupa subbidang tina komputer grafis jeung animasi.<ref name="sdialy"/> Leuwih jauh deui, ieu animasi téh dijieun ku komputer grafis [[3D]], sanajan komputer grafis [[2D]] ogé masih dipaké.<ref name="sdialy"/> Animasi komputer direcah jadi dua kategori.<ref name="webo">{{en}}[http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer_animation.html Computer Animation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905071119/http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer_animation.html |date=2015-09-05 }} Webopedia.com (Diakses 20 Agustus 2015)</ref> Animasi anu dihasilkeun ku komputer sautuhna dina sistim komputer maké animasi jeung software grafik 3D, jeung animasi anu ditulungan ku komputer, mangrupa animasi tradisional nu dikomputerisasi.<ref name="webo"/> Pikeun nyieun ilusi gerakan, hiji [[gambar]] dipintonkeun dina layar komputer tuluy diganti kalawan gancang ku gambar anyar anu mirip jeung gambar saméméhna, tapi aya bédana saeutik.<ref name="sdialy"/> Ieu téhnik téh idéntik jeung cara ilusi gerakan anu aya dina [[tipi]] jeung gambar gerak.<ref name="sdialy"/> ====Animasi 2D==== Figur dina animasi 2D dipaké objék (ilustrasi) jeung lapisan transparan kalawan maké atawa tanpa [[rorongkong]] virtual.<ref name="sdialy"/> Prosés ngabeundeul (''render'') dina animasi 2D mangrupa konci prosés ilsustrasi frame, kalawan frame anu dipikabutuh wungkul anu dibeudeulna.<ref name="sdialy"/> Dina téhnik animasi 2D digital, frame animasi digambar kalawan langsung dina ''sofware'' maké ''[[mouse pen]]'' atawa ''[[pen tablet]]''.<ref name="arena"/> Ieu téhnik umum dipaké pikeun sérial [[tipi]] jeung animasi wéb.<ref name="arena"/> ====Animasi Vektor (''Vektor Animation'')==== Animasi ieu sarupa jeung animasi sprite.<ref name="kjh"/> Lamun animasi sprite mah maké bitmap, animasi véktor maké [[rumus]] [[matématika]] pikeun ngagambarkeun sprite.<ref name="kjh"/> Macromedia mangrupa industri panghareupna dina perangkat lunak animasi anu basisna véktor.<ref name="kjh"/> Perangkat lunak flash anu dikembangkeun ku macromédia maké vektor grafis pikeun nyieun animasi interaktip sarta grafis pikeun dipaké dina [[wéb]].<ref name="kjh"/> ====Animasi Path (Path Animation)==== Animasi path mangrupa animasi tina objék anu gerakana nuturkeun garis lintasan anu gers ditangtukeun.<ref name="kjh"/> Conto animasi jenis ieu nyaéta [[karéta api]] anu gerak nuturkeun [[rél]].<ref name="kjh"/> Biasana dina animasi path dibéré pangulangan animasi, antukna animasi terus ngulang nepi ka kaayaan nu tangtu.<ref name="kjh"/> Dina [[Macromédia Flash]], animasi jenis ieu dibeunangkeun maké téhnik animasi path, téknik ieu maké layer sorangan anu didéfinisikeun salaku lintasan gerak objék.<ref name="kjh"/> ====Animasi 3D==== [[File:Caminandes-_Llama_Drama_-_Short_Movie.ogv|right|262px|Animasi modérn anu dijieun maké téknologi komputer digital 3D]] Pikeun animasi 3D, objék (modél) dijieun dina monitor komputer (dijieun modélna) jeung figur 3D digerakkeun ku rorongkong virtual.<ref name="sdialy"/> Sakumna [[frame]] kudu dibeundeul (''render'') sabada kabéh modélna réngsé dijieun.<ref name="sdialy"/> Animasi 3D digital mangrupa salah sahiji téhnik anu panganyarna dina kamekaran animasi. Dina ieu téhnik dijieun modél 3D, dijieun téksturna, digerakkeun, jeung dijieun animasina dina rohangan virtual.<ref name="arena"/> ====Animasi Karakter (''Character Animation'')==== Animasi karakter mangrupa hiji cabang husus animasi.<ref name="kjh"/> Animasi karakter sarupa anu sok aya dina [[film]] [[kartun]].<ref name="kjh"/> Animasi ieu béda jeung animasi laina, misalna grafik gerak animasi logo anu ngalibatkeun wangun organik anu komplek maké panggandaan anu loba, gerak anu herarkis.<ref name="kjh"/> Lain saukur [[baham]], [[panon]], [[beungeut]] jeung [[leungeun]] anu gerak tatapi sakabéhna gerak dina waktu nu sarua.<ref name="kjh"/> ==Teknik Nyieun Animasi== Animasi, atawa katelah film animasi, nyaéta film anu mangrupa hasil tina pangolahan gambar leungeun antukna jadi gambar anu bisa gerak. Dina mimiti kapanggihna, film animasi dijieun tina lambar-lambar kertas gambar anu terus di-"puter" antukna kaluar efek gambar gerak. Dibantuan ku komputer jeung grafik komputer, ngajieun animasi jadi leuwih gampang jeung gancang. Komo kiwari mah leuwih loba kaluar film animasi 3 dimensi daripada film animasi 2 dimensi. Wayang kulit mangruopa salah sahiji wangun animasi pangkolotna di dunya. Komo, minangka téknologi éléktronik jeung komputer acan kapanggih, paméntasan wayang kulit geus minuhan sakabéh élemen animasi saperti layar, gambar gerak, dialog jeung ilustrasi musik. Aya dua prosés dina ngajieun animasi, di antarana nyaéta sacara konvensional jeung digital. Prosés sacara konvensional ngabutuhkeun pisan dana anu lumayan mahal, sedengkeun prosés ngajiieun sacara digital lumayan hampang. Sedengkeun pikeun masalah ngoméan, prosés digital leuwih gancang ti batan prosés konvensional. Tom Cardon, animator anu pernah ngurus animasi Hercules ngaku yén komputer lumayan méré peran. "Ngoméan sacara konvensional pikeun 1 kali revisi butuh waktu 2 poé sedengkeun sacara digital ngan butuh waktu antara 30-40 menit." Dina ngeusian sora sora hiji film bisa dilakonan saacan atawa sanggeus film jadi. Lolobana dubbing dilakonan minangka film masih dina prosés, tatapi kadang saperti dina animasi jepang, sulih sora malah dilakonan sanggeus filmna jadi. ===2 Dimensi=== Celluloid (konvensional) téhnik Celluloid (Kadang disebut cell) mangrupa téhnik dasar dina ngajieun animasi klasik. sanggeus gambar jadi hiji runtuyan gambar mangka gambar éta bakal ditransfer ka luhur lambaran transparan (plastik) anu tembus pandang / sel (cell) jeung diwarnaan ku Ink and Paint Department. Sanggeus jadi, film éta bakal dirékam maké kaméra husus, nyaéta multiplane camera dina rohangan anu sagala hideung. Objék utama anu ngaéksploitir gerak dijieun misah jeung latar tukang jeung hareup anu statis. Ku kituna, latar tukang ("background") dijieun ngan ukur sakali. Cara ieu bisa ngakalan ngajieun gambar anu loba teuiang. Pra-produksi: *Konsép, *Skénario, *Ngabentuk karakter, *Storyboard, *Dubbing mimiti, *musik jeung sound FX Pasca-produksi: *Lay out (panempatan), *Key motion (Gerakan konci/ inti), *InBetween (gambar anu nyambungkeun antara gambar inti ka gambar inti nu séjén) *Cléan Up (Ngabersihan gambar ku cara ngajiplak) *Background (Gambar latar tukang) *Celluloid (Ditransfer ka luhur plastik transparan) *Coloring (Ngawarnaan maké tinta jeung cét) Past-roduksi: *Composite, *Camera Shooting (Gambar bakal dicokot maké kaméra, ku cara nyokot sa frame sa frame), *Editing, *Rendering, *mindahkeun Film kana Roll Film. ===Komputer=== Sabada mekarna téknologi komputer dina éra 80an, prosés nyieun animasi téh jadi leuwih babari ti batan saméméhna. Pikeun ngagarap animasi saderhana, mimiti tina ngarancang modél nepi ka ngeusian sora/dubbing bisa dilakonan meké hiji personal komputer. Unggal kasalahan bisa gancang dipariksa jeung bisa gancang ogé diayakeun parobahan. Sedengkeun lamun maké téhnik konvensional, unggal detail kasalahan téh sakapeung mah kudu dibenerkeun kalayan dibalikan deui ti mimiti. ==Pangajén== Gelarna karya animasi téh satuluyna dibarengan ku munculna pangajén-pangajén (''award'') minangka aprésiasi ka para animator, di antarana saperti [[Annie Awards]]<ref name="annie">{{en}}[http://annieawards.org/ Annie Awards] (diaksés 19 Agustus 2015)</ref> jeung [[Hamburg Animation Award]]<ref name="hamburg">{{en}}[http://www.hamburg-animation-award.de/en/ueberuns/ Hamburg Animation Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828184437/http://www.hamburg-animation-award.de/en/ueberuns |date=2015-08-28 }} )diakses 19 Agustus 2015)</ref>. Annie Awards mimiti diayakeun taun [[1972]], kalawan ditaratas ku June Foray.<ref name="annie"/> Munculna Annie Award téh alatan mangsa harita can aya pihak anu méré pangajén kalawan resmi kana karya-karya animasi anu sumebar kayaning [[Betty Boop]] jeung [[Olive Oyl and Popeye]].<ref name="annie"/> Alatan hal éta June Foray méré gagasan pikeun ngayakeun kagiatan pikeun méré pangajén ka animator anu produktif.<ref name="annie"/> Salila mangtaun-taun Annie Award geus mekar tina gagasan nepi ka jadi pangajénan anu luhur sarta jadi tradisi pikeun dunya animasi.<ref name="annie"/> Kagiatan pangajénan pikeun animasi anu leuwih anyar dilakukeun dina acara Hamburg Animation Award anu dimimitian ti taun 2003.<ref name="hamburg"/> Ieu pangajén téh dihususkeun pikeun animator-animator ti paguron luhur animasi di sakuliah dunya.<ref name="hamburg"/> Nepika kiwari, Hamburg Animation Award téh geus digelar ka-12 kalimna.<ref name="hamburg"/> ==Animasi di Indonesia== Mekarna industri [[kréatif]] dina widang animasi geus terus maju jeung tambah loba animator-animator ti [[Indonésia]] nu beuki hadé dina nyieun animasi, tatapi sabenerna mekarna animasi di Indonésia ayeuna kumaha?<ref name="indo">{{id}}[http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2015/03/03/sejauh-mana-perkembangan-animasi-di-indonesia Sejauh Mana Perkembangan Animasi di Indonesia] (diakses 25 Agustus 2015)</ref> Jadi, animasi Indonésia geus mekar nurutkeun kabutuhan pamakéna.<ref name="indo"/><ref name="kijk">{{id}}[http://www.idseducation.com/articles/perkembangan-animasi-di-indonesia-sekarang/ Perkembangan Animasi Indonésia Sekarang] (diakses 25 Agustus 2015)</ref> Kabutuhan animasi pikeun kapentingan kabutuhan [[iklan]] geus cukup kapinuhan.<ref name="indo"/><ref name="kijk"/> Kitu ogé kabutuhan animasi pikeun kabutuhan trik dina [[film]] live ogé geus kapinuhan.<ref name="indo"/><ref name="kijk"/> Komo, pikeun kabutuhan film live mancanagara ogé trik nuturkeun animasina dilakonan ku animator Indonésia.<ref name="indo"/> Film animasi asing, kaasup anu keur sumebar di Indonésia, dijieun ogé ku animator Indonésia.<ref name="indo"/> Sababaraha animator Indonésia gawé pikeun nyieun film animasi nagara lian.<ref name="indo"/> Usaha animasi anu kakemas dina wangun [[industri]], masih kénéh saeutik pisan.<ref name="indo"/> Aya sababaraha anu ngemas usaha na dina widang industri tatapi can loba anu ngaproduksi film (boh serial atawa layar lébar) pikeun kapentingan film animasi di jero nagara.<ref name="indo" /> Usaha panglobana nyaéta nempatkeun animatorna salaku tanaga ''outsourching'' pikeun nyieun film animasi luar nagara.<ref name="indo" /> Lamun itungan kabutuhan film (serial) animasi di Indonésia dumasar kana jumlah stasiun televisi nasional jeung lokal dikalikeun jeung [[frekuénsi]] panayangan ku film (serial) animasi asing.<ref name="indo" /> Keur animator Indonésia, kasalahan kondisi ieu dialungkeun ka euweuhna para pamangku kapentingan dina film animasi [[nasional]], jeung murahna harga beuli film (serial) animasi ku hiji stasiun tv.<ref name="indo" /> Murahna harga beuli film animasi jauh pisan tina kahayang animator Indonésia anu mikahayang kauntungan dina sakali ngajual karyana ka hiji stasiun tv.<ref name="indo" /> ==Referensi== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Animasi]] 9gpszsmnrdk4l3kquit4dq5lf9mhh7h 0 46839 731625 728516 2026-11-07T21:34:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shampoo packet, single-serving.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Sabungkus ''shampoo'' sakali paké]] '''Bungkus''' ([[basa Inggris]]:''package'') nyaéta hiji tarékah pikeun ngajaga [[barang]] atawa hasil ''produksi'' tina karuksakan salila diteundeun, saméméh dipaké, kitu deui dinamangsa dipindahkeun tina [[hiji]] [[tempat]] ka tempat anu séjéna. Bungkus ogé mangrupa hiji [[sistem]] anu ''terkoordinasi'' dina nyiapkeun barang anu baris dipindahkeun, ditunda digudang, jualeun, jeung dina mangsa saméméh barangna dipaké.<ref>Soroka (2002) ''Fundamentals of Packaging Technology'', Institute of Packaging Professionals ISBN 1-930268-25-4</ref> ==Sajarah== ===Jaman Baheula=== Bukus mimitina ngagunakeun bahan-bahan anu saayana dina mangsa harita, kayaning anyaman tina [[hoé]] atawa [[awi]], [[kantong]] tina [[kulit]], peti tina [[kai]], jeung sajabana. ka dieunakeun bungkus téh beuki motékar waé luyu jeung kamajuan [[Téhnologi]] jeung rupa-rupa paménta anu meuli, contona bungkus tina bahan [[parunggu]] jeung [[kaca]]. Panalungtikan ngeunaan bungkus ieu mangrupa hiji bagéan anu kawilang penting tina [[Arkéologi]]. Bungkus mimiti dimangpaatkeun numutkeun catetan salah saurang [[Pérsia]] dina mangsa pelesiran [[taun]] 1035 ngadatangan hiji [[pasar]] di kota [[Kairo]] nempo anu daragang [[sayuran]], [[bungbu]]-bungbu jeung pakakas dibungkus ku [[kertas]] dinamangsa mikeun kanu meulina.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Origins of Paper Based Packaging|author=Diana Twede|journal=Conference on Historical Analysis & Research in Marketing Proceedings|volume=12|year=2005|pages=288–300 [289]|url=http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/CHARM%20proceedings/CHARM%20article%20archive%20pdf%20format/Volume%2012%202005/288%20twede.pdf|accessdate=March 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105826/http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/CHARM%20proceedings/CHARM%20article%20archive%20pdf%20format/Volume%2012%202005/288%20twede.pdf|archive-date=July 16, 2011}}</ref> ===Jaman Modern=== ====Kaléng==== [[File:Can(Easy Open Can).JPG|thumb|175px|Kaléng [[Aluminium|Almaniem]] maké pamuka tutupna]] Dina abad ka-18, kaléng (''tinplate'') mimitina kapanggih ku urang [[Inggris]], nyaéta ''Andrew Yarranton'' dina [[taun]] 1667. Kotak tina bahan kaléng mimiti dijual kabalaréa di [[selat]] ''Bristol'' dina taun 1725, [[kotak]] kaléng ieu dikirim ti ''Monmouthshire'' <ref>Data extracted from D.P. Hussey ''et al., Gloucester Port Books Database'' (CD-ROM, University of Wolverhampton 1995).</ref> Taun 1760 di [[London]] ''Tobacconists'' (rupa-rupa pakakas pikeun [[Roko|udud]]) tina bahan kaléng dijieun jeung dijualbeulikeun. dina taun 1805 kotak kaléng dijieun nepika 80.000 siki pikeun di jual ka luar [[nagara]] 50.000 sésana dipaké kabutuhan sorangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.compaxpackaging.com/packaging_history_metal.html|title=Metal Packaging|accessdate=December 17, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027141038/http://www.compaxpackaging.com/packaging_history_metal.html|archivedate=October 27, 2015}}</ref> Dina taun 1810 urang [[Perancis]] nyaéta ''Appert'' mangihan cara ngawétkeun kadaharan ku jalan nyieun [[wadah]] anu ''kedap''/teu asup hawa, ieu cara ngarojong Sodagar [[Inggris]] ''Peter Durand'' maténkeun hiji cara ngawétkeun kadaharan ku jalan dikaléngan/prosés pengaléngan Durand henteu tuluy maké patén anu geus dipimilka pikeun produksi tapi ku Durand di jual deui dina taun 1812 ka urang Inggris ogé nyaéta ''Bryan Donkin'' jeung ''John Hall'' anu satuluyna nyampurnakeun ieu pamanggih Durand téa. Tuluy ngadegkeun pabrik pangaléngan ''komersial'' dina taun 1813 di Southwark ''Park Road'', [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Geoghegan |first=Tom |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21689069 |title=BBC News - The story of how the tin can nearly wasn't |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=April 21, 2013 |accessdate=June 4, 2013}}</ref> Bryan Donkin jeung John Hall mimiti nyieun barang kaléngan munggaran pikeun Royal Navy/angkatan [[laut]] nagara [[Inggris]].<ref>{{cite book|page=107|url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=eAA5M2eIWqwC|title=People and Industries|author=William H. Chaloner|publisher=Routledge|year=1963|isbn=0-7146-1284-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=August 8, 2009|url=http://www.benjamit.com/library/can/historyc.htm|title=Main events in can making|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303214153/http://www.benjamit.com/library/can/historyc.htm|archivedate=March 3, 2009}}</ref> Ngaronjatna [[industri]] Pangaléngan jadi cukang lantaran pikeun ''Robert Yeates'', manggihan hiji pakakas saderhana pikeun muka kaléng dina taun 1855 dituluykeun ku ''Hackney Road'', nyieun alat pamuka kaleng ku jalan nyoehkeun bagian [[luhur]] kaleng, aya deui pamanggih pikeun muka kaléng leuwih seseg jeung kuat anu dipatenkeun ku urang [[Amerika]] nyaéta ''Ezra Warner'' asalna ti ''Waterbury'', ''Connecticu''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|url=http://books.google.com/?id=D7IhN7lempUC|isbn=978-1-57958-380-4|date=September 27, 2004}}</ref> ====Bahan [[Kertas]]==== Bungkus tina [[kertas]] mimiti dijieun di ''Bristol'', [[Inggris]] dina taun 1844, jeung [[Amerika]]. Dina taun 1852 ''Francis Wolle'' dipaténkeun pikeun mesin [[kantong]] kertas otomatis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.compaxpackaging.com/packaging_history_paper.html|title=Paper Packaging|accessdate=December 17, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101091945/http://www.compaxpackaging.com/packaging_history_paper.html|archivedate=January 1, 2014}}</ref> [[Kardus]] kotak mimiti digunakeun dina abad ka-16, Dina taun 1817 di Inggri kardus kotak (Corrugated) munggaran dijieun dina [[skala]] ''komersial'', meunang patén ti nagara Inggris dina taun 1856. ''Robert Gair'' gumelar di [[Skotlandia]] ngawanohkeun kardus [[Model|modél]] ''pre-cut'' dina taun 1890 satuluyna dijieun dina jumlah anu pohara lobana.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cartons, crates and corrugated board: handbook of paper and wood packaging technology|author=Diana Twede and Susan E.M. Selke|publisher=DEStech Publications|year=2005|isbn=978-1-932078-42-8|pages=41–42, 55–56|url=http://books.google.com/?id=kc0MSzFvrH8C}}</ref> ====Abad ka-20==== Bungkus asup abad ka-20 geus leuwih ngaronjat jeung maju, taya lian mimiti kapanggihna [[bakelite]] mangrupa cikal bakal tina lobana rupa bungkus anu dijieun, katambah ku leuwih murahna biaya pikeun ngolah [[plastik]] anu mangrupa bahan utama pikeun sarupaning bubungkusan, aya kantong plastik, [[botol]] plastik, wadah plastik jeung sajabana.<ref name="Michigan State School of Packaging">{{cite web |url=http://packaging.msu.edu|title=Michigan State School of Packaging|accessdate=February 11, 2012 |publisher=Michigan State University}}</ref> Dina taun 1952, Universitas Michigan (Michigan State University) mangrupa hiji [[universitas]] anu pangheulana sadunya nyayagikeun gelar pikeun jurusan mesin bungkus.<ref name="Michigan State School of Packaging"/> Dina widang bungkus ieu, geus loba pisan kamotékaran anu pinujul, dina mangsa munggaran mekar ieu widang bungkusan di hususkeun pikeun kalengkepan ''militér'', dina palebah dieu bungkusan dipaké mawa dahareun, pakakas, bahan-bahan séjéna sajeroeun dina kaayaan anu sarwa beurat. Dina wanci Perang sadunya ka-II ''spesifikasi kemasan militer'' mangrupa hiji konsép resmi anu dipaké dina taun 1941-an, ku lantaran bungkusan anu diapaké ku bala tantara leuwih onjoy boh dina widang kakuatan, ''antistatik'', jeung katahanan. sakabéh bahan pamungkus anu sipatna ''komersial'' tunduk kana aturan ''kualitet'' militér anu dijieun saarat <ref>{{cite web|last=Maloney|first=J.C.|title=The History and Significance of Military Packaging|work=Defence Packaging Policy Group|publisher=Defence Logistics Agency|date=July 2003|url=http://www.dscc.dla.mil/downloads/packaging/pkghistory.pdf|accessdate=June 7, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325193426/http://www.dscc.dla.mil/downloads/packaging/pkghistory.pdf|archivedate=March 25, 2012}}</ref> Dina taun 2003, pamungkus ieu kurang leuwih dua persen ngarojong kana angka PNB (''produk nasional bruto'') di negara-negara maju. Satengahna tina éta mangrupa pamungkus pikeun kadaharan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Technology of Cheesemaking: Second Edition|year=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8298-0|author=Y. Schneider|author2=C. Kluge |author3=U. Weiß |author4=H. Rohm |editor=Barry A. Law, A.Y. Tamime|page=413|chapter=Packaging Materials and Equipment}}</ref> ==Mangpaat Bungkus== * '''Ngajaga Eusina''' Barang-barang anu dibungkus biasana mikabutuh panyalindungan umpamana tina ; kasetrum, kaendag-endag, Kateken, kapanasan, katirisan, jeung réa-réa deui.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Choi |first= Seung-Jin|author2=Burgess |year=2007 |title=Practical mathematical model to predict the performance of insulating packages|journal=Packaging Technology and Science |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=369–380 |doi=10.1002/pts.762 }}</ref> * '''Pikeun Panghalang''' Bisa waé dipikabutuh pikeun panghalang asup [[angin]], [[cai]], [[ibun]], kekebul jeung sajabana. dina sababaraha [[model]] bungkus dijieun supaya ulah aya rembesan tiluar ka jero ogé sabalikna salian ti bisa ngajaga eusina henteu gampang ruksak ogé bisa ngajauhan tina kontaminasi.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lee |first= Ki-Eun|coauthors= Kim, An, Lyu, Lee|year=1998 |title=Effectiveness of modified atmosphere packaging in preserving a prepared ready-to-eat food|journal=Packaging Technology and Science|volume=21 |issue=7 |page= 417|doi=10.1002/pts.821 }}</ref> Panghalang ogé gedé mangpaatna pikeun misahkeun bahan saméméh dipaké ku lantaran bisa nimbulkeun karuksakan contona [[lém]], cét husus, cairan médis jeung sajabana <ref>{{cite journal |last=Severin |first=J|year=2007 |title=New Methodology for Whole-Package Microbial Challenge Testing for Medical Device Trays|doi=10.1520/JTE100869|journal=J. Testing and Evaluation|volume=35}}</ref> * '''Panahan pikeun''aglomerasi''''' Barang-barang anu laleutik biasana dihijikeun dina hiji wadah salian henteu pasolengkrah ogé bisa ngurangan [[biaya]], [[patlot]], [[pulpén]], penyeukeutan, jeung pamupus éta bisa waé ditendeun disawadahkeun (''aglomerasi''). * '''Ngadagangkeun''' Bungkusan bisa dimangaatkeun ku bagéan jualan pikeun ngabibita anu meulina. [[komunikasi]] anu meuli jeung anu ngajual bisa ngaliwatan ieu bungkus, sanajan henteu pamprok ogé. kuaayana tulisan dina bungkus anu nétélakeun éta eusina. * '''Ngamankeun''' Bungkus bisa méré rasa reugreung salila dina mangsa keur dikirim. Bungkusan ogé bisa di ronjatkeun ku ayana kamotékaran umpamana bungkus maké segel, bisa ogé dicitak pangaman anu nétélakeun yén eusina lain [[palsu]], bungkus bisa waé maké [[téhnologi]] ''tags RFID anti maling'', atawa artikel éléktronik pangjaga.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnston|first=R.G.|year=1997|title=Effective Vulnerability Assessment of Tamper-Indicating Seals|url=http://library.lanl.gov/la-pubs/00418792.pdf|doi=10.1520/JTE11883J|journal=J. Testing and Evaluation|volume=25|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214044525/https://library.lanl.gov/la-pubs/00418792.pdf|archive-date=2025-12-14|accessdate=2015-09-24}}</ref> jeung réa-réa deui kamotékaran bungkus anu dipiharep bisa méré rasa reugreug boh kanu ngajual komo deui anu meuli. * '''Convenience ''' Bungkus ogé bisa méré mangpaat umpamana waé, gampang disimpen jeung ditumpuk, gampang dicepengan, alus katempona, gampang dibuka jeung ditutup, bisa didaur ulang atawa gampang dipiceuna, jeung sajabana. * '''Pangontrol ''' Hiji bungkusan anu gedé leuwih gampang dina mangsa prakna dipaké, tapi pikeun barang anu dibutuhkeun seutik saeutik contona uyah anu dipaké ku rumahtangga tangtuna kudu maké bungkusan anu leuwih leutik ogé supaya gampang dicokot jeung henteu loba sésa anu disimpen, conto séjén umpamana susu pikeun ''konsumsi'' barudak leuwih hadé disadiakeun dina bungkusan leutik salian gampang dicokot ogé henteu beurat dinamangsa dibawa. ==Rupa-rupa Bungkusan== Bungkusan bisa waé dibédakeun kana sababaraha rupa umpamana bungkus dipaké dinamangsa ''transportasi'', bungkusan bisa waé ngajaga eusina salila dina [[kapal]], [[gudang]], atawa anu séjéna, bungkus bisa ogé mangrupa sarat anu kudu diteduna ku produsen pikeun sawaréh konsumena anu ménta. Bungkusan ogé bisa nétélakeun naon eusina bisa waé pakakas medis, pakakas militer, [[ubar]], [[kimia]] jeung sajabana. Supaya gampang bungkus dibagi kana sababarha rupa : *Bungkus [[primér]] nyaéta bahan anu pangheulana ngalimpudan jeung biasana anu keuna jeung eusina/produk . *Bungkus [[sekundér]] nyaéta aya dina saluareun bungkus primer, bisa waé digunakeun pikeun pamungkus babarengan *Bungkus [[tersiér]] dipaké dina mangsa dianteurkeun kanu meuli [[logistik]], disimpen di [[gudang]], [[transportasi]]. wujud anu paling umum bisa waé [[pallet]], [[kontener]], [[Dus]], jeung sajabana. <gallery> File:Food packages (1).jpg|Rupa-rupa bungkusan pangan pikeun rumah tangga Image:SSF Costco bakery pastry packaging line.JPG|Mesin paragi manaskeun [[plastik]] film supaya murengked, ku jalan diasupkeun kana [[torowongan]] anu dipasang pamanas plastik Image:4051 lpa.jpg|Masang Labél jeung meungkeut kardus. Image:Factory Automation Robotics Palettizing Bread.jpg|[[mesin]] robot masang palet di [[pabrik]] [[roti]] File:Jsc2008e038873 SFSL Lab Pack Room.jpg|Pakakas [[thermoforming]] di [[NASA]] File:Pol Roger labelling line 2.jpg|Masang labél [[botol]] otomatis File:Laboratoires Arkopharma - Chaine de conditionnement remplissage piluliers.JPG|[[Mesin]] pamungkus di pabrik [[ubar]] </gallery> {{pondok}} ==Tempo Oge== #[[Plastik]] # [[Mesin]] [[Injeksi]] # [[Mesin Tiup]] # [[Mesin Ekstrusi]] # [[Thermoforming|Mesin Forming]] # [[Mesin Rotomoulding]] # [[Mesin Film]] ==Dicutat Tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu Kaluar== *http://rumah-kemasan.com/memanfaatkan-kemasan-bekas/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119044139/http://rumah-kemasan.com/memanfaatkan-kemasan-bekas/ |date=2016-01-19 }} sabangsaning bubungkusan [[Kategori:Bungkus]] 2k44bypngklj3mu43tmuvspzrh7k8u3 0 48441 731787 660668 2026-11-08T09:21:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:Pepes ikan emas (pais lauk mas) Sunda.jpg|jmpl|Pais Lauk emas]] '''Pais''' nyaéta cara ngolah [[kadaharan]] anu umum hampir aya di daérah [[Indonésia]].<ref name="hiji">[http://food.detik.com/read/2011/08/02/120031/1694562/908/pepes-ikan-mas/Pepes Ikan Mas]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés 6 Désémber 2015)</ref> Cara mais biasana ngagunakeun [[daun cau]] keur ngabungkus [[lauk]] sarta bungbuna.<ref name="hiji"/> Cara nyieunna ku cara [[bungbu]] jeung [[rempah]] diréndos sarta ditambah daun [[surawung]], [[tomat]], jeung [[cabé]] dibalurkeun kana lauk anu geus bérésih.<ref name="hiji"/> Sanggeus kitu dibungkus ku daun cau disemat ku [[nyéré]] tungtungna.<ref name="dua"/> Bungkusan tuluy dibeuleum (dipais) ku [[seuneu]] atawa [[ruhak]] tina [[areng]] nepika garing.<ref name="dua"/> Gumantung daérah séwang-séwangan, pais miboga rupa-rupa ngaran.<ref name="hiji"/> Di Tatar Sunda disebut pais, sedengkeun di [[Palémbang]] jeung [[Jawa]] disebut [[brengkes]].<ref name="hiji"/> Loba masarakat Indonésia anu resep kana olahan anu dijieun pais.<ref name="dua">[http://www.reseptante.com/2014/01/Cara-Membuat-Pepes-Ikan-Bandeng.html/Cara Membuat Pepes Ikan Bandeng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815003155/http://www.reseptante.com/2014/01/Cara-Membuat-Pepes-Ikan-Bandeng.html/Cara |date=2025-08-15 }} (diaksés 6 Désémber 2015)</ref> Lantaran pais geus umum jadi menu kadaharan di kulawarga-kulawarga masarakat Indonésia.<ref name="hiji"/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] ru4qn5uivtu5eik8chrps0ij20bpc6a 0 48836 731803 729258 2026-11-08T09:43:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = Park Min-Woo | image = Park Min-Woo.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|3|22}} | birth_place = [[Daejeon]], [[South Korea]] | education = [[Universitas Kookmin]] - Teater jeung Pilem | occupation = [[Aktor]] | yearsactive = 2011–kiwari | agent = [[King Kong Entertainment]] | spouse = | module = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes|color=transparent | hangul = 박민우 | hanja = 朴敏雨 | rr = Bak Min-u | mr = Pak Min-u }}}} '''Park Min-Woo''' ({{lahirmati|[[Daejeon]], [[Koréa Kidul]]|22|3|1988||||}}) nyaéta saurang [[aktor]] [[Koréa Kidul]].{{fact}} Park ngamimitian peranna minangka peran babantu dina sérial [[drama]] [[komédi]] [[romantis]] ''[[Flower Boy Ramen Shop]]'' taun [[2011]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hwang|first=Hyo-jin|title=My Name Is: Park Min-woo|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011113015504436858|work=10Asia|accessdate=2016-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Ga-hye|title=난 TV를 켰네. 김바울 때문에! boys over tv 2.|url=http://www.voguegirl.co.kr/content/view_03.asp?menu_id=03060100&c_idx=011004020000751|language=Korea|accessdate=2016-2-1|7=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512230834/http://www.voguegirl.co.kr/content/view_03.asp?menu_id=03060100&c_idx=011004020000751 |date=2014-05-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Nancy|title=Park Min Woo is All Smiles for ''Vogue Girl''|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2312/park-min-woo-is-all-smiles-for-vogue-girl|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2014-2-1}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221230/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2312/park-min-woo-is-all-smiles-for-vogue-girl |date=2014-05-12 }}</ref> Tuluy manéhna bijil dina drama [[tipi]], saperti ''[[I Need a Fairy]]'' taun [[2012]] jeung ''[[Play Guide]]'' taun [[2013]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Choi|first=Eun-hwa|title=Park Min Woo Cast in Upcoming Sitcom|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2335/park-min-woo-cast-in-upcoming-sitcoml|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2016-2-1}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222729/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/2335/park-min-woo-cast-in-upcoming-sitcoml |date=2014-05-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|title=Park Min Woo Buries Himself Under ''We Need A Fairy'' Scripts|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/10647/park-min-woo-buries-himself-under-we-need-a-fairy-scriptsl|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2016-2-1}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513010605/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/10647/park-min-woo-buries-himself-under-we-need-a-fairy-scriptsl |date=2014-05-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|title=Son Dambi and Park Min Woo to Help the Singles Find Love in New tvN Series|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/27297/son-dambi-and-park-min-woo-cast-in-play-guidel|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2016-2-1}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224015/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/27297/son-dambi-and-park-min-woo-cast-in-play-guidel |date=2014-05-12 }}</ref> Park Min-woo ogé salah sahiji aktor matuh ''variety show'' [[Roommate]] anu mimiti midang dina taun [[2014]].<ref name="kapanlagi">{{cite web|last=Kapanlagi|first=com|title=Profil Park Min Woo|url=http://kapanlagi.com/chinese/p/park_min_woo/|accessdate=2016-02-01|website=[[Kapanlagi.com]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913125702/http://www.kapanlagi.com/chinese/p/park_min_woo/|archivedate=2014-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jin|first=Eun-soo|title=Cast confirmed for ''Roommate''|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2987031|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|accessdate=2016-2-1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190005/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2987031|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|title=''Roommates'' Releases New Photo of Cast|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/64639/roommates-releases-picture|work=enewsWorld|accessdate=2016-2-1}}</ref> ==Filmografi== ===Drama tipi=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Taun ! Judul ! Peran ! Jaringan |- | rowspan=2| 2011 | ''[[My Princess (sérial tipi)|My Princess]]''<ref name="kapanlagi"/> | peran leutik | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] |- | ''[[Flower Boy Ramen Shop]]''<ref name="kapanlagi"/> | Kim Ba-wool | [[TVN (Koréa Kidul)|tvN]] |- | 2012 | ''I Need a Fairy''<ref name="kapanlagi"/> | Cha Kook-min | [[KBS2]] |- | rowspan=3| 2013 | ''Play Guide''<ref name="kapanlagi"/> | Park Min-woo | [[TVN (South Korea)|tvN]] |- | ''[[The Virus (sérial tipi)|The Virus]]''<ref name="kapanlagi"/> | Bong Sun-dong | [[Orion Cinema Network|OCN]] |- | ''[[Scandal: A Shocking and Wrongful Incident]]''<ref name="kapanlagi"/> | Batman | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] |- | rowspan=3| 2014 | ''[[Can We Love?]]''<ref name="kapanlagi"/> | Choi Yoon-séok | [[jTBC]] |- | ''[[Flower Grandpa Investigation Unit]]''<ref name="kapanlagi"/> | young Han Won-bin | [[TVN (Koréa Kidul)|tvN]] |- | ''[[Modern Farmer (sérial tipi)|Modern Farmer]]''<ref name="kapanlagi"/> | Kang Hyéok | [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] |- | 2015 | Love Detective Sherlock K | Do Min-woo | [[Naver|Naver TV Cast]] |- |} ===Variety show=== {| class="wikitable" width=520 |- ! width=20| Taun ! Judul ! Jaringan ! Catetan |- | 2012 | ''Style Log'' | OnStyle | |- | 2014-2015 | ''[[Roommate (TV series)|Roommate]]'' | [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] | Anggota peran |- |} ===Vidio musik=== {| class="wikitable" width=520 |- ! width=20| Taun ! Judul lagu ! Panyanyi |- | 2010 | "Going Home" | [[Kim Yoon-ah]] |- | 2014 | "Day 1" | [[K.Will]] |} ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{biografi-pondok}} [[Kategori:Aktor Koréa Kidul]] e1sjin18nkg1bvcskei7wyi8tbbhdnj 0 49711 731703 673080 2026-11-08T02:16:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Jambu Bool | image = Syzygium malaccense (fruit).jpg | image size = 250px | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Myrtales]] | familia = [[Myrtaceae]] | genus = ''[[Syzygium]]'' | species = '''''S. malaccense''''' }} '''Jambu Bool''' (''Syzygium malacence'' atawa '' Eugenia malacensis'') nyaéta salah sahiji [[tutuwuhan]] [[buah]] nu asup kana Suku [[Myrtaceae]] (suku [[jambu]]).<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=1215 Plantamor] <small> (diakses 6 Maret 2016) </small> </ref> Tangkal buah ieu mangrupa tutuwuhan asli ti ti [[Malaysia]] jeung [[Indonesia]].<ref name="dua">{{en}}[http://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/1152/syzygium-malaccense-mountain-apple/ Syzygium malaccense] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305181529/http://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/1152/syzygium-malaccense-mountain-apple/ |date=2016-03-05 }} <small> (diakses 6 Maret 2016) </small></ref> Di dunya, tutuwuhan ieu miboga loba ngaran lokal, kawas Mount Apple, Malaysia Apple, 'Ohi'a Ai, Rose Apple, Melayu Apple, Pomerac, jeung Otaheite-Apple.<ref name="dua"/> Sanajan buahna nyarupaan buah [[apel]], Jambu bool lain bener-bener apel jeung teu boga patali kakulawargaan.<ref name="dua"/> ==Karakteristik== Tutuwuhan ieu miboga sifat umur perennial alias tutuwuhan umur panjang (taunan), jeung tumuwuh wangun tangkal.<ref name="dua"/> Jangkungna bisa nepi ka 50 kaki (15 m).<ref name="dua"/> Kembangna miboga warna beureum, beureum ngora jelas pikeun varietas ''cerise'', jeung bodas (langka).<ref name="dua"/> Usum kembang teu nangtu kembang-kembang ieu sok kalaluar bulan Januari sedengkeun buahna sok di ahir bulan Maret.<ref name="dua"/> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[kategori:Jambu]] [[Kategori:Myrtaceae]] 53zg5lzcjcmqvtqu13t81kz0iwu75mw 0 49787 731731 703779 2026-11-08T05:05:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |name = Kelede |status = |image = 20110710 Kinderboerderij Drongen (0013).jpg |image_width = 220px |regnum = [[Animalia]] |phylum = [[Chordata]] |classis = [[Mamalia]] |ordo = [[Perissodactyla]] |familia = [[Equidae]] |genus = ''[[Equidae|Equus]]'' |subgenus = ''Asinus'' |species = '''''E. asinus''''' |binomial = ''Equus asinus'' |binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 }} '''Keledé''' (''Equus asianus'') nyaéta [[sato]] nyarupaan [[kuda]] nu ditandaan ku hulu nu gedé, [[ceuli]] panjang jeung [[buntut]] nyarupaan [[sapi]].<ref name="hiji">{{en}}[http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp Species and ecology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153030/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp |date=2014-05-17 }} <small> (diakses 9 Maret 2016) </small></ref> Ieu sato aya dina rupa-rupa warna kawas [[hideung]], [[bodas]], cét jeung kabéh nuansa coklat jeung abu abu, ngan nu pangumumna nyaéta warna kulambu [[beurit]] nu sok disebut abu dun.<ref name="dua">{{en}}[http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Equus_asinus/ Equus asinus] <small> (diakses 9 Maret 2016) </small> </ref> Loba keledé katinggali aya totol-tolan, atawa miboga garis.<ref name="dua"/> Keledé sumebar sacara lega jeung bisa kapanggih hampir di mana-mana di dunya.<ref name="dua"/> Ngan, keledé liarnu bener asalna ti pasir, padang keusik ti [[Afrika Kalér]] jeung Semenanjung Arab jeung adaptasi alus pikeun hirup di padang keusik.<ref name="dua"/> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[kategori:Equidae]] s2w45s46xy5qt5yugvfqr8asbnqp3c0 0 50103 731729 674175 2026-11-08T05:03:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name=Kaweni |image=Mangif odor 071229-2993 khjo.jpg |status = DD |status_system = IUCN2.3 |regnum = [[Plantae]] |ordo = [[Sapindales]] |familia = [[Anacardiaceae]] |genus = ''[[Mangifera]]'' |species = '''''M. odorata''''' |binomial = ''Mangifera odorata'' |binomial_authority = Griffith |}} '''Kawéni''' nyaéta salah sahiji tutuwuhan buah tina genus Mangifera, kalawan ngaran latén ''Mangifera odorata''.<ref name="hiji">{{en}}[https://myfolia.com/plants/49931-kwini-mangifera-odorata Kwini Mangifera odorata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826091736/https://myfolia.com/plants/49931-kwini-mangifera-odorata |date=2019-08-26 }} (diakses 25 Maret 2016)</ref> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[kategori: Anacardiaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] 0qajmerxi641qzhvu61qo1by0qt37vq 0 50267 731595 704675 2026-11-07T19:26:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731595 wikitext text/x-wiki : ''Pikeun mantan Perdana Menteri [[Indonésia|Indonesia]] kalayan ngaran nu sarua, tingali: Abdul Halim.'' '''Abdul Halim''' atawa '''K.H. Abdul Halim''', atawa kakoncara '''K.H. Abdul Halim Majaléngka''' ({{Lahirmati|Desa [[Ciborélang, Jatiwangi, Majalengka|Ciborélang]], Kecamatan [[Jatiwangi, Majalengka]], [[Kabupatén]] [[Majaléngka]], [[Jawa Barat]]|26|6|1887|[[Majalengka]]|7|5|1962}}) ngarupikeun Pahlawan Nasional dumasar Kaputusan présidén [[Indonésia|Republik Indonesia]], [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono|Susilo Bambang Yudoyono]] Nomor: 041/TK/taun 2008 tanggal [[6 Nopémber|6 November]] [[2008]].<ref>http://pahlawancenter.com/pahlawancenterbaru/?p=2055</ref>. Saurang tokoh pergerakan nasional, tokoh organisasi [[Islam]], jeung [[ulama]] anu kasohor toléran dina nyanghareupan beda paham/ pamadegan antara ulama tradisional jeung ulama modérnis.<ref name="Ensiklopedi">{{Cite book|author=H.M. Bibit Suprapto|title=Ensiklopedi Ulama Nusantara|publisher=Gelegar Media Indonesia|year=2009|id=ISBN 979-980-6611-14-5}}</ref><ref name="Menguak">{{Cite book|author=Asvi Warman Adam|title=Menguak Misteri Sejarah|publisher=Penerbit Buku Kompas|year=2010|id=ISBN 978-979-709-504-8}}</ref><ref name="Mengenang">{{Cite book|author=Ajip Rosidi|title=Mengenang hidup orang lain: sejumlah obituari|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|year=2010|id=ISBN 978-979-9102-22-5}}</ref>. == Biografi == Kiai Abdul Halim putrana K.H. Muhammad Iskandar, lahir dinamian Otong Syatori.<ref name="www.pondokpesantren.net">[http://www.pondokpesantren.net/ponpren/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=175 www.pondokpesantren.net: K.H. Abdul Halim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150248/http://www.pondokpesantren.net/ponpren/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=175 |date=2014-04-13 }}.</ref><ref name="pelitatangerang">[http://pelitatangerang.xtgem.com/index/__xtblog_entry/59383-kh-abdul-halim-majalengka?__xtblog_block_id=1 www.pelitatangerang.xtgem.com: K.H. Abdul Halim, Majalengka].</ref> Ia téh mangrupa anak terakhir dari delapan bersaudara dari pasangan K.H. Muhammad Iskandar dan Hj. Siti Mutmainah.<ref name="pelitatangerang"/> Salian ngasuh pasantrén, ramana ngarupikeun panghulu di Kawadanan, [[Jatiwangi, Majalengka|Jatiwangi, Majaléngka]]. Minangka nonoman nu dilahirkeun di lingkungan kulawarga [[Pasantrén|pesantren]], Kiai Halim geus narima atikan agama ti kulawarga jeung masyarakat.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Ramana pupus nalika Kiai Halim masih leutik, diasuh ku ibu jeung kakak-kakakna.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/>. Dina umur 21 taun, Kiai Halim nikah jeung Siti Murbiyah puteri K.H. Muhammad Ilyas (Panghulu Landraad [[Kabupatén Majaléngka|Majaléngka]]).<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/><ref name="pelitatangerang"/> Pernikahan méré ka dikaruniai tujuh orang anak.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Salah sawios putuna nu aktif di organisasi [[Islam]] saperti jadi pengurus BP4 Pusat,<ref>^ http://bimasislam.kemenag.go.id/post/berita/menag-atikan-pra-nikah-perlu-dijadikan-gerakan-nasional-</ref>, BMOIWI (Badan Musyawarah Organisasi Islam Wanita Indonésia), GUPPI (Gerakan Usaha Pembaharuan Atikan Islam), miwah Wanita PUI nyaéta Dra. Hj. [[Dadah Cholidah]], M.Pd.I. Presidium BMOIWI ([[2015]]-[[2016]]). == Silsilah K.H. Abdul Halim == * K.H. Abdul Halim/ Otong Syatori Iskandar bin * Abdullah Iskandar bin * Abdullah Qomar bin * Tubagus Nursalim bin * Sultan Muhammad Arif Zainal Asiqin bin * Sultan Muhammad Waasi' Zainal Alimin bin * Sultan Syarifudin Ratu Syarifa bin * Sultan Muhammad Syifa Zainal Arifin bin * Sultan Abul Mahasin Zainul Abidin bin * Sultan Abdul Fadl bin * Sultan Abun-Nashor Abdul Qohar bin * Sultan Ageng Tirtoyoso (Abdul Fatah) (1651) bin * Sultan Abdul Mufahir Mahmud Abdul Qodir bin * Maulana Muhammad bin * Maulana Yusuf bin * Maulana Hasanudin (Pangéran Sabakingkin) bin * Sunan Gunung Djati/ Syarif Hidayatulloh (1458-1578 M)<ref>Dari Hj. Dadah Cholidah, Cucu KH Abdul Halim dari puterinya, Halimah Halim</ref> == Masantrén == Ti leuleutik Kiai Halim kaasup murangkalih anu resep nyiar élmu.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Buktosna anjeunna loba maca élmu-élmu kaislaman ogé élmu-élmu kamasyarakatan.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Nalika umur 10 taun Kiai Halim diajar [[Qur'an|al-Qur'an]] jeung [[Hadis]] ka K.H. Anwar, minangka guru munggaran di luar kulawargana.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> K.H. Anwar téh mangrupa séorang ulama kasohor dari Ranji Wetan, [[Kabupatén Majalengka|Majalengka]].<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Ku resepna nyiar élmu, Kiai Halim ngalap élmu liana, teu mandang guruna téh saaliran ([[Islam]]) atawa béda, asal aya manfaat pikeun perjuangan kelak.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Contona Kiai Halim diajar [[Basa Walanda]] jeung [[Alfabét Latin|huruf latin]] ka Van Hoeven, saurang pendéta jeung misionaris di Cideres, [[Kabupatén Majalengka|Majalengka]].<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Nincak umur sawawa, Kiai Halim mimiti mondok di Pasantrén di wilayah [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]].<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Di antarana pasantrén tempat ngulik élmu Kiai Halim nyaéta :<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> * Pasantren Lontang jaya, Penjalinan, Leuwimunding, [[Kabupatén Majalengka|Majaléngka]], pimpinan Kiai Abdullah. * Pasantren Bobos, [[Kacamatan|Kecamatan]] [[Sumber, Cirebon]], [[Kabupatén Cirebon|Cirebon]], asuhan Kiai Sujak. * Pasantren Ciwedus, Timbang, [[Kacamatan|Kecamatan]] [[Cilimus, Kuningan]], [[Kabupatén Kuningan]], asuhan K.H. Ahmad Shobari.<ref>^^^Nina Herlina, Sejarah Perkembangan Islam di Jawa Barat, (Bandung: Pustaka UNPAD, 2011), hlm. 37-38.</ref>.<ref>http://aseprohim70.blogspot.com/2015/02/sejarah-pesantren-penyebaran-pesantren.html</ref> * Jeung terakhir K.H. Abdul Halim guguru ka K.H. Agus, Kedungwangi, Kenayangan, [[Kota Pekalongan|Pekalongan]], nu akhirna balik deui neuleuman élmu di Pasantrén Ciwedus, [[Cilimus, Kuningan]], [[kabupatén]] Kuningan. Di sela-sela sibukna masantren, Kiai Halim ogé dagang.<ref name="www.pondokpesantren.net"/> anjeunna jualan minyak wangi, batik, jeung kitab-kitab palajaran agama.<ref name="www.pondokpesantren.net"/> === Nyiar élmu di Mekkah === Sabada masantrén, Kiai Halim miang [[Mekah|Mekkah]] neuleuman élmu-élmu kaislaman.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Di Mekah, Kiai Halim guguru ka ulama di antarana, Syeikh Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi, saurang ulama asal [[Indonésia]] anu tumetep di Mekah jeung Imam di Masjidil Haram.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/><ref name="Historiografi">{{Cite book|author=M Saleh Putuhena|title=Historiografi Haji Indonesia|publisher=LKiS|year=2007|id=ISBN 978-979-25-5264-5}}</ref> Salila nyiar élmu di [[Mekah|Mekkah]], Kiai Halim saangkatan jeung K.H. Mas Mansur engkéna jadi Ketua Umum PP Muhammadiyah jeung K.H. Abdul Wahab Hasbulloh salah saurang anu ngadegkeun Nahdlotul 'Ulama jeung Rois 'Am Syuriyah (Ketua Umum Dewan Syuro) PBNU organisasi kasebut sabada Kiai Hasjim Asy'ari pupus dina taun [[1947]].<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> ku lantaran Kiai Halim deukeut reujeung dua sobatna anu béda pamadegan, nu hiji modérnis dan nu hiji deui tradisional, ku kituna anjeunna jadi ulama anu kacida toleran.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Salian ti ngélmu ka Syeikh Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi, Kiai Halim ogé maca kitab-kitab ulama sanésna, saperti kitab anggitan Syékh Muhammad Abduh, Syékh Muhammad Rasyid Ridlo, jeung ulama modérnis (anu nganut paham modérn -dina pamikiran Islam)sanésna.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Selain itu Kiai Halim juga banyak membaca [[Campaka (majalah)|majalah]] al-Urwatul Wutsqo maupun al-Manar yang membahas tentang pemikiran kedua ulama tersebut.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/>. == Pasantrén Santi Asromo == Aya dua titinggal K.H. Abdul Halim anu masih lastari nepi ka kiwari, yaéta: [[Pasantrén|pesantren]] Santi Asromo dan organisasi Persatuan Umat Islam (PUI) anu ilubiung dina agama, pangatikan, sosial jeung budaya. Santri Asromo ngarupikeun pasantrén anu mekelan santrina ku katerampilan. “Ngélmu di Santi Asromo aya tukang panday, nyuling minyak kayu putih, tatanén kopi dan sahang jeung ngingu hayam, embé jeung ngingu lauk”, saur Dadah Cholidah, incu K.H. Abdul Halim ti putrina, Halimah Halim. nepi ka kiwari Pasantrén Santi Asromo anu legana 12 héktar geus jadi fasilitas pasantrén, MI PUI, SMP Prakarya, tur SMA Prakarya. Sekretaris Jénderal Persatuan Umat Islam (PUI) Pusat période [[2009]] - [[2014]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pui.or.id/tentang-pui/susunan-pengurus-2009-2014/susunan-pengurus-2009-2014/ |title=Arsip salinan |accessdate=2016-04-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923085747/http://pui.or.id/tentang-pui/susunan-pengurus-2009-2014/susunan-pengurus-2009-2014/ |archivedate=2025-09-23}}</ref>, Ahmadie Thoha nyaur, modél pangatikan Santri Asromo anu ngajarkeun santri entrepreneurship maju ngaheulaan zamanna. “Mangsa harita aya mesin jait jeung percétakan. Jadi bisa dibayangkeun mangsa harita geus modern”, ceuk Kang Ahmadie. == Perserikatan Ulama Indonesia/ Persatuan Umat Islam == Sabada tilu taun nyiar élmu di [[Mekah|Mekkah]], Kiai Halim mulih ka [[Indonésia|Indonesia]]. Dina [[1911]], sajolna ti Mekah anjeunna ngadegkeun ''Majlis Ilmi'' (Lembaga Pangatikan) di [[Kabupatén Majalengka|Majalengka]] pikeun ngadidik santri di daérah kasebut.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Sataun sabada lembaga Majlis Ilmi sumebar, Kiai Halim ngadegkeun organisasi ''Hayatul Qulub'', anu Majlis Ilmi bagian ti antarana.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Hayatul Qulub (Hayat al-Qulub) diadegkeun taun [[1912]] organisasi kasebut lain dina widang pangatikan wungkul, nanging dina widang ekonomi.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> ku sabab Kiai Halim hoyong ngamajukeun widang pangatikan ogé perdagangan.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> ku kituna anggotana sanés santri, guru, kiai tapi patani jeung tukang dagang.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> di mana sodagar urang [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] leuwih hasil dina widang perdagangan.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> karana [[Pamaréntah|pemerintah]] [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Belanda]] leuwih ngabéla sodagar Cina anu dibéré status hukum leuwih kuat ti batan kelompok pribumi.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Dina tanggal [[16 Méi|16 Mei]] [[1916]], Kiai Halim ngadegkeun lembaga pangatikan anyar ''Jam’iyah al-I’anat al-Muta’alimin''.<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Sataun kakocap [[Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto|HOS Cokroaminoto]] méré dukungan terus dirobah jadi ''Perserikatan Ulama'' atawa katelah PUI (Perserikatan Ulama Indonésia).<ref name="Ensiklopedi"/> Perserikatan kasebut mibanda panti asuhan, percétakan, jeung hiji pertinunan.<ref name="Historiografi"/>. == Pergerakan Nasional == Dina mangsa dijajah ku [[Jepang]], Kiai Abdul Halim diangkat jadi anggota Cuo Sangi In (semacam dewan perwakilan). Dina bulan [[Méi|Mei]] [[1945]], anjeunna diangkat jadi anggota Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kamerdékaan Indonésia (BPUPKI) anu tugasna nyiapkeun sagala anu patali jeung ngadegkeun negara. Dina BPUPKI ieu K.H. Abdul Halim jadi anggota Panitia Pembélaan Nagara. Satuntas [[Indonésia|Républik Indonésia]] ngadeg, Abdul Halim diangkat jadi anggota Badan Pekerja Komite Nasional Indonésia Daérah (PB KNID) [[Kabupatén Cirebon|Cirebon]]. Dina waktu [[Walanda|Belanda]] ngalancarkeun agrési militér kadua [[19 Désémber|19 Desember]] [[1948]], Abdul Halim aktif ngabantu kebutuhan logistik pikeun pasukan [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]] jeung para gerilyawan. Résidén [[Kabupatén Cirebon|Cirebon]] kungsi ngangap anjeunna jadi [[Bupati]] [[Kabupatén Majalengka|Majalengka]]. Taun [[1928]], anjeunna diangkat jadi pengurus Majelis Ulama anu diadegkeun ku Sarékat Islam babarengan jeung K.H.M Anwaruddin ti [[Kabupatén Rembang|Rembang]], K.H. Abdullah Siradj ti [[Yogyakarta]]. anjeunna ogé jadi anggota pengurus MIAI (Majlis Islam A’la Indonésia) anu diadegkeun [[1937]] di [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]]. Sabada perang kamerdékaan lekasan, K.H. Abdul Halim tetep aktif dina organisasi kaagamaan jeung ngabina Santi Asromo. Nanging minangka ulama anu berwawasan kabangsaan dan persatuan, anjeunna teu satuju gerakan Darul Islam pimpinan Kartosuwiryo, sanajan cicing di tempat nu dikawasa ku Darul Islam. Ogé anjeunna salah saurang tokoh nu nungtut dibubakeunana Nagara Pasundan ciptaan [[Walanda|Belanda]]. Dina taun 1950-an K.H. Abdul Halim kungsi jadi anggota Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Daérah [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]] dan terus jadi anggota Konstituante (DPR Pusat, kiwari). == Wafatna == K.H. Abdul Halim, mugia [[Alloh]] ''yaghfiru wayarham'' ulama tanah Pasundan ieu mulang ka rohmatulloh [[7 Méi|7 Mei]] [[1962]] dina yuswa 74 taun jeung dikurebkeun di [[Kabupatén Majaléngka|Majaléngka]]. Kacida picontoeun lir Rosul [[Muhammad]] s.a.w. anu muli ka jati mulang ka asal teu mawa anging lawon saraket awak miwah amal anu mapat pahalana satungtung zaman diprakkeun: “Ngantunkeun harta banda diwakafkeun keur madrosah keur institusi pangatikan/ atikan. Malih bumi pribadi anjeuna diwakafkeun ka PUI”, saur putuna, Dra. Hj. Dadah Cholidah, M.PdI, ogé anggota Déwan Pertimbangan Wanita PUI Pusat.<ref>http://www.hijarpui.org/2015/07/perintis-kemerdekaan-dari-majalengka.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331133926/http://www.hijarpui.org/2015/07/perintis-kemerdekaan-dari-majalengka.html |date=2016-03-31 }}</ref><ref>http://puipusat.org/halaman/wanita-pui {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725004056/http://puipusat.org/halaman/wanita-pui |date=2016-07-25 }}</ref> == Pahlawan Nasional Ti Majaléngka == Ku jasa-jasa anjeunna, Pamaréntah [[Indonésia|Républik Indonésia]], Présidén [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono|Susilo Bambang Yudoyono]] nganugrahkeun Gelar Pahlawan Nasional dumasar Kaputusan Présidén [[Indonésia|Républik Indonésia]] Nomor : 041/TK/taun 2008 tanggal [[6 Nopémber|6 November]] [[2008]].<ref>https://www.kemsos.go.id/modules.php?name=Pahlawan&opsi=mulai-2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120085337/http://www.kemsos.go.id/modules.php?name=Pahlawan&opsi=mulai-2 |date=2017-01-20 }}</ref> == Referensi == {{Reflist}} {{Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia}} {{BPUPKI}} [[Kategori:Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1887]] [[Kategori:Inohong Sunda]] 1cjplfomhtiim64lk569hm9rdcjxkzp 0 50284 731837 703784 2026-11-08T11:34:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{taxobox |name = ''Saliara''<ref name=Munir1996>{{cite journal | author=Munir A | title=A taxonomic review of Lantana camara L. and L. montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae) in Australia | journal=Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens | volume=17 | year=1996 | pages=1–27}}</ref> |image = LantanaFlowerLeaves.jpg |image_caption = [[Kembang]] jeung [[daun]] |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |ordo = [[Lamiales]] |familia = [[Verbenaceae]] |genus = ''[[Lantana]]'' |species = '''''L. camara''''' |binomial = ''Lantana camara'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |synonyms = ''Lantana aculeata'' <small>L.</small><ref name=grin>[ ''Lantana camara''.]|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/cgi-bin/taxon.pl?310628 Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).</ref> ''Camara vulgaris'' <ref name="GISD">{{cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp |title=Global Invasive Species Database |publisher=issg.org.uk |accessdate=2014-03-22 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092043/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp |date=2014-04-07 }}</ref> | range map = Global distribution of Lantana camara.svg | range_map_caption = Global distribution of ''Lantana camara'' }} '''Saliara''' ''(Lantana camara)'', nyaéta tangkal [[kembang]] dina kulawarga ''verbena'', ''Verbenaceae'' tangkalna asli ti daérah tropis [[Amérika]] <ref name="moyhill">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moyhill.com/html/english_vs_latin_names.html|title=English vs. Latin Names|accessdate=March 24, 2014|publisher=Moyhill Publishing|year=2007|author=Moyhill Publishing}}</ref>. Saliara disababaraha nagara mibanda ngaran anu béda umpamana, disebut ''big-bijak, wild-sage'', merah bijak, putih-sage di [[Malaysia]], di [[Karibia]] jeung [[Afrika kidul]] ngarana ''tickberry<ref name="Cronk">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=y60B--a5j6gC|title=Plant Invaders: The Threat to Natural Ecosystems|author=Quentin C. B. Cronk, Janice L. Fuller|publisher=Springer|location=[[Kew Gardens|Royal Botanic Gardens]], Kew|isbn=0-412-48380-7|year=1995}}</ref>''. Saliara mangrupa [[tangkal]] anu éndah dina mangsa kembangan, sok ngahaja dipelak di pakarangan, di wewengkon [[Eropa]] tangkal saliara anu aya kiwari mimitina dibawa ku urang [[Walanda]] tuluy dipelak nepi ka ngarekahan, kiwari tangkal saliara geus nyebar nepika [[Asia]] jeung [[Oséania]], ku alatan jumlahna anu loba kiwari tangkal ieu kagolongkeun kana gulma <ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=OM.P. |last2=Harinder |first2=Paul S |year=1988 |title=A review of the noxious plant Lantana camara |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0041010188901961 |journal=Toxicon |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=975–987 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(88)90196-1 |accessdate=24 March 2014}}</ref> . ==Pedaran== Saliara disebut ''tembelékan'' di daérah [[Jawa]], mangrupa [[tangkal]] anu cucukan, ngarungkun jangkungna kurang leuwih 2 m. Dina mangsa abad ka-17 jeung 18 tangkal saliara loba anu mikaresep pikeun papaés di buruan, nepika kiwari tangkal saliara mibanda loba kultivar.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kohli |first=Ravinder. K. |year= 2006 |title=Status, invasiveness and environmental threats of three tropical American invasive weeds (Parthenium hysterophorus L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Lantana camara L.) in India |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-005-5842-1 |publisher=Biological Invasions |volume=8 |issue=7 |accessdate=March 25, 2014 |doi=10.1007/s10530-005-5842-1 |journal=Biological Invasions |pages=1501–1510}}</ref> Langka manggihan saliara bisa hirup di tengah leuweung, lantaran saliara henteu bisa hirup upama kahieuman ku tatangkalan anu jarangkung. Ku lantaran éta, tangkal saliara mindeng kapanggihna di sisi [[leuweung]] wungkul. Saliara bisa hirup dina sagala usum jeung kaayaan, umpamana waé usum halodo, usum hujan, taneuh kurang subur, jeung tangkal saliara bisa hirup deui kalawan gancang di daérah/leuweung anu kungsi kahuruan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/parks/lantana.html |title=Lantana camara |year=2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730235554/http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/parks/lantana.html |date=2015-07-30 }}</ref> Saliara mangrupa tangkal asli ti wewengkon [[Amérika]] tengah jeung kidul. Kiwari geus nyebar ka wewengkon sub-tropis di sakuliah dunya, buktina kapanggih di [[timur tengah]], [[Afrika]] kidul utamana kapanggih hirup di sisi leuweung jeung tegalan anu henteu kapiroséa atawa henteu diolah piken [[lahan]] tatanén. Saliara ogé hirup kalawan loba di wilayah [[Afrika]], [[Eropa]] kidul, saperti [[Spanyol]] jeung [[Portugal]], [[India]], [[Asia]] tropis, [[Australia]], [[Selandia Baru]], [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Atlantik]], [[Pasifik]] jeung pulo-pulo di [[Samudra Hindia]]. Malahan di [[Sri lanka]] tangkal saliara dianggap gulma/hama anu kacida ngaganggu ku lantaran leupas tina panalungtikan Royal Botanic Gardens dina taun 1926.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Experimental evidence on the importance of disturbance intensity for invasion of Lantana camara L. in dry rainforest–open forest ecotones in north-eastern NSW, Australia|publisher=Forest Ecology and Management|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112798002527|accessdate=March 22, 2014|doi=10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00252-7|volume=109|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|pages=279–292}}</ref> ==Ciri mandiri== [[File:Lantana camara (Leaf) 2.jpg|thumb|130px|left|Daun tangkal saliara]] daunna salambar, kaluar sapasang tina gigireun tangkal wujudna lonyod kawas [[endog]] méncos ka tungtungna, karasa keusrak umpamana diusap, ngaluarkeun seungit anu mandiri umpama daunna digesek, sisi daun rérégéan kawas menang gaguntingan, tulang daun semu konéng ébréh katémbong dina daun beulah luhurna. Dipinuhan ku bulu lemes, daunna anu geus kolot mibanda kelir héjo kolot sedengkeun pucukna héjo ngora.<ref>{{Cite journal | author=Ahmed. R | title=Allelopathic effects of Lantana camara on germination and growth behavior of some agricultural crops in Bangladesh | journal=Journal of Forestry Research | volume=18 | year=2007 | pages=201–304 | doi=10.1007/s11676-007-0060-6 }}</ref> [[Kembang]]na laleutik mangrupa pipa leutik anu mibanda opat palapah, napel ngaronyok dina pendul kembang. Unggal pendul kembang mibanda kurang leuwih sapuluh nepika 30 kembang. Kembangna rupa-rupa aya anu [[beureum]], [[konéng]], [[bodas]], beureum ngora, [[oranye]], ieu kelir gumantung kana tempat hirup jeung umurna, kembang saliara utamana robah kelir dina mangsa geus dieuntepan [[kukupu]], [[éngang]], nyiruan, atawa [[manuk]] anu sok ngenyot [[Néktar|nekta]]<nowiki/>rna (sari amis dina kembang). ku lantaran mangsa harita geus lumangsung ''penyerbukan''. Robahna kelir kembang saliara ieu ogé mangrupakeu cicirén pikeun mangsana kembang ragrag anu engkena bakal disusul ku muncengisna pentil buah.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Carstairs, S. D. |title=Ingestion of ''Lantana camara'' is not associated with significant effects in children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=126 |issue=6 |page=e1585–8 |date=December 2010 |url=http://www.pediatricsdigest.mobi/content/126/6/e1585.full |doi=10.1542/peds.2010-1669 |pmid=21041281 |display-authors=etal }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206092633/http://www.pediatricsdigest.mobi/content/126/6/e1585.full |date=2023-02-06 }}</ref> [[File:Lantana Camara Bunch.jpg|130px|thumb|Left|Kembang saliara]] Buah saliara laleutik ngumpul dina pendul buah, kelirna héjo dina mangsa ngora kénéh jeung bakal robah semu paul mangsana geus cukup déwasa atawa geus asak, buahna ''vegetatif'' (''aseksual''). mangrupa kadaharan pikeun sabaraha rupa manuk jeung sasatoan séjéna anu mikaresep bungbuahan, ku alatan ieu ogé mangrupa cukang lantaran pikeun nyebarkeun binih tangkal saliara katempat anu leuwih jauh batan tangkan indungna.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/1977/1/BRT_sanctuary.pdf|title = Effect of weeds Lantana camara and Chromelina odorata growth on the species diversity, regeneration and stem density of tree and shrub layer in BRT sanctuary|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225084722/http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/1977/1/BRT_sanctuary.pdf |date=2015-12-25 }}</ref> ==Mangpaat== Tangkal saliara geus heubeul dimangpaatkeun dipaké pikeun pager hirup kayaning di kebon, huma, sisi jalan rondaan jeung buruan imah, melakna gampang bisa tina sikina (ngabinihkeun) atawa neukteuk tangkalna (stek) tuluy ditancepkeun kana taneuh. Daun saliara mibanda kandungan ''lantadene A, lantadene B, lantanolic acid, lantic acid, humule'' (''minyak astiri''), ''b - caryophyllene, g - terpidene, a -pinene serta r -cymene''. Sababaraha panyakit anu bisa diubaran saperti; ''Influenza'', ''TBC'', [[reumatik]], ''keputihan'', harééng, asma, batuk [[getih]] ogé bisa ngubaran panyakit kulit saperti ; [[bisul]], bareuh, arateul, jeung réa-réa deui. Akarna meunang moé nepika garing kurang leuwih 30 - 60 g tuluy digodog, di mana geus tiis caina bisa diinum.<ref>[http://www.kompasiana.com/toko-bunga-jakarta/khasiat-tanaman-saliara_5661399d377b61e606953e2c Mangpaat tangkal saliara]</ref>. ==Bahaya daun saliara== Sagigireun mibanda mangpaat anu henteu saeutik, tangkal saliara ogé mibanda [[zat]] [[kimia]] anu bisa ngabayakeun kahirupan ingon-ingon hususna [[sapi]], nyaéta daun saliara ieu mibanda zat anu disebut ''Lantadine'' anu bisa ngabalukarkeun sapi weureu. Sapi anu katohyan ngahakan daun saliara mimitina bakal ngarandapan panyakit konéng (''jaundice''), sérab ku [[panonpoé]] béda ti sasari, [[kulit]] daradas utamana dina bagéan anu kasorot cahaya [[panonpoé]], teu daék baranghakan, nyeri [[beuteung]], henteu tenang, antukna lungsé jeung teu bisa cengkat, henteu nepika perlaya mah. Tapi lamun ngahakan daun saliara leuwih loba tangtu ieu bisa ngadatangkeun mamala kana kahirupan [[sapi]] ngan dina mangsa sababaraha poé wungkul ku lantaran sapi bakal ngarandapan karuksakan peujit (''gastroenteritis''), ieu panyakit katelah ogé ''Bali ziekta''.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ntb.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ind/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=380:waspadai-saliara-lantana-camara&catid=4:info-aktual&Itemid=5|title = Waspadai Saliara (Lantana camara)|date = 24 April 2016|publisher = |accessdate = 24 April 2016|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190917150050/http://ntb.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ind/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=380:waspadai-saliara-lantana-camara&catid=4:info-aktual&Itemid=5|archivedate = 17 September 2019 }}</ref> <gallery> File:Lantana camara (Habitus).jpg|Rungkun tangkal saliara File:Lantana camara 4.jpg|Kembang saliara File:2007 lantana camara.jpg|Tangkal saliara File:Lantana camara 5.jpg|Buah saliara geus kolot File:Antillean crested hummingbird feeding.jpg|Saliara mibanda loba nektar </gallery> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190917150050/http://ntb.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ind/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=380:waspadai-saliara-lantana-camara&catid=4:info-aktual&Itemid=5 Bahaya daun saliara pikeun sapi] *[http://www.kompasiana.com/toko-bunga-jakarta/khasiat-tanaman-saliara_5661399d377b61e606953e2c Mangpaat saliara pikeun ubar] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Verbenaceae]] [[Kategori:Ubar]] [[Kategori:Kekembangan]] [[Kategori:Verbenaceae]] lliu9o47b7hrti7uuav8oqzoocxqdcf 0 50307 731631 681242 2026-11-07T21:58:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Schmied_in_Buanurac,_Loi-Huno_2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cangkorah wanguna kawas lisung]] '''Cangkorah''' nyaéta wadah [[cai]] paranti nyipuh atawa nyéos [[beusi]] beunang meuleum sangkan leuwih teuas jeung seukeut, awét dipakéna henteu gampang mintul atawa miley, wangunna kawas [[lisung]] aya ogé anu buleud kawas émbér.<ref name=cangkorah/> Cangkorah salah sahiji pakakas utama di [[gosali]] sagigireun ububan (paranti muputan/niup keun angin), parapén ([[hawu]] anu pinuh ku areng panas), [[palu]], [[capit]], [[paron]]/panahan/(''Anvil''), jeung sajabana.<ref name=cangkorah>[https://www.mail-archive.com/urangsunda@yahoogroups.com/msg75127.html Cangkorah hartina nyaéta]</ref> ==Pedaran== Cangkorah jeung gosali geus dipiwanoh dina mangsa anu kacida heubeulna tisaméméh abad ka-9 mibanda tempat anu penting pikeun nyieun pakakas jeung parabot anu dipikabutuh sapopoé saperti : [[Pager]], [[péso]], [[pakarang]], pakakas tatanén umpamana: [[arit]], [[parang]], [[pacul]], [[koréd]], jeung loba deui [[pakakas]] atawa [[parabot]] anu dijieun atawa anu dihasilkeun tina bahan [[beusi]] .<ref>[http://historia.id/kuno/posisi-pandai-besi-dalam-sejarah-nusantara Cangkorah jeung gosali dina Sajarah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319145403/http://historia.id/kuno/posisi-pandai-besi-dalam-sejarah-nusantara |date=2016-03-19 }}</ref> <Gallery> File:Hard at work (8028708713).jpg|Cangkorah dieusi ku [[cai]] File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het ciseleren van edelmetaal door een smid Nederlands-Indië TMnr 60046735.jpg|[[Gosali]] jaman baheula File:Black smith working2.JPG|Keur nyipuh [[beusi]] dina cangkorah </gallery> ==Tempo ogé== #[[Piruruhan]] #[[Ububan]] #[[Paron]] #[[Capit]] ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== *[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HiZvFZbm6sgC&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296&dq=sejarah+pandai+besi&source=bl&ots=OWRJP5HpI-&sig=74OnndlURP3GLKbKbV2cpKuSc-E&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9kvzbwrbMAhXBWo4KHWBKAKU4ChDoAQgYMAA#v=onepage&q=sejarah%20pandai%20besi&f=false Gosali mangsa katukang] *[https://www.mail-archive.com/urangsunda@yahoogroups.com/msg75127.html Pakakas gosali] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160319145403/http://historia.id/kuno/posisi-pandai-besi-dalam-sejarah-nusantara Sajarah gosali] *[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/colonial-blacksmith-tools.html Gosali jeung parabotna] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Pakakas]] [[Kategori:Parabot]] 76g94ka1iwzil9zuxpbmhnx9kv1qb7q 0 50590 731822 704901 2026-11-08T10:55:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[File:Fighting cock, Bali The Isle of the Gods, p86.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ranggap dipaké ngurungan hayam]] '''Ranggap''' nyaéta pakakas dijieun tina anyaman [[awi]] <ref name="ngarungkup"/> paranti ngurungan hayam<ref>[http://semangatku55.blogspot.co.id/2013/07/kamus-bahasa-sunda.html Ranggap nyaéta kurung hayam]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XX4iAAAAMAAJ&q=ranggap&dq=ranggap&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz46-z58rNAhWKQY8KHSwsDeMQ6AEIGzAAPeralatan hiburan dan kesenian tradisional daérah Jawa Barat,Departemen Atikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Kebudayaan Daérah, 1987, kaca 199]</ref>, sangkan henteu ngider jauh tur gampang néwakna, dipaké ngurungan hayam mangsa keur dipoyankeun bisa waé ngurungan [[hayam]] [[kumupu]] jeung indungna sangkan henteu dipacok jeung dibintih ku hayam séjén<ref>[http://www.gambar-kandang.com/2015/09/contoh-kandang-jemur-ayam-bangkok.html Mangpaat moyankeun hayam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011205914/http://www.gambar-kandang.com/2015/09/contoh-kandang-jemur-ayam-bangkok.html |date=2016-10-11 }}</ref>, ranggap bisa ogé dipaké ngarungkup [[lauk]] di kulah atawa di [[balong]]<ref name="ngarungkup">[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=jchkAAAAMAAJ&q=moe+hayam&dq=moe+hayam&hl=id&sa=X&redir_esc=y Peperenian urang Sunda, Rachmat Taufiq Hidayat, Kiblat Buku Utama, 2005 kaca 28]</ref>. [[File:Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Roasters-in-Baskets-01.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Ranggap ngajajar dipaké moé [[hayam]]]] ==Pedaran== Ranggap [[hayam]] wangunna buleud, jangkung kurang leuwih sacangkéng kolot, handapna muka paranti ngurungan ari luhurna ditutup, anyaman dijieun carang sangkan katempo eusina, dijieun tina tangkal awi anu geus kolot, sangkan kuat handapna diwengku tur ditalian sakurilingna <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epnri.indonesiaheritage.org/uploads/ebook/105/files/assets/seo/page210.html |title=Ranggap dijieun tina tangkal awi kolot |accessdate=2016-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125185103/http://epnri.indonesiaheritage.org/uploads/ebook/105/files/assets/seo/page210.html |archivedate=2025-01-25}}</ref>. ==Tutumbu kaluar== # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wz0rkFVuurc Tukang nyieun ranggap] ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Pakakas]] [[Kategori:Parabot]] sictb3enbp4ph5zgeab1t4h38mtq7kh 0 50629 731642 704539 2026-11-07T22:40:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name = Dra. Hj. Dadah Cholidah Hanum, M.Pd.I |caption = |office = Présidium BMOIWI ([[Badan Musyawarah Organisasi Islam Wanita Indonésia]]) |order = |term_start = [[2015]] |term_end = [[2016]] |office2 = Bendahara Umum [[Badan Penasihatan Pembinaan dan Pelestarian Perkawinan]] Pusat |term_start2 = [[2014]] |term_end2 = [[2019]] |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|02|13|mf=y}} |birth_place = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Kabupatén Majalengka|Majalengka]], [[Indonesia]] |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = [[Indonesia]] |spouse = |relations = K.H. [[Abdul Halim Syatari]], Aki ti garis indung (Halimah Halim) |children = |alma_mater = IAIN Jogyakarta, Universitas Islam Jakarta |occupation = |profession = Konsultan, mediator, jeung trainer |religion = [[Islam]] |signature = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Dadah Cholidah Hanum''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kabupatén Majaléngka|Majaléngka]]|13|02|1953}}) nyaéta aktivis organisasi [[Islam]], Présidium BMOIWI ([[Badan Musyawarah Organisasi Islam Wanita Indonésia]]) période (2015-2016). Ogé anggota Dewan Pertimbangan Wanita PUI (Persatuan Ummat Islam) période 2015-2020.<ref>http://puipusat.org/halaman/wanita-pui {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725004056/http://puipusat.org/halaman/wanita-pui |date=2016-07-25 }}</ref>, kungsi jadi Kasubdit Penyuluhan Wakaf Direktorat Pemberdayaan Wakaf Kamenterian Agama [[Républik Indonésia|Républik Indonésia]] jeung di BP4 ([[Badan Penasihatan Pembinaan dan Pelestarian Perkawinan]]) Pusat minangka Bendahara Umum période 2014 - 2019 <ref>http://bimasislam.kemenag.go.id/post/berita/menag-atikan-pra-nikah-perlu-dijadikan-gerakan-nasional- {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> nepi ka kiwari jadi konsultan perkawinan, médiator di Pangadilan Agama jeung trainer médiator. == Turunan == Hj. Dadah Cholidah Hanum turunan, incu ti garis indung, Halimah Halim, inohong [[Sunda]] K.H. [[Abdul Halim Syatari]] atawa Abdul Halim Majaléngka, salah sawios saeutik inohong bangsa [[Indonésia]] nu ngagem gelar Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia.<ref>https://www.kemsos.go.id/modules.php?name=Pahlawan&opsi=mulai-2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120085337/http://www.kemsos.go.id/modules.php?name=Pahlawan&opsi=mulai-2 |date=2017-01-20 }}</ref> == Atikan == * S1 IAIN Yogyakarta, kiwari jadi UIN Yogyakarta. * S2 Universitas Islam Jakarta. == Pengalaman Organisasi == * Présidium BMOIWI (2015 - 2016) * BP4 [[Badan Penasihatan Pembinaan dan Pelestarian Perkawinan]] Pusat * Sekretaris Jenderal Wanita GUPPI == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == * Wanita PUI Pusat [http://puipusat.org/halaman/wanita-pui/ http://puipusat.org/halaman/wanita-pui] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725004056/http://puipusat.org/halaman/wanita-pui |date=2016-07-25 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dadah Cholidah}} [[Kategori:Inohong Sunda]] [[Kategori:Inohong Majaléngka]] [[Kategori:Inohong Muslimah]] [[Kategori:Inohong BMOIWI]] [[Kategori:Inohong BP4]] 5af96vg7231dhusak1ain0cri1idllz 0 51185 731750 675411 2026-11-08T06:15:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Starr 070321-5915 Trema orientalis.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Rosales]] |familia = [[Cannabaceae]] |genus = ''[[Trema (plant)|Trema]]'' |species = '''''T. orientalis''''' |binomial = ''Trema orientalis'' |binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]<ref name=trop1>&nbsp;Under its treatment of ''Trema orientalis'' (from its basionym of ''Celtis orientalis''), this plant name was first published in ''Museum Botanicum'' 2: 62. 1852. {{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/33300010 |title=Name - ''Trema orientalis'' (L.) Blume |work=Tropicos |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=[[Saint Louis, Missouri]] |accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref> |synonyms = *''Celtis discolor'' <small>[[Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart|Brongn.]]</small> *''C.&nbsp;guineensis <small>[[Julius Heinrich Karl Schumann|Schum.]] & [[Peter Thonning|Thonn.]]</small> *''C.&nbsp;madagascariensis <small>[[Wenceslas Bojer|Bojer]]</small> *''C.&nbsp;orientalis <small>L.</small> ([[basionym]]) *''C.&nbsp;rigida <small>Blume</small> *''Sponia andaresa <small>[[Philibert Commerson|Comm.]] ex [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]</small> *''S.&nbsp;argentea <small>[[Jules Émile Planchon|Planch.]]</small> *''S.&nbsp;commersonii <small>[[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]] ex Planch.</small> *''S.&nbsp;glomerata <small>[[Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter|Hochst.]]</small> *''S.&nbsp;orientalis <small>(L.) Decne.</small> *''S.&nbsp;wightii <small>Planch.</small> *''Trema affinis <small>(Planch.) Blume</small> *''T.&nbsp;africana <small>Blume</small> *''T.&nbsp;commersonii <small>(Decne. ex Planch.) Blume</small> *''T.&nbsp;grevei <small>[[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]]</small> *''T.&nbsp;grisea <small>[[John Gilbert Baker|Baker]]</small> *''T.&nbsp;guineensis <small>(Schum. & Thonn.) [[Francisco Manoel Carlos de Mello de Ficalho|Ficalho]]</small> *''T.&nbsp;hochstetteri <small>[[Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler|Engl.]]</small> *''T.&nbsp;nitens <small>Blume</small> *''T.&nbsp;polygama <small>[[Zhi Min Wu|Z.M.Wu]] & [[Jia Yi Lin|J.Y.Lin]]</small> *''T.&nbsp;velutina <small>(Planch.) Blume</small> *''T.&nbsp;wightii <small>Blume</small> |synonyms_ref = Grewia tomentosa Jss<ref name=trop2>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/33300010?tab=synonyms |title=Name - !''Trema orientalis'' (L.) Blume synonyms |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref><ref name=trop3>&nbsp;The basionym of ''T.&nbsp;orientalis'', ''Celtis orientalis'' was originally described and published in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' 2: 1044. 1753. {{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50008711 |title=Name - ''Celtis orientalis'' L. |quote=Type-Protologue: Locality: Habitat in Indiis: Distribution: Sri Lanka |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?40045 |title=''Trema orientalis'' information from NPGS/GRIN |author=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network|GRIN]] |quote=Comment: although treated [at GRIN] as feminine, in accordance with botanical tradition ([[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|Vienna ICBN]] Art. 62.1), the genus is of [[neuter gender]] according to NCU-3 |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |date=May 29, 2007 |accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref> |}} '''Kuray''' ('''''Trema orientalis''''') nyaéta hiji [[spésiés]] [[tutuwuhan kembangan]] ti [[kulawarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] [[Cannabis]], ''[[Cannabaceae]]''.<ref name=”De ”>{{Cite book| url =https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten04heyn/page/109/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Solanum+indicum| title =De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, tevens synthetische catalogus der verzamelingen van het Museum voor Technische- en Handelsbotanie te Buitenzorg| last =Heyne| first =K. | publisher =Batavia, Ruygrok| location =Museum voor Economische Botanie (Bogor, Indonesia)| year =1913|ISBN=|pages =3}} Disungsi5 Juli 2023</ref> <ref>Priyadi, H., Takao, G., Rahmawati, I., Supriyanto, B., Nursal, W. I., Rahman, I. (2010). Five hundred plant species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: a checklist including Sundanese names, distribution and use. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonésia. ISBN 978-602-8693-22-6 [http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPriyadi1001.pdf]</ref> Ieu flora geus sumebar ampir ka sakuliah dunya: [[Afrika Kidul]], [[Wétan Tengah]], [[subbuana India]], [[Cina]], [[Asia Tenggara]], nepi ka [[Australia]].<ref name="Ubar1">{{Cite book|title =Buku Pintar Tanaman Obat: 431 jenis tanaman penggempur aneka penyakit| last= Damayanti| first= Dewi| coauthors =Agung Sugiarto, Tinton Dwi Putra, Novi Widianti, Nina Wulan Dari| year= 2008|page=103|location=Jakarta| publisher=AgroMedia| isbn=9789790061941|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=iO0ldwKoXvQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=tumbuhan+obat&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8-bSAvZjvAhUIfSsKHdp7DogQ6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=tumbuhan%20obat&f=false}}</ref> == Mangpaat == Kaina kawilang hipu jeung gampang kaduruk lamun garing, cocog keur bahan [[keretas]] jeung [[pulp (keretas)|pulp]],<ref name="worldagroforestry">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1654|title=Trema orientalis|last=Orwa|first=C|author2=A Mutua|author3=Kindt R|author4=Jamnadass R|author5=S Anthony|date=2009|work=[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide, version 4.0]|publisher=[[World Agroforestry Centre]]|accessdate=2010-03-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154525/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1654 |date=2011-09-27 }}</ref><ref>Jahan, M.S. et al. (2007). [http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/1328/1/JSIR%2066(10)%20(2007)%20853-859.pdf Evaluation of cooking processes for Trema orientalis pulping] Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, Vol. 66 (2007) 853</ref> ngahasilkeun keretas anu liat jeung kuat ditilep.<ref name="worldagroforestry"/> Kulit kaina bisa dijieun tali atawa tambang.<ref name="SANBI">{{cite web|url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/planttuv/tremorient.htm|title=Trema orientalis|last=Malan|first=Christien|author2=Notten, Alice|date=April 2005|website=|publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute|accessdate=2 March 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129054454/http://www.plantzafrica.com/planttuv/tremorient.htm |date=29 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name="FAO-34648">{{cite book|title=Some Medicinal Forest Plants Of Africa And Latin America Forestry - Paper 67|last=[[FAO]] Forestry Department|date=1986|pages=223–227|url=http://ia311517.us.archive.org/2/items/somemedicinalfor034648mbp/somemedicinalfor034648mbp.pdf|accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref> Di [[India]] jeung [[Tanzania]], kaina dipaké nyieun [[areng]], tangkalna dipaké nyieun saung di [[sawah]].<ref name=”Aan”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zBUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=leucoxylon+Buxifolium&source=bl&ots=hGPU38nyTo&sig=ACfU3U08H3qADX0Dg9OEZ_FyHzO2Ir26pQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-0vPGvNPmAhXPXSsKHe72AhwQ6AEwD3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=leucoxylon%20Buxifolium&f=false| title =Aanteekeningen over het nut, door de bewoners van Java aan eenige planten van dat eiland toegeschreven| last =Karl Hasskarl| first =Justus | publisher =J. Müller| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1845|ISBN=|pages =88}} Disungsi 14 April 2021</ref><ref name="SANBI"/><ref name=”Aan”/> == Ékologi == Ieu tangkal mibanda pangaruh anu kuat dina ngajaga [[ékologi]]s sahenteuna aya kana 14 spésiés [[kukupu]] ngamangpaatkeun ieu tangkal pikeun nunda larvana.<ref name="SANBI" /> Sababaraha spésiés [[manuk]] ngakan buah kuray sarta [[gegetemet]] anu loba hirup dina tangkal kuray.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mangopang|first=Albert Donatus|date=2016/08|title=Morfologi Trema Orientalis (L.) Blume dan Manfaatnya sebagai Tanaman Pionir Restorasi Tambang Nikel|url=https://www.neliti.com/publications/176372/morfologi-trema-orientalis-l-blume-dan-manfaatnya-sebagai-tanaman-pionir-restora|journal=Seminar Nasional from Basic Science to Comprehensive Education 2016|language=id|publisher=Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar|isbn=978-602-72245-1-3}}</ref> [[Japati]] remen katempo nyayang ogé tur ngakan buah kuray<ref name="SANBI" />. Di [[Pilipina]] daun ngorana dimangpaatkeun pikeun parab ingon - ingon utamana [[sapi]], [[munding]] jeung [[embé]].<ref name="worldagroforestry" /><ref name="FAO-X5327e" /> Tangkal ieu kasebut gancang ngagedéan gampang hirup, remen katempo hirup dina [[taneuh]] ruksak atawa henteu subur.<ref name=":0" /> Bisa disebutkeun tangkal kuray salahsahiji spésiés anu bisa dimangpaatekun pikeun tangkal ''perintis'' [[regenerasi]] kawasan [[leuweung]] urut kagiatan ''tambang bumi''.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name="FAO-X5327e">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5327e/x5327e1p.htm|title=Trema orientalis|last=Eckman|first=Karlyn|author2=Hines, Deborah A.|date=1993|work=Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: uses and economic benefits for people|publisher=[[FAO]] Forestry Department|accessdate=2010-03-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616233501/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5327e/x5327e1p.htm |date=2010-06-16 }}</ref> == Galeri == <gallery> Image:Flowers & leaves I IMG 3453.jpg|Kembang jeung daun Image:Trema_orientalis_fruit_bark.JPG|Buah jeung kulit kai Image:Trema_orientalis_fruit.JPG|Buah héjo jeung hideung </gallery> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} == Bacaeun == * Pooley, E. (1993). ''The Complete Field Guide to Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei''. ISBN 0-620-17697-0. == Tutumbu kaluar == {{Commons category|Trema orientalis}} * [http://www.plantzafrica.com/planttuv/tremorient.htm Information on ''T. orientalis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129054454/http://www.plantzafrica.com/planttuv/tremorient.htm |date=2014-11-29 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250123195641/http://www.hear.org/starr/plants/images/species/?q=trema+orientalis Photos in Hawaii] {{taxonbar}} {{sirung-Trema}} [[Kategori:Trema (plant)|orientalis]] [[Kategori:Flora Australia]] [[Kategori:Flora Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Tropis]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] btnao8gyykzte6mi91iynx8a7e8t9xh 0 53352 731718 729101 2026-11-08T03:28:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731718 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Various legumes.jpg|thumb|upright=90%|Rupa-rupa Kacang]] '''Kacang''' nyaéta hiji istilah ''non''-[[botani]] anu dipaké pikeun nyebut kana siki sababaraha pepelakan utamana polong-polongan, sapopoé kacang ogé dipaké pikeun nyebut ([[buah]]) polong malahan nyebut kana [[tangkal]] anu ngahasilkeun sikina.<ref name=Rigg>{{Cite book | author = Jonathan Rigg | year = 1862 | pages = 182 | title = A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java | location = London | publisher = Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen }}</ref> Kacang ogé dipaké pikeun nyebutkeun kana [[siki]] anu garing, umumna anu disebut kacang ukuranana leutik <ref name=kacang>{{cite web|url= http://pustakafakta.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/inilah-faktanya-ternyata-kacang-adalah.html |title=Inilah Faktanya Ternyata Kacang Adalah Salah Satu Bahan Untuk Membuat Dinamit |publisher=Kumpulan Fakta Unik Seluruh Dunia |accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=kagunaan>{{cite web|url= http://www.kerjanya.net/faq/18274-kacang.html |title=Kacang |publisher=Kerjanya.net | accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref>. [[Gambar:Nuts on Spice Bazaar in Istanbul 01.jpg|jmpl|Kacang]] Kacang dipercaya mibanda kandungan nutrisi, [[protéin]], jeung [[énergi]] anu pohara lobana ku alatan kitu kacang geus jadi kadaharan anu kawentar alus pikeun dikonsumsi.<ref name="kagunaan" /> Sebutan kacang biasana nunjuk kana kacang anu ilahar dikonsumsi kayaning, [[Suuk|kacang suuk]], [[kacang beureum]], [[kacang héjo]], [[kacang polong]] jeung sajabana.<ref name="adalah" /> Tangtuna kacang-kacang éta geus dipiwanoh ku balaréa katut cara jeung katangtuan dina ngolahna.<ref name="kagunaan" /> [[Lemak]] anu aya dina kacang mangrupa lemak anu séhat tur mangpaat pikeun kaséhatan.<ref name="kacang" /> ==Mangpaat jeung Kagunaan== Kandungan protéin, lemak séhat, [[mineral]] jeung rupa-rupa [[vitamin]] kacida pentingna pikeun ngariksa kaséhatan anu ngonsumsina.<ref name=adalah/> Sagigireun ti éta sababaraha kacang bisa dicampurkeun kitu waé kana dahareun.<ref name=adalah/> Contona sayur asem anu maké kacang suuk atawa kacang beureum, [[loték]], [[gado-gado]], jeung sajabana.<ref name=adalah>{{cite web|url= https://books.google.co.id/books?id=o_SKezF4fZ4C&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=kacang+adalah&source=bl&ots=sK8__47a4c&sig=Yf3NBcneE_t8HuBFSHYZLuJWGX0&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi49vG-l7XTAhWDv48KHch4BF04ChDoAQgvMAM#v=onepage&q=kacang%20adalah&f=false |title= Membuat Rempeyek Kacang Tahan |publisher=Kanisius |accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=macam>{{cite web|url= https://wdedek08.wordpress.com/category/jenis-jenis/ |title=Kacang-kacangan |publisher= WordPress.com |accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> Ieu ku lantaran [[gizi]] anu dipibanda ku kacang.<ref name=kolestrol/> Aya deui kacang héjo anu ilahar dijieun [[bubur]] dipercaya pikeun ngaronjatkeun kasuburan [[buuk]] jeung ngalancarkeun cisusu ibu (ASI).<ref name=kolestrol/> Dalah ti kitu sakabéh kacang mibanda kagunaan anu hadé pikeun ibu-ibu anu keur nyusuan mah.<ref name=kagunaan/> Sababaraha kacang anu ilahar diolah pikeun opieun saperti [[roay|kacang roay]], kacang bali, kacang [[hiris]], [[kacang panjang]], [[kadelé|Kacang kadelé]], kacang suuk, jeung sajabana.<ref name=macam/> ==Kacang jeung Jarawat== Di masarakat urang aya hiji kapercayaan atawa mitos cenah upama loba ngadahar kacang matak jarawatan, tapi numutkeun kana panalungtikan anu dipigawé ku ''American Academy of Dermatologi'' taya lian hiji ''lembaga'' anu icikibung dina masalah kaséhatan kulit nyindeukkeun, yén euweuh hubunganana bijilna jarawat ku alatan ngadahar kacang.<ref name=jarawat>{{cite web|url= http://faradila.com/mitos-atau-fakta-kacang-adalah-penyebab-jerawat-pada-wajah/|title= Mitos atau Fakta, Kacang Adalah Penyebab Jerawat Pada Wajah|accessdate= 21 April 2017|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215163958/http://faradila.com/mitos-atau-fakta-kacang-adalah-penyebab-jerawat-pada-wajah/|archivedate= 15 December 2019}}</ref> ''Colorado State Universty Department of Healt and Exercise'' méré saran séjénna taya lian jarawat bisa disingkahan ku jalan ngurangan ngonsumsi anu amis-amis tur kudu rajin mersihkeun [[kulit]]é.<ref name=jarawat/> ==Alergi kacang== Alérgi anu dirandapan sabada ''ngonsumsi'' kacang, sarua waé kawas alérgi anu dibalukarkeun ku ''ngonsumsi'' kadaharan séjén saperti: [[susu]], [[endog]], [[gandum]], [[lauk]], jeung [[haremis]].<ref name="kolestrol" /> Alérgi balukar tina ngadahar kacang, ilaharna kulit karasa ateul, [[biwir]] bareuh/jeding, kongkolak panon bareuh, jeung sajabana.<ref name=alergi>{{cite web |url= http://id.wikihow.com/Mengenali-Alergi-Kacang |title= Cara Mengenali Alergi Kacang |publisher= http://id.wikihow.com |accessdate= 21 April 2017 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170406231612/http://id.wikihow.com/Mengenali-Alergi-Kacang |archivedate= 6 April 2017 }}</ref> Ieu ku lantaran hudangna sakumpulan [[sél]] dina awakna anu ngaluarkeun ''histamin'' tur ngabalukarkeun bocor atawa bareuh di daérah urat[[getih]] dina [[awak]].<ref name=alergi/> Alérgi kana kacang anu dirandapan ku barudak umur opat belas bulan nepikeun ka dua [[taun]], henteu kawas alergi kana susu.<ref name=kolestrol/> Alergi kacang mah baris ngurangan tur leungit upama geus manjing déwasa.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://sehatindonesia.com/kolum/3/seputar-alergi/141/alergi-kacang-1|title= Alergi Kacang (1)|publisher= http://sehatindonesia.com|accessdate= 21 April 2017|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174845/http://sehatindonesia.com/kolum/3/seputar-alergi/141/alergi-kacang-1|archivedate= 24 March 2017}}</ref> ==Kacang jeung Diet== Lemak anu dikandung ku kacang mangrupa [[lemak]] anu séhat tur nyehatkeun, lemak ''mono'' henteu ''jenuh.''<ref name="alergi" /> Kacang mibanda protéin, ''serat'', [[kalium]], [[magnésium]], jeung [[vitamin]] E.<ref name="kolestrol" /> Kacang ogé mibanda ''pitosterol'' anu gedé mangpaatna pikeun nurunkeun kandungan kolesterol jahat dina [[getih]] <ref name="kolestrol">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VwsIBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA375&lpg=PA375&dq=kacang+adalah&source=bl&ots=DBqhR5hX1Z&sig=HyscCpBu9tiY1BxbEi4tlqHSWyQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFpviRmLXTAhXIvY8KHQS9B4g4FBDoAQhMMAk#v=onepage&q=kacang%20adalah&f=false |title= INFORMASI KAPUAS (Jilid 11)|publisher= Jum'atil Fajar, Tommy Saputra, Andang Jarwadi, abahTYA, Tri Setyautami|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> . Ogé panalungtikan séjénna ngeunaan mangpaat ngonsumsi kacang dina jumlah saeutik tapi mayeng, baris ngaronjatkeun kasehatan [[jantung]].<ref name=kolestrol/> Kitu ogé pikeun awéwé anu ''ngonsumsi'' lima ons kacang dina saminggu baris ngurangan keuna resiko panyakit jantung kurang leuwih 35 persén ti batan awéwé anu henteu ngadahar kacang.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://books.google.co.id/books?id=6WFVs_8BHjIC&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&dq=kacang+adalah&source=bl&ots=jyzjgbesYW&sig=taIWRrNTq4jRIGnltfL08J0E5yI&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi49vG-l7XTAhWDv48KHch4BF04ChDoAQhEMAk#v=onepage&q=kacang%20adalah&f=false |title= Diet Sehat Dg Kode Warna Mknan |publisher=Hikmah |accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> ==Dicuat tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== *{{id}}[http://www.tipscaramanfaat.com/kandungan-nutrisi-kacang-tanah-754.html Nutrisi Kacang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503141257/http://www.tipscaramanfaat.com/kandungan-nutrisi-kacang-tanah-754.html |date=2017-05-03 }} *{{id}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20250901203811/http://lavees.com/mitos-atau-fakta-bahwa-kacang-adalah-makanan-penyebab-jerawat/ Jarawat tina kacang] *{{id}}[http://manfaat.co.id/manfaat-kacang-tanah Mangpaat suuk] ==Baca ogé== *{{id}}[http://www.tipscaramanfaat.com/kandungan-nutrisi-kacang-tanah-754.html ''Nutrisi'' Kacang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503141257/http://www.tipscaramanfaat.com/kandungan-nutrisi-kacang-tanah-754.html |date=2017-05-03 }} *{{id}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20250901203811/http://lavees.com/mitos-atau-fakta-bahwa-kacang-adalah-makanan-penyebab-jerawat/ Jarawat jeung Kacang] *{{id}}[http://manfaat.co.id/manfaat-kacang-tanah Mangpaat kacang] *{{id}}[http://wol.jw.org/id/wol/d/r25/lp-in/102003287 Kacang jeung Asal muasal] *{{id}}[http://www.materipertanian.com/klasifikasi-dan-ciri-ciri-morfologi-kacang-tanah/ Rupa-rupa kacang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429193757/http://www.materipertanian.com/klasifikasi-dan-ciri-ciri-morfologi-kacang-tanah/ |date=2017-04-29 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] [[Kategori:Fabaceae]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] [[Kategori:Kakacangan]] 5kssb1emywy558wnqkxmcntu3qc177j 0 54417 731609 728344 2026-11-07T20:22:36Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd. | logo = | type = Publik | foundation = 1988 | location = {{HKG}} | key_people = Andrew Jordan (Présidén Diréktur & CEO) | industry = [[Satelit Komunikasi]] | homepage = [http://www.asiasat.com/ www.asiasat.com] }} '''Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd.''' (ilaharna disebut '''AsiaSat''', {{SEHK|1135}}) nyaéta [[Pausahaan Jasa|pausahaan]] operator komérsial [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]].<ref name="ast"/> AsiaSat kantor puseurna di [[Hong Kong]] kalayan dua anu mibanda saham utama nyaéta [[CITIC]] jeung [[Carlyle Asia Partners IV, L.P. ]].<ref name=ast/> Kiwari AsiaSat mibanda 6 [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit]] di [[orbit]] sarta baris ngapungkeun AsiaSat 9 kira-kira panungtungan taun [[2017]].<ref name=ast>{{cite web|url= http://www.asiasat.com/aboutus|title= aboutus|publisher= Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd.|accessdate=2017-05-14}}</ref> {{Clear}} == Sajarah == [[Hong Kong]] jam 9:30 peuting tanggal 7 [[April]] [[1990]], [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit]] AsiaSat munggaran (AsiaSat 1) suksés diapungkeun ku rokét [[Long March 3]] ti [[Xichang]], [[China]].<ref name="sajarah"/> [[Satelit Komunikasi|Satelit]] ieu mimitina salaku Westar VI nu dirancang sarta diwangun ku [[Hughes Aircraft Company]].<ref name=sajarah/> Westar VI diapungkeun taun [[1984]], tapi sanggeus dileupaskeun ka [[Rohangan hapa|rohang jomantara]] ku pasawat ulang-alik, bagéan panyurung ahir pasawat ulang-alik gagal ngangkat satelit kana [[Orbit Géosetasionér|orbit géostasionér]].<ref name=sajarah/> Sataun ti harita misi husus anteur-papag satelit nu teu kapaké dicokot sarta dibalikeun deui ka produsén.<ref name=sajarah/> Satelit Westar VI kapanggih dina kaayaan masih kénéh alus sarta sagemblengna masih mampuh ngalakukeun sakabéh tugas komunikasi sakumaha anu geus dirancang, dibeuli ku AsiaSat sarta ngontrak Hughes pikeun ngaronjatkeun kamampuh ngawengku kawasan [[Asia]].<ref name=sajarah/> Satelit Westar VI diganti ngaranna jadi AsiaSat 1.<ref name=sajarah/> Tanggal 23 [[Januari]] [[1989]], kontrak pikeun ngapungkeun AsiaSat 1 ku rokét [[Long March 3]] ditéken kalayan [[China Great Wall Industry Corporation]].<ref name=sajarah/> Ngan ukur mangsa 14 [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]], [[China Great Wall Industry Corporation]] suksés neundeun satelit AsiaSat 1 kana orbit nu geus ditangtukeun.<ref name=sajarah/> Ngapungkeun satelit AsiaSat 1 mibanda implikasi sajarah sarta mangrupa salah sahiji proyék [[Telekomunikasi|télékomunikasi]] pohara ambisius nu dipigawé ku pausahaan [[Hong Kong]] mangsa harita.<ref name=sajarah>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiasat.com/news/blog/blog-title-2|title=AsiaSat 1|publisher=Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd.|accessdate=2017-05-14}}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Désémber]] [[2013]], AsiaSat nugaskeun AsiaSat 9 anu diwangun ku [[Space Systems/Loral]],<ref name=sn20150327/> awal niatna diapungkeun dina kuartal kadua taun [[2017]] pikeun ngagantikeun AsiaSat 4 di 122° [[Wétan]].<ref name=sn20150327/> Dina awal taun [[2015]], AsiaSat ngabéwarakeun panghasilanna turun salapan persén, sarta turun 27 persén dina kontrak, dumasar ka layanan régional [[komunikasi]] [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit]] di wilayah Asia nu dilayanannana.<ref name=sn20150327>{{cite news |last1=de Selding|first1=Peter B. |title=AsiaSat Results Reflect Troop Withdrawals, Capacity Glut |url=http://spacenews.com/asiasat-results-reflect-troop-withdraws-capacity-glut/ |accessdate=29 Maret 2015 |work=Space News |date=2015-03-27 }}</ref> Harita, AsiaSat mibanda opat [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]] nu geus operasi sarta anyar ngapungkeun dua [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit]] deui nyaéta AsiaSat 6 jeung [[AsiaSat 8]] nu geus nambahan 22 persén kapasitas [[Rubakpita|bandwidth]] tambahan.<ref name=sn20150327/> == Sajarah ngapungkeun sarta rancana ka hareup == Ieu daptar satelit-sateli AsiaSat. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; font-size:90%; width:95%;" |+Satelit-sateli AsiaSat | style="text-align:center; background:#BBB" | '''[[Satelit Komunikasi|Satelit]]''' | style="text-align:center; background:#BBB" | '''Tanggal Diapungkeun <br/>(UTC)''' | style="text-align:center; background:#BBB" | '''Rokét''' | style="text-align:center; background:#BBB" | '''Tempat diapungkeun''' | style="text-align:center; background:#BBB" | '''Kontraktor''' | style="text-align:center; background:#BBB" | '''Longitud''' | style="text-align:center; background:#BBB" | '''Stateus''' | style="text-align:center; background:#BBB" | '''Catetan''' | style="text-align:center; background:#BBB" | '''Kat.''' |- | AsiaSat 1 | style="text-align:right;" | 7 [[April]] [[1990]] | {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Long March 3]] | {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Xichang Satellite Launch Center|Xichang]] LC-3 | {{flagicon|PRC}} [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|CASC]] | | {{parsial| Teu aktip}} | Diapungkeun minangka [[Westar 6]] dina misi Pasawat Ulang-Alik [[STS-41B]], ka lauar ti [[orbit]], dicokot deui ku misi Pasawat Ulang-Alik [[STS-51A]] [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Nopémber]] [[1984]], dijual ka AsiaSat. | style="text-align:center;" | |- | [[AsiaSat 2]] | style="text-align:right;" nowrap | 28 [[Nopémber]] [[1995]] | {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Long March 2E]] | {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Xichang Satellite Launch Center|Xichang]] LC-2 | {{flagicon|PRC}} [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|CASC]] | style="text-align:right;" | 100.5° [[Wétan]] | {{parsial| Teu aktip}} | | style="text-align:center;" | |- | [[PAS-22|AsiaSat 3]] | style="text-align:right;" | 24 [[Désémber]] [[1997]] | nowrap | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Proton-K]] / [[Blok D|DM-2M]] | {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Site 81/23]] | nowrap | {{flagicon|RUS}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[International Launch Services|ILS]] | style="text-align:right;" nowrap | 105.5° [[Wétan]] (atawa)<br/>158° [[Kulon]] (1998)<br/>62° [[Kulon]] (1999-2002) | {{parsial| Teu aktip}} | Dipindahkeun ka Hughes Global Services | style="text-align:center;" | |- | nowrap | [[AsiaSat 3S]] | style="text-align:right;" | 21 [[Maret]] [[1999]] | nowrap | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Proton-K]] / [[Blok D|DM-2M]] | {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Site 81/23]] | nowrap | {{flagicon|RUS}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[International Launch Services|ILS]] | style="text-align:right;" | 105.5° [[Wétan]] | {{yes|Keur aktip ngalayanan}} | Ngaganti AsiaSat 1 [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Méi]] [[1999]]. | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=40&lang=0 |title=AsiaSat 3S |author= |publisher=AsiaSat |accessdate=7 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118183136/http://www.asiasat.com:80/asiasat/contentView.php?section=40&lang=0 |archivedate=18 January 2014 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118183136/http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=40&lang=0 |date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> |- | [[AsiaSat 4]] | style="text-align:right;" | 12 [[April]] [[2003]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlas III|Atlas IIIB]] | nowrap | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] [[Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 36|LC-36B]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[International Launch Services|ILS]] | style="text-align:right;" nowrap | 122° [[Wétan]] | {{yes|Keur aktip ngalayan}} | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=41&lang=0 |title=AsiaSat 4 |author= |publisher=AsiaSat |accessdate=7 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207024720/http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=41&lang=0 |archivedate=7 December 2013 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207024720/http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=41&lang=0 |date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> |- | [[AsiaSat 5]] | style="text-align:right;" | 11 [[Agustus]] [[2009]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Proton-M]] / [[Briz-M]] | {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|Site 200/39]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[International Launch Services|ILS]] | style="text-align:right;" | 100.5° [[Wétan]] | {{yes|Keur aktip ngalayanan}} | Pikeun ngaganti satelit AsiaSat 2 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=65&lang=0 |title=AsiaSat 5 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=AsiaSat |accessdate=7 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060019/http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=65&lang=0 |archivedate=23 October 2013 }}</ref> |- | [[AsiaSat 6]] | style="text-align:right;" | 7 [[Séptémber]] [[2014]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Falcon 9 v1.1]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40|SLC-40]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[SpaceX]] | style="text-align:right;" | 120° [[Wétan]] | {{yes|Keur aktip ngalayanan}} | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=215&lang=0 |title=AsiaSat 6 |author= |publisher=AsiaSat |accessdate=7 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207030250/http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=215&lang=0 |archivedate=7 December 2013 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207030250/http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=215&lang=0 |date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> |- | [[AsiaSat 7]] | style="text-align:right;" | 25 [[Nopémber]] [[2011]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Proton-M]] / [[Briz-M]] Dironjatkeun | {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|Site 200/39]] | {{flagicon|RUS}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[International Launch Services|ILS]] | style="text-align:right;" | 105.5° [[Wétan]] | {{yes|Keur aktip ngalayanan}} | Pikeun ngaganti AsiaSat 3S di lokasi orbit 105.5° [[Wétan]] ahir taun [[2014]]. | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=202&lang=0 |title=AsiaSat 7 |author= |publisher=AsiaSat |accessdate=7 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207040308/http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=202&lang=0 |archivedate=7 December 2013 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207040308/http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=202&lang=0 |date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> |- | [[AsiaSat 8]] | style="text-align:right;" | 5 [[Agustus]] [[2014]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Falcon 9 v1.1]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40|SLC-40]] | {{flagicon|USA}} [[SpaceX]] | style="text-align:right;" | 105.5° [[Wétan]] | {{yes|Keur aktip ngalayanan}} | Satellit AsiaSat kalayan [[Frékuénsi|frékuési]] Ku ''beam''. | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=216&lang=0 |title=AsiaSat 8 |author= |publisher=AsiaSat |accessdate=7 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207030239/http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=216&lang=0 |archivedate=7 December 2013 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207030239/http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/contentView.php?section=216&lang=0 |date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> |- | [[AsiaSat 9]] | style="text-align:right;" | [[Oktober]] [[2017]]<ref name=russia>{{cite web |title=Russian Launch Manifest |url=http://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/russia-man.txt |first=Steven |last=Pietrobon |date=25 Maret 2017 |access-date=2017-03-28}}</ref> | | | | style="text-align:right;" nowrap | 122° [[Wétan]] | {{Skédul}} | Diwangun taun [[2013]]–[[2015]] rék diapungkeun taun [[2017]]. Pikeun ngaganti AsiaSat 4 di 122° [[Wétan]]. | style="text-align:center;" | |} ==Rujukan== {{reflist|2}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Portal|Spaceflight}} * [http://www.asiasat.com Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140311181443/https://i-m.ch/satellite-services/satellite-coverage/asiasat-3s-at-105-5e/ AsiaSat 3s @ i-m.ch] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250223075645/https://i-m.ch/satellite-services/satellite-coverage/asiasat-4-at-122-2e/ AsiaSat 4 @ i-m.ch] {{AsiaSat}} [[Kategori:Pausahaan]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan internasional]]‎ [[Kategori:Operator satelit komunikasi]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan nu kantor puseurna di Hong Kong]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] m2x7e939g5lhv662qw6tmyv5s4wn7p8 0 54439 731762 712290 2026-11-08T07:22:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox motorcycle rider | name = Marc Márquez | image = Marc Márquez in 2021 2 (cropped).jpg | caption = Márquez 2021 | nationality = {{flagicon|ESP}} Spanyol | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|02|17|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Cervera]], Spanyol | Current team = [[Repsol Honda]] | Bike number = 93 | MotoGP Active years= {{MGP|2013}}– | MotoGP Manufacturers =[[Honda]] | MotoGP Championships = 6 ({{MGP|2013}}, {{MGP|2014}}, {{MGP|2016}}, {{MGP|2017}}, {{MGP|2018}}, {{MGP|2019}}) | MotoGP Race Starts = 157 | MotoGP Race Wins = 59 | MotoGP Podiums = 100 | MotoGP Poles = 64 | MotoGP Fastest laps= 59 | MotoGP Total Points= 2545 | MotoGP Last season = 2022 | MotoGP Last position = 13th (113 pts) | Moto2 Active years= {{MGP|2011}}–{{MGP|2012}} | Moto2 Manufacturers = [[Eskil Suter|Suter]] | Moto2 Championships = 1 ({{MGP|2012}}) | Moto2 Race Starts = 32 | Moto2 Race Wins = 16 | Moto2 Podiums = 25 | Moto2 Poles = 14 | Moto2 Fastest laps= 7 | Moto2 Total Points= 579 | Moto2 Last season = 2012 | Moto2 Last position = 1st (328 pts) | 125 Active years = {{MGP|2008}}–{{MGP|2010}} | 125 Manufacturers = [[KTM]], [[Derbi]] | 125 Championships = 1 ({{MGP|2010}}) | 125 Race Starts = 46 | 125 Race Wins = 10 | 125 Podiums = 14 | 125 Poles = 14 | 125 Fastest laps = 9 | 125 Total Points = 467 | 125 Last season = 2010 | 125 Last position = 1st (310 pts) | website = }} '''Marc Márquez Alentà''' (lahir 17 Fébruari 1993) nyaéta tukang balap motor [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix]] urang Spanyol sarta dalapan kali juara dunya kajuaran Grand Prix, nu genep di antarana dina kelas [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.motorsport.com/driver/marc-marquez/bio/|title=Marc Marquez|publisher=motorsport.com|accessdate=24 Méi 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209041432/http://www.motorsport.com/driver/marc-marquez/bio/ |date=2017-02-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gomotogp.id/marc-marquez/|title=Marc Marquez|publisher=gomotogp.id|date=04 Méi 2016|accessdate=24 Méi 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502190121/https://www.gomotogp.id/marc-marquez/ |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez|title=Marc Marquez|last=|first=|website=motogp.com|publisher=|accessdate=01 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921042420/https://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez |date=2019-09-21 }}</ref> Márquez balap pikeun [[Repsol Honda|tim pabrik]] [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] saprak manéhna ancrub dina MotoGP taun 2013.<ref name = HRC>{{cite news|url=http://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/rider/marc-marquez/|title=Marc Marquez|publisher=motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com|accessdate=24 Méi 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521082656/http://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/rider/marc-marquez/ |date=2017-05-21 }}</ref> Manéhna minangka salah sahiji ti opat tukang balap nu geus meunang gelar juara dunya dina tilu kategori nu béda, sanggeus [[Mike Hailwood]], [[Phil Read]] sarta [[Valentino Rossi]].<ref name="Marquez records">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/Marc+Marquez+Record+breaker|title=Marc Marquez: Record breaker|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=10 Nopémber 2013|accessdate=10 Nopémber 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113171746/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/Marc+Marquez+Record+breaker |date=2014-11-13 }}</ref> Márquez juara [[List of 125cc/Moto3 Motorcycle World Champions|Kajuaraan Dunya 125cc]] taun {{MGP|2010}} ,<ref name="Seals 125cc">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+valencia|title=Smith wins in Valencia as Márquez seals 125cc title|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=7 Nopémber 2010|accessdate=9 Nopémber 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714120646/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+valencia |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref><ref name="2010 title">{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Marquez+125+world+champion+2010|title=Marc Márquez: 2010 125cc World Champion|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=7 Nopémber 2010|accessdate=9 Nopémber 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714120714/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/Marquez+125+world+champion+2010 |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref> juara [[List of 250cc/Moto2 Motorcycle World Champions|Kajuaraan Dunya Moto2]] taun {{MGP|2012}} ,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/australia+moto2+race+espargaro|title=Márquez takes Moto2 title in Phillip Island as Espargaró wins|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=28 Oktober 2012|accessdate=10 Nopémber 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155150/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/australia+moto2+race+espargaro |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/Marc+Mrquez+2012+Moto2+World+Champion|title=Marc Márquez&nbsp;– 2012 Moto2 World Champion|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=28 Oktober 2012|accessdate=10 Nopémber 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155115/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/Marc+Mrquez+2012+Moto2+World+Champion |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref> sarta juara [[List of 500cc/MotoGP Motorcycle World Champions|Kajuaraan Dunya MotoGP]] taun {{MGP|2013}}, {{MGP|2014}}, {{MGP|2016}}, 2017, 2018 jeung 2019. Márquez jadi purah balap nu mimiti saprak [[Kenny Roberts]] dina taun {{MGP|1978}} pikeun ngalengkepan gelar kelas utama dina usum balap munggaranna, sarta nu pangngorana pikeun ngahontal gelar sagemblengna.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/111224|first=Matt|last=Beer|title=Marc Marquez crowned champion as Jorge Lorenzo wins|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=10 Nopémber 2013|accessdate=10 Nopémber 2013}}</ref> Manéhna bisa nahan gelarna, jawara kajuaraan taun 2014.<ref name="MM2">{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/116307|title=Marc Marquez claims title, Jorge Lorenzo wins|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=12 Oktober 2014|accessdate=7 Désémber 2014}}</ref> Manéhna téh lanceukna [[Álex Márquez]] jawara dunya [[Moto3]] taun 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Moto3+Valencia+Race+Miller|title=Marquez clinches title in third as Miller wins final race|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=9 Nopémber 2014|accessdate=7 Désémber 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111013107/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Moto3+Valencia+Race+Miller |date=2014-11-11 }}</ref> Márquez mapakan rékor [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix]] sapanjang mangsa pikeun posisi ''pole'' dina umur 23, taun 2016, hiji rékor nu dicepeng ku manéhna sorangan taun 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/08/20/stunning-marquez-races-to-record-brno-pole/208049|title=Stunning Marquez races to record Brno pole|publisher=Dorna Sports|date=20 August 2016|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> ==Karier== ===Kajuaraan Dunnya 125cc === Lahir di [[Cervera]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spanyol]], Márquez miluan debut kajuaraanna dina 13 April 2008 di [[Grand Prix Portugal 125cc]] taun 2008 dina umur 15 taun 56 poé.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hondaproracing.com/motogp/riders/?rider=marc_marquez|title=Marc Marquez|work=Honda Racing|publisher=Honda Motor Europe|accessdate=21 April 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423055015/http://www.hondaproracing.com/motogp/riders/?rider=marc_marquez |date=23 April 2014 }}</ref> [[File:Marc Marquez 2010 Assen.jpg|thumb|left|Márquez dina [[2010 Dutch TT|Dutch TT 2010]].]] Kameunangan saterusna di [[Silverstone]], [[Assen]] sarta [[Catalonia]] dina tilu balapan saterusna nu ngalantarankeun Márquez jadi purah balap panggorana nu meunang opat balapan terus-terusan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+marquez+catalunya|title=Márquez makes it four in a row at Catalunya|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=4 Juli 2010|accessdate=4 Juli 2010|quote=Marc Márquez became the youngest ever rider to take four successive Grand Prix wins on Sunday when he triumphed in the 125cc Gran Premi Aperol de Catalunya.}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020215527/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+marquez+catalunya |date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> Kameunangan kalimana di [[Sachsenring]] nyaéta kameunangan [[Derbi]] nu ke-100 dina balapan [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix]], sarta Márquez jadi purah balap mimiti saprak [[Valentino Rossi]] taun 1997 meunang lima kali balapan terus-terusan di kelas 125cc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+marquez+another+victory+at+sachsenring|title=Márquez continues winning run at Sachsenring|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=18 Juli 2010|accessdate=18 Juli 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020215515/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+marquez+another+victory+at+sachsenring |date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> Manéhna kurang suksés dina balapan ieu, turun ka posisi katilu di klasemén kacék hiji niléy di tukangeun [[Nicolás Terol]] sarta [[Pol Espargaró]] sanggeus kacilakaan jeung [[Randy Krummenacher]] dina péngkolan kahiji di [[2010 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Aragon]] .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/163506/1/pics_marc_marquez_taken_out_at_turn_one.html|title=Marc Marquez taken out at turn one|work=crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=23 Séptémber 2010|accessdate=3 Nopémber 2010}}</ref> Meunangna kasepuluh usum ieu manéhna jadi mapakan rékor nu dicekel ku Rossi taun 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+estoril|title=Dramatic tenth victory of season for Márquez in Portugal|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]|date=31 Oktober 2010|accessdate=3 Nopémber 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155021/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2010/125+race+estoril |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref> Manéhna bakal gagal ngahontal juara, mangsa manéhna ngan di posisi kaopat dina balapan panungtung di [[2010 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]] pikeun jadi juara dunya pangngoranna kadua sanggeus [[Loris Capirossi]].<ref name="Seals 125cc"/><ref name="2010 title"/> ===Kajuaraan Dunya Moto2 === [[File:Marc Marquez 2011 Brno 2.jpg|thumb|left|Márquez di Grand Prix 2011 Républik Czech.]] Márquez pindah ka kelas [[Moto2]] taun {{MGP|2011}}&nbsp;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/165245/1/moto2_125gp_champ_marquez_makes_moto2_move.html|title=125GP champ Marquez makes Moto2 move|work=crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=24 Nopémber 2010|accessdate=17 Januari 2011}}</ref>&nbsp;Manéhna anggeus ka 21 di [[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|Portugal]], saencan kameunangan kahijina di kelas ieu di [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Prancis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+reviews+Le+Mans+GP|title=Márquez thrilled with first Moto2 win|date=18 Méi 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031231339/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+reviews+Le+Mans+GP |date=2011-10-31 }}</ref> Di [[2011 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Catalonia]], Márquez anggeus kadua di tukangeun pamingpin juara [[Stefan Bradl]], saencan labuh di [[2011 British motorcycle Grand Prix|Silverstone]], sanggeus ''start'' ti posisi kahiji di Moto2 munggaranna, kalayan Bradl ngahontal kameunanganna kaopatna dina genep balapan mimiti, Márquez nuturkeun manéhna kalayan peunteun 82 di ahir minggu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2011/GBR/Moto2/RAC/worldstanding.pdf|format=PDF|title=AirAsia British Grand Prix: Moto2 World Championship Classification|date=12 Juni 2011|accessdate=11 November 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> Márquez nyieun ronjatan klasemén kajuaraan di tengah-tengah usum balap ieu, ngan ukur meunangkeun niléy genep ti tujuh balapan pikeun ngudag Bradl di klasemén kajuaraan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2011/ARA/Moto2/RAC/worldstanding.pdf|format=PDF|title=Gran Premio de Aragón: Moto2 World Championship Classification|date=18 September 2011|accessdate=11 November 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> Di [[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Jepang]], Márquez di posisi ''pole'' katujuh tapi meunang di posisi kadua ditukangeun [[Andrea Iannone]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Article/Marc-Marquez-blog--Three-finals-ahead-Moto2-021243096557975|title=Marc Marquez blog: 'Three finals ahead'|first=Marc|last=Márquez|date=4 October 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|work=[[Red Bull]]|publisher=Red Bull GmbH}}</ref> tina kameunangan éta dikombinasikeun kalayan Bradl di possisi kaopat nu ngalantarankeun Márquez jadi pamingpin juara kalayan meunang peunteun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2011/JPN/Moto2/RAC/worldstanding.pdf|format=PDF|title=Grand Prix of Japan: Moto2 World Championship Classification|date=2 October 2011|accessdate=11 November 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}}</ref> Di [[2011 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Autralia]] , Márquez kalibet kacilakaan jeung [[Ratthapark Wilairot]] mangsa latihan bébas; Márquez nabrak kana tonggong Wilairot, sarta Márquez dihukum ''finalti'' samenit waktu kualifikasina.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+qualifying+penalty+Australia+Phillip+Island|title=Márquez handed qualification penalty at Phillip Island|date=14 Oktober 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113050841/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+qualifying+penalty+Australia+Phillip+Island |date=2013-11-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Australia MotoGP: Marc Marquez penalised after horror crash|url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/sport/motogp/2011/Oktober/oct1411-australia-motogp-marc-marquez-penalised-after-horror-crash/|accessdate=29 Juni 2015|date=4 Oktober 2011|work=[[Motor Cycle News]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]|last=Birt|first=Matthew}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Saencan [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Malaysia]], Márquez negeskeun yén manéhna baris tetep di Moto2 nepi ka taun 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+to+remain+in+moto2+for+2012|title=Márquez to remain in Moto2 for 2012|date=20 Oktober 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014181250/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/Marquez+to+remain+in+moto2+for+2012 |date=2013-10-14 }}</ref> sanggeus rumor ngeunaan pindahna ka kelas MotoGP. Ahir minggu balapan Márquez elat dina menit pambukaan sési latihan bébas munggaran, mangsa manéhna labuh di aspal nu beueus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/malaysia+sepang+moto2+fp1|title=Aegerter on top in first practice|date=21 Oktober 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015000934/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/malaysia+sepang+moto2+fp1 |date=2013-10-15 }}</ref> Manéhna teu bisa milu balapan, sakumaha manéhna gagal ujian médis saméméh pamanasan balap isuk-isuk.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/malaysia+sepang+moto2+warm+up|title=Pol Espargaró on top in paused warm up|date=23 Oktober 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014144334/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/malaysia+sepang+moto2+warm+up |date=2013-10-14 }}</ref> Márquez milu balapan ahir usum ieu di [[2011 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]], kalayan harepan bisa séhat pikeun balapan, tapi ngundurkeun diri ku sabab masalah panempo nu terus beuki parna, antukna gelar juara dipimilik ku Bradl.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/marquez+out+in+valencia|title=Márquez team confirms Valencia GP withdrawal|date=5 Nopémber 2011|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2011|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014150723/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2011/marquez+out+in+valencia |date=2013-10-14 }}</ref> ===MotoGP=== Dina 12 Juli 2012, dibéwarakeun yén Márquez geus néken kontrak dua taun jeung tim [[Repsol Honda]] di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] ngagantikeun [[Casey Stoner]] pangsiun bareng jeung [[Dani Pedrosa]], ti taun {{MGP|2013}} ka hareup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/pedrosa+and+marquez+to+race+together+in+Repsol+Honda|title=Dani Pedrosa and Marc Márquez to race together in Repsol Honda Team|date=12 Juli 2012|accessdate=13 Juli 2012|publisher=MotoGP.com, [[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201257/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2012/pedrosa+and+marquez+to+race+together+in+Repsol+Honda |date=2014-10-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/18809540|title=Marc Marquez to join Dani Pedrosa at Repsol Honda|date=12 Juli 2012|accessdate=13 Juli 2012|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Márquez mimiti mecak motor [[Honda RC213V]] di Valencia sanggeus ahir kajuaraan 2012 ngabelesat leuwih laun sadetik ti batur satimna [[Dani Pedrosa]] nu aya di puncak catetan ''lap''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/results/186104/1/valencia_motogp_test_times_-_wednesday_final.html |title=Wednesday 5pm MotoGP test times&nbsp;– Valencia &#124; MotoGP Results &#124; Nov 2012 |publisher=Crash.Net |date=14 November 2012}}</ref> Márquez midang hadé pisan dina mangsa ujicoba [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] munggaran di Sepang, posisi manéhna aya di ditukangeun [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Jorge Lorenzo]] sarta unggul ti [[Valentino Rossi]] di posisi kaopat saencan kasiap ku Rossi di poé panungtung.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/21357177 |title=BBC Sport&nbsp;– MotoGP: Dani Pedrosa sets testing pace in Sepang |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=6 February 2013}}</ref> ====2013==== Marquez mimiti usum 2013 meunang podium di [[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]], manéhna di posisi kualifikasi kagenep kalayan anggeus katilu ditukangeun [[Jorge Lorenzo]] jeung [[Valentino Rossi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/MotoGP+race+lorenzo+qatar|title=Lorenzo wins in Qatar from Rossi and Márquez|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=7 April 2013|accessdate=21 April 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184516/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/MotoGP+race+lorenzo+qatar |date=10 November 2013 }}</ref> Di babak kadua tina kajuaraan di [[Circuit of the Americas|Sirkuit Amérika]] di [[2013 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Texas]], Márquez ngéléhkeun [[Dani Pedrosa]] batur satimna sarta jadi juara kahiji di sirkuit anyar.<ref>{{cite news|work=Sidomi.com|publisher=Sidomi.com|url=http://sidomi.com/179828/hasil-motogp-austin-2013-marc-marquez-pimpin-honda-finis-satu-dua/|title=Marc Marquez Juara, Valentino Rossi Ke-6|date=22 April 2013|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714022442/http://sidomi.com/179828/hasil-motogp-austin-2013-marc-marquez-pimpin-honda-finis-satu-dua/ |date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Márquez jadi purah balap pangngorana nu kungsi meunang balap dina {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|21}}, ngéléhkeun rékor [[Freddie Spencer]] nu umurna 30 taun.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/190164/1/austin-motogp-marvellous-marquez-makes-history-with-texas-win.html|title=Austin MotoGP: Smart Marquez powers to historic maiden win |date=21 April 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Márquez tisolédat mangsa sési latihan bébas katilu tanpa tatu atawa ruksak motor sarta antukna meunang posisi kualifikasi katilu panggancangna di [[2013 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Jerez]].<ref>{{cite news|work=iotomotif.com|publisher=iotomotif.com|url=https://www.iotomotif.com/12088/hasil-kualifikasi-motogp-jerez-2013-lorenzo-raih-pole-position/|title=Hasil Kualifikasi MotoGP Jerez 2013 : Lorenzo Raih Pole Position|date=4 Méi 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825045734/https://www.iotomotif.com/12088/hasil-kualifikasi-motogp-jerez-2013-lorenzo-raih-pole-position/|archive-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> Márquez anggeus balap dina posisi kadua tukangeun [[Dani Pedrosa]] batur satimna.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/190790/1/motogp-jerez-marquez-and-lorenzo-talk-last-turn-clash.html|title=Marquez, Lorenzo give clash reaction |date=5 Méi 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Márquez nyiap [[Andrea Dovizioso]] kalayan sésa dua ''lap'' dina lomba pikeun ngahontal podium anggeus kaopat di sababaraha balapan, mapakan rékor [[Max Biaggi]] taun {{MGP|1998}}.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/191393/1/le-mans-marquez-the-race-was-too-short.html|title=Marquez 'The race was too short!'|date=20 Méi 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Manéhna ngalaman kacilakaan ka 4 di ahir minggu ngan ukur tilu ''lap'' deui ka anggeus balapan.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/191897/1/mugello-motogp-sorry-marquez-crestfallen-after-late-dnf.html|title=Mugello: Marquez baffled by costly late crash |date=3 Juni 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Catalonia]], Márquez anggeus balapan di posisi katilu.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/192435/1/marquez-to-pedrosa-when-you-see-the-video-sorry.html|title=Marquez to Pedrosa: 'When you see the video – sorry!'|date=16 Juni 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Dutch TT|Assen]], Márqez kacilakan nalika latihan isuk-isuk nu nyababkeun potong tulang ramo cinggir katuhu sarta ramo suku kénca, manéhna anggeus balapan di posisi katilu.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/192988/1/marquez-battles-to-sixth-rostrum-of-season.html|title=Dutch MotoGP: Marquez battles to sixth rostrum of season |date=30 Juni 2015|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Sachsenring]], saingan utamana [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] tatu, Márquez ngahontal posisi ''pole'' katilu [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/193511/1/marquez-contains-crutchlow-for-german-motogp-win-title-lead.html|title=Marquez contains Crutchlow for German MotoGP win, title lead |date=14 Juli 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Laguna Seca]], Márquez meunang balapan katilu taun ieu pikeun kaunggulan kajuaraanna peunteunna jadi 16 luhureun [[Dani Pedrosa]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/193770/1/pics-marquez-passes-rossi-at-the-corkscrew.html|title=US MotoGP: PICS: Marquez passes Rossi at the Corkscrew|date=21 Juli 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Indianapolis]] dina ''lap'' ka 12 Márquez nyiap Lorenzo pikeun mingpin, Lorenzo jeung Pedrosa bisa mapakan Márquez sababraha ''lap'' tapi babak setrusna lolongkrang jalan kabuka sarta Márquez ngahontal kameunangan ka-4 taun ieu ngan kacék waktu leuwih ti 3 detik.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/194632/1/marquez-beats-his-elders-in-indy-contest.html|title= Indianapolis MotoGP: Marquez beats his elders in Indy contest |date=18 Agustus 2013|accessdate=2 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Brno]], Márquez jadi purah balap mimiti nu meunang opat balapan sacara terus-terusan saprak [[Valentino Rossi]] taun 2008.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/194924/1/marquez-strengthens-title-grip-with-victory-in-brno.html|title=Czech MotoGP: Marquez strengthens title grip with victory in Brno|date=25 Agustus 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> [[File:Marc Marquez.jpeg|thumb|Márquez jeung [[Valentino Rossi]] di British Grand Prix 2013 .]] Di [[2013 British Grand Prix|Silverstone]], dina ''lap'' panungtung kadua purah balap tukeur posisi; Márquez nyiap Lorenzo kalayan tinggal sababaraha sésa péngkolan tapi disiap deui ku Lorenzo sarta Márquez anggeus kadua.<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/195242/1/lorenzo-halts-marquez-victory-streak-in-silverstone-thriller.html|title= British MotoGP: Lorenzo halts Marquez victory streak in Silverstone thriller|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=21 Juli 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|Misano]], Márquez aya di puncak klasemén kalayan leuwih ti satengah detik ti Lorenzo pikeun ngarebut posisi ''pole.'' Márquez nganggeuskeun balapan di posisi kadua di tukangeun Lorenzo.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/195809/1/marquez-too-much-risk-to-chase-lorenzo.html|title=San Marino MotoGP: Marquez: Too much risk to chase Lorenzo|date=15 Séptémber 2013 |accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Aragon]], Márquez rumasa tinggaleun 2 detik di tukangeun Lorenzo tapi maéhna nyusul Lorenzo sarta antukna bisa ngagéleng gurat ''finish'' leuwih ti sadetik di hareupeun Lorenzo pikeun nyatet kameunangan kagenepna usum balap ieu.<ref>{{cite news|work=motorcycle-usa.com|publisher=motorcycle-usa.com|url=http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2013/09/article/motogp-aragon-results-2013/|title=MotoGP Aragon Results 2013|date=2013/11/29|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001052308/http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/2013/09/article/motogp-aragon-results-2013/ |date=2018-10-01 }}</ref> Peunteun Márquez ngaronjat ka 278 kalayan sésa opat balapan, 39 di hareupen Lorenzo nu aya di posisi kadua.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/196362/1/marquez-strengthens-grip-on-world-title-at-aragon.html|title=Aragon MotoGP: Marquez strengthens grip on world title|date=29 Séptémber 2013|accessdate=2 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> Di [[2013 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Sepang]], Márquez nganggeuskeun balapan di posisi kadua.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news_archive/2/13-10-2013/content.html|title=Malaysian MotoGP: Pedrosa victorious, Marquez closes in on title|date= 13 Oktober 2013|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> Di [[2013 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Phillip Island]] Australia, Márquez didiskualifikasi tina balapan, ngurangan kaunggulan kajuaraanna kalayan [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] (nu meunang) tina kacék peunteun 43 jadi 18 kalayan dua rintakan balapan nu nyésa .<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/197250/1/lorenzo-wins-frantic-pit-stop-race-marquez-black-flag.html|title= Australian MotoGP: Lorenzo wins frantic pit stop race, Marquez black flag |date=20 Oktober 2013|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> Di [[2013 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motegi]], Márquez geus cegeur tina tatu parna dina poé balapan kalayan anggeus di posisi kadua di tukangeun [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] .<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/197536/1/lorenzo-claims-yamahas-200th-win.html|title=Japanese MotoGP: Lorenzo claims Yamaha's 200th win|date=27 Oktober 2013|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> Márquez ngantepkeun [[Dani Pedrosa]] pikeun ngalakukeun serangan awal ka [[Jorge Lorenzo]]; [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung Márquez di posisi kadua jeung katilu, posisi ieu geus cukup pikeun Márquez jadi juara, nu pangngorana dina sajarah.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/198005/1/lorenzo-wins-but-marquez-crowned-world-champion.html|title=Lorenzo wins, but Marquez crowned world champion|date= 11 Oktober 2013|accessdate=26 Méi 2017}}</ref> ====2014==== [[File:Winner! (13897178775).jpg|thumb|left|Márquez sanggeus meunang Grand Prix Amérika 2014]] Usum balapan mimiti dilaksanakeun di [[2014 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Losail Qatar]], salila balapan manéhna ''start'' kalayan rata-rata mimiti nyirorot ka posisi 4 di ''lap'' kahiji, Márquez neruskeun balapanna terus sarta kalibet ngadu jajatén jeung [[Valentino Rossi]], ahirna meunang kalayan 0,259 detik.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Qatar+MotoGP+Marquez+Race|title=Marquez overcomes Rossi to take Qatar win|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=23 March 2014|accessdate=21 April 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328133304/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Qatar+MotoGP+Marquez+Race |date=28 March 2014 }}</ref> Manéhna ogé nuluykeun pikeun meunangkeun rintakan kalima di [[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Texas]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Austin+MotoGP+Race+Marquez|title=Marquez untouchable at Austin for second successive win|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=13 April 2014|accessdate=21 April 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414234620/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Austin+MotoGP+Race+Marquez |date=14 April 2014 }}</ref> [[2014 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|Argentina]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/27183060|title=Marc Marquez claims third win of 2014 in Argentina|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=27 April 2014|accessdate=2 Juni 2014}}</ref> [[2014 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spanyol]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/113770|title=Marc Marquez flies to fourth straight win|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=4 Méi 2014|accessdate=2 Juni 2014}}</ref> [[2014 French motorcycle Grand Prix|Prancis]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/27459993|title=Marc Marquez digs deep for Le Mans triumph|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=18 Méi 2014|accessdate=2 Juni 2014}}</ref> and [[2014 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Italy]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/27655474|title=Marc Marquez claims sixth successive win|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=1 Juni 2014|accessdate=1 Juni 2014}}</ref> sakabéhna ti posisi ''pole.'' Di [[2014 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Catalan]], Márquez gagal ngahontal posisi ''pole''&nbsp;– kualifikasi katilu sanggeus kacilakaan salila sési lumangsung &nbsp;– tapi sanggeus nahan serangan ti batur satimna [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]], sarta pasangan Yamaha [[Jorge Lorenzo]] jeung [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]], Márquez bisa meunang balapan katujuhna sakaligus, ngaronjatkeun peunteun kaunggulan kajuaraanna jadi 58 kalayan [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motogp/27856188|title=Marc Marquez lands seventh win in a row|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=15 Juni 2014|accessdate=21 Juni 2014}}</ref> [[Álex Márquez]] adina meunang balapan [[Moto3]], kulawarga Márquez meunang balap kajuaraan dunya Grand Prix dina poé nu sarua.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Catalunya+MotoGP+Race+Marquez|title=Marquez wins again in great Barcelona race|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=15 Juni 2014|accessdate=21 Juni 2014|quote=The win is the 100th for Honda in the modern MotoGP four-stroke era and the triumph for Marquez was also historic as it came on the same day as an earlier Moto3 victory for his brother Alex Marquez&nbsp;– the first time 65 years of World Championship competition that siblings have won Grand Prix races on the same day.}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130251/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Catalunya+MotoGP+Race+Marquez |date=2014-07-14 }}</ref> Baraya sakandung ngulang préstasi deui di [[2014 Dutch TT|Dutch TT]] dua minggu tiharita.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/206133/1/marquez-masters-elements-to-match-ago-at-assen.html|title=Assen MotoGP: Marquez masters elements to match Ago at Assen|date=28 Juni 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Di [[2014 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Jérman]], Márquez meunang deui balapan, ku kituna jadi purah balap pangngorana nu meunang salapan kali sakaligus dina kelas Utama.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/206738/1/pits-to-victory-for-marquez-in-germany.html|title=German MotoGP: Pits to victory for Marquez|date=13 Juli 2013|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> Kalayan kameunanganna nu kasapuluh sakaligus di [[2014 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Indianapolis]], Márquez jadi purah balap katilu pikeun ngahontal gelar juara di kelas utama, sanggeus [[Mick Doohan]] jeung [[Giacomo Agostini]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/207546/1/marquez-itll-be-so-difficult-to-win-them-all.html|title=Marquez: 'It'll be so difficult to win them all'|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=11 Agustus 2014|accessdate=11 Agustus 2014}}</ref> Márquez ngalaman mimiti éléh di [[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Brno]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/207743/1/marc-marquez-explains-first-defeat-of-2014.html|title=MotoGP Brno: Marc Marquez explains first defeat of 2014|date=17 Agustus 2014|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> tapi meunang balap saterusna di [[2014 British motorcycle Grand Prix|Silverstone]], ngéléhkeun [[Jorge Lorenzo]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/208195/1/silver-lining-for-swashbuckling-marquez.html|title=MotoGP Silverstone: Silver lining for swashbuckling Marquez|date=31 Agustus 2014|accessdate=1 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> di [[2014 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|Misano]], Márquez labuh nalika ngadu jajatén pikeun mingpin lomba jeung [[Valentino Rossi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Marquez+crashes+chasing+Rossi+and+finishes+15th|title=Marquez crashes chasing Rossi and finishes 15th|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=14 Séptémber 2014|accessdate=15 Séptémber 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914224918/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Marquez+crashes+chasing+Rossi+and+finishes+15th |date=2014-09-14 }}</ref> Márquez jeung [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] tabrakan dina balapan hujan di [[2014 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Aragon]] sarta anggeus di posisi ka 13<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/209166/1/marquez-aragon-blunder-completely-my-fault.html|title=MotoGP Aragon: Marquez: Strategy blunder completely my fault|date=29 Séptémber 2014|accessdate=1 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> jeung ka14, kalayan [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] meunang balapan munggaran taun ieu sanggeus manéhna eureun leuwih awal ti posisi katilu pikeun ngaganti motor nu diséting baseuh .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Lorenzo+ecstatic+after+claiming+maiden+2014+victory|title=Lorenzo ecstatic after claiming maiden 2014 victory|date=28 Séptémber 2014|accessdate=29 Séptémber 2014|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203030353/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Lorenzo+ecstatic+after+claiming+maiden+2014+victory |date=2015-02-03 }}</ref> Márquez ngahontal gelar kaduana di [[2014 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motegi]] kalayan sésa balap tilu rintakan deui .<ref name="MM2" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com/motor/story/marquez-secures-second-straight-motogp-title-as-lorenzo-wins-motegi-race-101214|title=Marquez secures second MotoGP title as Lorenzo wins Motegi race|first=Colin|last=Young|date=12 Oktober 2014|accessdate=7 Désémber 2014|work=[[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]]|publisher=[[Fox Broadcasting Company]]}}</ref> Di [[2014 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Phillip Island]], Márquez di posisi ''pole'' ka 12 dina usum ieu, mapakan catetan rékor [[Casey Stoner]] taun [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011]], tapi manéhna labuh nalika mingpin balapan,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motorsport/29679710|title=Valentino Rossi wins as Marc Marquez exits|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=19 Oktober 2014|accessdate=1 March 2015}}</ref> nu munggaran teu anggeus saprak [[2013 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Itali 2013]]. Manéhna meunang ka 12 kali dina sausum, mapakan rékor [[Michael Doohan|Mick Doohan]] kameunangan kelas utama dina sausum , taun [[1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1997]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/210223/1/marquez-matches-doohan-record-with-victory-at-sepang.html|title=Marquez matches Doohan record with victory at Sepang|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|date=26 Oktober 2014|accessdate=1 March 2015}}</ref> Hasil Márquez ogé cukup hadé pikeun [[Honda]] pikeun ngaku juara pabrikan, kalayan balapan masih nyésa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Honda+claim+63rd+Constructors+Championship+in+Sepang|title=Honda claim 63rd Constructor's Championship in Sepang|date=26 Oktober 2014|accessdate=1 March 2015|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029030305/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Honda+claim+63rd+Constructors+Championship+in+Sepang |date=29 October 2014 }}</ref> Dina balapan panungtung di [[2014 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]], Márquez meupeuskeun rékor [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]], kalayan 13 kali meunang dina sausum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/MotoGP+Valencia+Race+Marquez|title=Marquez ends season in style with record 13th victory|date=9 Nopémber 2014|accessdate=1 March 2015|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221172045/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/MotoGP+Valencia+Race+Marquez |date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> ====2015==== Usum [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] 2015 dimimitian ku Márquez, sakali deui, keur favorit pikeun jadi juara, tapi manéhna anggeus balapan di posisi kalima di [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]], sanggeus ngalakukeun kasalahan dina péngkolan ka 1 manéhna nyirorot ka posisi ka 25.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/217117/1/would-rossi-have-won-without-marquez-mistake.html|title=MotoGP Qatar: Would Rossi have won without Marquez mistake?|date=30 March 2015|accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> Manéhna meunang di balapan kadua di [[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Texas]], kameunangan katilu kalina sakaligus di [[Circuit of the Americas|Sirkuit Amérika]].<ref name="COTA">{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/217561/1/marquez-completes-motogp-treble-in-texas.html|title=MotoGP Austin: Marquez completes treble in Texas |date=12 April 2015|accessdate=12 April 2015}}</ref> Manáhna anggeus di posisi kadua di tukangeun [[Jorge Lorenzo]] in [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Spanyol]], sanajan balap kalayan ramo leungeun kéncana potong sanggeus kacilakaan, saminggu saméméh balapan.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/218373/1/marquez-today-was-jorges-day.html|title=MotoGP Jerez: Marquez: Today was Jorge's day |date= 3 Méi 2015|accessdate= 3 Méi 2015}}</ref> Manéhna nyiap [[Cal Crutchlow]] nu kacilakaan di ''lap'' 22, Márquez bajoang dina balapan nu beurat pikeun posisi kaopat kalayan [[Bradley Smith (motorcyclist)|Bradley Smith]] jeung [[Andrea Iannone]], nu balapan kalayan taktak kénca tatu, sarta pamustunganana Márquez anggeus di posisi kaopat di hareupeun Iannone.<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/218949/1/heat-melted-marquez-challenge.html|title=MotoGP Le Mans: Heat melted Marquez challenge|date=18 Méi 2015|accessdate=18 Méi 2015}}</ref> [[File:Marc Marquez MotoGP-2015 (4).JPG|thumb|Márquez di Grand Prix Catalan 2015 .]] Márquez gagal anggeus balapan di [[2015 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Itali]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/219448/1/over-the-limit-marquez-talks-mugello-misery.html|title=MotoGP Italy: 'Over the limit' Marquez talks Mugello misery|date=1 Juni 2015|accessdate=1 Juni 2015}}</ref> jeung [[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Catalunya]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/220032/1/caught-out-marquez-left-with-nothing-to-lose.html|title=MotoGP MotoGP Catalunya: Caught out Marquez left with 'nothing to lose'|date=14 Juni 2015|accessdate=14 Juni 2015}}</ref> tapi naék ka podium kalayan anggeus di posisi kadua di [[2015 Dutch TT|Assen]], sanggeus perang panjang jeung [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/results/220526/1/motogp-assen-race-results.html|title=MotoGP Assen&nbsp;— Race Results|date=27 Juni 2015|accessdate=29 Juni 2015}}</ref> Márquez ngahontal kameunangan saterusna di [[2015 German motorcycle Grand Prix|Jérman]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/221065/1/honda-close-to-a-solution-says-marquez.html|title= MotoGP Germany: Honda 'close to a solution' says Marquez |date=12 Juli 2015|accessdate=12 Juli 2015}}</ref> sarta [[2015 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Indianapolis]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/race-report/221866/1/indy-victory-as-marquez-continues-american-dream.html|title=MotoGP Indianapolis: Marquez continues American dream |date=9 Agustus 2015|accessdate=1 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> saencan anggeus posisi kadua di [[2015 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|Brno]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/222031/1/marquez-takes-risks-lorenzo-one-step-in-front.html|title=MotoGP Brno: Marquez 'takes risks', Lorenzo 'one step in front'|date=16 Agustus 2015|accessdate=18 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Márquez labuh di [[2015 British motorcycle Grand Prix|Silverstone]] dina kondisi sirkuit baseuh,<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/222500/1/marquez-title-fight-over-as-floating-feeling-returns.html|title=MotoGP Silverstone: Marquez: Title fight over as 'floating' returns |date=30 Agustus 2015|accessdate=31 Agustus 2015}}</ref> tapi meunang di [[2015 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|Misano]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/223016/1/marquez-slick-change-was-key-to-victory.html|title=MotoGP Misano: Marquez: Slick change was key to victory|date=13 Séptémber 2015|accessdate=14 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> Márquez labuh di [[2015 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|Motorland Aragon]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/223586/1/marquez-i-apologise-to-the-team-and-fans.html|title= MotoGP Aragon: Marquez: I apologise to the team and fans |date=28 Séptémber 2015|accessdate=28 Séptémber 2015}}</ref> sarta anggeus di posisi kaopat di [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|Motegi]] nu ngalantarankeun pegat harepan pikeun ngahontal gelar .<ref>{{cite news|work=Crash.net|publisher=Crash Media Group|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/224048/1/marquez-i-never-felt-good.html |title=MotoGP Japan: Marquez 'I never felt good'|date=11 Oktober 2015|accessdate=12 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Dina ka 130 balapanna, Márquez ngahontal kameunangan ka 50 [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix]] &nbsp;– jadi purah balap kasalapan pikeun ngahontal gelar éta, sarta pangngorana,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/10/18/marquez-s-50th-victory-sets-title-race-alight/187536|title=Marquez's 50th victory sets title race alight|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=18 Oktober 2015|accessdate=18 Oktober 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418163333/https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/10/18/marquez-s-50th-victory-sets-title-race-alight/187536 |date=2026-04-18 }}</ref> {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2015|10|18}}&nbsp;– kalayan dina ''lap'' panungtung [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] di [[2015 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Australia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/121387|title=Marc Marquez beats Jorge Lorenzo on last lap|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=18 Oktober 2015|accessdate=18 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Márquez labuh di [[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Malaysia]] sanggeus pagédor jeung [[Valentino Rossi]], kajadian kasebut dipariksa ku ''Race Direction'' sanggeus balapan, di mana [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]] dihukum (dikurangan) tilu peunteun – cukup pikeun ngalantarankeun ''start'' ti jajaran pangtukangna di [[2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Valencia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2015/10/25/pedrosa-wins-as-lorenzo-cuts-rossi-s-lead-to-7-points/188359|title=Pedrosa wins as Lorenzo cuts Rossi's lead to 7 points|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=25 Oktober 2015|accessdate=25 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Márquez anggeus di posisi kadua tukangeun [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] di Valencia, kalayan [[Jorge Lorenzo|Lorenzo]] ngahontal gelar juara dunya.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/motorsport/34760108|title=Jorge Lorenzo beats Valentino Rossi to win third title|date=8 Nopémber 2015|accessdate=8 Nopémber 2015}}</ref> ====2016==== Dimimitian kalayan anggeus di posisi katilu di [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|Qatar]] sarta meunang di [[2016 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|Argentina]], Márquez ngahontal dua kameunangan sakaligus kalayan gawé nu dominan di [[2016 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|Grand Prix Amérika]] di [[Circuit of the Americas|Texas]] pikeun mimiti mingpin juara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/04/10/marquez-the-team-advised-me-very-well/198438|title=Marquez: "The team advised me well"|publisher=Dorna Sports|date=10 April 2016|accessdate=21 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822140724/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2016/04/10/marquez-the-team-advised-me-very-well/198438 |date=22 August 2016 }}</ref> Tim Márquez nyieun kaos kalayan logo "''Give me five''" pikeun ngareuah-reuah gelar juara dunya kalima, sésa 3 balapan panungtung di Australia, Malaysia sarta Valencia. Di [[2016 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Australia]] manéhna kacilakaan nalika keur mingpin balapan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsport.com/motogp/results/2016/australian-gp-29/|title=2016 Australian GP - Results - Motorsport.com|work=motorsport.com|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref> manéhna labuh keur ngudag ''trio'' nu kasohor di [[2016 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Malaysia]] dina kondisi nu baseuh tapi hudang deui neruskeun balap sarta anggeus di posisi ka 11 nambahan peunteun 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsport.com/motogp/results/2016/malaysian-gp-28/|title=2016 Malaysian GP - Results - Motorsport.com|work=motorsport.com|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref> Márquez nganggeuskeun usum 2016 kalayan posisi kadua di [[2016 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Valencian]], sanggeus bajoang pikeun nyiap lawan-lawanna saperti [[Valentino Rossi]] jeung [[Andrea Iannone]] di bagéan mimiti balapan, Márquez bisa ngaleupaskeun diri ti maranéhna sarta manéhna bisa nyiap Jorge Lorenzo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsport.com/motogp/news/valencia-motogp-lorenzo-holds-off-marquez-to-win-on-yamaha-swansong-849732/|title=Valencia MotoGP: Lorenzo holds off Marquez to win on Yamaha swansong|work=motorsport.com|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref> Total kameunangan [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] manéhna 29, nu ngalantarankeun manéhna aya dina sapuluh badag sapanjang mangsa. <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/sports/marc-marquez-motorcyle-champion-hometown.html?_r=0 | title = Defying Gravity, Then Listening to Mom | date= 7 February 2017 | accessdate = 8 February 2017 | publisher = ''New York Times'' | author = Raphael Minder }}</ref> ==Statistik karier== ===Kalayan usum=== {|class="wikitable" |- !Usum !Kelas !Motor !Tim !Nomer !Balap !Meunang !Podium !''Pole'' !''FLap'' !Peunteun !Posisi |- align=center ! [[2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2008]] | 125cc | [[KTM]] | Repsol KTM 125cc | 93 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 63 | Ka 13 |- align=center ! [[2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2009]] | 125cc | [[KTM]] | [[Red Bull]] KTM Motosport | 93 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 94 | Ka 8 |- align=center ! [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2010]] | 125cc | [[Derbi]] | [[Red Bull]] [[Ajo Motorsport]] | 93 | 17 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 310 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- align=center ! [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011]] | Moto2 | [[Eskil Suter|Suter]] | [[Emilio Alzamora|Team Catalunya Caixa Repsol]] | 93 | 15 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 251 | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' |- align=center ! {{MGP|2012}} | Moto2 | [[Eskil Suter|Suter]] | [[Emilio Alzamora|Team Catalunya Caixa Repsol]] | 93 | 17 | 9 | 14 | 7 | 5 | 328 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- align=center ! {{MGP|2013}} | MotoGP | [[Honda RC213V]] | [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | 93 | 18 | 6 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 334 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- align=center ! {{MGP|2014}} | MotoGP | [[Honda RC213V]] | [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | 93 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 362 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- align=center ! {{MGP|2015}} | MotoGP | [[Honda RC213V]] | [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | 93 | 18 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 242 |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |- align=center ! {{MGP|2016}} | MotoGP | [[Honda RC213V]] | [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | 93 | 18 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 298 | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |- style="text-align:center;" ! {{MGP|2017}} | MotoGP | [[Honda RC213V]] | [[Repsol Honda|Repsol Honda Team]] | 93 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 38* |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3*''' |- style="text-align:center;" ! Total | | | | | '''153''' | '''56''' | '''91''' | '''67''' | '''51''' | '''2320''' | |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Usum keur lumangsung. ===Kalayan kelas=== {|class="wikitable" |- !Kelas !Usum !GP ka 1 !Podium ka 1 !Meunang ka1 !Balap !Meunang !Podium ![[Pole position|Pole]] !FLap !Peunteun !{{Tooltip|Juara Dunya|World championships won}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! 125 cc | 2008–2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[2008 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|2008 Portugal]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2008 British motorcycle Grand Prix|2008 Great Britain]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|2010 Italy]] | 46 | 10 | 14 | 14 | 9 | 467 | 1 |- style="text-align:center;" ! Moto2 | 2011–2012 |align="left"| [[2011 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|2011 Qatar]] |align="left"| [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|2011 Prancis]] |align="left"| [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|2011 Prancis]] | 32 | 16 | 25 | 14 | 7 | 579 | 1 |- style="text-align:center;" ! MotoGP | 2013– |align="left"| [[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|2013 Qatar]] |align="left"| [[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|2013 Qatar]] |align="left"| [[2013 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|2013 Americas]] | 75 | 30 | 52 | 39 | 35 | 1274 | 3 |- align="center" ! Total ! 2008–Kiwari | | | | '''153''' | '''56''' | '''91''' | '''67''' | '''51''' | '''2320''' | '''5''' |} ===Kalayan taun=== ([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|katerangan]]) (Balap nu '''kandel''' nandakeun posisi ''pole'', balap nu ''déngdék'' nandakeun rintakan panggancangna) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Taun ! Kelas ! Motor ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! Posisi ! Peunteun |- !align="left"| [[2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2008]] !align="left"| 125cc !align="left"| [[KTM]] | [[2008 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | style="background:#ffffff;"| [[2008 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>DNS</small> | style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2008 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>18</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]]<br><small>12</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2008 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2008 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>19</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br><small>10</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2008 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>3</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2008 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>10</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2008 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br><small>4</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br><small>6</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2008 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2008 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>9</small> | [[2008 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2008 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | ! Ka 13 ! 63 |- !align="left"| [[2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2009]] !align="left"| 125cc !align="left"| [[KTM]] | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br><small>5</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2009 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br><small>3</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2009 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>5</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''[[2009 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br><small>5</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Dutch TT|NED]]<br><small>10</small> | style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2009 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]<br><small>16</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br><small>15</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>8</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]<br><small>6</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br><small>4</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2009 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br><small>9</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2009 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2009 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br><small>17</small> | | ! Ka 8 ! 94 |- !align="left"| [[2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2010]] !align="left"| 125cc !align="left"| [[Derbi]] | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2010 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]'''<br><small>3</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2010 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''[[2010 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]''<br><small>3</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2010 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2010 Dutch TT|NED]]'''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2010 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2010 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2010 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br><small>7</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''''[[2010 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''''<br><small>10</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2010 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2010 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2010 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]'''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2010 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]'''''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2010 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''''[[2010 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''''<br><small>4</small> | | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''310''' |- !align="left"| [[2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|2011]] !align="left"| Moto2 !align="left"| [[Eskil Suter|Suter]] | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2011 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2011 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]<br /><small>21</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2011 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2011 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2011 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2011 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2011 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]'''<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2011 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2011 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2011 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]'''<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2011 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#fff;"| [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>DNS</small> | style="background:#fff;"| [[2011 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>WD</small> | | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''Ka 2''' | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''251''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2012}} !align="left"| Moto2 !align="left"| [[Eskil Suter|Suter]] | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2012 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]''<br><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2012 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2012 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2012 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2012 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2012 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2012 Dutch TT|NED]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2012 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2012 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>5</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2012 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2012 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2012 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2012 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2012 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2012 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2012 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2012 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]''<br /><small>1</small> | | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''328''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2013}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''[[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]''<br><small>3</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2013 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2013 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#efcfff;"| ''[[2013 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]''<br /><small>Ret</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| ''[[2013 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2013 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]]''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2013 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2013 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2013 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''''[[2013 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]'''''<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2013 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''<br /><small>1</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''''[[2013 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:black; color:white;"| ''[[2013 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|<span style="color:white;">AUS]]''</span><br><small>DSQ</small> | style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2013 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>2</small> | style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2013 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]'''<br /><small>3</small> | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' | style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''334''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2014}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2014 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]'''<br><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2014 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2014 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2014 Dutch TT|NED]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''[[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]'''<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''[[2014 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]''<br /><small>15</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''[[2014 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''<br /><small>13</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2014 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2014 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2014 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2014 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''362''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2015}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br><small>5</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2015 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''[[2015 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| ''[[2015 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| ''[[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''[[2015 Dutch TT|NED]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2015 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2015 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''[[2015 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2015 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[2015 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2015 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2015 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| [[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''242''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2016}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2016 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2016 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[2016 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]]<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>13</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2016 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''[[2016 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]]'''<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2016 Dutch TT|NED]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[2016 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>5</small> |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''[[2016 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]]'''<br /><small>3</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2016 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]]''<br /><small>1</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2016 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2016 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]]<br /><small>11</small> |style="background:#dfdfdf;"| [[2016 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]]<br /><small>2</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''Ka 1''' |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''298''' |- !align="left"| {{MGP|2017}} !align="left"| MotoGP !align="left"| [[Honda]] |style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[2017 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]]<br /><small>4</small> |style="background:#efcfff;"| '''[[2017 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''[[2017 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |[[2017 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|SPA]] |[[2017 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] |[[2017 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] |[[2017 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] |[[2017 Dutch TT|NED]] |[[2017 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] |[[2017 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] |[[2017 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]] |[[2017 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] |[[2017 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|RSM]] |[[2017 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] |[[2017 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] |[[2017 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] |[[2017 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] |[[2017 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''Ka 3''' |style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''38*''' |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Usum keur lumangsung. ==Rékor== <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/106983 |title=Austin MotoGP: Marc Marquez takes record victory in second start&nbsp;– MotoGP news |publisher=Autosport.Com |date=21 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motorbiketimes.com/news/gear/alpinestars-releases-marc-marquez-motogp-mugello-crash-telemetry-$21382367.htm |title=Alpinestars releases Marc Marquez MotoGP Mugello crash telemetry |publisher=Motorbiketimes.com |date= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619011854/http://www.motorbiketimes.com/news/gear/alpinestars-releases-marc-marquez-motogp-mugello-crash-telemetry-$21382367.htm |date=2019-06-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crash.net/motogp/news/183072/1/marquez_replaces_pedrosa_as_top_teenager.html |title=Marquez becomes top teenager &#124; MotoGP News &#124; Aug 2012 |publisher=Crash.Net |date=23 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.repsol.com/es_en/competicion/motociclismo/noticias/actualidad/mugello_nuevo_reto_para_pedro.aspx |title=Mugello, another challenge for Pedrosa and Márquez |publisher=repsol.com |date= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110185923/http://www.repsol.com/es_en/competicion/motociclismo/noticias/actualidad/mugello_nuevo_reto_para_pedro.aspx |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/marquez+new+records |title=· Marquez: Youngest ever MotoGP™ leader |publisher=Motogp.com |date=8 May 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110190305/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2013/marquez+new+records |date=10 November 2013 }}</ref> *Kacilakaan pangtarikna di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]]: {{convert|209|mph|abbr=on}} (kadua latihan di Mugello 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/videos/2013/Marquezs+crash+with+onscreen+data|title=Marquez's crash with on-screen data|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|accessdate=20 May 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220055/http://www.motogp.com/en/videos/2013/Marquezs+crash+with+onscreen+data |date=20 May 2014 }}</ref> *Posisi ''pole'' pangngorana di kelas Utama (Premier): {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|20}} (COTA USA 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Juara pangngorana di kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|21}} (COTA USA 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap pangngorana meunang posisi podium sakaligus teu eureun-eureun di kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|21}} (Qatar, COTA USA 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap pangngoranna nu ngahontal ''lap'' pangtarikna di kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|7}} (Qatar 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *4 posisi podium terus-terusan di 4 kelas Utama [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grands Prix]] (sarua jeung Max Biaggi)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap pangngoranana nu mingpin kajuaraan kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|4|21}} (COTA USA 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap pangngorana nu meunang 4 balapan terus-terusan di di kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|8|25}} (Jérman-USA-Indianapolis-Républik Czech 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap mimiti (anyar) nu meunang 4 kali balapan terus-terusan di kelas Utama: (Jérman-USA-Indianapolis-Républik Czech 2013)<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap anyar nu meunang di kelas Utama: 6<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap anyar nu panglobana meunang pisisi ''pole'' di kelas Utama: 9<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap anyar nu meunang podium di kelas Utama: 16<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap anyar nu panggendéna peunteun di kelas Utama: 334<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Purah balap pangngoranna nu meunang gelar di kelas Utama: {{Age in years and days|1993|2|17|2013|11|10}}<ref name="Marquez records"/> *Salah sahiji pasangan adi lanceuk nu meunang Kajuaraan Balap Motor Dunya Grand Prix, jeung [[Álex Márquez]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Alex+Marquez+a+new+World+Champion+in+the+family|title=Alex Marquez&nbsp;– a new World Champion in the family|work=MotoGP.com|publisher=[[Dorna Sports]]|date=9 Nopémber 2014|accessdate=9 Nopémber 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222004430/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2014/Alex+Marquez+a+new+World+Champion+in+the+family |date=2015-02-22 }}</ref> *Meunang terus-terusan (ti 2013 to 2017 ) di [[Circuit of the Americas|Sirkuit Amérika]]: 5<ref name="COTA" /> ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons category}} *{{Official website|www.marcmarquez93.com}} *[http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez Marc Márquez] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014159/http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Marc+Marquez |date=2012-05-04 }}&nbsp;– Profile at the official MotoGP website *{{facebook|marcmarquez1993}} {{S-start}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box | | before = [[Julián Simón]] | after = [[Nicolás Terol]] | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|125 cc Motorcycle World Champion]] | years=2010}} {{Succession box| before = [[Stefan Bradl]] | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|Moto2 World Champion]]| after = [[Pol Espargaró]] | years = {{MGP|2012}}}} {{succession box | | before = [[Jorge Lorenzo]] | after = [[Jorge Lorenzo]] | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|MotoGP World Champion]] | years={{MGP|2013}}–{{MGP|2014}} |}} {{succession box | | before = [[Andy Murray]] | after = [[Daniel Ricciardo]] | title = [[Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year|Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year]] | years = 2014 |}} {{succession box | | before = [[Jorge Lorenzo]] | after = Incumbent | title = [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champions|MotoGP World Champion]] | years={{MGP|2016}} |}} {{Succession box | | before=Inaugural | after=Incumbent | title=[[Autosport]]<br />Rider of the Year | years=2016 |}} {{S-end}} {{Repsol Honda}} {{MotoGP teams}} {{500 cc/MotoGP Motorcycle World Champions}} {{250 cc Motorcycle World Champions}} {{125 cc Motorcycle World Champions}} {{Spanish Sportsman of the Year}} {{Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marquez, Marc}} [[Kategori:Tukang balap MotoGP]] [[Kategori:Juara Dunya MotoGP]] [[Kategori:Juara Dunya Moto2]] [[Kategori:Juara Dunya 125cc]] 7wg8ziuc1hylcdrpw02jhynibzk7c9b 0 54684 731823 708603 2026-11-08T11:02:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Grand Prix motorcycle team | Short_name = Tim Repsol Honda | Logo = [[File:Repsol Honda Team.png|150px]] | Last_season = 2016 | Long_name = [[Repsol]] [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] Team | Base = [[Aalst, Belgium]] | Principal = [[Shuhei Nakamoto]] | Riders ={{nowrap|26. {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] <br />93. {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]]}} | Motorcycle = [[Honda RC213V]] | Tyres = [[Michelin]] | Riders_champ= {{nowrap|13<br />{{MGP|1995}}, {{MGP|1996}}, {{MGP|1997}}, {{MGP|1998}} [[Mick Doohan]]<br/>{{MGP|1999}} [[Àlex Crivillé]]<br />{{MGP|2001}}, {{MGP|2002}}, {{MGP|2003}} [[Valentino Rossi]]<br />{{MGP|2006}} [[Nicky Hayden]]<br />{{MGP|2011}} [[Casey Stoner]]<br />{{MGP|2013}}, {{MGP|2014}}, {{MGP|2016}} [[Marc Márquez]]}} }} '''Repsol Honda''' nyéta tim pabrik resmi [[Repsol|Repsol S.A.]] sarta [[Honda Racing Corporation]] dina Kajuaraan Dunya [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]].<ref name = "motorsport">{{cite news |title=Repsol Honda Team history |publisher=motorsport.com |url=https://www.motorsport.com/team/honda-motogp/history/ |accessdate=12 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213221756/http://www.motorsport.com/team/honda-motogp/history/ |date=2015-12-13 }}</ref> ==Sajarah== ===1990an=== Dina taun 1992, Honda mekarkeun mesin "''Big Bang''", kalayan henteu konvénsional sarta has.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> [[Michael Doohan|Mick Doohan]] mintonkeun kaparigelan nu luar biasa kalayan [[Honda]] [[NSR500]] anyar nepikeun ka tatu parna dina usum balap harita.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Vérsi pangayarna motor ieu pohara nyugemakeun nepikeun ka mampuh mapakan di kelas utama.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Éta mangrupa kaajaiban téknologi nu ninggalkeun kesan abadi di dunya balap.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]] ngahontal gelar juara dunya 500cc kalayan [[Honda]] lima kali noron ti taun 1994.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Usum balap taun 1997 mangrupa taun pangalusna pikeun modél ieu, kalayan 15 kameunangan, sababaraha di antarana ngahontal 22 kameunangan noron.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> [[NSR500]] jadi sajarah minangka motor legendaris taun 1990-an.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation">{{cite news |title=History |publisher=motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com |url=http://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/history/ |accessdate=12 Juni 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612023157/http://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/history/ |archive-date=2017-06-12 }}</ref> Dina taun 1995 tim nurunkeun 3 purah balap nyaéta [[Michael Doohan|Mick Doohan]], [[Alex Criville]] sarta [[Shinichi Ito]] maké [[Honda NSR500]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]] ngahontal Kajuaraan Dunya pikeun kadua kalina sakaligus di [[1995 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|Argentina]], [[Alex Criville|Criville]] anggeus di posisi kaopat kalayan sakali meunang balapan sedengkeun [[Shinichi Ito|Ito]] anggeus di posisi kalima.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Tim dimekarkeun jadi opat urang dina taun 1996; [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]] jeung [[Alex Criville|Criville]] maké [[Honda NSR500]] sedengkeun [[Tadayuki Okada]] jeung Ito maké [[Honda NSR500V]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]] ngahontal Kajuaraan Dunya katilu kalayan dalapan kali meunang lomba sarta [[Alex Criville|Criville]] di posisi ''runner-up''. [[Tadayuki Okada|Okada]] anggeus di posisi katujuh sarta Ito di posisi kaduabelas.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Kaopat purah balap diteruskeun taun 1997 nyaéta [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]], [[Alex Crivillé|Crivillé]] sarta [[Tadayuki Okada|Okada]] maké NSR500 sarta [[Takuma Aoki]] maké NSR500V.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Repsol Honda meunang sakabéh 15 balapan usum ieu kalayan [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]] meunang 12 balapan, sarta meupeuskeun rékor [[Giacomo Agostini]] pikeun ngahontal kameunangan dina hiji usum, dina Kajuaraan Dunya kaopatna.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Tadayuki Okada|Okada]] jadi ''runner-up'', [[Alex Crivillé|Crivillé]] di posisi kaopat kalayan dua kameunangan tapi teu milu lima balapan sanggeus ngalaman kacilakaan parna di [[1997 Dutch TT|Assen]] sedengkeun [[Takuma Aoki|Aoki]] di posisi kalima.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Purah balap Repsol Honda meunang sakabéh posisi podium di opat balapan, di [[Jepang]], [[Spanyol]], [[Jérman]] jeung [[Indonésia]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> Pikeun taun {{MGP|1998}}, [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]], [[Alex Crivillé|Crivillé]] sarta [[Tadayuki Okada|Okada]] neruskeun di tim Repsol Honda kalayan motor [[Honda NSR500|NSR500]] sarta [[Sete Gibernau]] ngagabung jeung maranéhna maké motor [[Honda NSR500V|NSR500V]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> Doohan terus mingpin kajuaraan kalayan dalapan kameunangan sarta dileler Juara Dunya pikeun kalima kalina di [[1998 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Australia]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Alex Crivillé|Crivillé]] anggeus di posisi katilu kalayan dua kameunangan, sedengkeun [[Tadayuki Okada|Okada]] kudu absén tilu balapan sabab pigeulang leungeunna potong nalika latihan di [[1998 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Itali]] sarta anggeus di posisi ka dalapan. [[Sete Gibernau|Gibernau]] anggeus di posisi kasabelas.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Réngréngan tim tetep sarua pikeun taun {{MGP|1999}}, nyaéta [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]], [[Alex Crivillé|Crivillé]], [[Tadayuki Okada|Okada]] jeung [[Sete Gibernau|Gibernau]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> Mangsa kualifikasi di [[1999 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Spanyol]], [[Michael Doohan|Doohan]] kungsi kacilakaan parna sarta pamustunganana ngabalukarkeun pangsiun ti olahraga balap.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Alex Crivillé|Crivillé]] neruskeun genep balapan sarta pikeun ngahontal Kéajuaraan Dunya di [[1999 Rio de Janeiro motorcycle Grand Prix|Rio de Janeiro]] kalayan sésa sakali balapan deui di usum ieu.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Tadayuki Okada|Okada]] anggeus di posisi katilu kalayan tilu kali balapan.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Sete Gibernau|Gibernau]]&nbsp;– nu dimimiti usum maké [[Honda NSR500V|NSR500V]] saancan ngaganti Doohan maké [[Honda NSR500|NSR500]]&nbsp;– anggeus di posisi kalima.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Tim purah balap ieu meunang balap di sakabéh podium di [[1999 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|Katalunya]] kalayan [[Alex Crivillé|Crivillé]] kahiji, [[Tadayuki Okada|Okada]] kadua sarta [[Sete Gibernau|Gibernau]] katilu.<ref name = "motorsport"/> ===2000an=== [[Alex Crivillé|Crivillé]], [[Tadayuki Okada|Okada]] jeung [[Sete Gibernau|Gibernau]] angger babarengan satim dina taun {{MGP|2000}} maké motor [[Honda NSR500]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> Usum taun {{MGP|2000}} nyaéta taun nu werit pikeun Tim Repsol Honda, [[Alex Criville|Criville]] ngan meunang sakali sarta anggeus di posisi kasalapan, [[Tadayuki Okada|Okada]] anggeus di posisi kasabelas sarta [[Sete Gibernau|Gibernau]] posisi kalimabelas.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Taun {{MGP|2001}}, [[Alex Criville|Criville]] digabungkeun jeung [[Tohru Ukawa]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> Usum ieu teu jauh leuwih alus batan taun {{MGP|2000}} [[Alex Crivillé|Crivillé]] ngan bisa meunang dua podium jeung nganggeuskeun usum dina posisi kadalapan, sedengkeun [[Tohru Ukawa|Ukawa]] anggeus di posisi kasapuluh kalayan ngan hiji podium.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Usum taun 2001 dimimitian kalayan babak bubuka nu luar biasa di Suzuka, di mana [[Masao Azuma]], [[Daijiro Kato]] sarta [[Valentino Rossi]] maranéhna meunang kelas 125, 250 dan 500cc, nu ngalantarankeun [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] ngahontal kameunangan ke-500 di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Kajuaraan Dunya Balap motor Grand Prix]].<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Pikeun taun 2002, Honda nurunkeun [[Honda RC211V]] kapasitas 990cc, opat léngkah, ngagunakeun RC ngingetkeun deui kenangan taun-taun emas [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] di seri [[Balap motor Grand Prix|GP Dunya]] dina taun 1960an.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Satiap produsén geus ngaronjatkeun mesinna pikeun tarung panungtung di taun panungtungan balap [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] 990cc, kalayan [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] nurunkeun dua vérsi [[Honda RC211V|RC211V]].<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> [[File:Motogp rossi 300.jpg|thumb|left|[[Valentino Rossi]] Valentino Rossi meunang tilu kali gelar dunya kalayan tim, dina {{MGP|2001}}, {{MGP|2002}} jeung {{MGP|2003}}.]] Dina taun {{MGP|2002}}, taun munggaran kelas [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] anyar, [[Valentino Rossi]] ngagabung tim bareng jeung [[Tohru Ukawa|Ukawa]] numpak [[Honda RC211V]] anyar, ngan ukur dua purah balap nu maké motor anyar nepi ka ampir ahir usum, antukna [[Alex Barros]] jeung [[Daijiro Kato]] dibéré ogé [[Honda RC211V]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> Rossi mingpin usum balap ieu kalayan sabelas kameunangan balapan jadi Juara Dunya kalayan sésa balapan opat deui pikeun ahir usum.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Taun 2002 [[Nicky Hayden]] juara [[AMA Superbike Championship#AMA Superbike Champions|AMA Superbike]] ngagabung jeung Rossi taun {{MGP|2003}}.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]] kalayan salapan kameunangan sarta meunang podium di sakabéh balapan, jadi Juara Dunya nu katilu kalina noron kalayan sésa dua balapan deu di usum ieu.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Nicky Hayden|Hayden]] anggeus kalima kalayan dua kali naék podium.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Sanggeus kaluarna [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]], veteran [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] [[Alex Barros]] ngagabung jeung [[Nicky Hayden|Hayden]] taun {{MGP|2004}}.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Barros nganggeuskeun usum di posisi kaopat sarta Hayden kalima.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Purah balap duanana naék podium tapi teu kungsi meunang balapan kahiji.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Taun {{MGP|2005}} [[Max Biaggi]] ngagabung jeung Hayden ka tim Repsol Honda.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Hayden ngahontal kameunangan [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] munggaranna di [[2005 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Amérika]], manéhna juara katilu.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Max Biaggi|Biaggi]] juara kalima kalayan lima podium.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Usum taun 2006 ieu kasohor lantaran aya sababaraha purah balap ngora dina taun nu pinuh tangtangan.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Taun {{MGP|2006}}, [[Nicky Hayden|Hayden]] ngagabung jeung [[Dani Pedrosa]] [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World champions|Juara Dunya 250cc]] .<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Nicky Hayden|Hayden]] mingpin kajuaraan pikeun sebagéan badag usum ieu tapi di [[2006 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Portugis]], [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] kacilakaan nabrak [[Nicky Hayden|Hayden]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> Purah balap duanana kaluar balapan sarta [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]] mingpin kajuaraan kalayan sésa balapan sakali deui.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Dina usum balap panungtungan, [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]] labuh di ''lap'' ka 5.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Nicky Hayden|Hayden]] nganggeuskeun balapan posisi ka 3 nu aman sarta jadi Juara Dunya.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Manéhna meunang dua kali balapan sarta dalapan kali podium lainna.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] anggeus di posisi kalima kalayan dua kali meunang balapan sarta lima kali podium lainna.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Pikeun taun 2007, Honda nyieun mesin V4 pikeun mesin [[Honda RC212V|RC212V]] anyar nu siap tarung di seri [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] 800cc. Kacepatan di trék lempeng ngurangan 15kpj.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Téknologi gilinding ogé ngaronjat, sarta sistim kontrol traksi ti jaman 990c beuki disampurnakeun.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Hasilna, sacara kasaluruhan kalayan motor 800cc teu béda jauh jeung 990cc.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Pikeun taun {{MGP|2007}} réngréngan tim angger.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Tim ngagunakeun motor [[Honda RC212V]] anyar 800cc.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Motor anyar ieu teu ngalantarankeun kasuksésan nu dipikaharep tapi antukna dina usumna kamapuh motor ngaronjat. [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] meunang dua kali balapan sarta di posisi kadua usum balap ieu, [[Nicky Hayden|Hayden]] ngan bisa ngatur podium sarta anggeus di posisi kadalapan sagemblengna di usum balap ieu.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Pikeun taun {{MGP|2008}}, purah balapna angger [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Nicky Hayden|Hayden]], kalayan [[Mike Leitner]] jeung [[Pete Benson]] minangka lulugu mékanik [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Nicky Hayden|Hayden]], sarta [[Kazuhiko Yamano]] salaku manajer tim.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Dina mangsa usum éta [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] ngaganti gilinding ku [[Bridgestone]] sarta hiji dingding ditempatkeun di antara garasi [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Nicky Hayden|Hayden]] pikeun nyingkahan panalungtikan data gilinding.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Dingding di antara garasi tim nu sarua mimiti dilambagakeun ku [[Valentino Rossi|Rossi]] di awal usum antara manéhna jeung [[Jorge Lorenzo]] batur satimna di [[Michelin]].<ref name="wall">{{cite news |title=Brivio: Fiat Yamaha wall stays, but the competitiveness is normal |publisher=MotoGP.com |date=2008-11-27 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2008/Brivio+Fiat+Yamaha+wall+stays+but+the+competitiveness+is+normal |accessdate=13 Juni 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329064602/http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2008/Brivio+Fiat+Yamaha+wall+stays+but+the+competitiveness+is+normal |date=2012-03-29 }}</ref> Pikeun taun {{MGP|2009}}, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Andrea Dovizioso]] nyaéta tim purah balapna.<ref name = "motorsport"/> ===2010an=== Pikeun taun {{MGP|2010}}, diréktur Tim [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]] nyaéta [[Kazuhiko Yamano]], nalingakeun sakabéh operasi kaasup tim pabrik jeung tim satelit.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Toshiyuki Yamaji]] ngagantikeun [[Yamano]] salaku Tim Manajer sarta diarahkeun sakabéh tim Repsol Honda. [[Alberto Puig]] minangka Manajer Tim [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] sarta [[Gianni Berti]] minangka Manajer Tim [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Shinichi Kokubu]] minangka Direktur Téhnik Grand Prix, nalingakeun genep mesin [[Honda RC212V|RC212V]] di [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Honda 2010 Motorsports Overview |publisher=Honda Motor Co., Ltd. |date= 13 Juni 2017 |url=http://world.honda.com/news/2010/c100219Motorsports-Overview/ |accessdate=13 Juni 2017}}</ref> Dina taun [[2011]], tim pabrik Repsol Honda nurunkeun tilu motor kalayan [[Dani Pedrosa]], [[Andrea Dovizioso]] sarta Juara Dunia 2007, [[Casey Stoner]].<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> [[Honda RC212V]] kabukti pohara kuat pikeun kompetisi taun ieu sarta [[Casey Stoner]] [[Australia]] ngahontal kajuaraan kalayan sésa dua balapan deui, sarta Honda ogé ngahontal gelar Tim sarta gelar ke-60 Konstruktor.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> [[File:Casey Stoner - Repsol Honda Team (5480226329).jpg|thumb|[[Casey Stoner]] balap pikeun Repsol Honda di [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix Malaysia 2011]].]] Pikeun taun {{MGP|2011}}, [[Shuhei Nakamoto]] minangka Wawakil Présidén [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]] sarta mingpin tim Honda [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Shinichi Kokubu]] minangka Direktur Téhnik, sarta [[Livio Suppo]] minangka Komunikasi [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]] sarta Diréktur Marketing.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]], [[Andrea Dovizioso|Dovizioso]] jeung [[Casey Stoner]] minangka tim purah balapna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Repsol Honda Team |publisher=Honda Motor Co., Ltd. |year=2011 |url=http://world.honda.com/HRC/repsolhondateam/ |accessdate= 13 Juni 2017}}</ref> Tim ogé disponsoran ku [[PT Astra Honda Motor]], ngaliwatan mérek ''One Heart'' jeung ''Satu Hati'' (SaHaté).<ref name = "motorsport"/> Pikeun taun {{MGP|2012}}, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Casey Stoner|Stoner]] minangka tim puarah balap.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Pikeun taun {{MGP|2013}}, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] neruskeun purah balap tim dibarengan ku [[Marc Márquez]], kalayan [[Suppo]] minangka Pupuhu Tim.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Tim leungiteun sponsor ''One Heart'' jeung ''Satu Hati.''<ref name = "motorsport"/> Dina taun {{MGP|2014}}, Márquez jadi purah balap nu pangngorana nu meunang sapuluh kali balapan noron di [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]].<ref name = "motorsport"/> Tim disponsoran deui ku ''One Heart'' jeung ''Satu Hati.''<ref name = "motorsport"/> (SaHaté) Pikeun taun {{MGP|2015}}, [[Dani Pedrosa|Pedrosa]] jeung [[Marc Márquez|Márquez]] angger jadi tim purah balap.<ref name = "motorsport"/> [[Red Bull]], sponsor jangka panjang nu katempo dina hélm purah balap, jadi sponsor utama tim.<ref name = "motorsport"/> Kajuaraan Dunya [[Balap motor Grand Prix|MotoGP]] taun 2016 mangrupa usum nu ngesankeun pikeun [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda]] sarta [[Marc Márquez|Marc Marquez]] mantan juara mintonkeun 22 Kajuaraan Dunya Konstruktor di kelas utama sarta nu panungtung dileler minangka purah balap pangngorana nu meunang tilu Kajuaraan Dunia kelas utama, nu ngalantarankeun nghontal lima gelar di sakabéh kelas dina karir [[Balap motor Grand Prix|Grand Prix]]-na.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Dina umur 23 taun sarta 242 poé, pembalap Repsol Honda meupeuskeun rékor ti purah balap legendaris [[Mike Hailwood]], nu umurna 24 taun nalika manéhna meunang mahkota 500cc katilu kalina taun 1964.<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> Parobahan téknis penting dilakukeun dina tetekon Kejuaraan MotoGP 2016 kalayan diwanohkeun éléktronik terpadu sarta pindahna gilinding ti [[Bridgestone]] ka [[Michelin]] sarta perelu waktu pikeun insinyur sarta tim [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]] pikeun sagemblengna nitenan kumaha ngamangpaatkeun poténsi [[Honda RC213V|RC213V]].<ref name = "hondaracingcorporation"/> ''[[Honda Racing Corporation]]'' ([[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]]) poé Rabu (7/12/2016) ngabéwarakeun geus resmi manjangkeun kontrak sponsor kalayan pausahaan énérgi Spanyol, Repsol, di MotoGP nepi ka 2018.<ref name = "bola">{{cite news |title=Repsol Tetap Jadi Sponsor Honda di MotoGP Hingga 2018 |publisher=bola.com |date=2017-06-13 |url=http://www.bola.com/moto-gp/read/2672904/repsol-tetap-jadi-sponsor-honda-di-motogp-hingga-2018 |accessdate=13 Juni 2017}}</ref> Kontrak Repsol jeung Honda kuduna baris béak dina panungtungan taun 2017.<ref name = "bola"/> "''Taun ieu kami ngahontal titel MotoGP ka-12 salila 22 taun gawé bareng, hiji pencapaian nu luar biasa dina sajarah Kajuaraan Dunya Balap motor Grand Prix''," ceuk Manajer umum ''Race Operations Management Division'' [[Honda RC211V|HRC]], [[Tetsuhiro Kuwata]], di ramatloka resmi [[Honda Racing Corporation|HRC]].<ref name = "bola"/> ''"Rekor kasebut mintonkeun hébatna gawé bareng antara Honda jeung Repsol. Salian kontrak sponsor nu hadé, kami ogé meunang kauntungan ti pamekaran teknologi nu krusial,"'' ceuk [[Kuwata]].<ref name = "bola"/> Aya genep purah balap nu kungsi jadi juara dunya kalayan Repsol Honda nyaéta [[Michael Doohan|Mick Doohan]] ([[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 1994|1994]]-[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 1998|1998]]), [[Alex Criville]] ([[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 1999|1999]]), [[Valentino Rossi]] ([[Balap motor Grrand Prix usum 2001|2001]]-[[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2003|2003]]), [[Nicky Hayden]] ([[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2006|2006]]), [[Casey Stoner]] ([[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2011|2011]]), sarta [[Marc Márquez|Marc Marquez]] ([[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2013|2013]]-[[Balap motor Grand prix usum 2014|2014]], [[Balap motor Grand Prix usum 2016|2016]]).<ref name = "bola"/> Juara Dunya [[Marc Márquez|Marc Marquez]] jeung batur satimna [[Dani Pedrosa]] neruskeun pangujian tilu poé maranémhna di Sirkuit Internasional Sepang kalayan ngalakonan lalampahan ka Indonésia pikeun medalkeun kelir Tim Repsol Honda [[2017]] di [[Jakarta]] International Expo (JIExpo) di ibukota nagara.<ref name = "motogpjkt">{{cite news |title=Repsol Honda Launch The Season in Indonesia |publisher=motogp.com |date=03 Pebruari 2017 |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/news/2017/02/03/repsol-honda-launch-the-season-in-indonesia/218891/ |accessdate=13 Juni 2017}}</ref> ==Hasil MotoGP== ([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|konci]]) (Balap nu '''kandel''' nandakeun posisi ''pole'', balap nu ''déngdék'' nandakeun ''lap'' panggancangna) {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" |- !scope="col"| Taun !scope="col"| Motor !scope="col"| Gilinding !scope="col"| Purah balap !scope="col"| 1 !scope="col"| 2 !scope="col"| 3 !scope="col"| 4 !scope="col"| 5 !scope="col"| 6 !scope="col"| 7 !scope="col"| 8 !scope="col"| 9 !scope="col"| 10 !scope="col"| 11 !scope="col"| 12 !scope="col"| 13 !scope="col"| 14 !scope="col"| 15 !scope="col"| 16 !scope="col"| 17 !scope="col"| 18 !scope="col"| Peunteun !scope="col"| Pos. |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{MGP|2002}} |rowspan="3"| [[Honda RC211V]] |rowspan="3"| {{Michelin}} | | [[2002 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2002 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|SAF]] | [[2002 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2002 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2002 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2002 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2002 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2002 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2002 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2002 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2002 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2002 Rio de Janeiro motorcycle Grand Prix|RIO]] | [[2002 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix|PAC]] | [[2002 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2002 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2002 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | | |rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''564''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''ka 1''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Valentino Rossi]] |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 | | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tohru Ukawa]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 | |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 | | |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{MGP|2003}} |rowspan="3"| [[Honda RC211V]] |rowspan="3"| {{Michelin}} | | [[2003 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2003 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|SAF]] | [[2003 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2003 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2003 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2003 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2003 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2003 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2003 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2003 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2003 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2003 Rio de Janeiro motorcycle Grand Prix|RIO]] | [[2003 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix|PAC]] | [[2003 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2003 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2003 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | | |rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''487''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''ka 1''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Valentino Rossi]] |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''''2''''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' | | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicky Hayden]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 12 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 12 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 11 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16 | | |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{MGP|2004}} |rowspan="3"| [[Honda RC211V]] |rowspan="3"| {{Michelin}} | | [[2004 South African motorcycle Grand Prix|SAF]] | [[2004 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2004 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2004 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2004 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2004 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2004 Rio de Janeiro motorcycle Grand Prix|RIO]] | [[2004 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2004 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2004 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2004 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2004 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2004 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2004 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2004 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2004 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | | !rowspan="3"| 282 !rowspan="3"| ka 4 |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Alex Barros]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''Ret'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 | | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicky Hayden]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 11 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret | |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret | | |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{MGP|2005}} |rowspan="3"| [[Honda RC211V]] |rowspan="3"| {{Michelin}} | | [[2005 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2005 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2005 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2005 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2005 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2005 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2005 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2005 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2005 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2005 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2005 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2005 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2005 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2005 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2005 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2005 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix|TUR]] | [[2005 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | |rowspan="3" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''379''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''ka 2''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Max Biaggi]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 12 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicky Hayden]] |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''4'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 | |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{MGP|2006}} |rowspan="3"| [[Honda RC211V]] |rowspan="3"| {{Michelin}} | | [[2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2006 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2006 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix|TUR]] | [[2006 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2006 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2006 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2006 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2006 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2006 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2006 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2006 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2006 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2006 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2006 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2006 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2006 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2006 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | |rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''467''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''ka 1''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 14 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''''4''''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 15 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicky Hayden]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''5''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 | |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{MGP|2007}} |rowspan="3"| [[Honda RC212V]] |rowspan="3"| {{Michelin}} | | [[2007 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2007 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2007 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix|TUR]] | [[2007 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2007 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2007 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2007 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2007 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2007 Dutch motorcycle TT|NED]] | [[2007 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2007 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2007 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2007 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2007 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2007 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2007 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2007 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2007 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |rowspan="3" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''369''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''ka 2''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''4''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicky Hayden]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 12 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 10 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 11 |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 17 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 13 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''''4''''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |- !scope="row" rowspan="5"| {{MGP|2008}} |rowspan="5"| [[Honda RC212V]] | | | [[2008 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2008 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2008 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2008 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix|CHN]] | [[2008 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2008 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2008 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2008 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2008 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2008 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2008 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2008 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2008 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] | [[2008 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2008 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2008 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2008 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |rowspan="5" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''404''' |rowspan="5" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''ka 2''' |- | {{Bridgestone}} |rowspan="2" align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |- |rowspan="3"| {{Michelin}} |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''4''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret | |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 15 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 | | | | | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicky Hayden]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 10 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 13 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 13 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 | |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| DNS |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tadayuki Okada]] | | | | | |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 14 | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{MGP|2009}} |rowspan="3"| [[Honda RC212V]] |rowspan="3"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2009 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2009 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2009 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2009 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2009 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2009 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2009 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2009 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2009 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2009 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2009 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2009 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] | [[2009 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2009 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2009 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2009 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2009 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] | |rowspan="3" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''394''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''ka 2''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 11 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''''3''''' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''10''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Dovizioso]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 | |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{MGP|2010}} |rowspan="3"| [[Honda RC212V]] |rowspan="3"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2010 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2010 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2010 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2010 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2010 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2010 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2010 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2010 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2010 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2010 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] | [[2010 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2010 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] | [[2010 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2010 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2010 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2010 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |rowspan="3" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''451''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''ka 2''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''''2''''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| DNS | |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| DNS |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''7'' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Dovizioso]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''14'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |- !scope="row" rowspan="6"| {{MGP|2011}} |rowspan="6"| [[Honda RC212V]] |rowspan="6"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2011 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2011 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2011 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2011 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2011 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2011 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2011 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2011 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2011 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2011 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2011 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2011 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] | [[2011 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2011 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] | [[2011 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2011 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2011 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2011 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |rowspan="6" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''682''' |rowspan="6" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''ka 1''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Casey Stoner]] |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| C |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''Ret'' | | | |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| '''C''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Dovizioso]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 12 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| C |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] | | | | | | |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 | | | | | | | | | | | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shinichi Ito]] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 13 | | | |- !scope="row" rowspan="4"| {{MGP|2012}} |rowspan="4"| [[Honda RC213V]] |rowspan="4"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2012 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2012 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2012 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|POR]] | [[2012 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2012 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2012 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2012 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2012 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2012 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2012 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2012 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] | [[2012 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2012 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2012 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] | [[2012 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2012 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2012 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2012 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |rowspan="4" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''603''' |rowspan="4" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''ka 1''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Casey Stoner]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''4''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 | | | |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''4''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''''2''''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jonathan Rea]] | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 | | | | |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{MGP|2013}} |rowspan="3"| [[Honda RC213V]] |rowspan="3"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2013 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2013 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] | [[2013 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2013 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2013 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2013 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2013 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2013 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2013 United States motorcycle Grand Prix|USA]] | [[2013 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] | [[2013 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2013 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2013 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2013 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] | [[2013 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2013 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2013 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2013 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''634''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''ka 1''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''Ret'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''''2''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''''2''''' |style="background:black; color:white;"| DSQ |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| DNS |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''Ret'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |- !scope="row" rowspan="3"| {{MGP|2014}} |rowspan="3"| [[Honda RC213V]] |rowspan="3"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2014 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] | [[2014 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]] | [[2014 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2014 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2014 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2014 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2014 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2014 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2014 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] | [[2014 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2014 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2014 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2014 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] | [[2014 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2014 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2014 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2014 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''608''' |rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''ka 1''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''4''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''15'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''13''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 14 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |- !scope="row" rowspan="4"| {{MGP|2015}} |rowspan="4"| [[Honda RC213V]] |rowspan="4"| {{Bridgestone}} | | [[2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2015 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] | [[2015 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]] | [[2015 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2015 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2015 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2015 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2015 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2015 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2015 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|IND]] | [[2015 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2015 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2015 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2015 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] | [[2015 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2015 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2015 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |rowspan="4" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''453''' |rowspan="4" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''ka 2''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| '''4''' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''Ret'' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''Ret'' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2'' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| '''Ret''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 | | | |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] | |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 11 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- !scope="row" rowspan="5"| {{MGP|2016}} |rowspan="5"| [[Honda RC213V]] |rowspan="5"| {{Michelin}} | | [[2016 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix|QAT]] | [[2016 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix|ARG]] | [[2016 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas|AME]] | [[2016 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix|ESP]] | [[2016 French motorcycle Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[2016 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[2016 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix|CAT]] | [[2016 Dutch TT|NED]] | [[2016 German motorcycle Grand Prix|GER]] | [[2016 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUT]] | [[2016 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix|CZE]] | [[2016 British motorcycle Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[2016 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix|SMR]] | [[2016 Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix|ARA]] | [[2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix|JPN]] | [[2016 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|AUS]] | [[2016 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix|MAL]] | [[2016 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix|VAL]] |rowspan="5" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''454''' |rowspan="5" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''ka 2''' |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc Márquez]] |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 13 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2''' |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3''' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1''''' |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 11 |style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2 |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Pedrosa]] |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4 |style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 12 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 12 |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5 |style="background:#FFFFBF;"| ''1'' |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6 |style="background:#FFFFFF;"| DNS | | |style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshi Aoyama]] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 15 | |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 16 | |- |align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicky Hayden]] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 17 | | |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Usum balap keur lumangsung. ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist}} ==Tumbu kaluar== * http://world.honda.com/MotoGP Official Honda website for motorcycle grand prix téams * http://world.honda.com/HRC/repsolhondateam/index.html {{MotoGP teams}} {{Repsol Honda}} [[Kategori:Tim MotoGP]] pvkdk143z4r2jj44nz9bi39xbostmml 0 54757 731834 689829 2026-11-08T11:20:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info sakola | nama = SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari | nama_asli = | nama_latin = | gambar = | didirikan = [[1 Juli]] [[1986]]<ref>[http://vervalsp.data.kemdikbud.go.id/verval/dokumen/skoperasional/204739-503955-456061-44431143-1972658877.pdf 204739-503955-456061-44431143-1972658877.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429010635/https://vervalsp.data.kemdikbud.go.id/verval/dokumen/skoperasional/204739-503955-456061-44431143-1972658877.pdf |date=2023-04-29 }}</ref> {{small|([[Sakola negeri (pemerintah)|penegerian]])}} | tipe = Negeri | akreditasi = | NSS = | NPSN = 20211563 | slogan = | motto = SMANSABANRI SINERGIS<ref>{{Cite web|title=SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari|url=https://sman1bjrs.sch.id/|website=SMAN 1 Banjarsari|accessdate=2023-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260831093929/https://sman1bjrs.sch.id/|archivedate=2026-08-31}}</ref> | maskot = | rektor = | kepsek = Drs. H. Mochamad Solehudin, M.Pd. | ketua komite = | moderator = | kelas = 12 kelas unggal tingkat: * 6-7 kelas MIPA unggal tingkat * 5-6 kelas IPS unggal tingkat | jurusan = [[Matematika jeung Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam|MIPA]] dan [[Élmu Sosial|IPS]] | rentang kelas = X, XI, XII | kurikulum = [[Kurikulum 2013 Revisi]]{{Sfnp|Fadjarajani|Rosali|Noerdianasari|pp=20|2020}} | murid = 1.243 siswa<ref>{{Cite web|title=(20211563) SMAN 1 BANJARSARI|url=https://sekolah.data.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/chome/profil/0a603005-91e7-4637-b056-885d6107a055|website=Sekolah Kita}}</ref> (32-36 siswa per kelas régulér){{Sfnp|Fadjarajani|Rosali|Noerdianasari|pp=22|2020}} | status = | lonem = | hinem = | avgnem = | alamat = Jl. Raya Banjarsari Km 03, [[Banjarsari, Ciamis|Kacamatan Banjarsari]] | kota = [[Kabupatén Ciamis]] | provinsi = [[Jawa Kulon]] | negara = {{nagara|Indonesia}} [[Indonésia]] | telp = (0265) 650015 | situs web = {{URL|https://sman1banjarsari.sch.id}} | email = {{Email|smansabanri603|gmail.com}}<br>{{Email|info|sman1bjrs.sch.id}}<br>{{Email|smansabanjarsari|yahoo.co.id}} | koordinat = {{Coord|-7.5023316|108.6315627|format=dms|display=title,inline}} | kampus = | alumni = | institusi = | afiliasi = [[Kamentrian Pangatikan jeung Kabudayaan Indonésia]] | catatan = }}'''SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari''' atawa disingget jadi '''SMAN 1 Banjarsari''' atawa diakronimkeun jadi '''SMANSABANRI''' nyaéta [[Sakola Menengah Atas]] Negeri anu aya di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]] anu diadegkeun taun 1986. Alamat lengkepna di Jl. Raya Banjarsari Km 3, [[Ratawangi, Banjarsari, Ciamis|Désa Ratawangi]], [[Banjarsari, Ciamis|Kacamatan Banjarsari]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Kulon]] kalawan nomor [[NPSN]] 20211563. == Akreditasi == * Nilai Akréditasi: 97<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=4 Desember 2018|title=0A603005-91E7-4637-B056-885D6107A055|url=https://bansm.kemdikbud.go.id/home/detailsekolah/0A603005-91E7-4637-B056-885D6107A055|website=kemdikbud.go.id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425095510/https://bansm.kemdikbud.go.id/home/detailsekolah/0A603005-91E7-4637-B056-885D6107A055 |date=2023-04-25 }}</ref> *[[Akréditasi]]: A<ref name=":1" /> * Tanggal Penetapan: [[4 Desember]] [[2018]]<ref name=":1" /><ref>Nomor Surat Keputusan Akreditasi: 02.00/203/SK/BAN-SM/XII/2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Referensi Pendidikan|url=https://referensi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/tabs.php?npsn=20211563|website=kemdikbud.go.id}}</ref> == Insidén == [[Gambar:Kebakaran-Kantin-SMA-Negeri-1-Banjarsari-2018.png|jmpl|194x194px|Potrét tina vidéo kajadian kahuruan|kiri]] Dina [[Saptu]] tanggal [[13 Nopémber]] [[2018]], hiji [[Seuneu|kahuruan]] ngaduruk wangunan [[kantin]] semi-permanén ukuran 12×8 [[meter]] anu aya dina kompléks gedong SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari, [[kronologi]] kebakaran teu dipikanyaho nepi ka ayeuna, tapi perkiraan samentara nyebutkeun [[seuneu]] asalna tina [[durukan]] [[sampah]] tukangeun sakola. Dina waktu 2 jam, 7 kios seueurna rata jeung taneuh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Latief|first=K.P.|date=13 Oktober 2018|title=Kebakaran SMA 1 Banjarsari, Api Musnahkan Kantin dan 2 Ruang Kelas Rusak Ringan|url=https://galuh.id/kebakaran-sma-1-banjarsari-api-musnahkan-kantin-dan-2-ruang-kelas/|website=Galuh.id}}</ref> Kebakaran sempat merambat ke [[atap]] [[Bangunan|gedung]] kelas yang berada di dekat lokasi kantin tersebut, sehingga 2 ruang kelas mengalami rusak ringan,<ref name=":3" /> untungnya insiden tersebut segera disadari oleh beberapa guru dan siswa yang sedang mengikuti ekstrakurikuler, meskipun pada akhirnya api dapat dipadamkan, kejadian ini mengakibatkan [[pedagang]] yang memiliki [[kios]] di kantin tersebut mengalami kerugian hingga belasan [[juta]] [[rupiah]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Suherman|date=13 Oktober 2018|title=(Video) Bangunan Kantin SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari Ciamis Ludes Terbakar|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2018/10/video-bangunan-kantin-sma-negeri-1-banjarsari-ciamis-ludes-terbakar/|website=harapanrakyat.com}}</ref> Teu aya korban jiwa dina Insidén ieu kusabab kahuruan lumangsung dina [[dinten libur|dinten libur sakola]] jeung kantin ditutup dina waktos éta. Salian ti éta, sababaraha jalma anu ngiring mareuman seuneu ngadangu sababaraha [[sora]] [[ngabeledug]] ti jero kios, ngabeledugna disangka asalna ti [[Gas minyak cair|tabung gas]] di jero kios.<ref name=":2" /> Ayeuna, kantin nu aya dina kompléks SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari parantos diwangun deui jeung kantin énggalna di namian "Kantin Sehat". == Galéri == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" |- |state = {{{1<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Potret beberapa tempat di SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari''' |- |align=center colspan=2| <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> Gambar:SMANSA_GerbangDepan.png|Gapura atau Gerbang depan SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari Gambar:SMANSA PlangGerbang.png|Papan nama petunjuk SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari Gambar:SMANSA LapangBasket.png|Lapangan basket yang terletak di sebelah selatan di dalam SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari Gambar:SMANSA_DepanLobiSisiLain.png|Depan lobi SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari yang dipoteret dari sisi timur laut Gambar:SMANSA ParkirMotor.png|Tempat parkir yang diperuntukkan bagi kendaraan roda dua Gambar:SMANSA_GerbangDalamDariDalam.png|Gerbang dalam SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari yang dipotret dari dalam sekolah Gambar:SMANSA_LapanganUpacaraSisiLain.png|Lapangan tempat berlangsungnya upacara hari Senin dan hari-hari penting lainnya Gambar:SMANSA_KantinSehat.png|"Kantin Sehat" SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari Gambar:SMANSA_LukisanDinding.png|Salah satu lukisan dinding yang ada di dalam bangunan sekolah Gambar:SMANSA_RuangKelas.png|Salah satu ruangan kelas 12 Gambar:SMANSA_RuangPiala.png|Ruangan tempat menyimpan bukti prestasi para siswa-siswi Gambar:SMANSA_PintuPerpustakaan.png|Pintu Ruang Perpustakaan SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari </gallery> |} == Référénsi == === Catetan suku === {{reflist}} === Daptar pustaka === * {{Cite thesis|last=Azis|first=M.D.|title=Pengaruh Interval Training Terhadap Daya Tahan Kardiorespiratori Ekstrakurikuler Sepak bola SMAN 1 Banjarsari (Studi Eksperimen pada Siswa Anggota Ekstrakurikuler Sepak Bola SMAN 1 Banjarsari)|date=2020|degree=S1|publisher=Universitas Siliwangi|url=http://repositori.unsil.ac.id/2967/|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425095510/http://repositori.unsil.ac.id/2967/ |date=2023-04-25 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Ceha|first=R.|last2=Prasetyaningsih|first2=E.|last3=Bachtiar|first3=I.|last4=Nana S.|first4=A.|year=2016|title=Peningkatan Kemampuan Guru Dalam Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi Pada Kegiatan Pembelajaran|url=https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/ethos/article/view/1693|journal=Ethos - Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat|volume=4|issue=1|pages=131-138|doi=10.29313/ethos.v0i0.1693|issn=1693-699X|ref=harv|url-status=live|doi-access=free}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606090454/https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/ethos/article/view/1693 |date=2023-06-06 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Fadjarajani|first=S.|last2=Rosali|first2=E.S.|last3=Noerdianasari|first3=W.|year=2020|title=Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Picture and Picture Terhadap Hasil Belajar Geografi|url=http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/pip/article/view/14864|journal=Perspektif Ilmu Pendidikan|publisher=Program Studi Pendidikan Geografi Universitas Siliwangi|volume=34|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.21009/PIP.341.3|issn=1411-5255|oclc=8583567564|ref=harv|url-status=live|doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kurnianingsih|first=E.|year=2017|title=Peran Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Kompetensi Guru|url=https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id/index.php/ijemar/article/view/932|journal=IJEMAR - Indonesian Journal of Education Management & Administration Review|volume=1|issue=1|pages=11-18|doi=10.4321/ijemar.v1i1.932|issn=2620-9616|ref=harv|url-status=live|doi-access=free}} * {{Cite book|last=Tim Penyusun|year=2012|url=https://archive.org/details/buku-kenangan-2012-2013-sma-negeri-1-banjarsari|title=Buku Kenangan Tahun 2012/2013|location=Banjarsari|publisher=Advertising Smansa Banjarsari|ref={{harvid|Buku Kenangan|2012}}|url-status=live}} == Pranala luar == {{Sister project links}} {{commonscat}} === Situs sekolah === * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC61bGnSqdDLLlR_BR9EYRSw Kanal YouTube resmi SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari] * [https://www.instagram.com/smansabanri.id/ Akun Instagram resmi SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari] * [https://sekolah.data.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/chome/profil/0a603005-91e7-4637-b056-885d6107a055 (20211563) SMAN 1 BANJARSARI] * [https://data.dikdasmen.kemdikbud.go.id/sekolah/0C7BDD8289C30EEC535F# Data Pokok SMAN 1 BANJARSARI - Pauddikdasmen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121054311/https://data.dikdasmen.kemdikbud.go.id/sekolah/0C7BDD8289C30EEC535F |date=2021-11-21 }} === Situs organisasi siswa === * [https://www.instagram.com/osis.smansabanri/ osis.smansabanri - Akun Instagram resmi OSIS SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari] * [https://www.instagram.com/mpk.smansabanri/ mpk.smansabanri - Akun Instagram resmi MPK SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari] * [https://www.instagram.com/smansafes/ smansafes - Akun Instagram resmi ''menfess'' SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari] === Situs ekstrakurikulér === * [https://www.instagram.com/dagatanom_/ dagatanom_, Pramuka Dagatanom] Akun Instagram resmi ekstrakurikuler Kepramukaan * [https://www.instagram.com/paskibsmansabanri_/ paskibsmansabanri_, KBS Paskibra SMAN 1 Banjarsari] Akun Instagram resmi ekstrakurikuler Paskibra * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmX44BNM2Toz7ipKsfhZobw PASKIBRA SMANSABANRI] Kanal YouTube resmi ekstrakurikuler Paskibra * [https://www.instagram.com/pikrtunasbangsa_1/ pikrtunasbangsa_1, PIKR TUNAS BANGSA] Akun Instagram resmi ekstrakurikuler PIK-R Tunas Bangsa * [https://www.instagram.com/paguyubansenismansabanri/ paguyubansenismansabanri, Paguyuban Obor Pasundaan] Akun Instagram resmi ekstrakurikuler POP * [https://www.instagram.com/posterone_newborn/ posterone_newborn, POSTER ONE SMANSABANRI] Akun Instagram resmi ekstrakurikuler Poster One * [https://www.instagram.com/jurnalis.smansabanri/ jurnalis.smansabanri, Teen Journalista] Akun Instagram resmi ekstrakurikuler Jurnalistik * [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2-N_i6zhg615hGQWGWiqaA Teen Journalista] Kanal YouTube resmi ekstrakurikuler Jurnalistik * [https://www.instagram.com/pmr.smansabanri1/ pmr.smansabanri1, PMR WIRA SMANSABANRI] Akun Instagram resmi ekstrakurikuler PMR * [https://www.instagram.com/smansabanri.volleyball/ smansabanri.volleyball, VOLLEYBALL SMANSABANRI] Akun Instagram resmi ekstrakurikuler Bola voli * [https://www.instagram.com/smansabanri_sportsoccer/ smansabanri_sportsoccer, Futsal & Football] Akun Instagram resmi ekstrakurikuler Futsal & Sepak bola * [https://www.instagram.com/smansabanri_badminton/ smansabanri_badminton, Badminton SMAN 1 BANJARSARI] Akun Instagram resmi ekstrakurikuler Badminton === Asét digital === * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onjJHPImqyU Mars SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari] di [[YouTube]] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lQx5njMdmE Hymne SMA Negeri 1 Banjarsari] di [[YouTube]] {{sakola-pondok}} {{SMA Negeri di Kabupatén Ciamis}} [[Kategori:SMA di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Sakola Negeri di Kabupatén Ciamis]] iiukw36bkz5xpc3l1qqs1uwqcqdjnvb 0 62453 731614 712515 2026-11-07T20:42:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Bangkok |official_name = Krung Thep Maha Nakhon |native_name = กรุงเทพมหานคร |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Bangkok montage 2.jpg |image_size = 400px |image_caption = Dina arah jarum jam: Wewengkon bisnis [[Si Lom]] – [[Sathon]], [[Wat Arun]], [[Giant Swing]], [[Victory Monument (Bangkok)|Victory Monument]], jeung [[Wat Phra Kaew]] |image_flag =Flag of Bangkok.svg |flag_size = |image_seal = Seal_Bangkok.png |seal_size = |image_map = |mapsize = 450px |map_caption = Lokasi Bangkok di Thailand |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map =Thailand <!-- Location ------------------> |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_region = TH |subdivision_type = [[Daftar negara di dunia|Negara]] |subdivision_name = [[Thailand]] <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = [[Pembagian administratif Thailand|Daerah administratif khusus]] |leader_title = [[Bangkok Metropolitan Administration|Governor]] |leader_name = M.R. [[Sukhumbhand Paribatra]] |established_title = Dibentuk |established_date = [[Kerajaan Ayutthaya|Periode Ayutthaya]] |established_title2 = Dibentuk sebagai ibu kota |established_date2 = 21 April 1782 |established_title3 = |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 1568.737 |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = 7761.50 |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = Januari 2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 9,100,000 |population_density_km2 = 5801 |population_metro = 11,971,000 |population_density_metro_km2 = 1542.36 |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_blank2_title=[[Demonym]] |population_blank2=Bangkokian <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = Thailand |utc_offset = +7 |latd=13|latm=45|lats=8|latNS=N |longd=100|longm=29|longs=38|longEW=E |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags--> |elevation_m = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = +66-2 |blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:TH|ISO 3166-2]] |blank_info = TH-10 |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = http://city.bangkok.go.th |footnotes =}} '''Bangkok''' (Thailand: '''กรุงเทพฯ''', '''กรุงเทพมหานคร '''atawa '''Krung Thep''', '''Krung Thep Maha Nakhon''')({{Audio|Th-Krung Thep Maha Nakhon.ogg|กรุงเทพมหานคร}}) nyaéta [[Puseur dayeuh|ibu kota]] jeung kota panggedéna di [[Thailand]]. Kota ieu ayana di sisi kulon tina Walungan Chao Phraya, deukeut Teluk Thailand. Bangkok nyaéta hiji kota anu tumuwuh panggancangna, sarta dinamis ékonomi jeung masarakat anu maju di [[Asia Tenggara]]. Kota ieu terus ngembang jadi puseur regional nu nandingan [[Singapura]] jeung [[Hong Kong]], tapi masih mibanda masalah dina séktor infrastruktur jeung sosial salaku hasil tina tumuwuhna nu gancang. Bangkok geus lila jadi jalan asup pikeun investor asing anu hayang manggihan pasar anyar di Asia. Kota ieu ogé dicatet minangka salah sahiji kota di dunya nu laju pangwangunan gedong jangkungna panggancangna. Beunghar dina situs budaya, nyieun Bangkok minangka salah sahiji nu pang populerna jadi tujuan wisata di dunya. Propinsi Bangkok mibada wates jeung genep propinsi séjénna: Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon jeung Nakhon Pathom. == Tempo ogé == * [[Palabuan Udara Internasional Bangkok]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.bma.go.th/ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200720/http://www.bma.go.th/ |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www.bangkoktourist.com Bangkok Pariwisata Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512184003/http://www.bangkoktourist.com/ |date=2017-05-12 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903013942/http://www.ebangkok.org/busmapsearch.htm Bangkok Interaktif Bus Map] * [http://traffic.longdo.com/ Bangkok Live Traffic Map (Longdo Lalu Lintas)] * (Basa Inggris) [https://web.archive.org/web/20051210173510/http://www.tourismthailand.org/destinationguide/list.aspx?provinceid=1 Loka resmi pariwisata] [[Kategori:Thailand]] [[Kategori:Ibu kota nagara di Asia]] gtrb7spdcdmdbtns8iptm60535m5f78 0 71776 731679 728749 2026-11-08T00:04:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gamelan Sari Onéng Parakan Salak''' atawa '''Gamelan Sari Onéng''' nyaéta ngaran gamelan koléksi [[Musieum Prabu Geusan Ulun]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/ensiklo-det.php?id=34&lang=id|title=Sari Oneng – Gamelan -Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2017-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819141521/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/ensiklo-det.php?id=34&lang=id|archivedate=2019-08-19}}</ref> Ieu gamelan kungsi ngalanglang buana dina sawatara kagiatan paméran dunia abad ka-19, salah sahijina dina acara [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|Exposition Universelle taun 1889]] di [[Paris]], [[Perancis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ayorek.org/files/SAS/PakSAS/Game-Land5_SlametSjukur_2012.pdf|title=Game Land|last=Sjukur|first=Slamet|website=|publisher=AyoRek.org|accessdate=2017-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430145904/https://ayorek.org/files/SAS/PakSAS/Game-Land5_SlametSjukur_2012.pdf|archivedate=2023-04-30}}</ref> == Sajarah == Aya dua Gamelan Sari Onéng téh, nu kahiji Gamelan Sari Onéng nu dijieun di [[Mataram]] sarta mangrupa hadiah waktu Sénopati [[Karajaan Sumedang Larang|Sumedang]] jeung Sénopati [[Mataram]] ngadu [[muncang]] dina mangsa pamaréntahan Pangéran Panembahan atawa Pangéran Rangga Gempol III ([[1656]]-[[1706]]).<ref name=":0" /> Sedengkeun nu hiji deui mah nyaéta Gamelan Sari Onéng Parakan Salak téa, dijieunna di [[Sumedang]] taun [[1825]], ari rancakna dijieun di [[Thailand]] tina kayu beusi.<ref name=":0" /> Gamelan Sari Onéng baheulana mah dipesen ku Adriaan Walrafen Holle ka [[Sumedang]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/446294/gamelan-bersejarah-sari-oneng-akan-dipamerkan#iUJU4XojWurq5vVv.99|title=Gamelan Bersejarah Sari Oneng Akan Dipamerkan|newspaper=Tempo|language=id-ID|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> Saenyana ieu gamelan Sari Onéng Parakan Salak téh geus dijieun taun [[1825]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2012/01/08/02495283/dari.sukabumi.harumkan.hindia.belanda|title=Dari Sukabumi, Harumkan Hindia Belanda - Kompas.com|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> Bérés dipesen, gamelan dibawa ka [[Parakansalak, Sukabumi|Parakan Salak]].<ref name=":0" /> Di Parakan Salak, patingpucunghul para nayaga nu parigel maénkeunana, ari ieu nayaga lain nayaga nu saéstuna tapi para buruh entéh di pausahaan entéh milik [[Adriaan Walraven Holle|A.W. Holle]] téa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/314901-kisah-gamelan-jawa-di-kaki-menara-eiffel-1889|title=Kisah Gamelan Jawa di Kaki Menara Eiffel 1889 - VIVA.co.id|last=VIVA.co.id|first=PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU -|date=2012-05-19|language=id|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Saréngséna [[Adriaan Walraven Holle|A.W. Holle]], diangkat [[Gustav Mundt]] jadi administraturna, kakara ieu gamelan Sari Onéng téh dibawa ngalanglang ka [[Éropa]] jeung [[Amérika Sarikat]] dina raraga mromosikeun entéh jeung hasil pakebonan lianna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/446294/gamelan-bersejarah-sari-oneng-akan-dipamerkan|title=Gamelan Bersejarah Sari Oneng Akan Dipamerkan|newspaper=Tempo|language=id-ID|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref> Ku [[Gustav Mundt]] Gamelan Sari Onéng Parakan Salak sacara maneuh dipagelarkeun di World Exhibition Amsterdam Walanda ti taun [[1880]] nepi ka taun [[1931]] diangkut jeung para nayagana nu ti [[Parakansalak, Sukabumi|Parakan Salak]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.wewengkonsumedang.com/2014/06/gamelan-sari-oneng-parakan-salak.html|title=My Sumedang: Gamelan Sari Oneng Parakan Salak|last=Yanuarlan|first=Jery|newspaper=My Sumedang|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009203104/http://www.wewengkonsumedang.com/2014/06/gamelan-sari-oneng-parakan-salak.html|archive-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> Dipamérkeun ogé di [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|Expositon Universelle Paris, Perancis (1889)]] dina miéling 100 taun révolusi Perancis sarta paresmian [[munara Eiffel]].<ref name=":2" /> Salian ti éta dipagelarkeun ogé dina acara [[World's Columbian Exposition|World Columbian Exposition Chicago]] taun [[1893]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Balik deui ka Parakan Salak dina awal ka-20, Gamelan Sari Onéng tetep dipaké dina acara-acara ménak jeung gegedén Walanda.<ref name=":1" /> Kakara waktu Jepang datang ka Hindia Walanda taun [[1942]], kaayaan Sari Onéng jadi kaancam.<ref name=":1" /> Ku alesan kawatesna bahan pikeun nyieun pakarang perang, [[Jepang]] nginstruksikeun pikeun ngalebur sakumna bahan [[logam]] kaasup gamelan.<ref name=":1" /> Bupati Sukabumi harita, [[Radén Aria Adipati Soeridanoeningrat]], boga inisiatif pikeun nyamunikeun Sari Onéng.<ref name=":1" /> Ku yasana éta, Administratur Parakan Salak harita MOA Huguenin ngahibahkeun gamelan ka [[Radén Aria Adipati Soeridanoeningrat|Soeriadanoeningrat]] taun [[1957]].<ref name=":1" /> Ku ahli waris [[Radén Aria Adipati Soeridanoeningrat|Soeriadanoeningrat]], Sari Oneng dititipkeun ka [[Musieum Prabu Geusan Ulun|Musieum Geusan Ulun]] ti taun [[1975]].<ref name=":1" /> Ieu gamelan dina taun 70-an kungsi direkam kana bentuk ''reel to reel'' sarta direkam deui ku Yayasan Tikar Media Budaya Nusantara taun [[2012]].<ref name=":0" /> Kakawihan nu direkam ngawengku Soropongan, Surasari,  Barong,  Sonteng, Paksi Nguwung, Gordah,Wani-wani, jeung Amengan.<ref name=":0" /> == Kawih == Kawih anu maneuh dipagelarkeun ku gamelan Sari Onéng, di antarana:<ref name=":0" /> # Soropongan – Dalem Béntang Aria Koesoemahdilaga (1919-1937) # Surasari – Pangeran Koesoema Dinata (Pangéran Sugih) 1834-1882 # Barong – Adipati Aria Koesoemahdilaga (1919-1937) # Sonténg – Pangeran Aria Soeria Atmadja (Pangéran Mekah) 1882-1919 # Paksi Nguwung – Adipati Aria Soerya Natadibrata # Candirangrang - Adipati Aria Soerya Natadibrata # Gordah – Adipati Soerialaga 1765-1773 # Wani-wani – Pangeran Koesoema Dinata (Pangéran Sugih) 1834-1882  # Amengan – Pangeran Koesoema Dinata (Pangéran Sugih) 1834-1882 Éta kakawihan biasana dipidangkeun dina acara-acara husus kayaning ritual, hajatan para dalem, mihormat tamu jeung kalangenan para dalem.<ref name=":0" /> Kiwari, éta gamelan gé ditabeuh sacara rutin unggal poé tiap [[ahad]] sakaligus pikeun mirig [[Tayuban]] jeung tatarian di lingkungan [[Musieum Prabu Geusan Ulun]].<ref name=":0" /><!-- == Waditra == Waditranya terdiri atas: saron pangbarep, saron panempas, demung, peking, gambang, ketuk, jenglong, bonang, rincik, rebab, kendang, goong, dan kecrek. Di belakang bilahan-bilahan dan penclon waditra gamelan tersebut terdapat tulisan Sari Weneng yang berbeda dengan nama gamelan yang sekarang dikenal. <ref name=":0" />--> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} lgxent0rjrij3vflr4lrfb2cz3cfekt 0 71798 731811 678082 2026-11-08T10:05:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Yes_no_en.jpg|ka|jmpl|Komunikasi nonvérbal]] '''Pireu '''atawa '''wisu''' nyaéta teu bisana hiji jalma pikeun ngomong. Pireu téh alatan ku gangguan dina organ-organ kayaning [[tikoro]], pita sora, [[bayah]], [[baham]], [[létah]], jeung sajabana. Pireu umumna dikaitkeun jeung [[torék]]. Orok nu lahirna torék jeung pireu bisa disababkeun ku babraha faktor. Bisa kajadian alatan faktor [[génétika]] (katurunan, pakawinan antar baraya nu deukeut teuing, kawas antara misan kandung, sangkan kajadian [[mutasi]] [[gén]] nu teu wajar).<ref name="artikel">{{Cite book|title=Penanganan Anak Tuna Rungu dan Tuna Wicara|last=MomDad&I|publisher=http://www.momdadi.com/berita-170-penanganan-anak-tuna-rungu-dan-tuna-wicara}}</ref> Liana ti kitu, kurang atawa teu fungsina organ dangu, telat kumembangna basa, karuksakan dina [[sistim sarap]] jeung struktur [[otot]], sarta teu mampu dina kontrol obah ogé bisa ngabalukarkeun kawatesna dina ngomong.<ref name="Artikel">{{Cite book|title=Kenali Tunawicara Lebih Jauh|last=Rafik Akbar|publisher=http://www.kartunet.or.id/kenali-tunawicara-lebih-jauh-1075/}}</ref> Nu ngalantarankeun lianna nyaéta cacat inteléktual jeung <span>[[autisme]]</span>. Hiji jalma bisa lahir pireu, atawa jadi pireu di hiji mangsa lantaran cidera atawa panyakit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Aphonia|title="Aphonia" on Revolvy.com|last=LLC|first=Revolvy,|website=www.revolvy.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-11}}</ref> Data ti Badan Kaséhatan Dunia ([[Organisasi Kaséhatan Dunya|WHO]]) nyebutkeun yén hiji ti sarébu orok nu lahir ngalaman torék (tunarungu) jeung pireu (tunawicara) jeung ampir 50 persén éta kondisi torék jeung pireu téh dialaman ku barudak lantaran faktor katurunan. Ngan nu jadi lantaran lianna mah nyaéta trauma jeung cidera dina daérah broca di bagéan [[Uteuk|otak]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Aphasia|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Aphasia}}</ref> Anapon cicirén pireu téh di antarana: * Ngomong tarik tapi teu jelas * Sok nempo obahan biwir atawa obahan awak batur ngobrolna * Ceuli ngaluarkeun cairan * Ngagunakeun alat bantu déngé * Biwir suing * Sok ngobahkeun awak * Cicingeun * Sora ngirung * Cadél Teu sakumna budak nu ngarandapan pireu ngébréhkeun gejala nu sarupa. Sawatara mah bisa jadi ku cimekblek jeung tanpa kawul dina wangun sosial tinangtu sarta teu mibanda komunikasi nanaon. Ringrang bisa disababkeun ku budak nu diasupkeun kana kayaan di mana hiji hal nu diharapkeun ti maranéhna atawa mangsa sawatara jalma aya di daérah nu disanghareupkeun kana loba patanyaan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://selectivemutismcenter.org/whatisselectivemutism/|title=What Is Selective Mutism|newspaper=Selective Mutism Anxiety Research & Treatment Center {{!}} SMart Cente|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref> Éta hal biasa disebut pireu seléktif nyaéta kaayaan di mana hiji budak nu biasana mah faséh ngomong jadi teu daékeun ngomong dina kaayaan tinangtu. Diduga yén budak nu ngalaman nu kos kitu téh ngarandapan sajinis karingrangan parna nu situasional.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://health.detik.com/read/2009/12/11/170229/1258693/770/bisu-selektif|title=Bisu Selektif|last=Santoso|first=Teguh Budi|newspaper=detikHealth|access-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215045339/http://health.detik.com/read/2009/12/11/170229/1258693/770/bisu-selektif|archive-date=2009-12-15}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}}{{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Kacacatan]] [[Kategori:Komunikasi lisan]] 88tu12jhlb0zyhtfycauurninhvaj4c 0 71903 731774 674113 2026-11-08T08:39:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731774 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kue pisang nagasari dibuka.JPG|thumb|Nagasari]] '''Nagasari''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[katuangan]] nu dijieun tina [[tipung]] [[béas]], tipung [[tarigu]], [[santen]], [[gula]], jeung [[cau]] keur eusina. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.jeryanuar.web.id/2014/12/papais-nagasari-serupa-tapi-tak-sama.html|title=Insomnia Notes: Papais & Nagasari, Serupa Tapi Tak Sama|last=Yanuarlan|first=Jery|newspaper=My Sumedang|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719105756/https://www.jeryanuar.web.id/2014/12/papais-nagasari-serupa-tapi-tak-sama.html|archive-date=2019-07-19}}</ref> Cau anu dipaké téh biasana [[cau raja]]. <ref name=":0" /> Ieu kadaharan dibungkus ku [[daun]] cau tuluy diseupan. Lian ti éta, nagasari ogé mindeng dibungkus ku [[daun]] [[pandan]] sangkan meleberna has jeung ngahudang rasa nu ngadaharna. Nagasari pituin ti [[Kota Jepara]]. Lamun di [[Makassar]] ieu kadaharan disebutna roko unti.  == Wanda == * Nagasari [[bodas]], teu maké warna kalawan ukur ngandelkeun bodas tina santen * Nagasari [[beureum]], dijieun kalawan campuran gula beureum keur nambahan [[warna]]. * Nagasari [[biru]], dijieun maké campuran [[kembang]] [[telang]] (''Clitoria ternatea'') keur nambahan warna. * Nagasari [[héjo]], dijieun tina campuran [[daun]] [[suji]] (''Pleomele angustifolia'' syn. ''Dracaena angustifolia'') keur nambahan warna. == Waktu == Nagasari bakal leuwih nikmat lamun didaharna keur [[haneut]] kénéh kalayan bari nyuruput [[cikopi]]. <ref name=":0" /> Ieu kadaharan bakal [[haseum]]dina waktu sapoé nepi ka dua poé. <ref name=":0" /> Ciri-ciri nagasari geus teu bisa didahar téh biasana gaaleun (teuas) jeung lamun dicabak bakal karasa leueur jeung moal énak rasana ogé. <ref name=":0" /> == Pranalar Luar == * [http://id.resepmasaktradisional.com/2012/11/Cara-Membuat-Kue-Nagasari.html Resep Nagasari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423142011/http://id.resepmasaktradisional.com/2012/11/Cara-Membuat-Kue-Nagasari.html |date=2017-04-23 }} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Sunda]] mbbwj87cx49hn2swpngeoodez4zd4kz 0 72074 731835 679101 2026-11-08T11:22:27Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua difoto ti tonggoh..jpg|al=SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua|jmpl|304x304px|SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua.]] {{Kotak info sakola|nama=SMAN 1 Cisarua|nama_asli=|nama_latin=|gambar=|didirikan=|tipe=Negeri|akreditasi=|NSS=|NPSN=20206227|slogan=|maskot=|rektor=|kepsek=|ketua komite=|moderator=|kelas=|jurusan=|rentang kelas=|kurikulum=[[Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan]]|murid=|status=|lonem=|hinem=|avgnem=|alamat=Jl Kolonel Masturi No. 64|kota=Kabupatén Bandung Barat|provinsi=[[Jawa Kulon]]|negara={{nagara|Indonesia}} [[Indonésia]]|telp=|situs web=www.sman1cisarua.sch.id|koordinat=|kampus=|alumni=|institusi=|afiliasi=[[Kamentrian Pangatikan jeung Kabudayaan Indonésia]]|catatan=}} '''SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua''' nyaéta [[Sakola Menengah Atas]] Negeri anu aya di Kecamatan [[Cisarua, Bandung Kulon|Cisarua]] Kabupatén [[Bandung Barat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://sman1cisarua.sch.id/drupal/profil|title=Profil|website=SMAN 1 Cisarua|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009214206/http://sman1cisarua.sch.id/drupal/profil|archivedate=2017-10-09}}</ref> Alamat lengkepna di [[Jl Kolonel Masturi]] No. 64, Kecamatan Cisarua, Kabupatén Bandung Barat, [[Jawa Kulon]] kalawan no NPSN 20206227 jeung miboga 66 uranng guru.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sekolah.data.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/chome/profil/F1DCF867-B259-4B61-BD5D-D46F24CC05B9|title=Sekolah Kita|website=sekolah.data.kemdikbud.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-26}}</ref> Dina taun 2016 SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua jadi hiji-hijina sakola nu UN ''online.''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/pendidikan/2015/04/13/323401/un-daring-di-kbb-hanya-di-sman-1-cisarua|title=UN Daring di KBB Hanya di SMAN 1 Cisarua|date=2015-04-13|newspaper=Pikiran Rakyat|language=id|access-date=2017-10-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510043603/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/pendidikan/2015/04/13/323401/un-daring-di-kbb-hanya-di-sman-1-cisarua |date=2015-05-10 }}</ref> SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua téh jadi salah sahiji sakola nu kasohor jeung dipikaresep di Bandung Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inankito.org/2017/04/5-sekolah-menengah-atas-negeri-sman.html|title=5 Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri (SMAN) terfavorit di Kabupaten Bandung Barat - Inan Kito|website=www.inankito.org|accessdate=2017-10-26}}</ref> Di SMAN 1 Cisarua ogé aya Asrama Bina Siswa Plus Yayasan Bina Siswa Madani (panerus SMA Plus Bina Siswa Yayasan Darmaloka) anu géografis ayana gigireun SMAN 1 Cisarua. == Sajarah == SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua mangrupa salah sahiji sakola nu munggaran narima murid anyar ditaun [[1987]] nu jumlahna 220 urang, nu jadi 6 kelas.<ref name=":0" /> Kasempetan narima siswa anyar disatujuan ku Kapala Kandep Dikbud Kabupatén [[Bandung]] dina pangawasan [[SMAN 1 Lembang]] jeung tempat diajarna dialokasikeun di wewengkon Kamantren [[Parongpong, Bandung Kulon|Parongpong]] ku cara nempatan wangunan [[SDN 1 Karyawangi|SDN 1 Karyawangi.]]<ref name=":0" /> Dina taun [[1987]], Surat Kaputusan Menteri Pendidikan jeung Kabudayaan nomor 0260/O/1994 tanggal 5 Oktober [[1994]] sacara resmi disyahkeun jadi SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua, nu lokasina dipindahkeun ka wewengkon Kecamatan Cisarua nu kiwari ditempatan. <ref name=":0" /> Dina taun 2007. SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua ditunjuk salaku sakola ''Rintisan SMA Bertaraf Internasional''.<ref name=":0" /> Pikeun nyukséskeun program éta téh, SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua nyieun program-program nu ngarojong kana jaminan mutu salaku sakola ''Rintisan SMA Bertaraf Internasional''. <ref name=":0" /> == Prestasi == Sakola SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua miboga sababaraha prestasi nasional nepi ka internasional. Diantarana nyaéta:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sman1cisarua.sch.id/drupal/content/daftar-prestasi|title=Daftar Prestasi|website=SMAN 1 Cisarua|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016061714/http://sman1cisarua.sch.id/drupal/content/daftar-prestasi |date=2017-10-16 }}</ref> === Prestasi akademik === {| class="wikitable" |'''No.''' |'''Kejuaraan''' |'''Tingkat''' |'''Tahun''' |- |1. |Juara III lomba karya tulis ilmiah tk. SMA/MA pekan konfigurasi UIN Sunan Gunung Jati Bandung |Propinsi |2007 |- |2. |Juara I Noryoku shiken bunkasai 7 MGMP Bhs. Jepang |Propinsi |2007 |- |3. |Juara II Lomba Olimpiade Sains Bidang Biologi |Provinsi |2007 |- |4. |Juara II Lomba Olimpiade Sains Bidang Matematika |Provinsi |2007 |- |5. |Juara II Lomba Siswa Teladan Putra se Jabar Komponen SMA |Provinsi |2007 |- |6. |Juara II English Speech Contest Dekan FPBS Dikmaris |Provinsi |2007 |- |7. |Juara I Lomba Penulisan  Karya Tulis Ilmiah LAPAN Peringatan Hari Bumi |Provinsi |2007 |- |8. |Honorable Trophy From President of ESA Senior High School DEBATE COMPETITION AECS ESA UPI Bandung |Propinsi |2008 |- |9. |I st Winner of DEBATE COMPETITION AECS UPI Bandung |Propinsi |2008 |- |10. |III Winner Drama Competition AECS |Propinsi |2008 |- |11. |Juara II Lomba Karya Tulis Ilmiah Tk. SMA Sederajat se Jabar tema : Potensi Ekonomi Daerah Jabaar Himpunan Mahasiswa Ilmu Ekonomi Universitas Islam Bandung |Provinsi |2008 |- |12. |Piala Walikota Bandung  Lomba Nalar Matematika dan Statistika se Jabar LOMASTA XI FMIPA UNISBA |Provinsi |2008 |- |13. |Piala Dekan Lomba Nalar Matematika dan Statistika se Jabar LOMASTA XI FMIPA UNISBA |Provinsi |2008 |- |14. |Piala Ketua Yayasan Lomba Nalar Matematika dan Statistika se Jabar LOMASTA XI FMIPA UNISBA |Provinsi |2008 |- |15. |Juara II Lomba Menulis Puisi Pikiran Rakyat Tk. SMA/SMK |Provinsi |2008 |- |16. |Juara I Lomba Menulis Artikel Tk. SMA/SMK |Provinsi |2009 |- |17. |Juara I Lomba Sains Kimia Tk. SMA UNPAD |Provinsi |2009 |- |18. |Juara III Lomba Olimpiade Sains Biologi Tk. SMA UNPAD |Provinsi |2009 |- |19. |Juara II Nouryoku Shike Pekan Bahasa dan Budaya Jepang ke 9 |Provinsi |2009 |- |20. |Juara Har. I Nouryoku Shike Pekan Bahasa dan Budaya Jepang ke 9 |Provinsi |2009 |- |21. |Juara Har. I Lomba Cepat Tepat Kimia Tk. SMA/Sederajat Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UNJANI |Provinsi |2009 |- |22. |Juara Har. III Lomba Cepat Tepat Kimia Tk. SMA/Sederajat Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UNJANI |Provinsi |2009 |- |23. |Juara II Lomba Penyuluhan Tentang HIV dan NARKOBA Tk. SMA Se Jabar Dalam Rangka Open House Fak. Kedokterean UNJANI |Provinsi |2009 |- |24. |Juara Har.III  TH<sup>7</sup> Economic Contest Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Manajemen IPB Bogor |Nasional |2009 |- |25. |Juara I Lomba Story Telling antar SMA/SMK Sederajat se-Jawa Barat SPEC II STKIP PASUNDAN CIMAHI 2009 |Provinsi |2009 |- |26. |Juara I Olimpiade Ekonomi Berbasis IT antar SMA/MA se-Jawa Barat Ekonomy Fair 2009 |Provinsi |2009 |- |27. |Juara II Lomasta XII F MIPA UNISBA Bandung-Oktober 2009 (Piala Tetap Dekan F-MIPA Unisba) |Jabar - Banten |2009 |- |28. |Juara II Lomasta XII F MIPA UNISBA Bandung-Oktober 2009 (Piala Tetap Walikota Bandung) |Jabar - Banten |2009 |- |29. |Juara II Design Character Contest "Nihongo Noryoku Kontesuto" JICEP 2010 HIMABAJA - UPI |Provinsi |2010 |- |30. |Juara UMUM Olimpiade Geografi Tingkat SMA Se-Jabar. DKI Jakarta dan Banten - Fakultas Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial - UPI |Jabar, DKI Jakarta dan Banten |2010 |- |31. |Juara II Sociasl Science Quiz 2010 Fakultas Ekonomi UNJANI |Bandung Raya |2010 |- |32. |Juara III Senior High School Accounting Competition 2010 Fakultas Ekonomi - UNJANI |Jabar |2010 |- |33. |Juara III Kompetisi MAFIKIBHIEK Bidang Matematika Tingkat SMA/SMK/MA - UNJANI |Jawa Barat |2010 |- |34. |Juara III Kompetisi MAFIKIBHIEK Bidang Bahasa Inggris Tingkat SMA/SMK/MA - UNJANI |Jawa Barat |2010 |- |35. |Juara III The 8<sup>th</sup> Economics Contest FEM IPB |Jawa Barat |2010 |- |36. |Juara Olimpiade Kebumian Tingkat Propinsi 2010 "Medali Emas" |Propinsi |2010 |- |37. |Juara Olimpiade Kebumian Tingkat Nasional 2010 "Medali Emas" |Nasional |2010 |- |38. |Juara III Lomba Pidato Pasanggiri dan Apresiasi Bahasa,Sastra dan seni Daerah Tk.SMA Se-Jabar |Propinsi |2011 |- |39. |Juara II Lomba Artkel Se-Jabar Banten dalam Gebyar EUREKA X HIMA FISIKA UIN Bandung |Regional |2011 |- |40. |Peserta Aktif OSN Tk.Nasional di Manado SULUT |Nasional |2011 |- |41. |Juara II lomba Debat Gelar Aksi Karakter Siswa Indonesia (Galaksi)Tk.SMA Se-Jawa Barat |Propinsi |2011 |- |42. |Juara I Gelar Aksi Karakter Siswa Indonesia (Galaksi) Tk. SMA Se-Jawa Barat |Propinsi |2011 |- |43. |Duta Muda dan Duta Persahabatan |Asia Tenggara |2011 |- |44. |Juara III SAINS Terpadu TK SLTA Fak.Kedokteran UNJANI |Propinsi |2012 |- |45. |Juara I (Medali Emas) OSN Bidang Ekonomi |Nasional |2012 |} === Prestasi ''non akademik'' === {| class="wikitable" |'''No.''' |'''Kejuaraan''' |'''Tingkat''' |'''Tahun''' |- |1. |Juara I Lomba Pencasilat POWILDA Kab. Cianjur |Provinsi |2007 |- |2. |Juara III Pencaksilat tunggal putrid kejuaraan POP SMA Disdik Prov. Jabar |Provinsi |2007 |- |3. |Juara III sayembara cerpen remaja tahun 2008 Balai Bahasa Bandung |Provinsi |2008 |- |4. |Pinunjul II Pasanggiri Debat Basa Sunda Tk. SMA/Satata sa Jawa Barat RIKSA BUDAYA SUNDA HIMA PESATRADA FPBS UPI |Provinsi |2009 |- |5. |Lomba Menulis Artikel Tk. SMA/SMK |Provinsi |2009 |- |6. |Harapan I Lomba Karya Tulis ANTARIKSA 2009 PUSFATSAINSA - LAPAN |Nasional |2009 |- |7. |Juara III Jendela Alam Musik Festival 1 "Save The Nature For Future" 20 - 21 Februari 2010 |Provinsi |2010 |- |8. |Juara I Lomba Surat untuk Presiden dan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup STSI Bandung 2010 |Nasional |2010 |- |9. |Juara Umum Olimpiade Tk.Penegak"wide game Pembangunan VII antar Penegak dan Penggalang Se-Jabar, SMKN 1 Cimahi |Propinsi |2010 |- |10. |Juara I Story Telling Tk.Penegak "wide Game Pembangunan VII antar Penegak dan Penggalang Se-Jabar,SMKN 1 Cimahi |Propinsi |2010 |- |11. |Juara Umum Pentas Seni PT.Pertamina Tk.Penegak "wide game Pembangunan VII antar Penegak dan Penggalang Se-Jawa Barat, SMKN 1 Cimahi |Propinsi |2010 |- |12. |Juara I Ayo Siaga Bencana Wira (BARASI) Barudak PMR Purabaya Bereaksi IKA PMR SMPN 2 Padalarang |Propinsi |2010 |- |13. |Juara II Lomba Karaoke Wira (BARASI)Barudak PMR Purabaya Bereaksi IKA PMR SMPN 2 Padalarang. |Program |2010 |- |14. |Juara III Lomba Penulisan Jurnalistik HMJ Fikom UNPAD |Propinsi |2010 |- |15. |Juara II LK5GT Penegak Putra Ambalan Dipatiukur Ningrum Kusuma SMAN 1 Cililin |Propinsi |2011 |- |16. |Juara I Senam Pramuka Penegak LK5GT Ambalan Dipatiukur Ningrum Kusuma SMAN 1 Cililin |Propinsi |2011 |- |17. |Juara I Olympiade Kepramukaan Penegak Ambalan Dipatiukur Ningrum Kusuma SMAN 1 Cililin |Propinsi |2011 |- |18. |Juara II Olympiade Kepramukaan Penegak Ambalan Dipatiukur Ningrum Kusuma SMAN 1 Cililin |Propinsi |2011 |- |19. |Juara II Lomba Cerdas Cermat Bela Negara Anggota Pramuka Saka wirakartika Kodim 0609 |Kabupaten |2011 |- |20. |Juara III Lomba Jelajah ( Wide Game) Anggota Pramuka Saka Wirakartika Kodim 0609 |Kabupaten |2011 |- |21. |Juara III Lomba Pengetahuan Kepramukaan Kodim 0609 Bhakti Saka Wirakartika |Kabupaten |2011 |- |22. |Danton Terbaik Putra LK5GT Ambalan Dipatiukur Ningrum Kusuma SMAN 1 Cililin |Propinsi |2011 |- |23. |Juara II Kelas 43 Kg Putri usia 19 Tahun |Nasional |2011 |- |24. |Peserta Aktif dalam JUMBARA Nasional di Gorontalo |Nasional |2011 |- |25. |Juara III Pemilihan Duta Bahasa Pelajar |Propinsi |2011 |- |26. |Juara II LKBB AZURA COMPETITION CUP ARMED SMK TI Pembangunan Cimahi |Propinsi |2012 |} == Rujukan == <references /> {{sakola-pondok}} [[Kategori:SMA di Kabupatén Bandung Kulon]] [[Kategori:Sakola Negeri di Kabupatén Bandung Kulon]] [[Kategori:Jawa Kulon]] bc6x4mmr5un6q0cefkfarbv9x6ulra4 0 72091 731722 729127 2026-11-08T03:45:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Ciptagelar.jpg|jmpl|251x251px|Leuit di Ciptagelar]] '''Kampung Gedé Kasepuhan Ciptagelar''' nyaéta [[kampung]] adat nu aya di wilayah [[Kampung]] Sukamulya [[Desa]] Sirnaresmi, Kacamatan Cisolok, Kabupaten Sukabumi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://jelajahnusa.com/2017/07/31/eksotisme-kasepuhan-ciptagelar-sukabumi/|title=Eksotisme Kasepuhan Ciptagelar Sukabumi - Jelajah Nusa|newspaper=Jelajah Nusa|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160217/http://jelajahnusa.com/2017/07/31/eksotisme-kasepuhan-ciptagelar-sukabumi/|archive-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> Ciri hasna aya dina lokasi sarta wangunan [[imah]] nu masih kenéh [[nyekel]] kana [[tradisi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=23&lang=id|title=Kampung Ciptagelar-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2017-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119141828/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=23&lang=id|archivedate=2017-11-19}}</ref> Masarakat nu nempatan Kampung Ciptagelar disebutna [[kasepuhan]].<ref name=":0" /> Kecap "Kasepuhan" asalna tina kecap "sepuh" maké rarangken barung "ka-an" nu miboga harti ''tempat tinggal'' [[sesepuh]].<ref name=":0" /> Ieu hal ngarujuk kana masarakat di dinya nu masih kénéh nyekel kana adat istiadat [[karuhun]].<ref name=":0" /> Kampung Adat Ciptagelar diadegkeun ku pasukan [[Karajaan Sunda]] nu tuhu ka [[Prabu Siliwangi]] jeung maranéha dibebaskeun lantaran [[Prabu Siliwangi]] rék moksaPrajurit tuluy misahkeun diri jadi tilu kelompok nu ngadegkeun kampung-kampung anyar nu silih pakait.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pegipegi.com/travel/kampung-adat-ciptagelar-tak-berubah-sejak-600-tahun-lalu/|title=Kampung Adat Ciptagelar, tak berubah sejak 600 tahun lalu?|date=2015-08-30|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810142438/https://www.pegipegi.com/travel/kampung-adat-ciptagelar-tak-berubah-sejak-600-tahun-lalu/|archive-date=2016-08-10}}</ref> Salah sahijina nyaéta [[Kampung Gedé]] nu fungsina pikeun pusat [[kasepuhan]].<ref name=":2" /> [[Kampung Gedé]] pernah sababaraha kali pindah pikeun nyingkahan pangaruh [[imperialis]] Jepang jeung konflik politik [[DI/TII]].<ref name=":2" /> mangrupa komunitas adat nu masih kenéh ngajalankeun tatali paranti [[karuhun]] sacara turun temurun nu geus jadi cecekelan kahirupan pikeun kasalametan hirup.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=475&lang=id|title=Kampung Gede Kasepuhan Ciptagelar-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2018-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118030014/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=475&lang=id|archivedate=2017-11-18}}</ref> Numutkeun pamadeganna, karuhun nyaéta jalma nu geus maot nu dianggap miboga kamampuh nu leuwih atawa di luar kamampuh manusa umumna nu dianggap turunan ti [[karajaan pajajaran]].<ref name=":2" /> Sistim religi desa Ciptagelar nyaéta agama Islam, tapi masih kenéh kentel unsur [[animisme]] jeung [[dinamisme]].<ref name=":10" /> Katingali tina upacara-upacara nu sok dilaksanakeun.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wacana.co/2012/05/masyarakat-adat-desa-ciptagelar/|title=Masyarakat Adat Ciptagelar, Sukabumi|website=www.wacana.co|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009023754/https://www.wacana.co/2012/05/masyarakat-adat-desa-ciptagelar/|archivedate=2024-10-09}}</ref> Saprak taun 2001, [[Kampung Ciptarasa]] nu asalna ti [[Desa Sirnarasa]] ngalaksanakeun “hijrah wangsit” ka Desa Sirnaresmi nu jarakna belasan kilometer.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://perwakilan.jabarprov.go.id/artikel/baca_pariwisata/206/kampung-ciptagelar/17|title=Badan Penghubung Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=perwakilan.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2018-01-27}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Di [[Desa Sirnaresmi]], langkung jelasna di Kampung Sukamulya, [[Abah Anom]] salaku pupuhu kampung adat meré ngaran Desa Ciptagelar pikeun tempat pindah nu anyar.<ref name=":11" /> Ciptagelar miboga harti kabuka atawa pasrah.<ref name=":11" /> Pindahna ti Kampung Ciptarasa ka Kampung Ciptagelar lantaran paréntah karuhun nu disebut wangsit.<ref name=":11" /> Ieu wangsit ditarima atawa menangkeunnana ku Abah Anom ngaliwatan proses ritual nu hasilna daék teu daék kudu dilaksanakeun.<ref name=":11" /> == Sistim Pakasaban == Umumna pakasaban di Ciptagelar nyaéta [[patani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/muhiqaz/keunikan-perkampungan-di-lereng-gunung-halimun_54f84d79a33311d25d8b4a0e|title=Keunikan Perkampungan di Lereng Gunung Halimun oleh Muhamad Iqbal Azhari - Kompasiana.com|last=Kompasiana.com|website=www.kompasiana.com|language=id|accessdate=2018-01-28}}</ref> Masarakatna ngajungjung luhur budaya lokal sarta lingkungannana nu loba kapangaruhan ku adat istiadat.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Untari|first=Sri|date=Oktober 2014|title=REKAM PERJALANAN KEPALA BKPD JABAR DAN TIM KE DESA BUDAYA CIPTA GELAR|url=http://bkpd.jabarprov.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/KAMPUNG-BUDAYA-LUMBUNG-CIPTA-GELAR.pdf|journal=BKPD Jawa Barat|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ku kituna,  di Ciptagelar mah tara maké paré unggul pamaréntah lantaran boga anggepan yén paré téh titipan tinu maha kawasa.<ref name=":12" /> Salian ti éta nyaéta: [[Gambar:Huma Ciptagelar.jpg|jmpl|261x261px|Salah sahiji huma nu aya di Ciptagelar]] * Upacara adat kudu maké paré lokal.<ref name=":12" /> * Paré unggul moal bisa jadi alus hasilna di wewengkon anu lembab jeung rada tiis.<ref name=":12" /> * Paré lokal batangna panjang jadi gampang diétém, gampang ngagaringkeunna jeung nyimpenna, tahan nepi ka waktu +5 taun jeung henteu murudul.<ref name=":12" /> * Ngamumulé adat karuhun aya kurang leuwih 43 jenis paré rurukan jeung 100 jenis paré hasil silang tina paré rurukan.<ref name=":12" /> * Ku cara melak paré sataun sakali ngarah bisa ngereunkeun siklus hama [[Wereng coklat|wereng]] nu biasana dina bulan nu geus ditebak atawa diprédiksi.<ref name=":12" /> * Pikeun nangtukeun mangsa melak dumasar kana itungan béntang.{{Fact}} Tanggal kerti kana beusi jeung tanggal kidang turun kijang (pikeun nyiapkeun alat-alat tatanén).{{Fact}} Kidang ngarangsang ti wétan jeung kerti ngadoredag ka kulon (lahan mimiti digarap).<ref name=":12" /> Daur hirup paré ti mimiti melak paré nepi ka panén masarakat [[Ciptagelar]] miboga runtuyan aturan adat jeung upacara nu kudu dilaksanakeun,di antarana: # Ngaseuk,'' ''melak [[paré]] nu dimimitian ku upacara ménta kasalametan jeung kaamanan sarta jarah ka makam karuhun.<ref name=":1" /> Biasana sok aya hiburan siga wayang golék, jaipong, topeng, jeung pantun buhun.<ref name=":12" /> Dimimitian ku sesepuh girang jarah ka makam ka luhur nu sumebar di daérah Lebak, Bogor, jeung Sukabumi.<ref name=":12" /> # Sapang jadian paré'', ''saminggu sanggeus melak [[paré]] diayakeun ritual ménta ijin ka sang ibu (Bumi) rék melak paré sarta menta ijin ka Gusti Allah sangkan hasilna alus.<ref name=":1" /> # Paré nyiramo jeung mapag paré beukah, mapag paré beukah'','' sukuran nalika [[paré]] aya kembangan,sarta ménta ijin ngarah jauh ti [[hama]].<ref name=":1" /> # Sawénan, ritual nu lumangsungna sanggeus siki paré mimiti kaluar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.infobudaya.net/2017/10/menelisik-rangkaian-ritual-dalam-acara-seren-taun/|title=Menelisik Rangkaian Ritual dalam Acara Seren Taun|date=2017-10-10|newspaper=infobudaya.net|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219025040/http://www.infobudaya.net/2017/10/menelisik-rangkaian-ritual-dalam-acara-seren-taun/|archive-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> # Mipit Paré, Ritual nalika motong [[paré]] tujuanna pikeun ménta ijin ka karuhun ngarah diberé hasil panén nu leuwih.<ref name=":3" /> # Nganyaran atawa ngabukti, ritual nalika [[paré]] ditutu tuluy diasakan.<ref name=":3" /> # Ponggokan, ritual pamungkas saméméh sérén taun dilaksanakeun.<ref name=":3" /> Ponggokan miboga harti tradisi ngariung para karuhun nu biasana dipaké pikeun ngabahas masalah rahayat jeung ngitung pajak unggal jalma.<ref name=":3" /> Pajak/jiwa dina taun 1997 nyaéta Rp.150,- jeung imah Rp.250,-.<ref name=":12" /> Ponggokan biasana dilaksanakeun saminggu saacan acara sérén taun.<ref name=":3" /> Nalika ponggokan ogé sok ngabahas iraha séren taun rék lumangsungna.<ref name=":3" /> # Sérén taun'', m''angrupa acara puncak kagiatan masarakat [[Ciptagelar]].{{Fact}} Biasana sok dilaksanakeun unggal taun lantaran tradisi pikeun karuhun jeung Déwi Paré [[Sang Hyang Pohaci]].<ref name=":1" /> Salian upacara nu aya pakaitna jeung paré, aya ogé upacara nu sején nu dilaksanakeun, nyaéta : * Salametan 14 bulan purnama.<ref name=":12" /> * Upacara nyawen-bulan safar (Masangkeun jimat kampung).<ref name=":12" /> * Salametan rasul.<ref name=":12" /> * Salametan beberes (nyingkahan masalah kana pelanggaran).<ref name=":12" /> * Sodakoh maulud jeung rewah (ngirim kadaharan).<ref name=":12" /> == Serén Taun == Istilah sérén taun asalna tina [[Basa Sunda]].{{Fact}} ''Sérén'' miboga harti serah, seserahan, atawa mikeun jeung kecap taun.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://travel.kompas.com/read/2014/08/27/130600527/Seren.Taun.Ritual.Ratusan.Tahun.Silam|title=Seren Taun, Ritual Ratusan Tahun Silam - Kompas.com|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> Jadi sérén taun hartina sérén tampi ti taun kamari ka taun nu rék disanghareupan pikeun gagantina.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.garudacitizen.com/seren-taun-ritual-sakral-sunda-makna/|title=Seren Taun, Ritual Sakral Masyarakat Sunda Yang Sarat Makna|last=Admin|date=2016-09-07|newspaper=Garuda Citizen|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707184937/https://www.garudacitizen.com/seren-taun-ritual-sakral-sunda-makna/|archive-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> Numutkeun catetan sajajarah jeung tradisi lokal, sérén taun diayakeun sacara turun-temurun ti saprak jaman [[Karajaan Sunda]] siga [[Karajaan Pajajaran]], malah nepi ka ayeuna masih kénéh lumangsung.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tatarsukabumi.id/2017/08/ritual-upacara-adat-seren-taun-dan.html|title=Ritual Upacara Adat Seren Taun dan Leuit Si Jimat|website=www.tatarsukabumi.id|accessdate=2018-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108235757/http://www.tatarsukabumi.id/2017/08/ritual-upacara-adat-seren-taun-dan.html|archivedate=2018-01-08}}</ref> Ieu Upacara mimitina tina acara pikeun ngahormatan [[Nyi Pohaci Sanghyang Asri]] atawa Déwi Sri mangrupa Déwi pare dina [[kosmologi]] Sunda Kuno.<ref name=":5" /> Sistem kapercayaan masarakat Sunda kapangurahan ku warisan kabudayaan masarakat asli Nusantara nu ngagungkeun kakuatan alam.<ref name=":5" /> Sérén taun dilaksanakeun unggal ping 22 [[Bulan Rayagung]] nurutkeun [[kalender Sunda|kalénder Sunda.]] Salian ti ritual-ritual nu sipatna sakral, aya ogé kasenian jeung hiburan.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kuningankab.go.id/wisata-budaya/upacara-seren-taun|title=Upacara Seren Taun {{!}} Pemerintah Kabupaten Kuningan|website=www.kuningankab.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2018-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228132033/http://www.kuningankab.go.id/wisata-budaya/upacara-seren-taun|archivedate=2017-12-28}}</ref> Ieu kagiatan mangrupa hubungan manusa jeung nu maha kawasa, jeung ogé sasama mahluk atawa alam ngaliwatan kagiatan [[kasenian]], [[sosial budaya]], jeung [[atikan]].<ref name=":6" /> [[Gambar:Malasari seren Taun.JPG|jmpl|312x312px|Seren Taun]] Upacara Seren Taun dimimitan ku upacara ngajayak ( Ngajemput Paré ), dina ping 18 Rayagung nu dituluykeun ku acara nutu pare jeung puncakna ping 22 Rayagung.<ref name=":6" /> Ngajayak dina basa Sunda miboga harti nampa jeung nyambut, sedengkeun angka 18 nu dina basa Sunda diucapkeun ''dalapan welas'' '' ''konotasina welas asih nu hartina Allah nu geus mere sagala pikeun lumangsungna kahirupan pikeun sakabéh umat manusa di dunya.<ref name=":6" /> Acara ngajayak mangrupa datangna opat rombongan nu mawa paré jeung sagala rupa beubeutian tina opat arah mata angin ka gedung paseban.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/2017/09/14/mengenal-seren-taun-ritual-tahunan-masyarakat-adat-sunda-wiwitan-cigugur|title=Mengenal Seren Taun, Ritual Tahunan Masyarakat Adat Sunda Wiwitan Cigugur|date=2017-09-14|newspaper=Pikiran Rakyat|language=id|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> Puncak acara Seren Taun mangrupa nutu paré dina ping 22 Rayagung ogé miboga ma’na sorangan.<ref name=":6" /> Angka 22 nyaéta ti angka 20 jeung 2.<ref name=":6" /> Paréna ditutu di puncak acara nyaéta 22kwintal nu 20 jang ditutu tuluy dibagikeun ka masarakat, ari nu 2kwintal mah pikeun binih.<ref name=":6" /> Puncak acara Sérén Taun nyaéta upacara Ngadiukeun, atawa ngasupkeun pocong paré ka Leuit Si Jimat ku Pingpinan Adat Kasepuhan Ciptagelar nyaéta [[Abah Ugi Sugriana Rakasiwi]] (nu ayeuna).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mongabay.co.id/2012/09/05/seren-taun-tradisi-syukur-panen-padi-ciptagelar-yang-eksis-sejak-644-tahun-yang-lalu-bagian-1/|title=Seren Taun: Tradisi Syukur Panen Padi Ciptagelar yang Eksis Sejak 644 tahun yang lalu (bagian-1)|date=2012-09-05|newspaper=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> Kidung puji-pujian ka [[Nyi Pohaci Sanghyang Asri]] dipirig ku [[kacapi]] nu intinamah ngedalkeun rasa sukur ka maha kawasa nu geus ngajaga Ciptagelar .<ref name=":4" /> == Leuit si jimat == [[Gambar:Leuit Si Jimat.jpg|jmpl|Salah sihiji warga Ciptagelar dipoto di hareup Leuit Si Jimat]] Leuit biasana sok aya di gigir atawa di tukangeun [[Imah Gedé]], wangunanna leuwih leutik ti batan imah gedé lantaran pungsina pikeun nyimpen [[paré]] atawa hasil tatanén.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nrmnews.com/2011/12/27/lumbung-padi-leuit-jimat-masyarakat-kasepuhan-cipta-gelar/|title=“…LEUIT JIMAT Si Lumbung PADI…” BENTENG Ketahanan PANGAN Warga KASEPUHAN Cipta GELAR…”|date=2011-12-27|newspaper=NASIONALIS RAKYAT MERDEKA|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-24}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hampir unggal imah di Ciptagelar miboga leuit, tapi aya nu leuwih kawentar di dinya nyaéta Leuit Si Jimat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jabarkahiji.id/2017/05/01/leuit-jimat-simbol-ketahanan-pangan-dari-kasepuhan/|title=Leuit Jimat, Simbol Ketahanan Pangan Dari Kasepuhan {{!}} JABAR KAHIJI|last=Darmayana|first=Hiski|website=jabarkahiji.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511182002/http://jabarkahiji.id/2017/05/01/leuit-jimat-simbol-ketahanan-pangan-dari-kasepuhan/|archivedate=2017-05-11}}</ref> Leuit kolot nu ngajamin ayana pangan keur warga ditempatkeun di gigireun Imah Gedé Ciptagelar.{{Fact}} Warga bisa nginjeum binih paré tina Leuit Si Jimat teu maké Bunga.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://budaya-indonesia.org/Leuit-Si-Jimat|title=Leuit Si Jimat » Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2018-01-23}}</ref> Kecap Leuit Si Jimat asalna tina kecap “nyimat” nu hartina nginjeum.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Nopianti|first=Risa|date=4 Mei 2016|title=LEUIT SI JIMAT : WUJUD SOLIDARITAS SOSIAL MASYARAKAT DI KASEPUHAN SINARRESMI|url=http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/article/viewFile/74/30|journal=Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Jawa Barat|doi=|pmid=|access-date=24 Januari 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423145428/http://ejurnalpatanjala.kemdikbud.go.id/patanjala/index.php/patanjala/article/viewFile/74/30|archive-date=2018-04-23}}</ref> Kecap nyimat ogé bisa dihartikeun ma’na welas asih.<ref name=":9" /> Jadi Leuit Si Jimat mémang pungsina pikeun nginjeumkeun ka masarakat kasepuhan salaku wujud welas asih Abah ka para incu putuna.<ref name=":9" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Kampung adat Sunda]] dg3g37jpd5unpakzgcp4x1cdrdftnnp 0 72136 731753 672508 2026-11-08T06:28:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731753 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Indonesian kue lapis legit - 20130217.jpg|jmpl|Kuéh Lapis legit]] '''Lapis legit''' nyaéta kuéh lokal nu boga pangaruh ti jaman kolonial [[Walanda]] di [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sarihusada.co.id/Nutrisi-Untuk-Bangsa/Aktivitas/Jelajah-Gizi/Lapis-Legit-Yang-Dipengaruhi-Resep-Belanda|title=Lapis Legit Yang Dipengaruhi Belanda|website=Nutrisi Untuk Bangsa|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618032727/https://www.sarihusada.co.id/Nutrisi-Untuk-Bangsa/Aktivitas/Jelajah-Gizi/Lapis-Legit-Yang-Dipengaruhi-Resep-Belanda|archivedate=2021-06-18}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://travel.kompas.com/read/2016/08/25/091000127/Begini.Asal-usul.Lapis.Legit.yang.Masuk.Daftar.Kue.Terlezat.di.Dunia|title=Begini Asal-usul Lapis Legit yang Masuk Daftar Kue Terlezat di Dunia - Kompas.com|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> Resep kué ieu disaluyukeun jeung bahan-bahan nu aya di Indonésia, kiwari lapis legit geus jadi salah sahiji kabeungharan kadaharan di Indonésia.<ref name=":0" /> Lapis legit disebut ogé ''spekkoek''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Kecap ''spek'' dina basa Walanda hartina lapisan lemak [[babi]].<ref name=":0" /> Tapi bahan kuéh lapis legit teu ngandung babi, ngan saukur sebutan ku sabab saperti lapisan lemak babi nu manglapis-lapis.<ref name=":0" /> Lapis legit nyaéta salah sahiji jenis kuéh manglapis-lapis nu miboga bahan dasar tina tipung [[tarigu]], [[endog]], jeung miboga aroma [[bungbu]] nu seungit.<ref name=":0" /> Umumna, ''spekkoek'' warnana [[konéng]] jeung [[cokelat]].<ref name=":0" /> Lapis legit ogé biasa dipidangkeun diacara-acara gedé.<ref name=":0" /> Lapis legit miboga rasa [[rempah-rempah]] nu kuat, ku sabab bahan palengkepna nyaéta ''[[cardamon]]'', [[Kiamis|ki amis]], [[cengkéh]], jeung [[adas amis]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20160825145437-262-153798/lapis-legit-kue-indonesia-terlezat-di-dunia/|title=Lapis Legit, Kue Indonesia Terlezat di Dunia|last=Indonesia|first=CNN|newspaper=CNN Indonesia|language=en|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> ku sabab éta loba urang [[Eropa]] nu resep kana kuéh ieu.<ref name=":0" /> Di Walanda, kuéh ieu dipidangkeun sanggeus dahar.<ref name=":0" /> Sadengkeun di Indonésia salakku kuéh pikeun camilan.<ref name=":0" /> Lapis legit téh kaasup kana salah sahiji kadaharan nu pang ngeunahna di dunia.<ref name=":2" /> == Cara nyieunna == Nyieun kuéh lapis legit téh sadiakeun bahan-bahan kayaning tipung tarigu, kokonéng [[endog]], [[mantéga]], [[gula bubuk]], [[susu bubuk]], bungbu s''pekkoek'', ki amis bubuk, cengkéh bubuk jsb.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://cookpad.com/id/resep/3589939-lapis-legit|title=Resep Lapis Legit oleh Melisa Ulan NoVika II|website=Cookpad|language=id|accessdate=2017-10-30}}</ref> Pikeun prak-prakanna, kocok atawa ''[[mixer]]'' kabéh bahan nu geus disadiakeun nepi ka bahan adonan beukah (kira-kira 15 menit).<ref name=":3" /> Siapkeun [[loyang]] pikeun adonan, tuluy ''[[oven]]'' salapis-salapis nepi ka asak. Lapis legit siap dipidangkeun.<ref name=":3" /> == Rujukan == <references />{{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Jajanan pasar]] 7o7a1psm9neo7avbtr9prnj68eqa74l 0 72250 731656 728665 2026-11-07T23:15:33Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Docang.jpg|jmpl|175x175px|Docang has Cirebon cocog keur mumuluk.]] '''Docang''' dina basa [[Cirebon]] wancahan tina bodo ([[baceman]] [[oncom]] [[dagé]]) jeung [[kacang]] [[héjo]] nu dijadikeun kacambah/[[togé]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.priangantimur.com/resep-docang-khas-cirebon/|title=Resep Docang Khas Cirebon - PrianganTimur.COM|date=2017-07-08|newspaper=PrianganTimur.COM|language=id-ID|access-date=2017-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002190903/https://www.priangantimur.com/resep-docang-khas-cirebon/|archive-date=2017-10-02}}</ref> Docang kaasup salah sahiji kulinér [[Nasional]] has [[Cirebon (disambiguasi)|Cirebon]] anu mangrupa campuran [[lontong]], [[daun]] [[sampeu]], togé, jeung [[kurupuk]] nu dibanjur ku [[angeun]] oncom dagé/ancom gembos anu dijieun tina [[hampas]] [[tahu]], [[lelebu]] [[suuk]] (sésa meureut dijadikeun minyak) anu kawentar [[gempa]] (ditutuan), jeung [[parud]] [[dawegan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.resepseharihari.com/resep-membuat-docang-khas-cirebon.html|title=Resep Membuat Docang Khas Cirebon|date=2016-04-01|newspaper=Resep Sehari Hari|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014014931/http://www.resepseharihari.com/resep-membuat-docang-khas-cirebon.html|archive-date=2017-10-14}}</ref> Ieu kadaharan miboga ciri gurih jeung ni'mat lamun dihidangkeun haneut kénéh.<ref name=":0" /> Hargana ogé kahontal ku sakabéh tingkatan [[sosial]] [[masarakat]]. <ref name=":0" /> Ku kamekaran jaman bisa waé docang téh jadi kadaharan nu asup ka [[réstoran]] atawa [[hotél]] gumantung kana kréasi anu rék dijieun tina kadaharan [[tradisional]] anu geus aya ti [[générasi]] ka générasi.<ref name=":1" /> == Dongéng == Kacaritakeun [[jaman]] baheula para [[Wali]] keur nyumebarkeun [[agama]] [[Islam]] di tatar [[Jawa Kulon]] utamana [[daérah]] [[Cirebon]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/docang-makanan-para-wali-yang-menyehatkan|title=Docang, Makanan Para Wali yang Menyehatkan {{!}} IndonesiaKaya.com - Eksplorasi Budaya di Zamrud Khatulistiwa|last=Kaya|first=Indonesia|website=IndonesiaKaya|accessdate=2017-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823205743/https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/docang-makanan-para-wali-yang-menyehatkan|archivedate=2019-08-23}}</ref> [[Pangéran]] [[Rengganis]] nu harita keur ngawasa teu panujueun ku ayana pergerakan kaislaman, malah geus ngararancang rék ngabaruang para Wali ku cara susuguh nu pibahayaeun kana [[nyawa]]na. <ref name=":2" /> Para Wali nu keur ngariung di [[Masjid Sang Cipta Rasa]] disuguhan kadaharan anu ayeuna disebut docang. <ref name=":2" /> Lain tiwas dibaruang, para Wali kalah resepeun malah ka [[karajaan]] nitah deui sangkan disayagakeun deui kadaharan anu kawas kitu. <ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Masakan Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Sunda]] fs7c0ycjeqwt8htvrqf70hftw5033yd 0 72260 731804 707375 2026-11-08T09:47:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Dfr_px826.jpg|jmpl|Patromak 826 taun 1966]] '''Patromak''' nyaéta [[lampu cahya badag|lampu daya badag]] bahan bakar [[minyak tanah]] nu maké tekanan liwat prosés gasifikasi sangkan bahan bakar nu nguap di jerona dibeuleum dina [[buntelan lampu|buntelan]], ngahasilkeun cahya nu caang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.team-pak.ch/petromax-hk500---hk250.html|title=Patromak HK500 + HK250|last=www.team-pak.ch|website=Team PAK|language=de|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> Jadi saenyana ieu lampu téh kaasup [[lampu minyak]] tanah.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu lampu dikembangkeun taun [[1910]] ku pangusaha [[Bérlin]] Max Graetz di Ehrich jeung Graetz.<ref name=":0" /> Dalah ieu lampu dingaranan patromak téh lantaran babaturanna Max Graetz di Bérlin nyebutna téh [[lampu minyak]] tanah Max, mun dina basa deungeunna mah "''Petroleum-Maxe''", sangkan nelah pikeun nyebut éta lampu.<ref name=":0" /> Ari di wewengkon Sunda, lantaran teu dipikawanoh hurup "[[x]]", sahingga nyebutna jadi "[[k]]", mangka nu tadina ''Petromax ''téh jadi wéh Patromak. Patromak munggaran mah mangrupa lampu gantung, ari vérsi [[lantéra]] nu pangkakoncarana mah ti saprak taun [[1922]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.petromax-shop.de/petromax_de/petromax-petroleumleuchte-hk500-829-messingfarben.html/|title=Petromax Petroleumleuchte HK500/829 Messing - Petromax|website=www.petromax-shop.de|language=de|accessdate=2017-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424080950/http://www.petromax-shop.de/petromax_de/petromax-petroleumleuchte-hk500-829-messingfarben.html|archivedate=2016-04-24}}</ref> == Fungsi == [[Gambar:PX_829_BW.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Patromak 829B nu ditambahan maké pangait.]] Kalawan bantuan kompaan hawa nu dipasang di jerona, dina sarintakan [[hurung]] [[lampu]] téh dihasilkeun tina dua baris tekanan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://lampenschmiede.jimdo.com/petromax/|title=Petromax|website=lampenschmiedes Jimdo-Page!|language=de-DE|accessdate=2017-11-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722115533/http://lampenschmiede.jimdo.com/petromax/ |date=2016-07-22 }}</ref> Ieu tekenan téh diperlukeun pikeun ngagerakkeun [[minyak tanah]] kana [[karburator]] jeung liwat nosel nu aya dina karburator salila pangoperasian lampu.<ref name=":1" /> Mangsa keur hurung, karburator tutuluyan dipanaskeun ku hurungna seuneu dina bodi lampu. Kalawan ieu panas, kurang leuwih satengah karburator mah nguapkeun minyak cair nu saméméhna dina suhu kurang leuwih 250 °[[C]].<ref name=":1" /> Minyak tanah nu nguap téh tuluy-tumuluy ngocor liwat selang karburator jeung dipanaskeun leuwih jauh (sacara téhnis mah super panas) nepi ka bijil tina liang leutik nosel kalawan kacepatan sora (300 m/s).<ref name=":1" /> Sanggeus bijil tina nosel, gas minyaka tanah nu nepi ka dinya kalawan kuat pisan téh ngembang jeung asup kana hawa nu di perlukeun pikeun pembakaran tina anulus di bagéan luhur lampu.<ref name=":1" /> Eundeuran jeung gegeteran nu dihasilkeun tina kacepatan tinggi téh nyumebabkeun sora nyérécés tina lampu patromak.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.starklicht.com/starklichtlampen-pressure-lamps/|title=Starklichtlampen / Pressure Lamps|website=Starklicht - Alles über Starklichtlampen (Petromax), Benzin- und Petroleumkocher, Lötlampen und mehr !|language=de-DE|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> [[Uap]] hawa jeung uap minyak di luhureun nosel kalawan kacepatan tinggi ayana dina tabung panyampur, nu mana uap éta téh dicampur ku puseuran sangkan gas minyak taneuh bisa kabeuleum sagemblengng di jeroeun [[Semprong (lampu)|semprong]] dina bodi lampu.<ref name=":2" /> Buntelan lampuna dijieun tina lawon rayon nu geus diimpregnasi ku sawatara uyah dina pas produksi. Buntelan lampu dibeuleum pas mimitian pisan lampu dihurungkeun, sahingga robah jadi lebu garam ngasilkeun lebu parancah pikeun kaawétan tinangtu.<ref name=":2" /> [[Seuneu]] [[biru]] mah tanpa cahya, nu kabeuleum dina jeroeun lampu manaskeun lampu sangkan hurung jeung ku kitu téh ngasilkeun inténsitas tinggi tina lampu patromak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wer-weiss-was.de/t/einfuhrung-der-gasbeleuchtung/9372227|title=Einführung der Gasbeleuchtung|newspaper=wer-weiss-was.de die Experten- und Ratgeber-Community|language=de|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> Mangsa uji munggaran, karburator heula nu kudu dipanaskeun téh hambéh prosés gasifikasina dimimitian. Ieu hal dilakukeun ku cara meuleum alkohol dina wadah atawa [[spirtus]] nu gancang mah, nu kéna réaksi jeung minyak tanah sarta hawa tina wadah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hytta.de/petromax/petromax_lampen_ersatzteile,index.htm|title=Petromax - Detailseite: Starklichtlampe Petromax 500 HK|last=hytta.de|first=Copyright: Jürgen Breidenstein, Stuga-Cabaña -|website=hytta.de|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> [[Gambar:Petromax_8341.jpg|jmpl|Patromak 834 nu dipasangkeunna nonggéng, taun 1930-an]] == Pasca Perang Dunya II == Saprak réngsé [[Perang Dunya II|perang dunya Kadua,]] pausahaan Graetz-Werke nu di [[Bérlin]] jeung di Lunzenau (Saxony) antukna jadi pausahaan milik nagara, sarta pabrik Bregenz mah dialihkokolakeun, ngawangun deui pausahaan anyar Graetz AG di Altena/Westphalia, pausahaan anu ngaleukeunan dina produksi [[radio]] jeung lampu minyak tanah. Didinya lampu patromak diproduksi dina jumlah loba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starklicht.com/sammlung-drucklampen-collection-pressure-lamps/petromax/|title=Petromax|website=Starklicht - Alles über Starklichtlampen (Petromax), Benzin- und Petroleumkocher, Lötlampen und mehr !|language=de-DE|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> == Pasar == Taun [[1960-an]], sahenteuna 80% patromak diéksporkeun. Pasar utamana mah sakum nagara nu can kacapa ku listrik.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.maria-online.com/home/article.php?lg=de&q=Petromax|title=Petromax ▪ Die vollständigen Informationen und Online-Verkauf|website=Maria-Online.com|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> Patromak mangrupa standar rumah tangga jeung deuih lampu pasar.<ref name=":3" /> Lantaran caangna nu kabina-bina, tapina irit dina konsumsi minyak tanahna.<ref name=":3" /> Deuih ieu lampu téh gampang dibongkarna pareng lamun ruksak rék doméan téh.<ref name=":3" /> Aya sawatara pabrik nu nyieun téplakan patromak di Asia. Rohangan musieum Graetz mibanda rak nu pinuh ku patromak.<ref name=":3" /> Sanajan barang nu asli mah regana leuwih mahal, tapina da barang aslina mah awéh lantaran kualitasna anu hadé.<ref name=":3" /> Ieu gé penting pisan pikeun nukeurkeun suku cadang. Pikeun éta tujuan, husus mérk "Graetz" mah dipertahankeun.<ref name=":3" /> Ieu lampu gé aya nu mérkna "Aida" jeung dina babaraha vérsi, misalna vérsi B, turub luhurna téh lain dijieun tina [[Nikel|nikel,]] utamana mah ieu prodak téplakan téh sumebarna di sawatara nagara [[Muslim]].<ref name=":3" /> == Tempo ogé == * [[Lampu minyak]] == Tutumbu luar == * [http://www.petromax.de Offizielle Seite des Herstellers Petromax] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730190656/http://www.petromax.de/ |date=2017-07-30 }} * [http://www.hytta.de/info/graetz.htm Petromax- und Graetz-Geschichte] von Jürgen Breidenstein * [http://petro.wikia.com/ Spezial-Wiki rund um Petromax, Petroleumlampen und ähnliche Geräte] * [http://www.baumgartner-thomas.de/Petromax%20Seite.htm Die Petromax-Seite] von T. Baumgartner * [http://www.museum-of-pressurelamps.net/ Virtuelles Laternen- und Lampen-Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126135413/http://www.museum-of-pressurelamps.net/ |date=2017-11-26 }} von U. Beck * [http://www.hasag.info/ Bilder, Berichte und Informatives rund um Starklichtlampen ab ca. 1910] * Private Seite [http://www.lampengeschichten.de/ Lampengeschichten.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125053020/http://lampengeschichten.de/ |date=2017-11-25 }} Starklichtlampen- und Kocherseite aus Bayern * Große private [http://www.starklicht.com/sammlung-drucklampen-collection-pressure-lamps/petromax/ Sammlung verschiedener Modelle] von starklicht.com. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Lampu]] m9tulj15iqms0yrqcmqcm1pbzsn7xv0 0 72292 731685 703950 2026-11-08T00:38:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731685 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Nasi Gudeg.jpg|jmpl|Sangu gudeg]] '''Gudeg''' (''Jawa: gudheg'') nyaéta [[kadaharan]] has [[daérah]] [[Yogyakarta]] sarta umumna daérah-daérah anu aya di [[Jawa Tengah]].<ref name=”Sukendro”/> Dijieun tina nangka ngora (''Jawa: tewel, gori'') tuluy diasakan maké [[cipati]] anu dicampur jeung [[bungbu|bungbu-bungbu]] anu geus ditangtukeun.<ref name=”Sukendro”/> Bungbu gudeg téh kayaning: [[bawang beureum]], [[bawang bodas]], [[katuncar]], [[laja]], [[Salam|daun salam]], jeung [[gula beureum]].<ref name=”Sukendro”/> Diasakanna maké [[kendil]] (''kuali'') dina luhureun ruhak [[areng]]. <ref name=”Sukendro”>{{Cite book | title = Jalan-Jalan Kuliner Aseli Jogja| last = Suryo| first =Sukendro| publisher =Media Pressindo | location =Yogyakarta |Pages=20-26| year =2009|ISBN=9789797880682}}</ref> Gudeg sahenteuna dibedakeun kana dua rupa, gudeg garing jeung gudeg baseuh.<ref name=”Sofia”>{{Cite book | title = Cambridge IGCSE® Bahasa Indonesia Coursebook Cambridge International IGCSE| last = Sinaga,Basuki| first =Sofia| publisher =Cambridge University Press| location =Yogyakarta |Pages=20-26| year =2016|ISBN=9781316600054}}</ref> Butuh waktu lila pikieun nyieun [[piring|sapiring]] gudeg, sanajan kitu gudeg mah henteu gampang [[haseum]] tur bisa ditunda dina [[waktu]] nu lumayan lila.<ref name=”Sukendro”/> Batur ngadahar gudeg taya lian: [[sangu]], [[hayam]], [[endog]], [[tahu]] , jeung sambel goréng kérécék (kurupuk kulit sapi, rambak).<ref name=”Sukendro”/><ref name=”Fajar”>{{Cite book | title = Menikmati Kelezatan Mkn Yogya, Smr, & Mg| last = Ayuningsih| first =Fajar | publisher =Cambridge University Press| location =Yogyakarta |Pages=12| year =2008|ISBN=9789792238570}}</ref> == Sajarah == Gudeg téh kadaharan titinggal karajaan [[Mataram]], cenah baheula dina taun 1550 patugas anu digawé dipawon mecakan ngasakan nangka ngora anu dicampuran ku [[gula beureum]], teu dinyana hasilna ngeunah tur loba nu mikaresep nepika kiwari.<ref name=”Sofia”/> Aya ogé anu nyebutkeun cenah gudeg téh mimiti kapanggih ku saurang bala [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia|tantara]] anu ditugaskeun pikeun masak didapur, hiji mangsa manǍhna ngasakan nangka anu dicampuran [[gula beureum]] jeung [[cipati]].<ref name=”Sofia”/> Teu kawawa ku capé jeung poho, éta asakan nangka téh kalahka poho dijait nepika lima jam lilana, teu dinyana barang dijait éta asakan nangka téh mibanda rasa anu ngeunah tur loba nu mikaresep.<ref name=”Sofia”/> == Prosés nyieun == Gudeg didamel tina nangka atah. Béda sareng daging buah nangka anu asak, anu lemes, konéng herang, berminyak sareng raoseun amis pisan, nangka atah ngagaduhan konsistén anu padet sareng rada garing na teu tiasa didahar atah. Saatos mesék kulitna, nangka ngora diteureuy sakedik-sakedik sareng dikulub heula dina cai ngagolak dugi ka lemes. Saatos éta, buah nangka dituang ku santan&mdash;sering dicampurkeun sareng cai kalapa, dibumbui ku rempah-rempah anu tangtu sareng didamel lami&mdash;biasana salami 4-6 jam.{{sfn|1010 Resep|2008|p=409—410}}{{sfn|Sri Owen|2014|p=89}} == Tutumbu Kaluar == * {{id}} [http://resepidea.com/resep-gudeg-jogya/ Bumbu Gudeg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908101315/http://resepidea.com/resep-gudeg-jogya/ |date=2017-09-08 }} * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160515091333/https://hobimasak.info/resep-gudeg-purwokerto/ Resep Gudeg Purwokerto] * {{id}} [http://resepkuekering.org/resep-gudeg-nangka Resep Gudeg Nangka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910042646/http://resepkuekering.org/resep-gudeg-nangka/ |date=2013-09-10 }} * {{id}} http://jawaresep.blogspot.com/2015/02/resep-cara-membuat-gudeg-enak-mudah.html Resep Gudeg Yogya] <gallery> File:Krecek Yogyakarta.jpg|Krecek Yogyakarta File:Penjual Gudeg.jpg|Dagang gudeg File:Stamps of Indonesia, 044-06.jpg|Prangko gambar gudeg File:Cooking gudeg.jpg|Ngasakan gudeg </gallery> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Masakan Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Indonésia]] juckzqtf9t7yavkyty3wh3nvly9y9rg 0 72417 731700 650691 2026-11-08T02:11:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Jalak Bali | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | trend = down | image = Leucopsar rothschildi -Brookfield Zoo, Chicago, USA-8a (1).jpg | image_width = 230px | image_caption=Jalak Bali di Kebun Binatang Brookfield | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Burung|Aves]] | ordo = [[Burung pengicau|Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Jalak|Sturnidae]] | genus = '''''Leucopsar''''' | genus_authority = [[Erwin Stresemann|Stresemann]], 1912 | species = '''''L. rothschildi''''' | binomial = ''Leucopsar rothschildi'' | binomial_authority = [[Erwin Stresemann|Stresemann]], 1912 }} '''Jalak Bali''' ''(Leucopsar rothschildi)'' nyaéta [[manuk]] nu asalna tina kulawarga ''sturnidae''.<ref name=”M.”>{{Cite book | title =Ensiklopedia Binatang Pemecah Rekor| last = Topan Nixon| first =M.| publisher =AgroMedia| location =Jakarta| year =2011|ISBN=9786028526524}}</ref><ref name=Bali/> Buluna [[bodas]], polét [[hideung]] dina tungtung [[jang-jang]] jeung [[buntut|buntutna]], pipina jeung sabudeureun mata kelirna bulao, cekerna hawuk.<ref name=”M.”/>Jalak bali mimiti diguar kahirupanna ku urang Inggris taya lian ''Walter Rothschild'' dina taun [[1912]], malahan ngaran ilmiah jalak Bali dicokot tina ngaran inohong sasatoan saurang bangsawan [[Inggris]].<ref name=Bali>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fobi.web.id/fbi/v/aves/f-stu/leu-roc/ |title=www.fobi.web.id |accessdate=2017-11-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209050430/http://www.fobi.web.id/fbi/v/aves/f-stu/leu-roc/ |archivedate=2024-12-09}}</ref> Ieu manuk Bali pituin atawa éndemik di [[Indonesia]], malahan ngan kapanggih hirup di [[leuweung]] nu ayana di [[pulo]] [[Bali]] beulah kulon.<ref name=bali2>[http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9fcTAQAAMAAJ&q=burung+Leucopsar+rothschildi)&dq=burung+Leucopsar+rothschildi)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JGa9Uau9G4GyrAeu6YHYBw&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBg Tempo, Volume 33, Issues 44-52, Badan Usaha Jaya Press Jajasan Jaya Raya, 2005 - Indonesia]</ref> Ku kaayaan kieu, jalak Bali dileler jadi manuk perlambang prvinsi Bali dina taun 1991.<ref name=bali2/> Kalumangsungan hirup manuk jalak Bali ditangtayungan ku undang-undang, pikeun nyingkahan sagala kamungkinan nu ngabalukarkeun tumpurna ieu [[spesies]].<ref name=bali2/> Buluna nu éndah kalawan mibanda sorana nu mandiri mangsa [[bacéo]], ieu manuk geus jadi manuk piaraan ku nu mikaresep malahan mibanda niléy [[ekonomi]] nu lumayan luhur.<ref name=”Neil”/> Alatan tempat hirup jeung kalumangsungan beuki dieu beuki saeutik, unggal ''kebon binatang'' di sakuliah dunya ngayakeun hiji program penangkaran ieu manuk Jalak Bali.<ref name=”Neil”>{{Cite book | title =Hewan-hewan menakjubkan Seri 100% pintar| last = Neil Morris| first =Neil| publisher =Erlangga for Kids| location =Jakarta| year =2005|ISBN=9789797418953}}</ref> == Tutumbu kaluar == [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=6822&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet] * {{en}} [http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=11900 IUCN Red List] * {{en}} [http://www.rdb.or.id/view_html.php?id=280&op=leucroth Red Data Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005809/http://www.rdb.or.id/view_html.php?id=280&op=leucroth |date=2007-03-11 }} * {{id}} [http://burung.org/Database-Burung/Leucopsar-rothschildi.html Database Burung Terancam Punah]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} <gallery> File:Stavenn Leucopsar rothschildi 00.jpg|ka|jmpl|Jalak Bali File:Bali Mynah - Houston Zoo.jpg|ka|jmpl|Jalak Bali di ''Kebon Binatang'' Houston File:Bali Starling - Bali Barat MG 8974 (29654702785).jpg|Bali Starling - Bali Barat MG 8974 (29654702785) </gallery> {{Commons category|Trochilidae}} ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} {{Commons|Leucopsar rothschildi}} {{wikispecies|Leucopsar rothschildi}} [[Kategori:Manuk]] [[Kategori:Aves]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Sunda]] [[Kategori:Manuk Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Manuk Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato ingon]] [[Kategori:Sturnidae]] nyrh68qf1kr3800knqjbxpscj4rwpvv 0 72586 731756 654014 2026-11-08T06:56:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lumpia basah''' mangrupa salah sahiji kadaharan khas ti [[Indonésia]] nu asalna ti Tiongkok.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bintang.com/style/read/2879886/resep-lumpia-basah-jajanan-90-an-khas-bandung-dan-semarang|title=Resep Lumpia Basah, Jajanan 90-an Khas Bandung dan Semarang|newspaper=bintang.com|access-date=2017-11-13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://bacaterus.com/cara-membuat-lumpia-basah/amp/|title=Resep & Cara Membuat Lumpia Basah Khas Bandung|date=2015-07-27|newspaper=Bacaterus|language=id-ID|access-date=2017-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817131906/https://bacaterus.com/cara-membuat-lumpia-basah/amp/|archive-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> Di taun 90-an jajanan lumpia basah ilahar di [[Semarang]] jeung [[Bandung]]. Sanajan dipiwanoh ti Semarang, Bandung ogé miboga lumpia nu teu éléh rasana.<ref name=":0" /> Lumpia basah téh nyaéta lumpia nu geus diropéa ti kuéh lumpiah nu biasana digoréng.<ref name=":0" /> Kiwari lumpia basah miboga rupa-rupa variasi.<ref name=":0" /> Béda ti lumpia nu biasana, lumpia basah biasana dijieun tina campuran [[togé]], [[endog]] sarta samara séjénna.<ref name=":0" /> Lumpia basah téh bisaa kapanggih disisi jalan, biasana nu jualana maké [[gorobag surung]].<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == Lumpia mangrupa salah sahiji jajanan nu asalna ti [[Tiongkok]] atawa [[China]].<ref name=":1" /> Kadaharan ieu sumebar ka sababaraha nagara dibawa ku urang Tiongkok nu dagang ka nagara-nagara séjén.<ref name=":1" /> ku sabab éta rasa sarta bentukna béda-béda diunggal nagara.<ref name=":1" /> Dina basa Tiongkok kadaharan ieu disebut ''lun pia'' atawa ''pokpia''. Sadenngkeun di basa [[Korea]] disebut ''chungwon''.<ref name=":1" /> Di Indonésia sorangan ilahar dipiwanoh lumpia.<ref name=":1" /> == Cara nyieun == Pikeun nyieun lumpia basah, aya sawatara bahan nu kudu disadiakeun, di antarana kayaning togé, endog, [[bawang bodas]], pikeun bahan palengkepna nyaéta [[gula beureum]], [[gula bodas]], [[céngék]], [[Aci|tipung aci]], [[uyah]], [[minyak kalapa]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://cookpad.com/id/resep/2466586-lumpia-basah-bandung|title=Resep Lumpia basah bandung oleh Nina Widya Sari|website=Cookpad|language=id|accessdate=2017-11-13}}</ref> Mimitina goréngkeun endog dina [[katél]] tuluy campurkeun bawang bodas nu geus disiksikan lemes, tuluy abuskeun togé, sanggeus kitu tambahan cai saeutik.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Siapkeun kulit lumpia nu geus dibalur ku olahan tipung aci nu diliiyurkeun jeung gula beureum.<ref name=":2" /> Lumpia basah siap dipidangkeun.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == <references />{{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Tionghoa]] fjcj3ectmzulwsbyrgffyqoyokbvrb4 0 72692 731846 711051 2026-11-08T11:55:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saung Angklung Udjo''' (SAU) mangrupa salah sahiji tempat pelesiran budaya nu lengkep, lantaran miboga tempat keur pintonan, pusat karajinan [[awi]], jeung ''workshop'' keur [[kawaditraan]] nu bahanna tina [[awi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/hidup-gaya/2016/11/16/mengenal-saung-angklung-udjo-384975|title=Mengenal Saung Angklung Udjo|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=Pikiran Rakyat|language=id|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref> Lian ti éta ayana Saung Angklung Udjo di [[Bandung]] bisa dijadikeun keur tempat ngamumulé jeung mekarkeun kabudayaan [[Sunda]], hususna [[angklung]] ngaliwatan atikan jeung latihan.<ref name=":0" />[[Gambar:Angklung Mang Udjo.jpg|jmpl|Salah sahiji pintonan di Saung Angklung Udjo]] == Sajarah == Saung Angklung Udjo diadegkeun taun 1966 ku [[Udjo Ngalagena]] atawa nenehna mah Mang Udjo sareng istrina, [[Uum Sumiati]], nu tujuanna mah keur ngamumulé seni jeung budaya Sunda.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://anekatempatwisata.com/wisata-bandung-saung-angklung-udjo/#|title=Wisata Bandung - Saung Angklung Udjo|date=2014-07-31|newspaper=Aneka Tempat Wisata|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124204713/http://anekatempatwisata.com/wisata-bandung-saung-angklung-udjo/ |date=2017-11-24 }}</ref> SAU pernahna aya di Jalan Padasuka Nomor 118, teu jauh ti puseur Kota Bandung.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://regional.liputan6.com/read/2935363/6-kegiatan-seru-patut-dicoba-di-saung-angklung-udjo|title=6 Kegiatan Seru Patut Dicoba di Saung Angklung Udjo|last=Liputan6.com|newspaper=liputan6.com|access-date=2017-11-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124000501/http://regional.liputan6.com/read/2935363/6-kegiatan-seru-patut-dicoba-di-saung-angklung-udjo |date=2017-11-24 }}</ref>. Ide dasarna nyaéta ngajadikeun [[awi]] pikeun elemen nu méré karakter dominan.<ref name=":0" /> Harita langsung nyieun loba banda nu bahanna tina awi siga [[korsi]], [[waditra]], nepi ka [[panggung]].<ref name=":0" /> Pintonan kasenian Sunda jeung harita bisa méré kesan nu positif ka nu lalajo.<ref name=":0" /> Sababaraha sumber nyebutkeun ''nu'' pelesir ti luar nagri nu datang ka ditu malah resep kana éta pintonan.<ref name=":0" /> Udjo Ngalagena kairut ku filosofi guruna nyaéta [[Daeng Soetigna]] nu disingkat 5M; ''Mudah, Murah, Mendidik, Menarik dan Masal''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://infobandung.co.id/sejarah-saung-angklung-udjo/|title=Sejarah Saung Angklung Udjo - InfoBandung|date=2011-11-25|newspaper=InfoBandung|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216165427/http://infobandung.co.id/sejarah-saung-angklung-udjo/ |date=2018-02-16 }}</ref> Tuluy disampurnakeun ku udjo filosofina ku hiji ajén, nyaéta ''Meriah.''<ref name=":3" /> Saprak [[Udjo Ngalagena]] ngantunkeun dina tanggal 03 Mei 2001, Saung Angklung Udjo tetep dituluykeun ku pala putra – putri Udjo Ngalagena nepi ka ramé siga ayeuna bakating ku hayang ningali kaéndahan kasenian Sunda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.angklung-udjo.co.id/|title=Saung Angklung Udjo|last=WIT.|website=Saung Angklung Udjo|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-28}}</ref> == Fasilitas == *  Balé Karesemen Tempat keur ngumpul sok ogé dipaké pintonan.{{Fact}} Aya [[panggung]] keur [[karawitan]] jeung korsi nu dijieunna tina awi.<ref name=":1" /> * Buruan Sari Asih Di dieu urang bisa diuk sabari ngarasakeun suasana khas Sunda.<ref name=":1" /> * Pusat Produksi Angklung Tempat ningali kumaha prosés jeung diajar cara nyieun [[angklung]].{{Fact}} * Sentra Penyuluhan Kehutanan Unit kagiatan nu kerjasama jeung Departemen Kahutanan nu bakal méré katerangan keur miara [[tatangkalan]] sangkan méré kontribusi ka lingkungan.<ref name=":1" /> * [[Saung]] dan [[dapur]] Udjo Tempat keur ngumpul sabari ngarasakeun suasana khas Sunda.{{Fact}} di dieu ogé bisa mesen kadaharan khas Sunda. {{Fact}} Saung Angklung Udjo ogé miboga: * Tempat parkir nu lega.{{Fact}} * Toko souvenir.{{Fact}} * WC.{{Fact}} == Akses == Akses ka Saung Angklung Udjo lumayan gampang boh maké kandaraan sorangan atawa nu umum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://liburmulu.com/saung-angklung-mang-udjo-bandung-timur/|title=Saung Angklung Mang Udjo Bandung Timur - LiburMulu.Com|date=2017-03-13|newspaper=LiburMulu.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref> Lamun ti arah Bandung ka jalan [[Pasupati]],ké ka jalan PH Mustofa, terus ka jalan [[Padasuka, Cimenyan, Bandung|Padasuka]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://reachandride.com/2017/07/09/saung-angklung-udjo/|title=Saung Angklung Udjo|date=2017-07-09|newspaper=Reach and Ride|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922004554/http://reachandride.com/2017/07/09/saung-angklung-udjo/ |date=2017-09-22 }}</ref> Sedengkeun lamun ti arah [[Jakarta]] liwat [[Cipularang]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://atraksibagus.id/saung-angklung-udjo-bandung/|title=Saung Angklung Udjo, Bandung - Abian Trips|website=atraksibagus.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815062154/https://atraksibagus.id/saung-angklung-udjo-bandung/|archivedate=2025-08-15}}</ref> Naék ka jembatan layang terus nepi ka jalan [[Cicaheum]].<ref name=":4" /> Kurang leuwih 100 meter saacan terminal, aya papan jalan Padasuka tempat Saung Angklung Udjo.<ref name=":4" /> Lamun kana umum bisa naék [[angkot]] jurusan [[Cicaheum]], tuluy turun 500 meter sateuacan [[terminal Cicaheum]] atawa dinu aya plang jalan Padasuka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indahnyaperjalanan.com/2015/02/saung-angklung-mang-udjo.html|title=Indahnya Perjalanan: Saung Angklung Mang Udjo|last=xxxxx|newspaper=Indahnya Perjalanan|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126154108/http://www.indahnyaperjalanan.com/2015/02/saung-angklung-mang-udjo.html |date=2018-01-26 }}</ref> == Harga Tiket == * Harga tiket poé Senén-minggu (iwal poé saptu) : # Warga Nagara Indonesia (WNI) hargana Rp.60.000.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://reportaseharga.com/harga-tiket-masuk-saung-angklung-udjo|title=Harga Tiket Masuk Saung Angklung Udjo Februari – Maret 2018|newspaper=ReportaseHarga.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629212030/http://reportaseharga.com/harga-tiket-masuk-saung-angklung-udjo |date=2017-06-29 }}</ref> # Warga Nagara Asing (WNA) hargana Rp.100.000.<ref name=":5" /> # Pelajar WNI Rp. 40.000.<ref name=":5" /> # Pelajar WNA mah Rp. 60.000.<ref name=":5" /> * Harga tiket poé Saptu : # Warga Nagara Indonesia (WNI) hargana Rp.70.000.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.akulily.com/jajam-pertunjukan-dan-harga-tiket-lengkap-saung-angklung-udjo-bandung/|title=Jam Pertunjukan dan Harga Tiket Lengkap Saung Angklung Udjo Bandung - akulily|date=2016-06-10|newspaper=akulily|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-02}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # Warga Nagara Asing (WNA) hargana Rp.110.000.<ref name=":6" /> # Pelajar WNI Rp. 50.000.<ref name=":6" /> # Pelajar WNA mah Rp. 70.000.<ref name=":6" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Pelesiran]] 2jrw4wgyqt1sbtad1whnyeg4n8ptmu4 0 72693 731692 728879 2026-11-08T01:23:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Mid holocene average temperature ccsm4.png|jmpl|Suhu Rata-rata jaman Pertengahan Holosen]] Kala '''Holosén''' atawa '''jaman Alluvium''' nyaéta [[Kala Géologi|kala]] terahir dina tarikh [[géologi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ensiklopedia Geografi|last=Marbun|first=M.A|publisher=Yudhistira|year=2004|isbn=979-746-308-7|location=Bogor|pages=113}}</ref> Lumangsung kurang leuwih ti saprak 20.000 taun ka tukang.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.websejarah.com/2014/09/zaman-kala-holosen-atau-zaman-aluvium.html|title=Zaman Kala Holosen atau Zaman Aluvium|last=|first=|website=Sejarah-negara.com|publisher=|accessdate=29 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226081439/https://www.websejarah.com/2014/09/zaman-kala-holosen-atau-zaman-aluvium.html|archivedate=26 December 2021}}</ref> Kala Holosén mangrupa bagéan pangorana tina [[zaman kuarter|jaman kuarter]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learniseasy.com/belajar-tentang-pembagian-zaman-zaman-holosen-alluvium.html|title=Belajar Tentang Pembagian Zama Holosen|last=Dary|first=Wulan|website=Learn is Easy|publisher=|accessdate=29 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129111555/http://www.learniseasy.com/belajar-tentang-pembagian-zaman-zaman-holosen-alluvium.html|archivedate=29 November 2017}}</ref> Jaman kuarter mangrupa bagéan tona jaman [[Néozoikum]] atawa Kaénozoikum.<ref name=":2" /> Jaman Néozoikum dibagi jadi dua jaman nyaéta tersier jeung kuarter.<ref name=":2" /> Jaman kuarter dibagi deui jadi dua nyaéta jaman [[Diluvium]] atawa jaman [[pléistisén]] jeung jaman holosén atawa alluvium.<ref name=":2" /> Jaman holosén mangrupa jaman terahir tina papasingan sajarah géologi [[bumi]].<ref name=":2" /> Ieu hal lantaran holosén mangrupa jaman keur [[manusa]] modérn.<ref name=":2" /> Jadi lamun aya bancang pakéwuh super anu badag pisan jeung sabagéan manusa maot, mangka mungkin jaman holosén bakal kaganti.<ref name=":2" /> Ciri jaman holosén nyaéta wangun géografis bumi, benua, pulo-pulona henteu loba nu robah siga zaman ayeuna, jeung és di kutub geus loba anu cair<nowiki/><ref name=":2" /> Ieu hal lantaran jaman holosén atawa jaman alluvium aya sanggeus kajadian "''melting down''" atawa és di Bumi anu jadi cair.<ref name=":2" /> == Pambagian jaman Holosén == Jaman holosén dibagi jadi lima jaman anu sakabéhna dingaranan ku kajadian parobahan [[iklim]] nyaéta:<ref name=":2" /> # Preboréal (10 réwu taun–9 réwu taun), # Boréal (9 réwu taun–8 réwu taun), # Atlantic (8 réwu taun–5 réwu taun), # Subboréal (5 réwu taun–2,5 réwu taun) jeung # Subatlantic (2.5 réwu taun–ayeuna).<ref name=":2" /> [[Tutuwuhan]] dina jaman holosén geus jiga ayeuna kalawan didominasi ku tutuwuhan jenis [[spérmatophyta]] boh [[angiospermae]] atawa [[gymnospermae]].<ref name=":2" /> Tutuwuhan lianna saperti paku ([[pterydophyta]]) ogé loba tapi henteu dominan.<ref name=":2" /> Loba maruncul tutuwuhan kalawan varietas anyar lantaran ayana usaha manusa dina persilangan.<ref name=":2" /> [[Sato|Sasatoan]] nu aya di jaman holosén ogé henteu siga di jaman pléistosén.<ref name=":2" /> Mammot ogé arang langka waktu asup jaman holosén mah.<ref name=":2" /> Sanajan mimitina mah masih kénéh katempo, beuki dieu mah beuki langka lantaran kaéréd ku polah manusa nu sarakah.<ref name=":2" /> Di ieu jaman muncul ras sato anyar jeung sato doméstik nu kawilang loba.<ref name=":2" /> == Jaman Holosén di Indonésia == Di jaman Holosén mimiti aya spésiés [[Homo Sapiéns]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Di [[Indonésia]], ayana kamekaran global loba mangaruhan kamekaran fisik alam Indonésia.<ref name=":1" /> Basa lapisan és kutub utara acan cair, wilayah Indonésia bagéan kulon masih ngahiji jeung Benua [[Asia]], ari wilayah Indonésia Timur masih ngahiji jeung Benua [[Australia (buana)|Australia]].<ref name=":1" /> Basa suhu bumi panas jeung lapisan és kutub utara cair, ngabalukarkeun ayana laut di sababaraha wilayah Indonésia jadi sababaraha pulo anyar.<ref name=":1" /> Wilayah anu baheulana ngahiji jeung Asia jeung ayeuna jadi dasar lautan anu disebut Paparan Sunda, ari wilayah anu pernah ngahijikeun sawaréh wilayah Indonésia jeung Australia disebutna Paparan Sahul.<ref name=":1" /> == Referensi == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Géologi]] sjy2bupodb6d7d9xd3knvxhr4meoct1 0 72736 731778 654206 2026-11-08T08:47:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731778 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neraca''' atawa laporan posisi kauangan ([[bahasa Inggris]]: ''balance sheet'' atau ''statement of financial position)'' nyaéta salah sahiji bagéan tina [[laporan kauangan]] hiji [[éntiitas]] nu dihasilkeun dina hiji périodé [[akuntansi]], pikeun nunjukkeun posisi kauangan [[éntitas]] éta diahir périodé.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Pengantar Akuntansi 1|last=Tanjung|first=Abdul Hafiz , SE. Ak, M.Si., CA|publisher=LPPM STIE PASIM|year=2011|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Neraca diwangun ku tilu unsur nyaéta, [[aset]], [[liabilitas]] jeung [[ekuitas]] nu dihubungkeun ku persamaan akuntansi ieu diandap: '''aset = liabilitas + ekuitas'''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://informasiana.com/pengertian-neraca-dan-contoh-neraca/|title=Pengertian Neraca dalam Akuntansi Keuangan,Bentuk dan Contoh Neraca|date=2017-07-15|newspaper=INFORMASIANA|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724041357/https://informasiana.com/pengertian-neraca-dan-contoh-neraca/|archive-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> Informasi nu bisa dipidangkeun dineraca di antarana kayaning posisi sumber pakaya éntitas jeung sumber [[biaya]] pikeun meunangkeun pakaya entitas éta dina hiji periode akuntansi ([[triwulan]], [[caturwulan]], atawa taunan).<ref name=":0" /> == Pernyataan standar keuangan == Saluyu jeung [[Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan]] No. 1 nu dikaluarkeun ku [[Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia]] disebutkeun dina neraca:<ref name=":1" /> * Perusahaan midangkeun [[:id:Aset|aset lancar]] misah ti [[aset teu lancar]] sarta [[kawajiban jangka pondok]] misah ti [[kawajiban jangka panjang]] kecuali pikeun [[industri]] nu geus diatur dina '''PSAK''' husus.<ref name=":1" /> [[Aset lancar]] dipidangkeun numutkeun urutan [[likuiditas]] sadengkeun [[kawajiban]] dipidangkeun numutkeun urutan jatuh témpo.<ref name=":1" /> * Perusahaan kudu ngébréhkeun informasi jumlah sakabéh [[aset]] nu bisa ditarima sarta kawajiban nu dibayarkeun saacan jeung saenggeus dua belas bulan ti tanggal neraca.<ref name=":1" /> * Lamun perusahaan nyadiakeun barang atawa [[jasa]] dina siklus operasi [[perusahaan]] nu bisa diidentifikasi kalayan jéntré, klasifikasi aset lancar jeung teu lancar sarta kawajiban jangka pondok jeung jangka panjang dina neraca midangkeun informasi nu mangpaat ku cara ngabédakeun [[aset bersih]] salaku [[modal gawé]] jeung aset yang dipaké pikeun operasi jangka panjang.<ref name=":1" /> == Conto neraca == {| class="wikitable" style="center" |+Conto Neraca Perusahaan ! colspan="2" style="text-align: left" |Aktiva ! colspan="3" style="text-align: left" |Kawajiban jeung Ekuitas |- | style="border-right-style: none" |Kas | align="right" style="border-left-style: none" |6.600.000,- ! colspan="3" style="text-align: left" |Kawajiban |- | style="border-right-style: none" |Piutang | align="right" style="border-left-style: none" |6.200.000,- | style="border-right-style: none" |Hutang Jangka Pondok | align="right" style="border-style: none" |10.000.000,- | style="border-left-style: none" | |- | colspan="2" |Persediaan 10.000.000,- | colspan="3" style="border-right-style: none" |Hutang Jangka Panjang 5.000.000,- |- | colspan="2" |Total Aktiva Lancar 22.800.000,- | colspan="2" align="center" style="border-right-style: none" |''Total Kawajiban'' | align="right" style="border-left-style: none" |15.000.000,- |- | style="border-right-style: none" |Aktiva Tetep | align="right" style="border-left-style: none" | ! colspan="3" style="text-align: left" |Ekuitas |- | colspan="2" |Tanah 10.000.000,- | style="border-right-style: none" |Modal Saham | align="right" style="border-style: solid none" |20.000.000,- | style="border-left-style: none" | |- | colspan="2" |wangunan 10.000.000,- | style="border-right-style: none" |Laba Ditahan | align="right" style="border-style: none" |7.800.000,- | style="border-left-style: none" | |- | colspan="2" |Total Aktiva Tetap 20.000.000,- | colspan="2" align="center" style="border-right-style: none" |''total Ekuitas'' | align="right" style="border-left-style: none" |27.800.000,- |- | style="border-right-style: none" |''Total'' | align="right" style="border-left-style: none" |42.800.000,- | colspan="2" style="border-right-style: none" |''Total'' | align="right" style="border-left-style: none" |42.800.000,- |} Contoh neraca di pranala luar : * [http://www.akuntansiitumudah.com/laporan-neraca/ Laporan neraca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212140222/http://www.akuntansiitumudah.com/laporan-neraca/ |date=2017-12-12 }} == Tinggali ogé == * [[Laporan laba rugi]] * [[Laporan arus kas]] * [[Aset]] == Rujukan == <references />{{pondok}} [[Kategori:Akuntansi]] [[Kategori:Élmu ékonomi]] [[Kategori:Laporan kauangan]] lffpnhh57ee7pxoc83rptjjl9t1ryz6 0 72907 731824 708933 2026-11-08T11:05:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{geulis}} [[Gambar:Malawi interest rates.JPG|jmpl|Bunga bank di Malawi, kaleuwihan anu kaasup kana riba]] '''Riba''' dina [[basa Arab]] hartina ziyadah atawa <nowiki>''</nowiki>nambahan".<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.muhammadhafizh.com/pengertian-riba/|title=Pengertian Riba dan Hukum Riba yang Harus Diketahui|date=2015-05-15|newspaper=MuhammadHafizh.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182731/http://www.muhammadhafizh.com/pengertian-riba |date=2016-10-09 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Harta Haram Muamalat Kontemporer|last=Tarmizi|first=Erwandi|publisher=Berkat Mulia Insani Publishing|year=Agustus 2016|isbn=9786021974209|location=|pages=329-331}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.syariahbank.com/pengertian-riba-dalam-islam-dan-macam-macam-riba/|title=Pengertian Riba dalam Islam dan Macam-macam Riba|last=|first=|website=syariahbank.com|publisher=|accessdate=29 Januari 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110203817/http://www.syariahbank.com/pengertian-riba-dalam-islam-dan-macam-macam-riba/ |date=2017-11-10 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://al-badar.net/pengertian-hukum-dan-macam-riba/|title=Pengertian, Hukum, dan Macam Riba|last=|first=|website=al-badar.net|publisher=|accessdate=2 Pebruari 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826172402/http://al-badar.net/pengertian-hukum-dan-macam-riba/ |date=2017-08-26 }}</ref><ref name=":8" /> Ku lantaran éta numutkeun [[Yusuf Al-Qardawi]] sagala injeuman anu aya sarat tambahan dina [[muamalah]] dingaranan riba.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://sekolahmuamalah.com/sejarah-riba/|title=Sejarah Riba {{!}} Sekolah Muamalah|website=sekolahmuamalah.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-01-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127071905/http://sekolahmuamalah.com/sejarah-riba/ |date=2018-01-27 }}</ref> Numutkeun istilah, riba hartina nambahan beban ka pihak anu boga hutang (disebutna riba dayn) atawa nambahan takeran waktu patukeur-tukeur 6 komoditi di antarana [[emas]], [[pérak]], [[gandrung]], [[Sa'ir|sya'ir]], [[korma]], jeung [[uyah]] kalawan jenis nu sarua atawa patukeur-tukeur emas jeung pérak atawa dahareun jeung dahareun kalawan cara anu henteu tunai/ langsung (disebut riba ba'i).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Sedengkeun numutkeun istilah fuqaha (ahli fiqih) riba nyaéta méré tambahan kana hal-hal anu husus.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://rumaysho.com/2363-bentuk-jual-beli-yang-terlarang-2.html|title=Bentuk Jual Beli yang Terlarang|last=Abduh Tuasikal|first=Muhammad|website=Rumaysho.com|publisher=|accessdate=2 Pebruari 2018}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://almanhaj.or.id/4044-riba-pengertian-dan-macam-macamnya.html|title=Riba, Pengertian dan Macam-macamnya|last='Isa|first=Syaikh|website=almanhaj.or.id|publisher=|accessdate=2 Pebruari 2018}}</ref> Aya sababaraha pendapat ti ahli fiqih ngeunaan harti riba di antaranaː # Numutkeun [[Al-Mali]] harti riba nyaéta akad anu aya lantaran ayana patukeur-tukeur barang atawa komoditas nu tangtu anu henteu dipikanyaho imbagna numutkeun syara'; waktu akad atawa mungkas panukeuran kadua belah pihak atawa salah sahiji ti kaduana.<ref name=":2" /> # Numutkeun [[Abdul Rahman Al-Jaziri]], harti riba nyaéta akad anu aya lantaran pertukaran nu tangtu, henteu sarua atawa telat salah sahijina.<ref name=":2" /> # Numutkeun [[Syeikh Muhammad Abduh]], riba nyaéta tambahan-tambahan anu disaratkeun ku jalma nu boga harta ka jalma anu nginjeum hartana (duitna) lantaran diundurna jangji mayar ti nu nginjeum tina waktu anu geus ditangtukeun.<ref name=":2" /> # Numutkeun [[Qadi Abu Bakar ibnu Al Arabi]] dina bukuna [[Ahkamul Quran]] nétélakeun yén riba nyaéta unggal kaleuwihan antara niléy barang anu dibikeun jeung niléy barang anu ditarimana.<ref name=":3" /> Intina mah riba nyaéta nyokot kaleuwihan boh dina transaksi atawa pinjam meminjam sacara bathil atawa patukangtonggong jeung ajaran [[Islam]].<ref name=":3" /> Dina kitab [[Mughnil Muhtaaj]] disebutkeun yén riba mangrupa akad panukeuran barang nu tangtu kalawan henteu dipikanyaho (dua barang éta dituker) éta sarua dina kacamata syari'at boh dilakukeun waktu akad atawa ku cara ngakhirkeun dua barang anu ditukeurkeun atawa salah sahijina.<ref name=":4" /> == Hukum Riba == === Riba dina Agama Islam === Dina agama [[Islam]] hukum ngalakukeun riba nyaéta [[haram]] dumasar [[Qur'an|Al-Qur'an]], [[sunnah]], jeung ijmak para ulama.<ref name=":6" /> Kaharamanana dikaitkeun jeung sistem bunga dina jual beuli atawa transaksi anu sipatna komersial.<ref name=":6" /> Dina éta transaksi, aya kauntungan jeung bunga anu gedé ngaleuwihan wates wajar nepi ka ngarugikeun pihak-pihak nu tangtu.<ref name=":6" /> [[Fuad Moch. Faruddin]] méré pendapat yén riba mangrupa transaksi pemerasan.<ref name=":6" /> Dasar hukum diharamkeunana nyaéta dawuhan Allah swt, sunnah, jeung ijmak para ulama di antarana.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> ==== Dumasar Al-Qur'an ==== '''الَّذِينَ يَأْكُلُونَ الرِّبَا لا يَقُومُونَ إِلا كَمَا يَقُومُ الَّذِي يَتَخَبَّطُهُ الشَّيْطَانُ مِنَ الْمَسِّ ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَالُوا إِنَّمَا الْبَيْعُ مِثْلُ الرِّبَا وَأَحَلَّ اللَّهُ الْبَيْعَ وَحَرَّمَ الرِّبَا فَمَنْ جَاءَهُ مَوْعِظَةٌ مِنْ رَبِّهِ فَانْتَهَى فَلَهُ مَا سَلَفَ وَأَمْرُهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَمَنْ عَادَ فَأُولَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ''' Hartina: ''"Orang-orang yang makan (mengambil) riba tidak dapat berdiri melainkan seperti berdirinya orang yang kemasukan syaitan lantaran (tekanan) penyakit gila. Keadaan mereka yang demikian itu, adalah disebabkan mereka berkata (berpendapat), Sesungguhnya jual beli itu sama dengan riba, Padahal Allah telah menghalalkan jual beli dan mengharamkan riba. orang-orang yang telah sampai kepadanya larangan dari Tuhannya, lalu terus berhenti (dari mengambil riba), Maka baginya apa yang telah diambilnya dahulu (sebelum datang larangan); dan urusannya (terserah) kepada Allah. orang yang kembali (mengambil riba), Maka orang itu adalah penghuni-penghuni neraka; mereka kekal di dalamnya (QS. Al Baqarah [2]: 275).'' Dawuhan Allah Swt anu lainna nyaéta: '''(يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لا تَأْكُلُوا الرِّبَا أَضْعَافًا مُضَاعَفَةً وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ (١٣٠''' Hartina: ''"Hai orang-orang yang beriman, janganlah kamu memakan riba dengan berlipat ganda dan bertakwalah kamu kepada Allah supaya kamu mendapat keberuntungan (QS. Ali Imran [3]: 130)."'' ==== Dumasar Sunnah Rasul ==== Sasauran Rasulullah saw di antarana: * ''“Allah melaknat pemakan riba, orang yang memberi makan dengan riba, dua orang saksinya, dan penulisnya (sekretarisnya)”.'' (Imam Muslim rahimahullah ngariwayatkeun ti Jabir Radhiyallahu anhu) <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> * “S''atu dirham riba yang dimakan seseorang dengan sepengetahuannya itu lebih berat dosanya daripada tiga puluh enam berbuat zina''” (HR. Ahmad kalawan sanad shahih)<ref name=":2" /> * “''Riba mempunyai tujuh puluh tiga pintu, pintu yang paling ringan adalah seperti seseorang menikahi ibu kandungan''” (HR. Al Hakim)<ref name=":2" /> ==== Dumasar Ijimak Para Ulama ==== Para ulama satuju yén sakabéh umat islam ngutuk jeung ngaharamkeun lantaran ngadatangkeun kamudorotan keur manusa.<ref name=":6" /> Riba henteu ngan saukur diulah ku agama Islam tapi ku agama lain saperti [[Hindu]], [[Buddha]], jeung [[Kristen]] ogé ngalarang ieu kalakuan.<ref name=":2" /> Sakumaha anu aya dina perjanjian baru [[Injil]] [[Lukas]] ayat 34 anu nétélakeunː<ref name=":2" /> ''“Jika kamu menghutangi kepada orang yang kamu harapkan imbalannya, maka di mana sebenarnya kehormatanmu, tetapi berbuatlah kebaikan dan berikanlah pinjaman dengan tidak mengharapkan kembalinya, karena pahala kamu akan sangat banyak”.<ref name=":2" />'' == Sajarah Riba == Riba mangrupa panyakit [[ékonomi]] masarakat anu geus lila hirup dina kahirupan [[manusa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Sababaraha pakar ékonomi nyebutkeun yén riba geus aya ti saprak manusa wawuh jeung nu ngaranna [[duit]], emas jeung pérak.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Riba dipikawanoh dina jaman peradaban [[Farao]] di [[Mesir]], peradaban [[Sumeria]], [[Babilonia]], [[Asyuriya]] di [[Irak]], jeung peradaban Ibrani [[Yahudi]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Hal ieu dijelaskeun dina perjanjian lama yén diharamkeun keur kaum Yahudi nyokot riba ti urang Yahudi deui, tapi maranéhna bisa nyokot riba ti jalma anu lain urang Yahudi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Dina Al-Quran dijelaskeun yén [[Bani Israil]] (umat [[Nabi Musa]] AS) ngalakukeun riba jeung Allah ogé geus ngalarang maranéhna ngadahar riba.<ref name=":0" /> Allah ngadawuhː <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> ''“Maka disebabkan kezaliman orang-orang Yahudi, kami haramkan atas (memakan makanan) yang baik-baik (yang dahulunya) dihalalkan bagi mereka, dan karena mereka banyak menghalangi (manusia) dari jalan Allah, dan disebabkan mereka memakan riba, padahal sesungguhnya mereka telah dilarang daripadanya, dan karena mereka memakan harta benda orang dengan jalan yang batil. Kami telah menyediakan untuk orang-orang yang kafir di antara mereka itu siksa yang pedih.“'' '''(QS. An Nisaa: 160-161)'''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Tuluy umat Yahudi ngawanohkeun riba ka bangsa [[Arab]] di semenanjung Arabia, perenahna di kota [[Thaif]] jeung Yatsrib (anu ayeuna jadi kota [[Madinah]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Di dua kota ieu, Yahudi bisa ngahasilkeun kauntungan anu kacida gedéna, nepi ka urang Arab jahiliyah ngagadékeun anak, pamajikan, jeung diri maranéhna sorangan minangka jaminan hutang riba.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Lamun maranéhna teu bisa ngalunasan hutang mangka jaminan maranéhna dijadikeun budak Yahudi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Ti kota Thaif, prakték riba nambahan ka kota [[Mekah|Makkah]] jeung dipraktékkeun ku para bangsawan kaum Quraisy jahiliyah nepi ka riba loba di kota Makkah.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Sakumaha khutbah Rasulullah di Arafah dina haji wada', anjeunna sasauran,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> ''“Riba jahiliyah telah dihapuskan. Riba pertama yang kuhapuskan adalah riba Abbas bin Abdul Muthalib, sesungguhnya riba telah dihapuskan seluruhnya”''. '''(HR. Muslim)'''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Wangun-wangun riba anu dilakukeun ku masarakat jahiliyah nyaéta<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> ː # hiji jalma méré injeun 10 keping duit emas salila waktu anu ditangtukeun kalawan sarat engké dibayarna maké 11 keping duit emas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> # Hiji jalma nginjeumkeun 10 keping duit emas, lamun geus waktuna dilunasan jeung manéhna (anu nginjeum) can bisa mayar manéhna ngomong, "Tambahan deui waktu keur mayarna, engké piutangna ditambahan".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> # Hiji jalma méré injeum modal usaha 100 keping duit emas. Unggal bulanna manéhna meunang bunga 2 keping duit emas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Lamun geus nepi kana waktuna, anu nginjeum kudu malikkeun sakabéh modal anu diinjeumna anu lobana 100 duit emas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Lamun manéhna telat ngalunasan, mangka manéhna kudu mayar denda telat mayar anu kadang-kadang rasiona leuwih gedé daripada bunga bulanan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> # Hiji jalma meuli barang kalawan henteu tunai/langsung.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Lamun manéhna can ngalunasan hutang pas jeung waktuna mangka manéhna kudu mayar denda telat mayar salian ti ngalunasan hutang poko.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> == Jenis-jenis Riba == Riba nyaéta tambahan duit dina hiji komoditas anu khusus.<ref name=":2" /> [[Imam 'Ali bin Husain bin Muhammad]] atawa anu dipikawanoh ku sebutan as-Saghadi nyebutkeun dina kitab [[an-Nutf]] yén riba dibagi jadi tilu nyaéta: # riba dina nginjeum.<ref name=":4" /> # Riba dina ngahutang.<ref name=":4" /> # Riba dina ngagadékeun.<ref name=":4" /> Tapi sacara gurat badag dina kahirupan sapopoé riba dibagi jadi dua bagéan nyaéta riba dina transaksi jual beuli (buyu') jeung riba dina hutang pihutang (ad-duyun).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cermati.com/artikel/mengenal-riba-dan-kaitannya-dengan-bunga-bank|title=Mengenal Riba dan Kaitannya dengan Bunga Bank|last=Abadi|first=Rizki|website=cermati.com|publisher=|accessdate=2 Pebruari 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalmuslim.web.id/2013/01/pengertian-riba-jenis-jenis-riba-contoh.html|title=Pengertian Riba dan Jenis-jenis Riba|last=Ad-Dien|first=Hisyam|website=Globalmuslim|publisher=|accessdate=2 Pebruari 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125223601/http://www.globalmuslim.web.id/2013/01/pengertian-riba-jenis-jenis-riba-contoh.html|archivedate=2018-01-25}}</ref> Di handap ieu mangrupa rupa-rupa riba.<ref name=":2" /> === Riba tambahan dina jual beuli (Riba Buyu') === [[Gambar:Wheat in sack.jpg|jmpl|Gandum, salah sahiji barang ribawi]] Islam ngalarang riba (bunga) dina jual beuli atawa dina dagang, utamana dina barang-barang ribawi.<ref name=":2" /> Barang ribawi nyaéta barang anu diharamkeun ayana tambahan.<ref name=":8" /> Aya genep komoditi ribawi anu disebutkeun dina hadits di antarana emas, pérak, gandum lemes, gandum kasar, uyah, jeung korma.<ref name=":8" /> Ti Abu Sa’id Al Khudri, Nabi ''shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam'' sasauran, الذَّهَبُ بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْفِضَّةُ بِالْفِضَّةِ وَالْبُرُّ بِالْبُرِّ وَالشَّعِيرُ بِالشَّعِيرِ وَالتَّمْرُ بِالتَّمْرِ وَالْمِلْحُ بِالْمِلْحِ مِثْلاً بِمِثْلٍ يَدًا بِيَدٍ فَمَنْ زَادَ أَوِ اسْتَزَادَ فَقَدْ أَرْبَى الآخِذُ وَالْمُعْطِى فِيهِ سَوَاءٌ “''Jika emas dijual dengan emas, perak dijual dengan perak, gandum dijual dengan gandum, sya’ir (salah satu jenis gandum) dijual dengan sya’ir, kurma dijual dengan kurma, dan garam dijual dengan garam, maka jumlah (takaran atau timbangan) harus sama dan dibayar kontan (tunai). Barangsiapa menambah atau meminta tambahan, maka ia telah berbuat riba. Orang yang mengambil tambahan tersebut dan orang yang memberinya sama-sama berada dalam dosa''” (HR. Muslim no. 1584).<ref name=":8" /> Tina éta hadits urang bisa nyindeukkeun dua hal nyaéta: # lamun barang anu ditukeurkeunna sajenis, misal emas jeung emas atawa gandum jeung gandum, mangka aya dua sarat anu kudu dicumponan nyaéta langsung/ tunai jeung aya dina takaran atawa timbangan anu sarua..<ref name=":8" /> # Lamun barang anu masih sa''<nowiki/>'illah'' atawa sakelompok ditukeurkeun, mangka hiji sarat anu kudu dicumponan nyaéta tunai/langsung sanajan timbangan salah sahijina leuwih/ teu sarua..<ref name=":8" /> Riba dina jual beuli dibagi jadi dua nyaéta riba fadhl jeung riba nasi'ah.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://zonaekis.com/jenis-jenis-riba/|title=Jenis-jenis riba|last=|first=|website=Zona Ekonomi Islam|publisher=|accessdate=2 Pebruari 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120014052/http://zonaekis.com/jenis-jenis-riba |date=2018-01-20 }}</ref> ==== Riba Fadhl ==== Riba fadhl nyaéta jual beuli hiji jenis barang tina barang-barang ribawi kalawan barang anu sarupa kalawan harga anu leuwih.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /> Misalna jual beuli sakintal [[béas]] jeung hiji saparapat kintal béas nu sarupa, atawa jual beuli hiji sha' [[korma]] jeung hiji satengah sha' korma, atawa jual beuli saons pérak jeung saons pérak leuwih sa[[dirham]].<ref name=":2" /> ==== Riba Nasi'ah ==== Riba nasi'ah nyaéta pamasrahan atawa panarimaan barang ribawi anu ditukeurkeun ku jenis barang ribawi lainna.<ref name=":7" /> Riba nasi'ah aya lantaran ayana bébédaan, parobahan, atawa tambahan antara anu dipasrahkeun ayeuna jeung anu dipasrahkeun engké.<ref name=":7" /> === Riba dina hutang pihutang (Riba Ad-Duyun) === Riba dina utang piutang dibagi jadi dua nyaéta riba jahiliyah jeung riba qardh.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> ==== Riba Jahiliyah ==== Ieu riba aya dina hutang anu dibayar ngaleuwihan hutang pokona, lantaran nu nginjeum henteu bisa mayar saluyu jeung waktu anu geus ditangtukeun.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Nambahna hutang anu dibayarkeun bakal nambahan gedé babarengan jeung makin mundurna waktu ngalunasan hutang.<ref name=":3" /> Ieu sistem dipikawanoh ogé ku istilah riba mudha'afah (ngalipetgandakaeun duit). Riba jahiliyah mangrupa riba anu diharamkeun ku Allah Swt sakumaha dawuhanana.<ref name=":2" /> '''يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لا تَأْكُلُوا الرِّبَا أَضْعَافًا مُضَاعَفَةً''' Hartina: "''Hai orang-orang yang beriman, janganlah kamu memakan riba dengan berlipat ganda"'' (QS. Ali Imran [3]: 130).<ref name=":2" /> Conto riba jahiliyah misalna si A boga pihutang ka si B anu bakal dibayar dina hiji waktu nu geus ditangtukeun.<ref name=":2" /> Pas geus ninggang kana waktuna, si A ngomong ka si B "Manéh rék ngalunasan hutang atawa dibéré deui waktu keur ngalunasan tapi maké duit tambahan." <ref name=":2" /> Lamun si B henteu ngalunasan hutangna dina waktuna, si A ménta duit tambahan jeung méré deui waktu, tepi ka dina ahirna hutang si B beuki nambahan mangkali-kali leuwih gedé tina hutang awalna.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Riba Qardh ==== Riba Qardh nyaéta kaleuwihan anu geus ditangtukeun ku pihak nu méré hutang ka pihak nu boga hutang waktu manéhna malikeun hutangna.<ref name=":2" /> Misalna si A daék nginjeumkeun duit ka si B anu gedéna 300 rébu, tapi kalawan sarat si B kudu malikeun deui hutangna bareng jeung duit tambahan (riba) anu gedéna Rp. 350.000,-.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Riba nasi'ah asalna tina kecap fi'il madli ''nasa'a'' anu hartina nunda, nungguan, atawa nyoko kana tambahan waktu anu dibikeun dina pinjaman kalawan méré tambahan atawa niléy leuwih.<ref name=":2" /> Riba nasi'ah idéntik jeung bunga atawa pinjaman.<ref name=":2" /> Contona hiji jalma ngajual sakintal korma jeung sakintal gandum atawa béas dina waktu nu tangtu atawa manéhna ngajual sapuluh [[dinar]] emas jeung saratus dua puluh dirham pérak nepi ka waktu nu tangtu/ henteu langsung.<ref name=":2" /> Salian ti jenis-jenis riba anu geus disebutkeun, ulama syafi'iah nambahkeun hiji jenis riba anu lain nyaéta riba yad.<ref name=":6" /> Riba yad téh kaasup kana jual beuli anu ngakhirkeun pamasrahan (al-Qabdu).<ref name=":6" /> Maksudna papisahna dua urang anu ngalakukeun akad saméméh serah terima, saperti nganggap sampurna jual beuli antara gandum anu syai'r tanpa kudu silih masrahkeun jeung narima di tempat akad.<ref name=":6" /> Numutkeun ulama syafi'iyah riba yad jeung riba nasi'ah sarua aya tutukeuran barang jeung henteu sajenis.<ref name=":6" /> Bédana, riba yad mah ngakhirkeun narima barang sedengkeun riba nasi'ah mah hak jeung waktu akad ditétélakeun yén waktu mayar diakhirkeun sanajan sakeudeung.<ref name=":6" /> Dasar hadits anu nétélakeun ditolakna ieu sistem nyaéta ''"Tidak ada riba kecuali riba nasi’ah" (H.R. al-Bukhari dan Muslim: 2991)''.<ref name=":6" /> == Conto Riba dina Kahirupan Sapopoé == Loba conto riba anu aya dina kahirupa urang sapopoé di antarana:<ref name=":2" /> # Budi rék nginjeum duit ka Héndri 100 rébu, tuluy Héndri méré nginjeum kalawan sarat Budi kudu daék mencetan Hendri salila sajam lantaran geus méré nginjeum duit.<ref name=":2" /> Hal ieu gé kaasup riba lantaran salian ti kudu mayar kawajibanana nu 100 rébu, Budi kudu mencétan Hendri salila sajam.<ref name=":2" /> # Bunga bank konvensional. Waktu urang nginjeum duit ka bank konvensional, urang meunang bunga dina bayaran cicilan.<ref name=":2" /> === Jual Beuli anu Ngandung Riba === ==== Jual beuli ''<nowiki/>'inah'' ==== Aya sababaraha harti ngeunaan jual beuli ''<nowiki/>'inah'' anu ditepikeun ku sababaraha [[ulama]].<ref name=":8" /> Harti anu pangkasohorna nyaéta hiji jalma ngajual barang sacara henteu langsung ka nu meuli, tuluy manéhna meuli deui ti nu meuli tadi sacara tunai kalawan harga anu leuwih murah.<ref name=":8" /> Tujuan tina ieu transaksi nyaéta keur ngakalan sangkan anu ngajual meunangkeun untung tina transaksi utang piutang.<ref name=":8" /> Misalna, anu boga lahan [[Taneuh|tanah]] hayang diinjeuman duit ku si miskin.<ref name=":8" /> Lantaran harita kénéh manéhna teu boga duit sacara tunai, nu boga tanah ngomong ka si miskin, " Ieu tanah ku kuring dijual ka manéh sacara kiridit anu hargana 200 juta sarta kudu dilunasan dua taun ka hareup".<ref name=":8" /> Sabulan sanggeus éta, anu boga tanah ngomong deui ka si miskin, "Ayeuna kuring rék meuli deui éta tanah kalawan harga 170 juta sacara tunai".<ref name=":8" /> Hartina, anu boga tanah ngan saukur ngakalan sangkan manéhna meunang untung.<ref name=":8" /> Manéhna hayang nginjeumkeun duit 170 juta kalawan duit nu kudu dibalikeun 200 juta, nepi ka manéhna boga untung 30 juta.<ref name=":8" /> Tanah ngan saukur jadi perantara, anu hayang ditéanganana mah ngan saukur untungna wungkul.<ref name=":8" /> Ieu anu disebut transaksi ''<nowiki/>'inah''.<ref name=":8" /> Ieu hal kaasup kana riba lantaran unggal piutang anu ngadatangkeun kauntungan, éta kaasup riba.<ref name=":8" /> Ngeunaan hukum jual beuli 'inah, para fuqoha béda pamadegan lantaran penggambaran éta jual beuli anu béda-béda.<ref name=":8" /> [[Imam Abu Hanifah]], [[Imam Maliki|Imam Malik]], jeung [[Imam Ahmad]] ngalarang éta jual beuli.<ref name=":8" /> Sedengkeun sakumaha anu disaurkeun ku [[Imam Syafi'i|Imam Asy-Syafi'i]], anjeunna ''membolehkan'' ieu jual beuli lantaran anjeunna ngan saukur ningali tina akad sacara lahiriyah nepi ka nganggap rukunna geus kacumponan sarta henteu merhatikeun ayana niat lain nu aya satukangeun éta.<ref name=":8" /> Sawatara alesan anu ngaharamkeun ieu jual beuli nyaéta: # keur nutup rapet-rapet jalan riba.<ref name=":8" /> Lamun ieu jual beuli dihalalkeun, sarua waé jeung ngalalkeun transaksi nukeurkeun duit 200 juta ku 170 juta tapi anu salah sahijina katunda.<ref name=":8" /> Ieu hal sarua waé jeung riba.<ref name=":8" /> # Larangan jual beuli ''<nowiki/>'inah'' disebutkeun dina hadits,<ref name=":8" /> إِذَا تَبَايَعْتُمْ بِالْعِينَةِ وَأَخَذْتُمْ أَذْنَابَ الْبَقَرِ وَرَضِيتُمْ بِالزَّرْعِ وَتَرَكْتُمُ الْجِهَادَ سَلَّطَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمْ ذُلاًّ لاَ يَنْزِعُهُ حَتَّى تَرْجِعُوا إِلَى دِينِكُمْ “''Jika kalian berjual beli dengan cara ‘inah, mengikuti ekor sapi (maksudnya: sibuk dengan peternakan), ridha dengan bercocok tanam (maksudnya: sibuk dengan pertanian) dan meninggalkan jihad (yang saat itu fardhu ‘ain), maka Allah akan menguasakan kehinaan atas kalian. Allah tidak akan mencabutnya dari kalian hingga kalian kembali kepada agama kalian''” (HR. Abu Daud no. 3462. Syaikh Al Albani nyebutkeun yén ieu hadits ''shahih''. Tingali ‘Aunul Ma’bud, 9: 242).<ref name=":8" /> ==== Jual beli ''muzabanah'' jeung ''muhaqolah'' ==== ''Muzabanah'' nyaéta unggal jual beuli dina barang anu teu dipikanyaho takaran, timbangan, atawa jumlahna ditukeruan jeung barang lain anu geus puguh takaranana, timbangan, jeung jumlahna.<ref name=":8" /> Contona nukeurkeun korma anu geus dikilo jeung korma anu masih kénéh dina [[tangkal]].<ref name=":8" /> Di dieu aya riba lantaran henteu jelasna takarana dua korma anu bakal ditukeur.<ref name=":8" /> Padahal salah sahiji sarat lamun urang rék nukeuran barang ribawi nyaéta kudu sajenis, kudu tunai, jeung takaranna kudu sarua.<ref name=":8" /> Ti ‘Abdullah bin ‘Umar ''radhiyallahu ‘anhuma'', anjeunna sasauran,<ref name=":8" /> أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ – صلى الله عليه وسلم – نَهَى عَنِ الْمُزَابَنَةِ . وَالْمُزَابَنَةُ اشْتِرَاءُ الثَّمَرِ بِالتَّمْرِ كَيْلاً ، وَبَيْعُ الْكَرْمِ بِالزَّبِيبِ كَيْلاً “''Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam melarang dari jual beli muzabanah. Yang dimaksud muzabanah adalah seseorang membeli buah (yang masih di pohon) ditukar dengan kurma yang sudah dikilo atau membeli anggur yang masih di pohon ditukar dengan anggur yang sudah dikilo''” (HR. Bukhari no. 2185 dan Muslim no. 1542).<ref name=":8" /> ''Muhaqolah'' nyaéta jual beuli kalawan nukeurkeun gandum anu masih kénéh jadi [[paré]] (anu aya dina mayang/bulir) jeung gandum anu geus bersih ku cara ngan saukur ditaksir takaranana.<ref name=":8" /> Lamun ieu hal kajadianana dina gandum/barang ribawi, maka aya riba lantaran dina patukeur-tukeur gandum jeung gandum deui kudu dina takaran anu sarua.<ref name=":8" /> Ti Ibnu ‘Abbas ''radhiyallahu ‘anhuma'', anjeunna sasauran,<ref name=":8" /> نَهَى النَّبِىُّ – صلى الله عليه وسلم – عَنِ الْمُحَاقَلَةِ وَالْمُزَابَنَةِ “''Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam melarang dari jual beli muhaqolah dan muzabanah''” (HR. Bukhari no. 2187 dan Muslim no. 1536).<ref name=":8" /> Tapi aya wangun jual beuli anu dihalalkeun padahal sarua jeung ''muzabanah'' ogé ''muhaqolah'' nyaéta anu disebut jual beuli ''<nowiki/>'aroya''.<ref name=":8" /> 'Aroya nyaéta patukeur-tukeur korma baseuh jeung korma garing waktu aya pangabutuh.<ref name=":8" /> Ibnu Hajar sasauran,<ref name=":8" /> لَا تَجُوزُ الْعَرِيَّة إِلَّا لِحَاجَةِ صَاحِبِ الْحَائِطِ إِلَى الْبَيْعِ أَوْ لِحَاجَةِ الْمُشْتَرِي إِلَى الرُّطَبِ “''Tidak boleh melakukan transaksi ‘aroya kecuali dalam keadaan hajat yaitu si penjual sangat butuh untuk menjual atau si pembeli sangat butuh untuk mendapatkan kurma basah''” (Fathul Bari, 4: 393).<ref name=":8" /> Para ulama ngajelaskeun yén jual beuli aroyah bisa dilakukeun kalawan sarat:<ref name=":8" /> # bisa ditaksir pisabarahaeun korma baseuh lamun geus jadi garing.<ref name=":8" /> # Anu ditukeurkeun teu meunang leuwih ti lima wasaq (1 wasaq=60 sho, 1 sho= 2,176&nbsp;kg, 1 wasaq= 130, 56&nbsp;kg).<ref name=":8" /> # Dilakukeun ku jalma anu butuh kurma baseuh.<ref name=":8" /> # Jalma anu hayang kurma baseuh henteu boga duit, manéhna ngan ukur boga korma garing jeung manéhna bisa naksir (Manhajus Salikin, 142).<ref name=":8" /> ==== Jual beuli daging jeung sato ==== Henteu meunang ngalakukeun jual beuli kawas kieu.<ref name=":8" /> Anu kudu dilakukeun nyaéta saméméhna éta [[sato]] kudu beresih tina [[tulang]], sanggeus éta bisa ditukeuran jeung [[daging]].<ref name=":8" /> Lamun aya leuwihna dina takaran atawa timbangan, maka hal ieu kaasup kana riba fadl.<ref name=":8" /> Contona jual beuli embé anu hirup kénéh ditukeuran jeung daging [[embé]].<ref name=":8" /> Ti Sa'id bin Al Musayyib, anjeunna sasauran.<ref name=":8" /> أَنَّ النَّبِىَّ -صلى الله عليه وسلم- نَهَى عَنْ بَيْعِ اللَّحْمِ بِالْحَيَوَانِ “''Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam melarang dari jual beli daging dan hewan''” (HR. Malik dina muwatho’na 2: 655, Al Baihaqi 5: 296, Hakim dina mustadroknya 5: 357.).<ref name=":8" /> Al Baghowo nyebutkeun yén hadits Ibnul Musayyib sanajan mursal tapi dikuatan ku amalan sahabat.<ref name=":8" /> Imam Syafi'i sorangan nganggap hadits mursal ti Sa'id bin Al Musayyib Tingali SyarhAs Sunnah 8: 77).<ref name=":8" /> ==== Jual beuli kredit ngaliwatan pihak katilu (''leasing'') ==== [[Gambar:Credit-cards.jpg|jmpl|Kartu kiridit, anu kaasup kana salah sahiji praktek riba di jaman kiwari]] Jual beuli sacara [[krédit]] mimitina mah bisa salila henteu ngalakukeun hal anu dilarang.<ref name=":8" /> Tapi perlu diperhatikeun yén jual beuli krédit kudu ningali sababaraha kritéria.<ref name=":8" /> Lamun teu diperhatikeun, urang bisa asup kana riba.<ref name=":8" /> kritériana di antarana nyaéta:<ref name=":8" /> # barang anu dikiriditkeun geus jadi milik anu ngajual misalna [[bank]].<ref name=":8" /> Contona krédit mobil, dina kondisi siga kieu, anu meuli bisa meuli éta mobil sacara krédit kalawan harga anu geus ditangtukeun tanpa ayana denda lamun telat mayar.<ref name=":8" /> Antara nu meuli jeung nu ngajual geus satuju iraha rék mayar cicilan, naha unggal [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] atawa sarupaning kitu.<ref name=":8" /> Dina ieu hal geus aya angsuran mimiti (DP) sarta sésana dibayarkeun di ahir.<ref name=":8" /> # Barangna lain milik anu ngajual (bank) tapi milik pihak katilu.<ref name=":8" /> Anu meuli ménta ka bank keur pangmeulikeun heula éta barang.<ref name=":8" /> Tuluy nu meuli nyieun kasapakatan jeung pihak bank yén manéhna bakal meuli éta barang ti bank.<ref name=":8" /> Tapi kalawan sarat, éta barang geus jadi milik bank, lain milik pihak katilu.<ref name=":8" /> Ku lantaran éta, anu ngajamin karuksakan jeung lain sajabana nyaéta bank, lain pihak katilu.<ref name=":8" /> Ayeuna, anu meuli bisa meuli éta barang ti bank kalawan harga anu geus disatujuan ku dua pihak.<ref name=":8" /> Tapi, ieu jual beuli kudu nyumponan dua sarat nyaéta hargana jelas di antara dua pihak, sanajan aya tambahan tina harga meuli bank ti pihak katilu; jeung euweuh denda lamun telat mayar cicilan.<ref name=":8" /> Lamun salah sahiji tina dua sarat éta henteu kacumponan, maka bakal kaasup kana riba.<ref name=":8" /> Anu kahiji, bisa jadi meuli hiji barang anu can dipasrahkeun sacara sampurna, hartina can jadi milik bank tapi geus dijual ka nu meuli.<ref name=":8" /> Ti [[Ibnu 'Abbas]] radhiyallahu 'anhuma, Rasulullah sasauran,<ref name=":8" /> مَنِ ابْتَاعَ طَعَامًا فَلاَ يَبِعْهُ حَتَّى يَسْتَوْفِيَهُ “''Barangsiapa yang membeli bahan makanan, maka janganlah ia menjualnya kembali hingga ia selesai menerimanya''.” Ibnu ‘Abbas mengatakan, “Aku berpendapat bahwa segala sesuatu hukumnya sama dengan bahan makanan.” (HR. Bukhari no. 2136 dan Muslim no. 1525)<ref name=":8" /> Ibnu ‘Umar ''radhiyallahu ‘anhuma'' sasauran<ref name=":8" /> كُنَّا فِى زَمَانِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ -صلى الله عليه وسلم- نَبْتَاعُ الطَّعَامَ فَيَبْعَثُ عَلَيْنَا مَنْ يَأْمُرُنَا بِانْتِقَالِهِ مِنَ الْمَكَانِ الَّذِى ابْتَعْنَاهُ فِيهِ إِلَى مَكَانٍ سِوَاهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ نَبِيعَهُ. “''Kami dahulu di zaman Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam membeli bahan makanan. Lalu seseorang diutus pada kami. Dia disuruh untuk memerintahkan kami agar memindahkan bahan makanan yang sudah dibeli tadi ke tempat yang lain, sebelum kami menjualnya kembali''.” (HR. Muslim no. 1527)<ref name=":8" /> Atawa bisa jadi asup kana riba lantaran wangunna sarua jeung ngahutangkeun [[mobil]] ka nu meuli tuluy nyokot kauntungan tina hutang.<ref name=":8" /> Padahal para ulama geus satuju kana haramna kauntungan anu dicokot tina hutang piutang.<ref name=":8" /> ==== Jual beuli utang jeung utang ==== Wangunna nyaéta hiji jalma meuli hiji barang ka nu lain kalawan jangka waktu, tapi éta barang can dipasrahkeun.<ref name=":8" /> Nalika waktuna geus datang, barang anu dipesen can jadi waé, tuluy anu meuli ngomong, "Jual éta barang ka urang nepi ka cunduk ka waktuna, engké urang bakal méré leuwihna".<ref name=":8" /> Jual beuli kacumponan tapi can aya serah tarima barang.<ref name=":8" /> Wangun jual beuli ieu nyaéta ngajual hiji barang anu can aya jeung barang anu can aya ogé, sarta ayana riba lantaran dibarengan ku aya leuwihna.<ref name=":8" /> Ti Ibnu 'Umar radhiyallahu 'anhuma, anjeunna sasauran,<ref name=":8" /> أَنَّ النَّبِىَّ -صلى الله عليه وسلم- نَهَى عَنْ بَيْعِ الْكَالِئِ بِالْكَالِئِ “''Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam melarang dari jual beli utang dengan utang''” (HR. Ad Daruquthni 3: 71, 72. Syaikh Al Alabni nyebutkeun yén ieu hadits dhoif sakumaha dina Dho'iful Jaami' 6061).<ref name=":8" /> Tapi harti ieu hadits bener sakumaha anu geus disatujuan ku para ulama yén teu meunang jual beuli hutang jeung hutang.<ref name=":8" /> Ku lantaran ieu dina jual beuli salam (duit heula karak barangna) lumaku aturan duit sacara utuh jeung tunal henteu meunang aya anu ditunda.<ref name=":8" /> == Referensi == {{Reflist}} {{Sipat awon dina Islam}} [[Kategori:Hukum Islam]] 90b0tj0zgufdbywcjkcarkpde7na8t5 0 72909 731649 728637 2026-11-07T22:54:55Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gabung|Saga}} [[Gambar:Daun Saga.jpg|jmpl]] '''Daun Saga''' nyaéta daun anu asalna tina [[tangkal saga]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.khasiat.co.id/daun/saga.html|title=15 Manfaat dan Khasiat Daun Saga untuk Kesehatan|date=2017-01-16|newspaper=Khasiat|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906184034/http://www.khasiat.co.id/daun/saga.html|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Mibanda ngaran latin ''[[Abrus pecatoruis]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.daftartanamanobat.web.id/daun-saga-rambat-tanaman-liar-berkhasiat-tinggi/|title=Daun Saga Rambat, Tanaman Liar Berkhasiat Tinggi|newspaper=Ragam Tanaman Obat|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820233325/https://www.daftartanamanobat.web.id/daun-saga-rambat-tanaman-liar-berkhasiat-tinggi/|archive-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> Daun saga miboga ngaran anu rupa-rupa, di antarana upama di Jawa disebut [[daun saga telik]], di Sunda [[daun saga areuy]], di Gorontalo [[daun walipopo]], jeung di Bali disebut [[piling-piling]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kitab Tumbuhan Obat|last=Hidayat|first=R. Syamsul|publisher=AgriFlo|year=2015|isbn=979-002-660-9|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Tumuwuhna di dataran anu handap nepi ka 1000 méter di luhur permukaan [[laut]].<ref name=":2" /> Sedeng ciri morfologis tangkal sagana hampir sarua jeung [[tangkal peuteuy, lamtoro]], jeung [[asem]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.alamsehat.com/manfaat-daun-saga/|title=15 Manfaat Daun Saga Untuk Kesehatan|date=2016-07-24|newspaper=alamsehat|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923165639/http://www.alamsehat.com/manfaat-daun-saga/|archive-date=2020-09-23}}</ref> Tangkal saga sumebar di Asia kaasup Indonesia, tumuwuh di leuweung, taman nasional, taman kota, buruan imah, atawa sisi jalan.<ref name=":3" /> Daun saga mangrupa bagéan anu dimangpaatkeun keur ubar.<ref name=":0" /> Sababaraha panyakit siga sariawan nepi ka panyakit di jero awak bisa diubaran ku ieu daun.<ref name=":0" /> == Ciri-Ciri Daun Saga == Daun saga mibanda ciri-ciri di antarana : * Daunna majemuk * Bentukna buleud endog * Ukuranna laleutik * Siripna ganjil * Rasana semu amis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tanobat.com/saga-ciri-ciri-tanaman-saga-serta-khasiat-dan-manfaatnya.html|title=Saga – Ciri-Ciri Tanaman Saga, Serta Khasiat dan Manfaatnya {{!}} Situs Tanaman Obat Indonesia|website=www.tanobat.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2018-01-26}}</ref> == Klasifikasi Daun Saga == Klasifikasi daun saga nyaéta : * Kingdom : Plantae * Divisi: Magnoliophyta * Kelas: Magnoliopsida * Ordo: Fabales * Famili: Fabacéae * Genus: Abrus * Spesies: Abrus precatorius L.<ref name=":3" /> == Kandungan Daun Saga == Daun saga miboga sababaraha kandungan, di antarana : * [[Protein]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Kalsium]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Oksolat]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Kalsium glislirizin]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Kalsium flisrizinat]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Kalsium polygalacturomic]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Kalsium pentosan,]] * [[Vitamin A, B1, B6]], jeung [[C]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://daunsaga.org/kandungan-daun-saga/|title=Kandungan Daun Saga|website=daunsaga.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130122246/http://daunsaga.org/kandungan-daun-saga/|archivedate=2017-11-30}}</ref> * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Antioksidan]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Saponin]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Flavonoid]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Polifenol]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Tamin]] * [[KalsiumOksolatKalsium glislirizinKalsium flisrizinatKalsium polygalacturomicKalsium pentosan,Vitamin A, B1, B6, jeung C. AntioksidanSaponinFlavonoidPolifenolTaminAlkaloid|Alkaloid]].<ref name=":3" /> == Hasiat Daun Saga == Daun saga sanajan bentukna laleutik tapi mibanda mangpaat anu kacida gedéna, di antarana : # Ubar [[amandel]] ; Carana godog daun saga anu ditambahan ku gula atawa kayu manis, ku cai opat gelas nepi ka jadi satengah gelas.{{Fact}} Antepkeun sina tiis tuluy saring.{{Fact}} Inum dua kali dina sapoéna.<ref name=":4" /> # Ubar [[sariawan]] ; Carana poékeun daun saga sangkan layu, kumbah sing beresih.{{Fact}} Gayem daun saga ngan ulah diteleg, tuluy kekemu.<ref name=":4" /> # Ubar panas dalam ; Carana godog lima belas lambar daun saga, ku opat gelas nepi ka jadi satengah gelas caina.{{Fact}} Antepkeun ka jadi tiis tuluy disaring arah caina wungkul.{{Fact}} Diinumkeun dua kali sapoé.<ref name=":4" /> # Ubar [[batuk]] ; Carana daun saga nu ditambah gula beureum atawa kayu manis digodog ku dua gelas nepi ka jadi satengah gelas caina.{{Fact}} Antepkeun sina tiis tuluy disaring. Diinumkeun dua kali sapoé.<ref name=":4" /> # Ubar [[Bronkhitis]] : Carana lima belas lambar daun saga digodog, dua gelas nepi ka jadi sagelas caina.{{Fact}} Antepkeun sina tiis tuluy saring.{{Fact}} Diinumkeun sakali sapoé.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/www.operaja.com/manfaat-dan-khasiat-daun-saga-untuk-kesehatan_54f7339ea33311b5738b46d6|title=Manfaat Dan Khasiat Daun Saga Untuk Kesehatan oleh Akhmad Akhmad - Kompasiana.com|last=Kompasiana.com|website=www.kompasiana.com|language=id|accessdate=2018-01-30}}</ref> # Ubar radang panon ; Ibun hasil ngagodog daun saga diwadahan tuluy dikeclakeun kana mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://daunsaga.org/daun-saga-untuk-kesehatan-tubuh/|title=Daun Saga Untuk Kesehatan Tubuh|website=daunsaga.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-01-30}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # Nguatkeun daya tahan awak.<ref name=":5" /> # Antihipertensi.<ref name=":5" /> # [[Antioksidan]].<ref name=":5" /> # Ubar pikeun reumatik jeung [[analgetik]].{{Fact}} Tina panalungtikan nétélakeun yén hasil ékstrak [[étanolik]] tina daun saga nyaéta aya anu dosis 50, 100, jeung 200&nbsp;mg atawa 33 %, 35,63%, jeung 36,7 %.{{Fact}} Ékstrakna téh bisa dijieun ubar analgetik anu anyar jeung herbal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Putri|first=Risma Oksi|date=2 Juli 2015|title=Aktivitas Analgetika Ekstrak Etanol Daun Saga|url=|journal=Jurnal ilmiah kesehatan|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref> Lian ti éta, daun saga teu saukur mangpaat pikeun manusa, tapi sasatoan ogé bisa ngala mangpaatna.{{Fact}} Salasahijina nyaéta keur ubar manuk anu bindeng atawa sora manukna sangkan alus.{{Fact}} Manuk-manuk anu sok diubaran ku daun saga di antarana manuk [[murai]], [[kacer]], [[pleci]], jeung [[kenari]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mediaronggolawe.com/manfaat-daun-saga-pada-pleci-dan-burung-kicau-lainnya.html|title=Manfaat Daun Saga Pada Pleci Dan Burung Kicau Lainnya|date=2015-07-06|newspaper=Media Ronggolawe|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022120828/http://www.mediaronggolawe.com/manfaat-daun-saga-pada-pleci-dan-burung-kicau-lainnya.html|archive-date=2017-10-22}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] iynf2ptm5fozrscjpo8uvg275i7tu8z 0 72927 731727 678452 2026-11-08T04:58:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731727 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kasehatan Reproduksi''', nyaéta hiji kaayaan fisik jeung mental urang anu sampurna kalawan kaasup kahirupan sosialna, lain ngan saukur bebas tina panyakit atawa ceda tina sakabeh hal anu aya patalina jeung sistim reproduksi, gunana jeung prosesna..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://belajarpsikologi.com/kesehatan-reproduksi-remaja/|title=KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI >> Pengertian Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja|website=belajarpsikologi.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926170816/http://belajarpsikologi.com/kesehatan-reproduksi-remaja/|archivedate=2017-09-26}}</ref> Kitu deui saperti ceuk WHO yen Kasehatan Reproduksi téh nyaéta kaayaan pisik jeung mental nu sagemblengna, lain ngan ukur bebas tina panyakit atawa cacat tina sagalahal anu aya hubunganana jeung sistim [[reproduksi]], gunana sarta prosesna. <ref name=":0" /> [[Gambar:Scheme female reproductive system-id.svg|jmpl|Gambar skema alat reproduksi wanita bagian jero ( Rahim )]] == Reproduksi Wanita == Wanoja mibanda karakter pisik anu mandiri, nu teu sarua jeung karakter pisik lalaki, lantaran tugas wanoja dina kahirupan reproduksi nyekel pancen nu kacida pentingna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hellosehat.com/pusat-kesehatan/kanker-serviks/informasi-sistem-reproduksi-wanita/|title=Sistem Reproduksi Wanita: Semua yang Perlu Anda Ketahui Tentangnya|date=2017-07-06|newspaper=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref> Organ - organ Reproduksi Wanita : * === 1. Ovarium === [https://hellosehat.com/penyakit/kanker-ovarium/ Ovarium], nyaéta indung telur atawa ovum, ayana di beulah katuhu jeung kénca rohang panggul, sisi katuhu jeung kéncaeun bagean luhur rahim. Ovarium boga pancen pikeun ngahasilkeun hormon seks wanoja, anu disebut estrogen jeung progesteron sarta ovum anu biasa disebut [https://hellosehat.com/fakta-mengenai-sel-telur/ sel telur]. == Reproduksi Wanita di Usia Remaja == == Reproduksi Wanita di Usia Produktif == == Reproduksi Wanita di Usia Non-Produktif ( Menopause ) == == Rujukan == . <references /> [[Kategori:Kasehatan]] aan09o1rtwpm4ryr8ptycvttlhwc7e9 0 72942 731820 654446 2026-11-08T10:50:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731820 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajawali''' nyaéta manuk anu asup kana ''sub ordo buteonina'', umurna bisa nepi kana 70 taun. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bernas.id/19114-belajar-kehidupan-dari-burung-rajawali.html|title=Belajar Kehidupan dari Burung Rajawali - bernas.id|last=Bernas|first=Harian|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821011621/https://www.bernas.id/19114-belajar-kehidupan-dari-burung-rajawali.html|archive-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> == Ciri-cirina == == Habitatna == == Rujukan == ri6owu1uzghpjy14pikcnvk622hmdkm 0 72961 731683 728784 2026-11-08T00:30:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{gabung|Nutrisi}} [[Gambar:Cara, Jadwal dan Menu Makanan Diet Mayo yang Baik dan Benar.png|jmpl|Salasahiji conto menu sehat]] '''Gizi''' nyaéta asal kecap tina basa Arab “[[Al Gizzai]]” anu hartina kadaharan jeung mangpaatna pikeun kaséhatan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Apakah Gizi itu?|last=Riana|first=Deny|publisher=Quadra|year=November 2010|isbn=978-979-054-236-5|location=Bogor|pages=}}</ref> Al Gizzai ogé bisa dihartikeun salaku saripati kadaharan anu loba mangpaatna pikeun kaséhatan.<ref name=":0" /> Di Indonésia istilah “gizi” atawa “élmu gizi” dipikawanoh taun 1952-1955 minangka tarjamahan tina basa Inggris nyaéta ''[[nutrition]].'' <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gizi dan Kesehatan|last=Yuniastuti|first=Ari|publisher=Graha Ilmu|year=2008|isbn=978-979-756-303-5|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Numutkeun [[WHO]] élmu gizi minangka élmu anu ngabahas pasualan prosés dina organsime hirup. <ref name=":1" /> Éta prosés ngawengku cara ngolah zat padet jeung cair tina kadaharan (prosés ''pencernaan'', [[transport|''transport'']], jeung [[éksrési|''éksrési'']]) anu diperlukeun pikeun kahirupan, pikeun tumuwuh, pikeun organ awak tur ngahasilkeun énérgi. <ref name=":1" /> Gizi ogé mangrupa prosés organisme anu ngagunakeun kadaharan anu dikonsumsi sacara normal ngaliwatan prosés ''pencernaan, absorpsi, transportasi'', ''penyimpanan,''  ''metabolisme,'' jeung ngaluarkeun zat-zat anu teu digunakeun pikeun lumangsungna kahirupan, tumuwuh, jeung pungsi normal tina organ-organ, sarta ngahasilkeun énérgi. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Gizi dan Kesehatan Anak Prasekolah|last=Yulianti|first=Yeni|publisher=Rosda|year=2015|isbn=978-979-692-697-8|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> == Kelompok Zat Gizi == Unggal jalma ngabutuhkeun lima kelompok zat gizi, nyaéta [[karbohidrat]], [[protein]], [[lemak]], [[vitamin]], jeung [[minera]]<nowiki/>l dina jumlah anu cukup, teu leuwih jeung teu kurang. <ref name=":0" /> === Karbohidrat === [[Gambar:Nasi goreng-1.JPG|jmpl|Salasahiji conto karbohidrat. ]] Karbohidrat mangrupa énérgi utama tur penting keur awak.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://fredikurniawan.com/pengertian-karbohidrat-fungsi-karbohidrat-dan-sumber-karbohidrat/|title=Pengertian Karbohidrat, Fungsi Karbohidrat dan Sumber Karbohidrat|date=2017-04-04|newspaper=Berbagi Ilmu Pengetahuan|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> Zat gizi kakandung dina kadaharan anu diwangun tina unsur ''Carbon (C), Hidrogén (H), jeung Oksigén (O).''<ref name=":3" /> Dina jero awak karbohidrat bakal ngahiji jeung sababaraha [[asam amino]] ogé [[glisérol lemak]].<ref name=":3" /> Sumber-sumber karbohidrat di antarana [[béas]], [[jagong]], [[gandum]], jrrd. <ref name=":3" /> Dumasar molekulna karbohidrat dibagi jadi tilu, nyaéta [[monosakarida]], [[oligosakarida]], jeung [[polisakarida]]. <ref name=":3" /> Fungsi karbohidrat di antarana nyaéta sumber énérgi, nu ngalindungi protein, pencegah kaciptana [[ketosis]] jeung ''pemecah'' protéin anu kaleuleuwihi, ngadétoksifikasi zat anu ngabahayakeun, jeung ngabantu prosés ''senyawa-senyawa'' nu séjén. <ref name=":3" /> === Protein === [[Gambar:Telur ayam kampung.JPG|jmpl|Salasahiji conto protein. ]] Protéin nyaéta sumber asam-asam amino anu ngandung unsur ''Carbon (C), Hidrogén (H), Oksigén (O)'' ''jeung'' Nitrogen (N) anu teu dipiboga ku lemak atawa karbohidrat.<ref>http://titisfahreza.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2016/01/PROTEIN_TS.pdf</ref> Asam amino anu nyusun protéin aya 20 rupa. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Katili|first=Abubakar Sidik|date=5 Mei 2009|title=Struktur dan Fungsi Protein Kalogen|url=http://download.portalgaruda.org/article.php?article=40622&val=3587|journal=Jurnal Ilmiah|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303185442/http://download.portalgaruda.org/article.php?article=40622&val=3587|archive-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> Protéin aya dina unggal sistem hirup sakumna organisme. <ref name=":6" /> Pungsi protéin nyaéta salaku [[katalisator]], anu ngangkut jeung nyimpen molekul séjén saperti oksigen, anu nyampurnakeun [[sistem imunitas]] ogé salaku [[transmitor]] gerakan syaraf. <ref name=":6" /> === Lemak === [[Gambar:Avocado IMGP1128.jpg|jmpl|Salasahiji buah anu ngandung lemak.]] Lemak nyaéta senyawa kimia anu sipatna [[hidrofobik]] disusun tina unsur ''Carbon (C), Hidrogen (H), jeung Oksigén (O).'' <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngelmu.id/pengertian-lemak-sifat-macam-sumber-dan-fungsi-lemak/|title=Pengertian Lemak : Sifat, Macam, Sumber, Dan Fungsi Lemak - Ngelmu|website=www.ngelmu.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210214631/http://www.ngelmu.id/pengertian-lemak-sifat-macam-sumber-dan-fungsi-lemak/|archivedate=2018-02-10}}</ref> Siga karbohidrat, lemak ogé mangrupa sumber énérgi pikeun manusa. <ref name=":4" /> Pungsina nyaéta nu ngalindungi awak tina suhu anu rendah, pelarut vitamin A, D, E, jeung K, pelindung organ vital kayaning jantung jeung lambung, nu nyusun membran sel, ogé nyusun [[hormon]]. <ref name=":4" /> === Vitamin === [[Gambar:Wortel.jpg|jmpl|Wortel ngandung Vitamin A. ]] Vitamin nyaéta zat senyawa kompléks anu dibutuhkeun pisan ku mahluk hirup. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://edyutomo.com/vitamin-pengertian-jenis-fungsi-manfaat-dan-sumber-vitamin/|title=Vitamin : Pengertian Jenis Fungsi Manfaat, Sumber Vitamin|website=edyutomo.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106160940/http://edyutomo.com/vitamin-pengertian-jenis-fungsi-manfaat-dan-sumber-vitamin/|archivedate=2018-01-06}}</ref> Dumasar kelarutanna vitamin dibagi jadi dua, anu larut dina cai nyaéta vitamin B jeung C, sedeng anu teu larut din acai nyaéta vitamin A, D, E, jeung K. <ref name=":5" /> Pungsina nyaéta pikeun ngatur zat dina awak, nguatkeun gigi jeung tulang, nguatkeun daya tahan awak, ngabantu dina prosés pencegahan panyakit, ngaronjatkeun kabugaran, jeung jadi katalisator dina [[réaksi biokimia]]. <ref name=":5" /> === Mineral === Mineral nyaéta zat gizi anu diperlukeun ku manusa, mibanda komposisi unsur murni kalayan rupa-rupa bentuk. <ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://satujam.com/pengertian-mineral/|title=Pengertian Mineral Beserta Jenis dan Fungsinya - Satu Jam|date=2017-09-17|newspaper=Satu Jam|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521204412/https://satujam.com/pengertian-mineral/|archive-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> Pungsina pikeun ngajaga kaséhatan otot, ngahasilkeun [[énzim]], ngatur tekanan [[osmotic]], nyiptakeun [[antibody]], jrrd. <ref name=":7" /> Conto mineral nyaéta [[kalsium]], [[phospor, zat besi, iodium]], jeung [[cai]]. <ref name=":0" /> == Fungsi Zat Gizi == Zat gizi miboga fpungsi anu spésifik. Unggal zat gizi pungsina téh rupa-rupa. Di antarana : * Zat gizi minangka sumber energi ; Salaku sumber énérgi zat gizi miboga mangpaat pikeun ngusikeun awak jeung prosés metabolisme dina awak.{{Fact}} Zat gizi anu kaasup kana zat anu pungsina jadi sumber énérgi nyaéta karbohidrat, lemak, jeung protéin. <ref name=":0" /> * Zat gizi pikeun mertahankeun jaringan awak ; Zat gizi mibanda pungsi pikeun nyipta tur ngaganti sél-sél dina jaringan awak manusa. <ref name=":0" /> Anu kaasup kana ieu zat nyaéta protein, lemak, mineral, jeung vitamin. <ref name=":0" /> * Zat gizi salaku pangatur proses metabolisme ; Prosés metabolisme dina awak perlu diatur sangkan saimbang. <ref name=":0" /> Ku kituna dibutuhkeun zat gizi pikeun ngaturna di antarana mineral, vitamin, jeung protéin. <ref name=":0" /> == Sumber Zat Gizi == Dumasar sumberna zat gizi dibagi jadi dua, [[nabati]] jeung [[hewani]].{{Fact}} Sedeng dumasar jumlah anu dibutuhkeun ku awak sumber zat gizi dibagi jadi dua : * Zat gizi makro nyaéta zat gizi anu diperlukeun dina jumlah anu loba kalayan satuanna gram, contona karbohidrat, lemak, jeung protéin. <ref name=":0" /> * Zat gizi mikro nyaéta zat gizi anu diperlukeun dina jumlah anu saeutik tapi aya dina kadaharan, contona mineral jeung vitamin. <ref name=":0" /> == Epidemiologi Gizi == Epidémiologi gizi mangrupa élmu anu ngabahas sual sebaran jeung [[déterminan]] masalah gizi jeung panyakit anu aya patalina jeung masalah gizi, sarta larapanna dina kawijakan jeung program pangan ogé gizi pikeun ngahontal kasehatan masarakat anu leuwih hade.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Epidemiologi Gizi|last=Siagian|first=Albiner|publisher=Erlangga Medical Series|year=2010|isbn=978-979-075-331-0|location=|pages=}}</ref> === Tujuan Epidemiologi Gizi === Tujuan utama tina panalungtikan épidemiologi gizi nyaéta pikeun nyadiakeun fakta ilmiah anu paling hadé pikeun ngadukung pamahaman peran énérgi dina [[panyakit]] atawa nyegah panyakit. <ref name=":2" /> Sacara klasik, épidemiologi mibanda tilu tujuan : * Pikeun ngagambarkeun distribusi jeung ukuran panyakit dina populasi manusa. <ref name=":2" /> * Pikeun ngajentrekeun panyakit anu pakait jeung gizi. <ref name=":2" /> * Pikeun nyadiakeun informasi penting keur ngokolakeun jeung ngarencanakeun layanan panyakit anu patali jeung gizi. <ref name=":2" /> === Kamekaran Epidemiologi Gizi === Mimitina épidemiologi gizi ngan museur kana patalina antara kakurangan zat gizi jeung timbulna panyakit. <ref name=":2" /> Misalna anémia zat besi, panyakit anu dibalukarkeun tina kurangna zat gizi besi. <ref name=":2" /> Sajalan jeung kamekaran téknologi jeung ngaronjatna kasejahteraan manusa anu ahirna ngarobah gaya hirup, fokus epidemiologi ogé jadi robah. <ref name=":2" /> Asalna tina panyakit balukar defisiensi gizi jadi ka panyakit balukar kaleuwihan gizi anu umumna kronis. <ref name=":2" /> Conto-conto panyakit kronis anu patali jeung gizi nyaéta panyakit [[jantung coroner]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hiperténsi]], jeung [[hiperkolesterolemia]]. <ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Kasehatan]] [[Kategori:Mahluk hirup]] [[Kategori:Hirup sehat]] [[Kategori:Gizi]] aqx8j7wb64mi34ubd2hl6r6rxtpt85p 0 72971 731838 665042 2026-11-08T11:35:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salmon''' nyaéta salah sahiji lauk anu geus kawentar di masarakat, lauk anu ngandung [[nutrisi]] sarta alus pikeun [[kaséhatan]] [[otak]] manusa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dunia-perairan.com/2017/02/ikan-salmon.html|title=Ikan Salmon (Oncorhyncus sp.) {{!}} Biota Dunia Perairan|website=www.dunia-perairan.com|accessdate=2018-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218064527/http://www.dunia-perairan.com/2017/02/ikan-salmon.html |date=2018-02-18 }}</ref> Ieu lauk téh mangrupa jenis lauk laut tina sadulur ''[[salmonidae]]'' anu sacara umum mangrupa spésiés ''[[anadromous]]'', nyaéta spésiés lauk pindah tempat ''[[(imigrasi)]]'' pikeun baranakanna.<ref name=":0" /> [[Lauk]] séjén di kulawarga ''[[salmonidae]]'' nyaéta lauk ''[[Trout]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Mimitina hirup di cai biasa, tuluy [[megar]], sanggeus megar pindah (migrasi) deui ka [[lautan]].<ref name=":0" /> Ieu lauk bisa jadi lauk anu istiméwa lantaran salmon ngadahar lauk-lauk laleutik anu kabeukina jukut laut.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/kesehatan/2016/02/16/ciri-ciri-ikan-salmon-berkualitas-sehat-dan-bergizi-tinggi-untuk-dikonsumsi|title=Ciri-ciri Ikan Salmon Berkualitas Sehat dan Bergizi Tinggi Untuk Dikonsumsi - Tribunnews.com|newspaper=Tribunnews.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref> Nya tina jukut laut ieu pisan nu ngadorong jadi ''[[omega 3]]'', sarta ampuh pikeun nurunkeun ''[[kolesterol]]'', jeung ngajaga sél-sél otak tina [[panyakit]].<ref name=":1" /> Salmon boga rasa anu has, bisa karasa ni'mat sanajan teu maké [[bungbu]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.viva.co.id/gaya-hidup/kuliner/370288-mengenal-negara-penghasil-salmon-kualitas-tinggi|title=Mengenal Negara Penghasil Salmon Kualitas Tinggi – VIVA|last=VIVA|first=PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU -|date=2012-11-26|language=id|access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref> Teu héran saupama ieu lauk jadi dipikaresep di Indonésia, salmon biasana diolah jadi ''[[sushi]]'' jeung ''sashimi''.<ref name=":2" /> ''Sushi'' jeung ''sashimi'' ngagunakeun lauk salmon ti [[Norwégia]], nagara nu sok ngékspor ''[[seafood]]'' panggedéna sadunya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lifestyle.liputan6.com/read/2372966/dari-mana-asal-salmon-dalam-menu-sushi-dan-sashimi|title=Dari Mana Asal Salmon dalam Menu Sushi dan Sashimi?|last=Liputan6.com|newspaper=liputan6.com|access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref> == Klasifikasi == ''[[Kingdom]] : [[Animalia]]'' ''[[Fillum]] : [[Chordata]]'' ''[[Class]] : [[Actinopterygii]]'' ''[[Ordo]]: [[Salmoniformes]]'' ''[[Familly]] : [[Salmonidae]]'' ''[[Genus]] : [[Oncorhyncus]]'' ''[[Species]] : [[Oncorhyncus sp]]<ref name=":0" />'' == Jenis-jenis Salmon == === Salmon ''[[Chinook]]'' === Salmon jenis ieu ngabogaan tékstur anu empuk sarta ngandung minyak anu loba, beuratna 10-15 ''[[pound]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.martinrecords.com/animals/list-dan-asal-ikan-salmon/|title=List Dan Asal Ikan Salmon|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207085629/http://www.martinrecords.com/animals/list-dan-asal-ikan-salmon/ |date=2018-02-07 }}</ref> Salmon jenis ieu mangrupa salmon panggedéna di [[Pasifik]].<ref name=":3" /> Salmon jenis ieu disebut ogé ''King Salmon'' atawa ''[[Oncorhynchus]]'' ''[[Tshawytscha]]'', warnana aya nu bodas atawa beureum kolot.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://duniaikan.com/ikan-salmon/|title=8 Jenis Ikan Salmon Lengkap dengan Kandungan dan Gambarnya {{!}} Dunia Ikan|website=duniaikan.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212232901/http://duniaikan.com/ikan-salmon/ |date=2018-02-12 }}</ref> [[Gambar:Pink salmon FWS.jpg|jmpl|Pink Salmon FWS]] === Salmon ''Sockeye'' === Salmon ''[[Sockeye]]'' nyaéa salmon anu dagingna warna beureum sarta ngandung minyak, beuratna bisa nepi ka 5-8 ''pound'' malah bisa nepi ka 15 ''pound''.<ref name=":3" /> === Salmon ''Coho'' === Bédana salmon ''[[Coho]]'' jeung salmon ''sockeye'' nyaéta salmon ''sockeye'' mah leuwih hampang tibatan salmon ''coho, coho'' mah bisa nepi ka 6-12 ''[[pound]]'' malah bisa nepi ka 31 ''pound''.<ref name=":3" /> ''Salmon coho'' biasana aya di sisi walungan atawa di cai anu tiis.<ref name=":3" /> === Salmon ''Gigi Anjing'' === Salmon ''Gigi Anjing'' teu jiga salmon séjénna, salmon jenis ieu teu boga warna anu has jeung minyakna saeutik pisan.<ref name=":3" /> Salmon ''Gigi Anjing'' beuratna bisa nepi ka 10-15 ''pound'' malah bisa jadi nepi ka 33 ''pound''.<ref name=":3" /> Konjoyan salmon ieu nyaéta hampir sarua jeung anjing.<ref name=":3" /> === Salmon Atlantik === [[Salmon Atlantik]] biasa disebut salmon [[salar]] nyaéta salmon hiji-hijina anu hirup di Atlantik.<ref name=":5" /> Beurat salmon Atlantik rata-rata 2–10&nbsp;kg.<ref name=":5" /> Salmon ieu asalna ti Atlantik Utara tepatna ti New England nepi ka Skandinavia, beuratna kira-kira 10&nbsp;kg, hanjakal jumlahna kiwari geus kari saeutik.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.salmonhu.com/2016/08/mengenal-tujuh-jenis-ikan-salmon-di.html|title=Mengenal Tujuh Jenis Ikan Salmon di Dunia|website=www.salmonhu.com|accessdate=2018-02-13}}</ref> === Salmon Anjing / ''Dog Salmon'' === Salmon anjing atawa ''[[Oncorhynchus keta|Oncorhynchus Keta]]'' nyaéta salmon anu boga warna bungur, ngaharib-harib ka geuneuk.<ref name=":5" /> Ieu hal mangrupa ciri has tina salmon nu sok disebut ogé ''[[Salmon chum|Salmon Chum]]'' jeung ''Keta Salmon''.<ref name=":5" /> Daging salmon anjing warnana pias, kandungan lemakna saeutik, sarta biasana dijual ka luar negri dina bentuk kaléngan atawa dibekukeun.<ref name=":5" /> === Salmon Pérak === Salmon Pérak atawa sering disebut ogé ''Silver Salmon'', ''Coho Salmon'', jeung ''Oncorhynchus Kisutch'' nyaéta jenis lauk anu kawentar di Puget Sound (Teluk Besar Samudra Pasifik), cicingna di anak walungan basisir jeung walungan-walungan leutik.<ref name=":5" /> Daging salmon pérak warnana beureum caang, warna kulitna pérak, beuratna kurang ti 5&nbsp;kg sarta tékstur dagingna leuwih empuk batan salmon-salmon séjénna.<ref name=":5" /> === ''Salmon Pelangi (Rainbow Trout Salmon)'' === ''Salmon Pelangi'' atawa Steelhéad mangrupa jenis lauk salmon anu asalna ti Samudra Pasipik Asia jeung Amerika Utara.<ref name=":5" /> Sanggeus dua taun hirup di laut, ''Salmon Pelangi'' pindah ka cai biasa pikeun ngendog.<ref name=":5" /> === Salmon Pesisir / ''Cutthroat Trout'' === Salmon Pesisir atawa ''Onchorhynchus Clarki'' nyaéta jenis salmon asal anak walungan samudra Pasifik, Pagunungan Rocky sarta Gréat Basin di Amerika Utara, ciri has tina salmon ieu nyaéa warna beureum has di handapeun rahangna.<ref name=":5" /> === ''Pink Salmon'' === ''Salmon Pink'' atawa salmon kayas nyaéta jenis salmon anu loba kapanggih di lautan Pasifik , boga ciri has daging nu warna kayas atawa beureum ngora kitu ogé dina pundukna.<ref name=":5" /> Sesebutan séjén pikeun Pink Samon nyaéta Bungkuk Salmon, Humpies, jeung Humpback.<ref name=":5" /> === ''Red Salmon'' === ''Red salmon'' kawentar ku ciri hasna anu ngabogaan daging warna beureum atawa oranyeu, kitu ogé kulitna.<ref name=":7" /> Salmon jenis ieu loba ngandung omega 3 jeung lemak teu jenuh.<ref name=":7" /> Jumlah salmon ieu kaitung masih loba beuratna kira-kira 2,5&nbsp;kg.<ref name=":7" /> == Budidaya == Pikeun ngahasilkeun [[kualitas]] salmon anu hadé, indung salmon déwasa anu dipilih, mampuh ngahasilkeun kira-kira 10.000 [[endog]] anu [[diinkubasi]] dina suhu téngki kalayan dikadalikeun tina ''[[hatchery]]'' cai biasa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2017-11-30|title=Salmon|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salmon&oldid=13396787|language=id}}</ref> Sanggeus megar, anak salmon diasuh di ''hatchary'' nepi ka 18 bulan.<ref name=":4" /> Dina umur sakieu, salmon mimiti ''[[smoltify]]''-prosés alami parobahan ''[[fisiologis]]'' anu ngayakinkeun pikeun hirup dina [[cai asin]].<ref name=":4" /> Di Indonésia, ''budidaya'' salmon kaitung masih kénéh handap, padahal sabenerna lamun urang Indonésia bisa nyieun ''[[budidaya]]'' lauk salmon bakal jadi kauntungan anu gedé.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.budidayaikanhias.com/2017/01/budidaya-ikan-salmon.html|title=Cara Budidaya Ikan Salmon Indonesia Terlengkap Bisnis Miliyaran!|last=Author|first=Nama|website=Budidaya Ikan Hias|accessdate=2018-02-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213151845/http://www.budidayaikanhias.com/2017/01/budidaya-ikan-salmon.html |date=2018-02-13 }}</ref> Lauk salmon anu aya di Indonésia asalna ti luar negri, kabutuhan salmon di Indonésia masih dikawasa kira-kira 86% [[impor]] ti Norwégia.<ref name=":8" /> === Léngkah-léngkah Praktis Budidaya Salmon === 1. Pikeun ngahasilkeun kualitas anu maksimal budidaya salmon, anu mimiti kudu diperhatikeun téh nyaéta bibit indung anu kualitana hadé, indung salmon anu super bisa ngahasilkeun 10.000 endog.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ilmuhewan.com/cara-mudah-budidaya-ikan-salmon-untuk-pemula/|title=Cara Mudah Budidaya Ikan Salmon untuk Pemula|date=2016-03-15|newspaper=Informasi Ternak Hewan|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213040829/http://www.ilmuhewan.com/cara-mudah-budidaya-ikan-salmon-untuk-pemula/|archive-date=2018-02-13}}</ref> 2. Endog anu geus meunang prosés pembuahan diinkubasi dina wadah husus.<ref name=":9" /> 3. Cai anu digunakeun dina wadah nyaéta cai biasa, sarta kaayaan suhu kudu tetep diperhatikeun jeung dikadalikeun ngarah sarua jeung kaayaan di tempat asalna.<ref name=":9" /> 4. Saupama bibit salmon geus mimiti malegar, pindahkeun deui kana wadah husus pikeun prosés ngagedékeun. Prosés ieu kudu digedékeun dina ''[[hatchery]]'' nepi ka umur 18 bulan.<ref name=":9" /> 5. Dina umur 18 bulan salmon mimiti ngalaman parobahan prosés kadéwasaan sarta geus bisa nyaluyukeun dina tempat asalna nyaéta dina cai asin. Prosés ieu disebut ''[[smoltify]]'' atawa prosés [[pisiologis]].<ref name=":9" /> 6. Ahir tina mangsa parobahan pisiologis ieu, ukuran salmon geus 10–12&nbsp;cm sarta beurat 100 gram. Dina mangsa ieu salmon geus kudu dipindahkeun kana jaring di lauan.<ref name=":9" /> 7. Satuluyna diurus dina jaring salila 18 bulan, umur sakieu beuratna bisa nepi ka 4,5&nbsp;kg sarta robah jadi ''[[salmon smolt]]'' dewasa sarta lauk ieu geus meujeuhna dipanén.<ref name=":9" /> == Kandungan Gizi == Salmon ngandung protéin jeung [[antioksidan]] ''[[co-anzyme Q 10]]'' pikeun nyegah panyakit jantung jeung déprési sarta ngaoptimalkeun gawé otak jeung panon ka orok jeung budak.<ref name=":1" /> [[Oméga]] dina salmon mampuh ngaronjatkeun lével ''[[serotonin]]'', unsur [[kimia]] dina otak anu matak nimbulkeun rasa [[gumbira]].<ref name=":1" /> Kandungan antioksidan dina salmon ngabalukarkeun vitamin C jeung E bisa gawé leuwih lila, nepi ka maksimal dina ngaronjatkeun kaséhatan mata jeung kulit.<ref name=":1" /> [[Protéin]] dina salmon dibutuhkeun pikeun nyieun sél kulit, buuk, mata, otot jeung organ-organ séjénna. Lemak dina salmon ''(Omega 3)'' mampuh ngaronjatkeun [[HDL]] pikeun nurunkeun épék négatip tina [[kolésterol]] [[Lulumpang|LDL]].<ref name=":1" /> == Nutrisi == Nutrisi anu aya dina salmon nyaéta: * ''Energi: 142 kkal''<ref name=":1" /> * ''Cai: 68, 50 g''<ref name=":1" /> * ''Protein: 19,84 g''<ref name=":1" /> * ''Lemak: 6,34 g''<ref name=":1" /> * ''Kolesterol: 55 g''<ref name=":1" /> * ''Kalsium: 12 g''<ref name=":1" /> * ''Besi: 0,80 g''<ref name=":1" /> * ''Riboflavin: 0,380 g''<ref name=":1" /> * ''Niacin: 7,860 g<ref name=":1" />'' * Vitamin A<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=manfaat+salmon&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b|title=manfaat salmon - Pamaluruhan Google|website=www.google.com|language=su-US|accessdate=2018-02-13}}</ref> * Vitamin D<ref name=":6" /> * Vitamin B6<ref name=":6" /> * Vitamin B<ref name=":6" /> * Vitamin E<ref name=":1" /> * Kandungan séjénna kalsium, zat besi, seng, magnesium, jeung fosfor<ref name=":6" /> == Mangpaat Salmon == === Oméga 3 === # Ngajaga kaséhatan [[jantung]] # Ngurangan résiko struk # Ngurangan [[diabétes]] # Penting keur kaséhatan [[mata]] jeung [[otak]] orok dina kandungan # Menerkeun pola ''[[lipid]]'' getih # Ngaronjatkeun pungsi ''[[pembuluh darah]]'' # Menerkeun gangguan ''kekebalan'' jeung ''[[inflasi]]'' ''[[rheumatoi]]d'' ''[[arthritis]]'' jeung ''[[chorone]]''<ref name=":6" /> === Protein === # Sumber énérgi # Ngatur métabolisme awak # Mantuan prosés pertumbuhan otot # Mantuan prosés pembentukan hormon # Pembentukan zat ''[[antibodi]]''<ref name=":6" /> === Asam Amino === # Ngawangun [[hémoglobin]] atawa sél ''[[darah merah]]'' # Ngawangun sel ''darah putih'' # Ngaronjatkeun énérgi # Protéksi tina radiasi # Ngahambat kangker jeung tumor # Ngaronjatkeun pungsi otak # Antibodi<ref name=":6" /> === Vitamin A === # Ngajaga kaséhatan mata # Nyageurkeun tatu # Nyegah kangker # Sumber [[antioksidan]] # Sisitem imun<ref name=":6" /> === Vitamin D === # Ngajaga kaséhatan tulang # Nyegah [[ostéoporosis]] # Nyegah kangker [[Koloseum|kolon]] jeung [[proostat]] # Ngajaga kaséhatan kulit<ref name=":6" /> === Vitamin B6 === # Ngaronjatkeun énérgi # Ngaronjatkeun kaséhatan jantung # Sistem imun # Sistem sarap # Kaséhatan otot<ref name=":6" /> === Vitamin E === # Ngungkulan kulit karinyut, gurat kulit, [[kutikula]] # Ngungkulan éfék négatip obat-obatan # Nyegah kangker # Nyegah panyakit sarap # Obat diabétés<ref name=":6" /> == Ciri-ciri Salmon nu Hadé == Ciri-ciri salmon anu hadé nyaéta: === Bauna === Bau salmon anu masih kénéh seger nyaéta teu pati [[hanyir]], saupama salmon kaambeuna bau anu teu ngeunah atawa hanyir kaleuleuwihi, hartina éta salmon kualitasna geus teu alus deui.<ref name=":1" /> === Teu Caian === Hal nu kudu diperhatikeun nalika meuli salmon, utamana salmon anu geus di ''[[fillet]]'' nyaéta salmon anu seger mah teu ngandung cai, lamun katingalina caian hartina geus kakotoran ku lingkunganna.<ref name=":1" /> === Asang jeung Kulit === Salmon seger warna kulitna hérang jeung semu baseuh, sedengkeun asangna warna beureum.<ref name=":1" /> === Tékstur === Salmon anu masih kénéh seger téksturna empuk tapi teu gampang ancur, sabalikna lamun kualitasna goréng, téksturna karasa teus.<ref name=":1" /> === Warna === Warna daging salmon henteu bodas siga umumna lauk, salmon ngabogaan warna semu oranyeu jeung garis-garis bodas.<ref name=":1" /> Warna salmon anu masih kénéh seger cerah jeung rata, sabalikna lamun geus teu seger warnana pias jeung kulitna warna hideung.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sasatoan]] fepkfg2c517urkv5fe1omqogrrt7nw8 0 72977 731759 712954 2026-11-08T07:03:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Wedding ring with heart shadow.jpg|jmpl|Cincin bisa dijadikeun mahar.]] '''Mahar''' atawa mas kawin nyaéta salasahiji syarat sah dina [[jatukrami]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanind.com/penjelasan-mahar-pernikahan-dalam-islam.html|title=PENJELASAN MAHAR PERNIKAHAN DALAM ISLAM - Tips Pernikahan dan Rumah Tangga|website=www.fanind.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116041003/http://www.fanind.com/penjelasan-mahar-pernikahan-dalam-islam.html |date=2018-01-16 }}</ref> Sacara umum kecap séjén anu digunakeun pikeun mahar dina [[Al-Qur’an]] nyaéta ''[[Ajr, Shiddiq, Shaduqah]]'', anu hartina pangajén sarta hadiah keur [[pangantén]] awéwé.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.suduthukum.com/2014/07/pengertian-mahar.html|title=Pengertian Mahar|newspaper=SUDUT HUKUM™|access-date=2018-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602102518/http://www.suduthukum.com/2014/07/pengertian-mahar.html |date=2017-06-02 }}</ref> Sedeng numutkeun Hamka, kecap ''shidaq, shaduqat,'' asal tina rumpun kecap ''shidiq, shadaq,'' ogé ''shadaqah.''{{Fact}} Dina ma’nana ngandung rasa anu jujur jeung wening.{{Fact}} Jadi hartina harta anu dibikeun kalayan haté nu beresih wening keur pangantén awéwé nalika akad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tafsir al-azhar|last=Hamka|first=|publisher=PT Pustaka Panji Mas|year=1999|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref> Wangenan mahar numutkeun Ulama’fiqih mazhab, di antarana : * [[Mazhab Hanafi]] nyebutkeun yén mahar nyaéta harta anu diwajibkeun pikeun lalaki nalika akad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Hukum-hukum Fiqih Islam (Tinjauan Antar Mazhab)|last=Hasbi Ash Shiddieqy|first=Teungku Muhammad|publisher=PT. Pustaka Rizki Putra|year=2001|isbn=|location=Semarang|pages=}}</ref> * [[Mazhab Malik]]<nowiki/>i nyebutkeun yén mahar nyaéta hal anu ngajakeun awéw wjeung lal é halal disapaton''li''.<ref name=":0" /> * [[Mazhab Hambali]] nyebutkeun yén mahar nyaéta hadiah tina jatukrami, anu disebutkeun kalayan jéntré dina akad.<ref name=":0" /> * [[Mazhab Syafi’I]] nyebutkeun yén mahar nyaéta hal anu diwajibkeun ku lantaran ayana akad.<ref name=":0" /> == Jenis == Jenis–jenis mahar aya dua nyaéta : * [[Mahar Musamma]], nyaéta mahar anu disebutkeun jenis jeung jumlahna nalika [[akad]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bacaanmadani.com/2017/11/pengertian-maharmaskawin-hukum-besaran.html|title=Pengertian Mahar/Maskawin, Hukum, Besaran Mahar, Macam-macam Mahar dan Cara Pembayaran Mahar|newspaper=Bacaan Madani {{!}} Bacaan Islami|access-date=2018-02-12}}</ref> * [[Mahar Mitsli]] nyaéta mahar anu dibikeun saumpama pangantén lalaki teu nyebutkeun jenis jeung jumlah mahar musamma nalika akad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/11286/9/bab2.pdf |title=Arsip salinan |accessdate=2018-02-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417013238/http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/11286/9/bab2.pdf |archivedate=2018-04-17}}</ref> Jenis atawa kadarna diukur saluyu jeung mahar anu kungsi ditarima ku kulawarga deukeutna.<ref name=":1" /> Mahar Mitsli disebutkeun dumasar tilu kamunginan nyaéta kahiji dina kaayaan lalaki teu nyebutkeun mahar atawa jumlahna, kadua dina kaayaan lalaki nyebutkeun mahar musamma tapi maharna teu nyumponan syarat, jeung katilu lalaki nyebutkeun mahar musamma, tapi sabada éta malah aya pacogrégan lantaran jumlahna atawa sipatna.<ref name=":1" /> == Watek == Mahar bisa mangrupa [[duit, perhiasan, parabot rumah tangga, sasatoan, jasa, harta dagang]], atawa banda-banda séjénna anu aya hargana.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Fiqh Lima Mazhab|last=Mughniyah|first=Muhamad Jawad|publisher=Shaf|year=2015|isbn=|location=Bekasi|pages=}}</ref> Syarat-syaratna nyaéta : * Puguh bentuk jeung sipatna.<ref name=":2" /> * Barangna kudu milikna sorangan.<ref name=":2" /> * Barangna bisa nyumponan syarat pikeun didagangkeun, dina harti barang anu teu bisa didagangkeun teu bisa jadi mahar.<ref name=":2" /> Kayaning daging babi, minuman keras, jeung bangké.<ref name=":2" /> * Bisa dibikeun nalika akad atawa dina waktu anu geus ditangtukeun.<ref name=":2" /> Dina harti éta barang aya dina waktu anu diperlukeun.<ref name=":2" /> Barang anu teu bisa dibikeun dina waktu anu ditangtukeun teu bisa dijadikeun mahar, saperti manuk anu hiber.<ref name=":2" /> == Cara mayar == Cara mayar mahar bisa dua cara, kontan jeung hutang.{{Fact}} Upama kontak dibikeun langsung nalika akad, sedeng upama hutang nyaéta : * Wajib dibayar sakabéhna, upama geus sapatemon'','' atawa salasahijina aya nu tilar dunya.<ref name=":3" /> * Wajib dibayar satengahna, upama mahar disebutkeun nalika akad tapi can sapatemon.{{Fact}} Salakina ngan wajib mayar [[mut'ah]].{{Fact}} Luyu jeung firman Allah SWT dina Q.S Al-Baqarah : 237 <ref name=":3" /> "''Jeung upama maranéh nalak pamajikan saméméh sapatemon, sarta geus nangtukeun méré mas kawin, diwajibkeun mayar satengahna tina anu geus ditangtukeun téa, kajaba upama pihak awéwéna suka ngudar éta mas kawin atawa pihak anu akad nikahna (pihak salaki) suka mikeun mas kawin sacumponna, tapi upama ku maranéh dicumponan mah éta téh leuwih deukeut kana takwa, sarta maranéh ulah mopohokeun kahadéan (campur gaul) anatara maranéh. Saenyana Allah téh Maha Uninga kana saniskara anu dipigawé ku maranéh.''" <ref name=":4">Al-Qur'an Tarjamah Sunda.</ref> * Teu wajib dibayar, upama istrina dipirak saméméh sapatemon tur mahar teu disebutkeun dina akad.{{Fact}} Tapi tetep mayar mut'ah.{{Fact}} Luyu jeung firman Allah SWT dina Q.S Al-Baqarah : 236 <ref name=":3" /> "''Henteu jadi dosa pikeun maranéh lamun maranéh nalak pamajikan anu tacan dicampuran ku maranéh jeung anu can ditangtukeun mas kawinna, tapi hadéna mah dibéré panglipur (panyecep), pikeun nu cukup nurutkeun kaheureutanana. Mut'ah (panglipur) anu hadé téh saéstuna perkara anu pantes pikeun jalma-jalma anu ngalampahkeun kahadéan.''" <ref name=":4" /> == Hikmah == Aya sababaraha hikmah tina mahar, nyaéta : * nunjukkeun kamuliaan awéwé, yén awéwé nu ditéang lalaki.{{Fact}} Lain lalaki nu ditéang awéwé.{{Fact}} Lalaki anu usaha najan kudu ngorbankeun harta bandana.<ref name=":6">https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/56674-ID-kedudukan-dan-hikmah-mahar-dalam-perkawi.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919181037/https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/56674-ID-kedudukan-dan-hikmah-mahar-dalam-perkawi.pdf |date=2023-09-19 }}</ref> * Ngangkat darajat awéwé tur mere hak milikna.{{Fact}} Ku kituna dibéré hak pikeun mibanda mahar nalika jatukrami, tur ngajadikeun mahar salaku kawajiban pikeun lalaki ngahormat awéwé anu dipilihna.<ref name=":6" /> * Némbongkeun hiji kaasih anu beresih wening.<ref name=":6" /> * Némbongkeun tékad anu saenyana yén lain heuheureuyan atawa kalangenan.<ref name=":6" /> * Némbongkeun tanggung jawab lalaki dina ngawanngun rumah tangga tur bakal satuluyna méré [[nafkah]].<ref name=":6" /> == Hukum == Mahar minangka kawajiban sakumaha hukum Islam, hukum anu kuat baris jadi dadasar pikeun lalaki anu boga kawajiban ngaluarkeunana. <ref name=":5">http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/3744/3/092111069_Bab2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013143701/http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/3744/3/092111069_Bab2.pdf |date=2017-10-13 }}</ref> Di antarana : * [[An-Nisa|Q.S An-Nisa]] : 4 <ref name=":5" /> " ''Jeung pasrahkeun ku maranéh mas kawinna ka éta awéwé, éta téh hiji kawajiban. Tuluy upama maranéhna masrahkeun sabagéan mas kawinna ka maranéh kalawan rido'eun, éta mah beunang didahar ku maranéh kalawan suka bungah.''"<ref name=":4" /> * Q. S An-Nisa : 20 <ref name=":5" /> " ''Jeung upama maranéh rék ngaganti pamajikan ku awéwé nu lian, sedengkeun maranéh geus méré ka salahsaurang éta awéwé harta anu loba, ku maranéh ulah dicokot deui najan saeutik ogé. Naha pantes maranéh nyokot deui barang anu geus dibikeun kalawan cara anu matak kagét jeung dosa anu kasampak?''" <ref name=":4" /> * Sabda Rasululah SAW <ref name=":5" /> Qutaibah bin Sa’id ats-Tsaqafi nyarita ka kami Ya’qub (nyaéta Ibnu AAbdirrahman Al-Qaari), ti Abu Hazim, ti Sahal bin Sa’ad, cenah : Aya awéwé datang ka Rasulullah SAW, tuluy nyarita : “Ya Rasulullah! Kuring datang ka anjeun masrahkeun diri (pikeun dijadikeun istri).” Rasul neuteup éta awéwé ti luhur nepi ka handap tuluy unggeuk.{{Fact}} Nalika éta awéwé sadar yén Rasul teu méré putusan nanaon, tuluy wé manéhna diuk.{{Fact}} Tuluy sahabat Rasul nyarita, “Ya Rasulullah! Saupama Rasul teu kersa, tikahkeun sim kuring ka anjeunna,” Rasul nalék : “Anjeun boga banda keur dijadikeun mahar?” tembalna “Demi Allah, taya pisan nanaon Ya Rasulullah.!”  Sabda Rasul “Geura indit ka kulawarga anjeun, tuluy téang naha aya nu bisa dijadikeun mahar?” Tuluy éta sahabat indit. Datang deui : “Demi Allah, taya nanaon Ya Rasulullah!” Sabda Rasul : “Téang, sanajan ngan cincin beusi!” Indt tuluy datang deui, : “Demi Allah, [[cincin]] beusi ogé taya Ya Rasulullah! Tapi sim kuring gaduh sarung anu dianggo ieu.” Anjeunna tiasa nyandak satengahna Ya Rasul.” Rasul nalék “Naon anu bisa dilakukeun tina éta sarung? Upama anjeun nu maké,  éta awéwé moal maké raksukan, jeung upama éta awéwé nu maké, anjeun nu teu maké raksukan.” Sahabat ngahuleng, tuluy indit. Digeroan deui ku Rasulullah. “Anjeun apal Al-Qur’an?” tembalna “Sim kuring apal surat ieu jeung surat itu.” Bari nyebutkeun sababaraha surat dina Al-Qur’an. Tuluy Rasululah nitah sangkan éta sahabat nalar éta [[surat]]. “Kiwari éta awéwé geus jadi milik anjeun, ku lanataran mahar sababaraha surat Al-Qur’an anu ku anjeun apal.” (H.R Muslim).<ref name=":5" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Kabudayaan]] [[Kategori:Réligi]] [[Kategori:Fiqih]] [[Kategori:Munakahat]] [[Kategori:Mahar|Mahar]] m4uomlypacilv8ewkcir8hujkrnzwvx 0 72983 731608 728343 2026-11-07T20:22:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Tamarindus indica (517656695).jpg|jmpl|Tamarindus indica]] '''Asem Jawa''' nyaéta sarupa buah anu rasana haseum, biasana digunakeun pikeun campuran bungbu dina lolobana masakan Indonésia, pikeun nambahan rasa haseum dina masakan, contona sayur asem atawa kuah empé-empé.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2016-06-29|title=Asam jawa|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_jawa&oldid=11703621|language=id}}</ref> Asem ogé digunakeun pikeun campuran jamu tradisional anu dijual ku tukang jamu kuriling, biasana ibu-ibu anu jamuna sok digandong (jamu gandong).<ref name=":0" /> [[Gambar:Sayur Asem Ampera.jpg|jmpl|Sayur Asem Ampera]] Sacara étimologis, ngaran asem Jawa dipaké ku urang Malayu sabab dipaké masakan di Jawa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.perkebunan.web.id/id1/430-327/Asam-Jawa_83375_perkebunan.html|title=ASAM JAWA {{!}} Pusat Ensiklopedi Dunia|website=www.perkebunan.web.id|accessdate=2018-02-15}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tutuwuhan ieu sering didatangkeun ti [[India]], ngaranna ''[[Tamarindus]]'' jeung ''[[Tamarind]]'' diturunkeun tina basa [[Arab]] [[تمرهندي tamr hindi|تمرهندي tamr Hindi]], hartina kurang leuwih: [[korma India]].<ref name=":4" /> == Klasifikasi == Ngaran ilmiah asem Jawa nyaéta ''tamarindus indica''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.materipertanian.com/klasifikasi-dan-morfologi-tanaman-asam-jawa/|title=KLASIFIKASI DAN MORFOLOGI TANAMAN ASAM JAWA|date=2015-12-04|newspaper=Materi Pertanian|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118165820/http://www.materipertanian.com/klasifikasi-dan-morfologi-tanaman-asam-jawa|archive-date=2018-01-18}}</ref> Klasifikasi asem Jawa nyaéta: ''Kingdom : Plantae'' ''Sub Kingdom : Viridiplantae'' ''Ifra Kingdom : Streptophyta'' ''Super Divisi : Embryyophyta'' ''Kelas : Magnoliopsida'' ''Super Ordo : Rosanae'' ''Ordo : Fabales'' ''Family : Fabacaeae'' ''Genus : Tamarindus'' ''Spesies : Tamarindus Indica L''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plantamor.com/database/database-tumbuhan/daftar-tumbuhan_i618?genus-page=all&src=1&skw=Tamarindus&g=Tamarindus&s=indica|title=Klasifikasi Asam Jawa|website=www.plantamor.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2018-02-14}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Morfologi Asem Jawa == ''Abitus'' mangrup tangkal anu jangkungna ±25 m, kaina teuas jeung warna coklat ngora, cabangna simpodial, kulitna loba lintésilna.<ref name=":1" /> Daun majemuk tunggal pahareup-hareup, bentukna lonjong sarta panjangna 1-2,5&nbsp;cm. Lébarna 0,5–1&nbsp;cm, nepi sisi daunna rata, tungtungna tumpul jeung puhuna semu buleud.<ref name=":1" /> Tulangna nyirip, lembut, warna héjo, panjang gagang daunna ±0,2&nbsp;cm, warnana héjo.<ref name=":1" /> Kembang majemuk runtuyan, ayana dina kélék daun, panjang gagangna ±0,6&nbsp;cm, warnana konéng, kalokop kembangna siga tabung, warnana héjo semu coklat, benang sari polong panjangna ±10&nbsp;cm dan lebar ±2&nbsp;cm, warnana héjo semu coklat.<ref name=":1" /> Wangun sikina pasagi ipis, warna coklat, akar tunggal, warna coklat kotor.<ref name=":1" /> Tangkal asem bentukna gedé, daunna héjo waé sarta bakal ngarangrangan dina mangsa usum kembangan.<ref name=":1" /> Kulit tangkalna coklat semu abu-abu, kasar jeung bareulah, garis-garis manjang, iuh jeung semu nguyupuk.<ref name=”Priyadi”>{{Cite book | title = Five Hundred Plant Species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: A Checklist Including Sundanese Names, Distribution, and Use| last = Hari Priyadi, Gen Takao, Irma Rahmawati, Bambang Supriyanto, Wim Ikbal Nursal, Ismail Rahman| first =Priyadi | publisher =CIFOR | location =Bogor| year =2010|ISBN=9786028693226 |pages = 1}}</ref> Daun majemuk, panjangna 5–13&nbsp;cm, anak daun lalonjong, 8–16&nbsp;cm, ukuran 0,5-1 x 3,5&nbsp;cm, sisina rata jeung puhuna nyangigir, tungtungna semu buleud.<ref name=":1" /> Daging buah nu ngora (mesokarp) bodas semu héjo, buah nu asak jadi beureum semu coklat nepi semu hideung, rasana haseum amis jeung liket. Sikina warna coklat semu hideung, teuas jeung rada pasagi.<ref name=":1" /> == Ngaran Asem dina Basa Daérah == Ngaran asem di sababaraha daérah : ''[[Bak mee]]'' (Aceh); ''[[Acam lagi]]'' (Gayo); ''[[Asam jawa]]'' (Melayu); ''[[Cumalagi]]'' (Minangkabau); [[Tangkal asem]] (Sunda); ''[[Witasem]]'' (Jawa); ''[[Acem]]'' (Madura); ''[[Celagi]]'' (Bali); ''[[Bagong|Bage]]'' (Sasak); ''[[Mangga]]'' (Bima); ''[[Kanefo kiu]]'' (Timor); ''[[Tobi]]'' (Solar); ''[[Asam jawa]]'' (Dayak); ''[[Asang jawi]]'' (Gorontalo); ''[[Tamalagi]]'' (Buol); ''[[Saamba lagi]]'' (Barros); ''[[Comba]]'' (Makasar); ''[[Sablaki]]'' (Tanimbar); ''[[Asam jawa ka]]'' (Buru); ''[[Asam jawa]]'' (Ternate); ''[[Tabelaka]]'' (Seram).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pintarbiologi.com/2016/04/serial-tanaman-obat-asam-jawa.html|title=Serial Tanaman Obat: Asam Jawa, Klasifikasi, Deskripsi dan Manfaatnya Bagi Kesehatan|website=www.pintarbiologi.com|accessdate=2018-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226062132/http://www.pintarbiologi.com/2016/04/serial-tanaman-obat-asam-jawa.html|archivedate=2018-02-26}}</ref> == Mangpaat Asem Jawa == Buah asem jawa kaasup kana buah anu bisa digunakeun pikeun ''pencuci mulut''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://manfaatutama.com/2017/03/manfaat-air-asam-jawa-dan-gula-merah-untuk-kesehatan/|title=Manfaat Air Asam Jawa dan Gula Merah untuk Kesehatan {{!}} Aneka Manfaat Hasil Alam|date=2017-03-18|newspaper=Aneka Manfaat Hasil Alam|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219181028/http://manfaatutama.com/2017/03/manfaat-air-asam-jawa-dan-gula-merah-untuk-kesehatan/|archive-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> Tapi sajaba ti éta asem Jawa ogé ngabogaan sababaraha hasiat, di antarana: * ''Betakaroten'' * Vitamin A * Vitamin B1 * Vitamin B2 * Vitamin C * ''Niasin Kalsium'' * ''Fosfor'' * ''Zat besi'' * ''Natrium'' * ''Serat''<ref name=":2" /> == Mangpaat Cai Asem Jawa jeung Gula Beureum == * Ubar Diséntri * Ubar Diftéri * Demam Nifas * Éksim * Darah Rendah * Ambéien * Demam Orok * Kolésterol * Nyeri Datang Bulan * Batuk garing * Bisul * sariawan * Nyeri Beuteung<ref name=":2" /> Kandungan Bétakarotin, Vitamin C, Vitamin B jeung antioksidan dina asem Jawa bisa nyageurkeun sababaraha panyakit, di antarana: * Nurunkeun kiloan awak * Menerkeun sistem pencernaan * Ngubaran tatu peujit * Jantung * Ngalawan kangker * Ngubaran tatu * Flu batuk * Asma * Léver * Diabétes<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.merdeka.com/sehat/10-manfaat-makan-asam-jawa-untuk-kesehatan-tubuhmu-sudah-tahu.html|title=10 Manfaat makan asam jawa untuk kesehatan tubuhmu, sudah tahu? {{!}} merdeka.com|last=Kusumaningrum|first=Febrianti Diah|newspaper=merdeka.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref> * Darah rendah Sajaba ti éta bisa ogé pikeun ngalemeskeun jeung ngaberesihkeun kulit, carana dilemeskeun jeung cikur sacukupna, tuluy dioléskeun kana awak salaku lulur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manfaat-buah.com/manfaat-buah-asam-jawa-untuk-diet-dan-kulit-tubuh/|title=Manfaat Buah Asam Jawa untuk Diet dan Kulit Tubuh|website=manfaat-buah.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227043852/http://manfaat-buah.com/manfaat-buah-asam-jawa-untuk-diet-dan-kulit-tubuh/|archivedate=2018-02-27}}</ref> == Penyebaran & Tempat Asalna (''Habitat'') == Asem Jawa kaasup kana tutuwuhan [[tropis]], asal-usulna diperkirakeun ti ''savana'' ''Aprika Timur'', anu mana jinis-jinis séjénna ogé kapanggih, salah sahijina di [[Sudan]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://jawa-timur.karyawan.web.id/id3/2793-2683/Asam-Jawa_83375_upri_jawa-timur-karyawan.html|title=ASAM JAWA - Kumpulan Ilmu Pengetahuan Umum|website=jawa-timur.karyawan.web.id|accessdate=2018-02-15}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sanggeus rébuan taun, tutuwuhan ieu geus sumebar ka Asia Tropis, tuluy ka Karibia jeung [[Amérika Latin]].<ref name=":3" /> Di sababaraha tempat nyaluyukeun, kaasup di Indonésia nepi ka sarua jeung di leuweung nu daunna sok muguran jeung di savana.<ref name=":3" /> Tangkal asem bisa jadi kalawan hadé nepi ka luhur taneuh 1.000 m (sakapeung nepi ka 1.500 m) dpl, dina taneuh nu ngandung keusik.<ref name=":3" /> == Budidaya Asem Jawa == Cara pikeun budidaya asem jawa salah sahijina ku cara dicangkok jeung sistem témpél, tujuanna pikeun ngahasilkeun hiji bibit anu alus pikeun dipelak ku cara végétatif.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://fredikurniawan.com/panduan-dasar-budidaya-asam-jawa/|title=Panduan Dasar Budidaya Asam Jawa|date=2015-04-07|newspaper=Berbagi Ilmu Pengetahuan|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref> Métodena aya témpél pesisai (''shiel budding'') témpélan tambaklan (''atch budding'') jeung sambungan (''cleft grafting'') mangrupa métode anu hadé pikeun ngalobaan bibit, métode ieu bisa dilaksanakeun dina bulan Novémber - Janwari sabab dina mangsa ieu keur meujeuhna usum hujan. Jarak melak asem bisa 8–10 m.<ref name=":5" /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Ubar]] [[Kategori:Fabaceae]] [[Kategiri:Tutuwuhan Tropis]] 8cwvnag4dw0sra7vq4e1hp5e31dwht6 0 72984 731658 728669 2026-11-07T23:16:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731658 wikitext text/x-wiki =='''Deskripsi'''== Dog-dog nyaéta salasahiji alat musik tradisional ti wewengkon [[Banten]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/dogdog-lojor-instrumen-musik-tabuh-khas-banten|title=Dogdog Lojor, Instrumen Musik Tabuh Khas Banten : Kesenian - Situs Budaya Indonesia|last=Kaya|first=Indonesia|website=IndonesiaKaya|language=Indonesia|accessdate=2019-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123080319/https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/dogdog-lojor-instrumen-musik-tabuh-khas-banten|archivedate=2019-11-23}}</ref> Rupa tina dog-dog lojor kawas bedug, tapi leuwih leutik sarta panjang.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu waditra dianggap miboga kalungguhan anu luhur dina upacara adat di daerah Lebak, Banten. Perkakas tabuhan anu terdiri ti 9 buah angklung tapi beda ukuranna jeung nadana, ditambah jeung dua ''dogdog lojor'', nayeta dogdog anu ukuranna lewih panjang tina dogdog biasana. ''Dogdog lojor'' ditabuh ku lengeun kosong atau ku pamukul ti kai atau awi. Biasana dimainkeun lobaan ku gondang. Biasana aya di daerah kecamatan Cisolok, kabupaten Sukabumi <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|edition=Cet. 1|title=Ensiklopedi Sunda : alam, manusia, dan budaya, termasuk budaya Cirebon dan Betawi|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45463431|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|date=2000|location=[Jakarta]|isbn=979-419-259-7|oclc=45463431|last=Rosidi, Ajip, 1938-|last2=Pustaka Jaya (Firm)}}</ref>. Lalakon dogdog lojor sarerea maen angklung bareng-bareng loba pamolah jeung joged. Anu jadi lalakon dogodg lojor ngamimitian jeung ngalakukeun gerak suku siga ''gésér'' atau ''jéngké.'' Kabeh gerak panabuh dogdog éta kudu ngiluan ku para panabuh angklung. Lamun panabuh angklung tinggaleun nuturkeun, jadi seserian.Jadi panabuh dogdog ngalakukeun rupa-rupa ragam pamolah anu teu kaduga siga ''tenggeng, banting suku, congklak, engkeg'' dll, jeung langkah ngiluan pola teras anu beragam oge. Gerakan belok panabuh dogdog anu ngadadak ngaganti arah ngasababkeun para panabuh angklung ktainggaleun tina barisanna jadi kacau. Hal éta anu jadi bahan seserian anu lalajo. Lamun dimaenkeun ku romongan ''gondang'', panabuh dogdog joged di harepeun panabuh gondang (anu kabeh awewe) bari ngnyanyikeun sisindiran. Kapeng panabuh dogdog nendeun dogdogna di tanah supaya lebih laluasa joged. Angklung ti dogdog lojor dibere ngaran sbb : (1) ''Kingking''; (2) ''Jongjrong''; (3) ''Ambrung panerus''; (5) ''Pancer''; (6) ''Pancer panerus''; (7) ''Engklok''; (8) ''Roel jeung'' (9) ''Roel panerus''.<ref name=":1" /> =='''Fungsi''' == Dog-dong lojor dipaké pikeun mirig dina acara ruwatan jeung sérén taun. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.negerikuindonesia.com/2015/09/dogdog-lojor-alat-musik-tradisional.html|title=Dogdog Lojor Alat Musik Tradisional Dari Banten|accessdate=2019-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031224155/http://www.negerikuindonesia.com/2015/09/dogdog-lojor-alat-musik-tradisional.html|archivedate=2019-10-31}}</ref>Pikeun mirig dina acara tradisi di Banten. Lian ti éta, ieu waditra miboga fungsi ngungkabkeun rasa sukur jeung jadi pakakas pikeun nolah bahla.<ref name=":0" /> == '''Perkakas''' == Aya sababaraha perkakas anu digunakeun di permainan dogdog lojor, nyaéta: dogdog lojor 2 buah, angklung buhun 4 buah, gendang 1 buah, goong 1 buah, kecrek; dan kecapi 1 buah.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Dogdog-Lojor-2|title=Dogdog Lojor Jawa Barat » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2019-11-23}}</ref> == '''Pemain''' == Jumlah keseluruhan pamain dogdog lojor kisaran 18-20 jelema. Kabeh terdiri ti: penabuh waditra atawa nayaga, penari, juru kawih ala beluk jeung juru kawih awewe. Sebagai catetan, pas bareto dogdog lojor diperankeun ku laki-laki. Tapi, ayeuna para awewe ogé berperan di permainan tersebut <ref name=":3" />. <br /> =='''Wangun'''== -         Kawas bedug tapi leuwih leutik -         Dijeeuna tina kayu, tengahna bolongan -         Panutupna maké kulit embé -         Talina ku awi.<ref name=":2" /> =='''Pintonan'''== Dogdog lojor mideng dipintonkeun jeung waditra angklung. Nayagana tilu urang. Dogdog lojor dianggap sakral, ku kituna teu sakabéh jalma bisa maénkeun ieu waditra. Kudu nu ahli jeung bisa kana ieu alat. Tranformasi pintonan dogdog lojor aya dina wangun tarian dogdog lojor jeung ngadu dogddog. Ngaliwatan éta cara, dipihareup seni tradisi dogdog lojor bisa dipikawanoh ku masarakat réa.<ref name=":0" /> =='''Transformasi'''== https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rve88TBH-2M =='''Rujukan'''== * Ubun, Kubarsah. 1994. ''Waditra.'' Bandung: Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan. * le8gyaki3syi7ge1vdj4ite34dk6ca7 0 73131 731688 653508 2026-11-08T00:55:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guratmangsa sastra Sunda''' mértélakeun lalakon sastra Sunda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sastra.sundadigital.com/kaca/guratmangsa|title=Gurat Mangsa Sastra Sunda|last=PP-SS|first=Dadan Sutisna @|website=sastra.sundadigital.com|accessdate=2018-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818233012/https://sastra.sundadigital.com/kaca/guratmangsa|archivedate=2019-08-18}}</ref> == Abad ka-15 == === 1518 === * Naskah [[Sanghyang Siksa Kanda ng Karesian|Siksa Kanda Ng Karesyan]] nétélakeun yén dina abad 16 geus aya carita pantun. === 1580 === * Gelarna [[pupujian]] nu dikawihkeun di [[Pasantrén|pasantrén-pasantrén]], dipirig ku [[terebang]], jsté. == Abad ka-16 == === 1625 === * Sabada wewengkon [[Parahiyangan|Priangan]] dikawasa ku [[Mataram]], wangun [[dangding]] mimiti dipikawanoh ku urang Sunda, pangpangna ku golongan ménak. [[Wawacan]] jeung [[guguritan]] mimiti ditarulis. == Abad ka-17 == == Abad ka-18 == === 1820-an === * (1882) R. H. [[Muhamad Musa|Moehammad Moesa]] lahir di Garut. Anjeunna salah sahiji tokoh penting dina kasusastraan [[abad ka-19]]. === 1830-an === * (1836) [[Bratadiwidjaja]] mimiti nyatet carita pantun [[Lutung Kasarung]] ti [[juru pantun]] [[Kabupatén Kuningan|Kuningan]]. === 1850-an === * (1852) [[Hasan Mustapa|Haji Hasan Mustapa]] gumelar di Garut. Panghulu Besar Bandung, bujangga Sunda, nulis dangding leuwih ti 10.000 pada. === 1860-an === * (1862) [[Muhamad Musa|R. H. Moehammad Moesa]] nulis Wawacan Panji Wulung * (1862) R. Mochamad Syaféi nyiptakeun lagu Papatét nu dianggap lagu munggaran * (1862) [[Hindia-Walanda|Pamaréntah Walanda]] nyitak Wawacan Bidayatussalik saduran R, Demang Bratawidjaja dina dua aksara: Jawa—Sunda jeung Latén. === 1880-an === * (1886) [[Muhamad Musa|R. H. Moehammad Moesa]] tilar dunya. === 1890-an === * (1890) [[W, Van Gelder]] medalkeun buku Manglé: Rupa-rupa Dongéng reujeung Contona. * (1891) JJ, Meijer nyatetkeun sawatara pantun ti daérah [[Gunung Kancana]], Banten Kidul dikumpulkeun ku juru tulisna, [[Agus Raksa Atmaja]]. * (1892) [[Moch. Ambri|Moh. Ambri]] lahir di Sumedang, tanggal [[8 Séptémber]]. * (1897) [[Méméd Sastrahadiprawira|Radén Méméd Sastrahadiprawira]] gumelar di [[Manonjaya, Tasikmalaya|Manonjaya]]. * (1899) [[Samsudi]] lahir di [[Bandung]], Pangarang carita barudak pangsohorna. == Abad ka-19 == === 1900-an === * (1908) Ngadeg Comissie voor de Inlansche School en Volkslectuur (Komisi Bacaan Rahayat), nu leuwih dipikawanoh ku ngaran [[Balé Pustaka]]. Bacaan nu dikaluarkeun ku Balé Pustaka sipatna didaktis. Ti dinya buku basa Sunda beuki ceuyah. === 1910-an === * (1911) [[CM Pleyte]] ngumpulkeun dongéng jadi buku Pariboga. * (1912) [[R. Kartawinata]] nyundakeun buku Carita Robinson Crusoe, Buku-buku beunang nyundakeun tina basa deungeun mimiti renung, upamana Warnasari tina Verha!en van Moeder de Gans disundakeun ku Lénggang Kancana (Lasminingrat), * (1914) [[D.K. Ardiwinata]] nulis roman Sunda munggaran, Baruang ka nu Ngarora wedalan Balé Pustaka. * (1914) Medalna kalawarta Papaés Nonoman nu dikaluarkeun ku Pakempelan Pasundan. leu média di antarana ngamuat karya guguritan. * (1917) [[Ganda Adinagara]] nulis Nunggulpinang, beunang nyundakeun tina karya Hector Malot. * (1918) Medalna kalawarta Pajajaran nu dikaluarkeun ku Paguyuban Pajajaran. leu média di antarana ngamuat karya [[guguritan]]. * (1919) Medalna surat kabar Pasundan nu dlkaluarkeun ku Paguyuban Pasundan. Ieu média di antarana ngamuat karya [[guguritan]]. * (1919) Medalna Volkalmanak Sunda (taunan) nu dikaluarkeun ku [[Balé Pustaka]]. leu média ngamuat karya sastra wangun [[guguritan]], [[wawacan]], jeung carita barudak. * (1919) Muh. Sanusi nulis guguritan "Lagu Garut Génjlong" dina Pajajaran, eusina kritik ka bupati Garut Musa Kartalegawa, nepi ka nu ngarangna dikerem sawatara bulan. === 1920-an === * (1920) [[Balé Pustaka]] ngayakeun saémbara ngarang, nu meunangna roman Carita Dulur Lima karya Sungkawa (ngaran samaran). * (1920) Radén Suriadireja nulis Wawacan Purnama Alam nu dianggap wawacan pangalusna dina sastra Sunda. * (1921) Medal surat kabar bulanan Obor, ngamuat wangun guguritan, wawacan, jeung carita nyambung, * (1922) Medal kalawarta Pusaka Sunda, ngamuat dangding jeung wawacan. * (1923) Mimiti medal Koran Sip atahunaidi Tasikmalaya. Ukur kaselang ku jaman Jepang, medal deui nepi ka eureunna taun 1971. * (1923) Muh. Sanusi nulis roman Siti Rayati, roman Sunda munggaran non-Balé Pustaka dina sastra Sunda. * (1923) Yuhana (Achmad Bassach) nulis roman Carios Eulis Asih, sababaraha kali dicitak, malah nepi ka dipilemkeun sagala. Ti dinya Yuhana nulis roman-roman lianna kayaning Néng Yaya (1923), Carios Agan Permas (1926), Mugiri (1928), Ras•iah nu Goréng Patut (1928), jsté. * (1924) Kongrés Basa Sunda nu munggaran dina jaman Walanda, 12—14 Oktober 1924, alpukahna Java Instituut. * (1925) Ngadeg pakumpulan Sastrawinangun pikeun ngaraksa basa katut Sastra Sunda. * (1927) Kongrés Basa Sunda nu kadua. Dina ieu kongrés, mimiti aya istilah Gending Karesmén, bareng jeung pagelaran dua lalakon "Sarkam- Sarkim" katut "Dalem Cikundul" dina bubuka acara. * (1928) Radén Méméd Sastrahadiprawira nulis roman Mantri Jero tuluy Pangéran Kornél sababaraha taun saenggeusna. * (1928) Samsudi nulis roman barudak Carita Nyi Halimah. Ieu téh carita barudak munggaran dina basa Sunda. Ti dinya, Samsudi nulis buku•buku barudak lianna, di antarana Carita Budak Minggat (1930), Carita Budak Teuneung (1930), Carita si Dirun (1930), Jatining Sobat (1931), Babalik Pikir (1931), jsté. * (1929) Medal majalah mingguan Parahiangan nu dikaluarkeun ku Balé Pustaka. Mimiti dimuat sawatara wangun carita pondok jeung roman (carita nyambung). * (1929) Yuhana tilar dunya di Bandung === 1930-an === * (1930) G.S. nulis buku Dogdog Pangréwong nu dianggap wangun carita pondok munggaran dina sastra Sunda. * (1930) Haji Hasan Mustapa ngantunkeun di Bandung. * (1930) Margasulaksana nulis roman Diarah Pati, carita détéktif munggaran dina sastra Sunda. * (1931) Moh. Ambri digawé di Balé Pustaka Jakarta, tuluy nulis 22 buku, Nu kawentar di antarana roman Lain Éta (1934), Burak Siluman (1932), jeung Ngawadalkeun Nyawa (1933). * (1932) Radén Méméd Sastrahadiprawira ngantunkeun di Bandung tahggal 5 Juli. * (1935) Mimiti aya rubrik jeung istilah carita pondok dina koran Sipatahunan. * (1937) Medal majalah tengah bulanan Kabudayan Urang. * (1938) Ajip Rosidi gumelar 31 Januari * (1938) Utuy T. Sontani nulis carita nyambung "Mahala Bapa" (dina Sinar Pasundan) jeung "Tambéra" (dina Sipatahunan). Taun 1948, 'Tambéra" ditulis deui kana basa Indonésia tur jadi salah sahiji roman Indonésia panghadéna. === 1950-an === * (1950) Kis Ws, mimiti ngumumkeun sajak Sunda (méméhna geus nulis ti taun 1946). Sajak tuluy jadi polemik dina Sipatahunan. * (1951) Medal majalah Warga. * (1952) Medal majalah Sunda nu dipingpin ku M.O. Koesman. * (1952) Ngadeg Lembaga Basa jeung Sastra Sunda (LBSS) minangka rékoméndasi tina Konferénsi Basa Sunda. * (1954) LBSS masrahkeun hadiah sastra nu munggaran. * (1954) Medal majalah Candra di Bogor. * (1956) Medal surat kabar Siliwangi. * (1957) Medal majalah Kiwari, eusina ngamuat sajak jeung éséy. * (1957) Medal majalah Manglé di Bogor. * (1959) Medal kalawarta LBSS, ngamuat pedaran basa jeung sastra Sunda. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Guratmangsa]] [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] ta5s3sm8n5qo3szuwndb6ngjvbnuvw3 0 73193 731755 681097 2026-11-08T06:53:41Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731755 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Polyethylene_gas_main.jpg|ka|jmpl|[[Pipah gas]] nu rék dikubur di lombang jalan]] '''Lombang''' nyaéta jinis kalian atawa ngalewona taneuh nu umumna mah leuwih jero batan rubakna (minangka lawan tina [[jungkrang]], atawa [[kamalir]]), jeung deuih heureut tinimbang jeung panjangna (minangka lawan tina liang basajan).<ref>[http://www.complianceregs.com/29cfr/1926/subP/1926-650.html Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Volume 8, Page 374] (Code revised as of July 1, 2003, via ''[[Compliance Magazine]]'s'' website) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602050133/http://www.complianceregs.com/29cfr/1926/subP/1926-650.html|date=June 2, 2007}}</ref> Dina [[géologi]], lombang kacipta tina hasil urugan taneuh boh dibalukarkeun ku walungan atawa ku obahan géologi lémpéng téktonik. Ari di widang téhnik sipil mah, lombang sok dikali tujuanna pikeun masangkeun infrastruktur jero taneuh atawa sarana lianna pikeun dikubur di jero taneuh (kayaning pipah gas, pipah cai atawa jalur telepon), ogé infrastruktur anyar lianna nu jalurna perlu dikubur di jeroeun taneuh. Lombang ogé sok dikali pikeun tujuan pertahanan [[militér]]. Dina arkéologi, "métodeu lombang" dipaké pikeun néangan jeung ngali ruruntuhan [[kuna]] atawa pikeun ngali lapisan matérial nu namper. Di masyarakat pilemburan, lombang ilahar dijieun pikeun tujuan tempat miceun runtah. Di ieu lombang runtah sok kasampak seuneu durukan ngabebela tina prosés [[insinerasi]] atawa ngadurukan runtah.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.labsmk.com/2017/10/pengertian-insinerasi-dalam-penanganan.html|title=Laboratorium SMK: Pengertian Insinerasi Dalam Penanganan Limbah Industri|last=xxxxx|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=LABORATORIUM SMK|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-11|via=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416203251/http://www.labsmk.com/2017/10/pengertian-insinerasi-dalam-penanganan.html |date=2018-04-16 }}</ref> Lombang ogé sok kabentuk sacara teu kahaja, duméh tina hasil kalian [[cadas]], [[keusik]] atawa kalian pikeun [[sumur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://arafuru.com/sipil/cara-menggali-sumur-yang-benar.html|title=Cara Menggali Sumur yang Benar|newspaper=Arafuru|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411203515/http://arafuru.com/sipil/cara-menggali-sumur-yang-benar.html|archive-date=2018-04-11}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Lombang]] 772w9tj8g5ggrg3t9qkygvlmz46atnr 0 73578 731613 729996 2026-11-07T20:39:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731613 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:San Francisco International Airport at night.jpg|jmpl|300px|[[Bandar Udara Internasional San Francisco]], Amérika Serikat, pas keur peuting]] '''Bandar udara''' (disingget:'''bandara''') atawa '''palabuan udara''' nyaéta hiji fasilitas tempat [[kapal udara]] bisa [[leupas landas]] jeung [[napak darat]]. Bandar udara nu pangsederhanana minimal miboga hiji [[landas pacu]], ngan bandara-bandara anu gedé mah biasana mioga fasilitas séjén, pikeun operator layanan penerbangan jeung pamakéna. Numutkeum Annex 14 ti [[ICAO]] ''(International Civil Aviation Organization)'': Bandar udara nyaéta aréa nu tangtu, boh di daratan boh di cai (ngawengku wangunan, instalasi, jeung peralatan) nu dipaké boh kabéhanana boh sawaréh pikeun kadatangan, kaberangkatan, sarta pergerakan pesawat.{{fact|date=2011}} Sedengkeun wangenan bandar udara numutkeun [[Angkasa Pura|PT (persero) Angkasa Pura]] nyaéta "lapangan udara, kaasup sagala wangunan jeung peralatan nu mangrupa kalengkepan minimal pikeun ngajamin sadiana pasilitas angkutan udara pikeun masarakat".{{fact|date=2011}} == Séké-sélér == [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het vliegveld Tjililitan bij Batavia TMnr 60016080.jpg|jmpl|300px|Lapangan terbang Cililitan (kiwari [[Bandar Udara Halim Perdanakusuma]]) taun 1930-an]] Nalika mangsa awal penerbangan, bandar udara ngan hiji tanah lapang jukutan anu bisa dipaké pesawat pikeun napak darat ti arah mana baé tergantung arah [[angin]].{{fact|date=2011}} Waktu [[Perang Dunya I]], bandar udara mimiti diwangun permanén luyu jeung ngaronjatna pamakéan [[kapal udara]] jeung [[landas pacu]] anu mimiti katingali saperti kiwari. Sabada perang bérés, bandar udara mimiti ditambahan fasilitas-fasilitas [[komersial]] pikeun ngalayanan panumpang. Kiwari, bandar udara lain ngan saukur tempat pikeun naék jeung turun pesawat. Dina kamekaranana, réa fasilitas ditambahan saperti toko-toko, [[réstoran]], [[puseur kabugaran]], jeung butik-butik anu kasohor komo mun di bandara-bandara anyar. Kagunaan bandar udara salian minangka terminal lalu lintas panumpang, ogé minangka terminal lalu lintas barang. Ku sabab kitu, di babaraha bandar udara anu statusna bandar udara internasional ditempatkeun petugas-petugas [[béa cukai]]. == Fasilitas bandar udara == Fasilitas bandar udara anu penting nyaéta: ==== Sisi Udara (Air Side) ==== * [[Runway]] atawa landas pacu anu mutlak diperlukeun pesawat. Panjangna landas pacu biasana tergantung ukuran pesawat anu dilayanan. Pikeun bandar udara panaratas anu ngalayanan pesawat leutik, landasan cukup tina [[jukut]] atawa taneuh anu diheuraskeun (stabilisasi). Panjang landasan bandara panaratas ilaharna 1.200 méter kalayan lébar 20 méter, misalna ngalayanan pesawat saperti Twin Otter, Cessna, dll. pesawat leutik anu kolécérna dua (ilaharna cukup 600-800 méter). Sedengkeun pikeun bandar udara anu rada ramé, maké konstruksi [[aspal]], kalayan panjang 1.800 méter jeung lébar 30 méter. Pesawat anu dilayanan nyaéta sabangsa ''turbo-prop'' atawa jét leutik saperti Fokker-27, Tetuko 234, Fokker-28, dlsb. Di bandar udara nu ramé, ilaharna maké konstruksi beton kalayan panjang 3.600 méter jeung lébar 45-60 méter. Pesawat anu dilayanan nyaéta jét sedeng saperti Fokker-100, DC-10, B-747, Hercules, dlsb. Bandar udara internasional biasana miboga leuwih ti hiji landasan pikeun antisipasi raména lalu lintas. * [[Apron]] atawa tempat parkir pesawat anu deukeut jeung wangunan terminal, sedengkeun [[taxiway]] ngahubungkeun apron jeung runway. Konstruksi apron ilaharna ''beton bertulang'', lantaran kudu nahan beurat statis anu gedé tina pesawat. * Pikeun kaamanan jeung pangaturan, aya [[Air traffic controller]], mangrupa menara husus anu dilengkepan ku ''radio control'' jeung ''radar'' pikeun ngawaskeun pergerakan pesawat boh di udara boh di bandara. * Ku lantaran di bandara mindeng aya kacilakaan, tuluy disadiakeun unit penanggulangan kacilakaan (''air rescue service'') mangrupa peleton pinulung sarta patugas nu mareuman kahuruan, mobil pikeun mareuman kahuruan, tabung pikeun mareuman kahuruan, [[ambulan]], sarta peralatan pinulung nu séjén. * ''Aya fuel service'' pikeun ngeusian bahan bakar avtur. ==== Sisi Darat (Land Side) ==== * [[Terminal bandar udara]] atawa ''concourse'' puseur sagala urusan panumpang anu datang atawa anu indit. Di jerona aya alat ''scan'' bagasi sinar X, counter check-in, (''CIQ, Custom - Inmigration - Quarantine'') pikeun bandar udara internasional, sarta rohangan tunggu (boarding lounge) sarta réa fasilitas pikeun penumpang. Di bandar udara gedé, panumpang asup ka pesawat liwat garbarata atawa ''avio bridge''. Di bandar udara leutik, panumpang naék kana pesawat liwat tangga (pax step) anu bisa dipundah-pindah. * Curb, tempat panumpang naék-turun ti kandaraan darat ka jero wangunan terminal * Parkir kandaraan, pikeun parkir panumpang sarta anu nganteur atawa anu ngajemput, kaasup taksi [[File:Mesin pemindai bagasi.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Alat scan bagasi sinar X di bandara internasional Sultan Hasanuddin, Makassar]] == Kodeu bandara == Unggal bandar udara miboga [[kodeu bandar udara IATA|kode IATA]] jeung [[Kodeu bandar udara ICAO|ICAO]]. Kodeu bisa dicokot tina babaraha hal saperti ngaran bandar udara, daérah perenahna éta bandar udara, atawa ngaran kota anu dilayanan. Kodeu anu dicokot tina ngaran bandar udara bisa ogé béda jeung ngaranna nu kiwari lantaran saméméhna éta bandar udara miboga ngaran anu béda. == Tingali ogé == * [[Daptar bandar udara di dunya]] * [[Daptar bandar udara di Indonésia]] * [[Kapal udara]] * [[Bandar udara internasional]] == Tumbu kaluar == {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons|Airport}} * [http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Category:Ground_Operations Airport Safety Challenges related to Ground Operations] * [http://www.airports.org Airports Council International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526062436/http://www.airports.org/ |date=2012-05-26 }} (ACI)—industry group representing over 1,600 major airports. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030209232844/http://www.airportrailwaysoftheworld.com/ Airport Railways of the World] Interactive resource of over 300 airports with rail links (available in 5 European languages). * [http://www.notams.com/ Global Airport Directory] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Government_Role/landing_nav/POL14.htm History of aircraft landing aids] * [http://books.google.com/books?id=p-IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA210&dq=popular+mechanics+1930+aircraft&hl=en&ei=KaMmTZ-LCentnQeE6ZzjAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=popular%20mechanics%201930%20aircraft&f=true "Conquest of Fog"] ''Popular Mechanics'', February 1930, illustration and article on a modern airport in the 1930s * [http://www.transtats.bts.gov/Distance.asp?pn=0 Airport Distance Calculator] – Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) in U.S. Department of Transportation * [http://www.airportsearch.org/ Airport Search] A comprehensive list of world's airports * [http://airports.qmaps.nl/ Map of worldwide airports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062102/http://airports.qmaps.nl/ |date=2013-10-23 }} * Lopez, Donald S. "The inside Story Airports." Flight. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1995. 36–37. Print. [[Kategori:Bandar udara| ]] [[Kategori:Transportasi]] [[Kategori:Penerbangan]] [[Kategori:Angkutan udara]] firjuvan07vzgiy22rh4h22jxqetabd 0 73919 731717 729093 2026-11-08T03:24:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kabupatén Teluk Bintuni''' nyaéta salah sahiji kabupatén anu aya di wilayah Papua Kulon. Dumasar hukum pambentukan wilayah ieu nyaéta UU Nomor 26 Tahun 2002/LN Nomor 129 Tahun 2002. Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni diresmikeun tanggal 11 November 2002. Taun 2015, kabupatén ieu ditetepkeun jadi Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus anu fokus kana pemwangunan pabrik pupuk jeung industri petrokimia berbasis migas (minyak jeung gas). {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | native_name = ''Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni'' | native_name_lang = id<!-- Indonesian --> | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | type = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|Regency]] | image_seal = Lambang Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni.tif | seal_alt = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|1.8804|S|133.3311|E|source:wikidata|display=title,inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Nagara]] | subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Propinsi di Indonesia|Propinsi]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Papua Kulon(propinsi)|Papua Kulon]] | seat_type = [[Capital (political)|Ibu Kota]] | seat = [[Bintuni]] | leader_title = Bupati | leader_name = Petrus Kasihiuw | leader_title1 = Wakil Bupati | leader_name1 = Matret Kokop | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 20840.83 | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_m = | population_as_of = 2017 | population_total = 76.932 jiwa | population_density_km2 = auto | population_footnotes = | timezone1 = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Eastern Time]] | utc_offset1 = +9 | website = [http://www.telukbintunikab.go.id telukbintunikab.go.id] | footnotes = | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Area code]] | area_code = (+62) 955 | pushpin_map = Indonesia Bird's Head Peninsula#Indonesia_Western New Guinea#Indonesia | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Bird's Head Peninsula]], [[Western New Guinea]] and [[Indonesia]] |Dumasar Hukum=UU Nomor 26 Tahun 2002/LN Nomor 129 Tahun 2002}} == Kondisi Umum == === Lega Wilayah === Lega wilayah Kabupatén Teluk Bintuni nyaéta 18.114 Km² anu kaasup 13,02 % wilayah Provinsi Papua Barat. === Wates Wilayah === Di handap ieu dijelaskeun wates-wates wilayah Kabupatén Teluk Bintuni dumasar Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 26 Tahun 2002. {| class="wikitable" |+ |Kalér |Distrik Aifat Timur, Kabupaten Sorong Selatan dan Distrik Kebar, Testega, Menyambouw,Sururey Kabupaten Manokwari |- |Kidul |Distrik Kaimana, Teluk Arguni Kabupaten Kaimana dan Distrik Kokas Kabupaten Fakfak |- |Kulon |Teluk Bintuni; Distrik Kokoda, Aifat Timur Kabupaten Sorong Selatan |- |Wetan |Distrik Ransiki, Kabupaten Manokwari; Distrik Wamesa, WindesiWasior Barat Kabupaten Teluk Wondama; dan Distrik Yaur Kabupaten Nabire |} === Kasehatan === Taun 2017, Kabupatén Teluk Bintuni meunang pangajén ''United Nations Public Service Award'' (UNPSA) ti Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) sabab pamaréntahna berhasil nurunkeun angka morbiditas jeung sumebarna panyakit malaria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://beritagar.id/artikel/berita/pemberantasan-malaria-di-teluk-bintuni-jadi-contoh-dunia|title=Pemberantasan malaria di Teluk Bintuni jadi contoh dunia|last=Pramuji|first=Sandy|date=2018-06-28|newspaper=https://beritagar.id/|language=en-ID|access-date=2018-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718012647/https://beritagar.id/artikel/berita/pemberantasan-malaria-di-teluk-bintuni-jadi-contoh-dunia|archive-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> Padahal wilayah Papua jeung Papua Kulon téh kaasup kana kategori endemis tinggi sumebarna panyakit malaria. Program anu berhasil mawa bintuni ngahontal pangajén éta, nyaéta program anu disebut ''Early Diagnosis and Treatment'' (EDAT). Program ieu diterapkeun ti taun 2010 jang merangan malaria anu loba ngajangkit warga satempat. Reungit Anopheles anu mawa panyakit malaria, réa hirup di kabupatén anu 50% wilayahna masih kénéh rawa mangrove. Sistem EDAT jadi jawara dina kategori "Ngajangkau anu Paling Miskin tur Rentan Liwat Layanan Inklusif jeung Kamitraan di wilayah Asia Pasifik." Program ieu dilaksanakeun ku cara ngabentuk Juru Malaria Kampung (JMK) atawa spesialis malaria anu tugasna ningkatkeun kasadaran jeung méré pendidikan ka masarakat ngeunaan idéntifikasi, pencegahan, jeung pangobatan malaria. Aparat anu boga kakaitan jeung program ieu ogé ditugaskeun jang ngalatih warga jadi petugas kaséhatan, ngawadahan obat malaria sangkan leuwih gampang dipaké, sarta mastikeun kualitas obat-obatan éta. Dina ngalaksanakeun program ieu, pamaréntah Kabupatén Teluk Bintuni kerja sama jeung organisasi non-pamaréntah sarta séktor swasta. Saprak sistem EDAT diterapkeun di taun 2010, angka kejadian malaria berhasil dikurangan. Taun 2015, kasus malaria turun jadi 2,4 kajadian per 1.000 penduduk. Dalapan taun saterusna, nyaéta taun 2017, program ieu berhasil ngurangan sumebarna malaria nu awalna 9,2% nepi ka jadi 0,02% hungkul di 12 désa. Salian ti ngurangan sumebarna malaria, program EDAT ogé berhasil ngurangan tingkat morbiditas malaria nu awalna 115 pasén per 1.000 penduduk (taun 2009) jadi 5 pasén per 1.000 penduduk (2016). Pasén-pasén éta ogé asalna ti luar wilayah Kabupatén Teluk Bintuni sementara warga lokal sorangan geus teu aya anu kajangkit. === Ekonomi === Taun 2015, Kabupatén Teluk Bintuni ditetepkeun jadi [[Kawasan Ekonomi Husus]] anu fokus kana pemwangunan pabrik pupuk jeung industri petrokimia berbasis migas (minyak jeung gas). Rencanana industri ieu bakal dipuseurkeun di lahan anu legana 2,112 Ha di Desa Onar Baru, Distrik Sumuri tur bakal dikelola ku [[BUMN]], PT Pupuk Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemenperin.go.id/download/11723/Program-Kerja-Ditjen-PPI-Tahun-2016|title=Program Kerja Ditjen PPI Tahun 2016|last=|first=|website=Loka resmi Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia|publisher=Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia (Kemenperin RI)|accessdate=26 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215627/http://www.kemenperin.go.id/download/11723/Program-Kerja-Ditjen-PPI-Tahun-2016|archivedate=19 October 2017}}</ref> Loka Laman KPPIP (Komite Percepatan Penyediaan Infrastruktur Prioritas) nyatetkeun yén total investasi di Bintuni ngahontal Rp. 31,400 triliun. Diperkirakeun jumlah tenaga kerja anu bakal kaserep ku industri ieu nyaéta 51,500 jalma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kppip.go.id/proyek-strategis-nasional/s-pembangunan-kawasan-industri-prioritas-kawasan-ekonomi-khusus/kawasan-industri-teluk-bintuni-papua-barat/|title=Kawasan Industri Teluk Bintuni, Papua Barat|last=|first=|website=Komite Percepatan Penyediaan Infrastruktur Prioritas|publisher=|accessdate=26 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718160515/https://kppip.go.id/proyek-strategis-nasional/s-pembangunan-kawasan-industri-prioritas-kawasan-ekonomi-khusus/kawasan-industri-teluk-bintuni-papua-barat/|archivedate=18 July 2022}}</ref> === Distrik/Kecamatan === Awalna, Kabupatén Teluk Bintuni ngan boga 10 distrik hungkul. Nanging, saprak diterbitkeunna Peraturan Daerah Nomor 3 Tahun 2007 minangka Pembentukan Distrik di Wilayah Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni, daérah ieu jadi miboga 24 distrik<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bintunikab.go.id/files/hukum/PERATURAN%20DAERAH%20TELUK%20BINTUNI/Perda%20Tahun%202007/Perda%20No.3%20Thn%202007.pdf|title=Perda Teluk Bintuni No 20 Tahun 2007|last=|first=|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni|publisher=|accessdate=26 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813102647/http://www.bintunikab.go.id/files/hukum/PERATURAN%20DAERAH%20TELUK%20BINTUNI/Perda%20Tahun%202007/Perda%20No.3%20Thn%202007.pdf|archivedate=13 August 2012}}</ref>. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Nami Distrik !Ibukota !Lega Wilayah (km²) |- |Bintuni |Bintuni Barat |421,75 |- |Babo |Irarutu III |687,43 |- |Merdey |Merdey |789,44 |- |Aranday |Aranday |72,00 |- |Moskona Kidul |Jagiro |929,62 |- |Moskona Kalér |Moyeba |679,43 |- |Tembuni |Tembuni |1326,00 |- |Fruata |Fruata |1171,00 |- |Wamésa |Idoor |816,00 |- |Kuri |Sarbé |1611,00 |- |Manimeri |Bumi Saniari |316,32 |- |Tuhiba |Tuhiba |263,60 |- |Dataran Beimés |Horna |316,32 |- |Sumuri |Tofoi |1922,00 |- |Kaitaro |Sara |859,29 |- |Aroba |Aroba |859,29 |- |Mayséta |Mayséta |451,11 |- |Biscoop |Jahabra |789,44 |- |Tomu |Sebyar Rejosari |572,00 |- |Kaomundan |Kalitami I |572,00 |- |Weriagar |Weriagar |715,00 |- |Moskona Kulon |Meyerga |743,69 |- |Meyado |Meyado |743,69 |- |Moskona Wétan |Igomu |509,57 |} == Penduduk == === Jumlah Penduduk === Dumasar catetan Sénsus Penduduk 2010, jumlah penduduk Kabupatén Teluk Bintuni nyaéta 52.403 jalma, anu kasusun ti 29.022 pameget jeung 23.381 istri. Tina sensus éta katingali yén penyebaran penduduk berpusat di Distrik Bintuni nyaéta 35,40 persén, dituluykeun ku Distrik Sumuri 12,5 persén, jeung Distrik Manimeri 10,14 persén sementara distrik-distrik séjéna di handap 7 persén. Distrik Bintuni, Distrik Sumuri, jeung Distrik Manimeri téh 3 distrik anu boga penduduk panglobana nyaéta masing-masing 18.552 jalma, 6.571 jalma, dan 5.313 jalma. Ku legana anu kurang leuwih 18.637 kilo meter persegi tur dicicingan ku 52.403 jalma, maka rata-rata tingkat kapadetana nyaéta 3 jalma per kilo meter persegi. == Referénsi == lx7g69qrgrl0ah2ibplsl2mhqdetpni 0 74282 731726 659590 2026-11-08T04:23:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lain|Gunung Galunggung}} {{Infobox rail line | name = Karéta api Galunggung | color = | logo = KA Galunggung Logo.png | logo_width = 300px | image = KA_Galunggung_Cicalengka.png | image_width = 300px | caption = KA Galunggung anu ditarik [[CC206]] keur eureun di stasion Cicaléngka | type = Ékonomi AC | system = Karéta api lokal jarak menengah | status = Beroperasi | locale = Daop 2 Bandung | termini = [[Stasion Kiaracondong|Kiaracondong]]<br>[[Stasion Tasikmalaya|Tasikmalaya]] | stations = 7 | ridership = | routenumber = 12374-12337 | linenumber = | open = 26 Désémber 2018 | close = | reopen = | owner = [[PT Kereta Api Indonesia]] | operator = [[Daérah Operasi II Bandung]] | character = | depot = Bandung (BD), pikeun lokomotip <br /> Blitar (BL), pikeun rangkéan karéta | stock = [[CC201]], [[CC203]] atawa [[CC206]] | linelength = | last = | first = | tracklength = | notrack = | gauge = 1067 mm | el = - | speed = 60 - 90 km/jam | elevation = +848 ([[Stasion Nagrég]]) | map = }} '''Karéta api Galunggung''' nyaéta karéta api lokal jarak menengah anu ngalayanan ruteu [[Stasion Kiaracondong|Kiaracondong]] - [[Stasion Tasikmalaya|Tasikmalaya]].<ref name="Galunggung">[http://www.prfmnews.com/berita.php?detail=pt-kai-lucurkan-karéta-galunggung-relasi-kiaracondong--tasikmalaya PT KAI luncurkan Karéta Galunggung Relasi Kiaracondong-Tasikmalaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820081121/http://www.prfmnews.com/berita.php?detail=pt-kai-lucurkan-kar%C3%A9ta-galunggung-relasi-kiaracondong--tasikmalaya |date=2019-08-20 }}, PRFM News.com, diakses tanggal 25 Desember 2018</ref> Karéta ieu ngagunakeun rangkéan [[Karéta api Kahuripan|KA Kahuripan]] anu ''idle'' keur beurang. Layanan KA Galunggung ieu mimiti dioperasikeun tanggal [[26 Désémber]] [[2018]].<ref name="Galunggung"/> Dioperasikeunna KA Galunggung ieu sangkan bisa ngagampilkeun masarakat Priangan Wétan utamana [[Tasikmalaya]] indit ka daérah [[Bandung]], atawa sabalikna, ku sabab KA anu ngalayanan ruteu éta ngan KA jarak jauh.<ref name="Galunggung"/> Stasion anu dieureunan ku karéta api ieu nyaéta [[Stasion Rancaékék]], [[Stasion Cicaléngka|Cicaléngka]], [[Stasion Lélés|Lélés]], [[Stasion Cibatu|Cibatu]], jeung [[Stasion Cipeundeuy|Cipeundeuy]].<ref name="Galunggung"/> Salila périodeu 26 Désémber 2018, nepi ka 25 Januari 2019, tikét KA Galunggung diharatiskeun.<ref name="Galunggung"/> Calon panumpang bisa langsung meuli tikét di stasion anu dieureunan KA Galunggung, sarta bisa mesen mimiti H-7 kaberangkatan.<ref name="Galunggung"/> Ngaran Galunggung dicokot tina ngaran [[Gunung Galunggung]] anu perenahna di [[Kabupatén Tasikmalaya]]. == Jadwal lalampahan == Ieu jadwal lalampahan KA Galunggung per 6 Januari 2019<ref name="Galunggung"/> {| class="wikitable" !Nomor KA ! colspan="1" |KLB 12400 !Nomor KA ! colspan="1" |KLB 12355 |- |'''Jurusan''' | colspan="1" |'''Kiaracondong - Tasikmalaya''' |'''Tujuan''' | colspan="1" |'''Tasikmalaya - Kiaracondong''' |- |'''Stasion''' |'''Kaberangkatan''' |'''Stasion''' |'''Kaberangkatan''' |- |[[Stasion Kiaracondong|Kiaracondong]] |06.05 |Tasikmalaya |10.35 |- |[[Stasion Rancaékék|Rancaékék]] |06.30 |Cipeundeuy |11.53 |- |[[Stasion Cicaléngka|Cicaléngka]] |06.41 |Cibatu |12.30 |- |[[Stasion Lélés|Lélés]] |07.30 |Lélés |12.59 |- |[[Stasion Cibatu|Cibatu]] |07.51 |Cicaléngka |13.39 |- |[[Stasion Cipeundeuy|Cipeundeuy]] |08.37 |Rancaékék |13.54 |- |[[Stasion Tasikmalaya|Tasikmalaya]] |09.25 (datang) |Kiaracondong |14.11 (datang) |} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{id}} [https://www.karéta-api.co.id Situs resmi PT Karéta Api Indonesia]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{DaptarKarétaApi}} [[Kategori:Karéta api di Indonésia|Galunggung]] [[Kategori:Karéta api ékonomi]] {{karéta-stub}} 85cj9srhq73ont2s9g9gzuezwcq7pp7 0 74477 731758 673083 2026-11-08T07:01:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731758 wikitext text/x-wiki '' 'Macintosh' '', atawa ngan saukur '' 'Mac' '', nyaéta salah sahiji [[komputer]] dumasar pribadi [[PowerPC]] dihasilkeun ku [[Apple Inc. | Apple]]. komputer ieu disebut ku [[McIntosh]], jenis [[apel]] kawas [[Jef Raskin]]. Macintosh munggaran diwanohkeun dina [[January]] [[1984]] ngaliwatan iklan '' Super Saeful '' fenomenal. Macintosh nyaéta kahiji pikeun ngawanohkeun sistem komputer panganteur grafis (GUI). Waktu éta, léngkah dicokot ku [[Apple Inc. | Apple]] nyaéta ngembangkeun revolusioner di dunya [[komputer]] pribadi. Nyieun Mac mangrupa formulir model integrasi nangtung nu Apple facilitates sagala aspek hardware na sistem operasi anu dipasang dina sakabéh komputer Mac. Ieu béda ti komputer PC-tipe sacara umum, di mana loba pabrik nyieun tur gabungkeun kontak hardware kalawan sistem operasi anu dijieun ku pabrik lianna. Samentara éta, Apple anu éksklusif dijieun hardware Mac jeung ngatur kumaha na sistem internal, desain, sarta ogé harga. Henteu ngan éta, Apple teu ngalisénsikeun [[Mac OS X]] pikeun komputer non-Apple. MacBook diwangun ku 2 jinis, nyaéta MacBook Pro sareng MacBook Air. Bédana aya dina spésifikasi. Spésifikasi dina [https://web.archive.org/web/20190806080505/http://review-laptop.com/harga-dan-spesifikasi-macbook-pro-md101/ MacBook Pro] langkung lengkep sareng dukungan VGA sareng palabuhan konektipitas anu teu aya dina [https://web.archive.org/web/20190806073323/http://review-laptop.com/harga-dan-spesifikasi-macbook-air-13-inch/ MacBook Air]. Tangtuna bédana harga ogé janten bédana. Harga hiji MacBook Pro langkung mahal batan MacBook Air 5vqzdx7kl9vwpsriy8duosi4y3411zg 0 75340 731641 674153 2026-11-07T22:33:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Curug Maléla''' nyaéta salah sahiji curug nu aya di Kabupatén Bandung Barat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://tempatwisatadibandung.info/curug-malela/|title=Inilah Curug Malela Bandung- Niagara Mini Yang Misterius !!!|website=Tempat Wisata di Bandung|language=id-ID|accessdate=2019-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214132053/https://tempatwisatadibandung.info/curug-malela/|archivedate=2019-02-14}}</ref> Curug ieu téh luhurna kira kira 60 nepi 70 meter sarta lébarna [[ngahontal]] kana 70 meteran nu sumber cai na ti [[Hulu cai|hulu cai]] [[Bagian kalér|bagian kalér]] Gunung Kendeng, nyaéta Gunung api nu ayana di [[Beulah wétan|beulah wétan]] Ciwidéy nu geus paéh sarta ngalir [[ngaléntas]] walungan Cicadas-Gunung Halu.<ref name=":0" /> == Lokasi == '''curug maléla''' téh mangrupa lokasi curug nu paling nu paling luhur ti [[rangkéan]] tujuh curug sapanjang 1km nu ayana di '''désa Cicadas,Kecamatan Rongga, Kabupatén Bandung Barat.<ref name=":0" />''' Aksés jalanan ka lokasi curug ieu masih mangrupa taneuh jeung babatuan sarta can aya papan panunjuk ka lokasi, kaasup rétribusi tikét asup ka curugna sabab lokasina [[mencil]] di tengah tengah leweung sarta can [[Loba kajamah|loba kajamah]] ku wisatawan.<ref name=":0" /> == Daya Tarik == '''Curug maléla''' ngabogaan 5 buah [[Jalur curug|jalur curug]] nu bakal katempo kaéndahan sarta kamegahana nu kacida [[pikaresepeun]] nu ningalina.<ref name=":0" /> Curug nagé lumayan tarik caina jeung lamun urang boga [[kasempetan]], urang tiasa ningali ratusan monyét nu buntutna panjang ''(Macaca Pasciscularis)'' nu keur nginum cai di handapeun curug malela. Disisi bagéan katuhu na anjeun tiasa nempo bentuk tebing nu lumayan luhur jeung éksotis warna bodas nu ngarahna ka handapeun curug.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Curug]] [[Kategori:Tempat Wisata di Jawa Barat]] 85k03isvzgay0oulfkchhffpybw8zou 0 75512 731770 731523 2026-11-08T08:23:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Fort Vredeburg, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.JPG|jmpl|Fort Vredeburg, di Malioboro, Yogyakarta]] '''Muséum Bénténg Vrédeburg''' nyaéta [[bénténg]] nu diwangun ditaun 1765 ku Pamaréntah Walanda anu dipaké pikeun nolak serangan ti [[Karaton|Kraton]] Yogyakarta. Lokasi Benteng Vredeburg katuhu dina tungtung Jalan Malioboro atawa titik enol kilometer ti Yogyakarta. Tepat, lokasina di Jalan jendral A. Yani 6, Yogyakarta. lokasi bénténg Vredeburg kaasup strategis pisan. Teu loba nunyaho yén muséum Benteng Yogyakarta, mimitina ngaranna "Benteng Rustenburg" hartina "Benteng Peristirahatan", diwangun ku Walanda ditaun 1760 di luhur [[taneuh]] karaton. Sabab diijinan ku Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono I, kira-kira taun 1765 - 1788 wangunan disampurnakeun jeung saterusna diganti ngaran jadi "Benteng Vredeburg" nu hartina "Benteng Perdamaian". tanggal 9 Agustus1980, benteng ieu dirobah deui jadi hiji puseur informasi sarta ngembangkeun budaya nagara. Sababaraha taun ti harita-persis 16 April 1985 benteng ieu disimpen na ngancik kana muséum Perjuangan. muséum mimiti operasi di 1987. Tungtungna 23 November 1992, muséum diresmikeun salaku muséum Husus tina Perjuangan Nasional ngaranna Bénténg muséum Benteng Yogyakarta. Urut gedong Benteng Vredeburg dihadéan jeung dilestarikeun. DIna ngahadéan bagian luar masih dipiara, Bari bagian jero ieu dihadéan jeung disesuaikeun kana fungsi anyar salaku ruangan [[Musium|museum]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://masbidintravel.net/benteng-vredeburg/|title=Sejarah Benteng Vredeburg, Diorama dan Isi Museum Zaman Kolonial|website=masbidin TRAVEL|language=id-ID|accessdate=2019-03-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220222305/https://masbidintravel.net/benteng-vredeburg/ |date=2018-02-20 }}</ref> == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Meriam Museum Benteng Vredeburg - 2024.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Meriam Museum Benteng Vredeburg]] Mimiti pisan ieu bénténg digali dina taun 1760 dumasar kana timbalan Sultan Hamengku Buwono I. Harita, Walanda hajak ménta widi pikeun ngadegkeun bénténg di deukeut Keraton Yogyakarta. Dalihna mah cenah éta pangwangunan téh pikeun ngajaga kaamanan karaton. Pangabeneran di balik éta akal-akalan, Walanda ngandung maksud hayang ngintip kamekaran pulitik jeung polah kagiatan di jero Keraton Yogyakarta. Jarakna anu sakali tembak mariem ti karaton ngajadikeun ieu bénténg merenah pisan pikeun ngintip sakaligus pasang badan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/wisata/d-6595451/sejarah-benteng-vredeburg-jogja-beserta-fungsi-letak-dan-koleksinya|title=Sejarah Benteng Vredeburg Jogja Beserta Fungsi, Letak, dan Koleksinya|last=Santo|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260816172634/https://www.detik.com/jateng/wisata/d-6595451/sejarah-benteng-vredeburg-jogja-beserta-fungsi-letak-dan-koleksinya|archivedate=2026-08-16}}</ref> Ieu bénténg ogé nyanghareup leungeun ka jalan gedé anu ngarah ka karaton. Posisi kawas kieu dipaké ku Walanda pikeun strategi pertahanan, nakut-nakutan, ngarurug, nepi ka ngablokir saupama hubungan jeung Keraton Yogyakarta mimiti haneut atawa goréng. Dina mimitina, wangun Benteng Vredeburg masih alakadarna pisan. Tembokna dijieun tina taneuh anu dipajeg ku tihang kai kalapa atawa kawung. Hateupna ku alang-alang. Wangunna pasagi, terus di unggal juru dipasangan bastion.<ref name=":0" /> Kacaritakeun saterusna, Gubernur Walanda W. H. van Ossenberg ngusulkeun sangkan bénténg diwangun leuwih stérég sarta permanén. Pangwangunan éta dimimitian dina taun 1767 dina handapeun pituduh arsiték Walanda, Ir. Frans Haak.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiavirtualtour.com/wisata-virtual/benteng-vredeburg|title=Benteng Vredeburg|website=indonesiavirtualtour.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-16}}</ref> Sanggeus anggeus diwangun, bénténg dingaranan Rustenburg, anu hartina “bénténg tempat reureuh”. Dina taun 1867, lini gedé ngalinihan Yogyakarta nepi ka lolobana wangunan bénténg raruntuh. Sanggeus dioméan deui, ngaranna diganti jadi Vredeburg, anu hartina “bénténg perdamaian”.<ref name=":0" /> == Kajadian penting == Mapay jalanna waktu, Benteng Vredeburg jadi saksi rupaning kajadian penting di Yogyakarta. Dina mangsa pendudukan Inggris taun 1811-1816, ieu bénténg aya patalina jeung kajadian Geger Sepoy, nyaéta panarajangan pasukan Inggris sabubuhan jeung sababaraha kakuatan pribumi ka Keraton Yogyakarta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jogjacagar.jogjaprov.go.id/detail/4327/benteng-vredeburg|title=JOGJACAGAR {{!}} Sistem Informasi Cagar Budaya|website=jogjacagar.jogjaprov.go.id|accessdate=2026-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260816120303/https://jogjacagar.jogjaprov.go.id/detail/4327/benteng-vredeburg|archivedate=2026-08-16}}</ref> Dina tanggal 5 Maret 1942, pas Jepang ngawasaan Yogyakarta, Benteng Vredeburg dicokot alih ku sardadu Jepang. Bénténg tuluy dijadikeun markas Kempetai, gudang pakarang, sarta tempat ngurung urang Walanda jeung warga Indonésia anu dianggap ngalawan pamaréntahan Jepang. Sanggeus Proklamasi Kamerdikaan Indonésia taun 1945, Benteng Vredeburg hasil direbut deui ku pihak militér Indonésia. Tapi Walanda balik deui ngawasa sanggeus ngalaksanakeun Agresi Militér Walanda II dina 19 Désémber 1948.<ref name=":1" /> Dina mangsa éta, Benteng Vredeburg dipaké nyimpen pakakas militér sakaligus jadi salah sahiji sarang Dinas Rahasia Walanda. Dina Serangan Umum 1 Maret 1949, TNI babarengan jeung rupa-rupa unsur masarakat hasil ngawasa Benteng Vredeburg salila kira-kira genep jam. Pangawasan éta jadi bukti ka dunya yén kakuatan Républik Indonésia masih aya sarta tetep tanggoh di Yogyakarta. Sanggeus pasukan Walanda ngacir ninggalkeun Yogyakarta dina 29 Juni 1949, pengurusan Benteng Vredeburg tuluy diserahkeun ka APRI (Angkatan Perang Républik Indonésia). Lalampahan sajarah anu sakitu panjangna ngajadikeun ieu bénténg salah sahiji wangunan penting dina sajarah kamekaran Yogyakarta ti mangsa kolonial nepi ka mangsa awal kamerdikaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesia.travel/id/id/destination/java/yogyakarta/museum-benteng-vredeburg-yogyakarta/|title=Museum Benteng Vredeburg & Jejak Sejarah Perjuangan Bangsa|website=Visit Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-16}}</ref> == Pasilitas == '''Pasilitas nu aya di muséum Benteng Vredeburg:''' #Perpustakaan #Ruang pintonan #Juru jalan #Mushola == Jam Buka == *Salasa - Jumaah: 7:30 pikeun 16:00 pm *Poe senen jeung libur nasional: Ditutup <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gudeg.net/direktori/49/museum-benteng-vredeburg-yogyakarta.html|title=Museum Benteng Vredeburg Yogyakarta|website=www.gudeg.net|language=id|accessdate=2019-03-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805105558/https://gudeg.net/direktori/49/museum-benteng-vredeburg-yogyakarta.html |date=2020-08-05 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Tempat]] [[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]] [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Manado]] gw4avhveymewz8v2h7pde3s0tylheo6 0 85725 731645 728628 2026-11-07T22:45:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731645 wikitext text/x-wiki Ieu mangrupa '''daptar [[bandar udara]] di [[Indonésia]]''' sarta kodeu [[IATA]] na séwang-séwang, ngan teu kabéh bandara miboga [[Kodeu bandar udara IATA|kodeu IATA]]: == Bandara == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- style="vertical-align:baseline;" ! style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" | [[Daptar kota di Indonésia|Lokasi nu dilayanan]] ! style="text-align:left;" | [[Propinsi di Indonésia|Propinsi]] ! style="text-align:left; width:4em;" | [[Kodeu Bandara ICAO|ICAO]] ! style="text-align:left; width:4em;" | [[Kodeu Bandara IATA|IATA]] ! style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;" | Ngaran Bandara ! Séké-sélér ngaran |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|ZZ|[[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Bawéan]] | [[Jawa Wétan]] | | BXW | [[Bandar Udara Harun Thohir]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Harun Thohir Airport''<br>[[Bawéan]]: {{lang|mad-Arab|ْبَانْدَرْ اُودَارَا هَارُون طَاهِر}} <br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: {{Script|Javanese|ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦲꦫꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦲꦶꦂ}} (<small>''{{transl|mad|Papan Anggegana Harun Thohir}}''</small>) |[[Harun Thohir]], nyaéta salasahiji ti dua anggota KKO (Korps Komando; kiwari disebut Korps Marinir) Indonésia anu ditéwak di Singapura nalika kajadian Konfrontasi jeung Malaysia. |- valign="top" | [[Bandung]] | [[Jawa Kulon]] | WICC | BDO | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Huséin Sastranegara]]'''<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Huséin Sastranegara International Airport''<br>[[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: {{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮄᮔᮁᮒᮨᮁᮔᮞᮤᮚᮧᮔᮜ᮪ ᮠᮥᮞᮦᮚᮤᮔ᮪ ᮞᮞ᮪ᮒᮢᮔᮨᮌᮛ}}<br><small>(''{{transl|su|Bandar Udara Internasional Huséin Sastranegara}}'') |[[Huséin Sastranegara]], Pionir ti [[TNI Angkatan Udara]]. |- valign="top" | [[Bogor]] | [[Jawa Kulon]] | WIAJ | – | [[Bandar Udara Atang Sanjaya|Pangkalan Udara Atang Senjaya]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Atang Senjaya Airbase''<br>[[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: {{Sund|ᮕᮀᮊᮜᮔ᮪ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮃᮒᮀ ᮞᮨᮔ᮪ᮏᮚ}}<br><small>(''{{transl|su|Pangkalan Udara Ateng Sanjaya}}'') | [[Atang Sendjaja]], kantor [[TNI Angkatan Udara]]. |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Banyuwangi]] | [[Jawa Wétan]] | WADY | BWX | [[Bandar Udara Banyuwangi]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Banyuwangi Airport''<br>[[Basa Osing|Osing]]: {{Script|Osing|ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦨꦾꦪꦸꦮꦔꦆ}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|osi|Papan Anggegana Byayuwangai}}'') | |- |[[Tasikmalaya]] |[[Jawa Kulon]] |WICM |TSY |[[Bandar Udara Wiriadinata]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Wiriadinata Airport''<br>[[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: {{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮝᮤᮛᮡᮓᮤᮔᮒ}}<br><small>(''{{transl|su|Bandar Udara Wiriadinata}}'') |Wiriadinata, catatan [[Paskhas]] komando. |- valign="top" | [[Cirebon]] | [[Jawa Kulon]] | WICD | CBN | [[Bandar Udara Penggung|Bandar Udara Cakrabhuwana]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Cakrabhuwana Airport''<br>[[Basa Cirebon|Cirebon]]: {{Script|Javanese|ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦕꦏꦿꦨꦸꦮꦤ}} (<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Cakrabhuwana}}''</small>) [[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: {{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮎᮊᮢᮽᮝᮔ}}<br><small>(''{{transl|su|Bandar Udara Cakrabhuwana}}'') | |- valign="top" | [[Cilacap]] | [[Jawa Tengah]] | WAHL | CXP | [[Bandar Udara Tunggul Wulung]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Tunggul Wulung Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: {{Script|Javanese|ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦠꦸꦁꦒꦸꦭ꧀ꦮꦸꦭꦸꦁ}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Tunggul Wulung}}'') |[[Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung|Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung]] |- valign="top" | [[Kapuloan Seribu|Kabupatén Kapuloan Seribu]] | [[DKI Jakarta]] | WIIG | PPJ | [[Bandar Udara Pulo Panjang]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Pulo Panjang Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Jakarta]] | [[Jakarta|Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]] | WIHH | HLP | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Halim Perdanakusuma]]''' <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport'' |[[Halim Perdanakusuma]] |- valigin="top" | [[Jakarta]] | [[Jakarta|Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]] | <s>WIID</s> | <s>JKT</s> | '''[[Bandar Udara Kemayoran|Bandar Udara Internasional Kemayoran]]<s><s>''' <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Kemayoran Internati'''''<s><s>'''''onal Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Jakarta]], [[Tangerang]] | [[Jakarta|Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]], [[Banten]] | WIII | [[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno-Hatta|CGK]] | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno–Hatta]]''' (ngagantikeun Bandar Udara Kemayoran tanggal 31 Maret 1985) <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Soekarno-Hatta International Airport'' |[[Sukarno]] jeung [[Mohammad Hatta]], Bapa Proklamator Indonésia. |- valign="top" | [[Tangerang Kidul]] | [[Banten]] | WIHP | PCB | [[Bandar Udara Pondok Cabé]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Pondok Cabe Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Tangerang]] | [[Banten]] | WIRR | BTO | [[Bandar Udara Budiarto]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Budiarto Airport'' |Budiarto |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Majalengka]] | [[Jawa Kulon]] | WICA | KJT | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Kertajati]]'''<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Kertajati International Airport'' |rencanana pikeun ngagantikeun Bandar Udara Internasional Huséin Sastranegara |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Pandeglang]] | [[Banten]] | – | – | [[Bandar Udara Tanjung Lesung]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Tanjung Lesung Airport'' [[Basa Banten|Banten]]: {{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮒᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮀ ᮜᮨᮞᮥᮀ}}''<br><small>({{transl|su|Bandar Udara Tanjung Lesung}})'' | |- valign="top" | [[Jember]] | [[Jawa Wétan]] | WARE | JBB | [[Bandar Udara Notohadinegoro]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Notohadinegoro Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: {{Script|Javanese|ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦟꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦼꦒꦫ}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Natahadinegara}}'') |Notohadinegoro |- valign="top" | [[Malang]] | [[Jawa Wétan]] | WARA | MLG | [[Bandar Udara Abdul Rachman Saléh]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦄꦧ꧀ꦢꦸꦭ꧀ꦫꦃꦩꦤ꧀ꦯꦭꦺꦃ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Abdul Rachman Saleh}}'') |[[Abdulrahman Saléh (pahlawan)]] |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Pangandaran]] | [[Jawa Kulon]] | WICD | – | [[Bandar Udara Nusawiru]] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: '' Nusawiru Airport'' [[Basa Sunda|Sunda]]: {{Sund|ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮁ ᮅᮓᮛ ᮒᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮀ ᮜᮨᮞᮥᮀ}}''<br><small>({{transl|su|Bandar Udara Cijulang Nusawiru}})'' | |- valign="top" | [[Semarang]] | [[Jawa Tengah]] | WAHS | SRG | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Ahmad Yani]]''' <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Ahmad Yani International Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦄꦧ꧀ꦢꦸꦭ꧀ꦫꦃꦩꦤ꧀ꦯꦭꦺꦃ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Abdul Rachman Saleh}}'') |[[Ahmad Yani]], Pahlawan. |- valign="top" | [[Surabaya]] | [[Jawa Wétan]] | WARR | SUB | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Juanda]]''' [http://www.juanda-airport.com/] <br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Juanda International Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦗꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦢ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Internasional Juanda}}'') |[[Juanda Kartawijaya]], Politikus Indonésia sarta Perdana Menteri panungtung Indonésia. |- valign="top" | [[Surakarta]], [[Kabupatén Boyolali]] | [[Jawa Tengah]] | WAHQ | SOC | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Adisumarmo]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/surakarta.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513160637/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/ENG/location/surakarta.htm |archivedate=13 May 2006 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513160637/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/ENG/location/surakarta.htm |date=2006-05-13 }}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Adisumarmo International Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦲꦢꦶꦯꦸꦩꦂꦩ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Internasional Adisumarma}}''</small>)<br>Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=阿迪·苏马尔莫国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Ādí Sūmǎ'ěrmò Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) |[[Adisumarmo Wiryokusumo]] |- valign="top" | [[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]], [[Kabupatén Sléman]] | [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] | WAHH | JOG | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Adisucipto]]''' [http://www.adisutjipto-airport.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531021000/http://adisutjipto-airport.com/ |date=2019-05-31 }}<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Adisucipto International Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦦꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦒꦤꦗꦸꦮꦤ꧀ꦢ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Internasional Adisucipta}}</small>) |[[Agustinus Adisucipto]], Kantor TNI. |- valign="top" | [[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]], [[Kabupatén Kulon Progo]] | [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] | WAHI | YIA | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Yogyakarta]]''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20250609152137/http://yogyakarta-airport.co.id/]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Yogyakarta International Airport''<br>[[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]: ꦥꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦼꦒꦤꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦂꦧꦁꦱꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ<br>(<small>''{{transl|jv|Papan Anggegana Internasional Ngayogyakarta}}</small>) | |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|ZZ|[[Sumatra]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Acéh Tenggara]] | [[Acéh]] | | | '''[[Bandar Udara Alas Leuser]]'''<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Alas Leuser Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا الس ليوسار}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Alas Leuser}}''</small>) | |- valign="top"Alas_Leuser_Airport | [[Banda Acéh]] | [[Acéh]] | WITT | BTJ | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Iskandar Muda]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/btj/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1|title=Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II|first=PT Angkasa Pura II|last=(Persero)|website=www.angkasapura2.co.id|accessdate=2019-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231024054/http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/btj/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1|archivedate=2018-12-31}}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Sultan Iskandarmuda International Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا انتر نڠڬرو سلطان إسكندر مودا}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Antar Nanggroë Sultan Iskandar Muda}}''</small>) |[[Iskandar Muda]] |- valign="top" | [[Bandar Lampung]] | [[Lampung]] | WILL | TKG | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Radin Inten II]]''' <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Radin Inten II International Airport'' |[[Radin Inten II]] |- valign="top" | [[Batam]] | [[Kapuloan Riau]] | WIDD | BTH | '''[[Bandar Udara Hang Nadim|Bandar Udara Internasional Hang Nadim]]''' [http://www.hangnadim-airport.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108050708/http://www.hangnadim-airport.com/ |date=2016-11-08 }}<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Hang Nadim International Airport''<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ انتربڠسا هڠ نديم}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Hang Nadim}}''</small>)<br>Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=韓那丁國際機場|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Hánnà Dīng Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) |Hang Nadim |- valign="top" | [[Kapuloan Batu]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMO | LSE | [[Bandar Udara Lasondré]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+94] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223001311/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+94 |date=2014-12-23 }}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Lasondre Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Bengkulu|Bengkulu]] | [[Bengkulu]] | WIGG | BKS | [[Bandar Udara Fatmawati Soekarno]]<br><br> [[Basa Inggris|Inggris:]] ''Fatmawati Soekarno Airport'' |[[Fatmawati]] |- valign="top" | [[Dumai]] | [[Riau]] | WIBD | DUM | [[Bandar Udara Pinang Kampai]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Pinang Kampai Airport''<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ قيناغ كمقاي}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Pinang Kampai}}''</small>)<br>Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=槟榔坎帕机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Bīnláng Kǎnpà Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Gunung Sitoli]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMB | GNS | [[Bandar Udara Binaka]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726100413/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+38 |date=2014-07-26 }}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Binaka Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Jambi]] | [[Jambi]] | WIJJ | DJB | [[Bandar Udara Sultan Thaha]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Sultan Thaha Airport''<br>[[Melayu Jambi]]: {{lang|jax-Arab|بندر اودارو سلطان تهاها}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|jax|Bandar Udaro Sultan Thaha}}''</small>) |[[Thaha Syaifuddin]] |- valign="top" | [[Lubuklinggau]] | [[Sumatra Kidul]] | WIPB | LLG | [[Bandar Udara Silampari]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Silampari Airport<br>''[[Basa Musi|Musi]]: {{lang|mui-Arab|بندر اودارو سيلمڤاري}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|mui|Bandar Udaro Silampari}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Médan]], [[Kabupatén Deli Serdang]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMM | KNO (Saméméhna: MES) | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Kualanamu]] <br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Kualanamu International Airport''<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ انتربڠسا كوالانامو}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kualanamu}}''</small>)<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯅᯊ᯲ᯑᯒ᯲ ᯥᯑᯒ ᯤᯊ᯲ᯖᯨᯒ᯲ᯊᯚᯪᯛᯬᯊᯞ᯲ ᯄᯮᯋᯞᯊᯔᯮ|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Bandar Udara Internasional Kualanamu}}''</small>)<br>Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=瓜拉納穆國際機場|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Guālānàmù Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>)<br>[[Basa Tamil|Tamil]]: குவாளா நாமு பன்னாட்டு வானூர்தி நிலையம்<br>(<small>''{{transl|ta|Kōlānamō Paṉṉāṭṭu Vāṉūrti Nilaiyam}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Médan]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMK | MES | [[Pangkalan Udara Soewondo]]'''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Soewondo Airbase<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|ڤڠكالن اودارا سوووندو}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Pangkalan Udara Suwondo}}''</small>)<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯇᯝ᯲ᯄᯞᯊ᯲ ᯥᯑᯒ ᯚᯮᯋᯬᯢᯬ|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Pangkalan Udara Suwondo}}''</small>)<br>Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=苏文多空军基地|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Sūwénduō Kōngjūn Jīdì}}''</small>)<br>[[Basa Tamil|Tamil]]: ஸீவண்டோ ஏர் ஃபோர்ஸ் பேஸ்<br>(<small>''{{transl|ta|Sīvaṇṭō Ēr Hpōrs Pēs}}''</small>) |Suwondo |- valign="top" | [[Padang]] | [[Sumatra Kulon]] | WIEE | PDG | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Minangkabau]]<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Minangkabau Airport<br>[[Basa Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]: {{lang|min-Arab|بندر اودارو اينتيرنسيونل مينڠكاباو}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|min|Bandar Udaro Minangkabau}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Padang Sidempuan]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIME | AEG | [[Bandar Udara Aek Godang]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+93] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223001831/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+93 |date=2014-12-23 }}</ref>'''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Aek Godang Airport<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯅᯢᯒ᯲ ᯥᯑᯒ ᯀᯄᯨᯄ᯲ ᯎᯬᯑᯝ᯲|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Bandar Udara Aek Godang}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Palémbang]] | [[Sumatra Kidul]] | WIPP | PLM | '''[[Bandar Udara Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II|Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II]]''' [http://www.bandarasmb2.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713071831/https://www.bandarasmb2.com/ |date=2019-07-13 }} <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport<br>''[[Basa Musi|Musi]]: {{lang|mui-Arab|بندر اودارو سلطان محمود بدر الدين ٢}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|mui|Bandar Udaro Internasional Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=苏丹马哈茂德巴达鲁丁二世国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Sūdān Mǎhāmàodé Bādálǔdīng Èr Shì Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) |[[Mahmud Badaruddin II]] |- valign="top" | [[Pangkal Pinang]] | [[Kapuloan Bangka Belitung]] | WIPK | PGK | [[Bandar Udara Dépati Amir]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Depati Amir Airport<br>''[[Melayu Bangka]]: {{lang|mfb-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ دڤاتي أمير}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|mfb|Lapangan Terbang Depati Amir}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=德帕蒂·阿米尔机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Dépàdì Āmǐ'ěr Jīchǎng}}''</small>) |[[Depati Amir]] |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Simalungun]], [[Kabupatén Toba Samosir]] | [[Sumatra]] | WIMP | SIW | [[Bandar Udara Sibisa]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+65] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223000648/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+65 |date=2014-12-23 }}</ref>'''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Sibisa Airport<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯅᯢᯓ᯲ ᯥᯑᯓ ᯙᯪᯅᯪᯙ|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Bandar Udara Sibisa}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Pekanbaru]] | [[Riau]] | WIBB | PKU | '''[[Bandar Udara Sultan Syarif Kasim II|Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Syarif Kasim II]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/pku/content.php?menu=8&page_id=2|title=Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II|first=PT Angkasa Pura II|last=(Persero)|website=www.angkasapura2.co.id|accessdate=2019-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231024154/http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/pku/content.php?menu=8&page_id=2|archivedate=2018-12-31}}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport<br>''[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ انتربڠسا سلطان شريف قاسم ٢}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Sultan Syarif Kasim II}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=苏丹谢里夫卡西姆二世国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Sūdān Xiélǐfū Kǎxīmǔ Èr Shì Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | [[Sultan Syarif Kasim II]] |- valign="top" | [[Ranai, Kapuloan Natuna|Ranai]] | [[Kapuloan Riau]] | WION | NTX | [[Bandar Udara Ranai]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Ranai Airport<br>''[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ راناي}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Ranai}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=拉奈机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Lānài Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Sibolga]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMS | FLZ | [[Bandar Udara Ferdinand Lumban Tobing]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+92] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222235502/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+92 |date=2014-12-22 }}</ref> '''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Ferdinand Lumban Tobing Airport<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯆᯢᯓ᯲ ᯥᯑᯒ ᯇᯨᯒ᯲ᯑᯪᯉᯉ᯲ᯑ᯲ ᯞᯮᯔ᯲ᯅᯉ᯲ ᯗᯭᯆᯫᯰ|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Bandar Udara Ferdinand Lumban Tobing}}''</small>) | [[Ferdinand Lumbantobing]] |- valign="top" | [[Siborong-Borong]] | [[Sumatra Kalér]] | WIMN | DTB | [[Bandar Udara Internasional Silangit]]<ref>[http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+66] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223001721/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+info_bandara+detail+66 |date=2014-12-23 }}</ref> '''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: Silangit International Airport<br>[[Basa Batak|Batak]]: {{btk|ᯆᯢᯓ᯲ ᯥᯑᯒ ᯤᯊ᯲ᯖᯨᯒ᯲ᯊᯚᯪᯛᯬᯊᯞ᯲ ᯘᯫᯞᯝᯫᯗ᯲|size=}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|btk|Bandar Udara Internasional Silangit}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Simpang Ampék]] | [[Sumatra Kulon]] | – | – | [[Bandar Udara Pusako Anak Nagari]]<br><br>[[Indonésian language|Indonésian]]: ''Alas Leuser Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا ڤوساكو انق نڬاري}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Pusako Anak Nagari}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Sinabang]] | [[Acéh]] | WITG/WIML* | SNX | [[Bandar Udara Lasikin]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggria]]: ''Lasikin Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا لسيكين}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Lasikin}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Sipora]] | [[Sumatra Kulon]] | WIBR | RKI | [[Bandar Udara Rokot]] '''<br>'''<br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggria]]: Rokot Airport<br>[[Basa Minangkabau|Minangkabau]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارو روكوت}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|min|Bandar Udaro Rokot}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Suka Makmué]] | [[Acéh]] | WITC | MEQ | [[Bandar Udara Cut Nyak Dhien]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: '' Nyak Dhien Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا چوت ڽاء دهين}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Cut Nya' Dhien}}''</small>) |[[Cut Nyak Dhien]] |- valign="top" | [[Takéngon]] | [[Acéh]] | WITK | TXE | [[Bandar Udara Rembélé]] <br><br>[[Indonésian language|Inggris]]: ''Takengon Rembele Airport''<br>[[Basa Acéh|Acéh]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|بندر اودارا تقيڠون رمبيلي}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ace|Bandar Udara Takengon Rembele}}''</small>) | |- valign="top" | [[Tanjung Pandan]] | [[Kapuloan Bangka Belitung]] | WIKT | TJQ | [[Bandar Udara Internasional H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin International Airport'' Chinese: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=H.A.S.哈南柔丁国际机场|labels=no}}''<br>(<small>{{transl|zh|H.A.S. Hānánróudīng Guójì Jīchǎng}}</small>)''<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ H.A.S. حنانجو الدين}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarbangsa H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin}}''</small>) | H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin |- valign="top" | [[Tanjung Pinang]] | [[Kapuloan Riau]] | WIDN | TNJ | '''[[Bandar Udara Raja Haji Fisabilillah|Bandar Udara Internasional Raja Haji Fisabilillah]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/bth/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1|title=Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II|first=PT Angkasa Pura II|last=(Persero)|website=www.angkasapura2.co.id|accessdate=2019-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231023854/http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/bth/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1|archivedate=2018-12-31}}</ref> <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Raja Haji Fisabilillah International Airport<br>''[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ انتربڠسا راج حاج فيسبيلي الله}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Raja Haji Fisabilillah}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=拉加·哈士·菲什比利拉国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Lājiā·Hàshi·Fēishénbǐlìlā Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | [[Raja Haji Fisabilillah]] |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|ZZ|[[Kalimantan]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Balikpapan]] | [[Kalimantan Wétan]] | WALL | BPN | '''[[Bandar Udara Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman]]'''[http://www.sepingganairport.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301105008/http://www.sepingganairport.com/ |date=2019-03-01 }} <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport'' | Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman |- valign="top" | [[Banjarmasin]] | [[Kalimantan Kidul]] | WAOO | BDJ | [[Bandar Udara Syamsudin Noor|'''Bandar Udara Internasional Syasmsuddin Noor''']] [http://syamsudinnoorairport.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120015016/http://www.syamsudinnoorairport.net/ |date=2011-11-20 }}<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Syamsuddin Noor International Airport<br>''[[Basa Banjar|Banjar]]: {{lang|bjn-Arab|بندر اودارا انتربڠسا شمس الدين نور}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|bjn|Bandar Udara Antarbangsa Syamsuddin Noor}}''</small>) Chinese: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=沙姆苏丁努尔国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Shāmǔsūdīng Nǔěr Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | [[Syamsudin Noor]] |- valign="top" | [[Bandar Udara Gusti Syamsir Alam]] | [[Kalimantan Kidul]] | WAOK | KBU | [[Bandar Udara Gusti Syamsir Alam]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Gusti Syamsir Alam Airport<br>''[[Basa Banjar|Banjar]]: {{lang|bjn-Arab|بندر اودارا ڬوستي شمسير عالم}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|bjn|Bandar Udara Gusti Syamsir Alam}}''</small>) | Gusti Syamsir Alam |- valign="top" | [[Tanjung Redep, Berau|Tanjung Redep]], [[Kabupatén Berau|Berau]] | [[Kalimantan Wétan]] | WAQT | BEJ | [[Bandar Udara Berau|Bandar Udara Kalimarau]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Kalimarau Airport''n="top" |- valign="top" | [[Bontang]] | [[Kalimantan Wétan]] | WALC | BXT | [[Bandar Udara PT. Badak Bontang]] <br><br>[[Indonésian language|Indonésian]]: ''Bandar Udara PT Badak Bontang'' | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Mahakam Ulu]] | [[Kalimantan Wétan]] | WALJ | DTD | Bandar Udara Datah Dawai<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Datah Dawai Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Ketapang]] | [[Kalimantan Kulon]] | WIOK | KTG | [[Bandar Udara Ketapang|Bandar Udara Rahadi Osman]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Rahadi Osman Airport'' Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=拉哈迪奥斯曼机场|labels=no}}''<br>(<small>{{transl|zh|Lāhādí Àosīmàn Jīchǎng}}</small>)''<br>[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ رحادي عثمان}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Rahadi Osman}}''</small>) | [[Rahadi Oesman]] |- valign="top" | [[Long Apung]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WAQL | LPU | [[Bandar Udara Long Apung]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Long Apung Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Long Bawan]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WAQJ | LBW | [[Bandar Udara Juvai Semaring]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Juvai Semaring Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Malinau]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WALM | – | [[Bandar Udara Robert Atty Bessing]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Robert Atty Bessing Airport'' | Robert Atty Bessing |- valign="top" | [[Melak]] | [[Kalimantan Wétan]] | WALE | – | [[Bandar Udara Melalan]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Melalan Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Muara Teweh]] | [[Kalimantan Tengah]] | WAOM | – | [[Bandar Udara Beringin]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Beringin Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Nunukan]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WAQA | NNX | [[Bandar Udara Nunukan]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Nunukan Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Palangkaraya]] | [[Kalimantan Tengah]] | WAGG | PKY | [[Bandar Udara Tjilik Riwut]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Tjilik Riwut Airport'' | [[Tjilik Riwut]] |- valign="top" | [[Pangkalanbun]] | [[Kalimantan Tengah]] | WAGI | PKN | [[Bandar Udara Iskandar]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Iskandar Airport<br>''[[Basa Melayu|Melayu]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ إسكندر}}<br>(<small>{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Iskandar}}</small>) | Iskandar |- valign="top" | [[Pontianak, Indonésia|Pontianak]] | [[Kalimantan Kulon]] | WIOO | PNK | '''[[Bandar Udara Supadio|Bandar Udara Internasional Supadio]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/pnk/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1|title=Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II|first=PT Angkasa Pura II|last=(Persero)|website=www.angkasapura2.co.id|accessdate=2019-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231024000/http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/cabang/pnk/content.php?menu=8&page_id=1|archivedate=2018-12-31}}</ref><br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Supadio International Airport<br>''[[Melayu Pontianak]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|لاڤڠن تربڠ انتربڠسا سوڤديو}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|ms|Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Supadio}}''</small>) Cina: {{zh|t=|p=|c=|s=苏巴迪奥国际机场|labels=no}}<br>(<small>''{{transl|zh|Sūbādí'ào Guójì Jīchǎng}}''</small>) | Supadio |- valign="top" | [[Putussibau]] | [[Kalimantan Kulon]] | WIOP | PSU | [[Bandar Udara Pangsuma]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Pangsuma Airport'' | |- | [[Samarinda]] || [[Kalimantan Wétan]] || WALS | SRI | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto]]''' <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto International Airport'' | [[Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto]] |- valign="top" | [[Sampit]] | [[Kalimantan Tengah]] | WAGS | SMQ | [[Bandar Udara Sampit|Bandar Udara H. Asan]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''H. Asan Airport'' | H. Asan |- valign="top" | [[Sintang]] | [[Kalimantan Kulon]] | WIOS | SQG | [[Bandar Udara Sintang|Bandar Udara Susilo]]<br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Susilo Airport'' | Susilo |- valign="top" | [[Tanjung Selor]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WAQD | TJS | [[Bandar Udara Tanjung Harapan]] <br><br>[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Tanjung Harapan Airport'' | |- valign="top" | [[Tarakan, Kalimantan Kalér|Tarakan]] | [[Kalimantan Kalér]] | WAQQ | TRK | '''[[Bandar Udara Juwata|Bandar Udara Internasional Juwata]] <br><br>'''[[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Juwata International Airport'' | |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|ZZ|[[Sulawesi]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Bau-Bau]] | [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] | WAWB | BUW | [[Bandar Udara Bétoambari]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Gorontalo]] | [[Gorontalo]] | WAMG | GTO | [[Bandar Udara Jalaluddin|Bandar Udara Djalaluddin]] | [[Djalaludin Tantu]] |- valign="top" | [[Kendari]] | [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] | WAWW | KDI | [[Bandar Udara Haluoléo]] (Bandar Udara Wolter Monginsidi) | [[Lakilaponto|Halu Oléo]] (Sultan anu kagenep, saméméhna ngaranna [[Robert Wolter Mongisidi|Wolter Mongisidi]] (Pahlawan) |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Kolaka]] | [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] | – | PUM | [[Bandar Udara Sangia Nibandéra]] | |- valign="top" | [[Makassar]] | [[Sulawesi Kidul]] | WAAA | UPG | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Sultan Hasanuddin]]''' (Bandar Udara Hasanuddin) [http://www.hasanuddin-airport.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406131718/http://www.hasanuddin-airport.com/ |date=2008-04-06 }} | [[Sultan Hasanuddin]] |- valign="top" | [[Kota Mamuju|Mamuju]] | [[Sulawesi Kulon]] | WAAJ | MJU | [[Bandar Udara Tampa Padang]] | |- valign="top" | [[Manado]] | [[Sulawesi Kalér]] | WAMM | MDC | '''[[Bandar Udara Sam Ratulangi|Bandar Udara Internasional Sam Ratulangi]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/manado.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422051018/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/manado.htm |archivedate=22 April 2006 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422051018/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/manado.htm |date=2006-04-22 }}</ref> | [[Sam Ratulangi|Dr. Gerungan Saul Samuel Jacob Ratulangi]] |- valign="top" | [[Masamba]] | [[Sulawesi Kidul]] | WAWN | MXB | [[Bandar Udara Andi Jémma]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Pulo Talaud]] | [[Sulawesi Kalér]] | | | [[Bandar Udara Miangas]] | |- valign="top" | [[Mélonguané]] | [[Sulawesi Kalér]] | WAMN | MNA | [[Bandar Udara Mélangguané]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Pulo Sangihé|Pulo Sangihé]] | [[Sulawesi Kalér]] | WAMH | NAH | [[Bandar Udara Naha (Indonésia)|Bandar Udara Naha]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Morowali|Morowali]] | [[Sulawesi Tengah]] | – | MOH<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/07/09/new-airport-wings-air-connect-central-sulawesi-cities.html|title=New airport, Wings Air connect Central Sulawesi cities|first=The Jakarta|last=Post|publisher=}}</ref> | [[Bandar Udara Morowali]] | |- valign="top" | [[Palu]] | [[Sulawesi Tengah]] | WAFF | PLW | [[Bandar Udara Mutiara SIS Al-Jufrie]] (Bandar Udara Masovu) |[[Idrus bin Salim Al-Jufri|SIS Al-Jufrie]] |- valign="top" | [[Poso]] | [[Sulawesi Tengah]] | WAMP | PSJ | [[Bandar Udara Kasiguncu]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Luwu]] | [[Sulawesi Kidul]] | WAFD | LLO | [[Bandar Udara Palopo Lagaligo]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Selayar]] | [[Sulawesi Kidul]] | WAWH | KSR | [[Bandar Udara H. Aroeppala]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Tojo Una-Una]] | [[Sulawesi Tengah]] | – | AMP | [[Bandar Udara Tanjung Api]] | |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|[[Nusa Tenggara]]|[[Selat Sunda]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Atambua]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATA | ABU | [[Bandar Udara Haliwén]] | |- valign="top" | [[Bima]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]] | WADB | BMU | [[Bandar Udara Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin]] (Bandar Udara Bima) | Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin |- valign="top" | [[Denpasar]] | [[Bali]] | WADD | DPS | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Ngurah Rai]]''' (Bandar Udara Tuban)[http://www.ngurahrai-airport.co.id] | [[Ngurah Rai|I Gusti Ngurah Rai]] |- valign="top" | [[Éndé, Indonésia|Éndé]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATE | ENE | [[Bandar Udara Éndé|Bandar Udara H. Hasan Aroeboesman]] (Bandar Udara Éndé) | [[Hasan Aroeboesman]] |- valign="top" | [[Kupang]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATT | KOE | [[Bandar Udara Él Tari]] (Bandar Udara Éltari) |[[Él Tari]] |- valign="top" | [[Labuan Bajo]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATO | LBJ | [[Bandar Udara Komodo]] (Bandar Udara Mutiara II) | [[Naga Komodo]], Spésiés kadal panggedéna di dunya |- valign="top" | [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]] | WADL | LOP | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Lombok|Bandar Udara Internasional Lombok Praya]]''' (menggantikan [[Bandar Udara Selaparang]] pada 1 Oktober 2011) | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]] | <s>WADL</s> | <s>LOP</s> | [[Bandar Udara Selaparang]] (ditutup mimiti 30 September 2011) | |- valign="top" | [[Mauméré] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATC | MOF | [[Bandar Udara Frans Séda]] (Bandar Udara Mauméré) | [[Frans Seda]] |- valign="top" | [[Pulo Savu]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATS | SAU | [[Bandar Udara Tardamu]] | |- valign="top" | [[Sumbawa Besar]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]] | WADS | SWQ | [[Bandar Udara Sultan Muhammad Kaharuddin III]] ([[Bandar Udara Brangbiji]]) | Sultan Muhammad Kaharuddin III |- valign="top" | [[Waikabubak]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATK | TMC | [[Bandar Udara Tambolaka]] (Bandar Udara Waikabubak) | |- valign="top" | [[Waingapu]] | [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] | WATU | WGP | [[Bandar Udara Mau Hau]] (Bandar Udara Waingapu) | |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|[[Kapuloan Maluku]]|[[Pulo Maluku]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Amahai]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPA | AHI | [[Bandar Udara Amahai]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Ambon|Ambon]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPP | AMQ | [[Bandar Udara Pattimura]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/ambon.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422051005/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/ambon.htm |archivedate=22 April 2006 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422051005/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/ambon.htm |date=2006-04-22 }}</ref> | [[Pattimura]] |- valign="top" | [[Bandanaira|Banda]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPC | NDA | [[Bandar Udara Bandanaira]] | |- valign="top" | [[Bénjina]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPK | BJK | [[Bandar Udara Nangasuri Aru]] | |- valign="top" | [[Buli, Halmahera|Buli]] | [[Maluku Kalér]] | WAEM | WUB | [[Bandar Udara Buli]] | |- valign="top" | [[Dobo, Indonésia|Dobo]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPD | DOB | [[Bandar Udara Dobo]] | |- valign="top" | [[Galela]] | [[Maluku Kalér]] | WAEG | GLX | [[Bandar Udara Gamar Malamo]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kao, Indonésia|Kao]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAEK<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyvector.com/airport/WAEK/Kao-Kuabang-Airport|title=WAEK - Kao/Kuabang Airport - SkyVector|website=skyvector.com}}</ref> | KAZ<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx|title=IATA - Codes - Airline and Airport Codes Search|first=|last=IATA|website=www.iata.org}}</ref> | [[Bandar Udara Kao]] | |- valign="top" | [[Labuha]] | [[Maluku Kalér]] | WAEL<ref name="skyvector.com">{{cite web|url=https://skyvector.com/airport/WAEL/Oesman-Sadik-Labuha-Airport|title=WAEL - Oesman Sadik/Labuha Airport - SkyVector|website=skyvector.com}}</ref> | LAH<ref name="auto"/> | [[Bandar Udara Oesman Sadik]]<ref name="skyvector.com"/> | |- valign="top" | [[Tual, Indonésia|Tual]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPL | LUV | [[Bandar Udara Dumatubin|Bandar Udara Dumatubin]] | |- valign="top" | [[Moa (Indonésia)|Pulo Moa]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | | JIO | [[Bandar Udara Jos Orno Imsula]] | |- valign="top" | [[Pulo Morotai]] | [[Maluku Kalér]] | WAEW | OTI | [[Bandar Udara Pitu]] | |- valign="top" | [[Namlea]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPR | NAM | [[Bandar Udara Namléa]] | |- valign="top" | [[Namrolé]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPG | NRE | [[Bandar Udara Namrolé]] | |- valign="top" | [[Saumlaki]] | [[Maluku|Maluku]] | WAPS | SXK | [[Bandar Udara Saumlaki|Bandar Udara Mathilda Batlayeri]] | |- valign="top" | [[Ternate]] | [[Maluku Kalér]] | WAEE | TTE | [[Bandar Udara Babullah|Bandar Udara Sultan Babullah]] | |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#ddd;" | {{sort|ZZ|[[Daérah Papua Kulon|Papua]]}} | | | | | |- valign="top" | [[Anggi]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WAUA | AGD | [[Bandar Udara Anggi]] | |- valign="top" | [[Ayawasi]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASA | AYX | [[Bandar Udara Ayawasi]] | |- valign="top" | [[Babo, Papua Kulon|Babo]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASO | BXB | [[Bandar Udara Babo]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Biak]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WABB | BIK | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Frans Kaisiépo]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/biak.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422050839/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/biak.htm |archivedate=22 April 2006 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422050839/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/eng/location/biak.htm |date=2006-04-22 }}</ref> | [[Frans Kaisiépo]] |- valign="top" | [[Bintuni]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASB<ref name="world-airport-codes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.world-airport-codes.com/Indonésia/bintuni-858.html|title=Stenkol - Indonésia|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | NTI<ref name="world-airport-codes.com"/> | [[Bandar Udara Bintuni]] | |- valign="top" | [[Fakfak]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASF | FKQ | [[Bandar Udara Fakfak]] | |- valign="top" | [[Jayapura]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WAJJ | DJJ | '''[[Bandar Udara Internasional Sentani]]''' | |- valign="top" | [[Kaimana]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASK | KNG | [[Bandar Udara Utarom]] | |- valign="top" | [[Manokwari]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WAUU | MKW | [[Bandar Udara Rendani]] | |- valign="top" | [[Merauké]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WAKK | MKQ | [[Bandar Udara Internasional Mopah]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kabupatén Nabiré]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WABI | NBX | [[Bandar Udara Nabire]] | |- valign="top" | [[Noemfoor]], [[Pulo Schouten]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WABF | FOO | [[Bandar Udara Kornasorén]] (Bandar Udara Jenburuwo) | |- valign="top" | [[Oksibil]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WAJO | ORG | [[Bandar Udara Oksibil|Iskak International Airport]] | |- valign="top" | [[Kota Sorong|Sorong]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASS | SOQ | [[Bandar Udara Dominé Édward Osok]] (ngagantikeun [[Bandar Udara Jefman]]) | |- valign="top" | [[Timika]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WABP | TIM | [[Bandar Udara Timika|Bandar Udara Moses Kilangin]] | |- valign="top" | [[Wasior]] | [[Papua Kulon|Papua Kulon]] | WASW<ref name="world-airport-codes.com1">{{cite web|url=https://www.world-airport-codes.com/Indonésia/wasior-7544.html|title=Wasior - Indonésia|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | WSR<ref name="world-airport-codes.com1"/> | [[Bandar Udara Wasior]] | |- valign="top" | [[Wamena]], [[Kabupatén Puncak Jaya]] | [[Papua|Papua]] | WAVV | WMX | [[Bandar Udara Wamena]] | |} == Tingali ogé == * [[Daptar bandar udara pangsibukna di Indonésia]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * {{id}} [http://www.angkasapura1.co.id Situs web PT Angkasa Pura I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518023345/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/ |date=2013-05-18 }} * {{id}} [http://www.angkasapura2.co.id Situs web PT Angkasa Pura II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213021309/http://www.angkasapura2.co.id/ |date=2019-12-13 }} * {{id}} [http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?id/bandara/index Daptar bandara di situs Dirjen Hubud Kemenhub RI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511145435/http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?id/bandara/index |date=2019-05-11 }} * {{en}} [http://www.world-airport-codes.com/alphabetical/country-abbreviations/i.html#ID World Airport Codes: Daptar Bandar Udara Indonésia] * {{en}} [http://www.Indonésiaphotography.com/maps/aviamaps.php Peta Interaktif dan Data Bandar Udara Udara Indonésia]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.Indonésiaphotography.com/info/index.php?cat=2&catSub=11 Peta dan Data Bandar Udara Udara Indonésia]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Bandara di Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Bandar udara di Indonésia| ]] [[Kategori:Daptar bandar udara dumasar nagara|Indonésia]] nfe7kx4mvwac6z5zd5t4xp8d02jo0ad 0 98054 731657 678021 2026-11-07T23:15:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer | name = Dodong Kodir | image =Dodong_Kodir.png | imagesize = 200px | caption = Dodong Kodir Seniman Kindew / Daur Ulang | pseudonym = | birth_date = 08 [[Nopémber]] [[1951]] | birth_place = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Tasikmalaya]], [[Indonesia]] | birth_name = | death_date = 07 [[Januari]] [[2016]] | death_place = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]] | years_active= | occupation =Seniman | nationality = [[Indonésia]] | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | debut_works = | spouse = | partner = | children = | relations = | influences = | influenced = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Dodong Kodir''' (lahir di [[Tasikmalaya|Tasik]] taun [[8 November 1951]] tilar di [[Bandung]] [[7 Januari 2016]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seleb.tempo.co/read/733937/dodong-kodir-seniman-alat-musik-dari-sampah-tutup-usia|title=Dodong Kodir, Seniman Alat Musik dari Sampah, Tutup Usia|last=Yuliastuti|first=Dian|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-14}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=|title=Ku Gawé Rancagé Runtah Ogé Jadi Soraan|last=|first=KORAN SUNDA|date=Senén, 26 Februari 2007|work=Usman Suhana B.|access-date=|via=}}</ref> seniman nu kawentar ku karya-karyana, sarupaning [[waditra]] nu dijieun tina runtah. Kilang ti kitu waditrana ogé ngaluarkeun sora anu teu ilahar, sepeti tornado, urug, guludug, maung, manuk récét, jeung kongkorongok hayam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.djarumcoklat.com/article/dodong-kodir---lungsuran-daur-contemporary-instruments|title=Dodong Kodir & Lungsuran Daur Contemporary Instruments|website=www.djarumcoklat.com|accessdate=2019-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403205551/http://www.djarumcoklat.com/article/dodong-kodir---lungsuran-daur-contemporary-instruments|archivedate=2017-04-03}}</ref> Dodong téh saméméh pangsiunna kungsi jadi nayaga tari di ISB<ref name=":1" />I, ku jalaran waktu jadi panayaga téh sok merlukeun sora-sora husus, Dodong ngotéktak barang-barang urut. Kawantun dina taun 1984 Dodong nyieun grup calung di lingkungan imahna nu katelah Bangkolung keur ngeusian acara Karang Taruna. Alatan teu boga modal keur meuli alat, antukna maké alat saaya-aya. <ref name=":0" /> 6x1q0qphg3nz553aowh6lqgtg7kfqw2 0 98147 731814 678083 2026-11-08T10:11:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731814 wikitext text/x-wiki Dra. Hj. '''Popong Otje Djundjunan''' atawa biasa disebut Ceu Popong. Lahir di Bandung, 30 Désémber 1938. manéhna salah sahiji politikus Indonesia. Ceu Popong ogé mangrupa istri Wali Kota Bandung, Radén Otje Djundjunan (almarhum), nu mingpin Kota Bandung ti taun 1971 tepi ka taun 1976. Manéhna geus jadi anggota DPR RI ti 1987 anu asalna ti Partai Golkar. Basa taun 1987, Ceu Popong boga tugas bagéan peranan istri di Komisi VII. Ka hareupna, dina taun 1997 manéhna nyepeng bidang pendidikan di Komisi IX<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/m/popong-otje-djundjunan-gY|title=Popong Otje Djundjunan|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2022-03-19}}</ref>. Salami jadi anggota DPR RI, manéhna ngajabat tepi ka 5 periode, nyaéta taun 1999, 2009, tepi ka 2019. Tapi sabenerna mah manéhna ngalaman ''vakum'' atawa eureun heula lantaran kudu ngurus sababarahahiji urusan kawas kulawargi jeung organisasi nu séjén salian ti DPR RI. Ceu Popong eureun heula tina DPR RI ti taun 1999 tepi ka taun 2009, nu hartina geus sapuluh taun. Geus asup deui kana dunya politik, Ceu Popong ngawakilan Dapil I, Jawa Barat. Asup ka Komisi X nu nguruskeun pendidikan, kebudayaan, olahraga, pariwisata, ekonomi kréatif. Ceu Popong ngabogaan tujuan sangkan DPR RI bisa ngarangkul rakyat. Ku kituna Ceu Popong asup Komisi X améh bisa nyieun undang-undang nagara nu berpihak ka rakyat. Kitu ogé undang-undang bidang pendidikan, kawas anggaran Bidik Misi nu tadina rék dileungitkeun jadi angger diayakeun. Salian ti éta, ceuk Ceu Popong, Komisi X boga tugas penting ngawas APBN pikeun tepat sasaran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/ini-alasan-ceu-popong-terjun-lagi-ke-politik-setelah-lama-vakum.html|title=Ini alasan Ceu Popong terjun lagi ke politik setelah lama vakum|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2022-03-19}}</ref> Jadi anggota tertua, Popong Otje Djundjunan mingpin samentara sidang DPR RI perode 2014-2019 jeung Ade Rezki Pratama nu mangrupa anggota pilihan ti Sumatra Barat, saacan mimpin lembaga luhur nagara éta pilihan sacara sah. Dina kajadian éta sidang ngaran Ceu Popong matak jadi sorotan media, sabab manéhna bari néangan palu sidang bari sorana asup kana mikropon. Ti saprak éta kajadian néangan palu sidangna ''viral'', ngaran Ceu Popong jadi ''trending'' Twitter kahiji basa harita kénéh. Sidang DPR periode 2014-2019 dimimitian ku pelantikan anggota nu diteruskeun ku panilih Ketua DPR. Asup kana agénda saha nu bakal jadi Ketua DPR éta nu matak jadi sorotan. Lantaran loba perdebatan ti mimiti iraha Ketua DPR definitif bakal dipilih. Dumasar kana keputusan Ketua DPR, Ceu Popong nu mutuskeun Ketua DPR dipilih poé éta oge. Teu lila, loba anggota DPR teu satuju tepi ka silih tunjuk ka Ceu Popong. Poé kahiji kabéh anggota DPR miboga tugas, loba ngaran anyar nu diajukeun jadi Ketua DPR. Hartina, unggal wakil ti partai riweuh ngajukeun ngaran sorangan-sorangan. Kajadian ieu sabenerna mah ngarujuk kana UU MD3 nu ngatur pingpinan DPR dipilihna métode pakét<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4925867/bertemu-ceu-popong-sandiaga-teringat-palu-sidang-yang-hilang|title=Bertemu Ceu Popong, Sandiaga Teringat Palu Sidang yang Hilang|last=Sihombing|first=Rolando Fransiscus|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-03-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505195245/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4925867/bertemu-ceu-popong-sandiaga-teringat-palu-sidang-yang-hilang |date=2022-05-05 }}</ref>, lain dumasar kana suara panglobana basa Pileg. Aturan ti UU MD3 nu matak ribut kabeh partai di DPR antara Koalisi Merah Putih jeung Koalisi Indonesia Hebat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3032550/kericuhan-di-24-jam-pertama-dpr-dan-palu-ceu-popong-yang-mendunia|title=Kericuhan di 24 Jam Pertama DPR dan Palu Ceu Popong yang Mendunia|last=Kami|first=Indah Mutiara|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319072419/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3032550/kericuhan-di-24-jam-pertama-dpr-dan-palu-ceu-popong-yang-mendunia|archivedate=2022-03-19}}</ref> == Kasang Tukang Pendidikan == * Sakola Rakyat Tomo (1945–1951) * SMP Negeri Sumedang (1951–1954) * SMA Negeri 5 Bandung (1954–1957) * Jurusan Ekonomi, Universitas Padjadjaran (1957–1959) * Jurusan Pendidikan, FKIP Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (1959–1963)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/m/popong-otje-djundjunan-gY|title=Popong Otje Djundjunan|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2022-03-19}}</ref> == Kasang Tukang Politik == * Anggota DPR/MPR RI 1987–1992 Fraksi Karya Pembangunan * Anggota DPR/MPR RI 1992–1997 Fraksi Karya Pembangunan * Anggota DPR/MPR RI 1997–1999 Fraksi Karya Pembangunan * Anggota DPR/MPR RI 2009–2014 Fraksi Partai Golongan Karya * Anggota DPR/MPR RI 2014–2019 Fraksi Partai Golongan Karya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/anggota/detail/id/100|title=Anggota DPR RI - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat|last=RI|first=Setjen DPR|website=www.dpr.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2022-03-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064657/https://www.dpr.go.id/anggota/detail/id/100 |date=2022-03-19 }}</ref> == Kasang Tukang Organisasi == * Ketua Pasundan Istri (1983–2005) * Ketua Badan Kerja sama Organisasi Wanita Jawa Barat (1977–1983) * Ketua Dharma Wanita Kotamadya Bandung (1974–1976) * Ketua Ketua Badan Kerja sama Organisasi Wanita Subang (1964–1967) * Senat Ikatan Mahasiswa Bandung. Taun: - * Pengurus Mahasiswa Sastra. Taun: - * Ketua PERSID Kartika Shandra Kirana MAKODAM Siliwangi. Taun: - * Koordinator Dharma Pertiwi Trem Taruna Negara. Taun: - * Ketua Balai Perguruan Putri Pusat. Taun: -<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/anggota/detail/id/100|title=Anggota DPR RI - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat|last=RI|first=Setjen DPR|website=www.dpr.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2022-03-19}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064657/https://www.dpr.go.id/anggota/detail/id/100 |date=2022-03-19 }}</ref> [[Kategori:Artikel pamilon WMS di SMAN 1 Cisarua]] t7is86s7fd0f4n1l5a75c1hnqkhvzu3 0 98177 731773 673086 2026-11-08T08:30:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Media Sosial Yang sering digunakan.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Media sosial]] '''Média sosial''' (Mindeng disalahtuliskeun jadi '''sosial média''') nyaéta mangrupa média daring, anu ngagampangkeun partisipasi, ngabagi, jeung ngajieun eusi blog, jéjaring sosial, wiki, forum, jeung dunya virtual. Blog, jéjaring sosial jeung wiki mangrupa bentuk tina média sosial anu paling umum jeung mineng digunakeun ku masarakat di dunya.<ref name=":0" /> [[Andreas Kaplan]] jeung Michael [[Haenlein]] ngartikeun média sosial jadi "salahsahiji kélompok aplikasi anu ngagunaan intérnét anu ngabangun di luhur dasar [[idéologi]] jeung téknologi wéb 2.0, ogé ngamungkinkeun pangjienan jeung patukeran ''user -generated content"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=Andreas M.|last2=Haenlein|first2=Michael|date=2010-01|title=Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003|journal=Business Horizons|volume=53|issue=1|pages=59–68|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003|issn=0007-6813}}</ref>'' == Ciri - ciri== iyeu di handap mangrupa sababaraha cir anu aya dina media sosial.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxmanroe.com/vid/teknologi/internet/pengertian-media-sosial.html|title=Pengertian Media Sosial Adalah, Fungsi, Tujuan, Jenis Sosial Media|last=Prawiro|first=M.|website=Pengertian dan Definisi Istilah|language=id-ID|accessdate=2019-11-02}}</ref> === 1. Partisipasi Pangguna === kabeh media sosial ngadorong panggunana jang ngilu partisipasi jeung mere umpan balik ka sahiji pesan atawa konten nu aya di media sosial. Jadi teks atawa tulisan anu dikirimkeun ku pangguna tiasa di baca ku batur === 2. Aya Katerbukaan === Media sosial mere kasempatan ka pangguna jang mere komentar, voting, jeung sajabana. === 3. Aya Obrolan === Media sosial mere kasempatan keur pangguna ngalakuken interaksi ka sahiji konten, dina bentuk obrolan antar pangguna. Anu narima pesan bebas nangtuken waktu iraha interaksi dek di lakuken === 4. Hubungan === Dina media sosial, panggunana tiasa terhubung jeung pangguna nu lain ku ayana fasilitas tautan (''links'') jeung sumber info nu lain. == Fungsi== Media sosial ngagaduhan loba fungsi diantarana nyeta :<ref name=":1" /> * Ngaluaskeun interaksi sosial loba jelema * Nyiptaken komunikasi antara loba audiens * Media kanggo promosi brand, produk, Atawa jasa * Media komunikasi antara pangusaha atawa tokoh masyarakat jeung pangguna media sosial nu lain. == Parkembangan == Pesatna parkembangan media sosial kiwari kusabab kabeh jalma tiasa ngajieun media sorangan sorangan. lamun miboga media sosial tradisional saperti televisi, radio, atawa koran di perlukan modal anu gedé, beda deuii jeung media sosial digital. pangguna bisa ngakses media sosial ku cara ngakses internet, teu make biaya anu gedé, teu make alat anu mahal, pangguna , media sosial ogé bisa bebas, ngedit, nambahkeun, ngamodifikasi tulisan, gambar, video, grarfis, jeung model ''content'' nu lainam Dihandap iyeu mangrupa tabel jumlah pangguna tina masing masing situs per agustus 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/|title=Global social media ranking 2019|website=Statista|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-02}}</ref> {| class=wikitable !No|| ngaran situs|| Jumlah anggota |- |1 || [[Facebook]] || 2.375.000.000 |- |2 || [[Youtube]] || 2.000.000.000 |- |3 || [[WhatsApp]] || 1.600.000.000 |- |4||[[Facebook Messenger]] ||1.300.000.000 |- |5 || [[WeChat]] || 1.112.000.000 |- |6 || [[Instagram]] || 1.000.000.000 |- |7 || [[QQ]] || 823.000.000 |- |8 || [[Qzone]] || 572.000.000 |- |9 || [[TikTok]] || 500.000.000 |- |10 || [[Sina Weibo]] || 465.000.000 |- |11 || [[Reddit]] || 330.000.000 |- |12 || [[Twitter]] || 330.000.000 |- |13 || [[Douban]] || 320.000.000 |- |14 || [[LinkedIn]] || 310.000.000 |- |15 || [[Snapchat]] || 294.000.000 |- |16 || [[Pinterest]] || 265.000.000 |- |17 || [[Viber]] || 260.000.000 |- |18||[[Discord]]||250.000.000 |} == Kaunggulan == Kaunggulan atawa mangpaat [https://web.archive.org/web/20220815075632/https://portalberita.one/ media sosial] dina kahirupan sapopoe diantarana nyaéta:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manfaat.co.id/10-manfaat-sosial-media-di-berbagai-bidang|title=10 Manfaat Sosial Media di Berbagai Bidang|last=Yana|first=Yuli|website=Manfaat.co.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-02}}</ref> * Media kanggo sosialisasi Media sosial ngamudahkeun arurang jang ngobrol jeung batur jarak jauh atau deukeut teu aya masalah asalken kudu terhubung ka internet * Meunangkeun babaturan anyar Diba media sosial arurang tiasa ngobrol jeung batur anu teu dikenal nu matak ngamudahkeun arurang jang neang babaturan anyar * Media sosial ogé tiasa jadi hiburan *Proses kanggo neangan ilmu * bisa jadi peluang kanggo ngapromosiken usaha, atawa bisa jadi tempat usaha == Karugian == Media sosial ogé ngabogaan sababaraha karugian diantarana nyaéta:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pakarkomunikasi.com/dampak-negatif-dari-media-sosial|title=20 Dampak Negatif Dari Media Sosial|last=Heru|website=PakarKomunikasi.com|language=id|accessdate=2019-11-02}}</ref> '''1. Meakeun waktu''' Ngagunakeun media sosial ogé bakalan meakeun waktu lamun di gunakeun henteu sacara teratur. bisa ngapohokeun arurang kanu kawajiban jeung sajabana. Waktu ngagunakeun media sosial bisa digunakeun kanu hal anu jauh leuwih mangpaat, jiga ibadah, olahraga, diajar, jeung sajabana. '''2. Berita anu hoax/palsu''' Dina sababaraha media sosial sok aya tersebar berita hoax atawa berita palsu, media sosial nyaéta tempat anu paling loba berita palsu disebarkeun ku oknum-oknum anu henteu bertanggung jawab. '''3. Numbuhkeun rasa males''' Lobana pangguna media sosial nyaéta jelema anu males, kusabab jelema anu make media sosial berjam jam ngan saukur diuk teu ngalakukeun kagiatan laina. anu bakal nurunkeun tingkat produktivitas nu bakal ngarugikeun ka éta jelema. '''4. Nyieun Hawatos''' Barudak anu resep nganggo media sosial sok hawatos kana diri sorangan. Kusabab ningali batur hade, boh tinu harta, kendaraan, jeung sajabana, samentawis diri sorangan teu boga. Ahli nyebatkeun [https://www.kangihsan.id/2022/06/gara-gara-media-sosial-bikin-insecure.html media sosial bikin insecure]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} lamun teu nganggo media sosial secara bertanggungwaler. == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Téknologi informasi]] [[Kategori:Internét]] iwydae2uqksj7hnr10cdq45n0d079il 0 98178 731714 681139 2026-11-08T03:09:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dati2 | settlement_type = Kabupaten | translit_lang1_type = [[Aksara Lampung]] | nami = Kabupatén Lampung Kalér | singkatan = Lampura | propinsi = [[Lampung]] | ibukota = [[Kotabumi, Lampung Kalér|Kotabumi]] | motto = Ragem tunas lampung<br/>{{small|{{Lang icon|Lampung}} Masarakat Lampung anu narimaan karagaman}} | lambang = [[Gambar:Lambang Kabupaten Lampung Utara.png|60px]] | translit_lang1_info = [[Gambar:Lampungutara-aksara.png|nirbing|150x150px]] | foto = | caption = Tugu Payan Mas | peta = [[Gambar:Lokasi Lampung Kabupaten Lampung Utara.svg|250px]] <!--Peta tidak boleh melebihi ukuran 250PX!--> | kordinat = {{coord|-4.829209|104.887440}} | dasar hukum = UU No. 4 Drt taun 1965 ''juncto'' UU No. 28 taun 1959 | tanggal = 15 Juni 1946 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lampungutarakab.go.id/web/index.php/selayang-pandang/sejarah-lampung-utara/500-sejarah-lampung-utara |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2015-04-13 |archive-date=2014-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830113111/http://www.lampungutarakab.go.id/web/index.php/selayang-pandang/sejarah-lampung-utara/500-sejarah-lampung-utara |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830113111/http://www.lampungutarakab.go.id/web/index.php/selayang-pandang/sejarah-lampung-utara/500-sejarah-lampung-utara |date=2014-08-30 }}</ref> | kapala daerah = [[Bupati]] | nami kapala daerah = [[Budi Utomo (politikus)|H. Budi Utomo, S.E, M.M]] | kapala daerah1 = [[Wakil Bupati]] | nami kapala daerah1 = Ardian Saputra Abung, S.H | lega = 2725,63 | legaref = <ref name="LAMUT">{{cite web|url=https://lampungutarakab.bps.go.id/publication/2020/02/29/42bd24e9c25a247ac62481ab/kabupaten-lampung-utara-dalam-angka-2020--penyediaan-data-untuk-perencanaan-pembangunan.html|last=|first=|title=Kabupaten Lampung Utara Dalam Angka 2020|website=www.lampungutarakab.bps.go.id|accessdate=24 April 2020|archive-date=2021-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618013025/https://lampungutarakab.bps.go.id/publication/2020/02/29/42bd24e9c25a247ac62481ab/kabupaten-lampung-utara-dalam-angka-2020--penyediaan-data-untuk-perencanaan-pembangunan.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> | pangeusi = 636908 | pangeusitaun = [[2020]] | pangeusiref = <ref name="DUKCAPIL">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|title=Visualisasi Data Kependuduakan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2020|website=www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id|accessdate=30 Juli 2021|format=visual|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805043517/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|dead-url=no}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |date=2022-07-05 }}</ref> | kapadetan = 234 | agama = [[Islam]] 96,85%<br> [[Kristen]] 2,59%<br>- [[Protestan]] 1,30%<br>- [[Katolik]] 1,29%<br> [[Hindu]] 0,45%<br> [[Buddha]] 0,11%<ref name="LAMUT"/> | kacamatan = 23 | kalurahan = 232/15 | kodearea = 0724 | nomor_polisi = '''BE xxxx''' J**/K* | dau = Rp 994.740.080.000,- ([[2020]]) | dauref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2020|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2020)|accessdate=30 Juli 2021|format=pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103062009/https://djpk.kemenkeu.go.id//wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf|archivedate=2025-01-03}}</ref> | IPM = {{increase}} 67,67 ([[2020]])<br>{{fontcolor|Orange|Sedang}}<ref name="IPM">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html|title=Metode Baru Indeks Pembangunan 2019-2020|website=www.bps.go.id|accessdate=30 Juli 2021|format=pdf|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127193437/https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> | web = {{URL|lampungutarakab.go.id/}} }} '''Lampung Kalér''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[kabupatén]] di [[Propinsi]] [[Lampung]], [[Indonésia]]. Kungsi jadi kabupatén nu panglegana di Provinsi Lampung nu ngawengku Kabupatén Lampung Kalér, [[Kabupatén Way Kanan]], [[Kabupatén Lampung Kulon]] (nu mekar jadi [[Kabupatén Pesisir Kulon]]), jeung [[Kabupatén Tulang Bawang]]. == Sajarah == Na mangsa awal-awal kamerdikaan, dumasar kana UU RI Nomer 1 Taun 1945, Lampung Kalér aya dina wilayah administratif di Karesidénan Lampung nu kabagi kana sababaraha, kacamatan jeung marga. Pamaréntahan marga dipupus ku Peraturan Résidén 3 Désémber 1952 Nomer 153/1952 diganti ku “Negeri” nu dibarengan hak otonomi sagemblengna nu ambahanana aya di handap kacamatan. Sabab sababaraha kacamatan dimekarkeun, jadi weh hiji “Negeri” aya dina sababaraha kacamatan, antukna dina pancén pamarentahan sok pareng pagedrug. Ahirna mah status pamaréntahan negeri jeung kawadanaan gé dipupus ku UU RI Nomer 18 Taun 1965. Dumasar kana UU RI Nomer 4 (Darurat) Taun 1965, ogé UU RI Nomer 28 1965, ngeunaan Pembentukan Daérah Otonom Kabupatén-kabupatén dalam Lingkungan [[Sumatra Kidul]], mangka wedal Kabupatén Lampung Kalér di handap Provinsi Sumatra Kidul. Dumasar kana UU RI Nomer 14 Taun 1964 nu ngistrénkeun Provinsi [[Lampung]], otomatis Kabupatén Lampung Kalér asup ka Provinsi Lampung. == Référénsi == {{Reflist}} oocf844g56t5zqci28skvvckqcxeuhf 0 98355 731784 681290 2026-11-08T09:14:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orogeni''' (atawa '''Sabuk Orogenik''') didamel nalika lémpéng buana diperas; ieu maksakeun [[litosfer]] Bumi ([[Kerak bumi|kerak]] jeung [[Mantél (géologi)|mantél]] paling luhur) pikeun tungkak jeung ngadorong bagian tina lémpéng buana ka luhur. Hasulna mangrupa hiji atawa sababaraha gunung-gunung. Biasana ieu kajadian nalika dua atawa leuwih lémpéng buana tabrakan. Sababaraha conto nyaéta gunung-gunung saperti [[Himalaya]], [[Alpen|Alpén]] jeung [[Pagunungan Appalachia|Appalachia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://polarpedia.eu/en/orogeny/|title=Orogeny|website=Polarpedia|accessdate=2019-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117002753/https://polarpedia.eu/en/orogeny/|archivedate=2019-11-17}}</ref> == Réferénsi == {{Reflist}} == Tempo ogé == * [[Orogéni Pan-Afrika]] * [[Formasi gunung]] hou2twa1r9hj3l2hjozaxnbem9ii4f5 0 98505 731843 674196 2026-11-08T11:50:28Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Bridge |bridge_name=Sasak Pasupati |image=Bandung pasopati.jpg |locale=[[Kota Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]] |width= 60 m |length= 2,8 km |design=[[Sasak kabel pancang]] |architect=Ir. Karsten |begin=Oktober 2001 |open=26 Juni 2005 |coordinates = |map_type = Jawa Barat }} '''Sasak Pasupati''' (singketan ti Sasak Pasteur-Surapati''',''' disebut ogé Jalan layang Pasupati) nyaéta [[sasak]] nu ngahubungkeun kalér jeung wétan [[Kota Bandung]] ngaliwatan lembah [[Cikapundung]]. Panjangna 2,8 km jeung lébarna 60 m.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bpsdm.pu.go.id/pusat3/post/mengenal-jembatan-pasupati-ikon-megah-kota-bandung |title=Mengenal Jembatan Pasupati, Ikon Megah Kota Bandung |date=22 Oktober 2018 |publisher=Badan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat |accessdate=30 Novémber 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sabagéan jalan ieu diwangun di atas Jalan Pasteur, nyaéta jalan lama nu jadi ciri has Kota Bandung.<ref name="sumber">{{Cite book |last1=Suganda |first1=Her |year=2007 |title=Jendela Bandung, Pengalaman Bersama Kompas |location=Jakarta |publisher=Penerbit Buku Kompas}}</ref> Sasak Pasupati ogé jadi salah sahiji ikon Kota Bandung. Dina peuting, di bagéan tengah diterangan ku lampu warna-warni nu nyorotan pilon sasak.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/indahnya-bandung-kini-lampu-warna-warni-hiasi-jembatan-pasupati.html |title=Indahnya Bandung kini, lampu warna-warni hiasi Jembatan Pasupati |last1=Wiyono |first1=Andrian Salam |date=26 Januari 2014 |web=Merdeka.com |accessdate=30 Novémber 2019}}</ref> Ieu jalan layang ngajadikeun arus tutumpakan ti wewengkon Jabodetabek ka Bandung leuwih gampang. Di bawah sasak ieu aya taman nu disebut [[Taman Pasupati]]. == Sajarah == Ti saprak diuji tanggal 26 Juni 2005, Sasak Pasupati geus jadi salah sahiji ikon [[Kota Bandung]]. Peresmian lumangsung saméméh miéling taun ka-50 [[Konférénsi Asia Afrika|Konférénsi Asia-Afrika]]. Ieu sasak, singgetan tina Jalan Pasteur jeung Jalan Surapati, tétéla geus direncanakeun ti jaman [[Walanda]] ku arsiték [[Ir. Karsten]] dina taun 1920. Desain ieu mangrupa bagian tina tata [[kota Bandung]] anu geus disusun ku arsiték daérah. Sanajan geus dipopohokeun salila sababaraha taun, dina taun 1931 rarancang ieu jadi fokus deui, kaasup dina program [[Autostrada]] anu nyambungkeun ''missing link'' [[Jalan Pasteur]] (Pasteurweg) jeung [[Jalan Ir. H. Juanda|Jalan Ir. H. Djuanda]] (Dagoweg).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://terasjabar.co/2020/09/16/ini-sejarah-pembangunan-jembatan-pasupati/|title=Ini Sejarah Pembangunan Jembatan Pasupati - Teras Jabar|language=en-US|accessdate=2023-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129154200/https://terasjabar.co/2020/09/16/ini-sejarah-pembangunan-jembatan-pasupati/|archivedate=2023-11-29}}</ref> Sanggeus sababaraha taun teu dilaksanakeun, pangwangunan Sasak Pasupati ahirna diwujudkeun ngaliwatan hibah ti pamaréntah [[Kuwait]]. Sababaraha sumber nyebutkeun yén ''flyover'' Pasupati mangrupa ''flyover'' munggaran di [[Indonésia]] ngagunakeun téknologi anti gempa, kalawan 76 alat disebut [[Lock up device|''lock up device'']] (LUD) dihasilkeun di [[Prancis]].<ref name=":1" /> == Kaunikan == Sasak Pasupati anu ogé katelah ''[[Flyover]]'' Pasupati, geus beroperasi ti taun 2005 sarta nyokot ngaranna tina gabungan dua ngaran jalan, nyaéta [[Pasteur, Sukajadi, Bandung|Pasteur]] jeung [[Surapati]]. Salian ti mangrupa lambang [[Kota Bandung]], sasak ieu rengking kadua salaku sasak pangpanjangna di [[Indonésia]] sanggeus [[Sasak Suramadu]] di [[Kota Madura]]. Panjangna kira-kira 2,8 kilométer jeung rubak kira-kira 21,53 méter, Sasak Pasupati téh unik di bagian tengahna, dimana aya tihang jangkung dirojong ku 19 ari kabel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandung.go.id/news/read/5922/jembatan-pasupati-merupakan-salah-satu-ikon-kota-bandung-yang-terkenal|title=Jembatan Pasupati merupakan salah satu ikon Kota Bandung yang terkenal|last=Bandung|first=Website Resmi Kota|website=https://www.bandung.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-12-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228150705/https://www.bandung.go.id/news/read/5922/jembatan-pasupati-merupakan-salah-satu-ikon-kota-bandung-yang-terkenal |date=2023-02-28 }}</ref> Spésialisasi sanésna nyaéta ngagunakeun téknologi ''[[Look Up Device]]'' (LUD) dina sasak ieu, alat khusus tahan gempa anu diproduksi di [[Prancis]]. Sasak Pasupati nyaéta sasak munggaran di [[Indonésia]] anu ngalarapkeun téknologi LUD, sahingga jadi sasak perintis tahan gempa di nagara éta.<ref name=":0" /> Sasak ieu diwangun ku 663 unit ruas dirojong ku 46 pilar, unggal ruas beuratna antara 80 jeung 140 ton. Hal unik séjénna nyaéta sasak kabel tinggal 161 méter anu meuntas lebak [[Cikapundung]]. Sasak ieu mangrupa sasak tanpa suku, kakuatanana dirojong ku 19 kabel baja, diwangun ku 10 kabel di kulon jeung 9 kabel di wétan. Unggal kabel boga 91 kabel leutik, jeung sapuluh kabel di kulon dipasang dina pasangan.<ref name=":1" /> Sasak Pasupati kiwari malah leuwih menawan ku sorotan illuminating bagian kabel ari. Salian ti éta, ayana Taman Pasupati atawa anu sok disebut [[Taman Jomblo]], [[Taman Film]], [[Skate park|''skate park'']] jeung lapangan maén bal jalanan ngajadikeun ieu wewengkon jadi tempat favorit para nonoman di [[Kota Bandung]].<ref name=":1" /> == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Tutumbu luar == * [https://structurae.net/en/structures/pasupati-bridge Sasak Pasupati] di [[Structurae]]. [[Kategori:Sasak di Indonesia|Pasupati]] [[Kategori:Kota Bandung]] glz5h3opos27c14ygh9takkikaje42x 0 98654 731599 728206 2026-11-07T19:44:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ahmad Taufik Al-Jufri | image = | caption = | birth_name = Ahmad Taufik Al-Jufri | birth_date = {{Birth date|1965|07|12}} | birth_place =[[Jakarta]], Indonesia | death_date ={{Death date and age|2017|03|23|1965|07|12}} | death_place =Jakarta | nationality = [[Indonesia]]n | education = B.A, [[Bandung Islamic University]]<br> M.A in International Relations, [[University of Indonesia]] | occupation = Journalist | years_active= 1986 - 2017 | agent = | title = | spouse = Syafai'liyin | children = | relatives = | family = | awards = Tasrief Award - Indonésia Press Freedom award (1995), Digul Award-Indonesia NGO's Human Rights Award (1996), International Press Freedom Award (1995), Hellmann/ Hammet Award from American Writer, New York (1998)<ref name="dream">{{cite news|url=https://www.dream.co.id/news/tokoh-pers-indonesia-ahmad-taufik-meninggal-dunia-170323n.html|title=Jurnalis Senior Ahmad Taufik Meninggal Dunia|language=id|accessdate=24 March 2017}}</ref> | alias =Ate | domestic_partner = | credits = | URL = }} '''Ahmad Taufik''' nyaéta salah saurang wartawan senior [[Témpo]] sarta kawentar ku artikel-artikelna anu kritis kana kapamingpinan ala diktator [[Soeharto]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmw.c2o.org/docs/no19indo.html|title=Pacific Media Watch|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928084113/http://www.pmw.c2o.org/docs/no19indo.html|archivedate=2011-09-28}}</ref> Ahmad Taufik cekel gawé di majalah Témpo nepi ka ayana larangan ti [[Menteri Penerangan]], [[Harmoko]] dina jaman orde baru, dina taun 1994.<ref name=":0" /> Ku ayana larangan ieu mincing kajadian demo nasional sarta jadi sorotan internasional.<ref name=":0" /> Témpo nyaéta salah sahiji tina tilu berita mingguan anu dilarang ku rezim Soeharto dina taun 1994.<ref name=":0" /> Présidén terus nahan unggal kamekaran pers anu independén, sarta diwenangkeun ngayakeun kakerasan ka wartawan.<ref name=":0" /> Sanggeus majalah Témpo dibubarkeun, Ahmad Taufik satuluyna ngadegkeun AJI ([[Aliansi Jurnalis Indepénden]]) sarta jadi pupuhuna ti 1995 nepi ka taun 1997<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dream.co.id/news/tokoh-pers-indonesia-ahmad-taufik-meninggal-dunia-170323n.html|title=Jurnalis Senior Ahmad Taufik Meninggal Dunia|website=Dream.co.id|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-25}}</ref> == Riwayat Hirup == Ahmad Taufik atawa sok dilandih AT atawa Até lahir di Jakarta, katurunan ti Hadrami, dina tanggal 12 Juli 1965. Sakola di SMAN 24, dituluykeun kuliah di [[Bandung]], [[Universitas Islam Bandung]], kalayan lulus salaku sarjana hukum. Ahmad Taufik, di kampusna aktip dina sababaraha protés mahasiswa kana kasus Tanah Badéga.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/mengenang-ahmad-taufik-jurnalis-tempo-pernah-dibui-rezim-soeharto.html|title=Mengenang Ahmad Taufik, jurnalis Tempo pernah dibui rezim Soeharto|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-26}}</ref> Saméméh tilar dunya, Ahmad Taufik neruskeun magister di [[Universitas Padjajaran]], jurusan [[Hubungan Internasional]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tempo.co.id/ang/min/02/22/nas3.htm|title=Wawancara Ahmad Taufik|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721043256/http://www.tempo.co.id/ang/min/02/22/nas3.htm|archivedate=2011-07-21}}</ref> Pamajikan Taufik katelah [[Syafai'liyin]] sarta anakna dingaranan [[Alianzi Muntazhar]].<ref name=":1" /> Taufik cekel gawé di majalah Témpo, anu satuluyna dibubarkeun ku pamaréntah. Sabada Témpo dibubarkeun, Taufik ngadegkeun Aliansi Jurnaslis Indepénden (AJI).<ref name=":0" /> Dina tanggal 1 Séptémber 1995, Ahmad Taufik anu ngajabat salaku ketua Aliansi Jurnalis Indepéden (AJI), keuna hukuman salila 2 taun 8 bulan panjara.<ref name=":1" /> Taufik unggah balé watangan di [[Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta]] lantaran dianggap ngarémpak pasal 154 KUHP nyaéta nyebarkeun perasaan kangéwa jeung mumusuhan ka pamaréntah ngaliwatan terbitna "indepéden".<ref name=":1" /> Harita umur Taufik kakara 30 taun sarta ditangkep dina acara halal-bihalal anu diayakeun ku AJI di [[Hotél Wisata-Jakarta]]. Sajaba ti Taufik, dua urang aktivis AJI ogé babarengan ditangep, nyaéta [[Eko Maryadi]] jeung [[Danang Kukuh Waluyo]] anu ngajabat salaku kepala rumah tangga AJI.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://kbr.id/nasional/03-2017/_obituarium__ahmad_taufik__jurnalis_tempo__dari_rumah_susun_tanah_abang/89388.html|title=[Obituarium] Ahmad Taufik, Jurnalis Tempo: Dari Rumah Susun Tanah Abang|last=Radio|first=Kantor Berita|website=kbr.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226130318/https://kbr.id/nasional/03-2017/_obituarium__ahmad_taufik__jurnalis_tempo__dari_rumah_susun_tanah_abang/89388.html|archivedate=2020-02-26}}</ref> Ku ayana hukuman panjara ka Taufik, jadi puseur perhatian pers jeung para jurnalis, lantaran dianggap salaku hiji catetan mundur pikeun kabéasan pérs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20170323204839-20-202394/jurnalis-penentang-orde-baru-ahmad-taufik-meninggal-dunia|title=Jurnalis Penentang Orde Baru Ahmad Taufik Meninggal Dunia|last=Akbar|first=Wishnugroho|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-02-26}}</ref> Taufik jadi gambaran perlawanan ti satukangeun panjara anu kawani jeung rasa tabahna tan watesan.<ref name=":5" /> Salila nandangan hukuman, Taufik dipindah-pindahkeun ti panjara hiji ka panjara séjénna, mimitina ditahan di [[Polda Metro Jaya]] salila 57 poé, terus dipindahkeun ka [[Salemba]] salila sataun.<ref name=":1" /> Ti Salemba dipindahkeun deui ka Lapas [[Cipinang Cempedak, Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur|Cipinang]], babarengan jeung kaburna [[Eddy Tansil]] dina tanggal 6 Mei 1996.<ref name=":1" /> Saterusna dipindahkeun deui ka [[Lapas Cirebon]], dina tanggal 16 Maret 1996 tengah peuting, DIpindahkeun anu pamungkas, ka [[Lapas Kuningan]], [[Jawa Barat]].<ref name=":1" /> Ku ayana diindah-pindahkeun ti lapas hiji ka lapas séjénna, Taufik jadi loba pangalan, élmu jeung wawuh jeung rupa-rupa tahanan séjénna, ti mimiti tukang bunuh, tukang tipu, tukang malsu solar, jeung sabana.<ref name=":1" /> Malah, di [[Lapas Cipinang]], Taufik wawuh jeung [[Xanana Gusmao]]. Kitu deui Taufik ditahan téh diajar basa [[Portugis]] jeung diajar ngalikis sagala. Salila nandangan hukuman, Taufik meunang sababaraha panglélér, di antarana panghargaan [[Suardi Tasrif]] dina tanggal 22 Juni taun 1995, panghargaan [[CPJ Award]], ti ''[[Committe to Protect Journalist]]'' anu markasna di [[New York]] dina taun 1995, sarta panghargaan [[Digul Award]] dina tanggal 10 Désémber 1996.<ref name=":1" /> Dina bulan November 1997 bébas tina hukuman.<ref name=":1" /> Ahmad Taufik tilar dunya dina poé Kemis tanggal 23 Maret 2017, sabada kungsi di rawat di Rumah Sakit Médistra Jakarta, alatan panyakit kanker paru-paru.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Prinsip Jurnalisme Ahmad Taufik == Kontéks jurnalisme Ahmad Taufik nyaéta upama hayang jadi jurnalis barisan panghareupna pikeun nungtut kabébasan pérs kudu siap dipenjara.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://geotimes.co.id/kolom/sosial/mengenang-ahmad-ate-taufik/|title=Mengenang Ahmad "Ate" Taufik|last=Hadar|first=Husein Ja'far Al|website=GEOTIMES|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222114637/https://geotimes.co.id/kolom/sosial/mengenang-ahmad-ate-taufik/|archivedate=2019-12-22}}</ref> Sabab prinsipna nyaéta "Méré inpormasi luyu jeung paktana nyaéta kawajiban kuring, sarta hak masarakat pikeun meunangkeun inpormasi éta".<ref name=":6" /> Taufik jihad ngaliwatan pulpén jeung mangsina, términologi anu dipakéna kacida sakralna nyaéta "hak" jeung "kawajiban".<ref name=":6" /> Pikeun Taufik nulis téh hiji hal anu sakral, sarta ibadah. Kitu ogé nalika dipanjara dina mangsa Orde Baru, boro-boro boga niat ngeureunan perjuangan, Taufik malah saolah-olah panggih jeung lahan tempat manéhna neruskeun jeung nyeukeutan perjuangan, sabab di jero bui, Taufik nyaksian kadoliman anu asup ka jerona. Taufik ngagugat kateuadilan jeung kadoliman éta ku cara nulis dina wangun buku.<ref name=":6" /> == Buku == Salila di hukum di lapas, Ahmad Taufik ngabagikeun pangalamanna dina buku [[Penjara The Untold Stories|Penjara The Untold Stories.]]<ref name=":3" /> Ahmad Taufik nulis ieu buku téh merlukeun waktu ukur dua minggu, bahanna anu geus dikumpulkeun ti basa keur di panjara kénéh.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/254327/the-untold-stories-wartawan-tempo-diempatpenjara|title=The Untold Stories: Wartawan Tempo di Empat Penjara|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-26}}</ref> Bahan buku téh kungsi ditulis ulang lantaran pihak penerbit, ménta sangkan ngurangan porsi séks dina naskah mimiti.<ref name=":4" /> Buku anu kandelna 189 kaca ieu sering dibedah, upamana kungsi diayakeun di kampus [[Universitas Paramadina]] [[Jakarta]], anu dihadiran kurang leuwih ti 200 tamu ti rupa-rupa kasang tukang masarakat.<ref name=":4" /> Buku ieu ditulis ku Taufik téh tujuanna sangkan masarakat, petugas lembaga kamasarakatan di penjara, para manten narapidana, atawa patugas mafia hukum, meunang gambaran sacara kompréhénsip ngeunaan hirup di panjara jeung naon anu perlu disiapkeun saupama narapidana ninggalkeun panjara.<ref name=":4" /> === Eusi Buku === ''Isi buku:'' ''Prolog'' ''1. Melarikan diri'' ''2. Sipir'' ''3. Judi'' ''4. Narkoba'' ''5. Modus kongkalikong'' ''6. Seks dalam kerangkeng'' ''7. Rumah sementara Salemba'' ''8. Seks di Rutan Salemba'' ''9. Yang khas dan “oleh-oleh”'' ''10. Cipinang, Cirebon, sampai Kuningan'' ''11. Terkenang sesame penghuni'' ''12. Mencari solusi dalam jeruji'' ''Epilog''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Penjara the Untold Stories: Kisah Nyata Mantan Napi yang Menguak Skandal Penyimpangan dalam Penjara|url=https://perpustakaan.komnasham.go.id/opackomnas/index.php?p=show_detail&id=11340&keywords=|publisher=Ufuk Press|date=2010|isbn=978-602-8224-89-5|language=Indonesia|first=Ahmad|last=Taufik;|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814162223/https://perpustakaan.komnasham.go.id/opackomnas/index.php?p=show_detail&id=11340&keywords=|archive-date=2024-08-14|accessdate=2020-03-20}}</ref> == Wartawan Sénior == AT kawentar ogé salaku wartwan sénior sabab sajaba ti jembarna pangalaman di dunya pérs sarta jadi pelopor dina ngadegna AJI AT ogé nulis sababraha buku, sarta pernah ngaliput di tapelwates Pakistan-Afganistan (Tribat Area) mangsa harita Amérika keur nyerang pamaréntahan Taliban di Afganistan dina taun 2001.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jitunews.com/read/55507/kabar-duka-ahmad-taufik-jurnalis-senior-sekaligus-pendiri-aji-tutup-usia|title=KABAR DUKA: Ahmad Taufik, Jurnalis Senior Sekaligus Pendiri AJI Tutup Usia|last=Jitunews.com|website=Jitunews.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226133205/https://www.jitunews.com/read/55507/kabar-duka-ahmad-taufik-jurnalis-senior-sekaligus-pendiri-aji-tutup-usia|archivedate=2020-02-26}}</ref> Sajaba ti éa, pernah ogé ngaliput pemilihan umum di Irah, dina tanggal 24 Janwari nepi ka 1 Maret 2005.<ref name=":7" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Jurnalistik]] [[Kategori:Wartawan]] c6o1soqgq5sptyjyn7zasknwzh818jr 0 98662 731636 730838 2026-11-07T22:19:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Desember 2019}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Cicuta'' | image = File:Cicuta virosa02.jpg | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Arachnida]] | ordo = [[Apiales]] | familia = [[Apiaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Apioideae]] | common name = [[Western water hemlock]] | genus = ''[[Cicuta]]'' | species = '''''Cicuta douglasii''''' }} Cicuta nyaéta salah sahiji tutuwuhan anu ngandung [[racun]], sok disebut ogé ''[[water hemlock]].'' Cicuta téh mangrupa ''family [[Apiaceae|afiaceae]], genus'' tina opat spésiés tutuwuhan anu ngandung racun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/water-hemlock|title=Water hemlock {{!}} plant|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-25}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tumbuhanberkhasiat.web.id/tumbuhan-beracun-cicuta/|title=Tumbuhan Beracun Cicuta {{!}} TUMBUHAN BERKHASIAT|last=admin|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814232540/https://www.tumbuhanberkhasiat.web.id/tumbuhan-beracun-cicuta/|archivedate=2020-08-14}}</ref> Tuwuhan ieu sok dilandi daun piterseli racun, bubur sétan atawa berang-berang racun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dosenbiologi.com/tumbuhan/tumbuhan-beracun-paling-mematikan|title=14 Tumbuhan Beracun Paling Mematikan|last=M.Si|first=Maya Sari|website=DosenBiologi.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929062913/https://dosenbiologi.com/tumbuhan/tumbuhan-beracun-paling-mematikan|archivedate=2020-09-29}}</ref> Cicuta jadi kawentar sabada maotna Socratés.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://dosenbiologi.com/tumbuhan/tumbuhan-beracun-paling-mematikan|title=14 Tumbuhan Beracun Paling Mematikan|website=DosenBiologi.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929062913/https://dosenbiologi.com/tumbuhan/tumbuhan-beracun-paling-mematikan|archivedate=2020-09-29}}</ref> Wangun tutuwuhanna jiga [[payung]], kembangna laleutik warna bodas. Racunna warna [[coklat]] nyangkrung dina sela-sela dahan, sarta racuna kacida bahayana. Dina unggal bagian tutuwuhan ieu ngandung ''alkaloid coniine'' salaku nu ngahasilkeun racun''.''<ref name=":3" /> Saupama Cicuta dipotongkeun, racunna bakal kaluar, ieu tuwuhan téh jangkungna kira-kira 0,5-1.0 m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/water-hemlock-cicuta-douglasii/|title=Water hemlock (Cicuta douglasii) : USDA ARS|website=www.ars.usda.gov|accessdate=2019-12-25}}</ref> Cicuta biasana jaradi di tempat anu taneuhna baseuh, biasana di tempat-tempat anu loba jaradi jukut, sisi walungan upamana. Cicuta jaradi dina mangsa pindahna usum tiris ka panas (''musim semi''), kira-kira dina bulan Juni atawa Juli. Cicuta loba kapanggih di sapanjang walungan anu aya di [[Eropa]] jeung [[Amerika Utara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sains.kompas.com/read/2018/09/24/173200623/9-tanaman-paling-berbahaya-di-dunia-beberapa-ada-di-indonesia|title=9 Tanaman Paling Berbahaya di Dunia, Beberapa ada di Indonesia Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-01-20}}</ref> Utamana di padataran anu pinuh ku jujukutan baseuh di sapanjang streambanks jeung daaerah baseuh séjéna anu aya rawaan.<ref name=":0" /> Cicuta kawentar tutuwuhan paling bahaya, bisa nimbulkeun pati, sabab racun ''[[cicutoxin]]'' na nu museur dina akar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/science/discovery/nena-zakiah-1/daftar-tanaman-paling-mematikan-di-dunia|title=Hati-hati, 7 Tanaman Paling Mematikan di Dunia Ini Harus Kamu Hindari!|last=Times|first=I. D. N.|last2=Zakiah|first2=Nena|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2020-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://life.trubus.id/baca/21945/hati-hati-ini-7-tanaman-paling-berbahaya-di-dunia|title=Hati-hati, Ini 7 Tanaman Paling Berbahaya di Dunia|last=Indonesia|first=Trubus Digital|website=Trubus.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-01-20}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Unggal bagian tina tutuwuhan ieu ngandung tremetol abadi, nyaéta hiji alkohol teu jenuh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jitunews.com/read/334/10-tanaman-bunga-paling-berbahaya-di-dunia|title=10 Tanaman Bunga Paling Berbahaya Di Dunia|last=Jitunews.com|website=Jitunews.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102234901/https://www.jitunews.com/read/334/10-tanaman-bunga-paling-berbahaya-di-dunia|archivedate=2024-01-02}}</ref> Saupama racun éta kadahar, bakal nimbulkeun kejang, utah, nyeri beuteung, amnésia, ngadégdég sarta teu saeutik bakal nimbulkeun pati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/2018/10/04/10-tanaman-paling-mematikan-di-bumi/|title=10 Tanaman Paling Mematikan di Bumi|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-1401398/5-tanaman-paling-beracun|title=5 Tanaman Paling Beracun|website=detikHealth|language=id|accessdate=2020-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414215400/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-1401398/5-tanaman-paling-beracun|archivedate=2023-04-14}}</ref>Cicuta kaasup kana tutuwuhan nu langgeng, jangkungna kira-kira 3 nepi ka 7 kaki.<ref name=":0" /> Daunna ngabogaan diameter 15 inci, pilihgenti sarta ''pinnately-compound'' jeung selebaran ''ovate'' ukuran 2 nepi ka 5 inci.<ref name=":0" /> Artéri daun eureun dina dasar serase daun anu henteu di tungtung, kembang ieu warnana bodas ngabogaan lima kelopak jeung lima benang sari sarta jadi dina payung saperti kluster dua nepi ka dalapan inci.<ref name=":0" /> Kembangna aya ogé anu warna semu héjo bentukna siga payung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jagad.id/tanaman-beracun-dan-gambar-fotonya/|title=5 Tanaman Beracun, Penjelasan Dan Fotonya|last=Admin|website=Jagad.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517173252/https://jagad.id/tanaman-beracun-dan-gambar-fotonya/|archivedate=2022-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://intisari.grid.id/read/031909218/perhatian-buat-para-pendaki-gunung-ini-9-tanaman-paling-berbahaya-di-dunia-ada-juga-yang-tumbuh-di-indonesia|title=Perhatian Buat Para Pendaki Gunung, Ini 9 Tanaman Paling Berbahaya di Dunia, Ada Juga yang Tumbuh di Indonesia - Semua Halaman - Intisari|website=intisari.grid.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-01-20}}</ref> Cicuta sok disebut kembang liar gedé di kulawarga wortel, ''water'' ''hemlock'' na mirip jeung rénda ratu Anne jeung sakapeung sok dikacowkeun ku ''[[parsnips]]'' atawa salédri nu bisa didahar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reinha.com/2019/03/terlihat-tidak-berbahaya-7-tanaman-ini-menyimpan-racun-paling-mematikan-di-dunia/|title=Terlihat Tidak Berbahaya, 7 Tanaman Ini Menyimpan Racun Paling Mematikan Di Dunia|website=reinha.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-20}}</ref> Ieu tutuwuhan téh mémang tutuwuhan hérbal abadi, anu mamuh tumuwuh nepi ka 2, 5 méter atawa 8, 2 kaki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jagad.id/tanaman-beracun-dan-gambar-fotonya/|title=5 Tanaman Beracun, Penjelasan Dan Fotonya|last=Admin|website=Jagad.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517173252/https://jagad.id/tanaman-beracun-dan-gambar-fotonya/|archivedate=2022-05-17}}</ref> == Dahan == [[Gambar:Cicuta bulbifera 5498645.jpg|jmpl|Dahan-dahan Cicuta]] Dahan Cicuta ngabogaan ciri dahan nu naék, kira-kira nepi ka 2 métér, ''glabrous'', ''glaucous'', sarta ngabogaan rongga, warnana héjo semu bungur kalayan ngabogaan cabang-cabang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Cicuta_maculata_page.html|title=Cicuta maculata page|website=www.missouriplants.com|accessdate=2020-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224142006/http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Cicuta_maculata_page.html|archivedate=2020-02-24}}</ref> == Daun == Daun Cicuta sakapeung sok gundul, daun bagian handap bentukna rada panjang siga péso, atawa ''ovate'' segi tilu, 2-3 x senyawa majemuk.<ref name=":1" /> Daun luhur leuwih pendék, kira-kira 1-2 x majemuk, sarta rada seukeut. Panjang daun kira-kira 12 cm, léncop dina tungtungna, sisi-sisina sareukeut, (''bergerigi'').<ref name=":1" /> == Kembang == [[Gambar:Cicuta douglasii.jpg|jmpl|Kembang Cicuta]] [[Gambar:256 Cicuta virosa.jpg|jmpl|Anatomi Cicuta]] Dina kembang, loba ''[[umbellet]]'' dina unggal gagangna, panjangna kira-kira 2-10 mm, aya 5 ''kelopak'', warnana bodas, ''abovate, margin defle''x, lebarna kira-kira 1,3 mm, panjang 1,1 mm, ''apiculate'' jeung ''inlexed'' di ''apex''.<ref name=":1" /> Benang sarina aya lima, piligenti jeung ''kelopak''. ''Filamen''na warna bodas, panjangna kira-kira 1,2 mm.<ref name=":1" /> ''[[Anthersna]]'' semu bodas, panjangna kira-kira 0,2 mm. ''Ovarium inferior'', 2-''lokular'', ''glabrous'', gaya 2 panjang 0, 1 mm.<ref name=":1" /> == Buah == Cicuta mangrupa tutuwuhan nu gabogaan buah laleutik, anu masing-masing aya 2 siki warna coklat. DI luarna ngabogaan 5 sisi anu lega rada manjang jeung sisi jerona pahareup-hareup, sarta ngabogaan warna anu leuwih caang kalayan garis lébar ditengah-tengahna. Réproduksi tuwuhan ieu ogé ayana dina éta buah atawa siki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://id.public-welfare.com/4067263-what-is-cycuta-this-is-a-dangerous-poisonous-plant-cikuta-photos-description|title=Apa itu cycuta? itu adalah tanaman beracun yang berbahaya. cycuta: foto, deskripsi - Alam - 2020|website=Public welfare|language=id|accessdate=2020-02-25}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kandungan Racun & Éfék Sampingna == Cai anu aya dina ''hemlock'' dianggap jadi salah sahiji cai tutuwuhan anu ngandung racun di Amérika Utara, sarta kacida ngabahayakeun ka manusa jeung sato nu ngadaharna. Balukar tina racun ieu téh biasana utah jeung sarebel sarta bisa ngabalukarkeun éfék stimulasi kana sistem saraf pusat malah nepi ka kejang.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia/plant/id/cicuta|title=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia/plant/id/cicuta|website=Earth.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225085603/https://www.earth.com/earthpedia/plant/id/cicuta/|archivedate=2020-02-25}}</ref> Gejala karacunan ieu dicirian ku sarebel, Utah, nyeri beuteung jeung ngadédég. Sanggeus kadahar kurang leuwih 15 menit, bakal karasa kejang, linglung, leuleus, lieur jeung tunduh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia/plant/id/cicuta-douglasii|title=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia/plant/id/cicuta-douglasii|website=Earth.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225101003/https://www.earth.com/earthpedia/plant/id/cicuta-douglasii/|archivedate=2020-02-25}}</ref> Karacunan Cicuta téh teu saeutik ngabalukarkeun pati, biasana saupama kajadian gagal penapasan atawa ''fibriliasi'' ''ventrikel'' sekundér akibat tina kejang tadi, bisa kajadian sanggerus sababaraha jam sabada kadaharna éta racun.<ref name=":2" /> jalma anu karacunan cicuta bisa euruen kejang sabada 24 nepi ka 48 jam, sanajan kitu aya ogéanu kejang nepi ka 96 jam. Karacunan cicuta téh aya épék jangka panjangna, di antarana amnésia, ''retrograde'' tina kajadian ''intoksikasi'' jeung ''intoksikasi'' éta sorangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dirgantaraonline.co.id/2014/11/5-tumbuhan-beracun-yang-sangat-berbahaya.html|title=5 Tumbuhan Beracun Yang Sangat Berbahaya|website=Dirgantara Online|accessdate=2020-02-25}}</ref> Épék ringan tina karacunan cicuta di antarana teu tenang, lemah otot, kekedutan, jeung rasa reuwas. Gejala tuntasna mah bisa lumangsung dina waktu sababaraha bulan sanggeus karacunan.<ref name=":2" /> == Cara Ngungkulan Karacanan Cicuta == Cara ngobatan anu karacunan cicuta nyaéta ngawengu ngagunakeun arang aktip pikeun ngurangan nyerepna ''gastrointestinal'' jeung perawatan suportif kaasup obat ''antikonvulsan'' upamana ''[[benzodiazepine]]''. Biasana ngagunakeun obat ''[[antikonvulsan]]'' dosis luhur pikeun ngeureunkeun kejang. Leuwih jauhna, dirawat sacara médis kaasup ''[[intubasi]]'' jeung ''[[ventilasi mekanis]]''.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Amérika]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Racun]] 4lsfvp4xwa99vz5v267ydbfv80tp38n 0 98672 731777 705001 2026-11-08T08:46:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{speciesbox |name = ''Nepenthes &times; hookeriana'' |image = Nepenthes hookeriana upper.jpg |image_caption = Kantong luhur ''Nepenthes &times; hookeriana''. |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref =<ref>{{cite web |first1=B. |last1=von Arx |first2=J. |last2=Schlauer |first3=M. |last3=Groves |url=http://www.kew.org/conservation/CITES_Checklists/CITESCarnivorousPlantChecklist.pdf |title=''CITES Carnivorous Plant Checklist'' |year=2001 |publisher=The Cromwell Press |location=Inggris |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513052546/http://www.kew.org/conservation/CITES_Checklists/CITESCarnivorousPlantChecklist.pdf |archivedate= 13 May 2008}}</ref> |genus = Nepenthes |species = {{hybrid}} hookeriana |authority = Hort.[[Veitch Nurseries|Veitch]] ''ex'' [[Maxwell T. Masters|Mast.]] (1881)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Masters |first=M.T. |year=1881 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26126766 |title=New garden plants. ''Nepenthes Hookeriana'' |journal=The Gardeners' Chronicle |volume=16 |issue=417 |pages=812–813}}</ref> |synonyms_ref=<ref name=Schlauer>{{Cite web |last=Schlauer |first=J. N.d. |url=http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+hookeriana |title=Nepenthes hookeriana |website=Carnivorous Plant Database }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505110725/http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi?name=Nepenthes+hookeriana |date=2022-05-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=603649-1 |title=Nepenthes × amabilis B.S.Williams |website=[[International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI)}}</ref> |synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>[[Sinonim (taksonomi)|Sinonim]]</small> |''[[Nepenthes amabilis (disambiguation)|Nepenthes amabilis]]''<br><small>[[Benjamin Samuel Williams|B.S.Williams]] (1886)<br>[<nowiki>=</nowiki>(''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'' × ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'') × ''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'']</small> |''Nepenthes amesiana''<br><small>Hort.Veitch ''ex'' Lindsay (1891)<!--previously listed as: Hort.Veitch ''ex'' Marshall (1893)--><br>[<nowiki>=</nowiki>''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'' × (''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'' × ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'')]</small> |''Nepenthes elongata''<br><small>([[Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau|Beck]]) Macfarl. (1908)</small> | ''Nepenthes excelsior''<br><small>Hort.Williams ''ex'' W.Robinson (1883)<br>[<nowiki>=</nowiki>''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'' × (''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'' × ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'')]</small> <!--Nepenthes hookerea Rafarin (1869)??--> | ?''Nepenthes hookeri''<br><small>Hort.Veitch ''ex'' C.Turner (1866)<br>[?<nowiki>=</nowiki>''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'' × ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'']</small> <!--*''Nepenthes hookeri elongata''<br><small>Hort. (1879) ''[[sphalma typographicum|sphalm.typogr.]]''</small>--> |''Nepenthes loddigesii''<br><small>W.Baxt. (1850)</small> |''Nepenthes rafflesiana''<br><small>''auct. non'' Jack: Low (1848)</small> |''Nepenthes rafflesiana''<br><small>''auct. non'' Jack: Hook.f. (1873)<ref name=Hooker>{{la icon}} Hooker, J.D. 1873. [[Nepenthaceae (1873 monograph)|Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ]]. In: A. de Candolle ''[[Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis]]'' '''17''': 90–105.</ref><br>[<nowiki>=</nowiki>''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]/[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'' × ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'']</small> |''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' var. ''excelsior''<br><small>(Hort.Williams) [[Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau|Beck]] (1895)<br>[<nowiki>=</nowiki>''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'' × (''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'' × ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'')]</small> |''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' var. ''hookeriana''<br><small>(''auct. non'' Low: Hort.Veitch ''ex'' Mast.) [[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]] (1886)</small> }} {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>[[Hétérokrésonim]]</small> |''Nepenthes hookeriana''<br><small>''auct. non'' Low: Hort. ''ex'' Hort.Bednar (1985)<br>[<nowiki>=</nowiki>''[[Nepenthes hirsuta|N. hirsuta]]'' &times; ''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'']</small> |''Nepenthes kookeriana''<br><small>Low ''ex'' Becc. (1886) ''[[sphalma typographicum|sphalm.typogr.]]''<br>[<nowiki>=</nowiki>''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'']</small> }} {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>[[Homonim (biologi)|Homonim]]</small> |''Nepenthes hookeriana''<br><small>[[Hugh Low|Low]] (1848) ''[[nomen nudum|nom. nud.]]''<br>[<nowiki>=</nowiki>''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'']</small> |''Nepenthes hookeriana''<br><small>[[Lindl.]] (1848)</small> }} |}} '''''Nepenthes &times; hookeriana''''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|θ|iː|z|_|ˌ|h|ʊ|k|ər|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}}) nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés [[kantong semar]] hasil [[hibrida (biologi)|hibrida alami]] ti ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N.&nbsp;ampullaria]]'' jeung ''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N.&nbsp;rafflesiana]]''. Ku sabab kitu, ieu spésiés boga ciri di tengah-tengah kadua spésiés éta.<ref name="Yulita">{{Cite journal |first1=Kusumadewi Sri |last1=Yulita |first2=Muhammad |last2=Mansur |title=The Occurrence of Hybrid in Nepenthes hookeriana Lindl. fromCentral Kalimantan can be Detected by RAPD and ISSR Markers |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1978301916301279 |journal=HAYATI: Journal of Biosciences |date=Maret 2012 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=18-24 |doi=10.4308/hjb.19.1.18}}</ref> Ieu spésiés kasebar di [[Kalimantan]], [[Sumatra]], jeung [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Adrian |last=Slacck |title=Carnivorous Plants |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ROS4xtUpMFwC&vq |year=2000 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262690898}}</ref> == Ciri == ''Nepenthes &times; hookeriana'' boga ciri jeung sipat di antara ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' jeung ''N.&nbsp;rafflesiana'' lantaran manéhna mangrupa hibrida ti kadua spésiés ieu. [[Péristom]]na leuwih gedé, tapi teu ngaleuwihan bates luar biwirna. Tutupna leuwih sempit ti ''N.&nbsp;rafflesiana'', tapi leuwih lébar ti ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria''. Kantongna sarupa jeung ''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' nu bentukna buleud endog, ngan leuwih jangkung jeung ipis. Salian ti bentuk jeung ukuran ti kantongna, variasi warna jeung corak kantongna ogé gabungan ti kadua spésiés indukna.<ref name="Yulita"/><ref>{{Cite journal |first=Muhammad |last=Mansur |title=Keanekaragaman Jenis Nepenthes (Kantong Semar) Dataran Rendah di Kalimantan Tengah |url=http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/berita_biologi/article/view/1898/1784 |date=Agustus 2007 |journal=Berita Biologi: Jurnal Ilmiah Nasionnal |publisher=[[Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonésia|LIPI]] |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=335-341 |issn=0126-1754 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226090457/http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/berita_biologi/article/view/1898/1784 |date=2019-12-26 }}</ref> Saperti kadua spésiés indukna, ''Nepenthes &times; hookeriana'' leuwih resep tumbuh di tempat nu garing jeung iuh tibatan baseuh jeung kabuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Tri |last1=Handayani |first2=Dian |last2=Latifah |author3=Dodo |title=Diversity and Growth Behaviour of Nepenthes (Pitcher Plants) in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Province |url=https://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0604/D060407.pdf |journal=Biodiversitas |date=Oktober 2005 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=248-252 |doi=10.13057/biodiv/d060407 |issn=1412-033X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513113028/http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0604/D060407.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-13 |accessdate=2019-12-26 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Commons|Nepenthes × hookeriana}} [[Kategori:Nepenthes]] gcfd1602x2lwi7arozzhnrn6qzsw4ts 0 98707 731737 672262 2026-11-08T05:22:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | color = lightgreen |name =Kimpul |image =Songe-Réunion.JPG |image_caption = ''Arum esculentum L'' |regnum =Plantae |divisio = |classis =''Liliopsida'' |ordo =''Alismatales'' |familia =''Araceae'' |genus =''Colocasia Schott'' |species =''C. esculenta'' |binomial =''Arum esculentum L'' |binomial_authority =Test<ref name=“Arum”>{{Cite web | url = https://www.gbif.org/species/5330783| title = Arum esculentum L| date = 25-12-2019| accessdate = 25-12-2019| work =GBIF| year =2002}}</ref> |synonyms =Homotypic; Heterotypic<ref name=“Arum”/> |}} '''Kimpul'''; ''Arum esculentum''; ngaran ilmiahna ''colocasia esculenta (L) Schott'' nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan nu asalna tina kulawarga ''Araceae''.<ref name=“Heyne”>{{Cite book | title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| first =K.| last =Heyne| publisher =RUYGROK & Co BATAVIA| location =Library New York Botanical Garden| year =1913| pages =156|url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/158/mode/2up?view=theater&q=bolang|accessdate=(disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}</ref><ref name=“taro”/><ref name=“Encyclopaedia”/> Loba ngahaja dipelak pikeun diarah [[Beuti|beutina]], teu bisa langsung dikonsumsi kusabab ngandung ''asam oksalat'' nu rasana lada jeung matak ateul.<ref name=“taro”/><ref name=“Encyclopaedia”>{{Cite book | title =The new encyclopædia; or, Universal dictionary ofarts and sciences| first =Encyclopaedia| last =Perthensis| publisher =Brill| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1807| pages =584|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=te77Gx6BPbcC&pg=PA584&dq=Arum+esculentum&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJvePQ3dPmAhWMbysKHT8-CnwQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Arum%20esculentum&f=false|accessdate=26 Desember 2019}}</ref> Kimpul téh tutuwuhan pituin ti [[Afrika]], kiwari geuy nyebar loba hirup di [[nagara]]-nagara nu mibanda [[iklim]] tropis.<ref name=“taro”>{{Cite web| url = http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv059| title = Dasheen—Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.1| date = 25-12-2019| accessdate = 25-12-2019| work = EDIS| year = 2018| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212027/https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv059| archivedate = 2021-04-10}}</ref> <ref name=“Rigg ”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862| pages =223||url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=cin&f=false|accessdate=15 Desember 2019}}</ref> [[Beuti]] jeung dauna bisa dikonsumsi kalawan mibanda rasana nu mandiri, tapi saméméhna kudu diasakan heula.<ref name=“taro”/> <ref name=“ Samuel”>{{Cite book | title =A Supplement to the Pharmacopœias, etc| first =Samuel| last =Frederick GRAY| publisher =The British Library| location =London| year =1821| pages =14|ISBN=|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dKtdAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA14&dq=Arum+esculentum&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJvePQ3dPmAhWMbysKHT8-CnwQ6AEIPTAC#v=onepage&q=Arum%20esculentum&f=false|accessdate=26 Desember 2019}}</ref> ==Ciri mandiri== Daunana héjo tur rubak 30 – 60 cm, wujuda kawas daun kuping gajah aya ogé nu semu buleud. <ref name=“taro”/> Panjang palapah [[daun]] ti palebah puhu nepika congo kurang leuwih timimiti 0,5 méter nemi ka 3,5 méter.<ref name=“taro”/> <ref name=”Per”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=atBWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&dq=macam+macam+talas&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj__rKCtL7vAhVZU30KHRYrDZkQ6AEwA3oECAkQAw#v=onepage&q=macam%20macam%20talas&f=false| title =Pertanian Terpadu untuk Mendukung Kedaulatan Pangan Nasional| last = Hendro Sunarmintn| first =Bambang| publisher =UGM PRESS| location =UGM | year =2018|ISBN=9789794209325|pages =16}} Disungsi19 Maret 2021 béda jeung taleus </ref> Kembangna bijil paneuri di mana pucuk daun geus teu bijil deui, panjangna kurang leuwih 20 – 25 cm.<ref name=“topikal”>{{Cite web| url = http://keys.trin.org.au/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Colocasia_esculenta.htm| title = Australian Tropical Rainforest Plats| date = 25-12-2019| accessdate = 25-12-2019| work = CSIRO| year = 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218043422/http://keys.trin.org.au/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Colocasia_esculenta.htm |date=2019-12-18 }}</ref> Kelirna konéng reregetan mencos ka tungtuna, kembang bikangna semu héjo bijil handapeunna deukeut jeung palapah daun.<ref name=“taro”/> [[File:Taro corms 2.jpg|left|100px| Beuti kimul]] ==Kagunaan séjén== Tangkalna beunang ngabebek (dijus) bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun ngubaran raheut, sahenteuna ieu geus dilakukeun ku urang [[India]] dina waktu nu geus lila.<ref name=“topikal”/> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Beubeutian]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] [[Kategori:Araceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} {{commons category|Arum}} 7nrjujem381oj60okmoe1f4ku79gx5v 0 98758 731695 728910 2026-11-08T01:46:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Grand Cayman Blue Iguana.jpg|jmpl|Iguana paul]] '''Iguana paul''' atawa '''iguana biru''' nyaéta sato anu ngaran latinna ''Cyclura Lewisi'' nu asalna ti kulawarga ''[[Iguanidae]].''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44275/2994409|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|last=|first=|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|publisher=|accessdate=2020-01-08}}</ref> Iguana paul mangrupa [[réptil]] anu miboga awak warna [[kulawu]] nepi ka [[paul]] atawa bulao nyacas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.floridaiguana.com/iguanas/cyclura/lewisi|title=FloridaIguana.com|last=www.icomco.com|website=www.floridaiguana.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-08}}</ref> Iguana paul ogé dipikawanoh ku jujuluk '''Iguana Grand Cayman''', nu apan ieu iguana téh mangrupa iguana éndemik ti [[Kapuloan Kayman|Pulo Grand Cayman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/grand-cayman-blue-iguana|title=Grand Cayman blue iguana|website=Smithsonian's National Zoo|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-08}}</ref> Panalungtikan jeung analisis DNA taun 2004 netepkeun yén ieu iguana paul téh béda sarta lain ngan saukur subspésiés ti ''[[cyclura nubila]]'', siga nu disangka-sangka saméméhna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blueiguana.ky/iguanas/blues-greens/|title=Blues and Greens - Blue Iguana Recovery Program|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106125812/http://www.blueiguana.ky/iguanas/blues-greens/|archivedate=2020-01-06}}</ref> Ieu iguana kaasup réptil anu panglangkana di dunya, sarta dianggap minangka sato nu kaancam punah pisan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blueiguana.ky/zoo-is-home-to-many-rare-and-exotic-iguanas-02012003/|title=Zoo is home to many rare and exotic iguanas - Blue Iguana Recovery Program|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113221928/http://www.blueiguana.ky/zoo-is-home-to-many-rare-and-exotic-iguanas-02012003/|archivedate=2017-11-13}}</ref> == Déskripsi == Panjang awak iguana paul antara 20-30 inci, kaasup buntutna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.caribbeanpets.com/site/reptiles/blue-iguana.html|title=Blue Iguana {{!}} Reptiles {{!}} Animals|website=www.caribbeanpets.com|accessdate=2020-01-08}}</ref> Jaluna nepi ka panjang total 1,5 méter, sarta beurat 14 kg, mun bikang mah kurang lewih 30% leuwih leutik batan jalu.<ref name=":1" /> Ieu réptil mangrupa spésiés nu hirup di beungeut taneuh (terestrial), ngan ari iguana ngora mah biasana sok nyumput dina tatangkalan, utamana mah tangkal nu teu pati hésé dihontalna.<ref name=":0" /> Iguana paul kaasup sato hérbivora, sok ngadahar bungbuahan, kekembangna, supa sarta dangdaunan, jeung deuih sakapeung mah sok ngadahar larva gegeremet, keuyeup, siput, jeung bangké.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cayman Islands Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic and Practical Information|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=7T2zDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA231&lpg=PA231#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2013-08|isbn=978-1-4387-6727-7|language=en|first=IBP|last=USA}}</ref> Iguana miboga irung nu ngamumkinkeun bisa ngaluarkeun kadah uyah jeung kalium nu kaleuleuwihi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.friendsofthewild.org/copy-of-sulcata-tortoise-1|title=Blue Iguana|website=FOTW|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214221252/https://www.friendsofthewild.org/copy-of-sulcata-tortoise-1|archivedate=2019-12-14}}</ref> Ieu iguana dipiyakin bisa tahan hirup salila puluhan taun di lingkungan alamina, nyegah tinu morona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2012/10/remarkable-comeback-blue-iguana-downgraded-to-endangered-after-determined-conservation-efforts/|title=Remarkable comeback: blue iguana downgraded to Endangered after determined conservation efforts|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-08}}</ref> Aya hiji iguana piaraan di Brownsville, Téksas, nu ngaranna Godzilla, bisa hirup lilana kurang leuwih 69 taun dina panangkaran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focusonnature.com/CarribeanAmphibiansAndReptiles.htm|title=Amphibians and Reptiles of the Caribbean on West Indian Islands|website=focusonnature.com|accessdate=2020-01-08}}</ref> Dina tonggong iguana paul aya cucukan, sarta éta cucukna téh jegreg, sedengkeun dina handapeun gadona aya jawéran anu ngagayot.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Cyclura: Natural History, Husbandry, and Conservation of West Indian Rock Iguanas|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=2Bc4CHbOnkEC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Academic Press|date=2011-08-09|isbn=978-1-4377-3517-8|language=en|first=Jeffrey|last=Lemm|first2=Allison C.|last2=Alberts}}</ref> Sakum awakna kabulen ku sisit, sarta sawaréh sisit ka beulah sirahna mah rada ngabadagan.<ref name=":4" /> Iguana anu ngora mibanda warna dasar kulawa kalawan colat kulawu kolot jeung krém.<ref name=":4" /> Nalika geus déwasa, pola rumajana laas, sarta warna dasarna kagenti ku warna dasar bulao kulawu. Sawatara colat poék dipertahankeun di mangsa déwasana.<ref name=":4" /> Ieu warna bulao-kulawu mangrupa ciri iguana darat nalika reureuh.<ref name=":4" /> Ngan, iguana darat mah leuwih kasohor ku warna biru pirus nu kajadianna salila usum kawin.<ref name=":4" /> Balukar tina ieu kajadian, ieu sato katelah ku ngaran iguana paul atawa iguana bulao.<ref name=":4" /> == Réproduksi == Salila usum kawin, warna paul ieu iguana katara pisan, lantaran iguana jalu mah warnana jadi warna bulao nu leuwih nyacas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blueiguana.ky/iguanas/cayman/adult/|title=Adult Territoriality and Breeding - Blue Iguana Recovery Program|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119233315/http://www.blueiguana.ky/iguanas/cayman/adult/|archivedate=2020-01-19}}</ref> Ieu iguana ngalakukeun gerakan sirah ''bobbing'' minangkana mah cicirén yén geus datang mangsana kawin.<ref name=":2" /> Sanggeus sanggama, iguana bikang ngendog ti mimitin hiji ne pika dua puluhan endog baradag dina bulan Juni atawa Juli dina liang nu geus dikarali na taneuh nu katojo ku panon poé.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blueiguana.ky/iguanas/cayman/eggs/|title=Eggs and Hatchings - Blue Iguana Recovery Program|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119195906/http://www.blueiguana.ky/iguanas/cayman/eggs/|archivedate=2020-01-19}}</ref> Suhu di jero sayang kudu angger konstan 32 darajat C (90 darajat F). Iguana bikang nyarukeun sayangna ku cara ngawurkeun dangdaunan jeung rokrak di luhureunana.<ref name=":3" /> Saanggeus mangsa inkubasi, anak iguana barijilan tina taneuh tuluy sumebar kana végétasi pangdareukeutna, nu mana ieu anak iguana téh sok diporo ku oray, beurit, jeung prédator lianna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ircf.org/portfolio-view/grand-cayman-blue-iguana/|title=Grand Cayman Blue Iguana {{!}} reptile conservation|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602054743/https://ircf.org/portfolio-view/grand-cayman-blue-iguana/|archivedate=2023-06-02}}</ref> == Status konsérvasi == Iguana paul mangrupa salah sahiji spésiés au panggancangna leungit sarta pangkaancamna punah di Marcapada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucn.org/content/grand-cayman-blue-iguana-takes-step-back-extinction|title=Grand Cayman Blue Iguana takes step back from extinction|website=IUCN|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921114434/https://www.iucn.org/content/grand-cayman-blue-iguana-takes-step-back-extinction|archivedate=2018-09-21}}</ref> Nurunna populasi ieu iguana diperkirakeun ti mangsa pra-Kolumbus anu mana ieu iguana téh diporo jang dahareun séké pituin Amérika Arawak jeung Lucayan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Photographic Guide to the Birds of the Cayman Islands|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=3alLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=A&C Black|date=2013-05-15|isbn=978-1-4081-2364-5|language=en|first=Patricia E.|last=Bradley|first2=Yves-Jacques|last2=Rey-Millet}}</ref> Nyirorot pisanna mah basa dimimitianna padumukan Éropa di Kapuloan Cayman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bransonswildworld.com/blue-iguana/|title=Blue Iguana|website=Branson's Wild World|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601171610/http://bransonswildworld.com/blue-iguana/|archivedate=2019-06-01}}</ref> Nalika populasi manusa rumonjat, lahan dibuka leuwih lega pikeun patanian sarta ngembangkeun paimahan jeung komérsialisasi lahan.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ircf.org/portfolio-view/grand-cayman-blue-iguana/|title=Grand Cayman Blue Iguana {{!}} reptile conservation|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602054743/https://ircf.org/portfolio-view/grand-cayman-blue-iguana/|archivedate=2023-06-02}}</ref> Kiwari, leungitna habitat téh mangrupa faktor utama nu ngancam kapunahan ieu iguana.<ref name=":5" /> Pangwangunan jalan kandaraan ogé ngabalukarkeun rusakna habitat nu terus tumerus sarta geus nganteurkeun kana gancangna kapunahan ka habitat nu nyésa.<ref name=":5" /> Ancaman badag séjénna patalian jeung pamudumukan Éropa nyaéta dibawana sasatoan anu poténsial pikeun nyilih ieu spésiés iguana, kayaning sapi, doma, babi, beurit, ucing jeung anjing.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://iguanafoundation.org/information-by-species/grand-cayman-blue-iguana-2/|title=Grand Cayman Blue Iguana {{!}} International Iguana Foundation|website=iguanafoundation.org|accessdate=2020-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604172628/http://iguanafoundation.org/information-by-species/grand-cayman-blue-iguana-2/|archivedate=2018-06-04}}</ref> Sahingga ieu iguana nyanghareupan pamoroan atawa pasaingan jeung éta sasatoan doméstik.<ref name=":6" /> Aya ogé ieu iguana sacara ilégal kapikat atawa ditémbak ku patani nu nganggap iguana minangka ancaman kana tatanénna.<ref name=":6" /> Lembaga ''The National Trust'' pikeun [[Kapuloan Kayman|Kapuloan Cayman]] ngabentuk Program Pamulihan Iguana Paul mangsa taun 1990.<ref name=":6" /> Ieu program konsérvasi ngawengku panalungtikan, panangtayungan habitat, panangkaran, réintroduksi, sarta atikan konsérvasi.<ref name=":6" /> Sanajan nangtayungan 2.000 héktar leuwung garing jeung lahan baseuh bako di [[Kapuloan Kayman|Kapuloan Cayman]], ari taneuh kalindung nu cocog pikeun ieu iguana mah kawilang langka pisan.<ref name=":6" /> Program Pamulihan Iguana Paul geus ngahasil ngabiakkeun spésiés ''C. nubila lewisi'' di panangkaran ti saprak taun 1990.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://nationaltrust.org.ky/national-trusts-blue-iguana-recovery-programme-awarded-213k-in-darwin-plus-funding/|title=National Trust's Blue Iguana Recovery Programme Awarded $213K in Darwin Plus Funding|website=National Trust for the Cayman Islands|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-10}}</ref> Ieu anggota spésiés dipiara nepi ka umur 2 taun sarta dileupaskeun ka Taman Botani Queen Elizabeth II di Grand Cayman.<ref name=":7" /> Ieu iguana ngora téh ngabantu nambahan populasi liar nu aya sarta pikeun ngabentuk populasi liar anyar di kawasan lindung.<ref name=":7" /> Iguana paul sagemblengna ditangtayungan ku undang-undang di éta wewengkon sarta dianggap kaancam punah pisan ku IUCN.<ref name=":7" /> Mangrupa perkara anu ilégal pikeun maéhan, néwak, atawa nahan ieu anggota spésiés di panangkaran.<ref name=":7" /> Komo deui ngadagangkeun ieu spésiés mah dilarang pisan, lantaran kadaptar dina Lampiran I Konvénsi Padagangan Internasional Spésiés Kaancam Punah.<ref name=":7" /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|}} [[Kategori:Cyclura]] odqm16d9yqq3km3pkg4xwicyeqgpyqy 0 98783 731606 684923 2026-11-07T20:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{keur dikeureuyeuh}} {{Infobox person|honorific_prefix=|agent=|ethnicity=<!-- Penulisan kesukuan harus didukung bukti catatan kaki dari sumber yang reliabel -->|citizenship={{flag icon|Indonésia}} [[Indonésia]]|education=|alma_mater=|occupation= Juru gambar komik|years_active=|employer=|organization=|known_for=Juru gambar komik|nationality={{flag icon|Indonésia}} [[Indonésia]]|notable_works=|style=|influences=|influenced=|home_town=|salary=|net_worth=|height={{height|m=}}|other_names=|residence=[[Tulungagung]], [[Jawa Wétan]]|name=Ardian Syaf|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1980|01|13}}|honorific_suffix=|native_name=|native_name_lang=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_place=[[Tulungagung]], [[Jawa Wétan]], [[Indonesia]]|monuments=|disappeared_date=<!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (tanggal menghilang diikuti tanggal lahir) -->|disappeared_place=|disappeared_status=|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (tanggal meninggal diikuti tanggal lahir) -->|death_place=|death_cause=|body_discovered=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=<!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->|weight=<!-- {{convert|weight in kg|kg|lb}} -->}} '''Ardian Syaf''' (gumelar di [[Tulungagung]], [[13 Januari]] [[1980]]) atawa Aan nyaéta ilustrator komik nu kasohor boh di Indonésia atawa di mancanagara. Munggaran manéhna kairut didunia komik téh ku sabab basa baheula bapana pernah meuli komik keur manéhna, tidinya manéhna mimiti resep kanu komik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20170410114154-241-206251/ardian-syaf-komikus-tulungagung-pemikat-dc-comics-dan-marvel|title=Ardian Syaf, Komikus Tulungagung Pemikat DC Comics dan Marvel|last=Khoiri|first=Agniya|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-01-11}}</ref> == Kasang Tukang == Munggaran wanoh jeung komik basa manéhna cicing dikelas hiji. Bapana sok remen mang meulikeun Aan komik, ti harita manéhna sok ngahaja ngeusian TTS atawa Teka Teki Silang di Majalah Bobo sarta meunangkeun komik munggaranna ku sabab sok ngirimkeun eusian TTS (Teka Teki Silang) éta. Ti saprak harita manéhna miboga cita-cita pikeun jadi [[komikus]] atawa jalma nu sok nyieun komik. Hal éta ogé jadi inspirasi pikeun manéhna ngamekarkeun élmu diwidang komik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hipwee.com/hiburan/cowok/kisah-ardian-syaf-meski-sering-dikira-pengangguran-ternyata-hasil-karyanya-sudah-diakui-dunia/|title=Kisah Ardian Syaf. Meski Sering Dikira Pengangguran, Ternyata Hasil Karyanya Sudah Diakui Dunia!|last=Andrall|website=Hipwee|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-01-18}}</ref> == Lalampahan == Sanggeus tamat ti SMA manéhna tuluy neruskeun kuliah di [[Universitas Negeri Malang]] kalayan nyokot jurusan [[Desain Komunikasi Visual]]. Kolotna pernah ngarasa ringrang sarta teu yakin ku jurusan nu dipilih ku Aan, lian ti éta ogé, jurusan Desain Komunikasi Visual masih kénéh ahéng sarta teu lumrah dina wanci harita.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2017/04/11/19140097/menelusuri.karier.ardian.syaf.sang.komikus.batman.jokowi.hingga.x-men.212.|title=Menelusuri Karier Ardian Syaf, Sang Komikus Batman "Jokowi" hingga X-Men "212" Halaman 2|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-01-26}}</ref> Sanggeus tamat kuliah di taun [[2004]], Aan geus ngalamar gawé kamamana tapi can aya nu hasil ogé. Harita baturna méré kamandang pikeun nyieun akun di ''digitalwebbing.com''. Sanggeus dua taun jadi anggota, manéhna masih can meunang gawéan nu dipiharep.<ref name=":0" /> Munggaran naratas karirna salaku ''penciller'' nu tu dibayar, disababaraha penerbit di dunya. Kungsi dibayar ngan US$25/halaman komik, harga nu kaitung leutik pikeun pagawean ''penciller,'' nu tuluy meung pagawéan di salah sahiji koran lokal jeung panerbit buku pelajaran salaku ''layouter''.<ref name=":0" /> Dina taun 2007 manéhna meunang tawaran ti Dabel Brothers Publishing asal Amérika Serikat salaku ''penciller'' pikeun komik ''[[Dresden Files: Welcome to the Jungle]]'', sarta panggih jeung panulis naskah asal Irlandia, Catie ti saprak harita gawéan meunang manéhna mimiti ditinggali ku ''publisher'' kelas dunya, Marvel jeung DC Comics. Taun 2009 Aan mimiti dikontrak ku Marvel jeung [[DC Comics]], manéhna dipercaya pikeun jadi penciller di komik ''[[Superman]], [[Batman]], [[Wonder Woman]], [[Batgirl]]'', nepi ka ''[[Green Lantern]]'' dina sababaraha seri.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20170410114154-241-206251/ardian-syaf-komikus-tulungagung-pemikat-dc-comics-dan-marvel|title=Ardian Syaf, Komikus Tulungagung Pemikat DC Comics dan Marvel|last=Khoiri|first=Agniya|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-01-18}}</ref><br />Sok sanajan gawé pikeun komik asing, Aan mineng pisan ngasupkeun unsur-unsur [[Indonésia]] ka komikna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hipwee.com/hiburan/cowok/kisah-ardian-syaf-meski-sering-dikira-pengangguran-ternyata-hasil-karyanya-sudah-diakui-dunia/|title=Kisah Ardian Syaf. Meski Sering Dikira Pengangguran, Ternyata Hasil Karyanya Sudah Diakui Dunia!|last=Andrall|website=Hipwee|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-01-19}}</ref> Kusabab Ardian nyieun hiji kasalahan nu fatal, nyaéta ngabuskeun pamanggih pribadi kana karyana, [[Marvel Comics]] méré snagsi pikeun ngeureunkeun Ardian, kaputusan ieu sacara resmi ditarima ku Ardian ngaliwatan surélék (surat éléktronik) poé senen tanggal 10 April 2017. Sanajan kitu, manéhna ihlas narima sagala kaputusan éta, sanajan aya rasa handeueul tapi manéhna bisa nyokot palajaran nu hadé ti éta kajadian. Sanggeus dieureunkeun ku Marvel Comics, loba tawaran gawéan datang ka manéhna, ti perusahaan Indonésia boh luar nagari kayaning [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] nepi ka Timur Tengah, sok sanajan kelasna sahandapeun Marvel Comics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/kisah-ardian-syaf-setelah-dipecat-marvel-kebanjiran-tawaran-cmGQ|title=Kisah Ardian Syaf Setelah Dipecat Marvel, Kebanjiran Tawaran|last=Saputri|first=Maya|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-01-26}}</ref> == Kontrovérsi == Ardian atawa nu dipikawanoh Aan kungsi nuieyn gempar masarakat Indonésia, harita manéhna kungsi ngabuskeun gambar Presiden [[Joko Widodo|Jokowi]] di Komik Batgirl #1. Manéhna nampilkeun gambar baliho kampanyeu Jokowi-Ahok wanci Pilkada [[Jakarta|DKI Jakarta]] nu maké latar Kota Jakarta.<ref name=":1" /> Lian ti éta, dina taun [[2017]], manéhna nyieun gempar masarakat Indonésia ku lantaran ngabuskeun unsur politik sarta SARA di komik ''X-Men Gold #1'' karyana. Ardian nulis "QS: 5:51"" dibaju salah saurang tokoh mutan di éta komik, tuluy ngagambar "212" salaku palang toko dilatar carita.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bleedingcool.com/2017/04/10/ardian-syaf-x-men-gold-controversy-career-now-good-bye-may-god-bless/|title=Ardian Syaf On X-Men Gold Controversy: "My Career Is Over Now," "Good Bye, May God Bless You All"|website=Bleeding Cool News And Rumors|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-26}}</ref> Editor komik jeung pambaca ti luar nagari teu sadar yén kaduana éta mangrupa rujukan nu ngacu kana polemik kasus panistaan agama ku salah sahiji calon gubernur dina Pilkada DKI Jakarta 2017. "QS: 5:51"ngarujuk kana Surat Al-Quran, sadengkeu "212"nyaéta singgetan tanggal wanci démontrasi lumangsung di Jakarta nu dihadiran ku Ardian.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inforiau.co/news/read/siapa-ardian-syaf-sang-komikus-almaidah-51-3230343133|title=Siapa Ardian Syaf, Sang Komikus Almaidah 51?|last=Inforiau|website=Inforiau|language=id|accessdate=2020-01-26}}</ref> Sanajan teu kanyahoan ku pambaca ti luar nigari, loba pisan pambaca komik Indonésia nu sadar éta hal. Loba réaksi nu datang dimédia social sanggeus sadar yén dikomik éta ngandung unsur SARA. Salaku pambaca komik, loba pisan nu nganggap yén Ardian geus teu professional ku lantaran nyelipkeun pamanggih pribadi nu ngandung unsur SARA dina karyana. Salian ti lobana koméntar nu datang, loba ogé pihak nu ngalaporkeun kajadieun ieu ka DC Comics. Aya ogé komikus asal Indonésia nu sarua gawé di Marvel ngiluan koméntar ngeunaan ieu hal, [[Ario Anindito]], sanajan manéhna resep ka karya Ardian Syaf, tapi ceuk Ario, éta hal nunjukkeun teu profésionalna Ardian Syaf. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Mengapa komikus Indonésia menyusupkan Al Maidah dan aksi 212 di komik Marvel?|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-39544592|newspaper=BBC News Indonesia|date=2017-04-09|access-date=2020-01-26|language=id|first=Ging|last=Ginanjar}}</ref> Teu lila ti kajadian éta, Marvel ahirna nyieun kaputusan yén pihakna bakal méré sanksi disiplinér pikeun Ardian. Kaputusan ahirna nyaéta Ardian diikaluarkeun ti éta perusahaan sarta komik-komik nu geus kajual jeung sumebar bakal ditarik jeung gambar nu ngandung unsur SARA bakal dileungitkeun ti éta komik, boh komik vérsi cetak atawa vérsi ''digital''. Surat pamecatan Ardian dikirim ngaliwatan surélék atawa surat élektronik ti Marvel langsung. Manéhna geus usaha pikeun ngajelaskeun yén manéhna teu anti yahudi tapi pihak Marvel teu dibéré kasempetan pikeun ngajelaskeun musabab kunaon ngabuskeun unsur SARA kana karyana.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brilio.net/duh/curhatan-sedih-ardian-syaf-komikus-marvel-yang-kini-kariernya-selesai-1704113.html|title=Curhatan sedih Ardian Syaf, komikus Marvel yang kini kariernya selesai|last=brilio.net|website=brilio.net|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126093641/https://www.brilio.net/duh/curhatan-sedih-ardian-syaf-komikus-marvel-yang-kini-kariernya-selesai-1704113.html|archivedate=2020-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=X-Men illustrator faces backlash over alleged anti-Christian messages|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/11/x-men-illustrator-alleged-anti-christian-messages-marvel-ardian-syaf|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2017-04-11|access-date=2020-01-26|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Danuta|last=Kean}}</ref> Ti saprak harita manéhna ngarasa yén kaputusan manéhna nu ngabuskeun symbol éta bakal jadi masalah gedé. Mimitina mah mnéhna teu nyangka bakal ngabalukarkeun masalah gedé nepi ka dipecat, ku sabab niatna mah ngan hayang ngabadikeun kenangan manéhna basa ngilu aksi damai ngaprotés [[Basuki Tjahja Purnama]] atawa Ahok di Jakarta, 2 Désémber 2016.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20170414082836-241-207545/penyesalan-ardian-syaf-komikus-simbol-212-di-x-men-gold|title=Penyesalan Ardian Syaf, Komikus Simbol '212' di 'X-Men Gold'|last=Afrisia|first=Rizky Sekar|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-01-26}}</ref> <br /> == Rujukan == <references /> 4rouijkaav43j5tv0s8hm35pdjankz7 0 99176 731797 678062 2026-11-08T09:38:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandemi Koronavirus di [[Pilipina]] 2020 | first_case = [[Manila]] | total_ili = | suspected_cases = 4,711<ref name="situationer">{{Cite web |title=Beat COVID-19 Situationer #060.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eHx3w8_4nODyU1KdzPY_ZGRF60AeNHtB/view |date=June 27, 2020 |access-date=2020-06-27 |publisher=Department of Health (Philippines)}}</ref> | confirmed_cases = 35,455 | deaths = 1,244 | recovery_cases = 9,686 | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], Tiongkok | active_cases = 24,525 | arrival_date = 30 Januari 2020<br /> | location = [[Filipina]] | map1 = COVID-19 pandemic cases in the Philippines.svg | virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]] | disease = [[COVID-19]] | legend3 = | map3 = | legend2 = {{center|Wilayah propinsi (kaasup Métro Manila) kalawan kasus kakonfirmasi (beureum) Covid-19 (per {{date||MDY}})}} | map2 = File:COVID-19 pandemic cases in the Philippines (primary LGUs breakdown).svg | legend1 = {{center|Wilayah Pilipina kalawan kasus kakonfirmasi (beureum) sarta anu diduga (paul) kasus Covid-19 (per {{date||MDY}}){{refn|name=PHmapnote|Breakdown of confirmed cases is according to the [https://ncovtracker.doh.gov.ph/ COVID-19 Case Tracker] of the Department of Health. Please note that the map may not reflect all affected localities and is primarily based on the facility where a particular confirmed case was admitted. Local government units has made separate announcements that their residents have contracted COVID-19 and were admitted in facilities outside their jurisdiction. Examples include: *[[Bulacan]] – the 21st case confirmed overall was a resident of [[San Jose del Monte]], [[Bulacan]]<ref name="gmaCSJDM">{{cite news|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/729148/covid-19-case-in-bulacan-a-resident-of-san-jose-del-monte-says-mayor/story/|title=COVID-19 case in Bulacan a resident of San Jose Del Monte, says mayor|publisher=GMA News|date=2020-03-10|accessdate= 2020-03-11}}</ref> but was confined in a hospital in [[Caloocan]], [[Metro Manila]]. *[[Cavite]] – confirmed a case which was admitted at the [[Research Institute for Tropical Medicine]] in [[Muntinlupa]], [[Metro Manila]].<ref name="remulla">{{cite news|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/03/10/remulla-confirms-first-case-of-covid-19-in-cavite/|title=Remulla confirms first case of COVID-19 in Cavite|publisher=Manila Bulletin|date=March 10, 2020|accessdate=2020-03-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316004119/https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/03/10/remulla-confirms-first-case-of-covid-19-in-cavite/ |date=2020-03-16 }}</ref> *[[Rizal]] – the fifth and sixth cases overall in the country which had no travel history abroad were residents of [[Cainta]]. *[[Tarlac]] – two repatriates from the ''[[Diamond Princess (ship)|Diamond Princess]]'' cruise ship who were quarantined in New Clark City in [[Capas, Tarlac|Capas]] were transferred to a facility in [[San Fernando, Pampanga]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/12/20/bcda-president-joins-list-of-govt-officials-to-undergo-self-quarantine-amid-covid-19-threat|title=BCDA president joins list of gov't officials to undergo self-quarantine amid COVID-19 threat|work=ABS-CBN News|date=March 12, 2020|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> *[[Lanao del Norte]] – A case admitted to a hospital in [[Cagayan de Oro]] was initially treated in [[Iligan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1848123|title=Covid-19 cases reach Visayas, Mindanao|publisher=Sun Star Cebu|date=March 12, 2020|accessdate=2020-03-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312175157/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1848123 |date=2020-03-12 }}</ref>}}}} | website = https://www.doh.gov.ph/2019-nCoV }} '''Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Pilipina''' mimiti kapanggih di tanggal [[30 Januari]] [[2020]] nalika wanoja 38 taun warga nagara [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] dikonfirmasi positip beunang panyakit koronavirus. Tuluy kasus nu kadua kajadian di tanggal [[2 Pébruari]] [[2020]] nalika lalaki 44 taun warganagara [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] tilar dunya sapoé saacanna. Kajadian éta ngakibatkeun "kematian" munggaran anu kajadian di luar [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1302591/pasien-pertama-virus-corona-di-filipina-meninggal|title=Pasien Pertama Virus Corona di Filipina Meninggal|last=Sekarwati|first=Suci|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> Di tanggal 18 Maret 2020, Pilipina netepkeun status bencana nasional ku sabab ieu wabah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200318210952-106-484747/hadapi-corona-filipina-tetapkan-status-bencana-nasional|title=Hadapi Corona, Filipina Tetapkan Status Bencana Nasional|website=internasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> == Mimiti == Di tanggal [[21 Januari]] 2020, hiji wanoja 38 taun jeung hiji lalaki 44 taun anu asalna ti Kota [[Wuhan]], Propinsi [[Hubei]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]], datang ka [[Filipina|Pilipina]] liwat [[Hong Kong]]. Tuluy maranéhna ngalaman gejala pneumonia akut, tuluy di tanggal 30 Januari, maranéhna positip beunang virus korona.<ref name=":0" /> Teu lila saenggeus éta, di tanggal 2 Pébruari, lalaki 44 taun éta tilar dunya. Ieu mangrupa kajadian kematian anu munggaran di luar Tiongkok.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/02/03/163932765/korban-virus-corona-meninggal-dunia-dan-larangan-perjalanan-yang|title=Korban Virus Corona Meninggal Dunia dan Larangan Perjalanan yang Dikeluarkan Filipina Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> Saenggeus kitu, Pamaréntah Pilipina ngaluarkeun larangan lalampahan ka sakabéh wewengkon Tiongkok, kaasup [[Wewengkon Administratip Husus]] [[Hong Kong]] jeung [[Makau]], sarta nyegah sakabéh jalma anu asalna ti Tiongkok atawa kungsi nganjang atawa transit di Tiongkok sangkan teu bisa asup ka Pilipina.<ref name=":1" /> Per tanggal 19 Maret 2020, pamaréntah ngalumakukeun kawijakan pikeun ngalarang asupna warga nagara asing. Visa pikeun asup ka Pilipina moal medal nepi ka waktu anu teu ditangtukeun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/cegah-corona-filipina-larang-seluruh-wna-masuk-ke-negaranya-1t3fIYkEaDo|title=Cegah Corona, Filipina Larang Seluruh WNA Masuk ke Negaranya|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> == Sumebarna virus == Ieu wabah sumebar sacara masif di [[Métro Manila]]. Wewengkon ieu dianggap anu pangparahna beunang wabah koronavirus. Per tanggal 12 Maret, kacatet geus aya 53 kasus anu 3 urangna tiwas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200313061322-4-144536/duterte-umumkan-manila-lockdown-karena-corona|title=Duterte Umumkan Manila 'Lockdown' karena Corona|last=Sebayang|first=Rehia|website=news|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> Tuluy per tanggal 19 Maret 2020, geus aya 217 kasus di sakabéh wewengkon di Pilipina.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1103623/philippines-coronavirus-covid-19-cases-by-residence/|title=Philippines: coronavirus COVID-19 cases by residence 2020|website=Statista|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> Ieu tabél mangrupa data kasus koronavirus di Pilipina dumasar wewengkon. per tanggal 19 Maret 2020.<ref name=":3" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wewengkon !Jumlah kasus |- |Kota Quezon |34 |- |Kota San Juan |24 |- |Kota Makati |18 |- |Kota Pasig |14 |- |Manila |13 |- |Kota Mandaluyong |7 |- |Rizal |7 |- |Kota Paranaque |6 |- |Kota Taguig |6 |- |Kota Marikina |6 |- |Kota Las Pinas |6 |- |Kota Caloocan |5 |- |Cavite |5 |- |Bulacan |5 |- |Batangas |4 |- |(Teu dipikanyaho wewengkonna) |4 |- |Kota Muntinlupa |4 |- |Pampanga |3 |- |Kota Pasay |2 |- |Lanao Del Sur |2 |- |Negros Oriental |2 |- |Kota Lucena |1 |- |Compostela Valley |1 |- |Laguna |1 |- |Camarines Sur |1 |- |Abra |1 |- |Kota Antipolo |1 |- |Bataan |1 |- |Kota Cotaboto |1 |- |Tarlac |1 |- |Keur divalidasi |31 |- |'''Total''' |'''217''' |} == Dampak == === Isolasi Manila === Ku sabab ieu pandémi, wewengkon [[Manila]] diisolasi atawa ''lockdown'' per tanggal [[12 Maret]] [[2020]] pikeun nyegah virus nyebar deui ka wewengkon séjén. Ieu kaputusan dicokot ku pamaréntah sabada ningali kasus koronavirus di Manila anu panglobana sa-Pilipina. Sakabéh aksés ka Manila ti mimiti jalur darat, udara, jeung laut ditutup.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/filipina-mengumumkan-penguncian-manila-untuk-memerangi-virus-corona|title=Filipina mengumumkan penguncian Manila untuk memerangi virus corona|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2020/03/15/121233570/lawan-virus-corona-filipina-tutup-ibu-kota-manila|title=Lawan Virus Corona, Filipina Tutup Ibu Kota Manila Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2020/03/12/232504/virus-corona-merajalela-manila-filipina-resmi-lockdown|title=Virus Corona Merajalela, Manila Filipina Resmi Lockdown|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-03-20}}</ref> Tuluy per tanggal [[16 Maret]] [[2020]], [[Présidén Pilipina]] [[Rodrigo Dutérté]] maréntahkeun pikeun ngalegakeun aréa ''lockdown'' atawa karantina nepi ka sapulo [[Pulo Luzon|Luzon]]. Antukna, warga teu meunang ngayakeun kagiatan di luar imah, sarta transportasi umum dieureunkeun operasionalna pikeun saheulaanan. Tuluy pamaréntah nerapkeun jam malam ti jam 20.00 nepi ka jam 05.00 anu lumaku di 13 kota di Propinsi Métro Manila.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200316203615-106-484017/filipina-perluas-area-karantina-corona-dan-terapkan-jam-malam|title=Filipina Perluas Area Karantina Corona dan Terapkan Jam Malam|website=internasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4939127/tangkal-corona-manila-berlakukan-jam-malam-dan-desak-mal-tutup-sebulan|title=Tangkal Corona, Manila Berlakukan Jam Malam dan Desak Mal Tutup Sebulan|last=Christiastuti|first=Novi|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320000143/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4939127/tangkal-corona-manila-berlakukan-jam-malam-dan-desak-mal-tutup-sebulan|archivedate=2020-03-20}}</ref> === Ékonomi === Laju [[ékonomi]] di Pilipina diprédiksi bakal nurun ku sabab ieu wabah. Ku lantaran arus ékspor-impor di nagara éta nurun. Komo deuih mitra dagang utama Pilipina, nyaéta [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]], jadi sumber sumebarna koronavirus. Anu matak padagangan antar dua nagara teu bisa jalan saperti biasana ku sabab duanana beunang wabah koronavirus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/coronavirus-affected-countries-philippines-measures-impact-tourism-economy/|title=Coronavirus in Philippines: how the COVID-19 affects Philippines|website=www.pharmaceutical-technology.com|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Pandémi]] * [[COVID-19]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pandémi]] [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] [[Kategori:Pilipina]] 328wzwo20gi1y3athcx5du9xi5e2cgp 0 99182 731626 730837 2026-11-07T21:42:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|penyakit|virus|SARS-CoV-2|pandemi|Pandemi koronavirus 2019–2020}}{{Infobox medical condition (new)|name={{PAGENAME}}|types=|frequency=|prognosis=|medication=|treatment=Simtomatik jeung suportif|prevention=[[Ngumbah leungeun]], étika batuk, ngajaga jarak deukeut jeung jelema nu boga COVID-19|differential=|diagnosis=[[PCR]], [[imunoasai]], pemindaian [[tomografi terkomputasi]]|risks=|causes=[[SARS-CoV-2]]|duration=|synonyms=* Panyakit pernapasan akut 2019-nCoV * Pneumonia koronavirus anyar<ref name="NHC2020Name">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/18c1bb43965a4492907957875de02ae7.shtml|title=国家卫生健康委关于新型冠状病毒肺炎暂命名事宜的通知|date=7 Februari 2020|website=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200228040516/http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202002/18c1bb43965a4492907957875de02ae7.shtml|archive-date=28 Februari 2020|access-date=9 Februari 2020}}</ref> * Pneumonia Wuhan<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/1/9/21058069/wuhan-pneumonia-outbreak |title=Wuhan pneumonia outbreak: What we know and don't know |last=Belluz |first=Julia |date=20 Januari 2020 |website=Vox |url-status=live |access-date=27 Februari 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113173510/https://www.vox.com/2020/1/9/21058069/wuhan-pneumonia-outbreak |archive-date=13 Januari 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3046634/wuhan-pneumonia-hong-kong-widens-net-suspected |title=Wuhan pneumonia: Hong Kong widens net for suspected cases but medical workers fear already overstretched hospitals will suffer |last=Cheung |first=Elizabeth |date=17 Januari 2020 |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121085124/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3046634/wuhan-pneumonia-hong-kong-widens-net-suspected |archive-date=21 Januari 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Jasper Fuk-Woo |last2=Yuan |first2=Shuofeng |last3=Kok |first3=Kin-Hang |last4=To |first4=Kelvin Kai-Wang |last5=Chu |first5=Hin |last6=Yang |first6=Jin |last7=Xing |first7=Fanfan |last8=Liu |first8=Jieling |last9=Yip |first9=Cyril Chik-Yan |last10=Poon |first10=Rosana Wing-Shan |last11=Tsoi |first11=Hoi-Wah |last12=Lo |first12=Simon Kam-Fai |last13=Chan |first13=Kwok-Hung |last14=Poon |first14=Vincent Kwok-Man |last15=Chan |first15=Wan-Mui |last16=Ip |first16=Jonathan Daniel |last17=Cai |first17=Jian-Piao |last18=Cheng |first18=Vincent Chi-Chung |last19=Chen |first19=Honglin |last20=Hui |first20=Christopher Kim-Ming |last21=Yuen |first21=Kwok-Yung |displayauthors=6 |date=2020-02-15 |title=A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30154-9/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |publication-date=24 Januari 2020 |volume=395 |issue=10223 |pages=514–523 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=31986261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/wuhan-designates-hospitals-for-viral-pneumonia-treatment-as-cases-rise |title=Wuhan designates hospitals for viral pneumonia treatment as cases rise |date=21 Januari 2020 |website=The Straits Times |url-status=live |access-date=27 Februari 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121174412/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/wuhan-designates-hospitals-for-viral-pneumonia-treatment-as-cases-rise |archive-date=21 Januari 2020 }}</ref>|onset=|complications=[[Pneumonia]], [[sindrom gangguan pernapasan akut]], [[gagal ginjal]]|symptoms=Demam, batuk, hésé napas<ref name="CDC2020Sym">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/symptoms.html|title=Coronavirus About Symptoms and Diagnosis|date=30 Januari 2020|website=[[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit]]|location=Amerika Serikat|access-date=1 Februari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130180428/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/symptoms.html|archive-date=30 Januari 2020|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>|specialty=[[Panyakit menular]], [[pulmonologi]]|pronounce=|caption=Gejala COVID-19|alt=|width=|image=Symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 2.0-id.png|deaths=}}'''Panyakit koronavirus 2019''' (''coronavirus disease 2019,'' disingget COVID-2019<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coronavirus disease named Covid-19|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51466362|newspaper=BBC News|date=2020-02-11|access-date=2020-03-18|language=en-GB}}</ref>) nyaéta [https://www.supranaturalnusantara.com/pengunci-hati salah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922082716/https://www.supranaturalnusantara.com/pengunci-hati/ |date=2022-09-22 }} sahiji panyakit népa alatan inpéksi virus [[SARS-CoV-2]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gorbalenya|first=Alexander E.|last2=Baker|first2=Susan C.|last3=Baric|first3=Ralph S.|last4=Groot|first4=Raoul J. de|last5=Drosten|first5=Christian|last6=Gulyaeva|first6=Anastasia A.|last7=Haagmans|first7=Bart L.|last8=Lauber|first8=Chris|last9=Leontovich|first9=Andrey M.|date=2020-02-11|title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses – a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=2020.02.07.937862|doi=10.1101/2020.02.07.937862}}</ref>. Panyakit ieu munggaran dipanggihan di taun 2019 di Wuhan, China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020|title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020|website=www.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-22}}</ref> Ayana virus ieu dimimitian ku ayana salah saurang anu didiagnosis panyakit pnéumonia anu kaayaanna henteu kawas biasana. Dina tanggal 31 Désémber, kantor régional Organisasi Kaséhatan Dunya (WHO) di Béijing narima béja aya pasién ogé ka keunaan panyakit pnéumonia anu henteu dipikawanoh naon anu jadi sababna di kota anu sarua. Ku ayana kajadian éta, panaliti ti Institut Virology Wuhan, ngalakukeun analisis métagonomics keur ngaidéntifikasi virus corona anyar salaku étiologi anu poténsial. Maranéhna nyebutkeun ''novél coronavirus 2019 (nCoV-2019).'' Tuluy Pusat Pengendalian jeung Pencegahan Panyakit Amérika Serikat anu ngiluan naliti kana éta virus nyebutkeun ogé ''novél coronavirus 2019 (nCoV-2019).'' Dina panalitian éta nepi ka ayeuna ngaran panyakit ieu katelah ku istilah ''coronavirus disease-19'' (COVID-19).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Parwanto|first=M. L. E.|date=2020-03-18|title=Virus Corona (2019-nCoV) penyebab COVID-19|url=https://jbiomedkes.org/index.php/jbk/article/view/117|journal=Jurnal Biomedika dan Kesehatan|language=id|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.18051/JBiomedKes.2020.v3.1-2|issn=2621-5470}}</ref> Virus ieu kaasup kana superdomain biota, kingdom virus. Kaasup kana golongan virus panggedéna dina ordo Nidoviralés. Kabéh jenis virus anu aya dina ordo Nidoviralés nyaéta non-ségméntéd positive-sénse RNA virusés. Virus corona kaasup kana familia Coronaviridaé, sub familia Coronavirinaé, génus Bétacoronavirus, subgénus Sarbécovirus. Panggolongan virus mimitina dipilih kana golongan-golongan anu dumasar kana sérologi, tapi ayeuna dumasar kana panggolongan filogénétik. Leuwih jauh dijéntrékeun subgénus Sarbécovirus ngawengku Bat-SL-CoV, SARS-CoV jeung 2019-nCoV. Bat-SL-CoV mimitina kapanggih di Zhéjiang, Yunan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Shaanxi, jeung Hubéi, Cina.<ref name=":1" /> == Wangun virus == Virus corona ngabogaan rupa buleud jeung ngabogaan diameter kurang leuwih 125 Nm kawas anu digambarkeun dina panalitian anu ngagunakeun ''cryo-éléctron microscopy.'' Partikel virus corona ngandung opat protein structural utama, nyaéta protéin S (spike protéin) anu ngabentuk kawas paku, protéin M (membrane protién), protéin E ''(envelope protein)'', jeung protéin N ''(nucleocapside protéin)''.<ref name=":1" /> Virus ieu nyababkeun [[pandemi koronavirus 2019-2020]] di sakuliah dunya. Jalma anu kaserang panyakit ieu biasana boga gajala muriang, batuk, jeung hésé napas. Sababaraha gajala kawas pilek jeung bersin biasana teu loba dipanggihan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/symptoms.html|title=Coronavirus {{!}} About {{!}} Symptoms and Diagnosis {{!}} CDC|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2020-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130180428/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/symptoms.html|archivedate=2020-01-30}}</ref> Panyakit ieu bisa nularkeun ti hiji jelema nu geus positif COVID-19 ka hiji jelema nu masih kénéh sehat, ku cara batuk atawa ngaluarkeun napas nu ngahasilkeun ''droplét'' atawa ngeclak leutik tina irung atawa baham. ''Droplét'' ieu bakalan napel ka jelema nu sehat atawa barang lain, nu poténsi bisa kasingreup atawa napel kana panon, irung atawa baham<ref name=":0" />. Salain népa ku dropl''é''t, virus ieu bisa népa lantran pernah papanggih jeung jelema anu saméméhna geus katépaan jeung éta jelema can cageur atawa teu sadar yén manéhna keur katépaan virus corona. Dina sasabaraha kaayaan ngaliwatan hawa ''(airbone)'' ogé bisa katépaan. Anu katépaan éta virus, heunteu kapanggihan RNA dina urin jeung serum.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hairunisa|first=Nany|last2=Amalia|first2=Husnun|date=2020-06-30|title=Review: penyakit virus corona baru 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.jbiomedkes.org/index.php/jbk/article/view/132|journal=Jurnal Biomedika dan Kesehatan|language=id|volume=3|issue=2|pages=90–100|doi=10.18051/JBiomedKes.2020.v3.90-100|issn=2621-5470}}</ref> === Ngaran julukan === Dina tanggal 11 Pébruari 2020, [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Dunya]] ngumumkeun ngaran resmi panyakit ieu nyaéta "Covid-19." Katerangan leuwih lanjut dijelaskeun ku Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus salaku Direktur Organisasi Kaséhatan Dunya, manéhna nyebutkeun kecap "co" nangtung pikeun "''corona''" (korona), "vi" pikeun "''virus''", "d" pikeun "''disease''" (panyakit), tuluy "19" pikeun taun 2019, nandakeun taun mimiti dicirikeunna virus ieu. Tedros nambahan deui, panangtuan pamilihan ngaran ieu berdasarkeun hasil rekomendasi ti internasional supaya kedah ngahindarkeun ayana stigmatisasi atawa rujukan ka lokasi géografis tertentu, spésiés sato atawa kelompok jalma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/health/read/4176849/covid-19-nama-resmi-untuk-infeksi-novel-coronavirus|title=COVID-19, Nama Resmi untuk Infeksi Novel Coronavirus|last=Dio Prasasti|first=Giovani|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-05-30}}</ref> Di Indonesia, ngaran Covid-19 kaasup kana akronim, ku kituna panulisanna ngarujuk kana katangtuan tulisan akronim, nyaéta teu nganggo huruf kapital, beda jeung Organisasi Kaséhatan Dunya anu ngagunakeun kabeh huruf kapital (COVID-19).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/covid-19|title=Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2022-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204353/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/covid-19|archivedate=2023-04-14}}</ref> == Sajarah == Kasus Covid-19 anu nginpéksi ka jalma pang mimitina lumangsung di Wuhan, Hubei, [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]]. Numutkeun hasil analisis algoritma filogenetika, virus anu nyebabkeun Covid-19 ieu téh nyebar leuwih awal di Guangdong, sateuacan Wuhan. Panalitian ieu manggihan tilu jenis virus utama nu dibere label A, B, jeung C. Tina tiluanana, jenis A ditetapkeun jadi varian pendiri ku sabab mangrupa versi anu pang sarupana jeung jenis SARS-Cov-2 (ngaran ilmiah ti virus Covid-19) nu asalna ti kalong. Sababaraha ahli ogé ngutarakeun pendapat virus ieu téh asalna nginpéksi kalong tuluy nyebar ka jalma lewat sasatoan anu sanés.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2020-05-13/scientist-suggests-coronavirus-originated-outside-of-wuhan|title=Did the Coronavirus Originate Outside of Wuhan?|last=Grose|first=Thomas K|website=US News|accessdate=30 Mei 2022}}</ref> Numutkeun sumber resmi Tiongkok, kamungkinan asal virus ieu aya hubunganana jeung Pasar Grosir Makanan Laut Huanan, anu ogé ngajual sato hirup. Dina Méi 2020, Panaliti ngalakukeun tés sampel sato anu dikumpulkeun ti pasar éta, jeung hasilna négatip. Ieu nunjukkeun pasar éta téh sanés lokasi awal ayana virus, ngan ukur jadi salah sahiji tempat mimiti panyebaran virus anu jauh leuwih loba.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China Rules Out Animal Market and Lab as Coronavirus Origin|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-rules-out-animal-market-and-lab-as-coronavirus-origin-11590517508|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=2020-05-26|access-date=2022-05-30|issn=0099-9660|language=en-US|first=James T.|last=Areddy}}</ref> Jurnal médis [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] The Lancet anu diterbitkeun Januari 2020 ngalaporkeun gejala awal COVID-19 lumangsung ti tanggal 1 Désémber 2019,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally|title=Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally|last=Cohen|first=Jon|website=www.science.org|language=en|accessdate=2022-05-30}}</ref> sareng parantos ngonfirmasi aya 41 kasus inpéksi virus ti 59 kasus anu dicurigai.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=Yi-Chi|last2=Chen|first2=Ching-Sung|last3=Chan|first3=Yu-Jiun|date=2020-3|title=The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153464/|journal=Journal of the Chinese Medical Association|volume=83|issue=3|pages=218|doi=10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270|issn=1726-4901|pmc=7153464|pmid=32134861}}</ref> Samentara éta, [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Dunya]] sacara resmi ogé nyebarkeun informasi gejala awal COVID-19 téh lumangsung ti tanggal 8 Désémber 2019.<ref name=":7" /> Dina sababaraha poe sangges eta, kasus inpéksi virus Covid-19 ti jalma ka jalma nyebar ti Wuhan ka kabeh provinsi Hubéi. Salajeungna, loba kota jeung provinsi tatangga nu jalmana katularan ku virus ieu, tuluy nyebar ka sakabeh dunya.<ref name=":8" /> Nepi ka 1 Oktober 2021, média internasional ngalaporkeun total kasus maotna sacara global akibat Covid‑19 téh diperkirakeun nepi ka leuwih ti lima juta jalma. Dampak ieu terjadi ku sabab di sababaraha negara aya nu teu acan divaksin. Leuwih ti satengah ti kabeh kasus maot akibat Covid-19 ieu, terjadi di Amérika Serikat, Rusia, Brasil, Meksiko, jeung India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Global COVID-19 deaths hit 5 million as Delta variant sweeps the world|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/global-covid-19-deaths-hit-5-million-delta-variant-sweeps-world-2021-10-02/|newspaper=Reuters|date=2021-10-03|access-date=2022-05-30|language=en|first=Kavya|last=B|first2=Roshan|last2=Abraham}}</ref> == Gejala == Dumasar kana beurat henteuna kasus anu katépaan ku éta virus bisa diwilah-wilah ka sasabaraha golongan nyaéta euweuh gejala, euweuh komplikasi, sedeng jeung beurat atawa pn''é''umonia beurat; jeung kritis. Golongan anu euweuh gejalaan, anu katépaanna teu kapanggih gejalana. Golongan anu hampang atawa euweuh komplikasi nyaéta ngan saukur kaganggu saluran napasna henteu jeung gejala anu leuwih sp''é''sifik kawas muriang, leuleus, batuk, anor''é''ksia, eungap, kong''é''sti irung, nyeri sirah, sebel, jeung utah. Golongan anu sedeng nyaéta anu katépaanna saumuran rumaja nepi ka déwasa jeung pn''é''umonia tapi henteu beurat jeung henteu ngabutuhkeun supl''é''m''é''ntasi oksig''é''n.<ref name=":2" /> Virus ieu bisa ''stabil'' napel dina wangun ''aerosol'' jeung permukaan salila sababaraha jam bahkan bisa nepi ka sababaraha poé. Waktu tahanna éta virus beda-beda tiap jinis bahan, diantarana nyaéta dina wangun ''aerosol'' bisa nepi ka tilu jam, opat jam dina tambaga, dua puluh opat jam dina karton jeung dua atawa tilu poé dina palastik jeung beusi nu geus karahaan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/new-coronavirus-stable-hours-surfaces|title=New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|language=EN|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref>. Jalma nu geus kapapar ku virus korona, biasana bakalan aya gajala panyakit saanggeus kapapar dua atawa opat belas poé nu dumasar kana waktu ''inkubasi'' virus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|last=CDC|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> Ieu sababna dianjurkan jang ngajaga jarak sameter jeung jalma nu positif boga panyakit ieu<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|title=Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)|website=www.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-22}}</ref>. == Kasus mimiti == Dina tanggal 1 Maret 2020, mangrupa awal panyakit koronavirus sumebar di Indonesia. Lantaran kapanggih ti warga nu geus interaksi jeung urang Jepang. Harita kénéh, Presiden Joko Widodo nyieun paguneman dina konpérénsi nu sumberna tina Kementerian Keséhatan. Eusi konperénsina éta warga geus beunang ku panyakit koronapirus. Basa harita mimiti diumumkeun aya dua urang anu katépaan di daérah Dépok jeung Jakarta. Dimimitian ku dua urang tuluy nambahan jadi sasabaraha kali lipet jadi 60 pasén anu katépaan atawa positif ka keunaan ku éta virus. Dina waktu anu kurang ti saminggu loba pisan warta-warta anu nagbéjaan yén loba jalma anu kakeunaan ku virus corona. Warta-warta anu aya ka masarakat lolobana ngeunaan perkembangan virus, identitas pasen anu kakeunaan virus, upaya nyegah virus sangkan henteu népa, jeung kamungkinan-kamungkinan anu sakirana bakal kajadian dina unggal widang kawas kaséhatan, ékonomi, jeung sosial. Anu ahirna Indonésia jadi salah sahiji nagara anu ngabogaan jumlah kasus anu katépaan 1528 kasus jeung 138 kasus anu maot. Naekna jumlah pasén anu katépaan, naék kurang leuwih 750x lipet. Ieu warta aya di taun basa mimiti virus corona aya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Triyaningsih|first=Heny|date=2020-06-02|title=Efek Pemberitaan Media Massa Terhadap Persepsi Masyarakat Tentang Virus Corona (Studi Kasus; Masyarakat di Pamekasan)|url=http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/meyarsa/article/view/3222|journal=Meyarsa: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Dakwah|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–13|doi=10.19105/meyarsa.v1i1.3222|issn=2722-2918|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420220016/http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/meyarsa/article/view/3222|archive-date=2022-04-20|accessdate=2022-04-16}}</ref> Kaméntrian Kaséhatan Indonésia loba ngawanti-wanti ka masarakat sangkan kudu ngajalankeun protokol kaséhatan sangkan tingkat katépaan ku virus corona bisa dicegah. == Tahap diagnosis == Aya sababaraha tahapan anu kudu dilakukeun sacara [[médis]] saméméh nangtukeun [[pasién]] téh positif Covid-19. Kahiji, ''Orang Dalam Pantauan'' (ODP) anu ngalaman [[panas]] [[suhu]] awakna nepi ka leuwih ti 38℃. Lian ti éta, ngalaman [[gejala]] gangguan saluran pernapasan kayaning nyeri [[tikoro]], [[batuk]] jeung [[pilek]]. Anu kaasup ODP ogé sabab geus indit jauh ti tempat asalna utamana indit ka tempat anu keur keuna ku sasalad Covid-19. Kadua, ''Pasien dalam Pengawasan'' (PDP) anu ngalaman [[Infeksi]] Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA). Anu leuwih utama PDP mah geus ngalakukeun lalampahan ka tempat anu keuna ku sasalad tuluy sanggeus 14 poé ngalaman gejala anu sarua jeung anu kakeunaan ku Covid-19. Salaku panandes, kaasup katégori PDP lamun geus ngalakukeun kontak erat jeung anu positif Covid-19 salila 24 poé saméméh ngalaman gejala. Katilu, ''kasus probable'' anu kaasup katégori undak sanggeus PDP. Sanajan kitu, dina ieu tahapan pasién anu ngalaman gejala Covid-19 can ditangtukeun positif atawa négatifna. Kaopat, ''kasus konfirmasi'' anu geus nyata positif Covid-19 anu kudu diubaran kalawan [[sistem]] médis anu geus baku.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/infeksi/covid19/virus-corona-covid-19-sars-cov-2/|title=COVID-19: Gejala, Penyebab, dan Pengobatannya|last=Nurin|first=Fajarina|website=Hello Sehat|publisher=hellosehat.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-04-27}}</ref> == Tés diagnosis == Aya sababaraha tahap pamariksaan anu bisa dilakukeun keur nangtukeun diagnosis Covid-19. Kahiji, tés gancang atawa ''rapid test'' anu mangrupa pamariksaan awal inféksi sasalad Covid-19 ka pasién anu miboga résiko kakeunaan. Média pamariksaan anu digunakeun nyaéta [[getih]] tina [[ramo]] atawa [[pembuluh véna]]. Hasil ieu tés bisa dipikanyaho dina waktu 15 menit. Hanjakalna, akurasi tés gancang téh rupa-rupa, aya anu 33% nepi ka 93%. Pasién anu kaasup positif sanggeus ngalaksanakeun ieu tés bakal dirujuk ka [[rumah sakit]] keur ngalaksanakeun tés PCR atawa tés swab. Tés PCR atawa ''polymerase chain reaction'' nyaéta tés nu dumasar kana hasil laboratorium. Ieu tés ngabogaan tujuan muguhkeun hasil diagnosa panyakit Covid-19. Cara mariksana pasién kudu bari diuk tuluy maké sampél lendir, diasupkeun kana irung (nasofaring) mun henteu kana mulut (orofaring). Geus kitu, aya hasil dibawa nyaéta lendir nu tadi. Sampel éta dibawa ka laboratorium klinik. Ku petugas, pasién engké bakal dibéré hasil dina kertas aya henteu éta virus.[https://primayahospital.com/covid-19/apa-itu-rapid-test/] Kadua, ''rapid swab test'' atawa tés antigén anu ngagunakan cacai anu aya dina tikoro keur média pamariksaanana. Ieu tés miboga udagan manggihan [[antigén]] ([[protéin]] [[virus]]). Hasil pamariksaan bisa dipikanyaho dina jangka waktu 30 menit. Hanjakalna akurasi ieu téh ogé masih kagolong handap nyaéta antara 34% nepi ka 80%. Katilu, ''Antibody Serology test'' anu ngagunakeun getih salaku média pamariksaan. Hasil tésna bisa kaluar dina waktu 18 menit kalawan akurasi anu béda-béda gumantung kana iraha pasién ngalaksanakeunana. Kaopat, tés PCR atawa ''swab test corona'' anu dipariksana ngaliwatan tikoro jeung [[irung]]. Ieu tés bakal meunangkeun matéri [[génétik]] virus kalawan tingkat akurasina pangluhurna antara 91% nepi ka 98%. Tina runtuyan tés tadi keur ngayakinkeun hasil tésna bisa ogé dirojong ku tés [[rontgen]] [[dada]] keur nempi aya henteuna cacai dina [[bayah]] jeung CT Scan keur nempo aya henteuna gambaran ''ground-glass opacity'' dina bayah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sehatq.com/penyakit/virus-corona|title=Virus Corona (COVID-19) {{!}} Tanda dan Gejala, Penyebab, Cara Mengobati, Cara Mencegah|last=Felicia|first=Levina|website=SehatQ|publisher=sehatq.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429144302/https://www.sehatq.com/penyakit/virus-corona|archivedate=2022-04-29}}</ref> ==Nyingkahan Covid-19== Cara népakeun Covid-19 téh ngaliwatan [[droplét]] anu asup kana jero [[awak]] ngaliwatan irung, [[baham]] jeung [[mata]]. Ku kituna, aya sababaraha tindakan anu bisa dilakukeun keur nyingkahan tépana ieu sasalad. Kahiji, mindeng ngumbah [[leungeun]] ku [[sabun]] atawa [[handsanitizer]] kalawan diberesihan ku [[cai]] anu ngocor utamana sanggeus ngalakukeun [[kagiatan]]. Kadua, maké [[masker]] anu nutupan irung jeung baham. Katilu, anggang jeung batur kalayan jarakna minimal saméter keur nyingkahan asupna droplét ti [[jalma]] anu batuk atawa [[beresin]]. Kaopat, ngawatesanan diri tina [[interaksi]] atawa kontak jeung [[batur]] anu teu kanyahoan status ka[[séhat]]anana. Kalima, gancang [[mandi]] jeung ngaganti [[baju]] sanggeus indit saméméh interaksi deui jeung [[anggota]] [[kulawarga]]. Kagenep, ngaronjatkeun [[daya]] tahan ([[imun]]) atawa kakuatan awak ku cara ngalarapkeun kabiasaan hirup beresih jeung séhat. Lian ti sacara médis, aya ogé cara séjén anu bisa dilaksanakeun nyaéta ku cara ngokolakeun kaséhatan [[jiwa]] jeung [[psikososial]] anu pamustunganana keur ngajaga kondisi [[émosi]] sangkan terus positif, saperti ngaronjatkeun [[rasa]] [[gumbira]], ngajauhan rupa-rupa [[warta]] anu teu pikagenaheun, silih méré rojongan jeung salawasna [[komunikasi]] anu matak ngaronjatkeun sumanget nyanghareupan sasalad Covid-19.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mudzakkir|first=Muhammad|last2=Risnasari|first2=Norma|last3=Nugraha|first3=Muhammad Frinata Erian|last4=Mawadha|first4=Sarah Azmillaely|date=2021-11-07|title=Upaya Pencegahan Penularan Covid-19 pada Masyarakat Kab. Kediri|url=https://jurnal.ciptamediaharmoni.id/index.php/kontribusi/article/view/85|journal=Kontribusi: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=58|doi=10.53624/kontribusi.v2i1.85|issn=2747-2035|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327212716/https://jurnal.ciptamediaharmoni.id/index.php/kontribusi/article/view/85|archive-date=2022-03-27|accessdate=2022-04-27}}</ref> == Épék Samping Sabada Keuna Covid-19 == Kalolobaan jalma anu keuna ku panyakit COVID-19 téh bisa cageur sapinuhna. Tapi dina bukti-bukti anu kapanggih kiwari, nuduhkeun yén 10-20% jalma anu kungsi kakeunaan ku COVID-19 téh ngalaman rupa-rupa épék samping, boh dina jangka ''menengah'' atawa jangka panjang. Kondisi ieu téh ilahar disebut kondisi bada COVID-19. atawa aya ogé nu nyebut "covid panjang".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-post-covid-19-condition|title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Post COVID-19 condition|website=www.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref> Pikeun gegedéna jalma anu cageur sacara total mah bisa normal deui dina waktu anu gancang, tapi ari anu ngalaman épék samping mah masih ngarasakeun rupa-rupa masalah dina awakna. Upamana lalungsé, sesek napas, sarta ngalaman ''[[disfungsi kognitif]]'' , di antarana ngalaman rasa bingung, pohoan, kurang pokus jeung lemah méntal. Malah di antarana aya nu ngalaman épék [[psikologis]] anu mangrupa bagian tina kondisi sabada kakeunaan ku COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kesehatan.kontan.co.id/news/inilah-efek-samping-yang-bisa-terjadi-setelah-sembuh-covid-19|title=Inilah efek samping yang bisa terjadi setelah sembuh Covid-19|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|website=PT. Kontan Grahanusa Mediatama|language=id|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref> Sajaba ti kitu, anu kakeunaan COVID -19 kalayan gejala anu beurat, sakapeung sanggeus cageurna ngalaman épék samping multiorgan atawa kondisi autoimun sabada sababaraha minggu atawa sababaraha bulan sabada kakeunaan virus. Épék [[Multiorgan|''multiorgan'']] sorangan bisa mangaruhan kana sabagian gedé sistem [[awak]], kaasup [[jantung]], [[pari-paru]], [[ginjal]], [[kulit]], jeung [[otak]]. Kondisi aotoimun lumangsung nalika sistem daya tahan awak teu ngahaja nyerang sél séhat dina awak, nu ahirna ngabalukarkeun radang, sarta aya kamungkinan ruksak dina sabagian jaringan awak. Akibat tina kondisi éta, aya kamungkinan bisa ngalaman sindrom [[Multisistem|''multisistem'']] atawa ''[[Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS).]]''<ref name=":3" /> Gejala-gejala éta aya kamungkinan terus karasa dina waktu nu panjang, sarta panyakitna bisa kanceuh dina waktu-waktu nu tangtu, gumantung kana aktivitas jeung kabiasaan sapopoéna. sajaba ti kasakit anu ditataan di luhur, épék samping séjénna, sabada kakeunaan ku COVID-19, di antarana aya: * Batuk * Nyeri dada * Nyeri beuteung * Nyeri sirah * Ratug jajantung * Nyeri awak * Lieur nalika nangtung * Panas tiris * Robahna waktu kareseban * Arateul, Jrrd.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5969784/hati-hati-14-efek-covid-19-pasca-sembuh-yang-umum-dilaporkan|title=Hati-hati! 14 Efek COVID-19 Pasca Sembuh yang Umum Dilaporkan|last=Ramadhanty|first=Razdkanya|website=detikHealth|language=id|accessdate=2022-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524205000/https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5969784/hati-hati-14-efek-covid-19-pasca-sembuh-yang-umum-dilaporkan|archivedate=2022-05-24}}</ref> Paktor résiko ayana épék jangka panjang COVID-19 masih acan bisa kanyahoan kalayan jelas. Nurutkeun Carvalho-Schneider et al, épék jangka panjang COVID-19 aya patalina jeung umur, riwayat perawatan di rumah sakit nalika masih parah, gejala beurat COVID-19, ''[[dispnea]]'', jeung ''[[auskultasi abnormal]]''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alomedika.com/efek-jangka-panjang-dari-covid-19|title=Efek Jangka Panjang dari COVID-19|last=general_alomedika|website=Alomedika|accessdate=2022-05-20}}</ref> === Épék Jangka Panjang Sacara Umum === Awak lalaungsé mangrupa gejala umum anu paling sering karasa. Hasil data ''[[Carfi et al]]'', anu dilakukeun panalungtikan ka 143 pasén nu kungsi dirawat, nuduhkeun 53% pasén ngalaman ieu gejala. Panalungtikan anu sarua ogé dilakukeun di Perancis, ku [[Garrigues et al|''Garrigues et al'']], nuduhkeun hasil 55 % ngalaman gejala anu sarua, hasil ieu téh tina 120 pasén. Sedengkeun di Inggris mah tina 100 pasén, gejala awak lalungsé téh leuwih loba kaalaman ku pasén nu dirawat di ICU (72%) sedengkeun pasén nu dirawat di bangsal ukur 60% . Babandingan lalaungé antara awéwé jeung lalaki 54,3% banding 29,6%. <ref name=":4" /> === Épék Jangka Panjang kana Sistem ''Kardiovaskular'' === ''[[Miokarditis]]'' jeung ''[[aritmia]]'' disebut-sebut bisa kajadian sabada COVID-19. Studi kohort observasional di Jerman nuduhkeun yén tina 100 pasén nu cageur tina COVID-19, 78 % nuduhkeun ''[[abnormalitas]]'' tina hasil pamariksaan [[Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)|''cardiac magnetic resonance'' (CMR)]], anu mana, 60%-na mangrupa ''[[implamasi miokardium]]''. Lolobana pasén dina studi ''[[Puntmann et al]]'' ieu téh ''[[simtomatik]]'' atawa gejalana ringan nepi ka sedeng, kalayan satengah sésana perlu di rawat di rumah sakit sabab inpéksina parah.<ref name=":4" /> Panalungtikan ku ''[[Huang et al]]'' dina 26 pasén nu geus cageur tina COVID-19 sarta ngalaman gejala [[Kardiovaskular|''kardiovaskular'']] ogé nuduhkeun [[Abnormalitas|''abnormalitas'']] dina pamariksaan ''[[CMR]]''. Sajumlah 15 tina 26 pasén nuduhkeun ''[[edema miokardial]]''. Sajaba ti éa, pasén kalayan ''[[abnormalitas CMR]]'' ogé, nuduhkeun turunna pungsi [[Ventrikel|''ventrikel'']] katuhu, upamana ''[[fraksi ejeksi]]'', ''[[indéks jantung]]'', jeung ''[[stroke volume]]''. Tapi jumlah sémpel panalungtikanna ukur sautik.<ref name=":4" /> === Épék Jangka Panjang kana Sistem Réspirasi === Sesek napas anu ringan atawa anu beuki beurat mangrupa salah sahiji gejala umum anu kaalaman ku 2/5 pasén bangsal, jeung 2/3 pasén ICU. Studi Perancis nyindekeun yén pasén nu dirawat nalika COVID-19, umumna ngabogaan gejala nu tetep, kaasup [[dispenea]] nu nepi ka 42%.<ref name=":4" /> Épék Jangka Panjang COVID-19 kana ''[[Sistem Respirasi]]''. Pasén riwayat ''rawat inap'' di ICU, riwayat ngagunakeun [[ventilator,]] panyakit [[remorbid paru|premorbid paru]], umur kolot, jeung [[Body mass index (BMI)|''body mass index'' (BMI)]] luhur bisa disebut ngabogaan resiko gedé pikeun ngalaman sesek napas nu netep. Padoman ti ''[[British Thoracic Society]]'' nyarankeun [[radiografi dada]] pikeun tilu bulan sabada pasén kaluar ti rumah sakit sabada COVID-19.<ref name=":4" /> Hasil panalungtikan Zhao et al nuduhkeun yén tilu bulan inpéksi parah, 14, 55% pasén ngalaman [[dispenea]]. ''Computed tomography resolusi tinggi (HRCT)'' sanggeus 3 bulan nuduhkeun [[abnormalitas]] kana 39 pasén (70,91%), kalayan gambaran paling umum mangrupa [[Fibrosis|''fibrosis'']] jeung ''[[penebalan interstisial]]''.<ref name=":4" /> === Épék Jangka Panjang kana Sistem Saraf === Dina tahapan parah COVID-19, kira-kira 36% pasén ngalaman gejala [[neurologis]] upamana lieur, nyeri sirah, gangguan kasadaran, jeung kejang. DIna kasus nu ringan nepi ka sedeng, ngalaman gangguan leungitna aambeuan jeung pangrasa létah. Épék jangka panjang COVID-19 kana sistem sarap diakibatkeun ku opat mékanisme patogenik anu aya kamungkinana nyaéta ''[[ensefalitis viral]]'' sacara langsung, ''[[inflamasi sistemik]]'', [[Disfungsi organ perifer|''disfungsi organ perifer'']] (haté, ginjal, paru), jeung parobahan [[Serebrovaskular|''serebrovaskular'']]. Gejala neurologis anu umum dilaporkan sabada kakeunaan COVID-19 nyéta gangguan ''[[kognitif]]'' ''([[brain fog]]),'' nyeri sirah, gangguan saré, lieur, ''[[delirium]]'', jeung [[Neuropati perifer|''neuropati perifer'']].<ref name=":4" /> == Rupa-rupa vaksin == Pamaréntah Indonésia dina Januari 2021 geus ngayakeun program vaksin kanggo rakyat nu loba jenisna. Dimimitian ku Presiden Jokowi, salaku pihak nu paling kahiji disuntik vaksin jenis Sinovac<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://p2p.kemkes.go.id/program-vaksinasi-covid-19-mulai-dilakukan-presiden-orang-pertama-penerima-suntikan-vaksin-covid-19/|title=Program Vaksinasi COVID-19 Mulai Dilakukan, Presiden Orang Pertama Penerima Suntikan Vaksin COVID-19 – P2P Kemenkes RI|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-05-22}}</ref> Ieu vaksin gumantung kana nagara nu nyieun, kawas Sinovac meunang nyieun Cina, AstraZeneca meunang nyieun Inggris, jeung sajabana. Ku kituna tepi ka ayeuna loba vaksin nu disuntikkeun ngarah bisa nguatkeun imun. Salah sahiji ciri jelema anu kuat teu beunang COVID-19 nyaéta boga imun anu kuat. Imun nu teu babarian beunang ku virus COVID-19 salah sahijina aya dina vaksin, nu jenisna:Vaksin BioNTech, Pfizer Vaksin CanSino === Vaksin CoronaVac/Sinovac === Vaksin dijieun ku Sinovac Biotech Ltd. dingaranan CoronaVac mangrupa jinis vaksin anu teu aktip. Ieu ngandung harti yén vaksin ngandung patogén anu geus dipaéhkeun, sahingga bisa ngarangsang formasi sistim imun tanpa ngabalukarkeun panyakit. Vaksin Sinovac dirumuskeun dina dua dosis kalayan interval minimum 28 poé unggal érék disuntikeun.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/6-vaksin-corona-yang-digunakan-di-indonesia|title=Vaksin Corona yang Digunakan di Indonesia|website=www.halodoc.com|publisher=Halodoc}}</ref> === Vaksin Janssen === Vaksin Janssen ogé dipaké pikeun kelompok umur 18 taun atawa leuwih, carana méré dosis tunggal atawa hiji suntikan. Dina tahap awal ieu, vaksin Janssen bakal disebarkeun ka wewengkon aglomerasi di Pulo Jawa, di mana cakupan vaksinasi masih handap atawa rendah. Vaksin Janssen diproduksi ku pausahaan farmasi Janssen, bagian tina Johnson & Johnson. Vaksin Janssen eunggeus meunang ijin panggunaan darurat atawa EUA (Otorisasi Penggunaan Darurat) ti POM tanggal 7 Séptémber 2021 tuluy bakal dipaké pikeun masarakat umum minimal umur 18 taun atawa leuwih sarta dosis tunggal 0,5 ml. Pangiriman 500 rébu dosis vaksin Janssen téh katilu kalina hasil gawé babarengan antara Indonésia jeung Walanda. Saméméhna, Indonésia geus narima 657.000 dosis vaksin AstraZeneca ti Walanda salaku bagian tina komitmen babagi dosis ti Walanda 3 juta dosis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiabaik.id/index.php/infografis/vaksin-janssen-tiba-di-indonesia|title=Fakta Kedatangan Vaksin Janssen {{!}} Indonésia Baik|website=indonesiabaik.id|accessdate=2022-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204355/https://indonesiabaik.id/index.php/infografis/vaksin-janssen-tiba-di-indonesia|archivedate=2023-04-14}}</ref> === Vaksin Moderna === Vaksin korona Moderna diklaim ngabogaan éféktivitas 94,5 persén. Vaksin dumasar kana mRNA, anu dipaké ngainstruksikeun sél pikeun protéin linjakan, ku kituna awak bisa ngahasilkeun réspon imun jeung neundeun inpormasi.<ref name=":9" /> === Pfizer Nyarita sarta BioNTech === Pfizer sarta BioNTech ogé ngabogaan ljin pamakéan darurat ti BPOM tanggal 15 Juli 2021. Duanana vaksin ieu ngaku ngabogaan éféktivitas 95 persén pikeun nyegah virus korona, jeung henteu nyababkeun résiko épék samping anu signifikan. Vaksin Pfizer bisa dibéré dina dua suntikan kalayan interval antara dosis 21-28 poé.<ref name=":9" /> === Vaksin Novavax === Vaksin anu diproduksi di India, ngagunakeun téhnologi anu béda ti vaksin Corona anu lain. Novavax, anu bisa disuntikeun dina dua dosis, ngandung protéin pikeun mawa fragmén koronavirus anu teu bahaya pikeun ngahasilkeun réaksi imun.<ref name=":9" /> === Vaksin Oxford, AstraZeneca === Vaksin COVID-19 anu dijieun ku pausahaan farmasi Inggris AstraZeneca jalanna ku mawa protéin spike kana sél awak, ku kituna sél bisa maca jeung nyieun salinan protéin spike. Sistim imun tuluy ngalawan virus SARS-CoV-2. Sarupa jeung Sinovac, vaksin AstraZeneca ogé dibéré dua suntikan kalayan interval 12 minggu antara dosis hiji ka dosis anu kadua.<ref name=":9" /> === Vaksin Sinopharm, BBIBP === Vaksin ieu dijieun ku ''China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation'' ogé mangrupa vaksin teu aktip nu ngarangsang sistim imun tampa résiko ngabalukarkeun kasakit. Sinopharm bisa disuntikeun dina 2 dosis kalayan interval 3-4 minggu.<ref name=":9" /> Panyimpenan vaksin Sinopharm dilaksanakeun ku petugas vaksin nurutkeun prosedur operasi standar, anu disimpen dina kulkas vaksin (kulkas khusus pikeun vaksin), kalayan suhu 2-8 ° C, jeung ditangtayungan tina sinar panonpoé langsung. Sanajan eunggeus divaksin, kudu tetep taat kana protokol kaséhatan 3M, nyaéta ngagunakeun masker, ngajaga jarak jeung ngahindarkeun balaréa atawa kurumunan, sarta ngumbah leungeun ku sabun jeung cai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/vaksin-sinopharm|title=Vaksin Sinopharm|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2022-05-31}}</ref> === Vaksin Sputnik-V === Vaksin Sputnik V dilisénsikeun ku BPOM pikeun dipaké dina kelompok umur 18 taun atawa leuwih. Vaksin ieu dikaluarkeun ku suntikan intramuskular 2 kali kalayan bentang 3 minggu. Vaksin Sputnik ngagunakeun adénovirus 26 jeung adénovirus 5, anu kagolong kana kelompok virus anu nyababkeun inféksi pernapasan, salaku véktor protéin pikeun virus Corona. Véktor sorangan nyaéta virus anu dimodifikasi sangkan bisa asup kana sél awak manusa tapi teu bisa baranahan. Véktor Adénovirus 26 jeung adénovirus 5 dipaké pikeun ngangkut potongan bahan génétik virus Corona ka awak anu narima vaksin.<ref name=":9" /> === Convidencia === Vaksin Convidecia nyaéta vaksin anu dikembangkeun ku CanSino Biological Inc. jeung Beijing Institute of Biotéhnologi anu ogé vaksin véktor maké Adénovirus. Vaksin ieu ngabogaan ijin pamakéan darurat ti BPOM jeung bisa dipaké dina kelompok umur 18 taun atawa langkung ku cara méré hiji suntikan atawa sadosis.<ref name=":9" /> === Zifivax === Zifivax mangrupa vaksin anu dikembangkeun jeung diproduksi ku Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical kalayan platform sub-unit protéin rékombinan. Vaksin ieu bisa dipaké pikeun jalma anu ngabogaan umur minimal 18 taun atawa leuwih salaku panyalindungan tina virus SARS-CoV-2. Vaksin Zifivax disuntikeun atau dibéré dina 3 suntikan kalayan interval 1 bulan ti suntikan kahiji ka suntikan saterusna.<ref name=":9" /> Di Indonésia, nu loba dipaké jang masyarakat nyaéta vaksin Sinovac. Pamaréntah, ceuk Menteri Kasehatan Budi Gunadi Saidin, sabenerna mah aya 7 produk vaksin nu disebar nyaéta ti Bio Farma, AsraZeneca, Novavax, Pfizer, Moderna, jeung Sinopharm. Vaksin nu jadi dipaké teu bisa sambarangan sabab kudu nyaliwatan skéma nu geus dipuguhkeun ku pamaréntah. Budi Gunadi Sadikin negeskeun yén kritéria vaksin perdana pinilih jenis Sinovac. Dina alesan ieu pamaréntah ngerujuk kana syarat lulus WHO jeung disatujuan ku BPOM. Geus kitu, perusahaan nu asalna ti Cina éta méré kasanggupan bisa nyieun finalna kanggo rakyat Indonesia. Dumasar kana proses skema nu ketat, vaksin jadina mah aya 4 nu dipaké tepi ka disuntikkeun ka seluruh rakyat Indonesia, ku sabab aya 4 vaksin jadina unggal jelema bisa béda dosis, kumaha jenis nu sadia di puskésmas atawa rumah sakit daérahna masing-masing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20210114151551-37-215975/menkes-ungkap-alasan-ri-pakai-vaksin-sinovac-buat-vaksinasi|title=Menkes Ungkap Alasan RI Pakai Vaksin Sinovac Buat Vaksinasi|last=Hastuti|first=Rahajeng Kusumo|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-05-22}}</ref> Mimitina disuntikkeun, vaksin Sinovac boga batas yuswa antara 18 tepi ka 59 taun. Syarat éta dumasar kana hasil uji klinis ti pihak Sinovac anu boga klaim geus nyieun uji klinis ogé ka masyarakat yuswa leuwih ti 60 taun di Brazil. Salain tina Sinovac, pamaréntah ngusahakeun vaksin jenis séjén. Pfizer jeung AstraZeneca contona, sarua ogé mimiti dikirim ngan bisa ka yuswa leuwih ti 18 taun. Matak peserta vaksin teu waka bisa disuntik tepi ka aya uji klinis nu puguh bisa jang budak nu kurang ti 16 taun. Salian tina vaksin nu geus jadi, pamaréntah mangmikirkeun ngarah ieu rakyat bisa boga imun nu kajaga. Carana, nyadiakeun vaksin curah nu lobana 140 juta dosis. Bisa ogé nambahan 120 juta dosis deui lamun engké dibutuhkeun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/ini-3-pertimbangan-pemerintah-memilih-sinovac-untuk-vaksin-covid-19|title=Ini 3 pertimbangan pemerintah memilih Sinovac untuk vaksin Covid-19|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2022-05-22}}</ref> Poe Jumaah, 4 Maret 2022 vaksin di Indonésia geus aya dina angka 70,38% sarua jeung 146.577.204 dosis. Angka éta tina jumlah 208.265.720 penduduk. Pamarentah terus ningkatkeun target pikeun bisa numutkeun target ngurangan COVID-19. Program vaksin bisa ngurangan angka nu beunang ieu virus. Bisa ditenjo tina angka pasien di rumah sakit anu tuluy turun, dina sasih Maret 2022 pasien rumah sakit saukur 31%. Nu matak vaksin jadi tolak ukur usaha nurunkeun COVID-19 sabab geus leuwih ti 70% jelema nu geus narima dosis tepi ka 1 jeung 2. Eta 70% diitung ti sakabeh penduduk di Indonesia. Teu cukup dosis ka-2, pamarentah masih ningkatkeun dosis ka-3 sangkan bisa ditarima merata ti mimiti jarak 3 sasih saanggeus dosis ka-2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/rilis-media/20220304/0239463/vaksinasi-dosis-2-telah-mencapai-7038-dari-target-sasaran-vaksinasi-nasional/|title=Vaksinasi Dosis 2 Telah Mencapai 70,38% dari Target Sasaran Vaksinasi Nasional|website=Sehat Negeriku|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-05-26}}</ref> == Panyakit COVID-19 Ka Budak == Tanda jeung gejala COVID-19 anu keuna ka [[budak]] hésé dibédakeun tina panyakit saluran pernapasan. Gejalana bisa katempo tina batuk jeung pilek anu sarua jeung [[salésma]], dibarengan atawa henteu dibarengan ku muriang. Ilaharna gejala COVID-19 ka budak bakal hampang jeung ngaleungit sorangan. Panyakit saluran pernapasan bakal bahaya lamun jadi radang paru-paru, nu sok disebut pneumonia. Gejala [[pneumonia]] nyaéta [[muriang]], batuk, jeung hésé napas anu dicirikeun ku napas gancang jeung sesek napas. Data ngeunaan panyakit COVID-19 nu keuna ka barudak di handap umur lima taun can lengkep, tapi hiji jurnal nyatakeun yén kasus COVID-19 dina budak umur 0-9 taun di [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] nyaéta aya 0,9%, [[Koréa Kidul]] 1% sareng [[Italia]] 0,6%. <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Panduan Pelayanan Kesehatan Balita Pada Masa Tanggap Darurat COVID-19 Bagi Tenaga Kesehatan|last=Direktorat Kesehatan Keluarga-Direktorat Jenderal Kesehatan Masyarakat|publisher=Kementerian Kesehatan|year=2020|location=Jakarta|pages=6|url=https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/download/Panduan_Yankes_Balita_Pada_Masa_GapDar_Covid19_Bagi_Nakes.pdf}}</ref> === Cara nyingkahan panyakit COVID-19 ka budak === Cara nyingkahan panyakit COVID-19 ka budak bisa dilakukeun ku cara méré pamahaman ka budak pikeun ngalakukeun kagiatan bebersih di imah, nyaéta:<ref name=":5" /> # Jelaskeun prinsip jaga jarak pisik, ngajaga jarak sahenteuna 1,5 méter ti jalma lian. # Biasakeun budak supaya leuwih sering ngumbah leungeun ku cai beresih jeung [[sabun]], nyaéta saméméh dahar, sanggeus ti kamar cai, saméméh jeung sanggeus ngalakonan kagiatan (ulin, nyabak sato, jsb). Pamakéan ''hand sanitizer'' ngan ukur alternatif lamun cai jeung sabun henteu aya. Contona mun budak keur jauh tina tempat ngumbah leungeun. # Ngingetkeun barudak ulah gigisik panon, irung jeung baham saméméh ngumbah leungeun ku sabun, maké [[cai]] ngocor. # Maké masker (masker [[lawon]]) lamun budak kaluar ti imah pikeun nyegah panularan panyakit tina batuk jeung bersin. # Mandi, angir buuk jeung ganti baju budak, lamun nepi ka imah sanggeus ulin ti luar. # Beresihkeun barang-barang anu sok dicabak jiga parabot, gagang panto, cocooan, ''gadget'' jeung anu lainna maké disinféktan sacara teratur. # Kolot kudu ngajarkeun budak pikeun nerapkeun prakték nyingkahan inféksi maké metode anu pikaresepeun, misalna ngumbah leungeun maké cai beresih jeung sabun sabari ngalagu pikeun latihan ngumbah leungeun, atawa make kokosok sabun salila sahenteuna 40-60 detik. Béré hadiah pikeun budak nu sering ngumbah leungeun. Tong poho ajarkeun budak tata krama bersin jeung batuk maké bonéka pikeun nembongkeun gejala bersin jeung batuk, sarta ajarkeun pikeun nutupan baham make siku nalika bersin atawa [[batuk]]. Ajarkeun ogé budak ngumbah leungeun saméméh jeung sanggeus maké masker. Pastikeun maskerna nutupan baham, irung jeung gado. Hindarkeun budak noél masker nalika dipaké, titah budak pikeun ngumbah leungeun maranéhna lamun nyabak masker. Leupaskeun masker ku cara noél talina, terus langsung ngumbah leungeun. === Vaksin COVID-19 ka budak jeung rumaja === Luyu jeung rékomendasi [[pamaréntah]], budak umur 12-17 taun ayeuna geus bida divaksinasi COVID-19. Vaksinasi kudu ditunda jeung kudu ménta konsultasi heula ka patugas kaséhatan lamun budak ngabogaan kaayaan khusus siga kieu:<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Panduan Bagi Keluarga Dan Masyarakat Pencegahan Dan Isolasi Mandiri Anak Dan Remaja Dengan COVID-19|last=Direktorat Kesehatan Keluarga RI, Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia|first=WHO, UNICEF|publisher=Kementerian Kesehatan RI|year=2021|isbn=978-623-301-259-1|location=Jakarta|pages=3-13}}</ref> # Harééng 37,5 darajat [[Celsius|celcius]] atawa leuwih. # Cageur tina COVID-19 kurang ti 3 bulan. # Disuntik imunisasi nu lain kirang ti 1 bulan. # Boga panyawat hipertensi, ''diabetes mellitus'', panyakit kronis, gangguan bawaan, kakurangan imun primér, kasakit otoimun. # Boga sindrom ''Gullian Barre, Mielitis Transverse, Encephalomyelitis Demyelinating'' anu parna. # Budak anu boga panyawat [[kanker]] nu keur kémoterapi/radioterapi. # Budak nu narima ''immunosuppressant'' parna atawa perlakuan ''cytostatic.'' === Léngkah-léngkah anu kudu dilakukeun lamun budak kontak deukeut jeung pasén COVID-19 === Kontak deukeut <ref name=":6" /> hartina budak pernah deukeut jeung pasén COVID-19 atawa jalma nu boga gejala COVID-19 dina jarak 1 méter salila 15 menit atawa leuwih atawa budak anu pernah kontak pisik langsung jeung pasén COVID-19 atawa kontak deukeut jeung jalma anu ngabogaan gejala COVID-19 (siga sasalaman, nyabak leungeun, nangkeup, ngagandong jsb.) Léngkah-léngkah nu kudu dilakukeun lamun budak kontak deukeut jeung pasén COVID-19:<ref name=":6" /> # [[Budak]] kudu langsung diisolasi mandiri. # Laporkeun ka Puskésmas nu pangdeukeutna. # Puskésmas bakal nyarankeun sangkan sagancangna ngalaksanakeun pamariksaan ''swab'' PCR atawa s''wab'' antigén. Kolot ogé bisa mawa budak ka [[laboratorium]]/pasilitas nu nyadiakeun PCR/pamariksaan swab antigén. Lamun hasilna negatip, teruskeun isolasi mandiri. # Lamun hasilna positip teruskeun isolasi mandiri numutkeun kana paréntah ti puskésmas/tanaga [[kaséhatan]] lokal. # Lamun hasilna positip kénéh, laporkeun deui ka Puskésmas terus isolasi mandiri. === Kaayaan budak anu kudu diisolasi mandiri<ref name=":6" /> === Budak nu positip COVID-19 kudu diisolasi mandiri lamun: minuhan kritéria pikeun kontak deukeut jeung pasen Covid-19; budak anu positip COVID-19 tapi euweuh gejala; budak anu positip COVID-19 kalayan gejala anu hampang saperti muriang, batuk, nyeri tikoro, nyeri sirah, seueul jeung [[utah]], diaré, leuleus, anosmia/teu bisa ngambeu, ageusia/leungit pangecap, kulit bareureum, saturasi oksigen leuwih ti 95%; budak anu positip COVID-19 tapi teu boga komorbiditas (''comorbidities'') siga obesitas, [[kanker]], panyakit ginjal kronis, otoimun, gangguan bawaan, [[Jantung|panyakit jantung]], [[Diabétes mélitus|diabétes/''diabétes méllitus'']], panyakit paru-paru anu parna; atawa gumantung kana diagnosis patugas kaséhatan. === Kaayaan budak anu positip COVID-19 kudu diisolasi mandiri di puseur isolasi / rumah sakit<ref name=":6" /> === Budan nu positip COVID-19 teu bisa diisolasi di imah lamun aya [[awéwé]] nu keur hamil di imah, aya jalma sepuh/geus kolot di imah, budakna ngabogaan komorbid atawa kaayaan imah teu hade pikeun isolasi mandiri. Alesan nu lain nyaéta teu bisa minuhan sarat séjén jang isolasi mandiri sarta hésé aksés ka pasilitas kaséhatan boh komunikasi jeung jarakna jauh. === Hal-hal anu kudu dipersiapkeun nalika budak positif Covid-19 kudu diisolasi mandiri:<ref name=":6" /> === * Perhatikeun kaayaan ruangan isolasi mandiri. Ventilasi atawa jalur hawa jeung cahaya kudu alus (caang). Kamar mandi kudu misah, lamun teu bisa kamar mandi kudu rutin dibéré disinfeksi. Alat paranti, alat paranti dahar jeung tempat saré ogé kudu dipisah antara budak jeung pangasuh. Tempat saré kudu dibéré jarak sahenteuna 2 méter jeung jalma anu ngasuh. wadah [[runtah]] kudu katutup sarta sadiakeun tempat ngumbah leungeun jeung masker samahinya. * Sadiakeun parabot kaséhatan mangrupa alat paranti ngukur suhu awak (''thermometer''), méter saturasi [[oksigén]] (''oximeter)'' jeung méter laju napas (jam); * Sadiakeun ubar, mangrupa [[ubar]] hareeng nyaéta Paracetamol, multivitamin siga [[Vitamin C]], [[Vitamin D|Vitamin D3]], jeung Zinc atawa jenis ubar nu lain nurutkeun kana rekoméndasi [[dokter]]. * Perhatikeun pangasuh [[budak]]. Jalma anu bisa ngarawat budak nyaéta kolot atawa pangasuh anu négatip COVID-19 kalayan ngalaksanakeun protokol kaséhatan. Pangasuh disarankeun kolot atawa pangasuh anu lain, salian ti sepuh atawa manula, jeung teu boga panyakit bawaan/komorbiditas. Lamun aya anggota kulawarga anu positif, bisa diisolasi babarengan jeung budak éta. Sadiakeun rojongan [[psikologi]] jang budak. Lamun kolot jeung budak béda status COVID-19 na, disarankeun pikeun méré jarak tempat saré, saeutikna 2 méter dina kasur anu misah. Kolot atawa pangasuh anu milu diisolasi mandiri disarankan ulah digonta-ganti (kudu angger). == Pangaruh Covid-19 dina mangpirang-pirang widang == Sakumaha ti payun, [[Covid-19]] marupakeun hiji makhluk sabangsaning [[virus]] nu sumarambah nyalabarkeun panyakit ka sakuliah alam dunya sangkan jadi [[pandemi]]. jalaran kitu pangaruhna sanés wungkul dina widang kasihatan balikan tah ngajadi gantar kakaitan sareng mangrupi-rupining aspek kahirupan jalma, di handap ieu dibabarkeun sababaraha aspek anu kagebag ku ayana [[Covid-19]] téa. diantawisna: === Pangaruh Covid-19 ka UMKM di Indonésia === Ti kawit ngamimitian sumarambahna virus Korona omset para praktisi UMKM kacaturkeun turun kalayan signipikan. teu sakedik lapangan UMKM anu teu weléh katumibaan ku dampakna kayaning UMKM nu purah nyugemakeun layanan Akomodasi, Pariwisata, kadaharan jeung inuman, tukang dagang skala luhur jeung écéran. sarta réparasi motor, katut transportasi. numutkeun data P2E LIPI gedéna dampak turunna pariwisata kana UMKM nu ngeureuyeuh dina widang dahareun katut inumeun ngajeblag kana kisaran angka 27%. sedengkeun dampak usaha leuleutikan dina widang nu sarupa nicak kana 1,77% sareng usaha pertengahan aya dina angka 0,07%. ladang usaha séjénna nu sarua kapangaruhan diantarana kawas karajinan kayi tur rotan mikro nincak 17.03%. kanggo usaha leuleutikannana kabetrik kana 1,77% sareng nu pertengahan 0,01%. ogé Konsumsi rumah tangga nurun 0.5% dugi 0,8%. salian ti éta, Perkembangan digital globalisasi banget mangaruhan kana pasar ritél. Hasil panalungtikan nétélakeun yén UMKM téh sektor anu pangbadagna kaoyag ku Pandemi diantawisna industri automotif, industri baja, pakakas listrik, industri tekstil, kerajinan jeung alat berat, ogé pariwisata. sedengkeun UMKM anu kawasa survival nyaéta UMKM nu bisa adaptasi ngalakonan inovasi, UMKM nu ngamanpaatkeun Marketing digital, sésana nyaéta industri nu aya kakaitannanan jeung kabutuhan dasar manusa kayaning listrik, cai, hasil tani, hasil ingonan, kekebonan, lalaukan, otomotif sareng perbankan. anapon Industri nu nguliat ngarandapan perkembangan diantawisna pangan, farmasi, teknologi informasi jeung Komunikasi. {sfn|Rosita|2020|p=109}} *{{cite book |title = Pengaruh pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap UMKM Di Indonesia |last1 = Rosita |first1 = Rahni |display-authors = 1 |publisher = Jurnal Lentera bisnis |year = 2020 |location = Jakarta |ref = harv }} === Pangaruh Covid-19 dina widang Olahraga di Indonesia=== dampak virus korona dina widang ieu kayaning ditundana ajang pasanggiri olahraga kawas [[otomotif]], [[sepak bola]], [[golf]], [[tenis]], [[balap sapeda]], [[olimpiade]], [[Bola basket]], [[rugby]], [[atletik]], jeung [[biliyard]]. hasil survey némbongkeun yén kota nu rék ngalaksanakeun ajang kelindih ku krisis duit sabab Pandemi, kayaning ditundana [[PON]] 2020 Papua sarta Kompetisi liga 1 di Indonesia. namung kota piribumi nu ngayakeun ajang pasanggiri téa kalayan nimu kaépiyah anyar nyaéta program pelatihan berbasis web nu jadi titik timu kanggo para penggiat katut komunitas olahraga. Salian ti éta Para ahli sinareng pamaréntah méré saran pikeun rumaksa kana kaséhatan jasmani kalawan ngalaksanakeun mangpirang-pirang rupining olahraga anu aman, basajan katut gampang tur hampang dipilampahna di rorompok séwang-séwangan ambéh bisa ngurangan kana kontak pisik ka balaréa sarta ngoréjatkeun kabugaran jasmani. jinis-jinisna latihan nu hadé pikeun dipilampah téh kadoang latihan keseimbangan, kontrol jeung peregangan.{{sfn|Susanto|2020|p=145}} *{{cite journal |title = Pengaruh Virus Covid-19 Terhadap Bidang Olahraga Di Indonesia |last1 = Susanto |first1 = Nugroho |display-authors = 1 |publisher = Jurnal Stamina |year = 2020 |location = Padang |ref = harv === Pangaruh Covid-19 kana Moralitas katut Katanagakerjaan Di Indonésia === surambahan Covid-19 di Indonésia nu kaitung cepetna jadi tukang kasang diberlakukeunna kawijakan pembatesan sosial skala gedé jeung [[lockdown]]. kawijakan ieu diadegkeun pikeun ngurangan angka sebaran Covid-19 tegesna mah ngurangan angka pasién nu geuring katibaan ieu wabah. lain tanpa dampak kikieuan téh, horéng geuningan babaraha sektor industri jadi ngalaman karugian ku sabab nu digawéna kudu caricing di imah. Sedengkeun pagawéan keukeuh kudu laksana. {sfn|supandi|2020|p=12}} *{{cite journal |title = Pengaruh Covid-19 Terhadap Moralitas dan Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia. |last1 = Supandi |first1 = Faisal Nur' Arafa |publisher = Jurnal Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial humanitas |year = 2020 |ref = harv }} === Pangaruh Covid-19 kana implementasi pendidikan karakter === kajadén sumarambahna virus Covid-19 miboga pangaruh kana implementasi pendidikan karakter. Penomena ieu téh aya hikmahna ogé jiga nu ngabantuan balaréa pikeun miéling deui adab-adaban nu geus kapopohokeun diantawisna adab nalika bersin, batuk, heuai, lalarasan, ogé ngaraksa karesikan sarta kaséhatan. diantara mangpirang-pirang paktor nu mangaruhan katut miboga patula-patalina kana widang ieu nyaéta: # paktor naluriyah atanapi insting, saha baé jelema kalayan nalurina bakal waspada pami mendakkan jalmi nu katémbong nyintas covid-19. # paktor kabiasaan, jalma nu biasa rumaksa kana kabersihan misalna, tinangtos langkung getol bebersihna nalika aya béja Covid téh. # paktor kahayang, da sakabéh jalma gé pasti aya kahayang hirup sakumaha biasana, mantak aya istilah [[New Normal]] # paktor sora haté, kuayana sora atanapi gerentes haté jalma bisa nangtukeun naon perkara nu baris dipilampah ku manéhna. tah éta opat paktor di handap téh, bakal kapangurah pisan ku ayana Covid-19 sangkan jalma téh tiasa nerapkeun deui adab-adaban pendidikan Karakter. {sfn|Abdusshomad|2020|p=109}} *{{cite journal |title = Pengaruh Covid-19 Terhadap Penerapan Pendidikan Karakter dan Pendidikan Islam |last1 = Abdusshomad |first1 = Alwazir |publisher = Qalamuna, jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial dan Agama |year = 2020 |location = Tangerang |ref = harv }} == Rujukan == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Tutumbu kaluar == *{{cite book |title = Pengaruh pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap UMKM Di Indonesia |last1 = Rosita |first1 = Rahni |display-authors = 1 |publisher = Jurnal Lentera bisnis |year = 2020 |location = Jakarta |ref = harv }} *{{cite journal |title = Pengaruh Covid-19 Terhadap Upenerapan Pendidikan Karakter dan Pendidikan Islam |last1 = Abdusshomad |first1 = Alwazir |publisher = Qalamuna, jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial dan Agama |year = 2020 |location = Tangerang |ref = harv }} *{{cite journal |title = Pengaruh Covid-19 Terhadap Moralitas dan Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia. |last1 = Supandi |first1 = Faisal Nur' Arafa |publisher = Jurnal Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial humanitas |year = 2020 |ref = harv }} * [http://covid19.kemkes.go.id/ Informasi COVID-19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317051742/https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/ |date=2020-03-17 }}, Kementerian Kesehatan RI * [https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/ Informasi Infeksi Emerging], Kementerian Kesehatan RI * [https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses Tanya-Jawab Sabudeureun Koronavirus], Organisasi Kasehatan Dunya * [https://warta.digital/2022/11/24/jokowi-disuntik-booster-indovac-vaksin-covid-19-buatan-dalam-negeri/ Jokowi Disuntik Booster Indovac Covid-19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126043823/https://warta.digital/2022/11/24/jokowi-disuntik-booster-indovac-vaksin-covid-19-buatan-dalam-negeri/ |date=2022-11-26 }} Buatan Dalam Negeri [[Kategori:Panyakit]] [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] [[Kategori:Korona Virus]] jvo5ss98cv15wr0obibp6vqca8i27iz 0 99252 731798 681245 2026-11-08T09:38:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Prancis | first_case = [[Bordeaux]] | total_ili = | suspected_cases = | confirmed_cases = 40,175 | deaths = 2610 | recovery_cases = 5,700 | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], Tiongkok | arrival_date = 24 Januari 2020 | location = [[Prancis]] | map1 = File:COVID-19 outbreak France per capita cases map.svg | virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]] | disease = [[COVID-19]] | legend3 = | map3 = | legend2 = {{center|Wilayah Region Prancis kalawan kasus kakonfirmasi per 12 Maret 2020}} {{legend|#FCEED3|Kakonfirmasi 1~9}} {{legend|#F2A88D|Kakonfirmasi 10~99}} {{legend|#E36654|Kakonfirmasi 100~499}} {{legend|#E5354B|Kakonfirmasi 500~999}} {{legend|#87353F|Kakonfirmasi 1000~9999}} | map2 = COVID-19 Outbreak Hospitalized in France 13 Regions & DomTom.svg | legend1 = {{center|Wilayah Departemén di Prancis kalawan kasus kakonfirmasi per 12 Maret 2020}} | website = }} '''Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Prancis''' mimiti kapanggih di tanggal [[24 Januari]] [[2020]]. Ieu mangrupa kasus virus korona anu munggaran di buana [[Éropa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html|title=France confirms three cases of deadly coronavirus|website=The Independent|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/two-coronavirus-cases-confirmed-in-france-first-in-europe|title=Two Coronavirus Cases Confirmed in France, First in Europe|last=Messer|first=Olivia|website=The Daily Beast|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref> Unggal poéna, kasus anu tiwas di [[Prancis]] nambahanna kacida lobana, nepi ka mangratus-ratus unggal poéna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4960047/sehari-418-orang-meninggal-akibat-virus-corona-di-prancis|title=Sehari 418 Orang Meninggal Akibat Virus Corona di Prancis|last=Christiastuti|first=Novi|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404140039/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4960047/sehari-418-orang-meninggal-akibat-virus-corona-di-prancis |date=2020-04-04 }}</ref> Contona baé per 2 April 2020 jam 07.00 waktu satempat, geus aya 4.032 urang anu tiwas,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1326936/kematian-virus-corona-di-prancis-tembus-4-000|title=Kematian Virus Corona di Prancis Tembus 4.000|last=Saputra|first=Eka Yudha|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref> sedengkeun jam 23.21 di tanggal nu sarua, kacatet geus aya 5.387.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4963385/angka-kematian-akibat-corona-di-prancis-capai-5387-termasuk-dari-panti-jompo|title=Angka Kematian Akibat Corona di Prancis Capai 5.387, Termasuk dari Panti Jompo|last=Astuti|first=Nur Azizah Rizki|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416084953/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4963385/angka-kematian-akibat-corona-di-prancis-capai-5387-termasuk-dari-panti-jompo|archivedate=2020-04-16}}</ref> Kacatet per tanggal 3 April 2020, geus aya 64.338 kasus positip virus korona, 6.507 urang anu tiwas, sarta 14.008 urang anu cageur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/france/|title=France Coronavirus: 64,338 Cases and 6,507 Deaths - Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref> Kiwari, Prancis jadi nagara katilu panglobana pikeun kasus tiwas ku sabab virus korona di dunya, saenggeus [[Italia]] jeung [[Spanyol]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read279235/corona-hancur-leburkan-prancis-jumlah-kematian-covid-19-meledak-kalahkan-china|title=Corona Hancur Leburkan Prancis, Jumlah Kematian COVID-19 Meledak Kalahkan China|last=|first=|website=Warta Ekonomi|publisher=|accessdate=4 April 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404011146/https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read279235/corona-hancur-leburkan-prancis-jumlah-kematian-covid-19-meledak-kalahkan-china |date=4 April 2020 }}</ref> == Mimiti == Mimitina, aya warga Prancis 48 taun anu geus indit-inditan ti [[Wuhan]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]], tuluy ngarasa panas jeung batuk, persis saperti gejala virus korona di Wuhan, dibawa ka rumah sakit di Bordeaux pikeun dirawat. Kasus anu kadua kajadian di Paris, nyaéta warga anu geus balik ti Wuhan, tuluy langsung dirawat.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=First coronavirus death confirmed in Europe|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51514837|newspaper=BBC News|date=2020-02-15|access-date=2020-04-04|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sumebarna virus == Kasus positip virus korona di Prancis geus sumebar di sakabéh région sarta wewengkon peuntas laut, saperti [[Guiana Prancis]], [[Martinik]], [[Mayotte]], jeung [[Réunion]]. Per tanggal [[25 Maret]] 2020, geus aya 25.233 kasus.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1101388/coronavirus-france-confirmed-cases/|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) case numbers France 2020|website=Statista|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Data jumlah kasus positip COVID-19 di région Prancis per tanggal 25 Maret 2020<ref name=":2" /> ! colspan="2" |Wewengkon Métropolitan Prancis ! colspan="2" |Wewengkon Peuntas Laut |- !Région !Kasus !Wewengkon !Kasus |- |Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |2.093 |Guadeloupe |76 |- |Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |1.569 |Saint Barthelemy |3 |- |Bretagne |603 |Saint Martin |11 |- |Centre-Val-de-Loire |561 |Guiana Prancis |28 |- |Corsica |225 |Martinik |66 |- |Grand-Est |5.479 |Mayotte |35 |- |Hauts-de-France |1.753 |Réunion |94 |- |Île-de-France |7.660 | | |- |Normandia |688 | | |- |Nouvelle-Aquitaine |912 | | |- |Ositania |1.082 | | |- |Pays de la Loire |368 | | |- |Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) |1.927 | | |} == Dampak == === Kawijakan ''lockdown'' === Per tanggal [[17 Maret]] [[2020]], [[Présidén Prancis]] [[Émmanuél Macron]] ngalumakukeun kawijakan lockdown atawa karantina wewengkon pikeun sakabéh région di Prancis salila 15 poé. Ku kituna, sakabéh sakola, kantor, jeung toko-toko kudu tarutup kajaba ti toko-toko kadaharan poko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4942294/prancis-lockdown-15-hari|title=Prancis Lockdown 15 Hari!|last=Suhendra|first=Zulfi|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318220204/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4942294/prancis-lockdown-15-hari |date=2020-03-18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200317192034-134-484317/lockdown-corona-prancis-dimulai-penggunaan-masker-dibatasi|title=Lockdown Corona Prancis Dimulai, Penggunaan Masker Dibatasi|website=internasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4205092/prancis-terapkan-lockdown-apa-saja-yang-boleh-dan-dilarang-dilakukan|title=Prancis Terapkan Lockdown, Apa Saja yang Boleh dan Dilarang Dilakukan?|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/berita/2020/03/17/presiden-prancis-berlakukan-lockdown-untuk-tekan-penyebaran-corona|title=Presiden Prancis Berlakukan Lockdown untuk Tekan Penyebaran Corona - Katadata.co.id|website=katadata.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bola/read/4205703/prancis-lockdown-pandemi-virus-corona-covid-19-neymar-kabur-ke-brasil|title=Prancis Lockdown Pandemi Virus Corona Covid-19, Neymar Kabur ke Brasil|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.ddtc.co.id/prancis-dan-jerman-tetapkan-lockdown-dalam-penanganan-corona---19600|title=Prancis dan Jerman Tetapkan Lockdown dalam Penanganan Corona|last=DDTCNews|website=Prancis dan Jerman Tetapkan Lockdown dalam Penanganan Corona|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref> Tuluy, warga teu meunang indit-inditan atawa kaluar imah kajaba ti hal anu penting sarta anu sipatna darurat. Tuluy, saupama aya warga anu rék kaluar imah, kudu mawa formulir surat ijin anu geus disatujuan ku pamaréntah satempat, salian ngeusian data pribadi, kudu ogé ngeusian alesan naha bet kudu kaluar imah. Saupama ieu aturan dilanggar, warga bakal didenda 2,2 juta rupiah.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inews.id/news/internasional/hari-pertama-lockdown-di-prancis-polisi-denda-4000-orang-yang-tak-tinggal-di-rumah|title=Hari Pertama Lockdown di Prancis, Polisi Denda 4.000 Orang yang Tak Tinggal di Rumah|website=iNews.ID|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref> Saenggeus ngalumakukeun kawijakan lockdown salila 15 poé, Prancis merpanjang éta kawijakan nepi ka tanggal [[15 April]] ku sabab kasus virus korona anu beuki parah ku sabab lba aturan anu dilanggar ku wargana salila ''lockdown'' 15 poé panungtung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/299514-prancis-perpanjang-lockdown-sampai-15-april|title=Prancis Perpanjang Lockdown Sampai 15 April|last=developer|first=mediaindonesia com|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2020/03/19/192026370/banyak-pelanggaran-perancis-berencana-perpanjang-lockdown-virus-corona?page=all|title=Banyak Pelanggaran, Prancis Berencana Perpanjang Lockdown Virus Corona|last=|first=|website=Kompas.com|publisher=|accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/global/read/4203397/warga-prancis-tak-diam-di-rumah-pemerintah-kewalahan-lawan-virus-corona|title=Warga Prancis Tak Diam di Rumah, Pemerintah Kewalahan Lawan Virus Corona|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref> === Pariwisata === Pamaréntah Prancis nutup babaraha tempat wisata, di antarana nyaéta [[Munara Eiffel]], Kabaret Moulin Rouge, jeung Musieum Louvre pikeun nyegah sumebarna virus korona anu leuwih parah deui.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manado.tribunnews.com/2020/03/14/cegah-virus-corona-pemerintah-prancis-tutup-destinasi-wisata-mana-saja|title=Cegah Virus Corona, Pemerintah Prancis Tutup Destinasi Wisata, Mana Saja?|website=Tribun Manado|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20200323133014-269-486043/yang-perlu-diketahui-turis-soal-virus-corona-di-prancis|title=Yang Perlu Diketahui Turis Soal Virus Corona di Prancis|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] * [[Pandémi]] * [[Koronavirus]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Pandémi]] [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] g6k9dv8dit5hl9o3tev7hptlu7jsc2h 0 99271 731796 678054 2026-11-08T09:37:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandémi COVID-19 di Indonésia | map1 = COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Indonesia (Density).svg | legend1 = {{center|Peta propinsi di Indonésia kalawan kasus COVID-19 kakonfirmasi}} | disease = [[COVID-19]] | virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]] | location = [[Indonesia]] | first_case = [[Jakarta]] | arrival_date = 2 Maret 2020 | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[Tiongkok]] | confirmed_cases = {{wikidata|property|qualifier|references|P1603|P585}} | recovery_cases = {{wikidata|property|qualifier|references|P8010|P585}} | deaths = {{wikidata|property|qualifier|references|P1120|P585}} | active_cases = | suspected_cases = | territories = | total_ili = | website = <p><!-- Jangan hapus elemen <p> ini! --></p> <p>{{URL|https://www.covid19.go.id}}<br /> {{URL|covid19.bnpb.go.id}}<br /> {{URL|https://covid19.kemkes.go.id}}<br /> }} '''Pandémi koronavirus di Indonésia''' mimiti kapanggih di tanggal [[2 Maret]] [[2020]] nalika 2 urang [[Dépok]] anu miboga gejala flu, positip beunang ieu sasalad, sabada salah sahijina papanggih jeung urang Jepang anu diduga népa ka manéhna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/03/09/05280011/kronologi-dan-urutan-munculnya-6-orang-positif-virus-corona-di-indonesia|title=Kronologi dan Urutan Munculnya 6 Orang Positif Virus Corona di Indonesia|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> <!--Per tanggal 27 April 2020, kacatet geus aya 9.096 kasus positip virus korona, 765 urang tiwas, sarta 1.151 urang cageur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/04/06/15475721/update-tambah-218-total-ada-2491-kasus-covid-19-di-indonesia|title=UPDATE: Tambah 218, Total Ada 2.491 Kasus Covid-19 di Indonesia|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200406141046-20-490780/update-corona-6-april-2491-kasus-209-meninggal-192-sembuh|title=Update Corona 6 April: 2.491 Kasus, 209 Meninggal, 192 Sembuh|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref>--> == Mimiti == Mimitina, di tanggal [[14 Pébruari]] 2020, hiji wanoja 31 taun papanggih jeung hiji warga nagara [[Jepang]] anu datang ka [[Indonésia]] di hiji réstoran. Nalika urang Jepang éta geus ninggalkeun Indonésia tuluy ka [[Malaysia]], di Malaysia manéhna positip virus korona. Tuluy manéhna ngabaran wanoja éta anu di Indonésia. Wanoja éta ngalaman gejala-gejala anu mirip jeung gejala virus korona. Manéhna tuluy boga inisiatip ka rumah sakit pikeun dirawat sarta dipariksa. Ibuna, 64 taun, milu ngarawat manéhna, anu tuluy diduga katépaan ti dinya. Saenggeus kitu, di tanggal [[2 Maret]] 2020, dumasar hasil laboratorium, duanana dinyatakeun positip beunang virus korona.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/117376/kasus-pertama--dua-orang-di-indonesia-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona|title=Kasus Pertama, Dua Orang di Indonesia Positif Terinfeksi Virus Corona|website=www.nu.or.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406140723/https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/117376/kasus-pertama--dua-orang-di-indonesia-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona |date=2020-04-06 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/kronologi-penularan-pasien-positif-corona-covid-19-di-indonesia-eD6x|title=Kronologi Penularan Pasien Positif Corona COVID-19 di Indonesia|last=Bernie|first=Andrian Pratama Taher & Mohammad|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, duanana ahirna bisa cageur tina éta sasalad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/berita/2020/03/13/pasien-pertama-virus-corona-di-indonesia-sembuh-dan-bisa-keluar-rs|title=Pasien Pertama Virus Corona di Indonesia Sembuh dan Bisa Keluar RS – Katadata.co.id|website=katadata.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> Saenggeus kitu, pamaréntah tuluy ngalakukeun tracking di réstoran éta. Tuluy kapanggih pasén nomer 3 jeung 4 anu katépaan virus sarta kabeneran aya di réstoran éta.<ref name=":0" /> == Dampak == === Kawijakan ''social distancing'' jeung ''physical distancing'' === Di tanggal 15 Maret, Pamaréntah Pusat méré pépéling ka masarakat pikeun ngalakukeun ''social distancing'' (jaga jarak sosial) pikeun nyegah sumebarna [[COVID-19]]. Masarakat dipépéling pikeun gawé jeung diajar di [[imah]] baé, sangkan teu kaluar imah. Pausahaan-pausahaan dianjurkeun pikeun ngaliburkeun pagawéna. Pikeun ténggat waktuna, Pamaréntah Pusat nyerahkeun ka Pamaréntah Daérah, boh gubernur, boh bupati/wali kota.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/lifestyle/2020/03/15/151433/bukan-lockdown-ini-kebijakan-presiden-jokowi-terkait-pencegahan-covid-19|title=Bukan Lockdown, Ini Kebijakan Presiden Jokowi Terkait Pencegahan Covid-19|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2020/03/15/162250323/panduan-mencegah-virus-corona-dengan-social-distancing-apa-itu|title=Panduan Mencegah Virus Corona dengan Social Distancing, Apa Itu?|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> Tuluy di tanggal 23 Maret, Pamaréntah ngagenti istilah ''social distancing'' ku istilah ''physical distancing'' (jaga jarak pisik). Masarakat dipépélingan pikeun jaga jarak minimal saméter nalika di tempat umum, saperti di [[Stasion karéta api|stasion]], halteu, jeung sajabana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/pemerintah-ubah-istilah-social-distancing-jadi-physical-distancing-eG8j|title=Pemerintah Ubah Istilah Social Distancing Jadi Physical Distancing|last=Taher|first=Andrian Pratama|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> Ieu kawijakan sarua kénéh jeung ''social distancing'', pédah ngagenti ngaranna wungkul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/4209786/mahfud-md-physical-distancing-bukan-kebijakan-baru-hanya-ubah-istilah|title=Mahfud Md: Physical Distancing Bukan Kebijakan Baru, Hanya Ubah Istilah|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> === Atikan === Épékna, babaraha daérah ngaliburkeun sakola sangkan siswa henteu kaluar imah sarta ngayakeun ''kegiatan belajar mengajar'' (KBM) jarak jauh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200317142241-20-484195/sekolah-diliburkan-anies-minta-guru-mengajar-dari-rumah|title=Sekolah Diliburkan, Anies Minta Guru Mengajar dari Rumah|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sumeks.co/sekolah-diliburkan-hingga-1-april/|title=Sekolah Diliburkan Hingga 1 April|website=SUMEKS.CO|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407010914/https://sumeks.co/sekolah-diliburkan-hingga-1-april/|archivedate=2020-04-07}}</ref> Salian ti éta, loba universitas anu ngalaksanakeun KBM jarak jauh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sekolah, universitas meniadakan kelas di tengah wabah virus corona|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-51769074|newspaper=BBC News Indonesia|date=2020-03-17|access-date=2020-04-07|language=id}}</ref> Sangkan nyegah sumebarna virus leuwih parah, palaksanaan [[Ujian Nasional]] (UN) tingkat SMA, SMP, sarta SD di taun 2020 bedo dilaksanakeun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200324123710-4-147230/sah-jokowi-putuskan-un-2020-dibatalkan|title=Sah! Jokowi Putuskan UN 2020 Dibatalkan|last=Asmara|first=Chandra Gian|website=news|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4952224/permintaan-maaf-mendikbud-nadiem-saat-un-dibatalkan|title=Permintaan Maaf Mendikbud Nadiem saat UN Dibatalkan|last=Dharmastuti|first=Hestiana|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407010910/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4952224/permintaan-maaf-mendikbud-nadiem-saat-un-dibatalkan|archivedate=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/edu/read/2020/03/25/134233271/un-dibatalkan-nadiem-minta-maaf-dan-apresiasi-siswa-smk|title=UN Dibatalkan, Nadiem Minta Maaf dan Apresiasi Siswa SMK|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> Salian ti éta, palaksanaan UTBK SBMPTN 2020 ogé diundur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200323195512-20-486216/utbk-sbmptn-2020-ditunda-dampak-wabah-corona|title=UTBK SBMPTN 2020 Ditunda Dampak Wabah Corona|website=nasional|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4950594/pandemi-corona-ltmpt-tunda-utbk-sbmptn-2020|title=Pandemi Corona, LTMPT Tunda UTBK SBMPTN 2020|last=Chaterine|first=Rahel Narda|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407010911/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4950594/pandemi-corona-ltmpt-tunda-utbk-sbmptn-2020 |date=2020-04-07 }}</ref> === Ékonomi === [[Mentri Kauangan]] [[Sri Mulyani Indrawati|Sri Mulyani]], nyatakeun yén dampak virus korona kana ékonomi bakal leuwih kompléks tibatan krisis anu kajadian di taun 1997–1998 sarta 2008–2009. Aktivitas ékonomi kaganggu ku sabab lolobana masarakat caricing di imahna séwang-séwangan. Salian ti éta, babaraha pausahaan ngalakukeun ''Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja'' (PHK) ka para pagawéna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20200406193647-532-490944/sri-mulyani-sebut-dampak-virus-corona-melebihi-krisis-1998|title=Sri Mulyani Sebut Dampak Virus Corona Melebihi Krisis 1998|website=ekonomi|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> Angka tumuwuhna ékonomi di Indonésia ira-kiar bakal nurun nepi ka 2.3 persén, malahan mah kamungkinan bisa nepi ka négatip 0,4 persén.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20200401111243-532-489012/sri-mulyani-dampak-virus-corona-berat-ke-perekonomian|title=Sri Mulyani: Dampak Virus Corona Berat ke Perekonomian|website=ekonomi|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20200401104553-532-489008/sri-mulyani-skenario-terburuk-ekonomi-ri-minus-04-persen|title=Sri Mulyani: Skenario Terburuk Ekonomi RI Minus 0,4 Persen|website=ekonomi|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> === Pariwisata === Ku sabab ayana ieu sasalad, babaraha tempat wisata ditarutup, tuluy tempat wisata anu masih kénéh maruka sarepi, balukarna hotél-hotél ditarutup sarta para pagawéna ''dirumahkan''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20200406153200-92-490824/efek-corona-1316-karyawan-hotel-di-lombok-dirumahkan|title=Efek Corona, 1.316 Karyawan Hotel di Lombok Dirumahkan|website=ekonomi|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4209455/sektor-pariwisata-nyaris-tumbang-akibat-corona-covid-19-menparekraf-masih-siapkan-solusi|title=Sektor Pariwisata Nyaris Tumbang Akibat Corona Covid-19, Menparekraf Masih Siapkan Solusi|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] * [[Koronavirus]] * [[Pandémi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Pandémi]] [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] bl2001nesa38avvvyf1n9vearkf55jl 0 99348 731570 731417 2026-11-07T14:29:24Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 /* Sastra */ 731570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Artikel petingan}} [[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]] '''Urang Malayu''' ({{langx|ms|'''Orang Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|أورڠ ملايو}}) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku "Dunia Melayu". Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]]. [[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]] Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 & 60}} Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta. Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 & 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh. Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah "Melayu" parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina "[[Dunya Malayu]]"; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang ("padagang") sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]]. == Étimologi == [[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]] [[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]] Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis "Melayu" ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna "ngagancangkeun", dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}} === Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) === Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah "Melayu" sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}} * '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', "Malaya Dvipa", digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}} * '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}} * '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan "satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由). * '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh "gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna" anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|405}} * '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508045322/https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ |date=2025-05-08 }}. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E., & Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&vq=malai&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q=malai&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.</ref> * '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah "Tanah Malayu"), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]]. * '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kronik éta nyatakeun: "''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''". Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: "Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er".{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}} * '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan. * '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah "kota Malaya" atanapi "bénténg Malaya"), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]]. Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}} === Salaku ngaran étnis (etnonim) === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg | alt1 = Urang Malayu Malaka | caption1 = Cat cai Portugis urang Malaya di Malaka, kira-kira taun 1540, dipidangkeun dina Códice Casanatense. | image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg | alt2 = Pasangan Malayu | caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Malayu, ti ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara taun 1669 jeung 1682 | image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg | alt3 = Tari Joget | caption3 = Tari Joget ti Kasultanan Malaka; seueur aspék budaya Malayu anu asalna ti karaton Malaka }} Kecap "Melayu" salaku étnonim, pikeun nuduhkeun gugusan étnologis anu béda pisan, dianggap geus jadi populer sapanjang integrasi Kasultanan Malaka salaku kakuatan régional dina abad ka-15. Ieu diterapkeun pikeun ngalaporkeun keberpihakan sosial urang Malaka dibandingkeun sareng urang asing di daérah anu sami, khususna [[urang Jawa]] sareng Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Ieu dibuktikeun tina daptar kecap Malayu awal abad ka-16 ku Antonio Pigafetta (anu milu dina pelayaran Magellan), anu ngarujuk kana panggunaan frasa ''chiara Malaiu'' ('cara Malayu') di maritim Asia Tenggara pikeun nuduhkeun ''al parlare de Malaea'' ([[basa Italia]] pikeun "nyarioskeun Malaka").{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}} Numutkeun sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Malayu klasik sering ngagambarkeun urang Malayu dina harti anu langkung heureut tibatan interpretasi modéren; ngarujuk kana téks-téks ieu salaku bukti pandangan ieu:<ref name="Milner2008">{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098 |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} * ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', anu utamina ditulis dina abad ka-17, ngan ukur ngaidéntifikasi urang Malayu salaku subjék Kasultanan Malaka.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Hikayat Patani'', anu dikarang ti taun 1690–1730, ngagunakeun istilah ieu sacara éksklusif pikeun Johor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=Juni 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}</ref> * Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (katelah ogé Sejarah Kedah), anu ditulis dina ahir abad ka-18 atanapi awal abad ka-19, henteu nganggo kecap "Malayu" pikeun ngaranan urang [[Kedah]]. * ''Hikayat Aceh'', anu diperkirakeun ditulis antara taun 1636 sareng 1700, sacara éksplisit ngaitkeun étnis Malayu sareng Johor, tapi henteu ngalakukeun hal anu sami nalika nujul ka [[Acéh]] atanapi Deli.<ref name="Iskandar1958">{{cite book |last=Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803204800/https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-date=2026-08-03 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413 |accessdate=2026-08-11}}</ref>{{rp|2–4}}<ref>See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662}}</ref> Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya ieu parantos ngalaman seueur éditan salami waktos ku rupa-rupa penyalin, anu panginten kalebet bubuka atanapi paningkatan konsép idéntitas "Malayu"; hiji salinan Sejarah Malayu, contona, nampilkeun pupuhu di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] anu nujul kana "turunan kuring", sedengkeun salinan anu langkung énggal maca "rakyat Malayu".{{sfn|Milner2008|p=90–91}} == Budaya == === Basa === [[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]] {{Main|Basa Malayu}} {{See also|Abjad Jawi}} [[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}} Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan. Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59">{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}</ref> panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' ("Bazaar Malayu") atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' ("Malayu Handap"), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' ("Malayu Luhur") Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}} Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku "''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''".{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina. Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/>{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}} Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui. Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}</ref> Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi<ref>{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]]. === Arsitéktur === {{See also|Imah Malayu}} [[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] [[Imah Malayu]] nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular urang Malayu, hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya. Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sareng proporsi anu harmonis kalayan unsur hiasan dianggap masih gaduh nilai budaya anu ageung ku seueur jalmi di daérah éta. Nanging, wangunan-wangunan ieu meryogikeun pangropéa anu signifikan dibandingkeun sareng konstruksi modéren; sapertos tantangan dina ngalestarikeun bahan utama na, kai, tina pangaruh buruk cuaca tropis ogé serangan rayap. Kamampuh ngawangun vernakular ieu laun-laun leungit di [[Malaysia]] sabab kai alami beuki langka alatan deforestasi sajaba ti industrialisasi,<ref name=H>{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}</ref> sedengkeun di [[Indonésia]] tempat tinggal tradisional sapertos kitu masih kénéh aya di daérah padésaan. Sanaos transformasi urban di [[Singapura]] parantos ngaleungitkeun ampir sadaya lingkungan urban Malayu, sababaraha bumi anu nampilkeun arsitéktur vernakular ieu masih salamet, utamina dipusatkeun di pulo lepas pantai Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}} Usaha pikeun ngalestarikeun gaya arsitéktur asli kapuloan Indonésia parantos dilaksanakeun ngalangkungan dokumentasi sareng réplika kreasi di paviliun [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|propinsi]] di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Jakarta]]. Nu boga imah tradisional Malaysia anu masih kénéh aya ogé nyéwakeun imah-imah éta ka studio produksi salaku lokasi syuting pilem sareng iklan, sareng homestay, salaku sumber panghasilan tambahan.<ref name=H/> === Agama === [[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]] Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.<ref name="zaki1">{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}</ref> Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina. Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.<ref name="Syed">{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}</ref> Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.<ref name="Syed" /> Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}} Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}} Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}</ref> sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum. === Festival sareng perayaan === [[Gambar:Majlis Tujuh Likor Pasang Pelita.jpg|thumb|Deretan Pelita (lampu minyak) anu hurung nalika ''Malam Tujuh Likur'' (peuting ka-27 [[Ramadhan]]), lampu minyak ieu sacara tradisional dianggo pikeun nyaangan bumi sareng jalan-jalan nalika Ramadhan. Katingali didieu di Muar, Johor, [[Malaysia]].]] Kamekaran [[Islam]] hasil ngarobah harti idéntitas Malayu dina abad ka-15. Ku kituna, kalolobaan festival sareng perayaan Malayu lumangsung sajajar sareng [[kalénder Islam]], sanaos parantos ngakar jero ku karakter Malayu anu kuat. Peringatan Hari Raya (hartina "Poé Agung") dua kali sataun pikeun [[Aidilfitri]] sareng [[Aidiladha]] dipuji salaku perayaan agung sacara universal di sakumna masarakat Malayu. Dua poé libur ieu penting pisan pikeun méré komentar kana dua kajadian utama sarta filsafat dina ajaran jeung kapercayaan Islam. Anu kahiji nandakeun kameunangan salaku Muslim saatos sabulan [[puasa]]/[[saum]] sareng kasabaran dina bulan [[Ramadan]], sedengkeun anu kadua nyaéta pikeun ngalaksanakeun kurban anu dilakukeun ku [[Nabi Ibrahim|Ibrahim]] (Abraham) kalayan nyebat asma [[Allah]]. Liburan ''Raya'' biasana dimimitian nalika acara mudik anu dikenal salaku Balik Kampung atanapi ''Balik Raya'' anu lumangsung sababaraha dinten sateuacan festival. Salila Hari Raya, urang Malayu bakal ngarayakeun ku ngalaksanakeun solat Hari Raya, ngayakeun pésta ageung sareng nganjang ka réréncangan, baraya sareng tatangga. Ngajugjug ka makam jalmi-jalmi anu dipikacinta anu parantos pupus ogé penting, salaku tanda hormat, kanyaah, sareng kahormatan. [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Plechtigheden bij de kroning van de Sultan van Deli in 1925 op de troon de sultan en zijn echtgenote met aan weerszijden de rijkssieraden TMnr 10001572.jpg|thumb|Upacara penobatan antara Tengku Otteman, salaku ''Tengku Mahkota'' (Putera Mahkota) Kasultanan Deli, [[Hindia-Walanda]]; jeung pamajikanana, Raja Amnah, anggota Royalti Perak salaku ''Tengku Puan Indera'' dina 1925]] Upacara liturgi sareng agama utama anu sanésna anu dirayakeun ku urang Malayu kalebet Ramadhan, bulan suci salami sabulan anu dikhususkeun pikeun puasa siang sareng rupa-rupa kagiatan agama; [[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]], prosesi ageung khusus pikeun ngahargaan kalahiran [[Muhammad]]; [[Asyura]], pangéling-ngéling [[Muharram]] dimana urang Malayu bakal nyiapkeun hidangan khusus, anu katelah ''Bubur Asyura''; [[Nisfu Saaban|Nisfu Syaaban]], perayaan [[Sya'ban|Nisfu Sya'ban]], dinten khusus [[puasa]] pikeun ngahampura; Nuzul Quran, wahyu anu munggaran tina [[Qur'an|Al-Quran]]; [[Isra Mi'raj|Israk dan Mikraj]], naékna [[Muhammad]] ka langit sareng Awal Muharram, Taun Anyar Islam; tilu perayaan anu terakhir biasana dilaksanakeun ku ngayakeun solat ''sunat'' khusus, ceramah agama sareng diskusi Islam di [[masigit]]. Aya ogé seueur festival budaya régional domestik sareng acara sosial dina rupa-rupa lingkungan Malayu. Daérah basisir sacara historis katelah ngayakeun upacara ''Mandi Safar'' atanapi ''Puja Pantai'', nyaéta mandi suci salami bulan [[Safar]] [[kalénder Islam|Islam]], anu mimitina ditiru tina ritual beberesih suci Malayu kuno pra-Islam, mirip sareng tradisi Belimau sateuacan Ramadhan; sareng ''Pesta Menuai'', festival panén anu dirayakeun ku komunitas Malayu pedalaman sareng agraris ku kaulinan tradisional, téater, Joget sareng repertoar tari-tarian sanésna. Nanging, duanana prakték éta laun-laun punah kusabab rupa-rupa révolusi sosial sareng ékonomi anu direkayasa dina komunitas Malayu dina abad ka-20. Salian ti éta, seueur urang Malayu ogé katelah ilubiung dina perayaan kaisar pikeun ngahargaan ka karaton karajaan masing-masing. Fitur-fitur Islam ogé ngahias perayaan Malayu sacara kuat dina tingkat individu, hiji panyandingan anu kabeungkeut kana ritual spiritual salaku Muslim. Urang Malayu biasana ngayakeun ''kenduri'', nyaéta pésta upacara agama pikeun ngarayakeun atawa ménta berkah pikeun hiji acara. Aya sababaraha variasi filosofis tina kenduri, sapertos ''Doa Selamat'' (nyuhunkeun sih kurnia sareng panyalindungan ilahi), ''Kesyukuran'' (pikeun ucapan syukur sareng rasa syukur), ''Melenggang Perut'' (pijet upacara pikeun ibu anu nuju hamil anak kahijina), ''Aqiqah'' sareng ''Cukur Jambul'' (upacara orok anu nembe lahir, pikeun ngarayakeun kahirupan anyar), ''Bertindik'' (upacara tindik munggaran pikeun murangkalih awéwé), ''Khatam'' (upacara wisuda, saatos maca [[Qur'an|Al-Qur'an]] anu munggaran pikeun murangkalih), ''Khatan'' (sunat), ''Kahwin'' ([[upacara adat nikahkeun|pernikahan]]), ''Arwah'' atanapi ''Tahlil'' (doa pikeun jalmi anu tos maot), sareng sababaraha di antarana. Acara ieu biasana diayakeun ku kulawarga sareng sacara tradisional dibantuan ku masarakat dina hiji acara sosial anu katelah ''Rewang'' atanapi ''Gotong-royong''. Salila upacara ieu, sakumna kulawarga bakal dibantuan ku tatangga sareng barayana, masrahkeun rupa-rupa tugas ti mimiti nyiapkeun tuangeun, manajemen tempat, perakitan logistik sareng kontrol téknis anu sanésna. Sanajan kitu, nuturkeun munculna urbanisme dina komunitas Malayu kontemporer, prakték ''Rewang/Gotong-Royong'' laun-laun digantikeun ku jasa katering anu disewa ku kulawarga. === Musik === {{See also|Musik Malayu}} [[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.<ref>Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, & Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. </ref> Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih. Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]]. Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya. Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era "puncak kajayaan" dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira. === Pakéan tradisional === [[Gambar:Busana Melayu.jpg|thumb|Lalaki Malayu dina ''busana Melayu'', gaya tradisional pakéan Malayu]] Pakéan jeung tékstil tradisional Malayu geus terus robah ti jaman baheula. Sacara historis, urang Malayu kuno dicatet ngagunakeun rupa-rupa bahan alami salaku sumber penting pikeun lawon, pakean, sareng acuk. Nanging, dina jaman umumna, nalika nyaksian datangna para padagang mimiti ti wétan sareng kulon ka palabuhan-palabuhan di Kapuloan Malayu, aranjeunna babarengan mésér barang-barang méwah anyar, kalebet katun sareng sutra anu saé. Pakéan-pakéan éta salajengna janten sumber mode Malayu anu luhur sareng ngagaduhan peran budaya salaku idéntitas anu ngiket di Nusantara, khususna di semenanjung, Sumatra sareng daérah basisir Kalimantan.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Dina budaya Malayu, pakean sareng tékstil dihormat salaku simbol kaéndahan, kakawasaan sareng status. Seueur catetan dina hikayat Malayu anu nekenkeun tempat khusus anu ditempatan ku tékstil.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=2}} Industri tenun tangan Malayu bisa dilacak asal-usulna ti abad ka-13 nalika jalur perdagangan wétan mekar dina jaman Dinasti Song. Sebutan ngeunaan tékstil buatan lokal ogé dominasi tenun di Semenanjung Malaya dilakukeun dina sababaraha carita Cina sareng [[urang Arab|Arab]].{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=19}} Di antara tékstil Malayu anu kasohor nyaéta [[Songkét]], [[Batik]], ''Telepok'', ''Limar'', ''Tenun'', ''Kelingkam'', ''Cindai'', ''Pelangi'' jeung ''Tekad''. Pakéan Malayu klasik rupa-rupa di unggal daérah, tapi pakéan tradisional anu paling jero dina jaman kiwari nyaéta Baju Kurung (pikeun awéwé) sareng Baju Melayu (pikeun lalaki), anu duanana diaku salaku pakéan nasional pikeun [[Malaysia]] sareng [[Brunéi]], sareng ogé dianggo ku komunitas Malayu di [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Pilipina]], [[Myanmar]] sareng [[Thailand]]. [[Gambar:HariRayaMalaykids.jpg|thumb|left|Barudak Malayu maké baju adat nalika [[Idulfitri|Idul Fitri]]]] Kecap ''Baju Kurung'', sacara literatur dihartikeun salaku "ngabungkus awak" anu nganggona disaluyukeun dumasar kana prinsip-prinsip Islam ngeunaan karendahan haté, kasopanan, sareng karendahan haté. Prakték ieu sajajar jeung doktrin agama Yahudi-Kristen, sabab memamerkeun [[orat|bagian awak anu intim]] dianggap dilarang dina Islam. Tafsiran éta teras diserep kana cara berpakaian sareng sudut pandang budaya Malayu, ieu tiasa disaksian pisan dina pamaréntahan Mansur Shah ti Malaka dina abad ka-15, sultan ngalarang rahayat Muslim awéwéna di tempat umum ngan ukur nganggo [[sarung]] ti dada ka handap. Sapanjang jaman, Baju Kurung Malayu ngalaman sababaraha kali reinkarnasi sateuacan ngaku bentukna ayeuna. Alatan legana rupa-rupa karajaan Malayu di Nusantara, wangun lokal jeung béda tina pola desain Baju Kurung ogé bisa disaksian di wewengkon, kaasup [[Bengkulu]], Kedah, [[Jambi]], Johor-Riau, Pahang jeung [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Mode baju kurung anu cocog pikeun lalaki katelah "Baju Melayu". Bagian luhur pakean ieu didamel kalayan desain géométri anu ampir sami sareng Baju Kurung sareng umumna dipasangkan sareng lawon tenun anu dikenal salaku sarung. Pola sarung bisa ngawengku simbol status perkawinan jalma éta atawa pangkatna dina masarakat tradisional Malayu.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Pakéan Malayu klasik umum lianna pikeun lalaki nyaéta ''baju'' (kaméja) atanapi ''tekua'' (sajenis baju lengan panjang), ''baju rompi'' (rompi), ''kancing'' (kancing), ''celana'' suku leutik (calana panjang), [[sarung]] anu dianggo di sabudeureun cangkéng, ''capal'' (sandal), sareng ''tanjak'' atanapi ''tengkolok'' (tutup sirah); pikeun bangsawan, ''baju sikap'' atanapi ''baju layang'' (sajenis jas) sareng ''pending'' (gesper sabuk hias) ogé sinonim pikeun dianggo salaku pakéan resmi. Ogé umum pikeun ''Pendekar'' (pahlawan Malayu) ngagaduhan [[keris]] anu diselapkeun kana lipatan hareup sarung. Beda sareng Baju Melayu anu ngan ukur dianggo salaku pakean upacara, Baju Kurung dianggo unggal dinten sapanjang taun ku mayoritas awéwé Malayu. Katingali pagawé sipil awéwé, pagawé profésional, sareng mahasiswa nganggo Baju Kurung mangrupikeun hal anu umum di Malaysia sareng Brunéi. === Sastra === [[Gambar:Hkyt merong mahawgsa.jpg|thumb|Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa dina naskah [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]]. Katelah ogé salaku Sejarah Kedah, ieu mangrupikeun literatur Malayu kuno anu nyaritakeun garis keturunan Merong Mahawangsa sareng ngadegna [[Kedah]].]] [[Sastra lisan]] sareng sastra klasik urang Malayu ngandung seueur potret masarakatna, ti jaman kuno dugi ka jaman ayeuna.{{sfn|Littrup|1996|p=192}} Di antara wangun puisi dina [[sastra]] Malayu nyaéta - [[Paparikan|Pantun]], Syair sareng [[Gurindam]]. Wangun sastra Malayu pangheubeulna nyaéta [[sastra lisan]] sareng subjek utama na nyaéta [[folklor]] tradisional anu aya hubunganana sareng alam, sasatoan sareng manusa. Folklor Malayu klasik diwangun ku lagu jeung musik tradisional, puisi heroik, dongéng sasatoan, carita jurig, kajadian jaman baheula, dongéng, budaya simbolis, mitos, jeung carita bardik. Unggal carita miboga énergi sorangan dina hal karakter, sumanget, latar, jeung carita, sarta seuseueurna dijieun kalawan tujuan pikeun kabagjaan, pituduh, ngadidik, ngélingan, ngajelaskeun, jeung sajabana. Carita-carita folklor éta diapalkeun sareng diwariskeun ti hiji generasi ka generasi salajengna. Dongéng-dongéng ieu réa ogé anu ditulis ku ''penglipur lara'' (tukang dongéng) contona: ''Hikayat Malim Dewa'', ''Hikayat Malim Deman'', ''Hikayat Raja Donan'', ''Hikayat Anggun Cik Tunggal'', jeung ''Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda''. Nalika pangaruh India asup ka Kapuloan Malayu sakitar 2000 taun ka tukang, sastra Malayu mimiti ngasupkeun unsur-unsur [[India]]. Sastra jaman ieu lolobana mangrupa tarjamahan tina sastra jeung roman Sansekerta, atawa sahenteuna sababaraha produksi anu diideuan ku éta, sarta pinuh ku kiasan kana mitologi Hindu. Panginten dugi ka jaman awal ieu tiasa dilacak karya sapertos ''Hikayat Seri Rama'' (terjemahan gratis tina ''[[Ramayana]]''), ''Hikayat Bayan Budiman'' (adaptasi tina Śukasaptati) sareng ''Hikayat Panca Tanderan'' (adaptasi tina ''Hitopadesha'').<ref name="popular science 1899">{{harvnb|Ford|1899|pp=379–381}}</ref> Jaman sastra Malayu klasik dimimitian saatos datangna [[Islam]] sareng kapanggihna [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] (aksara Malayu anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]]). Ti saprak harita, kapercayaan sareng konsép Islam mimiti nyirian tapakna dina sastra Malayu. Batu Prasasti Terengganu, anu asalna ti taun 1303, nyaéta tulisan naratif Malayu pangkolotna anu dipikanyaho. Éta batu diukir kalawan carita sajarah, hukum, jeung roman dina aksara Jawi.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2007 1218">{{harvnb|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1218}}</ref> Dina puncakna, Kasultanan Malaka teu ngan ukur puseur Islamisasi, tapi ogé puseur éksprési budaya Malayu kaasup sastra. Salila jaman ieu, karya sastra Wétan Tengah anu kasohor ditarjamahkeun sareng buku-buku agama ditulis dina [[basa Malayu]]. Diantara karya tarjamah anu kasohor nyaéta ''Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah'' sareng ''Hikayat Amir Hamzah''. Kebangkitan sastra Malayu dina mangsa éta ogé ditulis ku karya sastra homegrown séjén anu diwarnaan ku tasawuf mistis Wétan Tengah, karya-karya Hamzah Fansuri anu kasohor sapertos ''Asrar al-Arifin'' (''Rahsia Orang yang Bijaksana''; Rahasia Nu Wijaksana), ''Sharab al-Asyikin'' (''Minuman Segala Orang yang Berahi''; Inuman Sadayana Anu Gairah), jeung ''Zinat al-Muwahidin'' (''Perhiasan Sekalian Orang yang Mengesakan''; Hiasan Sadaya Anu Satia) bisa ditempo salaku [[adikarya|opera magna]] jaman. [[Gambar:Wayang Kulit Kelantan-Patani.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Wayang Kulit gaya Kelantan-Patani anu nyaritakeun dongéng heroik Hikayat Seri Rama.]] Karya sastra Malayu anu pangpentingna meureun nyaéta Sejarah Malayu atanapi Sulalatus Salatin anu kasohor. Ieu karya disebut "karya sastra Malayu anu paling kasohor, khas, sareng pangsaéna" ku salah sahiji sarjana anu paling terkemuka dina studi Malayu, Sir Richard O. Winstedt.{{sfn|Boyd|1999|p=756}} Tanggal pasti karanganna sareng idéntitas pangarang aslina teu acan pasti, tapi di handapeun paréntah Sultan Alauddin Riaayat Shah III ti Johor dina taun 1612, Tun Sri Lanang ngawas prosés éditorial sareng kompilasi Sejarah Malayu.{{sfn|Jaaffar|Hussain|Ahmad|1992|p=260}} Dina abad ka-19, sastra Malayu nampi sababaraha tambahan anu penting, kalebet ''Kitab Ilmu Bedil'' (Buku Pakarang Tradisional) anu nyayogikeun rinci anu berharga ngeunaan amunisi sareng pakarang tradisional Malayu. Jaman éta ogé nyaksian panggunaan jurnal médis Malayu anu langkung lega, anu katelah ''Kitab Tib''. Karya-karya ieu penting pisan sabab janten rujukan kana élmu pangaweruh sareng téknologi Malayu dina jaman klasik.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kitab Ilmu Bedil – Book of Malay Traditional Weaponry (2016) |date=10 Juli 2016 |website=The Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific |url=http://www.mowcapunesco.org/register/kitab-ilmu-bedil-ms-101-or-book-of-malay-traditional-weaponry-2016/ |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026 |archive-date=3 Désémber 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224429/http://www.mowcapunesco.org/register/kitab-ilmu-bedil-ms-101-or-book-of-malay-traditional-weaponry-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Naskah-naskah Malayu abad ka-19 séjénna ditulis di Sumatra, diantarana ''Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa'' (Buku Pangaweruh Basa) karya Raja Ali Haji jeung ''Perhimpunan Gunawan bagi Laki-Laki dan Perempuan'' (Kompendium Jimat pikeun Lalaki sareng Awéwé) karya Khatijah Terung, garwa Raja Haji Abdullah bin Raja Hassan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musa |first=Mohd Faizal |date=2021 |title=Transcripts of Gender, Intimacy, and Islam in Southeast Asia: The "Outrageous" Texts of Raja Ali Haji and Khatijah Terung |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=219 |doi=10.3390/rel12030219 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }}</ref> Abad anu sami ogé nyaksian parobahan anu monumental dina sastra Malayu ngaliwatan tulisan Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, saurang munshi [[Singapura]] anu kasohor lahir di Malaka.<ref name="popular science 1899" /> Abdullah dianggap salaku urang Malayu anu paling berbudaya anu kantos nyerat,<ref name="popular science 1899" /> salah sahiji inovator pangageungna dina sastra Malayu<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/> sareng bapak sastra Malayu modéren.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2007 1218"/> Karya-karyana anu paling penting nyaéta ''Hikayat Abdullah'' (otobiografi), ''Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan'' (kisah perjalanan anjeunna pikeun pamaréntahan ka Kelantan), sareng ''Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah'' (carita narasi [[haji]]na ka [[Mekah]] 1854). Karyana mangrupikeun inspirasi pikeun generasi panulis ka hareup sareng nandakeun tahap awal dina transisi tina sastra Malayu klasik ka sastra Malayu modéren.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/> === Seni bela diri === [[Gambar:Singaporean female pesilat - 20080222.jpg|thumb|Saurang praktisi silat awéwé ti [[Singapura]]]] Silat sareng varianna tiasa dipendakan di sakumna [[dunya Malayu]]: Semenanjung Malaya (kalebet [[Singapura]]), [[Kapuloan Riau]], [[Sumatra]] sareng daérah basisir [[Kalimantan]]. Bukti arkéologis ngungkabkeun yén, dina abad ka-6, seni tarung formal geus dipraktékkeun di Semenanjung Malaya sareng Sumatra.{{sfn|James|1994|p=73}} Wangun Silat pangheubeulna dipercaya geus dimekarkeun sarta dipaké dina angkatan bersenjata karajaan Melayu kuno Langkasuka (abad ka-2){{sfn|Alexander|2006|p=225}}{{sfn|Abd. Rahman Ismail|2008|p=188}} jeung [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] (abad ka-7). Pangaruh kasultanan Malayu Malaka, Johor, Pattani sareng [[Brunéi]] parantos nyumbang kana panyebaran seni bela diri ieu di Kepulauan Melayu. Ngaliwatan labirin saluran laut sareng kapiler walungan anu rumit anu ngagampangkeun pertukaran sareng perdagangan di sakumna daérah, Silat ngaléngkah ka leuweung hujan anu padet teras naék ka pagunungan. Laksamana Hang Tuah ti Malaka anu legendaris nyaéta salah sahiji ''pesilat'' (praktisi Silat) anu paling kasohor dina sajarah{{sfn|Green|2001|p=802}} sareng bahkan dianggap ku sababaraha urang salaku bapak silat Malayu.{{sfn|Sheikh Shamsuddin|2005|p=195}} Ti saprak jaman klasik, Silat Melayu ngalaman diversifikasi anu ageung sareng ngawangun naon anu ayeuna sacara tradisional diakui salaku sumber [[Penca Silat|Pencak Silat]] Indonésia sareng bentuk Silat sanésna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]].{{sfn|Draeger|1992|p=23}}{{sfn|Farrer|2009|p=28}} Salian ti Silat, [[Muay Thai|Tomoi]] ogé diamalkeun ku urang Malayu, utamina di daérah kalér Semenanjung Malaya. Ieu mangrupikeun varian tina bentuk kickboxing [[Indochina|Indo-Cina]] anu dipercaya parantos sumebar di [[daratan Asia Kidul Wétan]] ti saprak jaman Kakaisaran Funan (68 Masehi). === Seni pintonan === [[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]] Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan. Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}} [[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]] Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}} Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] & [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli. Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009">{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}</ref> [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009"/> Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]]. === Seni visual === [[Gambar:Burung Petala Indera I.png|thumb|Burung Petala Indra, manuk mitos raksasa anu dijieun pikeun parade sunat agung pangeran Kelantan.]] Seni ukir kai mangrupa bagian tina [[seni rupa|seni visual]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacara tradisional ngahias monumen, parahu, pakarang, makam, alat musik, sareng parabotna ku motif flora, kaligrafi, géométri sareng fitur kosmik. Seni ieu dilakukeun ku cara miceun sabagian kai nganggo alat seukeut sareng nuturkeun pola, komposisi, sareng urutan anu khusus. Bentuk seni ieu, katelah ''ukir'', dipuji salaku tindakan bakti para pengrajin ka nu nyiptakeun sareng hadiah ka sasama manusa.{{sfn|Said|2005}} Bentuk seni ieu utamina disababkeun ku lobana kai di Kapuloan Malayu sareng ogé ku kaparigelan para tukang ukir kai anu ngamungkinkeun urang Malayu pikeun latihan ukir kai salaku karajinan. Latar tropis alami dimana flora sareng fauna seueur pisan parantos ngainspirasi motif pikeun digambarkeun dina bentuk abstrak atanapi bergaya kana papan kai. Kalayan datangna Islam, bentuk géométri sareng kaligrafi Islam diwanohkeun dina ukiran kai. Kai anu dianggo biasana tina spésiés kai keras tropis anu dipikanyaho awét sareng tiasa tahan serangan jamur, kumbang boot listrik, sareng rayap.{{sfn|Said|2002}} Imah tradisional Malayu atanapi [[masjid]] biasana dihias ku langkung ti 20 komponén ukiran. Ukiran dina témbok sareng panel ngamungkinkeun angin ngahiliwir sacara efektif ka jero sareng ka luar gedong sareng tiasa ngantepkeun sinar panonpoé nyaangan bagian jero struktur. Dina waktos anu sami, kalangkang anu ditimbulkeun ku panel-panel éta ogé bakal nyiptakeun kalangkang dumasar kana motif-motif anu nambahan kaéndahan dina lanté. Ku kituna, komponén anu diukir ngalaksanakeun tujuan fungsional sareng estetika. ==Kelompok sub-étnis== {{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia|Urang Malayu Singapura|Urang Malayu Brunéi}} ==Tingali ogé== * [[Dunya Malayu]] * [[Imah Malayu]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} == Tautan éksternal == * {{ms}} [http://iyco0.tripod.com/usmanawang.html Puisi Usman Awang mengenai Melayu.] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=29765 Melayu] * {{id}} [http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:lYcg2r-ziWYJ:ccm.um.edu.my/umweb/fsss/images/persidangan/Kertas%2520Kerja/Pak%2520Witrianto.doc+Rumpun+Banjar&hl=id&ct=clnk&cd=139&gl=id&client=firefox-a Modal Sosial dan Pembangunan Manusia Melayu oleh Witrianto, S.S., M.Hum., M.Si dari Universitas Andalas] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{id}} [http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm Bhinneka Tunggal Ika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126030352/http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm |date=26 Januari 2010 }} * {{id}} [http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aW1QL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D= Gerakan Bangsa Melayu Besar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223826/http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aw1ql3fmzvzbuku4ng=== |date=8 April 2016 }} [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Brunéi|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Malayu]] {{Authority control}} {{pondok}} 3hbq9cvzi1a4r81ckk0523sti6m6exz 731573 731570 2026-11-07T15:14:25Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 /* Arsitéktur */ 731573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Artikel petingan}} [[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]] '''Urang Malayu''' ({{langx|ms|'''Orang Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|أورڠ ملايو}}) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku "Dunia Melayu". Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]]. [[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]] Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 & 60}} Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta. Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 & 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh. Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah "Melayu" parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina "[[Dunya Malayu]]"; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang ("padagang") sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]]. == Étimologi == [[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]] [[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]] Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis "Melayu" ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna "ngagancangkeun", dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}} === Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) === Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah "Melayu" sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}} * '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', "Malaya Dvipa", digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}} * '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}} * '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan "satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由). * '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh "gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna" anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|405}} * '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508045322/https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ |date=2025-05-08 }}. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E., & Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&vq=malai&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q=malai&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.</ref> * '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah "Tanah Malayu"), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]]. * '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kronik éta nyatakeun: "''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''". Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: "Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er".{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}} * '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan. * '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah "kota Malaya" atanapi "bénténg Malaya"), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]]. Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}} === Salaku ngaran étnis (etnonim) === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg | alt1 = Urang Malayu Malaka | caption1 = Cat cai Portugis urang Malaya di Malaka, kira-kira taun 1540, dipidangkeun dina Códice Casanatense. | image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg | alt2 = Pasangan Malayu | caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Malayu, ti ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara taun 1669 jeung 1682 | image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg | alt3 = Tari Joget | caption3 = Tari Joget ti Kasultanan Malaka; seueur aspék budaya Malayu anu asalna ti karaton Malaka }} Kecap "Melayu" salaku étnonim, pikeun nuduhkeun gugusan étnologis anu béda pisan, dianggap geus jadi populer sapanjang integrasi Kasultanan Malaka salaku kakuatan régional dina abad ka-15. Ieu diterapkeun pikeun ngalaporkeun keberpihakan sosial urang Malaka dibandingkeun sareng urang asing di daérah anu sami, khususna [[urang Jawa]] sareng Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Ieu dibuktikeun tina daptar kecap Malayu awal abad ka-16 ku Antonio Pigafetta (anu milu dina pelayaran Magellan), anu ngarujuk kana panggunaan frasa ''chiara Malaiu'' ('cara Malayu') di maritim Asia Tenggara pikeun nuduhkeun ''al parlare de Malaea'' ([[basa Italia]] pikeun "nyarioskeun Malaka").{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}} Numutkeun sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Malayu klasik sering ngagambarkeun urang Malayu dina harti anu langkung heureut tibatan interpretasi modéren; ngarujuk kana téks-téks ieu salaku bukti pandangan ieu:<ref name="Milner2008">{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098 |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} * ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', anu utamina ditulis dina abad ka-17, ngan ukur ngaidéntifikasi urang Malayu salaku subjék Kasultanan Malaka.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Hikayat Patani'', anu dikarang ti taun 1690–1730, ngagunakeun istilah ieu sacara éksklusif pikeun Johor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=Juni 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}</ref> * Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (katelah ogé Sejarah Kedah), anu ditulis dina ahir abad ka-18 atanapi awal abad ka-19, henteu nganggo kecap "Malayu" pikeun ngaranan urang [[Kedah]]. * ''Hikayat Aceh'', anu diperkirakeun ditulis antara taun 1636 sareng 1700, sacara éksplisit ngaitkeun étnis Malayu sareng Johor, tapi henteu ngalakukeun hal anu sami nalika nujul ka [[Acéh]] atanapi Deli.<ref name="Iskandar1958">{{cite book |last=Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803204800/https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-date=2026-08-03 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413 |accessdate=2026-08-11}}</ref>{{rp|2–4}}<ref>See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662}}</ref> Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya ieu parantos ngalaman seueur éditan salami waktos ku rupa-rupa penyalin, anu panginten kalebet bubuka atanapi paningkatan konsép idéntitas "Malayu"; hiji salinan Sejarah Malayu, contona, nampilkeun pupuhu di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] anu nujul kana "turunan kuring", sedengkeun salinan anu langkung énggal maca "rakyat Malayu".{{sfn|Milner2008|p=90–91}} == Budaya == === Basa === [[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]] {{Main|Basa Malayu}} {{See also|Abjad Jawi}} [[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}} Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan. Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59">{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}</ref> panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' ("Bazaar Malayu") atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' ("Malayu Handap"), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' ("Malayu Luhur") Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}} Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku "''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''".{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina. Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/>{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}} Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui. Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}</ref> Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi<ref>{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]]. === Arsitéktur === {{See also|Imah Malayu}} [[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] [[Gambar:Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum 1.jpg|thumb|350px|Replika Karaton Kasultanan Malaka, anu diwangun tina informasi sareng data anu diala tina Sejarah Malayu. Dokumén sajarah ieu ngarujuk kana konstruksi sareng arsitéktur karaton nalika jaman Sultan Mansur Shah, anu ngawasa ti taun 1458 dugi ka 1477.]] Rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya, utamana [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], [[India]], sareng [[Éropa]], maénkeun peran utama dina ngabentuk arsitéktur Malayu.{{sfn|Henket|Heynen|2002|p=181}} Nepi ka ayeuna, kai mangrupa bahan utama anu dipaké pikeun sakabéh wangunan tradisional Malayu.<ref name="MC1219">{{harvnb|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1219}}</ref> Nanging, seueur struktur batu ogé kapanggih khususna kompleks agama ti jaman [[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] sareng karajaan Malayu Isthmian kuno. Candi Muara Takus jeung Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Sumatra]] mangrupa salah sahiji conto anu pakait jeung unsur arsitéktur Karajaan Sriwijaya. Nanging, arsitéktur Sriwijaya seuseueurna digambarkeun di Chaiya (ayeuna hiji propinsi di [[Thailand]]) di Semenanjung Malaya, anu mangrupikeun pusat penting nalika jaman Sriwijaya.{{sfn|Chihara|1996|p=213}}{{sfn|Van Beek|Invernizzi|1999|p=75}} Jenis strukturna diwangun ku rohangan sél pikeun nampung gambar Buddha sareng puncak strukturna didirikeun dina bentuk ''stupa'' kalayan teras-terasan anu ditumpangkeun sacara padeukeut, anu mangrupikeun conto pangsaéna di ''Wat Pra Borom That'' di Chaiya.{{sfn|Jermsawatdi|1989|p=65}} Aya ogé bukti kuil Hindu atanapi ''[[Candi]]'' di sakitar Kedah kidul antara Gunung Jerai sareng lebak Walungan Muda, daérah anu katelah Lebak Bujang. Dina lega sakitar 350 kilométer pasagi, aya 87 situs agama bersejarah mimiti anu parantos dilaporkeun sareng aya 12 ''candi'' anu aya di puncak gunung, hiji ciri anu nunjukkeun yén kamungkinan asalna tina kapercayaan Malayu pra-sajarah ngeunaan kasucian tempat-tempat anu luhur.{{sfn|O'Reilly|2007|p=42}} [[Gambar:Pintu Istana Setul Mambang Segara.jpg|thumb|350px|Panel témbok anu dihias ku rupa-rupa motif kembang ti karaton Setul Mambang Segara sapertos anu katingali di Muzium Negara. Setul nyaéta karajaan Malayu sajarah anu aya antara taun 1808 jeung 1915 di Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] Rujukan awal ngeunaan arsitéktur Malayu di Semenanjung Malaya tiasa dipendakan dina sababaraha catetan Cina. Hiji carita ti Cina abad ka-7 nyaritakeun ngeunaan jamaah Budha anu datang ka Langkasuka sareng nyebatkeun kota éta dikurilingan ku témbok anu diwangun menara sareng dideukeutan ngaliwatan gerbang ganda.{{sfn|Jamil Abu Bakar|2002|p=59}} Carita séjén ti abad ka-7 ngeunaan utusan khusus Cina ka Karajaan Bumi Beureum di Semenanjung Malaya, nyatet yén ibu kota éta miboga tilu gapura anu jarakna leuwih ti saratus léngkah, anu dihias ku lukisan téma Budha sareng roh awéwé.{{sfn|Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad Rasdi|2005|p=19}} Pedaran lengkep anu munggaran ngeunaan arsitéktur Malayu aya dina ''Istana'' kai anu ageung milik Mansur Shah ti Malaka (maréntah 1458–1477).<ref name="MC1219" /> Numutkeun Sejarah Melayu, wangunan éta miboga struktur tujuh teluk anu ditinggikeun dina pilar kai kalayan hateup tujuh tingkat anu dijieun tina sirap tambaga sareng dihias ku menara anu disepuh emas sareng eunteung kaca Cina.{{sfn|Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad Rasdi|2005|p=24}} [[Imah Malayu|Imah-imah tradisional Malayu]] diwangun nganggo struktur rangka kai anu basajan. Aranjeunna gaduh hateup anu miring, teras di payun, siling anu luhur, seueur liang dina témbok pikeun ventilasi,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=A. Ghafar |title=Malay Vernacular Architecture |url= http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100610190114/http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm |archive-date=10 Juni 2010 }}</ref> sareng sering dihias ku ukiran kai anu rumit. Kaéndahan sareng kualitas ukiran kai Malayu dimaksudkeun pikeun janten indikator visual tina darajat sareng status sosial nu bogana sorangan.{{sfn|Noor|Khoo|2003|p=47}} Imah Salinger, anu meunang Penghargaan Arsitektur Aga Khan taun 1998, mangrupikeun conto modéren tina desain tradisional ieu.<ref name="Steele 187-188">{{cite book |last1=Steele |first1=James |url=https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0000stee/page/186/mode/2up?q=%22salinger+house%22 |title=The Greenwood encyclopedia of homes through world history: Volume 3 |date=2009 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33791-8 |pages=187–188 |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026}}</ref><ref name="Jantan et al. 16-17">{{cite book |last1=Jantan |first1=Amer Hamzah |url=https://archive.org/details/malaysiasingapor0000mala/page/16/mode/2up?q=%22Rudinara%22 |title=Malaysia, Singapore, and ASEAN in an age of globalisation |last2=Said |first2=Hassan |last3=Bajunid |first3=Ibrahim Ahmad |last4=Ismail |first4=Ibrahim |last5=Talib |first5=Shaharil |last6=Ahmad |first6=Shamsulbahriah Ku |date=2002 |publisher=Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya |isbn=983-2085-42-X |pages=16–17 |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026}}</ref> Salila sababaraha dasawarsa, arsitéktur tradisional Malayu geus dipangaruhan ku Bugis jeung [[urang Jawa|Jawa]] ti kidul, Siam, Inggris, [[urang Arab|Arab]] jeung India ti kalér, Portugis, Walanda, Acéh jeung [[Rumah Gadang|Minangkabau]] ti kulon, sarta Cina Kidul ti wétan.<ref>{{cite web |title=For Sale – CountryHeights |work=The Art of Living Show |date=22 Maret 2011 |via=YouTube |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZCHUMYs2CM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/7ZCHUMYs2CM| archive-date=12 Désémber 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Agama === [[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]] Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.<ref name="zaki1">{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}</ref> Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina. Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.<ref name="Syed">{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}</ref> Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.<ref name="Syed" /> Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}} Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}} Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}</ref> sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum. === Festival sareng perayaan === [[Gambar:Majlis Tujuh Likor Pasang Pelita.jpg|thumb|Deretan Pelita (lampu minyak) anu hurung nalika ''Malam Tujuh Likur'' (peuting ka-27 [[Ramadhan]]), lampu minyak ieu sacara tradisional dianggo pikeun nyaangan bumi sareng jalan-jalan nalika Ramadhan. Katingali didieu di Muar, Johor, [[Malaysia]].]] Kamekaran [[Islam]] hasil ngarobah harti idéntitas Malayu dina abad ka-15. Ku kituna, kalolobaan festival sareng perayaan Malayu lumangsung sajajar sareng [[kalénder Islam]], sanaos parantos ngakar jero ku karakter Malayu anu kuat. Peringatan Hari Raya (hartina "Poé Agung") dua kali sataun pikeun [[Aidilfitri]] sareng [[Aidiladha]] dipuji salaku perayaan agung sacara universal di sakumna masarakat Malayu. Dua poé libur ieu penting pisan pikeun méré komentar kana dua kajadian utama sarta filsafat dina ajaran jeung kapercayaan Islam. Anu kahiji nandakeun kameunangan salaku Muslim saatos sabulan [[puasa]]/[[saum]] sareng kasabaran dina bulan [[Ramadan]], sedengkeun anu kadua nyaéta pikeun ngalaksanakeun kurban anu dilakukeun ku [[Nabi Ibrahim|Ibrahim]] (Abraham) kalayan nyebat asma [[Allah]]. Liburan ''Raya'' biasana dimimitian nalika acara mudik anu dikenal salaku Balik Kampung atanapi ''Balik Raya'' anu lumangsung sababaraha dinten sateuacan festival. Salila Hari Raya, urang Malayu bakal ngarayakeun ku ngalaksanakeun solat Hari Raya, ngayakeun pésta ageung sareng nganjang ka réréncangan, baraya sareng tatangga. Ngajugjug ka makam jalmi-jalmi anu dipikacinta anu parantos pupus ogé penting, salaku tanda hormat, kanyaah, sareng kahormatan. [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Plechtigheden bij de kroning van de Sultan van Deli in 1925 op de troon de sultan en zijn echtgenote met aan weerszijden de rijkssieraden TMnr 10001572.jpg|thumb|Upacara penobatan antara Tengku Otteman, salaku ''Tengku Mahkota'' (Putera Mahkota) Kasultanan Deli, [[Hindia-Walanda]]; jeung pamajikanana, Raja Amnah, anggota Royalti Perak salaku ''Tengku Puan Indera'' dina 1925]] Upacara liturgi sareng agama utama anu sanésna anu dirayakeun ku urang Malayu kalebet Ramadhan, bulan suci salami sabulan anu dikhususkeun pikeun puasa siang sareng rupa-rupa kagiatan agama; [[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]], prosesi ageung khusus pikeun ngahargaan kalahiran [[Muhammad]]; [[Asyura]], pangéling-ngéling [[Muharram]] dimana urang Malayu bakal nyiapkeun hidangan khusus, anu katelah ''Bubur Asyura''; [[Nisfu Saaban|Nisfu Syaaban]], perayaan [[Sya'ban|Nisfu Sya'ban]], dinten khusus [[puasa]] pikeun ngahampura; Nuzul Quran, wahyu anu munggaran tina [[Qur'an|Al-Quran]]; [[Isra Mi'raj|Israk dan Mikraj]], naékna [[Muhammad]] ka langit sareng Awal Muharram, Taun Anyar Islam; tilu perayaan anu terakhir biasana dilaksanakeun ku ngayakeun solat ''sunat'' khusus, ceramah agama sareng diskusi Islam di [[masigit]]. Aya ogé seueur festival budaya régional domestik sareng acara sosial dina rupa-rupa lingkungan Malayu. Daérah basisir sacara historis katelah ngayakeun upacara ''Mandi Safar'' atanapi ''Puja Pantai'', nyaéta mandi suci salami bulan [[Safar]] [[kalénder Islam|Islam]], anu mimitina ditiru tina ritual beberesih suci Malayu kuno pra-Islam, mirip sareng tradisi Belimau sateuacan Ramadhan; sareng ''Pesta Menuai'', festival panén anu dirayakeun ku komunitas Malayu pedalaman sareng agraris ku kaulinan tradisional, téater, Joget sareng repertoar tari-tarian sanésna. Nanging, duanana prakték éta laun-laun punah kusabab rupa-rupa révolusi sosial sareng ékonomi anu direkayasa dina komunitas Malayu dina abad ka-20. Salian ti éta, seueur urang Malayu ogé katelah ilubiung dina perayaan kaisar pikeun ngahargaan ka karaton karajaan masing-masing. Fitur-fitur Islam ogé ngahias perayaan Malayu sacara kuat dina tingkat individu, hiji panyandingan anu kabeungkeut kana ritual spiritual salaku Muslim. Urang Malayu biasana ngayakeun ''kenduri'', nyaéta pésta upacara agama pikeun ngarayakeun atawa ménta berkah pikeun hiji acara. Aya sababaraha variasi filosofis tina kenduri, sapertos ''Doa Selamat'' (nyuhunkeun sih kurnia sareng panyalindungan ilahi), ''Kesyukuran'' (pikeun ucapan syukur sareng rasa syukur), ''Melenggang Perut'' (pijet upacara pikeun ibu anu nuju hamil anak kahijina), ''Aqiqah'' sareng ''Cukur Jambul'' (upacara orok anu nembe lahir, pikeun ngarayakeun kahirupan anyar), ''Bertindik'' (upacara tindik munggaran pikeun murangkalih awéwé), ''Khatam'' (upacara wisuda, saatos maca [[Qur'an|Al-Qur'an]] anu munggaran pikeun murangkalih), ''Khatan'' (sunat), ''Kahwin'' ([[upacara adat nikahkeun|pernikahan]]), ''Arwah'' atanapi ''Tahlil'' (doa pikeun jalmi anu tos maot), sareng sababaraha di antarana. Acara ieu biasana diayakeun ku kulawarga sareng sacara tradisional dibantuan ku masarakat dina hiji acara sosial anu katelah ''Rewang'' atanapi ''Gotong-royong''. Salila upacara ieu, sakumna kulawarga bakal dibantuan ku tatangga sareng barayana, masrahkeun rupa-rupa tugas ti mimiti nyiapkeun tuangeun, manajemen tempat, perakitan logistik sareng kontrol téknis anu sanésna. Sanajan kitu, nuturkeun munculna urbanisme dina komunitas Malayu kontemporer, prakték ''Rewang/Gotong-Royong'' laun-laun digantikeun ku jasa katering anu disewa ku kulawarga. === Musik === {{See also|Musik Malayu}} [[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.<ref>Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, & Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. </ref> Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih. Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]]. Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya. Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era "puncak kajayaan" dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira. === Pakéan tradisional === [[Gambar:Busana Melayu.jpg|thumb|Lalaki Malayu dina ''busana Melayu'', gaya tradisional pakéan Malayu]] Pakéan jeung tékstil tradisional Malayu geus terus robah ti jaman baheula. Sacara historis, urang Malayu kuno dicatet ngagunakeun rupa-rupa bahan alami salaku sumber penting pikeun lawon, pakean, sareng acuk. Nanging, dina jaman umumna, nalika nyaksian datangna para padagang mimiti ti wétan sareng kulon ka palabuhan-palabuhan di Kapuloan Malayu, aranjeunna babarengan mésér barang-barang méwah anyar, kalebet katun sareng sutra anu saé. Pakéan-pakéan éta salajengna janten sumber mode Malayu anu luhur sareng ngagaduhan peran budaya salaku idéntitas anu ngiket di Nusantara, khususna di semenanjung, Sumatra sareng daérah basisir Kalimantan.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Dina budaya Malayu, pakean sareng tékstil dihormat salaku simbol kaéndahan, kakawasaan sareng status. Seueur catetan dina hikayat Malayu anu nekenkeun tempat khusus anu ditempatan ku tékstil.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=2}} Industri tenun tangan Malayu bisa dilacak asal-usulna ti abad ka-13 nalika jalur perdagangan wétan mekar dina jaman Dinasti Song. Sebutan ngeunaan tékstil buatan lokal ogé dominasi tenun di Semenanjung Malaya dilakukeun dina sababaraha carita Cina sareng [[urang Arab|Arab]].{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=19}} Di antara tékstil Malayu anu kasohor nyaéta [[Songkét]], [[Batik]], ''Telepok'', ''Limar'', ''Tenun'', ''Kelingkam'', ''Cindai'', ''Pelangi'' jeung ''Tekad''. Pakéan Malayu klasik rupa-rupa di unggal daérah, tapi pakéan tradisional anu paling jero dina jaman kiwari nyaéta Baju Kurung (pikeun awéwé) sareng Baju Melayu (pikeun lalaki), anu duanana diaku salaku pakéan nasional pikeun [[Malaysia]] sareng [[Brunéi]], sareng ogé dianggo ku komunitas Malayu di [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Pilipina]], [[Myanmar]] sareng [[Thailand]]. [[Gambar:HariRayaMalaykids.jpg|thumb|left|Barudak Malayu maké baju adat nalika [[Idulfitri|Idul Fitri]]]] Kecap ''Baju Kurung'', sacara literatur dihartikeun salaku "ngabungkus awak" anu nganggona disaluyukeun dumasar kana prinsip-prinsip Islam ngeunaan karendahan haté, kasopanan, sareng karendahan haté. Prakték ieu sajajar jeung doktrin agama Yahudi-Kristen, sabab memamerkeun [[orat|bagian awak anu intim]] dianggap dilarang dina Islam. Tafsiran éta teras diserep kana cara berpakaian sareng sudut pandang budaya Malayu, ieu tiasa disaksian pisan dina pamaréntahan Mansur Shah ti Malaka dina abad ka-15, sultan ngalarang rahayat Muslim awéwéna di tempat umum ngan ukur nganggo [[sarung]] ti dada ka handap. Sapanjang jaman, Baju Kurung Malayu ngalaman sababaraha kali reinkarnasi sateuacan ngaku bentukna ayeuna. Alatan legana rupa-rupa karajaan Malayu di Nusantara, wangun lokal jeung béda tina pola desain Baju Kurung ogé bisa disaksian di wewengkon, kaasup [[Bengkulu]], Kedah, [[Jambi]], Johor-Riau, Pahang jeung [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Mode baju kurung anu cocog pikeun lalaki katelah "Baju Melayu". Bagian luhur pakean ieu didamel kalayan desain géométri anu ampir sami sareng Baju Kurung sareng umumna dipasangkan sareng lawon tenun anu dikenal salaku sarung. Pola sarung bisa ngawengku simbol status perkawinan jalma éta atawa pangkatna dina masarakat tradisional Malayu.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Pakéan Malayu klasik umum lianna pikeun lalaki nyaéta ''baju'' (kaméja) atanapi ''tekua'' (sajenis baju lengan panjang), ''baju rompi'' (rompi), ''kancing'' (kancing), ''celana'' suku leutik (calana panjang), [[sarung]] anu dianggo di sabudeureun cangkéng, ''capal'' (sandal), sareng ''tanjak'' atanapi ''tengkolok'' (tutup sirah); pikeun bangsawan, ''baju sikap'' atanapi ''baju layang'' (sajenis jas) sareng ''pending'' (gesper sabuk hias) ogé sinonim pikeun dianggo salaku pakéan resmi. Ogé umum pikeun ''Pendekar'' (pahlawan Malayu) ngagaduhan [[keris]] anu diselapkeun kana lipatan hareup sarung. Beda sareng Baju Melayu anu ngan ukur dianggo salaku pakean upacara, Baju Kurung dianggo unggal dinten sapanjang taun ku mayoritas awéwé Malayu. Katingali pagawé sipil awéwé, pagawé profésional, sareng mahasiswa nganggo Baju Kurung mangrupikeun hal anu umum di Malaysia sareng Brunéi. === Sastra === [[Gambar:Hkyt merong mahawgsa.jpg|thumb|Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa dina naskah [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]]. Katelah ogé salaku Sejarah Kedah, ieu mangrupikeun literatur Malayu kuno anu nyaritakeun garis keturunan Merong Mahawangsa sareng ngadegna [[Kedah]].]] [[Sastra lisan]] sareng sastra klasik urang Malayu ngandung seueur potret masarakatna, ti jaman kuno dugi ka jaman ayeuna.{{sfn|Littrup|1996|p=192}} Di antara wangun puisi dina [[sastra]] Malayu nyaéta - [[Paparikan|Pantun]], Syair sareng [[Gurindam]]. Wangun sastra Malayu pangheubeulna nyaéta [[sastra lisan]] sareng subjek utama na nyaéta [[folklor]] tradisional anu aya hubunganana sareng alam, sasatoan sareng manusa. Folklor Malayu klasik diwangun ku lagu jeung musik tradisional, puisi heroik, dongéng sasatoan, carita jurig, kajadian jaman baheula, dongéng, budaya simbolis, mitos, jeung carita bardik. Unggal carita miboga énergi sorangan dina hal karakter, sumanget, latar, jeung carita, sarta seuseueurna dijieun kalawan tujuan pikeun kabagjaan, pituduh, ngadidik, ngélingan, ngajelaskeun, jeung sajabana. Carita-carita folklor éta diapalkeun sareng diwariskeun ti hiji generasi ka generasi salajengna. Dongéng-dongéng ieu réa ogé anu ditulis ku ''penglipur lara'' (tukang dongéng) contona: ''Hikayat Malim Dewa'', ''Hikayat Malim Deman'', ''Hikayat Raja Donan'', ''Hikayat Anggun Cik Tunggal'', jeung ''Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda''. Nalika pangaruh India asup ka Kapuloan Malayu sakitar 2000 taun ka tukang, sastra Malayu mimiti ngasupkeun unsur-unsur [[India]]. Sastra jaman ieu lolobana mangrupa tarjamahan tina sastra jeung roman Sansekerta, atawa sahenteuna sababaraha produksi anu diideuan ku éta, sarta pinuh ku kiasan kana mitologi Hindu. Panginten dugi ka jaman awal ieu tiasa dilacak karya sapertos ''Hikayat Seri Rama'' (terjemahan gratis tina ''[[Ramayana]]''), ''Hikayat Bayan Budiman'' (adaptasi tina Śukasaptati) sareng ''Hikayat Panca Tanderan'' (adaptasi tina ''Hitopadesha'').<ref name="popular science 1899">{{harvnb|Ford|1899|pp=379–381}}</ref> Jaman sastra Malayu klasik dimimitian saatos datangna [[Islam]] sareng kapanggihna [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] (aksara Malayu anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]]). Ti saprak harita, kapercayaan sareng konsép Islam mimiti nyirian tapakna dina sastra Malayu. Batu Prasasti Terengganu, anu asalna ti taun 1303, nyaéta tulisan naratif Malayu pangkolotna anu dipikanyaho. Éta batu diukir kalawan carita sajarah, hukum, jeung roman dina aksara Jawi.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2007 1218">{{harvnb|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1218}}</ref> Dina puncakna, Kasultanan Malaka teu ngan ukur puseur Islamisasi, tapi ogé puseur éksprési budaya Malayu kaasup sastra. Salila jaman ieu, karya sastra Wétan Tengah anu kasohor ditarjamahkeun sareng buku-buku agama ditulis dina [[basa Malayu]]. Diantara karya tarjamah anu kasohor nyaéta ''Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah'' sareng ''Hikayat Amir Hamzah''. Kebangkitan sastra Malayu dina mangsa éta ogé ditulis ku karya sastra homegrown séjén anu diwarnaan ku tasawuf mistis Wétan Tengah, karya-karya Hamzah Fansuri anu kasohor sapertos ''Asrar al-Arifin'' (''Rahsia Orang yang Bijaksana''; Rahasia Nu Wijaksana), ''Sharab al-Asyikin'' (''Minuman Segala Orang yang Berahi''; Inuman Sadayana Anu Gairah), jeung ''Zinat al-Muwahidin'' (''Perhiasan Sekalian Orang yang Mengesakan''; Hiasan Sadaya Anu Satia) bisa ditempo salaku [[adikarya|opera magna]] jaman. [[Gambar:Wayang Kulit Kelantan-Patani.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Wayang Kulit gaya Kelantan-Patani anu nyaritakeun dongéng heroik Hikayat Seri Rama.]] Karya sastra Malayu anu pangpentingna meureun nyaéta Sejarah Malayu atanapi Sulalatus Salatin anu kasohor. Ieu karya disebut "karya sastra Malayu anu paling kasohor, khas, sareng pangsaéna" ku salah sahiji sarjana anu paling terkemuka dina studi Malayu, Sir Richard O. Winstedt.{{sfn|Boyd|1999|p=756}} Tanggal pasti karanganna sareng idéntitas pangarang aslina teu acan pasti, tapi di handapeun paréntah Sultan Alauddin Riaayat Shah III ti Johor dina taun 1612, Tun Sri Lanang ngawas prosés éditorial sareng kompilasi Sejarah Malayu.{{sfn|Jaaffar|Hussain|Ahmad|1992|p=260}} Dina abad ka-19, sastra Malayu nampi sababaraha tambahan anu penting, kalebet ''Kitab Ilmu Bedil'' (Buku Pakarang Tradisional) anu nyayogikeun rinci anu berharga ngeunaan amunisi sareng pakarang tradisional Malayu. Jaman éta ogé nyaksian panggunaan jurnal médis Malayu anu langkung lega, anu katelah ''Kitab Tib''. Karya-karya ieu penting pisan sabab janten rujukan kana élmu pangaweruh sareng téknologi Malayu dina jaman klasik.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kitab Ilmu Bedil – Book of Malay Traditional Weaponry (2016) |date=10 Juli 2016 |website=The Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific |url=http://www.mowcapunesco.org/register/kitab-ilmu-bedil-ms-101-or-book-of-malay-traditional-weaponry-2016/ |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026 |archive-date=3 Désémber 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224429/http://www.mowcapunesco.org/register/kitab-ilmu-bedil-ms-101-or-book-of-malay-traditional-weaponry-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Naskah-naskah Malayu abad ka-19 séjénna ditulis di Sumatra, diantarana ''Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa'' (Buku Pangaweruh Basa) karya Raja Ali Haji jeung ''Perhimpunan Gunawan bagi Laki-Laki dan Perempuan'' (Kompendium Jimat pikeun Lalaki sareng Awéwé) karya Khatijah Terung, garwa Raja Haji Abdullah bin Raja Hassan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musa |first=Mohd Faizal |date=2021 |title=Transcripts of Gender, Intimacy, and Islam in Southeast Asia: The "Outrageous" Texts of Raja Ali Haji and Khatijah Terung |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=219 |doi=10.3390/rel12030219 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }}</ref> Abad anu sami ogé nyaksian parobahan anu monumental dina sastra Malayu ngaliwatan tulisan Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, saurang munshi [[Singapura]] anu kasohor lahir di Malaka.<ref name="popular science 1899" /> Abdullah dianggap salaku urang Malayu anu paling berbudaya anu kantos nyerat,<ref name="popular science 1899" /> salah sahiji inovator pangageungna dina sastra Malayu<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/> sareng bapak sastra Malayu modéren.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2007 1218"/> Karya-karyana anu paling penting nyaéta ''Hikayat Abdullah'' (otobiografi), ''Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan'' (kisah perjalanan anjeunna pikeun pamaréntahan ka Kelantan), sareng ''Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah'' (carita narasi [[haji]]na ka [[Mekah]] 1854). Karyana mangrupikeun inspirasi pikeun generasi panulis ka hareup sareng nandakeun tahap awal dina transisi tina sastra Malayu klasik ka sastra Malayu modéren.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/> === Seni bela diri === [[Gambar:Singaporean female pesilat - 20080222.jpg|thumb|Saurang praktisi silat awéwé ti [[Singapura]]]] Silat sareng varianna tiasa dipendakan di sakumna [[dunya Malayu]]: Semenanjung Malaya (kalebet [[Singapura]]), [[Kapuloan Riau]], [[Sumatra]] sareng daérah basisir [[Kalimantan]]. Bukti arkéologis ngungkabkeun yén, dina abad ka-6, seni tarung formal geus dipraktékkeun di Semenanjung Malaya sareng Sumatra.{{sfn|James|1994|p=73}} Wangun Silat pangheubeulna dipercaya geus dimekarkeun sarta dipaké dina angkatan bersenjata karajaan Melayu kuno Langkasuka (abad ka-2){{sfn|Alexander|2006|p=225}}{{sfn|Abd. Rahman Ismail|2008|p=188}} jeung [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] (abad ka-7). Pangaruh kasultanan Malayu Malaka, Johor, Pattani sareng [[Brunéi]] parantos nyumbang kana panyebaran seni bela diri ieu di Kepulauan Melayu. Ngaliwatan labirin saluran laut sareng kapiler walungan anu rumit anu ngagampangkeun pertukaran sareng perdagangan di sakumna daérah, Silat ngaléngkah ka leuweung hujan anu padet teras naék ka pagunungan. Laksamana Hang Tuah ti Malaka anu legendaris nyaéta salah sahiji ''pesilat'' (praktisi Silat) anu paling kasohor dina sajarah{{sfn|Green|2001|p=802}} sareng bahkan dianggap ku sababaraha urang salaku bapak silat Malayu.{{sfn|Sheikh Shamsuddin|2005|p=195}} Ti saprak jaman klasik, Silat Melayu ngalaman diversifikasi anu ageung sareng ngawangun naon anu ayeuna sacara tradisional diakui salaku sumber [[Penca Silat|Pencak Silat]] Indonésia sareng bentuk Silat sanésna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]].{{sfn|Draeger|1992|p=23}}{{sfn|Farrer|2009|p=28}} Salian ti Silat, [[Muay Thai|Tomoi]] ogé diamalkeun ku urang Malayu, utamina di daérah kalér Semenanjung Malaya. Ieu mangrupikeun varian tina bentuk kickboxing [[Indochina|Indo-Cina]] anu dipercaya parantos sumebar di [[daratan Asia Kidul Wétan]] ti saprak jaman Kakaisaran Funan (68 Masehi). === Seni pintonan === [[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]] Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan. Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}} [[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]] Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}} Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] & [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli. Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009">{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}</ref> [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009"/> Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]]. === Seni visual === [[Gambar:Burung Petala Indera I.png|thumb|Burung Petala Indra, manuk mitos raksasa anu dijieun pikeun parade sunat agung pangeran Kelantan.]] Seni ukir kai mangrupa bagian tina [[seni rupa|seni visual]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacara tradisional ngahias monumen, parahu, pakarang, makam, alat musik, sareng parabotna ku motif flora, kaligrafi, géométri sareng fitur kosmik. Seni ieu dilakukeun ku cara miceun sabagian kai nganggo alat seukeut sareng nuturkeun pola, komposisi, sareng urutan anu khusus. Bentuk seni ieu, katelah ''ukir'', dipuji salaku tindakan bakti para pengrajin ka nu nyiptakeun sareng hadiah ka sasama manusa.{{sfn|Said|2005}} Bentuk seni ieu utamina disababkeun ku lobana kai di Kapuloan Malayu sareng ogé ku kaparigelan para tukang ukir kai anu ngamungkinkeun urang Malayu pikeun latihan ukir kai salaku karajinan. Latar tropis alami dimana flora sareng fauna seueur pisan parantos ngainspirasi motif pikeun digambarkeun dina bentuk abstrak atanapi bergaya kana papan kai. Kalayan datangna Islam, bentuk géométri sareng kaligrafi Islam diwanohkeun dina ukiran kai. Kai anu dianggo biasana tina spésiés kai keras tropis anu dipikanyaho awét sareng tiasa tahan serangan jamur, kumbang boot listrik, sareng rayap.{{sfn|Said|2002}} Imah tradisional Malayu atanapi [[masjid]] biasana dihias ku langkung ti 20 komponén ukiran. Ukiran dina témbok sareng panel ngamungkinkeun angin ngahiliwir sacara efektif ka jero sareng ka luar gedong sareng tiasa ngantepkeun sinar panonpoé nyaangan bagian jero struktur. Dina waktos anu sami, kalangkang anu ditimbulkeun ku panel-panel éta ogé bakal nyiptakeun kalangkang dumasar kana motif-motif anu nambahan kaéndahan dina lanté. Ku kituna, komponén anu diukir ngalaksanakeun tujuan fungsional sareng estetika. ==Kelompok sub-étnis== {{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia|Urang Malayu Singapura|Urang Malayu Brunéi}} ==Tingali ogé== * [[Dunya Malayu]] * [[Imah Malayu]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} == Tautan éksternal == * {{ms}} [http://iyco0.tripod.com/usmanawang.html Puisi Usman Awang mengenai Melayu.] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=29765 Melayu] * {{id}} [http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:lYcg2r-ziWYJ:ccm.um.edu.my/umweb/fsss/images/persidangan/Kertas%2520Kerja/Pak%2520Witrianto.doc+Rumpun+Banjar&hl=id&ct=clnk&cd=139&gl=id&client=firefox-a Modal Sosial dan Pembangunan Manusia Melayu oleh Witrianto, S.S., M.Hum., M.Si dari Universitas Andalas] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{id}} [http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm Bhinneka Tunggal Ika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126030352/http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm |date=26 Januari 2010 }} * {{id}} [http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aW1QL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D= Gerakan Bangsa Melayu Besar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223826/http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aw1ql3fmzvzbuku4ng=== |date=8 April 2016 }} [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Brunéi|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Malayu]] {{Authority control}} {{pondok}} g2ufgxr0nwhohx21ko455nat760pn75 731659 731573 2026-11-07T23:19:41Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 /* Kaulinan tradisional */ 731659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Artikel petingan}} [[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]] '''Urang Malayu''' ({{langx|ms|'''Orang Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|أورڠ ملايو}}) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku "Dunia Melayu". Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]]. [[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]] Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 & 60}} Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta. Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 & 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh. Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah "Melayu" parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina "[[Dunya Malayu]]"; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang ("padagang") sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]]. == Étimologi == [[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]] [[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]] Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis "Melayu" ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna "ngagancangkeun", dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}} === Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) === Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah "Melayu" sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}} * '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', "Malaya Dvipa", digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}} * '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}} * '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan "satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由). * '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh "gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna" anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|405}} * '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508045322/https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ |date=2025-05-08 }}. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E., & Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&vq=malai&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q=malai&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.</ref> * '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah "Tanah Malayu"), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]]. * '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kronik éta nyatakeun: "''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''". Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: "Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er".{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}} * '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan. * '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah "kota Malaya" atanapi "bénténg Malaya"), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]]. Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}} === Salaku ngaran étnis (etnonim) === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg | alt1 = Urang Malayu Malaka | caption1 = Cat cai Portugis urang Malaya di Malaka, kira-kira taun 1540, dipidangkeun dina Códice Casanatense. | image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg | alt2 = Pasangan Malayu | caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Malayu, ti ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara taun 1669 jeung 1682 | image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg | alt3 = Tari Joget | caption3 = Tari Joget ti Kasultanan Malaka; seueur aspék budaya Malayu anu asalna ti karaton Malaka }} Kecap "Melayu" salaku étnonim, pikeun nuduhkeun gugusan étnologis anu béda pisan, dianggap geus jadi populer sapanjang integrasi Kasultanan Malaka salaku kakuatan régional dina abad ka-15. Ieu diterapkeun pikeun ngalaporkeun keberpihakan sosial urang Malaka dibandingkeun sareng urang asing di daérah anu sami, khususna [[urang Jawa]] sareng Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Ieu dibuktikeun tina daptar kecap Malayu awal abad ka-16 ku Antonio Pigafetta (anu milu dina pelayaran Magellan), anu ngarujuk kana panggunaan frasa ''chiara Malaiu'' ('cara Malayu') di maritim Asia Tenggara pikeun nuduhkeun ''al parlare de Malaea'' ([[basa Italia]] pikeun "nyarioskeun Malaka").{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}} Numutkeun sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Malayu klasik sering ngagambarkeun urang Malayu dina harti anu langkung heureut tibatan interpretasi modéren; ngarujuk kana téks-téks ieu salaku bukti pandangan ieu:<ref name="Milner2008">{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098 |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} * ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', anu utamina ditulis dina abad ka-17, ngan ukur ngaidéntifikasi urang Malayu salaku subjék Kasultanan Malaka.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Hikayat Patani'', anu dikarang ti taun 1690–1730, ngagunakeun istilah ieu sacara éksklusif pikeun Johor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=Juni 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}</ref> * Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (katelah ogé Sejarah Kedah), anu ditulis dina ahir abad ka-18 atanapi awal abad ka-19, henteu nganggo kecap "Malayu" pikeun ngaranan urang [[Kedah]]. * ''Hikayat Aceh'', anu diperkirakeun ditulis antara taun 1636 sareng 1700, sacara éksplisit ngaitkeun étnis Malayu sareng Johor, tapi henteu ngalakukeun hal anu sami nalika nujul ka [[Acéh]] atanapi Deli.<ref name="Iskandar1958">{{cite book |last=Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803204800/https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-date=2026-08-03 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413 |accessdate=2026-08-11}}</ref>{{rp|2–4}}<ref>See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662}}</ref> Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya ieu parantos ngalaman seueur éditan salami waktos ku rupa-rupa penyalin, anu panginten kalebet bubuka atanapi paningkatan konsép idéntitas "Malayu"; hiji salinan Sejarah Malayu, contona, nampilkeun pupuhu di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] anu nujul kana "turunan kuring", sedengkeun salinan anu langkung énggal maca "rakyat Malayu".{{sfn|Milner2008|p=90–91}} == Budaya == === Basa === [[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]] {{Main|Basa Malayu}} {{See also|Abjad Jawi}} [[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}} Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan. Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59">{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}</ref> panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' ("Bazaar Malayu") atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' ("Malayu Handap"), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' ("Malayu Luhur") Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}} Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku "''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''".{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina. Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/>{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}} Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui. Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}</ref> Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi<ref>{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]]. === Arsitéktur === {{See also|Imah Malayu}} [[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] [[Gambar:Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum 1.jpg|thumb|350px|Replika Karaton Kasultanan Malaka, anu diwangun tina informasi sareng data anu diala tina Sejarah Malayu. Dokumén sajarah ieu ngarujuk kana konstruksi sareng arsitéktur karaton nalika jaman Sultan Mansur Shah, anu ngawasa ti taun 1458 dugi ka 1477.]] Rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya, utamana [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], [[India]], sareng [[Éropa]], maénkeun peran utama dina ngabentuk arsitéktur Malayu.{{sfn|Henket|Heynen|2002|p=181}} Nepi ka ayeuna, kai mangrupa bahan utama anu dipaké pikeun sakabéh wangunan tradisional Malayu.<ref name="MC1219">{{harvnb|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1219}}</ref> Nanging, seueur struktur batu ogé kapanggih khususna kompleks agama ti jaman [[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] sareng karajaan Malayu Isthmian kuno. Candi Muara Takus jeung Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Sumatra]] mangrupa salah sahiji conto anu pakait jeung unsur arsitéktur Karajaan Sriwijaya. Nanging, arsitéktur Sriwijaya seuseueurna digambarkeun di Chaiya (ayeuna hiji propinsi di [[Thailand]]) di Semenanjung Malaya, anu mangrupikeun pusat penting nalika jaman Sriwijaya.{{sfn|Chihara|1996|p=213}}{{sfn|Van Beek|Invernizzi|1999|p=75}} Jenis strukturna diwangun ku rohangan sél pikeun nampung gambar Buddha sareng puncak strukturna didirikeun dina bentuk ''stupa'' kalayan teras-terasan anu ditumpangkeun sacara padeukeut, anu mangrupikeun conto pangsaéna di ''Wat Pra Borom That'' di Chaiya.{{sfn|Jermsawatdi|1989|p=65}} Aya ogé bukti kuil Hindu atanapi ''[[Candi]]'' di sakitar Kedah kidul antara Gunung Jerai sareng lebak Walungan Muda, daérah anu katelah Lebak Bujang. Dina lega sakitar 350 kilométer pasagi, aya 87 situs agama bersejarah mimiti anu parantos dilaporkeun sareng aya 12 ''candi'' anu aya di puncak gunung, hiji ciri anu nunjukkeun yén kamungkinan asalna tina kapercayaan Malayu pra-sajarah ngeunaan kasucian tempat-tempat anu luhur.{{sfn|O'Reilly|2007|p=42}} [[Gambar:Pintu Istana Setul Mambang Segara.jpg|thumb|350px|Panel témbok anu dihias ku rupa-rupa motif kembang ti karaton Setul Mambang Segara sapertos anu katingali di Muzium Negara. Setul nyaéta karajaan Malayu sajarah anu aya antara taun 1808 jeung 1915 di Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] Rujukan awal ngeunaan arsitéktur Malayu di Semenanjung Malaya tiasa dipendakan dina sababaraha catetan Cina. Hiji carita ti Cina abad ka-7 nyaritakeun ngeunaan jamaah Budha anu datang ka Langkasuka sareng nyebatkeun kota éta dikurilingan ku témbok anu diwangun menara sareng dideukeutan ngaliwatan gerbang ganda.{{sfn|Jamil Abu Bakar|2002|p=59}} Carita séjén ti abad ka-7 ngeunaan utusan khusus Cina ka Karajaan Bumi Beureum di Semenanjung Malaya, nyatet yén ibu kota éta miboga tilu gapura anu jarakna leuwih ti saratus léngkah, anu dihias ku lukisan téma Budha sareng roh awéwé.{{sfn|Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad Rasdi|2005|p=19}} Pedaran lengkep anu munggaran ngeunaan arsitéktur Malayu aya dina ''Istana'' kai anu ageung milik Mansur Shah ti Malaka (maréntah 1458–1477).<ref name="MC1219" /> Numutkeun Sejarah Melayu, wangunan éta miboga struktur tujuh teluk anu ditinggikeun dina pilar kai kalayan hateup tujuh tingkat anu dijieun tina sirap tambaga sareng dihias ku menara anu disepuh emas sareng eunteung kaca Cina.{{sfn|Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad Rasdi|2005|p=24}} [[Imah Malayu|Imah-imah tradisional Malayu]] diwangun nganggo struktur rangka kai anu basajan. Aranjeunna gaduh hateup anu miring, teras di payun, siling anu luhur, seueur liang dina témbok pikeun ventilasi,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=A. Ghafar |title=Malay Vernacular Architecture |url= http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100610190114/http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm |archive-date=10 Juni 2010 }}</ref> sareng sering dihias ku ukiran kai anu rumit. Kaéndahan sareng kualitas ukiran kai Malayu dimaksudkeun pikeun janten indikator visual tina darajat sareng status sosial nu bogana sorangan.{{sfn|Noor|Khoo|2003|p=47}} Imah Salinger, anu meunang Penghargaan Arsitektur Aga Khan taun 1998, mangrupikeun conto modéren tina desain tradisional ieu.<ref name="Steele 187-188">{{cite book |last1=Steele |first1=James |url=https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0000stee/page/186/mode/2up?q=%22salinger+house%22 |title=The Greenwood encyclopedia of homes through world history: Volume 3 |date=2009 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33791-8 |pages=187–188 |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026}}</ref><ref name="Jantan et al. 16-17">{{cite book |last1=Jantan |first1=Amer Hamzah |url=https://archive.org/details/malaysiasingapor0000mala/page/16/mode/2up?q=%22Rudinara%22 |title=Malaysia, Singapore, and ASEAN in an age of globalisation |last2=Said |first2=Hassan |last3=Bajunid |first3=Ibrahim Ahmad |last4=Ismail |first4=Ibrahim |last5=Talib |first5=Shaharil |last6=Ahmad |first6=Shamsulbahriah Ku |date=2002 |publisher=Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya |isbn=983-2085-42-X |pages=16–17 |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026}}</ref> Salila sababaraha dasawarsa, arsitéktur tradisional Malayu geus dipangaruhan ku Bugis jeung [[urang Jawa|Jawa]] ti kidul, Siam, Inggris, [[urang Arab|Arab]] jeung India ti kalér, Portugis, Walanda, Acéh jeung [[Rumah Gadang|Minangkabau]] ti kulon, sarta Cina Kidul ti wétan.<ref>{{cite web |title=For Sale – CountryHeights |work=The Art of Living Show |date=22 Maret 2011 |via=YouTube |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZCHUMYs2CM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/7ZCHUMYs2CM| archive-date=12 Désémber 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Agama === [[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]] Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.<ref name="zaki1">{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}</ref> Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina. Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.<ref name="Syed">{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}</ref> Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.<ref name="Syed" /> Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}} Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}} Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}</ref> sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum. === Festival sareng perayaan === [[Gambar:Majlis Tujuh Likor Pasang Pelita.jpg|thumb|Deretan Pelita (lampu minyak) anu hurung nalika ''Malam Tujuh Likur'' (peuting ka-27 [[Ramadhan]]), lampu minyak ieu sacara tradisional dianggo pikeun nyaangan bumi sareng jalan-jalan nalika Ramadhan. Katingali didieu di Muar, Johor, [[Malaysia]].]] Kamekaran [[Islam]] hasil ngarobah harti idéntitas Malayu dina abad ka-15. Ku kituna, kalolobaan festival sareng perayaan Malayu lumangsung sajajar sareng [[kalénder Islam]], sanaos parantos ngakar jero ku karakter Malayu anu kuat. Peringatan Hari Raya (hartina "Poé Agung") dua kali sataun pikeun [[Aidilfitri]] sareng [[Aidiladha]] dipuji salaku perayaan agung sacara universal di sakumna masarakat Malayu. Dua poé libur ieu penting pisan pikeun méré komentar kana dua kajadian utama sarta filsafat dina ajaran jeung kapercayaan Islam. Anu kahiji nandakeun kameunangan salaku Muslim saatos sabulan [[puasa]]/[[saum]] sareng kasabaran dina bulan [[Ramadan]], sedengkeun anu kadua nyaéta pikeun ngalaksanakeun kurban anu dilakukeun ku [[Nabi Ibrahim|Ibrahim]] (Abraham) kalayan nyebat asma [[Allah]]. Liburan ''Raya'' biasana dimimitian nalika acara mudik anu dikenal salaku Balik Kampung atanapi ''Balik Raya'' anu lumangsung sababaraha dinten sateuacan festival. Salila Hari Raya, urang Malayu bakal ngarayakeun ku ngalaksanakeun solat Hari Raya, ngayakeun pésta ageung sareng nganjang ka réréncangan, baraya sareng tatangga. Ngajugjug ka makam jalmi-jalmi anu dipikacinta anu parantos pupus ogé penting, salaku tanda hormat, kanyaah, sareng kahormatan. [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Plechtigheden bij de kroning van de Sultan van Deli in 1925 op de troon de sultan en zijn echtgenote met aan weerszijden de rijkssieraden TMnr 10001572.jpg|thumb|Upacara penobatan antara Tengku Otteman, salaku ''Tengku Mahkota'' (Putera Mahkota) Kasultanan Deli, [[Hindia-Walanda]]; jeung pamajikanana, Raja Amnah, anggota Royalti Perak salaku ''Tengku Puan Indera'' dina 1925]] Upacara liturgi sareng agama utama anu sanésna anu dirayakeun ku urang Malayu kalebet Ramadhan, bulan suci salami sabulan anu dikhususkeun pikeun puasa siang sareng rupa-rupa kagiatan agama; [[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]], prosesi ageung khusus pikeun ngahargaan kalahiran [[Muhammad]]; [[Asyura]], pangéling-ngéling [[Muharram]] dimana urang Malayu bakal nyiapkeun hidangan khusus, anu katelah ''Bubur Asyura''; [[Nisfu Saaban|Nisfu Syaaban]], perayaan [[Sya'ban|Nisfu Sya'ban]], dinten khusus [[puasa]] pikeun ngahampura; Nuzul Quran, wahyu anu munggaran tina [[Qur'an|Al-Quran]]; [[Isra Mi'raj|Israk dan Mikraj]], naékna [[Muhammad]] ka langit sareng Awal Muharram, Taun Anyar Islam; tilu perayaan anu terakhir biasana dilaksanakeun ku ngayakeun solat ''sunat'' khusus, ceramah agama sareng diskusi Islam di [[masigit]]. Aya ogé seueur festival budaya régional domestik sareng acara sosial dina rupa-rupa lingkungan Malayu. Daérah basisir sacara historis katelah ngayakeun upacara ''Mandi Safar'' atanapi ''Puja Pantai'', nyaéta mandi suci salami bulan [[Safar]] [[kalénder Islam|Islam]], anu mimitina ditiru tina ritual beberesih suci Malayu kuno pra-Islam, mirip sareng tradisi Belimau sateuacan Ramadhan; sareng ''Pesta Menuai'', festival panén anu dirayakeun ku komunitas Malayu pedalaman sareng agraris ku kaulinan tradisional, téater, Joget sareng repertoar tari-tarian sanésna. Nanging, duanana prakték éta laun-laun punah kusabab rupa-rupa révolusi sosial sareng ékonomi anu direkayasa dina komunitas Malayu dina abad ka-20. Salian ti éta, seueur urang Malayu ogé katelah ilubiung dina perayaan kaisar pikeun ngahargaan ka karaton karajaan masing-masing. Fitur-fitur Islam ogé ngahias perayaan Malayu sacara kuat dina tingkat individu, hiji panyandingan anu kabeungkeut kana ritual spiritual salaku Muslim. Urang Malayu biasana ngayakeun ''kenduri'', nyaéta pésta upacara agama pikeun ngarayakeun atawa ménta berkah pikeun hiji acara. Aya sababaraha variasi filosofis tina kenduri, sapertos ''Doa Selamat'' (nyuhunkeun sih kurnia sareng panyalindungan ilahi), ''Kesyukuran'' (pikeun ucapan syukur sareng rasa syukur), ''Melenggang Perut'' (pijet upacara pikeun ibu anu nuju hamil anak kahijina), ''Aqiqah'' sareng ''Cukur Jambul'' (upacara orok anu nembe lahir, pikeun ngarayakeun kahirupan anyar), ''Bertindik'' (upacara tindik munggaran pikeun murangkalih awéwé), ''Khatam'' (upacara wisuda, saatos maca [[Qur'an|Al-Qur'an]] anu munggaran pikeun murangkalih), ''Khatan'' (sunat), ''Kahwin'' ([[upacara adat nikahkeun|pernikahan]]), ''Arwah'' atanapi ''Tahlil'' (doa pikeun jalmi anu tos maot), sareng sababaraha di antarana. Acara ieu biasana diayakeun ku kulawarga sareng sacara tradisional dibantuan ku masarakat dina hiji acara sosial anu katelah ''Rewang'' atanapi ''Gotong-royong''. Salila upacara ieu, sakumna kulawarga bakal dibantuan ku tatangga sareng barayana, masrahkeun rupa-rupa tugas ti mimiti nyiapkeun tuangeun, manajemen tempat, perakitan logistik sareng kontrol téknis anu sanésna. Sanajan kitu, nuturkeun munculna urbanisme dina komunitas Malayu kontemporer, prakték ''Rewang/Gotong-Royong'' laun-laun digantikeun ku jasa katering anu disewa ku kulawarga. === Kaulinan tradisional === [[Gambar:Finished wau and wau frame.JPG|thumb|right|Bengkel tukang nyieun Wau di Kelantan, Malaysia. Jenis layangan anéh ieu bisa kapanggih di basisir kalér-wétaneun Semenanjung Malaya.]] Kaulinan tradisional Malayu biasana meryogikeun kamampuan karajinan sareng ketangkasan manual sareng tiasa dilacak asal-usulna ti saprak jaman Kasultanan Malaka. ''Sepak Raga'' jeung [[langlayangan|ngapungkeun layangan]] kaasup kana kaulinan tradisional anu disebutkeun dina Sejarah Malayu anu dicoo ku para bangsawan jeung karajaan kasultanan Malayu.{{sfn|Leyden|1821|p=261}}{{sfn|Lockard|2009|p=48}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=1357}} ''Sepak Raga'' nyaéta salah sahiji kaulinan Malayu anu pang populerna sareng parantos dimaénkeun salami mangabad-abad. Sacara tradisional, sepak raga dimaénkeun sacara bunderan ku cara najong sareng ngajaga bal rotan tetep luhur nganggo bagian awak mana waé kecuali panangan sareng leungeun. Ayeuna diaku salaku olahraga{{sfn|Ziegler|1972|p=41}}{{sfn|McNair|2002|p=104}} nasional [[Malaysia]] sareng dimaénkeun dina acara olahraga internasional sapertos Asian Games sareng Southeast Asian Games. Kaulinan populér séjénna nyaéta [[papanggalan|''Gasing'' muter]] anu biasana dicoo saatos usum panén. Diperlukeun kaparigelan karajinan anu hébat pikeun ngahasilkeun ''Gasing'' (puncak) anu paling kompetitif, sababaraha di antarana diputer salami dua jam sakaligus.<ref name="Alexander 2006 51">{{harvnb|Alexander|2006|p=51}}</ref> Kamungkinan kaulinan Malayu anu paling populér nyaéta ''Wau'' (jenis layangan unik ti basisir wétan Semenanjung Malaya) atanapi ngapungkeun layangan. Kompetisi ngapungkeun wau lumangsung sareng juri masihan poin pikeun karajinan (''Wau'' nyaéta objék anu éndah sareng warna-warni anu dipasang dina pigura awi), sora (sadaya layangan Malayu dirancang pikeun nyiptakeun sora khusus nalika diayun-ayun ku angin) sareng jangkungna.<ref name="Alexander 2006 51"/> Urang Malayu ogé gaduh varian kaulinan papan Mancala anu katelah [[Congklak|Congkak]]. Kaulinan ieu dimaénkeun ku cara mindahkeun batu, kelereng, manik-manik, atawa cangkang ngurilingan papan kai anu diwangun ku dua belas liang atawa leuwih. Mancala diaku salaku kaulinan pangkolotna di dunya sareng tiasa dilacak asal-usulna ti saprak Mesir Kuno. Sabot kaulinan ieu sumebar ka sakuliah dunya, unggal budaya geus nimukeun variasi sorangan kaasup urang Malayu.{{sfn|Alexander|2006|p=52}} === Musik === {{See also|Musik Malayu}} [[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.<ref>Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, & Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. </ref> Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih. Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]]. Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya. Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era "puncak kajayaan" dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira. === Pakéan tradisional === [[Gambar:Busana Melayu.jpg|thumb|Lalaki Malayu dina ''busana Melayu'', gaya tradisional pakéan Malayu]] Pakéan jeung tékstil tradisional Malayu geus terus robah ti jaman baheula. Sacara historis, urang Malayu kuno dicatet ngagunakeun rupa-rupa bahan alami salaku sumber penting pikeun lawon, pakean, sareng acuk. Nanging, dina jaman umumna, nalika nyaksian datangna para padagang mimiti ti wétan sareng kulon ka palabuhan-palabuhan di Kapuloan Malayu, aranjeunna babarengan mésér barang-barang méwah anyar, kalebet katun sareng sutra anu saé. Pakéan-pakéan éta salajengna janten sumber mode Malayu anu luhur sareng ngagaduhan peran budaya salaku idéntitas anu ngiket di Nusantara, khususna di semenanjung, Sumatra sareng daérah basisir Kalimantan.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Dina budaya Malayu, pakean sareng tékstil dihormat salaku simbol kaéndahan, kakawasaan sareng status. Seueur catetan dina hikayat Malayu anu nekenkeun tempat khusus anu ditempatan ku tékstil.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=2}} Industri tenun tangan Malayu bisa dilacak asal-usulna ti abad ka-13 nalika jalur perdagangan wétan mekar dina jaman Dinasti Song. Sebutan ngeunaan tékstil buatan lokal ogé dominasi tenun di Semenanjung Malaya dilakukeun dina sababaraha carita Cina sareng [[urang Arab|Arab]].{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=19}} Di antara tékstil Malayu anu kasohor nyaéta [[Songkét]], [[Batik]], ''Telepok'', ''Limar'', ''Tenun'', ''Kelingkam'', ''Cindai'', ''Pelangi'' jeung ''Tekad''. Pakéan Malayu klasik rupa-rupa di unggal daérah, tapi pakéan tradisional anu paling jero dina jaman kiwari nyaéta Baju Kurung (pikeun awéwé) sareng Baju Melayu (pikeun lalaki), anu duanana diaku salaku pakéan nasional pikeun [[Malaysia]] sareng [[Brunéi]], sareng ogé dianggo ku komunitas Malayu di [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Pilipina]], [[Myanmar]] sareng [[Thailand]]. [[Gambar:HariRayaMalaykids.jpg|thumb|left|Barudak Malayu maké baju adat nalika [[Idulfitri|Idul Fitri]]]] Kecap ''Baju Kurung'', sacara literatur dihartikeun salaku "ngabungkus awak" anu nganggona disaluyukeun dumasar kana prinsip-prinsip Islam ngeunaan karendahan haté, kasopanan, sareng karendahan haté. Prakték ieu sajajar jeung doktrin agama Yahudi-Kristen, sabab memamerkeun [[orat|bagian awak anu intim]] dianggap dilarang dina Islam. Tafsiran éta teras diserep kana cara berpakaian sareng sudut pandang budaya Malayu, ieu tiasa disaksian pisan dina pamaréntahan Mansur Shah ti Malaka dina abad ka-15, sultan ngalarang rahayat Muslim awéwéna di tempat umum ngan ukur nganggo [[sarung]] ti dada ka handap. Sapanjang jaman, Baju Kurung Malayu ngalaman sababaraha kali reinkarnasi sateuacan ngaku bentukna ayeuna. Alatan legana rupa-rupa karajaan Malayu di Nusantara, wangun lokal jeung béda tina pola desain Baju Kurung ogé bisa disaksian di wewengkon, kaasup [[Bengkulu]], Kedah, [[Jambi]], Johor-Riau, Pahang jeung [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Mode baju kurung anu cocog pikeun lalaki katelah "Baju Melayu". Bagian luhur pakean ieu didamel kalayan desain géométri anu ampir sami sareng Baju Kurung sareng umumna dipasangkan sareng lawon tenun anu dikenal salaku sarung. Pola sarung bisa ngawengku simbol status perkawinan jalma éta atawa pangkatna dina masarakat tradisional Malayu.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Pakéan Malayu klasik umum lianna pikeun lalaki nyaéta ''baju'' (kaméja) atanapi ''tekua'' (sajenis baju lengan panjang), ''baju rompi'' (rompi), ''kancing'' (kancing), ''celana'' suku leutik (calana panjang), [[sarung]] anu dianggo di sabudeureun cangkéng, ''capal'' (sandal), sareng ''tanjak'' atanapi ''tengkolok'' (tutup sirah); pikeun bangsawan, ''baju sikap'' atanapi ''baju layang'' (sajenis jas) sareng ''pending'' (gesper sabuk hias) ogé sinonim pikeun dianggo salaku pakéan resmi. Ogé umum pikeun ''Pendekar'' (pahlawan Malayu) ngagaduhan [[keris]] anu diselapkeun kana lipatan hareup sarung. Beda sareng Baju Melayu anu ngan ukur dianggo salaku pakean upacara, Baju Kurung dianggo unggal dinten sapanjang taun ku mayoritas awéwé Malayu. Katingali pagawé sipil awéwé, pagawé profésional, sareng mahasiswa nganggo Baju Kurung mangrupikeun hal anu umum di Malaysia sareng Brunéi. === Sastra === [[Gambar:Hkyt merong mahawgsa.jpg|thumb|Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa dina naskah [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]]. Katelah ogé salaku Sejarah Kedah, ieu mangrupikeun literatur Malayu kuno anu nyaritakeun garis keturunan Merong Mahawangsa sareng ngadegna [[Kedah]].]] [[Sastra lisan]] sareng sastra klasik urang Malayu ngandung seueur potret masarakatna, ti jaman kuno dugi ka jaman ayeuna.{{sfn|Littrup|1996|p=192}} Di antara wangun puisi dina [[sastra]] Malayu nyaéta - [[Paparikan|Pantun]], Syair sareng [[Gurindam]]. Wangun sastra Malayu pangheubeulna nyaéta [[sastra lisan]] sareng subjek utama na nyaéta [[folklor]] tradisional anu aya hubunganana sareng alam, sasatoan sareng manusa. Folklor Malayu klasik diwangun ku lagu jeung musik tradisional, puisi heroik, dongéng sasatoan, carita jurig, kajadian jaman baheula, dongéng, budaya simbolis, mitos, jeung carita bardik. Unggal carita miboga énergi sorangan dina hal karakter, sumanget, latar, jeung carita, sarta seuseueurna dijieun kalawan tujuan pikeun kabagjaan, pituduh, ngadidik, ngélingan, ngajelaskeun, jeung sajabana. Carita-carita folklor éta diapalkeun sareng diwariskeun ti hiji generasi ka generasi salajengna. Dongéng-dongéng ieu réa ogé anu ditulis ku ''penglipur lara'' (tukang dongéng) contona: ''Hikayat Malim Dewa'', ''Hikayat Malim Deman'', ''Hikayat Raja Donan'', ''Hikayat Anggun Cik Tunggal'', jeung ''Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda''. Nalika pangaruh India asup ka Kapuloan Malayu sakitar 2000 taun ka tukang, sastra Malayu mimiti ngasupkeun unsur-unsur [[India]]. Sastra jaman ieu lolobana mangrupa tarjamahan tina sastra jeung roman Sansekerta, atawa sahenteuna sababaraha produksi anu diideuan ku éta, sarta pinuh ku kiasan kana mitologi Hindu. Panginten dugi ka jaman awal ieu tiasa dilacak karya sapertos ''Hikayat Seri Rama'' (terjemahan gratis tina ''[[Ramayana]]''), ''Hikayat Bayan Budiman'' (adaptasi tina Śukasaptati) sareng ''Hikayat Panca Tanderan'' (adaptasi tina ''Hitopadesha'').<ref name="popular science 1899">{{harvnb|Ford|1899|pp=379–381}}</ref> Jaman sastra Malayu klasik dimimitian saatos datangna [[Islam]] sareng kapanggihna [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] (aksara Malayu anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]]). Ti saprak harita, kapercayaan sareng konsép Islam mimiti nyirian tapakna dina sastra Malayu. Batu Prasasti Terengganu, anu asalna ti taun 1303, nyaéta tulisan naratif Malayu pangkolotna anu dipikanyaho. Éta batu diukir kalawan carita sajarah, hukum, jeung roman dina aksara Jawi.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2007 1218">{{harvnb|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1218}}</ref> Dina puncakna, Kasultanan Malaka teu ngan ukur puseur Islamisasi, tapi ogé puseur éksprési budaya Malayu kaasup sastra. Salila jaman ieu, karya sastra Wétan Tengah anu kasohor ditarjamahkeun sareng buku-buku agama ditulis dina [[basa Malayu]]. Diantara karya tarjamah anu kasohor nyaéta ''Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah'' sareng ''Hikayat Amir Hamzah''. Kebangkitan sastra Malayu dina mangsa éta ogé ditulis ku karya sastra homegrown séjén anu diwarnaan ku tasawuf mistis Wétan Tengah, karya-karya Hamzah Fansuri anu kasohor sapertos ''Asrar al-Arifin'' (''Rahsia Orang yang Bijaksana''; Rahasia Nu Wijaksana), ''Sharab al-Asyikin'' (''Minuman Segala Orang yang Berahi''; Inuman Sadayana Anu Gairah), jeung ''Zinat al-Muwahidin'' (''Perhiasan Sekalian Orang yang Mengesakan''; Hiasan Sadaya Anu Satia) bisa ditempo salaku [[adikarya|opera magna]] jaman. [[Gambar:Wayang Kulit Kelantan-Patani.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Wayang Kulit gaya Kelantan-Patani anu nyaritakeun dongéng heroik Hikayat Seri Rama.]] Karya sastra Malayu anu pangpentingna meureun nyaéta Sejarah Malayu atanapi Sulalatus Salatin anu kasohor. Ieu karya disebut "karya sastra Malayu anu paling kasohor, khas, sareng pangsaéna" ku salah sahiji sarjana anu paling terkemuka dina studi Malayu, Sir Richard O. Winstedt.{{sfn|Boyd|1999|p=756}} Tanggal pasti karanganna sareng idéntitas pangarang aslina teu acan pasti, tapi di handapeun paréntah Sultan Alauddin Riaayat Shah III ti Johor dina taun 1612, Tun Sri Lanang ngawas prosés éditorial sareng kompilasi Sejarah Malayu.{{sfn|Jaaffar|Hussain|Ahmad|1992|p=260}} Dina abad ka-19, sastra Malayu nampi sababaraha tambahan anu penting, kalebet ''Kitab Ilmu Bedil'' (Buku Pakarang Tradisional) anu nyayogikeun rinci anu berharga ngeunaan amunisi sareng pakarang tradisional Malayu. Jaman éta ogé nyaksian panggunaan jurnal médis Malayu anu langkung lega, anu katelah ''Kitab Tib''. Karya-karya ieu penting pisan sabab janten rujukan kana élmu pangaweruh sareng téknologi Malayu dina jaman klasik.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kitab Ilmu Bedil – Book of Malay Traditional Weaponry (2016) |date=10 Juli 2016 |website=The Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific |url=http://www.mowcapunesco.org/register/kitab-ilmu-bedil-ms-101-or-book-of-malay-traditional-weaponry-2016/ |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026 |archive-date=3 Désémber 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224429/http://www.mowcapunesco.org/register/kitab-ilmu-bedil-ms-101-or-book-of-malay-traditional-weaponry-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Naskah-naskah Malayu abad ka-19 séjénna ditulis di Sumatra, diantarana ''Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa'' (Buku Pangaweruh Basa) karya Raja Ali Haji jeung ''Perhimpunan Gunawan bagi Laki-Laki dan Perempuan'' (Kompendium Jimat pikeun Lalaki sareng Awéwé) karya Khatijah Terung, garwa Raja Haji Abdullah bin Raja Hassan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musa |first=Mohd Faizal |date=2021 |title=Transcripts of Gender, Intimacy, and Islam in Southeast Asia: The "Outrageous" Texts of Raja Ali Haji and Khatijah Terung |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=219 |doi=10.3390/rel12030219 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }}</ref> Abad anu sami ogé nyaksian parobahan anu monumental dina sastra Malayu ngaliwatan tulisan Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, saurang munshi [[Singapura]] anu kasohor lahir di Malaka.<ref name="popular science 1899" /> Abdullah dianggap salaku urang Malayu anu paling berbudaya anu kantos nyerat,<ref name="popular science 1899" /> salah sahiji inovator pangageungna dina sastra Malayu<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/> sareng bapak sastra Malayu modéren.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2007 1218"/> Karya-karyana anu paling penting nyaéta ''Hikayat Abdullah'' (otobiografi), ''Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan'' (kisah perjalanan anjeunna pikeun pamaréntahan ka Kelantan), sareng ''Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah'' (carita narasi [[haji]]na ka [[Mekah]] 1854). Karyana mangrupikeun inspirasi pikeun generasi panulis ka hareup sareng nandakeun tahap awal dina transisi tina sastra Malayu klasik ka sastra Malayu modéren.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/> === Seni bela diri === [[Gambar:Singaporean female pesilat - 20080222.jpg|thumb|Saurang praktisi silat awéwé ti [[Singapura]]]] Silat sareng varianna tiasa dipendakan di sakumna [[dunya Malayu]]: Semenanjung Malaya (kalebet [[Singapura]]), [[Kapuloan Riau]], [[Sumatra]] sareng daérah basisir [[Kalimantan]]. Bukti arkéologis ngungkabkeun yén, dina abad ka-6, seni tarung formal geus dipraktékkeun di Semenanjung Malaya sareng Sumatra.{{sfn|James|1994|p=73}} Wangun Silat pangheubeulna dipercaya geus dimekarkeun sarta dipaké dina angkatan bersenjata karajaan Melayu kuno Langkasuka (abad ka-2){{sfn|Alexander|2006|p=225}}{{sfn|Abd. Rahman Ismail|2008|p=188}} jeung [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] (abad ka-7). Pangaruh kasultanan Malayu Malaka, Johor, Pattani sareng [[Brunéi]] parantos nyumbang kana panyebaran seni bela diri ieu di Kepulauan Melayu. Ngaliwatan labirin saluran laut sareng kapiler walungan anu rumit anu ngagampangkeun pertukaran sareng perdagangan di sakumna daérah, Silat ngaléngkah ka leuweung hujan anu padet teras naék ka pagunungan. Laksamana Hang Tuah ti Malaka anu legendaris nyaéta salah sahiji ''pesilat'' (praktisi Silat) anu paling kasohor dina sajarah{{sfn|Green|2001|p=802}} sareng bahkan dianggap ku sababaraha urang salaku bapak silat Malayu.{{sfn|Sheikh Shamsuddin|2005|p=195}} Ti saprak jaman klasik, Silat Melayu ngalaman diversifikasi anu ageung sareng ngawangun naon anu ayeuna sacara tradisional diakui salaku sumber [[Penca Silat|Pencak Silat]] Indonésia sareng bentuk Silat sanésna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]].{{sfn|Draeger|1992|p=23}}{{sfn|Farrer|2009|p=28}} Salian ti Silat, [[Muay Thai|Tomoi]] ogé diamalkeun ku urang Malayu, utamina di daérah kalér Semenanjung Malaya. Ieu mangrupikeun varian tina bentuk kickboxing [[Indochina|Indo-Cina]] anu dipercaya parantos sumebar di [[daratan Asia Kidul Wétan]] ti saprak jaman Kakaisaran Funan (68 Masehi). === Seni pintonan === [[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]] Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan. Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}} [[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]] Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}} Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] & [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli. Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009">{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}</ref> [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009"/> Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]]. === Seni visual === [[Gambar:Burung Petala Indera I.png|thumb|Burung Petala Indra, manuk mitos raksasa anu dijieun pikeun parade sunat agung pangeran Kelantan.]] Seni ukir kai mangrupa bagian tina [[seni rupa|seni visual]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacara tradisional ngahias monumen, parahu, pakarang, makam, alat musik, sareng parabotna ku motif flora, kaligrafi, géométri sareng fitur kosmik. Seni ieu dilakukeun ku cara miceun sabagian kai nganggo alat seukeut sareng nuturkeun pola, komposisi, sareng urutan anu khusus. Bentuk seni ieu, katelah ''ukir'', dipuji salaku tindakan bakti para pengrajin ka nu nyiptakeun sareng hadiah ka sasama manusa.{{sfn|Said|2005}} Bentuk seni ieu utamina disababkeun ku lobana kai di Kapuloan Malayu sareng ogé ku kaparigelan para tukang ukir kai anu ngamungkinkeun urang Malayu pikeun latihan ukir kai salaku karajinan. Latar tropis alami dimana flora sareng fauna seueur pisan parantos ngainspirasi motif pikeun digambarkeun dina bentuk abstrak atanapi bergaya kana papan kai. Kalayan datangna Islam, bentuk géométri sareng kaligrafi Islam diwanohkeun dina ukiran kai. Kai anu dianggo biasana tina spésiés kai keras tropis anu dipikanyaho awét sareng tiasa tahan serangan jamur, kumbang boot listrik, sareng rayap.{{sfn|Said|2002}} Imah tradisional Malayu atanapi [[masjid]] biasana dihias ku langkung ti 20 komponén ukiran. Ukiran dina témbok sareng panel ngamungkinkeun angin ngahiliwir sacara efektif ka jero sareng ka luar gedong sareng tiasa ngantepkeun sinar panonpoé nyaangan bagian jero struktur. Dina waktos anu sami, kalangkang anu ditimbulkeun ku panel-panel éta ogé bakal nyiptakeun kalangkang dumasar kana motif-motif anu nambahan kaéndahan dina lanté. Ku kituna, komponén anu diukir ngalaksanakeun tujuan fungsional sareng estetika. ==Kelompok sub-étnis== {{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia|Urang Malayu Singapura|Urang Malayu Brunéi}} ==Tingali ogé== * [[Dunya Malayu]] * [[Imah Malayu]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} == Tautan éksternal == * {{ms}} [http://iyco0.tripod.com/usmanawang.html Puisi Usman Awang mengenai Melayu.] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=29765 Melayu] * {{id}} [http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:lYcg2r-ziWYJ:ccm.um.edu.my/umweb/fsss/images/persidangan/Kertas%2520Kerja/Pak%2520Witrianto.doc+Rumpun+Banjar&hl=id&ct=clnk&cd=139&gl=id&client=firefox-a Modal Sosial dan Pembangunan Manusia Melayu oleh Witrianto, S.S., M.Hum., M.Si dari Universitas Andalas] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{id}} [http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm Bhinneka Tunggal Ika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126030352/http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm |date=26 Januari 2010 }} * {{id}} [http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aW1QL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D= Gerakan Bangsa Melayu Besar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223826/http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aw1ql3fmzvzbuku4ng=== |date=8 April 2016 }} [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Brunéi|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Malayu]] {{Authority control}} {{pondok}} q8q1s8i5vv771h45kuia1ckoi3yzqer 731660 731659 2026-11-07T23:20:49Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 731660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Artikel petingan}} [[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]] '''Urang Malayu''' ({{langx|ms|'''Orang Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|أورڠ ملايو}}) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku "Dunia Melayu". Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]]. [[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]] Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 & 60}} Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta. Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 & 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh. Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah "Melayu" parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina "[[Dunya Malayu]]"; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang ("padagang") sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]]. == Étimologi == [[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]] [[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]] Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis "Melayu" ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna "ngagancangkeun", dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}} === Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) === Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah "Melayu" sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}} * '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', "Malaya Dvipa", digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}} * '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}} * '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan "satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由). * '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh "gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna" anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|405}} * '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508045322/https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ |date=2025-05-08 }}. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E., & Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&vq=malai&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q=malai&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.</ref> * '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah "Tanah Malayu"), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]]. * '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kronik éta nyatakeun: "''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''". Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: "Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er".{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}} * '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan. * '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah "kota Malaya" atanapi "bénténg Malaya"), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]]. Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}} === Salaku ngaran étnis (etnonim) === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg | alt1 = Urang Malayu Malaka | caption1 = Cat cai Portugis urang Malaya di Malaka, kira-kira taun 1540, dipidangkeun dina Códice Casanatense. | image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg | alt2 = Pasangan Malayu | caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Malayu, ti ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara taun 1669 jeung 1682 | image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg | alt3 = Tari Joget | caption3 = Tari Joget ti Kasultanan Malaka; seueur aspék budaya Malayu anu asalna ti karaton Malaka }} Kecap "Melayu" salaku étnonim, pikeun nuduhkeun gugusan étnologis anu béda pisan, dianggap geus jadi populer sapanjang integrasi Kasultanan Malaka salaku kakuatan régional dina abad ka-15. Ieu diterapkeun pikeun ngalaporkeun keberpihakan sosial urang Malaka dibandingkeun sareng urang asing di daérah anu sami, khususna [[urang Jawa]] sareng Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Ieu dibuktikeun tina daptar kecap Malayu awal abad ka-16 ku Antonio Pigafetta (anu milu dina pelayaran Magellan), anu ngarujuk kana panggunaan frasa ''chiara Malaiu'' ('cara Malayu') di maritim Asia Tenggara pikeun nuduhkeun ''al parlare de Malaea'' ([[basa Italia]] pikeun "nyarioskeun Malaka").{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}} Numutkeun sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Malayu klasik sering ngagambarkeun urang Malayu dina harti anu langkung heureut tibatan interpretasi modéren; ngarujuk kana téks-téks ieu salaku bukti pandangan ieu:<ref name="Milner2008">{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098 |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} * ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', anu utamina ditulis dina abad ka-17, ngan ukur ngaidéntifikasi urang Malayu salaku subjék Kasultanan Malaka.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Hikayat Patani'', anu dikarang ti taun 1690–1730, ngagunakeun istilah ieu sacara éksklusif pikeun Johor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=Juni 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}</ref> * Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (katelah ogé Sejarah Kedah), anu ditulis dina ahir abad ka-18 atanapi awal abad ka-19, henteu nganggo kecap "Malayu" pikeun ngaranan urang [[Kedah]]. * ''Hikayat Aceh'', anu diperkirakeun ditulis antara taun 1636 sareng 1700, sacara éksplisit ngaitkeun étnis Malayu sareng Johor, tapi henteu ngalakukeun hal anu sami nalika nujul ka [[Acéh]] atanapi Deli.<ref name="Iskandar1958">{{cite book |last=Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803204800/https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-date=2026-08-03 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413 |accessdate=2026-08-11}}</ref>{{rp|2–4}}<ref>See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662}}</ref> Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya ieu parantos ngalaman seueur éditan salami waktos ku rupa-rupa penyalin, anu panginten kalebet bubuka atanapi paningkatan konsép idéntitas "Malayu"; hiji salinan Sejarah Malayu, contona, nampilkeun pupuhu di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] anu nujul kana "turunan kuring", sedengkeun salinan anu langkung énggal maca "rakyat Malayu".{{sfn|Milner2008|p=90–91}} == Budaya == === Basa === [[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]] {{Main|Basa Malayu}} {{See also|Abjad Jawi}} [[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}} Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan. Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59">{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}</ref> panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' ("Bazaar Malayu") atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' ("Malayu Handap"), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' ("Malayu Luhur") Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}} Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku "''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''".{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina. Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/>{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}} Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui. Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}</ref> Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi<ref>{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]]. === Arsitéktur === {{See also|Imah Malayu}} [[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] [[Gambar:Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum 1.jpg|thumb|350px|Replika Karaton Kasultanan Malaka, anu diwangun tina informasi sareng data anu diala tina Sejarah Malayu. Dokumén sajarah ieu ngarujuk kana konstruksi sareng arsitéktur karaton nalika jaman Sultan Mansur Shah, anu ngawasa ti taun 1458 dugi ka 1477.]] Rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya, utamana [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], [[India]], sareng [[Éropa]], maénkeun peran utama dina ngabentuk arsitéktur Malayu.{{sfn|Henket|Heynen|2002|p=181}} Nepi ka ayeuna, kai mangrupa bahan utama anu dipaké pikeun sakabéh wangunan tradisional Malayu.<ref name="MC1219">{{harvnb|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1219}}</ref> Nanging, seueur struktur batu ogé kapanggih khususna kompleks agama ti jaman [[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] sareng karajaan Malayu Isthmian kuno. Candi Muara Takus jeung Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Sumatra]] mangrupa salah sahiji conto anu pakait jeung unsur arsitéktur Karajaan Sriwijaya. Nanging, arsitéktur Sriwijaya seuseueurna digambarkeun di Chaiya (ayeuna hiji propinsi di [[Thailand]]) di Semenanjung Malaya, anu mangrupikeun pusat penting nalika jaman Sriwijaya.{{sfn|Chihara|1996|p=213}}{{sfn|Van Beek|Invernizzi|1999|p=75}} Jenis strukturna diwangun ku rohangan sél pikeun nampung gambar Buddha sareng puncak strukturna didirikeun dina bentuk ''stupa'' kalayan teras-terasan anu ditumpangkeun sacara padeukeut, anu mangrupikeun conto pangsaéna di ''Wat Pra Borom That'' di Chaiya.{{sfn|Jermsawatdi|1989|p=65}} Aya ogé bukti kuil Hindu atanapi ''[[Candi]]'' di sakitar Kedah kidul antara Gunung Jerai sareng lebak Walungan Muda, daérah anu katelah Lebak Bujang. Dina lega sakitar 350 kilométer pasagi, aya 87 situs agama bersejarah mimiti anu parantos dilaporkeun sareng aya 12 ''candi'' anu aya di puncak gunung, hiji ciri anu nunjukkeun yén kamungkinan asalna tina kapercayaan Malayu pra-sajarah ngeunaan kasucian tempat-tempat anu luhur.{{sfn|O'Reilly|2007|p=42}} [[Gambar:Pintu Istana Setul Mambang Segara.jpg|thumb|350px|Panel témbok anu dihias ku rupa-rupa motif kembang ti karaton Setul Mambang Segara sapertos anu katingali di Muzium Negara. Setul nyaéta karajaan Malayu sajarah anu aya antara taun 1808 jeung 1915 di Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] Rujukan awal ngeunaan arsitéktur Malayu di Semenanjung Malaya tiasa dipendakan dina sababaraha catetan Cina. Hiji carita ti Cina abad ka-7 nyaritakeun ngeunaan jamaah Budha anu datang ka Langkasuka sareng nyebatkeun kota éta dikurilingan ku témbok anu diwangun menara sareng dideukeutan ngaliwatan gerbang ganda.{{sfn|Jamil Abu Bakar|2002|p=59}} Carita séjén ti abad ka-7 ngeunaan utusan khusus Cina ka Karajaan Bumi Beureum di Semenanjung Malaya, nyatet yén ibu kota éta miboga tilu gapura anu jarakna leuwih ti saratus léngkah, anu dihias ku lukisan téma Budha sareng roh awéwé.{{sfn|Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad Rasdi|2005|p=19}} Pedaran lengkep anu munggaran ngeunaan arsitéktur Malayu aya dina ''Istana'' kai anu ageung milik Mansur Shah ti Malaka (maréntah 1458–1477).<ref name="MC1219" /> Numutkeun Sejarah Melayu, wangunan éta miboga struktur tujuh teluk anu ditinggikeun dina pilar kai kalayan hateup tujuh tingkat anu dijieun tina sirap tambaga sareng dihias ku menara anu disepuh emas sareng eunteung kaca Cina.{{sfn|Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad Rasdi|2005|p=24}} [[Imah Malayu|Imah-imah tradisional Malayu]] diwangun nganggo struktur rangka kai anu basajan. Aranjeunna gaduh hateup anu miring, teras di payun, siling anu luhur, seueur liang dina témbok pikeun ventilasi,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=A. Ghafar |title=Malay Vernacular Architecture |url= http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100610190114/http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm |archive-date=10 Juni 2010 }}</ref> sareng sering dihias ku ukiran kai anu rumit. Kaéndahan sareng kualitas ukiran kai Malayu dimaksudkeun pikeun janten indikator visual tina darajat sareng status sosial nu bogana sorangan.{{sfn|Noor|Khoo|2003|p=47}} Imah Salinger, anu meunang Penghargaan Arsitektur Aga Khan taun 1998, mangrupikeun conto modéren tina desain tradisional ieu.<ref name="Steele 187-188">{{cite book |last1=Steele |first1=James |url=https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0000stee/page/186/mode/2up?q=%22salinger+house%22 |title=The Greenwood encyclopedia of homes through world history: Volume 3 |date=2009 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33791-8 |pages=187–188 |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026}}</ref><ref name="Jantan et al. 16-17">{{cite book |last1=Jantan |first1=Amer Hamzah |url=https://archive.org/details/malaysiasingapor0000mala/page/16/mode/2up?q=%22Rudinara%22 |title=Malaysia, Singapore, and ASEAN in an age of globalisation |last2=Said |first2=Hassan |last3=Bajunid |first3=Ibrahim Ahmad |last4=Ismail |first4=Ibrahim |last5=Talib |first5=Shaharil |last6=Ahmad |first6=Shamsulbahriah Ku |date=2002 |publisher=Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya |isbn=983-2085-42-X |pages=16–17 |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026}}</ref> Salila sababaraha dasawarsa, arsitéktur tradisional Malayu geus dipangaruhan ku Bugis jeung [[urang Jawa|Jawa]] ti kidul, Siam, Inggris, [[urang Arab|Arab]] jeung India ti kalér, Portugis, Walanda, Acéh jeung [[Rumah Gadang|Minangkabau]] ti kulon, sarta Cina Kidul ti wétan.<ref>{{cite web |title=For Sale – CountryHeights |work=The Art of Living Show |date=22 Maret 2011 |via=YouTube |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZCHUMYs2CM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/7ZCHUMYs2CM| archive-date=12 Désémber 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Agama === [[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]] Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.<ref name="zaki1">{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}</ref> Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina. Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.<ref name="Syed">{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}</ref> Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.<ref name="Syed" /> Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}} Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}} Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}</ref> sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum. === Festival sareng perayaan === [[Gambar:Majlis Tujuh Likor Pasang Pelita.jpg|thumb|Deretan Pelita (lampu minyak) anu hurung nalika ''Malam Tujuh Likur'' (peuting ka-27 [[Ramadhan]]), lampu minyak ieu sacara tradisional dianggo pikeun nyaangan bumi sareng jalan-jalan nalika Ramadhan. Katingali didieu di Muar, Johor, [[Malaysia]].]] Kamekaran [[Islam]] hasil ngarobah harti idéntitas Malayu dina abad ka-15. Ku kituna, kalolobaan festival sareng perayaan Malayu lumangsung sajajar sareng [[kalénder Islam]], sanaos parantos ngakar jero ku karakter Malayu anu kuat. Peringatan Hari Raya (hartina "Poé Agung") dua kali sataun pikeun [[Aidilfitri]] sareng [[Aidiladha]] dipuji salaku perayaan agung sacara universal di sakumna masarakat Malayu. Dua poé libur ieu penting pisan pikeun méré komentar kana dua kajadian utama sarta filsafat dina ajaran jeung kapercayaan Islam. Anu kahiji nandakeun kameunangan salaku Muslim saatos sabulan [[puasa]]/[[saum]] sareng kasabaran dina bulan [[Ramadan]], sedengkeun anu kadua nyaéta pikeun ngalaksanakeun kurban anu dilakukeun ku [[Nabi Ibrahim|Ibrahim]] (Abraham) kalayan nyebat asma [[Allah]]. Liburan ''Raya'' biasana dimimitian nalika acara mudik anu dikenal salaku Balik Kampung atanapi ''Balik Raya'' anu lumangsung sababaraha dinten sateuacan festival. Salila Hari Raya, urang Malayu bakal ngarayakeun ku ngalaksanakeun solat Hari Raya, ngayakeun pésta ageung sareng nganjang ka réréncangan, baraya sareng tatangga. Ngajugjug ka makam jalmi-jalmi anu dipikacinta anu parantos pupus ogé penting, salaku tanda hormat, kanyaah, sareng kahormatan. [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Plechtigheden bij de kroning van de Sultan van Deli in 1925 op de troon de sultan en zijn echtgenote met aan weerszijden de rijkssieraden TMnr 10001572.jpg|thumb|Upacara penobatan antara Tengku Otteman, salaku ''Tengku Mahkota'' (Putera Mahkota) Kasultanan Deli, [[Hindia-Walanda]]; jeung pamajikanana, Raja Amnah, anggota Royalti Perak salaku ''Tengku Puan Indera'' dina 1925]] Upacara liturgi sareng agama utama anu sanésna anu dirayakeun ku urang Malayu kalebet Ramadhan, bulan suci salami sabulan anu dikhususkeun pikeun puasa siang sareng rupa-rupa kagiatan agama; [[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]], prosesi ageung khusus pikeun ngahargaan kalahiran [[Muhammad]]; [[Asyura]], pangéling-ngéling [[Muharram]] dimana urang Malayu bakal nyiapkeun hidangan khusus, anu katelah ''Bubur Asyura''; [[Nisfu Saaban|Nisfu Syaaban]], perayaan [[Sya'ban|Nisfu Sya'ban]], dinten khusus [[puasa]] pikeun ngahampura; Nuzul Quran, wahyu anu munggaran tina [[Qur'an|Al-Quran]]; [[Isra Mi'raj|Israk dan Mikraj]], naékna [[Muhammad]] ka langit sareng Awal Muharram, Taun Anyar Islam; tilu perayaan anu terakhir biasana dilaksanakeun ku ngayakeun solat ''sunat'' khusus, ceramah agama sareng diskusi Islam di [[masigit]]. Aya ogé seueur festival budaya régional domestik sareng acara sosial dina rupa-rupa lingkungan Malayu. Daérah basisir sacara historis katelah ngayakeun upacara ''Mandi Safar'' atanapi ''Puja Pantai'', nyaéta mandi suci salami bulan [[Safar]] [[kalénder Islam|Islam]], anu mimitina ditiru tina ritual beberesih suci Malayu kuno pra-Islam, mirip sareng tradisi Belimau sateuacan Ramadhan; sareng ''Pesta Menuai'', festival panén anu dirayakeun ku komunitas Malayu pedalaman sareng agraris ku kaulinan tradisional, téater, Joget sareng repertoar tari-tarian sanésna. Nanging, duanana prakték éta laun-laun punah kusabab rupa-rupa révolusi sosial sareng ékonomi anu direkayasa dina komunitas Malayu dina abad ka-20. Salian ti éta, seueur urang Malayu ogé katelah ilubiung dina perayaan kaisar pikeun ngahargaan ka karaton karajaan masing-masing. Fitur-fitur Islam ogé ngahias perayaan Malayu sacara kuat dina tingkat individu, hiji panyandingan anu kabeungkeut kana ritual spiritual salaku Muslim. Urang Malayu biasana ngayakeun ''kenduri'', nyaéta pésta upacara agama pikeun ngarayakeun atawa ménta berkah pikeun hiji acara. Aya sababaraha variasi filosofis tina kenduri, sapertos ''Doa Selamat'' (nyuhunkeun sih kurnia sareng panyalindungan ilahi), ''Kesyukuran'' (pikeun ucapan syukur sareng rasa syukur), ''Melenggang Perut'' (pijet upacara pikeun ibu anu nuju hamil anak kahijina), ''Aqiqah'' sareng ''Cukur Jambul'' (upacara orok anu nembe lahir, pikeun ngarayakeun kahirupan anyar), ''Bertindik'' (upacara tindik munggaran pikeun murangkalih awéwé), ''Khatam'' (upacara wisuda, saatos maca [[Qur'an|Al-Qur'an]] anu munggaran pikeun murangkalih), ''Khatan'' (sunat), ''Kahwin'' ([[upacara adat nikahkeun|pernikahan]]), ''Arwah'' atanapi ''Tahlil'' (doa pikeun jalmi anu tos maot), sareng sababaraha di antarana. Acara ieu biasana diayakeun ku kulawarga sareng sacara tradisional dibantuan ku masarakat dina hiji acara sosial anu katelah ''Rewang'' atanapi ''Gotong-royong''. Salila upacara ieu, sakumna kulawarga bakal dibantuan ku tatangga sareng barayana, masrahkeun rupa-rupa tugas ti mimiti nyiapkeun tuangeun, manajemen tempat, perakitan logistik sareng kontrol téknis anu sanésna. Sanajan kitu, nuturkeun munculna urbanisme dina komunitas Malayu kontemporer, prakték ''Rewang/Gotong-Royong'' laun-laun digantikeun ku jasa katering anu disewa ku kulawarga. === Kaulinan tradisional === [[Gambar:Finished wau and wau frame.JPG|thumb|right|Bengkel tukang nyieun Wau di Kelantan, Malaysia. Jenis layangan anéh ieu bisa kapanggih di basisir kalér-wétaneun Semenanjung Malaya.]] Kaulinan tradisional Malayu biasana meryogikeun kamampuan karajinan sareng ketangkasan manual sareng tiasa dilacak asal-usulna ti saprak jaman Kasultanan Malaka. ''Sepak Raga'' jeung [[langlayangan|ngapungkeun layangan]] kaasup kana kaulinan tradisional anu disebutkeun dina Sejarah Malayu anu dicoo ku para bangsawan jeung karajaan kasultanan Malayu.{{sfn|Leyden|1821|p=261}}{{sfn|Lockard|2009|p=48}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=1357}} ''Sepak Raga'' nyaéta salah sahiji kaulinan Malayu anu pang populerna sareng parantos dimaénkeun salami mangabad-abad. Sacara tradisional, sepak raga dimaénkeun sacara bunderan ku cara najong sareng ngajaga bal rotan tetep luhur nganggo bagian awak mana waé kecuali panangan sareng leungeun. Ayeuna diaku salaku olahraga{{sfn|Ziegler|1972|p=41}}{{sfn|McNair|2002|p=104}} nasional [[Malaysia]] sareng dimaénkeun dina acara olahraga internasional sapertos Asian Games sareng Southeast Asian Games. Kaulinan populér séjénna nyaéta [[papanggalan|''Gasing'' muter]] anu biasana dicoo saatos usum panén. Diperlukeun kaparigelan karajinan anu hébat pikeun ngahasilkeun ''Gasing'' (puncak) anu paling kompetitif, sababaraha di antarana diputer salami dua jam sakaligus.<ref name="Alexander 2006 51">{{harvnb|Alexander|2006|p=51}}</ref> Kamungkinan kaulinan Malayu anu paling populér nyaéta ''Wau'' (jenis layangan unik ti basisir wétan Semenanjung Malaya) atanapi ngapungkeun layangan. Kompetisi ngapungkeun wau lumangsung sareng juri masihan poin pikeun karajinan (''Wau'' nyaéta objék anu éndah sareng warna-warni anu dipasang dina pigura awi), sora (sadaya layangan Malayu dirancang pikeun nyiptakeun sora khusus nalika diayun-ayun ku angin) sareng jangkungna.<ref name="Alexander 2006 51"/> Urang Malayu ogé gaduh varian kaulinan papan Mancala anu katelah [[Congklak|Congkak]]. Kaulinan ieu dimaénkeun ku cara mindahkeun batu, kelereng, manik-manik, atawa cangkang ngurilingan papan kai anu diwangun ku dua belas liang atawa leuwih. Mancala diaku salaku kaulinan pangkolotna di dunya sareng tiasa dilacak asal-usulna ti saprak Mesir Kuno. Sabot kaulinan ieu sumebar ka sakuliah dunya, unggal budaya geus nimukeun variasi sorangan kaasup urang Malayu.{{sfn|Alexander|2006|p=52}} === Musik === {{See also|Musik Malayu}} [[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.<ref>Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, & Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. </ref> Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih. Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]]. Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya. Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era "puncak kajayaan" dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira. === Pakéan tradisional === [[Gambar:Busana Melayu.jpg|thumb|Lalaki Malayu dina ''busana Melayu'', gaya tradisional pakéan Malayu]] Pakéan jeung tékstil tradisional Malayu geus terus robah ti jaman baheula. Sacara historis, urang Malayu kuno dicatet ngagunakeun rupa-rupa bahan alami salaku sumber penting pikeun lawon, pakean, sareng acuk. Nanging, dina jaman umumna, nalika nyaksian datangna para padagang mimiti ti wétan sareng kulon ka palabuhan-palabuhan di Kapuloan Malayu, aranjeunna babarengan mésér barang-barang méwah anyar, kalebet katun sareng sutra anu saé. Pakéan-pakéan éta salajengna janten sumber mode Malayu anu luhur sareng ngagaduhan peran budaya salaku idéntitas anu ngiket di Nusantara, khususna di semenanjung, Sumatra sareng daérah basisir Kalimantan.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Dina budaya Malayu, pakean sareng tékstil dihormat salaku simbol kaéndahan, kakawasaan sareng status. Seueur catetan dina hikayat Malayu anu nekenkeun tempat khusus anu ditempatan ku tékstil.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=2}} Industri tenun tangan Malayu bisa dilacak asal-usulna ti abad ka-13 nalika jalur perdagangan wétan mekar dina jaman Dinasti Song. Sebutan ngeunaan tékstil buatan lokal ogé dominasi tenun di Semenanjung Malaya dilakukeun dina sababaraha carita Cina sareng [[urang Arab|Arab]].{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=19}} Di antara tékstil Malayu anu kasohor nyaéta [[Songkét]], [[Batik]], ''Telepok'', ''Limar'', ''Tenun'', ''Kelingkam'', ''Cindai'', ''Pelangi'' jeung ''Tekad''. Pakéan Malayu klasik rupa-rupa di unggal daérah, tapi pakéan tradisional anu paling jero dina jaman kiwari nyaéta Baju Kurung (pikeun awéwé) sareng Baju Melayu (pikeun lalaki), anu duanana diaku salaku pakéan nasional pikeun [[Malaysia]] sareng [[Brunéi]], sareng ogé dianggo ku komunitas Malayu di [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Pilipina]], [[Myanmar]] sareng [[Thailand]]. [[Gambar:HariRayaMalaykids.jpg|thumb|left|Barudak Malayu maké baju adat nalika [[Idulfitri|Idul Fitri]]]] Kecap ''Baju Kurung'', sacara literatur dihartikeun salaku "ngabungkus awak" anu nganggona disaluyukeun dumasar kana prinsip-prinsip Islam ngeunaan karendahan haté, kasopanan, sareng karendahan haté. Prakték ieu sajajar jeung doktrin agama Yahudi-Kristen, sabab memamerkeun [[orat|bagian awak anu intim]] dianggap dilarang dina Islam. Tafsiran éta teras diserep kana cara berpakaian sareng sudut pandang budaya Malayu, ieu tiasa disaksian pisan dina pamaréntahan Mansur Shah ti Malaka dina abad ka-15, sultan ngalarang rahayat Muslim awéwéna di tempat umum ngan ukur nganggo [[sarung]] ti dada ka handap. Sapanjang jaman, Baju Kurung Malayu ngalaman sababaraha kali reinkarnasi sateuacan ngaku bentukna ayeuna. Alatan legana rupa-rupa karajaan Malayu di Nusantara, wangun lokal jeung béda tina pola desain Baju Kurung ogé bisa disaksian di wewengkon, kaasup [[Bengkulu]], Kedah, [[Jambi]], Johor-Riau, Pahang jeung [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Mode baju kurung anu cocog pikeun lalaki katelah "Baju Melayu". Bagian luhur pakean ieu didamel kalayan desain géométri anu ampir sami sareng Baju Kurung sareng umumna dipasangkan sareng lawon tenun anu dikenal salaku sarung. Pola sarung bisa ngawengku simbol status perkawinan jalma éta atawa pangkatna dina masarakat tradisional Malayu.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Pakéan Malayu klasik umum lianna pikeun lalaki nyaéta ''baju'' (kaméja) atanapi ''tekua'' (sajenis baju lengan panjang), ''baju rompi'' (rompi), ''kancing'' (kancing), ''celana'' suku leutik (calana panjang), [[sarung]] anu dianggo di sabudeureun cangkéng, ''capal'' (sandal), sareng ''tanjak'' atanapi ''tengkolok'' (tutup sirah); pikeun bangsawan, ''baju sikap'' atanapi ''baju layang'' (sajenis jas) sareng ''pending'' (gesper sabuk hias) ogé sinonim pikeun dianggo salaku pakéan resmi. Ogé umum pikeun ''Pendekar'' (pahlawan Malayu) ngagaduhan [[keris]] anu diselapkeun kana lipatan hareup sarung. Beda sareng Baju Melayu anu ngan ukur dianggo salaku pakean upacara, Baju Kurung dianggo unggal dinten sapanjang taun ku mayoritas awéwé Malayu. Katingali pagawé sipil awéwé, pagawé profésional, sareng mahasiswa nganggo Baju Kurung mangrupikeun hal anu umum di Malaysia sareng Brunéi. === Sastra === [[Gambar:Hkyt merong mahawgsa.jpg|thumb|Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa dina naskah [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]]. Katelah ogé salaku Sejarah Kedah, ieu mangrupikeun literatur Malayu kuno anu nyaritakeun garis keturunan Merong Mahawangsa sareng ngadegna [[Kedah]].]] [[Sastra lisan]] sareng sastra klasik urang Malayu ngandung seueur potret masarakatna, ti jaman kuno dugi ka jaman ayeuna.{{sfn|Littrup|1996|p=192}} Di antara wangun puisi dina [[sastra]] Malayu nyaéta - [[Paparikan|Pantun]], Syair sareng [[Gurindam]]. Wangun sastra Malayu pangheubeulna nyaéta [[sastra lisan]] sareng subjek utama na nyaéta [[folklor]] tradisional anu aya hubunganana sareng alam, sasatoan sareng manusa. Folklor Malayu klasik diwangun ku lagu jeung musik tradisional, puisi heroik, dongéng sasatoan, carita jurig, kajadian jaman baheula, dongéng, budaya simbolis, mitos, jeung carita bardik. Unggal carita miboga énergi sorangan dina hal karakter, sumanget, latar, jeung carita, sarta seuseueurna dijieun kalawan tujuan pikeun kabagjaan, pituduh, ngadidik, ngélingan, ngajelaskeun, jeung sajabana. Carita-carita folklor éta diapalkeun sareng diwariskeun ti hiji generasi ka generasi salajengna. Dongéng-dongéng ieu réa ogé anu ditulis ku ''penglipur lara'' (tukang dongéng) contona: ''Hikayat Malim Dewa'', ''Hikayat Malim Deman'', ''Hikayat Raja Donan'', ''Hikayat Anggun Cik Tunggal'', jeung ''Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda''. Nalika pangaruh India asup ka Kapuloan Malayu sakitar 2000 taun ka tukang, sastra Malayu mimiti ngasupkeun unsur-unsur [[India]]. Sastra jaman ieu lolobana mangrupa tarjamahan tina sastra jeung roman Sansekerta, atawa sahenteuna sababaraha produksi anu diideuan ku éta, sarta pinuh ku kiasan kana mitologi Hindu. Panginten dugi ka jaman awal ieu tiasa dilacak karya sapertos ''Hikayat Seri Rama'' (terjemahan gratis tina ''[[Ramayana]]''), ''Hikayat Bayan Budiman'' (adaptasi tina Śukasaptati) sareng ''Hikayat Panca Tanderan'' (adaptasi tina ''Hitopadesha'').<ref name="popular science 1899">{{harvnb|Ford|1899|pp=379–381}}</ref> Jaman sastra Malayu klasik dimimitian saatos datangna [[Islam]] sareng kapanggihna [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] (aksara Malayu anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]]). Ti saprak harita, kapercayaan sareng konsép Islam mimiti nyirian tapakna dina sastra Malayu. Batu Prasasti Terengganu, anu asalna ti taun 1303, nyaéta tulisan naratif Malayu pangkolotna anu dipikanyaho. Éta batu diukir kalawan carita sajarah, hukum, jeung roman dina aksara Jawi.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2007 1218">{{harvnb|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1218}}</ref> Dina puncakna, Kasultanan Malaka teu ngan ukur puseur Islamisasi, tapi ogé puseur éksprési budaya Malayu kaasup sastra. Salila jaman ieu, karya sastra Wétan Tengah anu kasohor ditarjamahkeun sareng buku-buku agama ditulis dina [[basa Malayu]]. Diantara karya tarjamah anu kasohor nyaéta ''Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah'' sareng ''Hikayat Amir Hamzah''. Kebangkitan sastra Malayu dina mangsa éta ogé ditulis ku karya sastra homegrown séjén anu diwarnaan ku tasawuf mistis Wétan Tengah, karya-karya Hamzah Fansuri anu kasohor sapertos ''Asrar al-Arifin'' (''Rahsia Orang yang Bijaksana''; Rahasia Nu Wijaksana), ''Sharab al-Asyikin'' (''Minuman Segala Orang yang Berahi''; Inuman Sadayana Anu Gairah), jeung ''Zinat al-Muwahidin'' (''Perhiasan Sekalian Orang yang Mengesakan''; Hiasan Sadaya Anu Satia) bisa ditempo salaku [[adikarya|opera magna]] jaman. [[Gambar:Wayang Kulit Kelantan-Patani.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Wayang Kulit gaya Kelantan-Patani anu nyaritakeun dongéng heroik Hikayat Seri Rama.]] Karya sastra Malayu anu pangpentingna meureun nyaéta Sejarah Malayu atanapi Sulalatus Salatin anu kasohor. Ieu karya disebut "karya sastra Malayu anu paling kasohor, khas, sareng pangsaéna" ku salah sahiji sarjana anu paling terkemuka dina studi Malayu, Sir Richard O. Winstedt.{{sfn|Boyd|1999|p=756}} Tanggal pasti karanganna sareng idéntitas pangarang aslina teu acan pasti, tapi di handapeun paréntah Sultan Alauddin Riaayat Shah III ti Johor dina taun 1612, Tun Sri Lanang ngawas prosés éditorial sareng kompilasi Sejarah Malayu.{{sfn|Jaaffar|Hussain|Ahmad|1992|p=260}} Dina abad ka-19, sastra Malayu nampi sababaraha tambahan anu penting, kalebet ''Kitab Ilmu Bedil'' (Buku Pakarang Tradisional) anu nyayogikeun rinci anu berharga ngeunaan amunisi sareng pakarang tradisional Malayu. Jaman éta ogé nyaksian panggunaan jurnal médis Malayu anu langkung lega, anu katelah ''Kitab Tib''. Karya-karya ieu penting pisan sabab janten rujukan kana élmu pangaweruh sareng téknologi Malayu dina jaman klasik.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kitab Ilmu Bedil – Book of Malay Traditional Weaponry (2016) |date=10 Juli 2016 |website=The Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific |url=http://www.mowcapunesco.org/register/kitab-ilmu-bedil-ms-101-or-book-of-malay-traditional-weaponry-2016/ |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026 |archive-date=3 Désémber 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224429/http://www.mowcapunesco.org/register/kitab-ilmu-bedil-ms-101-or-book-of-malay-traditional-weaponry-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Naskah-naskah Malayu abad ka-19 séjénna ditulis di Sumatra, diantarana ''Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa'' (Buku Pangaweruh Basa) karya Raja Ali Haji jeung ''Perhimpunan Gunawan bagi Laki-Laki dan Perempuan'' (Kompendium Jimat pikeun Lalaki sareng Awéwé) karya Khatijah Terung, garwa Raja Haji Abdullah bin Raja Hassan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musa |first=Mohd Faizal |date=2021 |title=Transcripts of Gender, Intimacy, and Islam in Southeast Asia: The "Outrageous" Texts of Raja Ali Haji and Khatijah Terung |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=219 |doi=10.3390/rel12030219 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }}</ref> Abad anu sami ogé nyaksian parobahan anu monumental dina sastra Malayu ngaliwatan tulisan Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, saurang munshi [[Singapura]] anu kasohor lahir di Malaka.<ref name="popular science 1899" /> Abdullah dianggap salaku urang Malayu anu paling berbudaya anu kantos nyerat,<ref name="popular science 1899" /> salah sahiji inovator pangageungna dina sastra Malayu<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/> sareng bapak sastra Malayu modéren.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2007 1218"/> Karya-karyana anu paling penting nyaéta ''Hikayat Abdullah'' (otobiografi), ''Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan'' (kisah perjalanan anjeunna pikeun pamaréntahan ka Kelantan), sareng ''Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah'' (carita narasi [[haji]]na ka [[Mekah]] 1854). Karyana mangrupikeun inspirasi pikeun generasi panulis ka hareup sareng nandakeun tahap awal dina transisi tina sastra Malayu klasik ka sastra Malayu modéren.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/> === Seni bela diri === [[Gambar:Singaporean female pesilat - 20080222.jpg|thumb|Saurang praktisi silat awéwé ti [[Singapura]]]] Silat sareng varianna tiasa dipendakan di sakumna [[dunya Malayu]]: Semenanjung Malaya (kalebet [[Singapura]]), [[Kapuloan Riau]], [[Sumatra]] sareng daérah basisir [[Kalimantan]]. Bukti arkéologis ngungkabkeun yén, dina abad ka-6, seni tarung formal geus dipraktékkeun di Semenanjung Malaya sareng Sumatra.{{sfn|James|1994|p=73}} Wangun Silat pangheubeulna dipercaya geus dimekarkeun sarta dipaké dina angkatan bersenjata karajaan Melayu kuno Langkasuka (abad ka-2){{sfn|Alexander|2006|p=225}}{{sfn|Abd. Rahman Ismail|2008|p=188}} jeung [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] (abad ka-7). Pangaruh kasultanan Malayu Malaka, Johor, Pattani sareng [[Brunéi]] parantos nyumbang kana panyebaran seni bela diri ieu di Kepulauan Melayu. Ngaliwatan labirin saluran laut sareng kapiler walungan anu rumit anu ngagampangkeun pertukaran sareng perdagangan di sakumna daérah, Silat ngaléngkah ka leuweung hujan anu padet teras naék ka pagunungan. Laksamana Hang Tuah ti Malaka anu legendaris nyaéta salah sahiji ''pesilat'' (praktisi Silat) anu paling kasohor dina sajarah{{sfn|Green|2001|p=802}} sareng bahkan dianggap ku sababaraha urang salaku bapak silat Malayu.{{sfn|Sheikh Shamsuddin|2005|p=195}} Ti saprak jaman klasik, Silat Melayu ngalaman diversifikasi anu ageung sareng ngawangun naon anu ayeuna sacara tradisional diakui salaku sumber [[Penca Silat|Pencak Silat]] Indonésia sareng bentuk Silat sanésna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]].{{sfn|Draeger|1992|p=23}}{{sfn|Farrer|2009|p=28}} Salian ti Silat, [[Muay Thai|Tomoi]] ogé diamalkeun ku urang Malayu, utamina di daérah kalér Semenanjung Malaya. Ieu mangrupikeun varian tina bentuk kickboxing [[Indochina|Indo-Cina]] anu dipercaya parantos sumebar di [[daratan Asia Kidul Wétan]] ti saprak jaman Kakaisaran Funan (68 Masehi). === Seni pintonan === [[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]] Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan. Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}} [[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]] Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}} Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] & [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli. Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009">{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}</ref> [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009"/> Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]]. === Seni visual === [[Gambar:Burung Petala Indera I.png|thumb|Burung Petala Indra, manuk mitos raksasa anu dijieun pikeun parade sunat agung pangeran Kelantan.]] Seni ukir kai mangrupa bagian tina [[seni rupa|seni visual]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacara tradisional ngahias monumen, parahu, pakarang, makam, alat musik, sareng parabotna ku motif flora, kaligrafi, géométri sareng fitur kosmik. Seni ieu dilakukeun ku cara miceun sabagian kai nganggo alat seukeut sareng nuturkeun pola, komposisi, sareng urutan anu khusus. Bentuk seni ieu, katelah ''ukir'', dipuji salaku tindakan bakti para pengrajin ka nu nyiptakeun sareng hadiah ka sasama manusa.{{sfn|Said|2005}} Bentuk seni ieu utamina disababkeun ku lobana kai di Kapuloan Malayu sareng ogé ku kaparigelan para tukang ukir kai anu ngamungkinkeun urang Malayu pikeun latihan ukir kai salaku karajinan. Latar tropis alami dimana flora sareng fauna seueur pisan parantos ngainspirasi motif pikeun digambarkeun dina bentuk abstrak atanapi bergaya kana papan kai. Kalayan datangna Islam, bentuk géométri sareng kaligrafi Islam diwanohkeun dina ukiran kai. Kai anu dianggo biasana tina spésiés kai keras tropis anu dipikanyaho awét sareng tiasa tahan serangan jamur, kumbang boot listrik, sareng rayap.{{sfn|Said|2002}} Imah tradisional Malayu atanapi [[masjid]] biasana dihias ku langkung ti 20 komponén ukiran. Ukiran dina témbok sareng panel ngamungkinkeun angin ngahiliwir sacara efektif ka jero sareng ka luar gedong sareng tiasa ngantepkeun sinar panonpoé nyaangan bagian jero struktur. Dina waktos anu sami, kalangkang anu ditimbulkeun ku panel-panel éta ogé bakal nyiptakeun kalangkang dumasar kana motif-motif anu nambahan kaéndahan dina lanté. Ku kituna, komponén anu diukir ngalaksanakeun tujuan fungsional sareng estetika. ==Kelompok sub-étnis== {{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia|Urang Malayu Singapura|Urang Malayu Brunéi}} ==Tingali ogé== * [[Dunya Malayu]] * [[Imah Malayu]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} == Tautan éksternal == * {{ms}} [http://iyco0.tripod.com/usmanawang.html Puisi Usman Awang mengenai Melayu.] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=29765 Melayu] * {{id}} [http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:lYcg2r-ziWYJ:ccm.um.edu.my/umweb/fsss/images/persidangan/Kertas%2520Kerja/Pak%2520Witrianto.doc+Rumpun+Banjar&hl=id&ct=clnk&cd=139&gl=id&client=firefox-a Modal Sosial dan Pembangunan Manusia Melayu oleh Witrianto, S.S., M.Hum., M.Si dari Universitas Andalas] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{id}} [http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm Bhinneka Tunggal Ika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126030352/http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm |date=26 Januari 2010 }} * {{id}} [http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aW1QL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D= Gerakan Bangsa Melayu Besar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223826/http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aw1ql3fmzvzbuku4ng=== |date=8 April 2016 }} [[Kategori:Malayu|*]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Brunéi|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Malayu]] {{Authority control}} {{pondok}} p9kn1z9akhvoe89uowncvfp3g65ryyk 0 99419 731734 709560 2026-11-08T05:13:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |honorific-prefix = |name = Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro |image = Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro Mimbar Umum 18 October 1949 p2.jpg |caption = |office1 = Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Indonesia |order1 = 6 |term_start1 = 4 Agustus 1949 |term_end1 = 6 September 1950 |president1 = [[Soekarno]] |predecessor1 = [[Teuku Mohammad Hasan]] |successor1 = [[Bahder Djohan]] |birth_date = [[23 Mei]] [[1904]] |birth_place = {{negara|Belanda}} [[Surakarta]], [[Hindia Belanda]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1957|6|8|1904|5|23}} |death_place = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] |religion = [[Islam]] }} '''Ki Mangunsarkoro''' atawa '''Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro''' ({{lahirmati||23|5|1904||8|6|1957}}) nyaéta saurang pajuang dina widang atikan Nasional.<ref name=“Ery”/> Anjeuna kungsi ka peto ngalungguhan jabatan ''[[Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Indonesia]]" mimiti [[taun]] [[1949]] nepi ka taun [[1950]].<ref name=“Ery”/> == Kahirupan nu munggaran == Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro gumelar 23 [[Méi]] [[1904]] di [[Surakarta]] <ref name=“prana”>{{Cite book | title =Cinta Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia: Terlengkap & Terupdate| first =Pranadipa| last =Mahawira| publisher =Wahyu Media| location =Jakarta| year =2013| pages =305|ISBN=9789797957513|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4CNNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA305&dq=Ki+Sarmidi+Mangunsarkoro&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1js_i0pHpAhUPWCsKHZmZDnkQ6AEINzAC#v=onepage&q=Ki%20Sarmidi%20Mangunsarkoro&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 1 Mei 2020)}}</ref> Anjeuna digedékeun dina lingkungan kulawarga pagawé [[Karaton]] Surakarta.<ref name=“prana”/> Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro sabada lulus ti [[Sekolah Guru]] "Arjuna" di [[Jakarta]] langsung dipercaya jadi [[guru]] HIS [[Tamansiswa]] [[Yogyakarta]], nya tidieu pisan anjeuna mimiti museurkeun sagala élmu pangaweruh pikeun ngabdi ka bangsa tur [[Nagara]].<ref name=“Ery”/> Nincak taun 1929 Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro meunang kapercayaan ngalungguhan jabatan ''[[Kepala Sekolah]]'' HIS Budi Utomo Jakarta.<ref name=“Ery”/> Sataun ti harita, meunang kapercayaan ti warga masarakat sabudeureun [[Kemayoran]] tur meunang restu ti [[Ki Hadjar Dewantara]], anjeuna ngadegkeun hiji paguron ''(Perguruan Tamansiswa)'' di [[Jakarta]].<ref name=“prana”/> "Perguruan Tamansiswa di Jakarta ieu sabenerna mangrupa hiji gawé bareng HIS Budi Utomo jeung HIS Marsudi Rukun nu mana duanana ogé aya dina pangaping Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro, ka dieunakeun ieu paguron "Perguruan Tamansiswa Cabang'' [[Jakarta]] ngarandapan hiji kamajuan sarta kamekaran nu pohara ngagumbirakeun nepi ka kiwari.<ref name=“prana”/> == Mangsa Babakti di Taman Siswa == Mangsa panutupan Kongrés atawa ''Rapat Besar Umum Tamansiswa'' nu munggaran di [[Yogyakarta]] ping 13 [[Agustus]] 1930, Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro bareng jeung Ki Sadikin, Ki S. Djojoprajitno, Ki Poeger, Ki Kadiroen sarta Ki Safioedin Soerjopoetro mangrupa wawakil ti ''Persatuan Tamansiswa seluruh Indonesia'' nandatangan hiji piagam nu nétélakeun masrhakeun tur narima ''Piagam Persatuan Perjanjian Pendirian'' nu asalna ti Ki Hadjar Dewantara, Ki Tjokrodirjo sarta Ki Pronowidigdo geusan ngadegkeun hiji usaha dina widang atikan nu didadasaran kana kahirupan bangsa tur Nagara nu dibéré ngaran ''Tamansiswa'' kalayan diadegkeun dina 3 Juli 1922 di Yogyakarta.<ref name=“Ery”/> Salaku salah saurang nu kapilih ku Ki Hadjar Dewantara pikeun ngamekarkeun, ngalaksanakeun tur ngamodérnisasikeun ''Tamansiswa'' nu didadasaran kana cinta ka [[Nagara]] sarta mibanda jiwa nasional, tangtuna Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro mibanda sababaraha pamikiran pikeun ngawujudkeun cita-cita atikan "Tamansiswa".<ref name=“prana”/> Nincak taun 1931 Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro meunang pancén pikeun nyieun ''Rencana Pelajaran Baru'' tur dina taun 1932 disahkeun ngajadi ''Daftar Pelajaran Mangunsarkoro''.<ref name=“prana”/> Ku ayana ieu pancén dina taun 1932 anjeuna ogé nulis hiji buku nu judulna ''Pedoman Pengantar Guru Nasional'', Ieu buku malahan nepi ka di citak deui dina taun 1935. Dina sajeroeun buku ''Daftar Pelajaran Mangunsarkoro'' nu atra ngébréhkeun cita-cita Tamansiswa sarta ''Pengantar Guru Nasional'' éta ngagedurna sumanget ''pergerakan nasional'' di Indonésia hususna di [[Asia]] dina pada umumna.<ref name=“Ery”/> Bisa disebutkeun pamikiranna geus ngawakilan salah sahiji aspék tina hudangna rasa [[nasionalisme]] tayalian ''aspek kebudayaan'', nu sanyatana ieu mangrupa hiji usaha pikeun ngaguar, ngabuktikeun ogé nguji kana ''hukum-hukum kasusilaan'' sarta nebarkeun pirang pirang pamikiran anyar nu saluyu jeung alam sarta zaman.<ref name=“Ery”/> Dua aspék nu séjén tayalian ''aspek sosial ekonomis'' hiji tarékah pikeun ngaronjatkeun darajat sakabéh rakyat kujalan ngudar talikung ekonomi bangsa-bangsa Eropa jeung Barat, sedengkeun dina ''aspék pulitik'' tayalian tarékah pikeun ngarebut kakawasaan pulitik tina leungeun pamaréntah ''kolonialisme'' [[Walanda]].<ref name=“prana”/> Nincak taun 1947 Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro kapapancénan ku Ki Hadjar Dewantara pikeun mupuhuan panaluntikan geusan ngarumuskeun ''dasar-dasar perjuangan Tamansiswa'', nu didadasaran tina ''Asas'' Tamansiswa 1922.<ref name=“Ery”/> Dina gempungan atawa ''Rapat Besar Umum Tamansiswa'' Tahun 1947 hasil gawé panitia Ki Mangunsarkoro nudingaranan ''Pancadarma'' ditarima kalawan jadi dadasar tina ''Dasar Tamansiswa'', Tayalian : ''Kodrat Alam, Kamerdékaan, Kabudayaan, Kabangsaan, sarta [[Kamanusaan]]''. == Mangsa Parjuangan== Parjuangan Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro utamana dina widang atikan, kayaning dina taun 1930-1938 jadi anggota ''Pengurus Besar Kepanduan Bangsa Indonesia (KBI)'' sarta ngawulang ''Kepanduan Nasional'' nu bébas tina pangaruh kolonialisme [[Walanda]].<ref name=“Ery”/> Saterusna dina taun 1932-1940 anjeuna ngalungguhan jabatan jadi pupuhu ''Departemen Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Majelis Tinggi Tamansiswa'' disambi jeung mupuhuan atawa ''Pemimpin Umum Tamansiswa [[Jawa Barat]]''. Nincak taun 1933 Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro kapeto jadi pupuhu ''Taman Dewasa Raya'' di Jakarta anu museurkeun diri dina widang ''Pendidikan jeung Pengajaran''.<ref name=“prana”/> Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro beuki ka dieu beuki kasohor tur nyéngclak di lingkungan pendidikan kitu deui di lingkungan pulitik ngaliwatan [[Partey Nasional Indonesia]] (PNI). Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro dina taun 1928 milu minton dina padungdengan ''[[Sumpah Pemuda|Kongres Pemuda]]'' 28 Oktober 1928 nepikeun hiji pidato ngeunaan ''[[Pendidikan Nasional]]'', nu nétélakeun yén ti bubudak kudu meunang atikan kabangsaan kucara ''demokratis'', kitu deui perluna kasaimbangan atikan di sakola jeung atikan di imah.<ref name=“prana”/> Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro kungsi kapilih jadi pupuhu PNI nu munggaran ieu hasil tina Kongrés ''Serikat Rakyat Indonesia (SERINDO)'' di [[Kediri]] sarta ngalarang kana praktek politik kompromi jeung [[Walanda]], mangsa harita ''(Perjanjian Linggarjati dan Renvile)''.<ref name=“prana”/> Mangsa lumangsungna ''agrési'' [[Walanda]] II di Yogyakarta, Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro kungsi ditahan tur asup ka penjara di Wirogunan.<ref name=“prana”/> == Menteri Pendidikan == Nalika "[[Kabinet Hatta II]]" lumangsung dina [[Agustus]] 1949 nepi ka [[Januari]] 1950, Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro kapeto jadi ''[[Menteri Pendidikan, Pengajaran, dan Kebudayaan (PP dan K) RI]]''.<ref name=“Ery”/> Mangsa ngalungguha Menteri PP jeung K, anjeuna ngadegkeun tur ngaresmikeun ngadegna ''[[Akademi Seni Rupa Indonesia]] (ASRI)'' di [[Yogyakarta]], ngadegkeun Konservatori [[Karawitan]] di [[Surakarta]], sarta milu aub dina dina cikal bakal gumelarna ''[[Universitas Gadjah Mada]]'' (UGM) Yogyakarta.<ref name=“prana”/> Kapercayaan pamarentah kana sagala ''dedikasi'' sarta ''reputasina'', Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro dipercaya deui ngalungguhan ''Menteri PP dan K RI'' mangsa [[Kabinet Halim]] mimiti [[Januari]] 1950 nepi ka [[September]] 1950, kalayan anjeuna hasil ''menyusun dan memperjuangkan'' di parlemen Undang Undang No 4/1950 ngeunaan ''Dasar-dasar Pendidikan dan Pengajaran di Sekolah'' pikeun sakuliah Indonesia. UU No 4/1950 ieu disahkeun tur sakaligus jadi ''Undang Undang Pendidikan Nasional'' nu munggaran.<ref name=“Ery”/><ref name=“prana”/> Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro tilar dunya ping 8 [[Juni]] 1957 di [[Jakarta]], dikurebkeun di [[pajaratan]] kulawarga ''Besar Tamansiswa''.<ref name=“Ery”/> [[Taman Wijaya Brata]], Celeban, Yogyakarta. Alatan gedé jasa-jasana, Alm Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro narima tanda jasa [[Bintang Mahaputra]] Adipradana ti Pamaréntah, sarta bukti pangajén ti Tamansiswa katut Rakyat.<ref name=“Ery”>{{Cite book | title =PAHLAWAN-PAHLAWAN INDONESIA SEPANJANG MASA| first =Didi| last = Junaedi, Erry Hermawan, Teguh Santosa| publisher =Indonesia Tera| location =Jakarta| year =2014| pages =123|ISBN=9789797752118|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=p216CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=Ki+Sarmidi+Mangunsarkoro&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1js_i0pHpAhUPWCsKHZmZDnkQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=Ki%20Sarmidi%20Mangunsarkoro&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 1 Mei 2020)}}</ref> == Kahirupan Pribadi == Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro dina sapopoéna hurup kalayan basajan, dina mikir jeung tindakanna salawasna nunjul kana rasa kabangsaan jeung rasa nasional nu kandel.<ref name=“Ery”/> Katempo tina dangdanan sapopoé : maké kopéah nu rada buleud, kumis kandel, kaméja [[Schiller]] bodas dibarung jeung sarung [[Samarinda]] tur maké [[sendal]].<ref name=“prana”/> Ieu dangdanan basajan téh, ku anjeuna dilarapkeun nalika kapeto jadi Menteri PP dan K, anjeuna henteu daékeun nyicingan imah dinasna menteri.<ref name=“prana”/> Mun kaparengan nyaluuhan acara jamuan keprésidenan, di jalan gedé atawa indit ka Jakarta ogé henteu katinggaleun maké sarung jeung kopéah.<ref name=“prana”/> == Buku nu kungi ditulis== Dina sapanjang hirupna , Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro nulis sababaraha buku ngeunaan atikan nasional, Kabudayaan jeung ogé pulitik.<ref name=“prana”/> Ieu teu leupas tina gedéna perhatian anjeuna kana éta tilu widang.<ref name=“prana”/> Buku-buku tulisana saperti: # Pendidikan Nasional (Keluarga, Jogjakarta, 1948) # Masjarakat Sosialis (Pelopor, Jogjakarta, 1951) # Dasar-Dasar Pendidikan Nasional (Pertjetakan Keluarga, 1951) # Kebudajaan Rakjat (Usaha Penerbitan Indonesia, 1951) # Dasar Sosiologi dan Kebudajaan untuk Pendidikan Indonesia Merdeka(Prapancha, Jogjakara, 1952) # Ilmu Kemasjarakatan (Prapancha, 1952) # [[Sosialisme]], [[Marhaenisme]] dan [[Komunisme]] (Wasiat Nasional, Jogja, 1955) # Inti Marhaenisme (Wasiat Nasional, Jogja, 1954) # Guru Tak Berkarakter ratjun Masjarakat: Sumbangan dari Kementerian Penerangan RI oentoek guru Nasional yang Membentuk Djiwa Nasional (ditulis bersama dg Asaat gelar Datuk Mudo, Kementerian Penerangan RI, kata Pengantar 1950) # Dasar Sosisologi dan Kebudajaan untuk Rakjat Indonesia (Prapancha, 1952 == Tutumbu Kaluar == * [http://pardi74.multiply.com/journal Berita] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218185604/http://pardi74.multiply.com/journal |date=2012-02-18 }} * [http://mangunsarkoro.wordpress.com/ Kumpulan artikel Ki Mangunsarkoro] * [http://www.kr.co.id/web/detail.php?sid=198303&actmenu=39 Perjuangan Ki Mangunsarkoro]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.setneg.go.id/index.php?option=com_tandajasa&cat=2&id=7&Itemid=43&limit=1&limitstart=3 Bintang kehormatan Mahaputra Adhipradana] * [http://www.harianjogja.com/pestabuku/beritas/detailberita/5512 Ki Mangunsarkoro diusulkan menjadi Pahlawan Nasional] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214120844/https://www.harianjogja.com/pestabuku/beritas/detailberita/5512 |date=2024-12-14 }} * [http://www.dinsos.pemda-diy.go.id/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=272&Itemid=49 Pelestarian Nilai Kepahlawanan Dinso DIY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108121542/http://www.dinsos.pemda-diy.go.id/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=272&Itemid=49 |date=2009-11-08 }} * [http://lib.atmajaya.ac.id/default.aspx?tabID=53&kt=sarmidi%20mangunsarkoro Buku Karya Ki Mangunsarkoro: Perpustakaan Unika Atma Jaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925163315/https://lib.atmajaya.ac.id/default.aspx?tabID=53&kt=sarmidi%20mangunsarkoro |date=2020-09-25 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190822032417/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Search/Home?lookfor=sarmidi+mangunsarkoro&type=all&limits=&submit=Find Buku Karya Ki Mangunsarkoro: National Library of Australia] * [http://cornell.worldcat.org/search?q=sarmidi+mangunsarkoro&qt=wc_org_cornell&GO=GO Buku Karya Ki Mangunsarkoro: Cornell University Library, USA] * [http://resources.library.yale.edu/siteSearch/searchOrbis.aspx?q=sarmidi%20mangunsarkoro Buku Karya Ki Mangunsarkoro: Yale University Library, USA]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://berkeley.worldcat.org/search?qt=affiliate&ai=wclocal_5689&q=sarmidi+mangunsarkoro&wcsbtn2w=Search&scope=1&oldscope=W Buku Karya Ki Mangunsarkoro: University of California, Berkeley Library] ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Inohong Indonesia]] cqkih9y15gpyd3v9pr8q6lk6lnbagyr 0 99581 731776 712126 2026-11-08T08:46:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Nepenthes gracilis'' | image = Nepenthes gracilis.jpg | image_alt = Tutuwuhan kantong semar nu hirup dina rurungkunan baseuh. | image_caption = ''Nepenthes gracilis'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Nepenthales]] | familia = [[Nephentaceae]] | genus = ''[[Nepenthes]]'' | species = '''''gracilis''''' | binomial = ''Nepenthes gracilis'' | binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''''Nepenthes gracilis''''' nyaéta tutuwuhan karnivora tina génus kantong semar (''Nepenthes''')''''' anu ukuranna leutik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lipi.go.id/publikasi/Nepenthes-gracilis-Korth-KANTONG-SEMAR-KECIL-YANG-MENARIK-DAN-MEKANISME-DALAM-MENJEBAK-MANGSA/24679|title=Nepenthes gracilis Korth.: KANTONG SEMAR KECIL YANG MENARIK DAN MEKANISME DALAM MENJEBAK MANGSA|website=lipi.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-28}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sumebarna umumna di [[Brunei Darussalam]], [[Indonésia|Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra|Sumatera]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sartika|first=Sartika|last2=Setiawan|first2=Agus|last3=Master|first3=Jani|date=2017-07-31|title=Populasi dan Pola Penyebaran Kantong Semar (Nepenthes gracilis) di Rhino Camp Resort Sukaraja Atas Kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS)|url=https://jurnal.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JHT/article/view/1557|journal=Jurnal Sylva Lestari|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=12–21|doi=10.23960/jsl3512-21|issn=2549-5747}}</ref>, [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]]), [[Malaysia]] ([[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]), [[Singapura]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uforest.org/Species/N/Nepenthes_gracilis.php|title=Slender Pitcher Plant - Nepenthes gracilis|website=uforest.org|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517042758/http://uforest.org/Species/N/Nepenthes_gracilis.php |date=2021-05-17 }}</ref>, jeung [[Thailand]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Nepenthes gracilis|last=University|first=Charles Clarke (IUCN SSC Carnivorous Plants SG / Monash|last2=Sunway|first2=Bandar|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|accessdate=2020-05-29|last3=Malaysia)}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-malesiana/node/11873|title=Nepenthes gracilis|last=|first=|website=Flora Malesiana|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> <br /> == Morfologi == Panjang areuyna bisa nepi ka 5 méter. Kembangna aya anu kelir bodas, héjo, kayas atawa coklat. Panjang tutup buahna 14-35 mm.<ref name=":4" /> Kandel batang areuyna 5 mm.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=DWI MURTI PUSPITANINGTYAS|first=HARY WAWANGNINGRUM|date=April 2007|title=Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang, Sumatera Barat|journal=B I O D I V E R S I T A S|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref> Daunna kandel jeung kaku, tanpa catang,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aung|first=H. H|last2=Chia|first2=L. S|last3=Goh|first3=N. K|last4=Chia|first4=T. F|last5=Ahmed|first5=A. A|last6=Pare|first6=P. W|last7=Mabry|first7=T. J|date=2002-08-01|title=Phenolic constituents from the leaves of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes gracilis|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367326X02001132|journal=Fitoterapia|language=en|volume=73|issue=5|pages=445–447|doi=10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00113-2|issn=0367-326X}}</ref> panjangna 15 cm, rubak 3 cm, congona seukeut, kana arah tanglana beuki leutik, areuyna 7-15 cm. Kantong handap jeung rosét wangunna buleud sarupa endog ti bagian 1/4-1/3 handap, jeung 2/3 bagian luhur wangunna silindris, jangkungna 10 cm, rubak 3 cm. Jangjangna dua, rubakna 3 mm, sisina aya rumbai atawa rambut getar, manjang ti luhur ka handap kalawan pinuh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.natureloveyou.sg/Nepenthes%20gracilis/Main.html|title=Nepenthes gracilis|website=www.natureloveyou.sg|accessdate=2020-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129132130/http://www.natureloveyou.sg/Nepenthes%20gracilis/Main.html|archivedate=2020-01-29}}</ref> Liang bahamna buleud saperti endog, panjang 2,5 cm, rubak 1,8 cm. Panutup liangna buleud jeung bagian puhuna saperi wangun jantung, panjang kira-kira 2 cm, rubak 2 cm.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idsba.com/nepenthes-gracilis/|title=Nepenthes gracilis {{!}} IDSBA - Indonesian Society of Botanical Artists|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809025443/http://idsba.com/nepenthes-gracilis/ |date=2020-08-09 }}</ref>   Puhu tangkal jeung akar ''Nepenthes gracilis'' rélatif katutupan ku gundukan sirung jeung akar, ari bagian daun, kantong jeung batangna mah ngarambat nuturkeun datangna cahaya [[panonpoé]] (tempat nu nembrak).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kissinger|first=Kissinger|last2=Zuhud|first2=Ervizal A. M.|last3=Darusman|first3=Latifah K.|last4=Z.Siregar|first4=Iskandar|date=2015|title=ANALISIS FUNGSI NEPENTHES GRACILIS KORTH. TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN HUTAN KERANGAS|url=https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journal/index.php/jht/article/view/4166|journal=Jurnal Hutan Tropis|language=en-US|volume=3|issue=1|pages=61–66|doi=10.20527/jht.v3i1.4166|issn=2337-7992}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116120619/https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journal/index.php/jht/article/view/4166 |date=2024-01-16 }}</ref> Jumlah kantong tina ieu tutuwuhan bisa béda, gumantung tempatna hirup.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Niken Paluvi, Mukarlina|first=Riza Linda|date=(2015) Vol. 4 (1) : 103-107|title=Struktur Anatomi Daun, Kantung dan Sulur epenthes gracilis Korth. yang Tumbuh di Area Intensitas Cahaya Berbeda|url=|journal=Jurnal Protobiont|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref> Dina leuweung kerangas nu nembrak jumlah kantongna leuwih réa ti batan anu hirup di tempat nu kaiuhan. Ieu mangrupa pangaruh tina intensitas gahaya panonpoé.<ref name=":0" /> == Habitat == ''Nepenthes gracilis'' nyaéta spésiés kantong semar anu pangréana kapanggih dina rupa-rupa tipeu [[leuweung]]. Ieu tutuwuhan bisa tumuwuh jeung baranahan kalawan hadé di hutan kerangas nu nembrak, jeung leuweung kerangas nutup kanopi [[tatangkalan]]. Kamampuhna anu kawilang hadé pikeun adaptasi di lingkungan anu ékstrim. Jumlah individu ''Nepenthes gracilis'' bakal ngaronjat upama dibandingkeun jeung jinis ''Nepenthes'' linanna di leuweung kerangas nu geus nembrak. Jumlah individu Nepenthes gracilis anu luhur jadi indikasi yén ieu tutuwuhan mangrupa jinis panaratas dina leuweung kerangas anu teu kaiuhan ku tatangkalan.<ref name=":0" /> ''Nepenthes gracilis'' rélatif mampuh tumuwuh dina lahan anu nembrak, upama masih aya lapisan ipis anu nutupan [[Akar|akarna]]. Dina kondisi [[Cahya|cahaya]] anu pinuh, bisa adaptasi kalawan kondisi gundukan rungkunna tumuwuh leuwih gancang, nepi ka akarna katutupan ku rungkun tangkal, daun jeung kantong nu tumuwuh rapet dina jumlah anu réa. Tapi, lamun kondisina kieu, mangka tumuwuhna téh jadi pendék kalawan ukuran catang, daun jeung kantong anu leuwih leutik dibandingkeun jeung anu hirup bari akarna katutupan ku dangdaunan buruk jeung kaiuhan ku tatangkalan nu leuwih jangkung.<ref name=":0" /> Réana jumlah individu ''Nepenthes gracilis'' anu kawilang luhur dina lahan anu nembrak jeung boga lapisan gambut atawa dangdaunan ligar nu ipis. Nepenthes gracilis réa kapanggih dina lahan anu boga pH rélatif handap. Nepenthes gracilis mampu hirup jeung kantong semar jinis séjénna. Tapi, hirupna kawilang leuwih lila ti batan jinis lianna saperti ''Nepenthes'' ''rafflesiana'' jeung ''Nepenthes ampularia''.<ref name=":0" /> == Karnivora == Saperti kulawarga kantong semar séjénna, Nepenthes gracilis kaasup tutuwuhan handap anu boga kamampuh pikeun ngahakan [[gegeremet]] (serangga) nu matak digolongkeun minangka tutuwuhan [[karnivora]] jeung umumna hirup dina [[taneuh]] anu ngandung saeutik unsur hara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bauer|first=Ulrike|last2=Giusto|first2=Bruno Di|last3=Skepper|first3=Jeremy|last4=Grafe|first4=T. Ulmar|last5=Federle|first5=Walter|date=2012-06-13|title=With a Flick of the Lid: A Novel Trapping Mechanism in Nepenthes gracilis Pitcher Plants|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038951|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=7|issue=6|pages=e38951|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038951|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC3374759|pmid=22719998}}</ref> Éta kamampuh ngahakan sato téh mangsupa cara pikeun ieu tutuwuhan sangkan bisa ngungkulan kakurangan [[nutrisi]] tina taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Sartika|first=Sartika|last2=Setiawan|first2=Agus|last3=Master|first3=Jani|date=2017-07-31|title=Populasi dan Pola Penyebaran Kantong Semar (Nepenthes gracilis) di Rhino Camp Resort Sukaraja Atas Kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS)|url=https://jurnal.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JHT/article/view/1557|journal=Jurnal Sylva Lestari|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=12–21|doi=10.23960/jsl3512-21|issn=2549-5747}}</ref> == Konservasi == Dumasar kana Undang-Undang No.5 taun 1990 ngeunaan Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya jeung Peraturan Pemerintah No. 7/1999 ngeunaan Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa, ''Nepenthes gracilis'' kaasup tutuwuhan anu dilindung ku nagara, ieu hal sajalan jeung régulasi Convention on Internasional Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cites.org/eng/node/37762|title=Nepenthes gracilis {{!}} CITES|website=cites.org|accessdate=2020-05-29}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> anu ngasupkeun ieu tutuwuhan kana Appendix II.<ref name=":2" /> Iwal ti éta asup ogé kana status IUCN minangka ''Least Concern''.<ref name=":1" /> Pikeun ngajaga sumebarna ieu tutuwuhan, sawatara usaha budidaya geus dilakukeun. Di antarana ku cara [[kultur jaringan]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Febrianto|first=Rio|last2=Suwirmen|first2=Suwirmen|last3=Syamsuardi|first3=Syamsuardi|date=2015-06-15|title=Aklimatisasi Planlet Kantong Semar (Nepenthes gracilis Korth.) pada berbagai Campuran Media Tanam Tanah Ultisol|url=http://jbioua.fmipa.unand.ac.id/index.php/jbioua/article/view/152|journal=Jurnal Biologi UNAND|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|doi=10.25077/jbioua.4.2.%p.2015|issn=2655-9587}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711225909/http://jbioua.fmipa.unand.ac.id/index.php/jbioua/article/view/152 |date=2020-07-11 }}</ref> == Manfaat == Ieu spésiés dipikawanoh ogé ninangka bahan ubar tradisional pikeun panyakit kanker, batuk, diabétés jeung kaséhatan panon. Mékanismeu adaptasi kana lingkungan ngajadikeun ''Nepenthes gracilis'' boga poténsi sacara fisiologis pikeun ngalakukeun prosés métobolot sékunder anu haislna bisa dimanfaatkeun minangka [[Sanyawa kimia|senyawa kimia]] tutuwuhan nu boga poténsi pikeun bahan ubar.<ref name=":0" /> Nepenthes gracilis boga poténsi ajén ékonomi pikeun dimanfaatkeun kalawan optimal, nyaéta minangka tutuwuhan hias. Di sawatara nagara saperti [[Jepang]], [[Éropa]], [[Amérika (buana)|Amérika]] jeung [[Australia]], kantong semar dijieun pepelakan hias pilihan anu éksotis, tapi di Indonésia can pati dipaké.<ref name=":3" /> == Référénsi == {{Reflist|2}}<br /> [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Asia]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Hias]] rrolpexd2ungpp4ifri8n4190he5xvh 0 99582 731847 729288 2026-11-08T11:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox |image = Cactus de noël rev.jpg |image_caption = Tutuwuhan génus''Schlumbergera'' |display_parents = 2 |taxon = Schlumbergera |authority = [[Lem.]] |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = [[#Species|See text]]. }} '''''Schlumbergera '''''nyaéta ngaran tina génus leutik kaktus anu ngawengku genep spésiés<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:5529-1|title=Schlumbergera Lem. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|website=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=2020-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207160029/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:5529-1|archivedate=2021-12-07}}</ref> nu kapanggih di pagunungan basisir tenggara [[Brazil]]. Ngaranna dicokot tina ngaran [[Frédéric Schlumberger]], saurang koléktor [[kaktus]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://worldofsucculents.com/?genera=schlumbergera/|title=Schlumbergera|website=World of Succulents|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> Ieu génus boga sababaraha sasaruaan ngaran (sinonim), antarana ''Epiphyllanthus, Opuntiopsis, Zygocactus, Zygocereus,'' jeung ''Epiphyllum.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christmas cacti : the genus Schlumbergera and its hybrids|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34559034|publisher=D. Hunt|date=1995|location=Sherborne|isbn=0-9517234-7-2|oclc=34559034|last=McMillan, A. J. S.|last2=Hunt, David R., 1938-|last3=Taylor, Nigel P.}}</ref> ==Rupa-rupa Sesebutan== Ngaran nu umum dipaké pikeun nyebutkeun kaktus jenis ini biasana nandakeun usum mangkak kembangna. Di wewengkon Kalér, umumna mah disebut Kaktus [[Natal]] (''Christmast cactus''), ''Thanksgiving cactus'', kaktus keuyeup (''crab cactus''), jeung kaktus pakasi (''holiday cactus''). Di [[Brasil|Brazil]] mah disebutna Kembang Méi (''Flor de Maio''), nuduhkeun totondén waktu mangkakna kembang di wewengkon Kidul. Kembang anu dijual biasana maké rupa-rupa sebutan. Dina [[basa Inggris]], umumna disebut "''Chrismas cactus''". Di [[Éropa]], nyaéta tempat pikeun budidaya ieu kaktus nu kawilang panggedéna pikeun dijual saméméh Natal. Nu matak, ngaran ieu téh nu pangmindengna dipaké dina rupa-rupa basa pikeun anu ngabudidayakeun rupa-rupa spésiés tina génus ieu. Contona baé di [[Jérman|Jerman]] disebut ''Wihchtskaktus''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diegruenewelt.de/pflanze/items/weihnachtskaktus-schlumbergera.html|title=Weihnachtskaktus (Schlumbergera): Pflege & Vermehrung - Die Grüne Welt|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2020-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722133558/http://www.diegruenewelt.de/pflanze/items/weihnachtskaktus-schlumbergera.html|archivedate=2011-07-22}}</ref>, di [[Prancis]] disebut ''cactus de Noél''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aujardin.info/plantes/cactus_noel.php|title=Cactus de Noël|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2020-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020326222216/http://www.aujardin.info/plantes/cactus_noel.php|archivedate=2002-03-26}}</ref>, jeung di [[Spanyol]] disebut ''cacto de Navidad''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fichas.infojardin.com/cactus/schlumbergera-truncata-zygocactus-truncatus-santa-teresita.htm|title=Cactus de acción de gracias, Cactus de Navidad, Cactus de pascua, Cacto de Navidad, Santa Teresita - Schlumbergera truncata = Zygocactus truncatus|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2020-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328214536/http://fichas.infojardin.com/cactus/schlumbergera-truncata-zygocactus-truncatus-santa-teresita.htm|archivedate=2007-03-28}}</ref>. Di Kanada<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cactus.biology.dal.ca/paulS/christmas/christmas.html|title=RECOGNITION and CULTURE of the HOLIDAY CACTI|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2020-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107232711/http://cactus.biology.dal.ca/paulS/christmas/christmas.html|archivedate=2011-11-07}}</ref> jeung [[Amérika Serikat]] mah biasana dibudidaakeun pikeun liburan ''Thanksgiving'', nu matak leuwih mindeng disebut minangka "Thanksgiving cactus". Ari "Christmas cactus" mah ngan ukur dipaké pikeun kelompok kaktus Buckleyi. ==Habitat== [[Gambar:Distribution of Schlumbergera.png|kiri|jmpl|Péta sumebarna Schlumbergera]] Ieu tutuwuhan sipatna [[épifit]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Schlumbergera|title=Schlumbergera {{!}} Description & Species|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> nyaéta hirup dina tangkal atawa batu dina [[habitat]] anu umumna kaiuhan kalawan gegek sarta wangunna bisa rada béda ti dulurna nu hirup di gurun.<ref name=":0" /> Habitatna ngan aya di [[hutan hujan]] Brazil.<ref name=":1" /> ''Schlumbergera'' ngan kapanggih di pagunungan deukeut [[basisir]] di wewengkon tenggara Brazil, nyaéta di [[Sao Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Minas Gerais]] jeung [[Espirito Santo]]. Sababaraha tempat anu geus kapanggih ngabentang nepi ka Tropic of Capricorn jauh di lebah kalér, misalna di bagian tropis pangkidulna.<ref name=":1" /> Ieu tutuwuhan hirup dina daratan nu jangkungna 700 meter tina beungeut [[laut]], tapi aya ogé dina 1,780 meter. Iwal ti éta kapanggih bisa hirup dina babatuan di jero leuweung basisir nu lembab.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The cactus family|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44650974|publisher=Timber Press|date=2001|location=Portland, Or.|isbn=0-88192-498-9|oclc=44650974|last=Anderson, Edward F., 1932-2001.}}</ref> ==Morfologi== Spésiés tina génus ''Schlumbergera'' umumna boga dahan anu wangunna siga daun.Sababaraha spésiés tumuwuh kalawan boga [[kembang]] anu panjang.<ref name=":1" /> Dina sawatara spésiés ségmén batangna ipis, tapi aya ogé anu buleud. Perenah kembangna umumna horizontal. Daging buahna lemes atawa keusrak, gumantung spésiésna.<ref name=":1" /> {| |- | [[Gambar:Schlumbergera cultivar stems.jpg|nir|jmpl|300px|Variasi wangun dahan''Schlumbergera'']] | [[Gambar:Schlumbergera cultivars variation.jpg|nir|jmpl|300px|Variasi warna kembang dina grup Truncata modéren]] | [[Gambar:- Schlumbergera trunctata -.jpg|nir|jmpl|300px|''S.'' 'Bristol Queen' tina grup Reginae ]] |} == Spésiés == * ''[[Schlumbergera bridgesii]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagobotanic.org/plantinfo/christmas_cactus|title=Christmas Cactus {{!}} Chicago Botanic Garden|website=www.chicagobotanic.org|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> * ''[[Schlumbergera truncata]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=840|title=Christmas cactus (Schlumbergera) / RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=2020-05-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513183735/https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=840 |date=2020-05-13 }}</ref> *''[[Schlumbergera rosea]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rhipsalis.com/species/rosea.htm|title=Schlumbergera rosea|website=rhipsalis.com|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> *''[[Schlumbergera kautskyi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seedlingsandcuttings.eu/index.php/our-products/product/231-schlumbergera-kautskyi-cutting|title=Schlumbergera kautskyi cutting|website=seedlingsandcuttings.eu|accessdate=2020-05-29}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *''[[Schlumbergera microsphaerica]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.llifle.com/Encyclopedia/CACTI/Family/Cactaceae/2971/Schlumbergera_microsphaerica|title=Schlumbergera microsphaerica|website=www.llifle.com|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> *''[[Schlumbergera opuntioides]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldofsucculents.com/schlumbergera-opuntioides/|title=Schlumbergera opuntioides|website=World of Succulents|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> *''[[Schlumbergera orssichiana]]'' *''[[Schlumbergera russelliana]]'' *''[[Schlumbergera gaertneri]]'' *''[[Schlumbergera lutea]]'' *''[[Schlumbergera rosea]]'' * == Konservasi & Budidaya == Sawatara spésiésna kaancam punah dina daptar beureum IUCN,<ref name=":1" /> antarana ''Schlumbergera microsphaerica<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Schlumbergera microsphaerica|last=Kew)|first=Nigel Taylor (RBG|last2=Assessment)|first2=Daniela Zappi (RBG Kew / Global Cactus|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref>'' jeung ''Schlumbergera opuntioides''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Schlumbergera opuntioides|last=Kew)|first=Nigel Taylor (RBG|last2=Assessment)|first2=Daniela Zappi (RBG Kew / Global Cactus|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref>. Ieu kaktus réa dibudidayakeun pikeun djadikeun hiasan taman, kalawan disimpen dina pot atawa dipelak dina [[taneuh]]. Cara ngipukkeunna bisa ku neukteuk dahanna, tuluy diteundeun dina média pikeun melak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature-and-garden.com/gardening/schlumbergera.html|title=Schlumbergera, Christmas cactus - caring for this pink-flowering succulent|website=Nature and garden|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> Minangka pepelakan pikeun hiasan di imah, budidaya Schlumbergera kawilang gampang. Sababaraha hal anu disarankeun pikeun ngabudidayakeun ieu tutuwuhan di antarana<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Christmas cacti : the genus Schlumbergera and its hybrids|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34559034|publisher=D. Hunt|date=1995|location=Sherborne|isbn=0-9517234-7-2|oclc=34559034|last=McMillan, A. J. S.|last2=Hunt, David R., 1938-|last3=Taylor, Nigel P.}}</ref>: * ''Média melak'': kudu garing, beunghar humus, campuran dangdaunan nu geus buruk, jeung keusik. Disarankeun melakna dina pot leutik.<ref name=":3" /> * ''Nyébor'': Ieu tutuwuhan leuwih toléran tina kakeueum ti batan tutuwuhan imah séjénna, tapi bisa ogé ruksak upama kurang atawa leuwih teuing nyéborna. Média pikeun melakna cukup sina lembab baé.<ref name=":3" /> * ''Cahya'': Ieu tutuwuhan bisa ruksak upama kapoé teuing, nu ngajadikeun warnana semu beureum. Tapi, lamun kurang kapoé bakal hésé kembangan.<ref name=":3" /> == Hama jeung Panyakit == Dina usaha budidaya, ieu tutuwuhan kawilang bébas tina hama jeung panyakit.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Christmas cacti : the genus Schlumbergera and its hybrids|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34559034|publisher=D. Hunt|date=1995|location=Sherborne|isbn=0-9517234-7-2|oclc=34559034|last=McMillan, A. J. S.|last2=Hunt, David R., 1938-|last3=Taylor, Nigel P.}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, aya hama kutu nu nyerang sirung ngora, jeung kembang.<ref name=":2" /> Dina akarna kapanggih ogé [[kutu]] anu nyerang dina jero taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Tangkal jeung akar bisa buruk lantaran panyakit atawa jamur jeung sarupaning nu kitu. Pikeun ngungkulanana bisa dibéré obat kimia anu merenah.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Schlumbergera]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Amérika]] 60iwbw9wcdp6cfa78a7pv75r18kukcf 0 99596 731605 728310 2026-11-07T20:13:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{keur dikeureuyeuh}} {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|ChEMBL=1305 <!--Chemical data-->|ChemSpiderID=2115|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=DHA8014SS1|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D07458|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|C=17|ChEBI=84115|H=19|N=3|molecular_weight=265.353 g/mol|smiles=N\1=C(\NCC/1)CN(c2ccccc2)Cc3ccccc3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C17H19N3/c1-3-7-15(8-4-1)13-20(14-17-18-11-12-19-17)16-9-5-2-6-10-16/h1-10H,11-14H2,(H,18,19)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|Watchedfields=changed|routes_of_administration=Topical (nasal, [[eye drop]]s) <!--Identifiers-->|verifiedrevid=443208622|IUPAC_name=''N''-(4,5-Dihydro-1''H''-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-''N''-(phenylmethyl)aniline|image=Antazoline.svg|width=215 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=Vasocon-a|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|CONS|vasocon-a}}|IUPHAR_ligand=7116|DrugBank=DB08799|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=91-75-8|ATC_prefix=R01|ATC_suffix=AC04|ATC_supplemental={{ATC|R06|AX05}}|PubChem=2200|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|StdInChIKey=REYFJDPCWQRWAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N}} '''Antazoline''' nyaéta ubar antihistamin generasi kahiji kalayan aktivitas antikolinergik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08799|title=Antazoline|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218044426/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08799|archivedate=2020-02-18}}</ref> Antazoline disebut ogé ''Otrivine-Antistin'', mangrupa ubar jinis anti inflamasi nu bisa ngungkulan gejala sarta alergi. Salaku ''dekongestan'', antazoline biasa dipaké pikeun ngungkulan [[irung]] mangpet, sarta mun diformulasikeun dina bentuk tétés [[panon]], bisa ngubaran konjungtivitis alergik. Konjungtivitis alergik nyaéta réaksi paradangan dina panon ku sabab ayana kontak jeung subtansi alérgén kayaning kebul, bulu sato, bubuk sari [[kembang]] atawa spora [[jamur]], atawa komponen [[kimia]] nu aya dina sababaraha produk. Gejala nu biasa karandapan kayaning, panon beureum, caian, ateul, jeung karasa nyeri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmasi-id.com/antazoline/|title=Antazoline {{!}} Kandungan, Indikasi, Efek Samping, Dosis, Obat Apa {{!}} Antihistamin & Antialergi|website=Farmasi-id.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114163351/https://www.farmasi-id.com/antazoline/|archivedate=2019-11-14}}</ref> == Struktur fisik == Antazoline nyaéta ubar anti histamin generasi kahiji kalayan aktivitas antikolinergik. Antazoline miboga struktur kimia C17-H19-N3 nu miboga beurat molekul 265.35 gram/mol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2115.html?rid=a3eb47b5-7df3-4054-aabd-e7a5b1c0095e|title=Antazoline {{!}} C17H19N3 {{!}} ChemSpider|website=www.chemspider.com|accessdate=2020-06-01}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/m.drugportal/name/antazoline|title=Drug Information Portal - Mobile - U.S. National Library of Medicine - Drug Search Results|website=druginfo.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2020-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216114034/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/ja22/ja22_pubchem.html|archivedate=2024-12-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216114034/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/ja22/ja22_pubchem.html |date=2024-12-16 }}</ref> Dina ngaran kimia N-Benzyl-N-(2-imidazolin-2-ylmetyl)aniline (BAN) 2-N-benzylanilinometylimidazoline (WHO).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/antazoline.html|title=Antazoline|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320111626/http://www.drugs.com/international/antazoline.html|archivedate=2016-03-20}}</ref> Antazoline mangrupa antagonis réséptor H1. Sacara selektif ngabeungkeut réséptor H1 ngan teu di aktifkeun nepi ka ngahalangan histamin [[endogen]] jeung mampu ngurangan gejala negatip nu aya ku sabab histamin nu dileupaskeun. Leupasna histamin ieu ku sabab sistem awak nu nahankeun diri tina subtansi asing nu miboga poténsi nimbulkeun éfék goréng keur kaséhatan.<ref name=":1" /> === Sadiaan jeung jalan pamakéan === * ''Liquid'', panon * Kapsul (jeung gelatin), ''oral'' * Solusi atau keclak (''drop''), panon === Prosedur saacan pamakéan ubar === * Kumbah heula [[leungeun]] saacan maké antazoline * Buka tutup tina wadah antazoline * Posisikeun [[sirah]] dimiringkeun ka arah tukang tuluy tarik panon maké [[ramo]] nepi ka ngabuka * Tuluy keclakeun kana jero panon, sarta tutup mata nu geus diubaran kisaran hiji nepi ka dua menit. Lamun maké ubar lianna saacan maké ubar ieu, antepkeun heula lima nepi ka sapuluh menit saacan pamakéan antazoline. Ulah poho pikeun ngaleupaskeun heula ''softlens'' mun anjeun keur kabeneran maké.<ref name=":2" /> == Kontraindikasi jeung hal-hal nu kudu diperhatikeun == === Kontraindikasi Antazoline === Kontraindikasi mangrupa hiji patunjuk ngeunaan kondisi-kondisi di mana amakéan ubar éta teu meunang ku sabab bisa ngakibatkeun bahaya mun dikonsumsi. Pamakéan antazoline dikontradiksikeun dina kaayan-kaayaan pasén nu miboga alérgi atawa hipersensitif ka antazoline.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://halosehat.com/obat-a-z/obat-a/antazoline|title=Antazoline - Obat Apa - Fungsi - Dosis - Efek Samping|website=HaloSehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420143224/https://halosehat.com/obat-a-z/obat-a/antazoline|archivedate=2020-04-20}}</ref> === Hal-hal nu kudu diperhatikeun === Saacan maké antazoline kudu dikonsultasikeun heula ka dokter ngeunaan yuswa, kaayaan kaséhatan, panyakit nu karandapan sarta ubar jeung vitamin lianna nu keur dikonsumsi, kayaning: * Mun anjeun keur maké ''softlens'' * Miboga riwayat atawa miboga kasakit [[jantung]] jeung ogé tekanan darah tinggi * Keur karandapan panyakit glaukoma sudut sempit * Miboga alérgi kana jinis ubar keclak panon antazoline * Mun anjeun keur kakandungan atawa miboga rencana rék hamil. * Budak leutik handapeun 12 taun, ku sabab antazoline bisa dipaké ku budak minimal 12 taun. Salian ti sababaraha hal éta, anjeun kudu ngajelaskeun ka dokter ubar naon waé nu keur dipaké boh ubar herbal, ubar komplementer atawa ubar ti warung. Paké antazoline saluyu jeung prosedur pamakéan nu saluyu. Mun dina 72 jam acan kénéh aya parobahan, gera konsultasikeun deui ka dokter.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Ngaran lian == Ieu di handap aya sababaraha ngaran luar, ngaran generik sarta ngaran dagang ti ubar antazoline:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> === Ngaran luar === * Antazolinum (Latin) * Antazolin ([[Jérman]]) * Antazoline ([[Prancis]]) * Antazolina ([[Spanyol]]) === Ngaran generik === *''Antazolina'' (OS: DCIT) *''Antazoline'' (OS: BAN, DCF) * 5512-M (IS) * M 5512 (IS) * PM 265 (IS) *''Antazoline Hydrochloride'' (OS: BANM) *''Phenazoline hydrochloride'' (IS) *''Antazoline'' (chlorhydrate d') (PH: Ph. Eur. 9) *''Antazoline Hydrochloride'' (PH: BP 2018, USP XV) *''Antazoline hydrochloride'' (PH: Ph. Eur. 9) *''Antazolinhydrochlorid'' (PH: Ph. Eur. 9) *''Antazolini hydrochloridum'' (PH: Ph. Eur. 9, Ph. Int. 2) *''Antazoline Mesylate'' (IS) *''Antazoline methanesulfonate'' (IS) *''Antazoline Phosphate'' (OS: BANM) *''Antazoline Phosphate'' (PH: USP 41) *''Antazoline Sulfate'' (OS: BANM) *''Antazolina solfato'' (PH: F.U. XII) === Ngaran mérk dagang disababaraha nagara === *''Antistin Privina [+ Naphazoline]'' Novartis Farma, [[Italia]] *''Antistin-Privin [+ Antazoline]'' Novartis, [[Libanon]] *''Miracryl-A [+ Naphazoline] Roster'', [[Péru]] *''Oftalirio [+ Naphazoline]'' Saval,[[Ékuador]]; Saval, Peru; Servimedic, [[Uruguay]] *''Optizolin [+ Tetryzoline''] Jamjom, [[Egypt|Égypt]] *''Red Off Plus'' [+ Naphazoline] Labolatorium Chili, [[Cilé]] *''Spersallerg [+ Tetryzoline] Excel Vision'', Libanon *''Zincfrin A [+ Zinc, + Naphazoline]'' Alcon, [[Méksiko]] *''Zocare [+ Tetryzoline]'' ''Healthcare'', [[Bangladés]] *''Ankemin [+ Tetryzoline]'' Union, [[Taiwan]] *''Antazallerge [+ Tetryzoline]'' Siam Bheasach, [[Thailand]] *''Antistine CIBA'', [[Kuwait]] *''Apillerg [+ Tetryzoline] Amman Pharmaceutical'', [[Oman]] *''Curall-a [+ Naphazoline]'' [[Schazoo]], [[Pakistan]] *''Gemini [+ Tetryzoline]'' Al Pharm, [[Afrika Kidul]] *''Oculerge [+ Tetryzoline] Pharmacare'', Afrika Kidul *''Opsil-A [+ Tetryzoline] Allergan'', Thailand *''Spersallerg [+ Tetryzoline]'' Grup Actavis, Malta; Al Pharm, Afrika Kidul; Laboratorium. Thea, Rumania; The Laboratoires Thea, [[Polandia]]; Laboratoires Thea, [[Slovakia]]; Laboratorium Thea, [[Céko|Republik Céko]]; Novartis, Ekuador; Novartis, [[Hong Kong]]; Novartis, Taiwan; Novartis Pharma, [[Bulgaria]]; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Kuwait; THEA, [[Suis]]; THEA, [[Norwégia]] *''Spersallerg 0.5 mg/ml+0.4 mg/ml'' [+ Tetryzoline] THEA, [[Hungaria]] *''Analergin [+ Naphazoline]'' Ivax, [[Lituania]] *''Phenazolinum Polfa Warszawa'', Polandia *''Sanorin Combi [+ Naphazoline] Xantis'', Slovakia *''Albalon A [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', [[Kénya]]; Allergan, [[Selandia Anyar]]; ''Allergan'', [[Tanzania]] *''Albalon-A [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', [[Australia]]; Allergan, Kuwait *''Albasol-A [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', Ekuador *''Alergiftalmina [+ Naphazoline]'' Davi, [[Portugal]] *''Alergoftal [+ Naphazoline] Alcon'', Kuwait; M4, [[Spanyol]] *''Allergoconjunct [+ Tetryzoline] Infectopharm'', Jérman *''Allergopos N [+ Tetryzoline] Ursapharm'', [[Malta]] *''Citol A + T [+ Tetryzoline] Oftalmica'', [[Paraguay]] *''Midazol Ofteno [+ Naphazoline]'' Sophia, Méksiko *''Oftalirio [+ Naphazoline]'' Saval, Paraguay *''Refresh Eye Allergy Relief [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', Kanada *''Rinobanedif [+ Bacitracin, + Neomycin, + Xylometazoline]'' Laboratorio Bago, Cilé *''Zincfrin-A [+ Naphazoline, + Zinc Sulfate] Alcon'', Kuwait *''Allertec Ukaszenia [+ Naphazoline] Polfa Warszawa'', Polandia *''Antistina-Privin [+ Naphazoline] Thea Nordic'', [[Dénmark]] *''Antistine-Privine [+ Naphazoline] Novartis Pharmaceuticals,'' Kuwait *''Murine Allergy [+ Xylometazoline]'' Abbott, Kuwait *''Noscam [+ Naphazoline]'' Riyadh Pharma, [[Oman]] *''Ocured [+ Naphazoline]'' Riyadh Pharma, Oman *''Oftalirio [+ Naphazoline] Nicolich'', Chili *''Oftophenazol [+ Naphazoline]'' Polfa Warszawa, Polandia *''Ophtazolin [+ Naphazoline]'' Dar Al Dawa, Oman *''Otrivine-Antistin [+ Xylometazoline]'' Thea Pharmaceuticals, [[Britania Raya|Inggris]] *''Rhinophenazol [+ Naphazolin]'' Polfa Warszawa, Polandia == Éfék samping == Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipikahayang tina pamakéan hiji ubar. Éfék samping bisa béda unggal jalma, gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, yuswa, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, atawa kaayaan kaséhatan hiji jalma. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping bisa kaalaman sanggeus pamakéan antazoline diantarana:<ref name=":1" /> * Réaksi hipersensitif * Iritasi, rarasaan kaduruk atawa kaseureud (bisa leungit sababaraha menit sanggeus pamakéan ubar keclak panon) * Sensitifitas kana [[kulit]] * Ulah dipaké kana kulit nu rusak atawa kaayaan kulit [[éksim]] * Hipertensi (Salila pamakéan sakurang-kurangna 14 poé) == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Ubar]] 53y85u9i7hy4fkfw2hd9v4vvodm1b06 0 99600 731799 684547 2026-11-08T09:38:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Singapura | first_case = [[Singapura]] | total_ili = | suspected_cases = | confirmed_cases = 9.125 | deaths = 11 | recovery_cases = 839 | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], Tiongkok | arrival_date = 23 Januari 2020 | location = [[Singapura]] | map1 = COVID-19 Cases in Singapore by Planning Areas.svg | virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]] | disease = [[COVID-19]] | legend3 = | map3 = | legend2 = | map2 = | legend1 = {{center|[[Kawasan Perencanaan Singapura]] kalawan kasus Covid-19 per 16 April 2020:}} {{legend|#c80000|Kakonfirmasi}} | website = {{URL|www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19}} }} '''Pandémi koronvirus 2019 di Singapura''' mimiti kapanggih di tanggal [[23 Januari]] [[2020]] nalika hiji lalaki 66 taun anu asalna ti Wuhan, Tiongkok dipastikeun positip beunang virus korona pas datang ka Singapura jueng salapan urang lianna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2020/01/23/21213071/singapura-umumkan-kasus-pertama-virus-corona|title=Singapura Umumkan Kasus Pertama Virus Corona|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Per tanggal [[2 Juni]] 2020, kacatet geus aya 35.836 kasus positip, 23.175 urang anu geus cageur,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.sg/article/covid-19-cases-in-singapore|title=COVID-19: Cases in Singapore|website=www.gov.sg|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> sarta 24 urang anu tilar dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://palu.tribunnews.com/2020/06/02/update-corona-asia-tenggara-2-juni-2020-kasus-covid-19-di-singapura-capai-35-ribu-laos-19-orang|title=Update Corona Asia Tenggara 2 Juni 2020: Kasus Covid-19 di Singapura Capai 35 Ribu, Laos 19 Orang|website=Tribun Palu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.sg/features/covid-19|title=COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)|website=www.gov.sg|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayobandung.com/read/2020/06/02/91277/update-corona-indonesia-dan-dunia-hari-ini-selasa-2-juni-2020|title=Update Corona Indonesia dan Dunia Hari Ini Selasa 2 Juni 2020|last=Network|first=Ayo Media|website=AyoBandung.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Kasus anu tiwas di Singapura kawilang saeutik ti batan nagara séjén, kalawan rasiona 0,066 persén.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.bisnis.com/read/20200506/106/1236813/kunci-sukses-singapura-dan-qatar-jaga-tingkat-kematian-covid-19-di-bawah-01-persen|title=Kunci Sukses Singapura dan Qatar Jaga Tingkat Kematian Covid-19 di bawah 0,1 Persen {{!}} Lifestyle|website=Bisnis.com|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> == Mimiti == Di tanggal [[23 Januari]] 2020, pamaréntah Singapura ngumumkeun yén virus korona geus asup ka nagarana, ieu kabuktian ku ayana kasus positip munggaran nyaéta hiji lalaki 66 taun anu asalna ti [[Kota]] [[Wuhan]]. Manéhna datang ka [[Singapura]] jueng salapan urang lianna di tanggal 20 Januari. Manéhna geus ngeluh nyeri [[tikoro]] pas ti [[Kapal udara|pasawat]] kénéh, tuluy isukanana rarieut. Dua poé saenggeusna manéhna ka [[rumah sakit]] sarta dinyatakeun postip. Salapan urang lianna anu milu jueng manéhna milu diisolasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yogyakarta.kompas.com/read/2020/01/23/21213071/singapura-umumkan-kasus-pertama-virus-corona|title=Singapura Umumkan Kasus Pertama Virus Corona Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2020/01/23/singapura-umumkan-kasus-pertama-virus-corona-pemerintah-minta-warga-jangan-panik|title=Singapura Umumkan Kasus Pertama Virus Corona, Pemerintah Minta Warga Jangan Panik|website=Serambi Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/waspada-virus-corona-sudah-menjangkiti-singapura|title=Waspada, virus corona sudah menjangkiti Singapura|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/health/2020/01/24/073707/singapura-umumkan-kasus-virus-corona-pertama-di-negaranya|title=Singapura Umumkan Kasus Virus Corona Pertama di Negaranya|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4871289/singapura-nyatakan-terima-kasus-pertama-virus-corona|title=Singapura Nyatakan Terima Kasus Pertama Virus Corona|last=Damarjati|first=Danu|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603005832/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4871289/singapura-nyatakan-terima-kasus-pertama-virus-corona |date=2020-06-03 }}</ref> == Ngaronjatna kasus == Di tanggal [[17 Maret]], kasus di [[Singapura]] nambahanna pohara lobana tinu asalna 266 pasén jadi 5.992 kasus, lolobana kasus ti pagawé migran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/kasus-corona-melonjak-di-singapura-temasek-bagikan-hand-sanitiser-gratis|title=Kasus corona melonjak di Singapura, Temasek bagikan hand sanitiser gratis|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/kasus-corona-melonjak-di-singapura-temasek-bagikan-hand-sanitiser-gratis|title=Kasus corona melonjak di Singapura, Temasek bagikan hand sanitiser gratis|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read282073/rupanya-lonjakan-kasus-baru-di-singapura-ada-kaitannya-pekerja-migran-dari|title=Rupanya Lonjakan Kasus Baru di Singapura Ada Kaitannya Pekerja Migran dari...|website=Warta Ekonomi|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603011640/https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read282073/rupanya-lonjakan-kasus-baru-di-singapura-ada-kaitannya-pekerja-migran-dari |date=2020-06-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suryakepri.com/2020/04/19/singapura-dianggap-kebobolan-kasus-covid-19-dari-pekerja-migran/|title=Singapura Dianggap Kebobolan Kasus Covid-19 dari Pekerja Migran|last=putra|website=Surya Kepri|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603223805/https://suryakepri.com/2020/04/19/singapura-dianggap-kebobolan-kasus-covid-19-dari-pekerja-migran/ |date=2020-06-03 }}</ref> Hal ieu anu nyababkeun Singapura dianggap ''kabobolan'' dina nanganan virus korona. Pagawé migran di Sibgapura biasana nyicingan di [[asrama]] anu sakamarna bisa dieusian ku 6 nepi ka 12 urang, anu matak hésé narepkeun kawijakan pangwatesan sosial atawa ''social distancing''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wowkeren.com/berita/tampil/00306994.html|title=Pekerja Imigran Diduga Sebagai Penyebab Kasus Corona di Singapura Meningkat, Ini Penjelasannya|last=Putri|first=Nidya|website=WowKeren.com|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Nepi ka tanggal [[1 Juni]], Singapura boga 35.292 kasus, anu mangrupa kasus panglobana sa-[[ASEAN]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/06/02/084000765/kabar-baik-virus-corona-di-asia-tenggara-4-negara-laporkan-0-kematian|title=Kabar Baik Virus Corona di Asia Tenggara: 4 Negara Laporkan 0 Kematian Halaman 3|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> == Dampak == === Ékonomi === Ku sabab dampak ayana ieu sasalad, nagara Singapura kaancam résési.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200602111453-4-162394/singapura-malaysia-terancam-resesi-ini-dampaknya-ke-ri|title=Singapura & Malaysia Terancam Resesi, Ini Dampaknya ke RI|last=Citradi|first=Tirta|website=news|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> [[Produk doméstik bruto|Produk Doméstik Bruto]] (PDB) Singapura kira-kira bakal kontraksi -1 nepi ka -4 persén. Ieu diperparah ku turunna harga [[Minyak bumi|minyak dunya]]. Lantaran 4 persén PDB nyaéta tina industri minyak saperti industri kalautan sarta panyulingan [[minyak]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://money.kompas.com/read/2020/04/28/184500026/resesi-singapura-bisa-lebih-dalam-dari-perkiraan|title=Resesi Singapura Bisa Lebih Dalam dari Perkiraan|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Ieu ku sabab angka [[ékspor]] nurun lantaran nagara séjén ogé beunang dampak pandémi sarta ékonomina nurun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20200526141906-532-506993/ekonomi-singapura-terpukul-bisa-ke-titik-nadir-sejak-merdeka|title=Ekonomi Singapura Terpukul, Bisa ke Titik Nadir Sejak Merdeka|website=ekonomi|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> angka tumuwuhna [[ékonomi]] Singapura diproyéksiikeun bakal kontraksi jadi -5,7 persén, malahan bisa jadi -7,8 persén.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20200427092541-17-154592/dbs-ekonomi-singapura-bisa-minus-78-resesi-di-depan-mata|title=DBS: Ekonomi Singapura Bisa Minus 7,8%, Resesi di Depan Mata|last=saleh|first=tahir|website=market|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Salian ti éta, bakal loba industri anu punah ku sabab ieu pandémi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayobandung.com/read/2020/05/01/87863/banyak-jenis-industri-di-singapura-akan-punah-akibat-corona|title=Banyak Jenis Industri di Singapura akan Punah Akibat Corona|last=Network|first=Ayo Media|website=AyoBandung.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> === Pariwisata === Salian ti éta, ku sabab ayana ieu sasalad, jumlah jelema anu wisata di Singapura nurun 85 persén. Ieu anu pangparahna saenggeus sasalad SARS di taun [[2003]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20200429/19/1234587/dampak-corona-singapura-catat-jumlah-pengunjung-terendah-sejak-2013|title=Dampak Corona, Singapura Catat Jumlah Pengunjung Terendah Sejak 2013 {{!}} Kabar24|website=Bisnis.com|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20200311/19/1211947/terdampak-corona-pariwisata-singapura-terpukul-lebih-keras|title=Terdampak Corona, Pariwisata Singapura Terpukul Lebih Keras {{!}} Kabar24|website=Bisnis.com|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> Tempat wisata ogé sarepi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1309185/kembang-kempis-pariwisata-singapura-karena-virus-corona|title=Kembang Kempis Pariwisata Singapura Karena Virus Corona|last=Cahyana|first=Ludhy|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603225054/https://travel.tempo.co/read/1309185/kembang-kempis-pariwisata-singapura-karena-virus-corona|archivedate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read271285/akibat-corona-industri-pariwisata-singapura-mati|title=Akibat Corona, Industri Pariwisata Singapura Mati|website=Warta Ekonomi|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603225056/https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read271285/akibat-corona-industri-pariwisata-singapura-mati |date=2020-06-03 }}</ref> Pamaréntah Singapura ngira-ngira yén waktu anu dibutuhkeun pikeun pulihna widang [[pariwisata]] nyaéta 5 atawa 6 bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/02/18/192317027/waktu-yang-dibutuhkan-pariwisata-singapura-untuk-pulih-dari-dampak-virus|title=Waktu yang DIbutuhkan Pariwisata Singapura untuk Pulih dari Dampak Virus Corona|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] * [[Pandémi]] * [[COVID-19]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Pandémi]] [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] komowl9p8famuj8rx1v3v5d9282rshz 0 99668 731830 708831 2026-11-08T11:13:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731830 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kota Bandung == ====== RSU Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung ====== Jl. Pasteur No. 38, Kota Bandung +62 22 2034 953; +62 22 2034 954; +62 22 2034 955; +62 22 2551 111 ====== RSTP Dr. H. A. Rotinsulu Bandung ====== Jl. Bukit Jarian No.40, Hegarmanah, Kota Bandung +62 22 2034446 http://rsparurotinsulu.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113029/http://rsparurotinsulu.org/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RSAU Dr. M. Salamun Bandung ====== Jl. Ciumbuleuit No.203, Kab. Bandung +62 22 2032090 http://rsausalamun.com/salamun/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113041/http://rsausalamun.com/salamun/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Immanuel Bandung ====== Jl. Kopo No. 161, Kota Bandung +62 22 520 1656 +62 22 520 1672 http://www.rsimmanuel.com/ ====== RS Santo Borromeus Bandung ====== Jl. Ir. H.Djuanda No.100, Kota Bandung +62 22 2552001; +62 22 8255 8000 http://rsborromeus.com/ ====== RS Santo Yusup Bandung ====== Jl. Cikutra No. 7, Kota Bandung +62 22 7208172; +62 22 7202420 https://www.rssantoyusup.com/ ====== RS Advent Bandung ====== Jl. Cihampelas No.161, Kota Bandung +62 22 2034386 http://www.rsadventbandung.com/ ====== RS Al Islam Bandung ====== Jl. Soekarno Hatta No. 644, Kota Bandung +62 22 756 5588 https://www.rsalislam.com/ ====== Santosa Hospital Bandung Central ====== Jl.Kebonjati No.38, Kota Bandung +62 22 4348 333 https://www.santosa-hospital.com/ ====== RSUD Kota Bandung ====== Jl. Rumah Sakit No. 22 Ujung Berung, Kota Bandung +62 22 7811794; +62 22 7800017 https://rsudkotabandung.web.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113025/https://rsudkotabandung.web.id/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Hermina Arcamanik Bandung ====== Jl. A.H. Nasution No. 50, Kota Bandung 1500 488; +62 22 8724 2525 http://herminahospitalgroup.com/arcamanik {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318120720/http://www.herminahospitalgroup.com/arcamanik |date=2020-03-18 }} ====== RS Khusus Ibu dan Anak Kota Bandung ====== Jl. KH. Wahid Hasyim (Kopo) No. 311, Kota Bandung +62 22 8603 7777; +62 22 5200 505 http://rskiakotabandung.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113024/http://rskiakotabandung.com/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Bhayangkara TK. II Sartika Asih Bandung ====== Jl. Moch Toha No. 369, Kota Bandung +62 22 5229544 http://rsbsabandung.com/ == Kota Cimahi == ====== Rumah Sakit Tk. II Dustira Cimahi ====== Jl. Dustira No. 1, Kota Cimahi +62 22 6652207 https://web.archive.org/web/20200603004532/http://rsdustira.com/ ====== RSUD Cibabat Cimahi ====== Jl. Jend. Amir Machmud 140, Kota Cimahi +62 22 655 2025 https://rsudcibabat.cimahikota.go.id/ '''Finj Media''' Jl. binong 2, kota karawaci +62 83366242433 https://www.finjmedia.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203034014/https://www.finjmedia.com/ |date=2023-02-03 }} == Kabupatén Bandung / Bandung Kulon == ====== RSUD Al-Ihsan Kab. Bandung ====== Jl. Kiastramanggala, Baleendah, Kab. Bandung +62 22 5940 872; +62 22 5941 709 http://rsudalihsan.jabarprov.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113043/http://rsudalihsan.jabarprov.go.id/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RSUD Majalaya ====== Jl. Cipaku No.87, Kab. Bandung +62 22 5950 035 ====== Santosa Hospital Bandung Kopo ====== Jl.K.H Wahid Hasyim No.461-463, Kab. Bandung +62 22 5428 0333 http://shbk.santosa-hospital.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113023/http://shbk.santosa-hospital.com/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Unggul Karsa Medika Kab. Bandung ====== Taman Kopo Indah III Blok H-1, Mekar rahayu, Kab. Bandung +62 22 8601 1220 https://www.rsukm.com/ ====== RSUD Cililin Kab. Bandung ====== Jl. Cintakarya, Cililin, Kab. Bandung +62 22 6941 600 ====== RSUD Cikalongwetan Kab. Bandung ====== Jl. Cikalong No.290, Kab. Bandung +62 22 8686 6016 https://rsudcikalongwetan.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151517/https://rsudcikalongwetan.com/ |date=2018-02-19 }} == Kabupatén Sumedang == ====== RSUD Sumedang ====== Jl. Palasari No.80, Kotakulon, Kab. Sumedang +62 261 201021 == Kota Bekasi == ====== RS Mitra Keluarga Bekasi Timur ====== Jl. Pengasinan, Rawa Semut, Margahayu, Kota Bekasi +62 21 8999 9222; +62 21 8834 2007 https://mitrakeluarga.com/bekasi-timur/informasi-dokter {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609114552/https://mitrakeluarga.com/bekasi-timur/informasi-dokter |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Mitra Keluarga Kota Bekasi ====== Jl. Jendral Ahmad Yani, Kayuringin Jaya, Kota Bekasi +62 21 8853 333; +62 21 8848 666 https://mitrakeluarga.com/bekasi/lokasi-rs {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609120228/https://mitrakeluarga.com/bekasi/lokasi-rs |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RSUD dr. Slamet Garut ====== Jl. RSU DR. Slamet No.12, Sukakarya, Kab. Garut +62 262 237791 ====== RS Hermina Bekasi ====== Jl. Kemakmuran No. 39 Margajaya, Kota Bekasi +62 21 884 2121 http://herminahospitalgroup.com/bekasi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318120735/http://www.herminahospitalgroup.com/bekasi |date=2020-03-18 }} ====== RS Hermina Galaxy Bekasi ====== Jl. Gardenia Raya Blok BA I No. 11, Grand Galaxy City, Kota Bekasi +62 21 8222 525 http://herminahospitalgroup.com/galaxy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318120811/http://www.herminahospitalgroup.com/galaxy |date=2020-03-18 }} ====== RS Graha Juanda Kota Bekasi ====== Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No.326, Kota Bekasi +62 21 8811 832 ====== RS Awal Bros Bekasi Barat ====== Jl. KH. Noer Ali Kav. 17-18, Kalimalang Bekasi, Kota Bekasi +62 21 888 55 222; +62 21 8868 888 http://awalbros.com/en/branch/bekasi-barat/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619035312/http://awalbros.com/en/branch/bekasi-barat/ |date=2020-06-19 }} ====== RS Bella Bekasi ====== Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 141, Kota Bekasi +62 21 8801 778; +62 21 8801 775 https://www.rsbella.com/ ====== Siloam Hospitals Bekasi Timur ====== Jl. Chairil Anwar No.27, Margahayu, Kota Bekasi +62 21 806 11 900; 1 500 911 https://www.siloamhospitals.com/en/Hospitals-and-Clinics/Hospitals/Rumah-Sakit-Siloam-Bekasi-Timur ====== RSUD dr. Chasbullah Abdulmajid Bekasi ====== Jl. Pramuka No. 55, Kota Bekasi +62 87 8866 6651 http://www.rsudkotabekasi.net == Kabupatén Bekasi == ====== RS Sentra Medika Cikarang ====== Jl. Raya Industri Pasir Gombong - Cikarang, Kab. Bekasi +62 21 8837 4444 https://www.sentramedikahospitals.com/cikarang/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113024/https://www.sentramedikahospitals.com/cikarang/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Annisa Kab. Bekasi ====== Jl. Cikarang Baru Raya No.31, Simpangan, Kec. Cikarang Utara, Bekasi, Kab. Bekasi +62 221 8904 165 ====== RS Siloam Lippo Cikarang ====== , Kab. Bekasi +62 21 890 4160 64; +62 21 8911 1112 https://www.siloamhospitals.com/Hospitals-and-Clinics/Hospitals/Siloam-Hospitals-Lippo-Cikarang ====== RS Hermina Grand Wisata Kab. Bekasi ====== Jl. Festival Boulevard Blok JA-I No. 1 Grand Wisata, Kab. Bekasi +62 21 8265 1212 https://herminahospitals.com/hermina-grand-wisata/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113024/https://herminahospitals.com/hermina-grand-wisata/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Kartika Husada Tambun Kab. Bekasi ====== Jl. Raya Mangun Jaya, Sumberjaya, Kec. Tambun Sel., Kab. Bekasi +62 21 8832 7281 ====== RS Mitra Keluarga Cikarang ====== Jalan Raya Industri No.100, Mekarmukti, Cikarang Utara, Kab. Bekasi +62 21 8984 0500; +62 21 8984 6000 https://mitrakeluarga.com/cikarang/informasi-dokter {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609130700/https://mitrakeluarga.com/cikarang/informasi-dokter |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Kartika Husada Setu Bekasi ====== Jl. MT. Haryono No.RT. 01/06, Burangkeng, Setu, Kab. Bekasi +62 21 8261 0003 http://www.kartikahusadasetu.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717130051/http://www.kartikahusadasetu.com/ |date=2020-07-17 }} == Kota Cirebon == ====== RSU Gunung Jati Cirebon ====== Jalan Kesambi Raya No.56, Drajat, Kesambi, Kota Cirebon +62 231 202441; +62 231 206330 https://rsudgunungjati.cirebonkota.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324050014/http://rsudgunungjati.cirebonkota.go.id/ |date=2018-03-24 }} ====== RS Tk III Ciremai Kota Cirebon ====== Jl. Kesambi No. 237, Kota Cirebon +62 231 231 625 http://rumkitciremai.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307050648/http://rumkitciremai.com/ |date=2023-03-07 }} == Kota Depok == ====== RSUD Kota Depok ====== Jl. Raya Muchtar No. 99, Sawangan, Kota Depok +62 251 8602 514 https://rsud.depok.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609123030/https://rsud.depok.go.id/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Puri Cinere Depok ====== Jl. Maribaya No.1 Puri Cinere, Kota Depok +62 21 7545 488 https://rspuricinere.id/ ====== RS Meilia Cibubur ====== Jl. Alternatif Cibubur KM 1, Cimanggis, Kota Depok +62 21 8444 444; +62 856 91 843 843; +62 21 845 1717 https://www.rsmeilia.co.id/ ====== RS Hermina Kota Depok ====== Jl. Raya Siliwangi No. 50, Pancoran Mas, Kota Depok +62 21 7720 2525; 1500 488 https://herminahospitals.com/hermina-depok/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113026/https://herminahospitals.com/hermina-depok/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Mitra Keluarga Kota Depok ====== Jl. Margonda Raya, Pancoran Mas, Kota Depok +62 21 7721 0700; +62 21 7720 6584 https://mitrakeluarga.com/depok/informasi-dokter {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609130625/https://mitrakeluarga.com/depok/informasi-dokter |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Bhayangkara Brimob Kota Depok ====== Jl. Komjen.Pol.M.Jasin Jl. Klp. Dua Raya, Pasir Gn. Sel., Kec. Cimanggis, Kota Depok +62 21 8770 4691 ====== RS Tugu Ibu Depok ====== Jl. Raya Bogor No.KM.29, Mekarsari, Kec. Cimanggis, Kota Depok +62 21 8710 870 ====== RSU R. Syamsudin, SH Sukabumi ====== Jl. Rumah Sakit No.1, Cikole, Kota Sukabumi https://www.rsudsyamsudin.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113043/https://www.rsudsyamsudin.org/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RSU Bunda Margonda Depok ====== Jl. Margonda Raya No. 28 Pondok Cina, Kota Depok 1 500 799 https://bunda.co.id/web/rsubundamargonda {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113043/https://bunda.co.id/web/rsubundamargonda |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia (RSUI) Depok ====== Jl. Prof Bahder Djohan, Kampus UI, Kota Depok +62 21 5082 9292 http://rs.ui.ac.id/umum/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113025/http://rs.ui.ac.id/umum/ |date=2020-06-09 }} == Kabupatén Sukabumi == ====== RSUD Sekarwangi Kab. Sukabumi ====== Jl. Siliwangi No.49, Cibadak, Kec. Cibadak, Kab. Sukabumi +62 266 531 261 https://web.archive.org/web/20200609170123/https://rsudsekarwangi.sukabumikab.go.id/ ====== RSUD Jampang Kulon Kab. Sukabumi ====== Jl. Cibarusah No.1, Tanjung, Jampang Kulon, Kab. Sukabumi +62 858 6437 2344 ====== RS Bhakti Medicare Kab. Sukabumi ====== Jl. Raya Siliwangi Cicurug Sukabumi, Kab. Sukabumi +62 266 73155 http://rsbhaktimedicare.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113024/http://rsbhaktimedicare.com/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Betha Medika Kab. Sukabumi ====== Jl. Raya Cisaat No.595, Cibatu, Kec. Cisaat, Kab. Sukabumi +62 266 224 128; +62 266 624 805; +62 266 6249 922 https://www.kasih-group.com/rsbethamedika {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113039/https://www.kasih-group.com/rsbethamedika |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Kartika Cibadak Kab. Sukabumi ====== Jl. Siliwangi No.139, Sundawenang, Kec. Cibadak, Kab. Sukabumi +62 266 716 0071 http://rskartikacibadak.co.id/Beranda {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113021/http://rskartikacibadak.co.id/Beranda |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RS Hermina Sukabumi ====== Jl. Raya Sukaraja, Sukaraja, Kec. Sukaraja, Kab. Sukabumi +62 266 625 2525 https://herminahospitals.com/hermina-sukabumi/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113023/https://herminahospitals.com/hermina-sukabumi/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RSUD Pelabuhan Ratu Sukabumi ====== Jl. Jend. Ahmad Yani No.2, Citepus, Kec. Pelabuhan Ratu, Kab. Sukabumi +62 266 432 081 http://www.rsudpalabuhanratu.sukabumikab.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113043/http://www.rsudpalabuhanratu.sukabumikab.go.id/ |date=2020-06-09 }} == Kabupatén Cianjur == ====== RSUD Sayang Kab. Cianjur ====== Jl. Rumah Sakit No.1, Kab. Cianjur +62 263 261 026; +62 812 2270 340 https://rsudsayang.cianjurkab.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609120049/https://rsudsayang.cianjurkab.go.id/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RSUD Cimacan Kab. Cianjur ====== Jl. Raya Cimacan No.17A, Palasari, Kec. Cipanas, Kab. Cianjur +62 263 295 0771 http://rsudcimacan.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709100813/http://rsudcimacan.com/ |date=2020-07-09 }} == Kabupatén Indramayu == ====== RSUD Indramayu ====== Jl. Murahnara No.7, Sindang, Kab. Indramayu +62 234 272655 http://rsud.indramayukab.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420144154/http://rsud.indramayukab.go.id/ |date=2020-04-20 }} ====== RSUD Pantura M.A. Sentot Patrol Kab. Indramayu ====== Jalan Raya Patrol Km.46, Kab. Indramayu +62 234 610 333 http://rsudmasentot.indramayukab.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609114530/http://rsudmasentot.indramayukab.go.id/ |date=2020-06-09 }} == Kabupatén Cirebon == ====== RS Paru Provinsi Jawa Barat Kab. Cirebon ====== Jl. Pangeran Kejaksan, Sidawangi, Kec. Sumber, Kab. Cirebon +62 231 833 0707 ====== Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Waled Kab. Cirebon ====== Jl. Prabu Kiansantang / Jl. Kesehatan No.4, Waled Kota, Kab. Cirebon +62 231 661 275; +62 231 661 126; +62 812 2063 8273 http://rsudwaled.cirebonkab.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628210552/http://rsudwaled.cirebonkab.go.id/ |date=2020-06-28 }} ====== RSUD Arjawinangun Kab. Cirebon ====== Jl. By Pass Palimanan Jakarta KM. 2 No. 1, Kebonturi, Kec. Arjawinangun, Kab. Cirebon +62 231 358 335 ====== Rumah Sakit Mitra Plumbon Kab. Cirebon ====== Jl. Raya Plumbon KM 11, Kab. Cirebon +62 231 323 100; +62 231 323 522; +62 231 324 483 https://rsmitraplumbon.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113024/https://rsmitraplumbon.com/ |date=2020-06-09 }} == Kabupatén Kuningan == ====== RSUD 45 Kab. Kuningan ====== Jl. Jend. Sudirman No.68, Kuningan, Kec. Kuningan, Kab. Kuningan +62 232 871 885 ====== RSUD Linggajati Kuningan ====== Jl. Raya Bandorasa Wetan No.27A, Kab. Kuningan +62 232 614 885; +62 232 614 884 https://rsud-linggarjati.kuningankab.go.id/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Kabupatén Majaléngka == ====== RSUD Cideres Majalengka ====== Jl. Raya Barat Cideres No.180, Bojongcideres, Kec. Dawuan, Kab. Majalengka +62 233 661 003 ====== RSUD Majalengka ====== Jl. Kesehatan No.77, Majalengka Wetan, Kec. Majalengka, Kab. Majalengka +62 233 281 189 == Kabupatén Subang == ====== RSUD Subang ====== Jl. Brigjen Katamso No.37, Dangdeur, Kab. Subang http://rsudsubang.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113024/http://rsudsubang.com/ |date=2020-06-09 }} == Kabupatén Garut == ====== RSUD Dr. Slamet Garut ====== Jl. RSU DR. Slamet No.12, Sukakarya, Kec. Tarogong Kidul, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat 44151 (0262) 232720 == Kota Tasikmalaya == ====== RSUD Dr.Soekardjo Tasikmalaya ====== Jl. Rumah Sakit No.33, Kota Tasikmalaya +62 265 331 747 https://rsud.tasikmalayakota.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113043/https://rsud.tasikmalayakota.go.id/ |date=2020-06-09 }} == Kabupatén Tasikmalaya == ====== RSUD Singaparna Medika Citrautama Tasikmalaya ====== Jl. Raya Rancamaya, Cikunten, Kec. Singaparna, Kab. Tasikmalaya +62 265 543 456 == Kabupatén Banjar == ====== RSUD Kota Banjar ====== Jl. Rumah Sakit Umum, Hegarsari, Kec. Pataruman, Kota Banjar +62 265 741 032 https://rsud.banjarkota.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113023/https://rsud.banjarkota.go.id/ |date=2020-06-09 }} == Kabupatén Ciamis == ====== RSUD Ciamis ====== Jl. Rumah Sakit No.76, Kab. Ciamis +62 265 771 018 https://www.rsudciamis.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113023/https://www.rsudciamis.com/ |date=2020-06-09 }} ====== RSUD Pandega Pangandaran ====== Jl. Merdeka, Pananjung, Kab. Pangandaran == Kabupatén Purwakarta == ====== RSUD Bayu Asih Purwakarta ====== Jl. Veteran No. 39, Kab. Purwakarta +62 264 200 100; +62 264 202 215 ====== Siloam Hospitals Purwakarta ====== Jl. Bungursari No. 1, Kab. Purwakarta +62 264 8628 900; 1 500 911 https://www.siloamhospitals.com/id/Hospitals-and-Clinics/Hospitals/Siloam-Hospitals-Purwakarta == Kabupatén Karawang == ====== RSUD Karawang ====== Jl. Galuh Mas Raya No.1, Sukaharja, Kec. Telukjambe Tim., Kab. Karawang +62 267 640 444 ====== RS Khusus Paru Karawang ====== , Kab. Karawang ====== RS Lira Medika Karawang ====== Jl. Syeh Quro Jl. Kp. Lamaran No.14, Palumbonsari, Kec. Karawang Tim., Kab. Karawang +62 267 8450 222; +62 267 8452 555 http://web.liramedika.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113043/http://web.liramedika.com/ |date=2020-06-09 }} == Sumber == * [https://pikobar.jabarprov.go.id/contact/ Kontak Rumah Sakit jeung ''Call Center'' - Pusat Infromasi & Koordinasi Covid-19 Provinsi Jawa Barat (Pikobar)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416231824/https://pikobar.jabarprov.go.id/contact/ |date=2020-04-16 }} fhikokfqyws9pe9r9z2mcbea0ltmoqp 0 99767 731624 711144 2026-11-07T21:31:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |name = Brian May <br/> |image = Brian May (NHQ201812310024) (cropped).jpg |caption = Brian May pada tahun 2017 |background = solo_singer |birth_name = Brian Harold May |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|07|19|df=y}} |birth_place =[[Hampton]], [[London]], {{Flag|Inggris}} |occupation = * [[Musisi]] * Panulis lagu * [[Produser pilem]] * Astrofisika * [[nulis|Panulis]] (''[[The Sky at Night]]'') |instrument = * [[Gitar]] * [[Vokal]] * [[Keyboard]] |genre = [[Musik rock|Rock]], [[hard rock]], [[heavy metal]], [[pop rock]], [[progressive rock]] |years_active = 1963–ayeuna |associated_acts = [[Smile (grup musik)|Smile]], [[Queen|Queen]], [[Phenomena (band)|Phenomena]], [[G3 (tour)|G3]], [[Queen + Paul Rodgers]], [[Kerry Ellis]], [[Adam Lambert]] |label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]], [[Parlophone Records|Parlophone]] |website = {{URL|brianmay.com}} |notable_instruments = {{unbulleted list|[[Red Special]]|[[Fender Telecaster]]}} }} '''Brian Harold May''', <small>[[Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|CBE]]</small> ({{lahirmati|[[Hampton]], [[London]]|19|7|1947}}) nyaéta musisi, panyanyi, panulis lagu, sareng astrofisika [[UK]]. Anjeunna gitaris utama band rock [[Queen]].<ref name=redspecial>{{cite book |last1=May|first1=Brian |authorlink1= Brian May|last2=Bradley |first2=Simon |title=Brian May's Red Special |date=2014 |publisher=Prion Books |isbn=978-1-78097-276-3 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{en}} [http://www.brianmay.com/ Situs resmi] * {{en}} [http://www.brianmayworld.com Brian May World] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190316104631/http://rs-onevision.site.vu/ How to build your own Red Special] * {{en}} [http://queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Brian_May_Interviews Brian Interviews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525025852/http://queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Brian_May_Interviews |date=2013-05-25 }} * {{en}} [http://www.queenpedia.com/index.php?title=Song_List#Brian_May_Studio_Songs Queenpedia - Brian May Complete Song List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622133432/http://www.queenpedia.com/index.php?title=Song_List#Brian_May_Studio_Songs |date=2020-06-22 }} * {{en}} [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1974MNRAS.166..439H&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=43e7d36b8207906 Scientific paper with Brian May as co-author] * {{en}} [http://www.banguniverse.com Brian May's astronomy book] * {{en}} [http://www.classicrockcentral.com/classic_rock_gimme5-Display.cfm?week=17 Five interview clips with Brian May] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826185257/http://www.classicrockcentral.com/classic_rock_gimme5-Display.cfm?week=17 |date=2007-08-26 }} * {{en}} [http://www.springer.com/astronomy/book/978-0-387-77705-4 Brian May's Ph.D thesis] {{DEFAULTSORT:Brian May}} [[Kategori:Penyanyi Amérika]] {{Biografi-pondok}} 5oquwbmuz30x6445l73cuim2qv3jr07 0 99798 731736 651066 2026-11-08T05:19:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | | Name = Jin | Img = Jin for Dispatch "Boy With Luv" MV behind the scene shooting, 15 March 2019 01 (cropped).jpg | Img_capt = Kim, 2019 | Img_size = | Landscape = | color = | Background = | native_name = 김석진 | native_name_lang = ko | birth_name = Kim Seok-jin | Alias = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1992|12|4}} | birth_place = [[Gwacheon]], [[Gyeonggi-do]], [[Korea Kidul]] | Occupation = * [[Penyanyi]] * [[nulis|Penulis Lagu]] | Origin = | Instrument = [[Vokal]] | Genre = * [[K-pop]] * [[Pop-rock]] * [[Ballad]] | years_active = 2013–ayeuna | label = * [[Big Hit Entertainment]] | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[BTS|BTS]]}} | module2 = {{Infobox Korean name | child = yes | title = [[Korean name]] | hangul = {{Korean|hangul=김석진|labels=no}} | hanja = {{linktext|金|碩|珍}} | rr = Gim Seok-jin | mr = Kim Sŏkchin | signature = Signature of BTS' Jin.svg }} }} '''Jin''' (ngaran aslina: <span>Kim Seok Jin</span> <ref><cite class="citation news">[http://thestar.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/04/30/2015043001449.html "'S, "aku benar-benar tampan?""] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325033813/http://thestar.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/04/30/2015043001449.html |date=2018-03-25 }}. Chosun Ilbo. 2015 4 30.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A7%84+%28%EA%B0%EC%88%98%29&rft.atitle=%EB%B0%A9%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84%EB%A8+%EC%A7%84+%22%EC%A0%9C%EA%B0+%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%90+%EC%9E%98%EC%83%9D%EA%B2%BC%EC%9D%84%EA%B9%8C%EC%9A%94%3F%22&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2015%2F04%2F30%2F2015043001449.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"> </span></ref> 김석 진; {{lahirmati||4|12|1992|}}) nyaéta panyanyi sareng panulis lagu ti [[Koréa Kidul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&query=%EC%A7%84&sm=ppl_cts&ie=utf8&key=PeopleService&os=585546|title=진 프로필|last=|first=|date=May 14, 2018|website=people.search.naver.com|publisher=Naver|language=ko|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7850038/bts-jin-get-to-know|title=Get to Know BTS: Jin|last=Herman|first=Tamar|date=June 30, 2017|website=Billboard|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref> Anjeunna mangrupikeun anggota pangkolotna sareng vokalis grup band di Koréa Kidul, [[Bangtan Boys|BTS]].<ref name=":1" /> Salaku panulis lagu, anjeunna ngagaduhan lima lagu anu diakreditasi ku Asosiasi Hak Cipta Musik Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.komca.or.kr/foreign2/eng/S01.jsp|title=Songs credited to JIN|last=|first=|date=|website=komca.or.kr|id=Writers & Publishers ID: 10005243|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 5, 2018}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kim Seok-jin}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Koréa Kidul]] {{Biografi-pondok}} joi1s91sk2zddzrfa50xx7sm4dc1qm2 0 99815 731694 728901 2026-11-08T01:40:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korean name|Lee}} {{Infobox person | name = IU (아이유) | image = IU in "Love Poem" Concert in Seoul on 23rd November 2019.jpg | caption = IU, 2019 | signature = IU signature.svg | native_name = 이지은 | birth_name = Lee Ji-eun | alias = IU | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|5|16}} | birth_place = [[Distrik Gwangjin]], [[Seoul]], {{KOR}} | occupation = {{hlist|Penyanyi-[[nulis|penulis lagu]]|[[aktris]]|komposer|[[produser|produser rekaman]]}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[K-pop]]|[[Ballad]]}} | instrument = [[Vokal]] | years_active = 2008–ayeuna | label = [[LOEN Entertainment]] ([[Fave Entertainment]]) <br> Edam Entertainment <br> [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Japan]] <br> [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music Taiwan]] | associated_acts = [[Fave Entertainment]] | website = [http://ifaveent.co.kr/?p=11 Laman Profil Resmi IU] }}}} {{Infobox Korean name | title = [[Nama Korea]] | hangul = 이지은 | hanja = {{linktext|李|知|恩|}} | rr = I Ji-eun | mr = Yi Chi-ŭn | hangulstage = {{linktext|아|이|유|}} | hanjastage = | rrstage = Aiyu | mrstage = Aiyu }} {{Contains Korean text}} '''Lee Ji-eun''' ({{Korean|이지은}}; lahir 16 Mei 1993) atanapi umumna katelah '''IU '''({{Korean|아이유}}) mangrupikeun penyanyi, komposer, aktris, gitaris, penari sareng host televisi<ref>[http://people.nate.com/people/info/ai/u_/aiu_iu/ 아이유(IU)]. people.nate.com</ref>. IU hasil mimiti di taun 2008, di handapeun naungan [[LOEN Entertainment]] kalayan jinis musik [[K-Pop]]<ref>[http://people.nate.com/people/info/ai/u_/aiu_iu/ 아이유(IU)] di [http://people.nate.com/ nate people] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017175007/http://people.nate.com/ |date=2013-10-17 }}</ref><ref name="latimes-20150824">{{cite news|last=Faughnder|first=Ryan|title=Korean pop fans get intimate with the music at KCON|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/24/local/la-me-kcon-20130825|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles|date=24 Agustus 2015|accessdate=6 Februari 2016}}</ref><ref name="forbes-korea-power-celebrity-40">Referensi untuk Korea Power Celebrity 40 majalah ''Forbes'': *{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer-->|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/forbes-koreas-top-power-celebrity-40-ranking-035615921.html|title=Forbes Korea's Top 'Power Celebrity 40' ranking|date=February 28, 2012|website=Yahoo|accessdate=January 17, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205083748/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/forbes-koreas-top-power-celebrity-40-ranking-035615921.html|archivedate=February 5, 2016}} *{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer-->|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2013/04/03/forbes-koreas-top-10-celebs/#2715e4857a0b2f3bac4658a8|title=Forbes Korea's Top 10 Celebs|date=April 3, 2013|website=Forbes|accessdate=17 Januari 2016}} *{{cite web|last=Benjamin|first=Jeff|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/5923104/girls-generation-bigbang-top-psy-tumbles-down-forbes-koreas|title=Girls' Generation & BIGBANG Top, PSY Tumbles Down Forbes Korea's Celebrity List|date=March 4, 2014|website=Billboard|accessdate=January 17, 2016}} *{{cite news|last=Choi|first=Eun-kyung|date=February 23, 2015|title=2015 KOREA POWER CELEBRITY 40 - 엑소, 한국 최고의 파워 셀러브리티|trans-title=2015 KOREA POWER CELEBRITY 40 - Exo is Korea's top power celebrity|url=http://jmagazine.joins.com/forbes/view/305259|work=Forbes Korea|publisher=JoongAng Media Network|language=ko|accessdate=January 17, 2016}} *{{cite news|last=Cho|first=Deuk-jin|title=Exo and Yoo Ah-in ranked top stars|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3015489|newspaper=Korea JoongAng Daily|date=February 26, 2016|accessdate=February 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226175628/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3015489|archive-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref><ref name="billboard-20140505">{{Cite web|last=Benjamin|first=Jeff|title=IU Earns Fifth K-Pop Hot 100 No. 1, Becomes All-Time Chart Leader|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/6077416/iu-fifth-k-pop-hot-100-no-1-all-time-chart-leader-high4|website=Billboard|date=May 5, 2014|accessdate=January 11, 2016}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * [http://loen-tree.com/?p=11 IU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317195837/http://loen-tree.com/?p=11 |date=2015-03-17 }} di [[LOEN Entertainment]] {{ko icon}} * [http://www.universal-music.co.jp/iu/ IU] di [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Japan]] {{ja icon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:IU}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Koréa Kidul]] {{Biografi-pondok}} 3kdj819ghgkxppdgr8w62eqe2xhwm8j 0 99840 731652 728649 2026-11-07T23:07:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox penyanyi indonesia |name = Devi Kinal Putri (ᮓᮦᮕᮤ ᮊᮤᮔᮜ᮪ ᮕᮥᮒᮢᮤ) |image = Devi Kinal Putri (23561370326).jpg |imagesize = 200px |caption = |birthname = Devi Kinal Putri (ᮓᮦᮕᮤ ᮊᮤᮔᮜ᮪ ᮕᮥᮒᮢᮤ) |othername = Kinal<br>Depi |birthdate = {{birth date and age|1996|1|02}} |birthplace = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]] |deathdate = |deathplace = |currentcity = |nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] |people = |address = |ethnicity = |residence = |home_town = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]] |ancestry = |originplace = |etnic = [[Suku Sunda|Sunda]] |country of region = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |debutdate = |voice = |genre = [[Pop]], [[Rock]] |recordlabel = |occupation = [[Penyanyi]], [[Penari]], [[Presenter]], Kepala Sekolah JKT48 Academy |instrument = [[Vokal]], [[Tamborin]] |yearsactive = [[2011]] - sekarang |label = JKT48 Project<br>[[Hits Records]] (sebagai studio) |associatedacts = [[JKT48]]<br>[[JKT48 Band]] |partner = |influences = |influenced = |spouse = Geraldi M. Murod |children = Kaluna Alika Murod<ref>https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/entertainment/pr-01400254/kabar-bahagia-kinal-eks-jkt48-melahirkan-anak-pertama</ref> |parents = Nein Sukma <small>(Ibu)</small> |almameter = |religion = [[Islam]] |website = https://jkt48.com/jkt48-academy/staff-pengajar |twitter = |instagram = @kinalputridevi |fansite = Kinalova<br>Keluarga Depi<br>www.kinalova.com |currentmembers = |pastmembers = [[JKT48]] (2011 - 2018)<br>[[JKT48 Band]] (Vokalis dan Tamborin) (2015 - 2018) |awards = Peringkat 8 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-6 JKT48]] ([[2014]])</small><br>Peringkat 5 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-10 JKT48]] ([[2015]])</small><br>Peringkat 10 ''(Senbatsu)'' —<small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-13 JKT48]] ([[2016]])</small> <br>Peringkat 12 <small>(dikalahkan oleh [[Feni Fitriyanti|Feni]] (Tim T dari JKT48) ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small> [[JKT48 Janken Competition 2016]] ([[2016]])</small> <br> Peringkat 15 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-17 JKT48]] ([[2017]])</small> |partner=Devane Kinal Putra <small>(Kakak)</small><br>Risha <small>(Kakak Ipar)</small><br>Denzel Althaddeus Kinal <small>(Keponakan)</small><br>Elvega Mediani Kinal <small>(kakak)</small><br>Aurynabella Callista Kinal <small>(adik)</small>}} '''Devi Kinal Putri''' ᳂ᮓᮦᮕᮤ ᮊᮤᮔᮜ᮪ ᮕᮥᮒᮢᮤ᳂ ({{lahirmati|[[Bandung]]|2|1|1996}})<ref name="JKT48">{{cite web|url=https://jkt48.com/jkt48-academy/staff-pengajar id.html|title=JKT48 Official site|language=[[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]|accessdate=2020-06-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218201939/https://jkt48.com/jkt48-academy/staff-pengajar|archivedate=2019-02-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218201939/https://jkt48.com/jkt48-academy/staff-pengajar |date=2019-02-18 }}</ref> atanapi disebutna "Kinal," ogé katelah '''Kinal JKT48''' nalika janten anggota [[JKT48]] mangrupikeun salah sahiji penyanyi sareng [[aktris]] ti [[Indonesia]] sareng urut anggota [[idol Jepang|grup idola]] [[JKT48]] generasi munggaran ti [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]]. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{id}} [https://jkt48.com/jkt48-academy/staff-pengajar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218201939/https://jkt48.com/jkt48-academy/staff-pengajar |date=2019-02-18 }} * {{Twitter|}} * {{Instagram|kinalputridevi}} * {{YouTube|6vkHuhUZszc}} * {{en}} [http://www.stage48.net/wiki/index.php/Devi_Kinal_Putri Devi Kinal Putri di Wiki48] * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20250126214250/http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-devi-kinal-putri/ Devi Kinal Putri di Fakta Unik JKT48] {{DEFAULTSORT:Devi Kinal Putri}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] [[Kategori:JKT48 Generasi 1]] {{Biografi-pondok}} 6i609gku5yt4dmsv874dpkffumbu65y 0 99870 731601 649818 2026-11-07T19:57:21Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox panyanyi indonesia |name = Alicia Chanzia |image = Alizia Acha (24323672110).jpg |imagesize = 200px |caption = |birthname = Alicia Chensia Ayu Kumaseh |othername = Alicia<br>Acha |birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1999|5|24|mf=y}} |birthplace = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]] |deathdate = |deathplace = |currentcity = |nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] |people = |address = |ethnicity = |residence = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Kabupaten Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]] |home_town = |ancestry = |originplace = |etnic = [[Suku Minahasa|Manado]] |country of region = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |debutdate = |voice = |genre = [[Pop]] |recordlabel = |occupation = [[Penyanyi]], [[Penari]] |instrument = [[Vokal]] |yearsactive = 2012–ayeuna |label = JKT48 Project <small></small><br>[[Hits Records]] <small></small> |associatedacts = [[JKT48]]<br>[[JKT48 Dance Project]] |partner = |influences = |influenced = |spouse = |domesticpartner = |children = |parents = |almameter = |religion = [[Kristen]] |website = {{URL|http://www.jkt48.com/|JKT48}} |twitter = Acha_JKT48 |instagram = jkt48acha |fansite = Achanisti |currentmembers = [[JKT48]] (2012–2019)<br>[[JKT48 Dance Project]] (2016–2019) |pastmembers = |awards = Peringkat 29 ''(Undergirls)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-17 JKT48]] ([[2017]])</small> }} '''Alicia Chanzia''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bandung]]|24|5|1999}}) ogé katelah '''Acha''' (ogé katelah '''Acha JKT48''') (asalkeun anjeunna anggota [[JKT48]]) nyaéta salah sahiji [[panyanyi]] [[Indonesia]] sareng urut anggota ti kelompok idola [[JKT48]]. Acha mangrupi anggota JKT48 generasi ka-2, anu tungtungna janten anggota KIII Tim dina 25 Juni 2013<ref name="Tanggal">[http://music.yess-online.com/node/1517 Tim KIII JKT48 Terbentuk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225054412/http://music.yess-online.com/node/1517 |date=2014-12-25 }}. Yess Online. Diakses 2013-10-02.</ref>. Saat ini, Acha sebagai anggota tari dari sub-unit [[JKT48 Dance Project]]. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{id}} [http://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/27?lang=id Profil di situs web resmi JKT48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014122948/http://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/27?lang=id |date=2015-10-14 }} * {{YouTube|9-Qb6zAzRGQ}} * {{Twitter|Acha_JKT48}} * {{Instagram|jkt48acha}} * {{Google+|102004372820536853621}} * {{en}} [http://www.stage48.net/wiki/index.php/Alicia_Chanzia {{PAGENAME}} di Wiki48] * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20241211121353/http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-alicia-chanzia-acha/ {{PAGENAME}} di Fakta Unik JKT48] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alicia Chanzia}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] [[Kategori:JKT48 Generasi 2]] [[Kategori:JKT48 Tim KIII|Acha]] {{Biografi-pondok}} 4477hr6bba1ai546hl5n4cht1skv4uk 0 99894 731639 650214 2026-11-07T22:26:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox penyanyi indonesia |name = Cindy Yuvia |image = Cindy Yuvia Senbatsu 2018.jpg |imagesize = 300px |caption = |birthname = Cindy Yuvia<!--Tidak pakai Dea, https://lindungihakpilihmu.kpu.go.id/index.php/rekap/pemilih/104/26091 nomor 9 dan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOrJGWYFEys--> |othername = Cindy<br>Cinvia<br>Yuvia<br>Yupi<br>Anak Dino<br>Anak Gajah |birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1998|1|14|mf=y}} |birthplace = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]] |deathdate = |deathplace = |currentcity = |nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] |people = |address = |ethnicity = |residence = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta Timur]] |home_town = |ancestry = |originplace = |etnic = [[Tionghoa-Indonesia|Tionghoa]] |country of region = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |debutdate = |voice = |genre = [[Pop]] |recordlabel = |occupation = [[Penyanyi]], [[Penari]] |instrument = [[Vokal]] |yearsactive = [[2012]]-[[2019]] |label = JKT48 Project<br>[[Hits Records]] <small></small> |associatedacts = [[JKT48]] |partner = Windy Yuvia (Adik) |influences = |spouse = |domesticpartner = |children = |parents = |almameter = |religion = [[Kristen]] |website = |twitter = Cindvia_JKT48 |instagram = jkt48yupi |fansite = Cindvia Dealoved<br>Cindvializer |currentmembers = |pastmembers = [[JKT48]] |awards = Peringkat 12 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-6 JKT48]] ([[2014]])</small><br>Peringkat 9 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-10 JKT48]] ([[2015]])</small><br>Peringkat 4 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-13 JKT48]] ([[2016]])</small><br>Peringkat 5 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-17 JKT48]] ([[2017]])</small><br>Peringkat 1 ''(Center)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-20 JKT48]] ([[2018]])</small> }} '''Cindy Yuvia''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jakarta]]|14|1|1998}}) atanapi disebat '''Cinvia''' atanapi '''Yupi''' (ogé katelah '''Yupi JKT48''') (salami anggota [[JKT48]]) nyaéta salah sahiji [[penyanyi]] [[Indonesia]] sareng urut anggota grup idola [[JKT48]] anu asalna ti [[Jakarta]]. Cindy Yuvia (Yuvia) mangrupikeun anggota generasi kadua JKT48, anu akhirna janten anggota Tim KIII dina tanggal 25 Juni 2013 sareng dialihkeun ka Tim J dina 1 Juli 2018. == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200606061158/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/30?lang=id Profil Cindy Yuvia di situs web resmi JKT48] * {{Twitter|Cindvia_JKT48}} * {{Instagram|jkt48yupi}} * {{Google+|102490631449885261477}} * {{YouTube|5L9GAYAgoDE}} * {{en}} [http://www.stage48.net/wiki/index.php/Cindy_Yuvia Cindy Yuvia di Wiki48] * {{id}} [http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-cindy-yuvia/ Cindy Yuvia di Fakta Unik JKT48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531165504/http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-cindy-yuvia |date=2016-05-31 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cindy Yuvia}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] [[Kategori:JKT48 Generasi 2]] {{Biografi-pondok}} fyz4i6xoozx39og7dzx71jkeft1jjb8 0 100072 731795 690132 2026-11-08T09:37:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pandemic | name = Pandemi koronavirus di Finlandia | map1 = COVID-19 per capita cases map of Finland.svg | legend1 = Kasus terkonfirmasi per 100.000 penduduk | disease = [[COVID-19]] | virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]] | location = [[Finlandia]] | first_case = [[Inari, Finlandia|Inari]] | arrival_date = 23–28 Januari 2020{{refn|name=PPD|group=lower-alpha|Sumber-sumber menyatakan bahwa kasus pertama berasal dari kunjungannya dari Wuhan lima hari sebelum diagnosis, namun tak ada tanggal pasti kedatangannya ke Finlandia yang diberikan, menempatkan kedayangan virus di Finlandia berkisar antara 23 dan 28 Januari.}} | origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[Tiongkok]] | confirmed_cases = | confirmed_cases = 7,293<ref name = "thl-ajankohtaista">{{cite web|url=https://thl.fi/fi/web/infektiotaudit-ja-rokotukset/ajankohtaista/ajankohtaista-koronaviruksesta-covid-19/tilannekatsaus-koronaviruksesta|title=Tilannekatsaus koronaviruksesta|accessdate=2020-03-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402131332/https://thl.fi/fi/web/infektiotaudit-ja-rokotukset/ajankohtaista/ajankohtaista-koronaviruksesta-covid-19/tilannekatsaus-koronaviruksesta |date=2020-04-02 }}</ref> | recovery_cases = 6,880<ref name="thl-ajankohtaista"/> | deaths = 328<ref name="thl-ajankohtaista"/> | active_cases = 85 | fatality_rate = {{percentage|328|6880|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coronatracker.com/country/finland/|title=Corona Tracker Overview|website=www.coronatracker.com|accessdate=2020-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203220649/https://www.coronatracker.com/country/finland/|archivedate=2021-02-03}}</ref> | total_ili = | website = }} <!--This article documents the impacts of the '''[[2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]] in [[Finland]]''', and may not include all the contemporary major responses and measures.--> '''Pandemi koronavirus 2019 di [[Finlandia]]''' munggaran dikonfirmasi tanggal 29 Pebruari 2020, nalika awéwé Cina anu umurna 32 taun ti [[Wuhan]] parantos diobih médis di [[Ivalo]] sareng diuji positif pikeun kasakit ieu. SARS-CoV-2. Anjeunna parantos ngumbara ti Wuhan. Anjeunna dikarantina di Rumah Sakit Pusat [[Laplandia, Finlandia|Lapland]] di [[Rovaniemi]]. Awéwé tungtungna pulih dina 5 Pebruari saatos nyatakeun négatip dua kali sakaligus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioContenutiNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&id=5338&area=nuovoCoronavirus&menu=vuoto|title=Covid-19 - Situazione nel mondo|website=salute.gov.it|language=IT|accessdate=4 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009134638/https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioContenutiNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&id=5338&area=nuovoCoronavirus&menu=vuoto |date=9 October 2023 }}</ref><ref name="yle-finland-traveladvisory">{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finland_issues_china_travel_advisory_over_coronavirus_concerns/11177914|title=Finland issues China travel advisory over coronavirus concerns|date=27 January 2020|website=Yle News|accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="finnair-suspension">{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finnair_suspends_five_weekly_routes_to_china_due_to_coronavirus/11180340|title=Finnair suspends five weekly routes to China due to coronavirus|date=28 January 2020|website=Yle News|accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Catatan == {{Notelist}} [[Kategori:Pandémi]] [[Kategori:Pandémi koronavirus 2019]] a1cfc8gt4w0l8pxn0x4yx2h3g149s5z 0 100110 731733 681372 2026-11-08T05:08:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = red | name = Kembang sepatu | image = Hibiskus rosa-sinensis - Kwiat.JPG | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malvales]] | familia = [[Malvaceae]] | genus = ''[[Hibiscus]]'' | species = '''''H. rosa-sinensis''''' | binomial = ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Kembang sepatu''' (''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' L.) atawa '''kembang wéra''' nyaéta pérak Malvaceae, suku anu asalna ti [[Asia Wétan]] jeung sacara lega dipelak minangka pepelakan hias di daérah tropis jeung subtropis. Ukuran kembangna gedé, warnana beureum jeung bau. Kembang ti sababaraha [[kultivar]] jeung [[hibrida]] bisa aya kembang tunggal (makuta tunggal) atawa kembang ganda (makuta berlapis) anu bodas konéng, oranyeu ka beureum poék atawa jambon.<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Dictionary_of_the_Sunda_Language_of_Ja.html?hl=id&id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ#v=onepage&q=K&f=false| title =Rigg| last =Rigg| first =Jonathan| publisher =Lange| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862|ISBN=|pages =120}} Disungsi4 Pébruari 2022</ref> Kembang sapatu mangrupa salah sahiji kembang anu gampang kapanggih di sisi jalan. Tutuwuhan hias ieu ogé sering katénjo di antara jujukutan. Di [[Sumatra]] jeung [[Malaysia]], kembang ieu disebut ''bunga raya''. Kembang ieu diresmikeun salaku kembang nasional dina tanggal [[28 Juli]] [[1960]]. Urang Jawa mah nyebutna ''kembang worawari''. Kembang jenis ieu boga 5 daun kelopak anu silih nutupan ku kelopak tambahan nu ngaranna ''epicalyx.'' Ku ayana éta kelopak, ieu kembang katingalina kawas dua kelopak kembang. Mahkota kembang nu lobana aya dina 5 lambar atawa leuwih lamun kaasup jenis hibrida. Tangkai putik bentukna silinder panjang dikurilingan ku tangkai sari, nu mana ngandung bubuk serbuk sari. Salian ti nu disebutkeun, kembang ogé boga siki mung teu bijil ku sabab ayana di jero buah nu bentukna kapsul bilik lima. Morpologi kembang sapatu bisa mekar nepi ka jangkungna 2 atawa 5 méter. Tapi anu biasa kapanggih ku urang di kebon mah nyaéta tutuwuhan nu sok dirapihkeun ngarah katempona éndah, ku kituna mekarna teu bisa maksimal, antukna ukuran kembang sapatu teu bisa tepi ka luhur pisan. Daun kembang sapatu bentukna ampir nyaruaan buleudna endog atawa bentukna lonjong. Ukuranna teu gedé teuing katambah bagéan tungtungna seukeut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rimbakita.com/bunga-sepatu/|title=Bunga Sepatu - Taksonomi, Morfologi, Jenis, Manfaat & Cara Tanam|website=RimbaKita.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205021644/https://rimbakita.com/bunga-sepatu/ |date=2023-02-05 }}</ref> Kembang sapatu nu bentukna kawas tarompét, bisa dipelak tepi ka anakan ku cara disték, cangkok, atawa ditémpél. == Morpologi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6241560/morfologi-adalah-pengertian-proses-jenis-dan-contoh|title=Morfologi Adalah: Pengertian, Proses, Jenis, dan Contoh|last=Wreta|first=Adelaide|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-02-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209043713/https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6241560/morfologi-adalah-pengertian-proses-jenis-dan-contoh |date=2023-02-09 }}</ref> == Kembang sapatu boga sababaraha hiji ciri nu sacara morpologi bisa dijéntrékeun ditilik tina satuan basa gramatikal. Morpologi ieu kembang dumasar kana kumaha katempona seluk-beluk bentuk jeung pangaweruh dangdaunan sajaba ti bentuk tutuwuhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://threebouquets.com/blogs/article/bunga-sepatu-morfologi-ciri-struktur-bagian-warna-dan-manfaatnya|title=Bunga Sepatu - Morfologi, Ciri, Struktur, Bagian, Warna, dan Manfaatnya|website=Three Bouquets|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-09}}</ref> * Hibitus: mekar sataun lilana, mekar lurus, luhurna kurang leuwih tepi ka 3 méteran * Batang: bentukna buleud, heuras ngandung kai, diaméterna kurang leuwih 9 séntiméteran, batang ngorana warna ungu lamun geus kolot jadi bodas kotor. * Daun: bentukna daun tunggal jiga tarompét, ayana dina kélék daun, bentuk kelopakna kawas bél, warnana héjo semu kakonéng. * Mahkota kembang: loba daun mahkotana antara 15 tepi ka 20 daun, boga benang sari nu loba, boga tangkai sari warnana beureum, kepala sari warna konéng jeung putik beureum nu bentukna tabung. * Buah: ukurana leutik jeung bentuk lonjong manjang. Diaméterna kurang leuwih 4 miliméter. Lamun buahna ngora kénéh warna bodas, geus kolot robah jadi warna semu coklat. * Akar: kaasup kembang nu akarna tunggang warna coklat ngora. === Ciri-ciri<ref name=":0" /> === * Boga daun nu bentukna buleud. * Warnana beureum burahay. * Aya kelopak jeung sababarahiji mahkota kembang nu lemes jeung tangkai putikna bijil kaluar mahkota. * Dina bagéan tungtung tangkai bodas jadi tempatna kelopak sari nu ngandung serbuk dari jeung siap mekarkeun penyerbukan pikeun ngahasilkeun bakal kembang. === Rupa-rupa warna<ref name=":0" /> === * Beureum * Bodas * Beureum ngora * Konéng * Kombinasi 2 warna == Mangpaat == Kembang sapatu geus dimangpaatkeun jadi rupa-rupa tutuwuhan hias sabab ngabogaan rupa nu alus ti mimiti warna tepi ka bentuk. Kembang ieu dijadikeun paranti semir sapatu ogé jadi kembang sesembahan. Di Tiongkok, kembang nu warnana beureum dipaké jang ngawarnaan kadaharan. Ogé di Indonésia daun jeung kembangna dipaké dina rupa-rupa ubar tradisional. Kembang sapatu nu digaringkeun ku cara dipoé, bisa diinum kawas lamun nginum cai entéh. Di nagara lain, misalna di Jepang, kembang sapatu dimangpaatkeun ngahias pager, nu pungsina ogé jadi tutuwuhan hias di sabudureun imah. Hususna di bagéan selatan Okoniawa, tutuwuhan ieu disebat ''Gushōnu hana'' (nyaéta kembang kahirupan saenggeusna maot). Ku kituna, ieu kembang loba dipelak di makam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://rimbakita.com/bunga-sepatu/|title=Bunga Sepatu - Taksonomi, Morfologi, Jenis, Manfaat & Cara Tanam|website=RimbaKita.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205021644/https://rimbakita.com/bunga-sepatu/ |date=2023-02-05 }}</ref> Mangpaat nu lain, aya dina kembang ieu, pikeun ngurangan panyakit batuk jeung sariawan anu kaasup gangguan kana kaséhatan. == Tumbu luar == {{reflist |2}} {{commons|Hibiscus rosa-sinensis}} * {{en}} [http://home.att.net/~SHA-IV/alistfor.htm#Botanical%20Concerns Varieties and cultivars of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616141258/http://home.att.net/~SHA-IV/alistfor.htm#Botanical%20Concerns |date=2006-06-16 }} – Perbincangan mengenai taksonomi * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202230/http://www.strictlyhibiscus.com/care.html Perawatan tanaman Hibiscus dan informasi penyakit tanaman] [[Kategori:Malvaceae]] [[Kategori:Proyek Makrab 2023]] [[Kategori:Wikimedia Bandung]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] sfjd8rnb5xege8wa4z2rnmgpol9bl11 0 100114 731831 667998 2026-11-08T11:14:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Ryū Murakami | image = Ryu Murakami.jpg | imagesize = 275px | caption = Ryū Murakami, 2005 | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|2|19|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Sasebo, Nagasaki]], {{JPN}} | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = * [[nulis|Novelis]] * [[Sutradara]] | nationality = {{JPN}} | period = | genre = * Fiksi * Surealisme | subject = | movement = [[Pascamodernisme]] | influences = | influenced = | website= | notableworks = {{plainlist| *''[[Almost Transparent Blue]]'' *''[[Coin Locker Babies]]'' *''[[69 (novel)|69]]'' *''[[Piercing (novel)|Piercing]]'' *''[[In the Miso Soup]]''}} }} {{nihongo|'''Ryū Murakami'''|村上 龍|Murakami Ryū|}} ({{lahirmati|[[Sasebo, Nagasaki|Sasebo]]|19|2|1952|}}) mangrupikeun novelis Jepang, panulis carita pondok, sénsis, jeung pambuat pilem. Novelna ngajelajah alam manusa ngalangkungan téma kuciwa, panggunaan narkoba, surrealisme, rajapati, sareng perang, kalayan latar poék di Jepang. Novel anu paling kawéntar nyaéta [[Almost Transparent Blue]], [[69 (novel)|69]], [[Coin Locker Babies]], jeung [[In the Miso Soup]]. == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/murakami_ryu "Murakami Ryū"] (''[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]]''; by [[Jonathan Clements]]) * [http://www.booksfromjapan.jp/authors/item/431-ryu-murakami Ryu Murakami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207014934/http://www.booksfromjapan.jp/authors/item/431-ryu-murakami |date=2019-02-07 }} at J'Lit Books from Japan * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171114151124/http://www.jlpp.go.jp/en/works/05_13.html Synopsis of ''Leave the Peninsula'' (''Hanto o Deyo'')] at JLPP (Japanese Literature Publishing Project) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173619/http://upcoming4.me/news/book-news/review-ryu-murakami-from-the-fatherland-with-love REVIEW : Ryu Murakami - [[From the Fatherland With Love]]] at Upcoming4.me * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0613487/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Ryu Murakami] at the [[Internet Movie Database]] {{Biografi-pondok}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murakami, Ryu}} [[Kategori:Panulis Jépang]] rpuevysacmg3xvni5cu4vxpofj1vjom 0 100148 731689 660182 2026-11-08T01:07:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film |name = Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince |image = |caption = |director = [[David Yates]] |producer = [[David Heyman]]<br />David Barron |writer = '''Skenario film:'''<br />• [[Steve Kloves]]<br />'''Novel:'''<br />• [[J. K. Rowling]] |starring = [[Daniel Radcliffe]]<br />[[Rupert Grint]]<br />[[Emma Watson]]<br />[[Michael Gambon]]<br />[[Jim Broadbent]]<br />[[Alan Rickman]]<br />[[Tom Felton]]<br />[[Helen McCrory]] |music = [[Nicholas Hooper]]<br />'''Tema:'''<br />• [[John Williams]] |cinematography = [[Bruno Delbonnel]] |editing = [[Mark Day (editor)|Mark Day]] |studio = [[Heyday Films]] |distributor = [[Warner Bros.]] |released = • 15 Juli 2009 ([[Inggris|UK]], [[Amerika Serikat|US]])<br />• 16 Juli 2009 ([[Indonesia|ID]])<ref name="date change">{{cite news|url=http://harrypotter.warnerbros.co.uk/releasedates/|title=Official Release Dates}}</ref> ([[Inggris|UK]], [[Amerika Serikat|US]]) |runtime = 153 minit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hpana.com/news.20851.html|title=Half-Blood Prince Runtime confirmed by several sources}}</ref> |country = [[Inggris]]<br />[[Amerika Serikat]] |language = [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]] |budget = [[Pound sterling|GBP£]]150 million<br />([[United States dollar|USD$]]250 million)<ref name=budget>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2009/06/harry-potter-countdown-are-dvd-fans-still-under-the-wizards-spell-.html|title=Half-Blood Prince Production Budget|accessdate=23 June 2009}}</ref> |gross = $126.036.627<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=harrypotter6.htm|title=Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=July 17, 2009}}</ref> |preceded_by = ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|Order of the Phoenix]]'' |followed_by = ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (films)|Deathly Hallows]]'' }} '''''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince''''' mangrupikeun pilem kagenep tina [[Harry Potter (film)|Séri film Harry Potter]] dumasar kana hiji novel anu nami sami ku [[J.K. Rowling]]. Pilem ieu diarahkeun ku David Yates, anu ogé ngarahkeun film kalima, [[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix|''The Order of the Phoenix''.]] Produsén pilem nyaéta [[David Heyman]] sareng David Barron<ref name="trio-returns">{{cite press release|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2007/23/c6173.html |title=Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson to Reprise Roles in the Final Two Installments of Warner Bros. Pictures' ''Harry Potter'' Film Franchise |date=2007-03-23 |accessdate=2007-03-23 |publisher=[[Warner Bros.]]}}</ref>, nganggo [[Steve Kloves]] salaku panulis skénario, anu ogé nyerat opat layar layar kahiji.<ref name="hbp-casting-complete">{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=213122 |title=Casting Is Complete on "Harry Potter and the Halfblood Prince" |date=2007-11-16 |accessdate=2007-11-16 |publisher=[[Warner Bros.]]}}</ref> Filem dimimitian dina 24 Séptémber 2007 sareng pilemna dileupaskeun di bioskop di sakumna dunya dina 15 Juli 2009. Di Indonésia, pilem éta dirilis dina 16 Juli 2009. Pilem dibuka kalayan kasuksésan komérsial sareng ngiringan catetan pikeun panghasilan pilem pembukaan pangbadagna sadaya waktosna. Dina lima dinten pilem ogé ngiringan catetan panghasilan lima dinten pangageungna ti sadayana penjuru dunya. Pilem ieu ogé ditujukeun pikeun aktor [[Rob Knox]], anu maénkeun Marcus Belby dina film, sareng dibunuh dina Méi 2008. ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince}} * {{en}} {{resmi|http://harrypotter.warnerbros.com/harrypotterandthehalf-bloodprince/}} untuk film ini * {{en}} {{resmi|http://harrypotter.com/}} untuk seri film Harry Potter keseluruhan * {{imdb title|0417741|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince}} * {{en}} [http://www.poochandi.com/movie/harry-potter-and-the-half-blood-prince Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] * {{Amg movie|357831|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince}} * {{en}} [http://graficos.lainformacion.com/2009/07/all-you-need-to-know-before-watching-harry-potter-and-the-half-blood-prince/ Grafis interaktif menampilkan hubungan dan biografi para karakter sebelum menyaksikan Half-Blood Prince] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717000929/http://graficos.lainformacion.com/2009/07/all-you-need-to-know-before-watching-harry-potter-and-the-half-blood-prince/ |date=2009-07-17 }} * {{mojo title|harrypotter6|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|harry_potter_and_the_half_blood_prince|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince}} * {{en}} [http://uk.moviepilot.com/movies/harry-potter-and-the-half-blood-prince Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710055528/http://uk.moviepilot.com/movies/harry-potter-and-the-half-blood-prince |date=2009-07-10 }} di [http://uk.moviepilot.com/ MoviePilot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731190457/http://uk.moviepilot.com/ |date=2009-07-31 }} * {{en}} [http://movies.sky.com/harry-potter-the-half-blood-prince-gallery Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426085712/http://movies.sky.com/harry-potter-the-half-blood-prince-gallery |date=2009-04-26 }} - Galeri Gambar di Sky Movies * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20250407150500/https://harrypotter6online.info/ Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] - Kutipan Audio di Entertonement [[Kategori:Pilem Harry Potter|6]] [[Kategori:Pilem Amérika taun 2008]] p8pfi708f1x49s0zt093n5prgk1k210 0 100180 731780 684795 2026-11-08T08:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | Name = Nissa Sabyan | image = Nissa Sabyan.jpg | Img_capt = | Img_size = 200px | Landscape = | color = | Background = non_vocal_instrumentalist | birthname = Khoirunnisa | othername = Nissa Sabyan | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1999|5|23}} | currentcity = | death = | birth_place = [[Kabupatén Lumajang|Lumajang]], [[Jawa Wetan]] | nationality = {{IDN}} | instrument = Vokal | Genre = [[Gambus]] | occupation = [[Penyanyi]] | years_active = 2017–ayeuna | Label = | Associated_acts = | Fansite = | URL = | current_members = [[Sabyan Gambus|Sabyan]] | Past_members = | Notable_instruments = Vokal | alma_mater = SMK Negeri 56 Jakarta }} '''Khoirunnisa''' atawa '''Nissa Sabyan''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kabupatén Lumajang|Lumajang]], [[Jawa Wetan]]|23|5|1999}})<ref name="tirto">{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/kejutan-nissa-sabyan-sejarah-lagu-religi-islam-di-indonesia-eimR|title=Kejutan Nissa Sabyan & Sejarah Lagu Religi Islam di Indonesia|last=Haryanto|first=Alexander|date=19 September 2019|website=Tirto.ID|access-date=15 Juli 2020}}</ref> nyaéta [[penyanyi]] [[gambus]] anu dihijikeun dina grup musik [[Sabyan Gambus]] salaku vokalis. Nissa dipikanyaho ku masarakat pikeun sering nyanyi (''cover'') lagu sareng nuansa Islam atanapi nabi salawat. Klip pidéo ieu parantos diawaskeun jutaan kali sareng sering janten ''trending'' [[Youtube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.brilio.net/selebritis/nissa-sabyan-ulang-tahun-ke-19-ini-kejutan-fans-yang-bikin-nangis-180524l.html|title=Nissa Sabyan ulang tahun ke-19, ini kejutan fans yang bikin nangis|last=brilio.net|date=2018-05-25|newspaper=brilio.net|language=en|access-date=2018-05-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027122857/https://www.brilio.net/selebritis/nissa-sabyan-ulang-tahun-ke-19-ini-kejutan-fans-yang-bikin-nangis-180524l.html |date=2022-10-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hype.idntimes.com/entertainment/andi-aris/10-potret-nissa-sabyan-gambus-videonya-ditonton-puluhan-juta-kali/full|title=10 Potret Nissa Sabyan Gambus, Videonya Ditonton Puluhan Juta Kali|last=A.|first=Rosita|newspaper=IDN Times|language=id|access-date=2018-05-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201845/https://hype.idntimes.com/entertainment/andi-aris/10-potret-nissa-sabyan-gambus-videonya-ditonton-puluhan-juta-kali/full |date=2018-05-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://layarliriklagu.blogspot.co.id/2018/04/biodata-lengkap-nissa-sabyan-penyanyi.html|title=Biodata Lengkap Nissa Sabyan (Penyanyi Palapa)|website=Layar Lirik Lagu|language=id|access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/azizamin/5b07c825ab12ae3fcb57d412/jebolan-pesantren-atau-stm-nissa-sabyan|title=Pernah Sekolah di SD KALIBOTO LOR , Nissa Sabyan? oleh Aziz Amin - Kompasiana.com|last=Kompasiana.com|website=www.kompasiana.com|language=id|access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.viva.co.id/gaya-hidup/gaya/1039951-cantiknya-nissa-vokalis-band-gambus-sabyan|title=Cantiknya Nissa, Vokalis Band Gambus Sabyan – VIVA|last=VIVA|first=PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU -|date=2018-05-25|language=id|access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hot.detik.com/celeb/4040040/cantik-nissa-sabyan-gambus-yang-video-covernya-trending-di-youtube|title=Cantik! Nissa Sabyan Gambus yang Video Covernya Trending di YouTube|last=Pool|newspaper=detikhot|access-date=2018-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402132552/https://hot.detik.com/celeb/4040040/cantik-nissa-sabyan-gambus-yang-video-covernya-trending-di-youtube|archive-date=2019-04-02}}</ref> ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Instagram|nissa_sabyan}} {{Biografi-pondok}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sabyan, Nissa}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] l7vfneezdk6ofaa5t3sht3acs0hdruw 0 100246 731596 674678 2026-11-07T19:30:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | pre-nominals = | name = Adamas Belva Syah Devara | post-nominals = | image = Belva Devara at the World Economic Forum 2018.jpg | image_upright = | alt = Adamas Belva Syah Devara, 2018 | caption = Adamas Belva Syah Devara, 2018 | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pronunciation = | birth_name = Adamas Belva Syah Devara | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|5|30}} | birth_place = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[DKI Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] | nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] | other_names = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = [[Universitas Harvard]], [[Amerika Serikat]]<br/>[[Universitas Stanford]], [[Amerika Serikat]]<br/>[[Nanyang Technological University]], [[Singapura]] | occupation = Direktur Utama (CEO) [[Ruangguru|Ruangguru]] | years_active = [[2007]]-aywuna | era = | employer = | organization = | agent = <!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --> | known_for = Pendiri dan Direktur Utama (CEO) [[Ruangguru|Ruangguru]] | notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" --> | style = | home_town = | salary = | net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | weight = <!-- "X kg", "X lb" or "X st Y lb" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | television = | title = <!-- Formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office= may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) --> | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = <!-- Use article title or common name --> | partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --> | children = | parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --> | mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | father = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | relatives = | family = | callsign = | awards = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''Adamas Belva Syah Devara, M.P.A., M.B.A.''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jakarta]]|30|5|1990}})<ref>http://www.radarbangka.co.id/rubrik/detail/features/9986/adamas-belva-syah-devara-penggerak-online-marketplace-ruang-guru-agar-orang-tidak-salah-pilih-guru-privat.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015043514/http://www.radarbangka.co.id/rubrik/detail/features/9986/adamas-belva-syah-devara-penggerak-online-marketplace-ruang-guru-agar-orang-tidak-salah-pilih-guru-privat.html |date=2018-10-15 }}</ref> nyaéta pangusaha Indonésia sareng aktivis sosial. Anjeunna katelah Pangadeg sareng Diréktur Ngatur (CEO) [[Ruangguru|Ruangguru]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailysocial.id/post/ruangguru-umumkan-pergantian-ceo-dan-pembaruan-situs/ |title=Arsip salinan |accessdate=2020-07-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722142939/https://dailysocial.id/post/ruangguru-umumkan-pergantian-ceo-dan-pembaruan-situs/ |archivedate=2020-07-22}}</ref> Taun 2017, anjeunna kapilih janten salah sahiji 30 pangusaha muda anu berpengaruh di Asia ku [[Forbes Magazine]].<ref>https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fmhd45gdgi/adamas-belva-syah-devara/#5d8eb5233cc9</ref> Belva mangrupi alumni [[Universitas Harvard]] sareng [[Universitas Stanford]]. ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Biografi-pondok}} {{Instagram|Belvadevara}} {{Twitter|AdamasBelva}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Devara, Adamas Belva Syah}} [[Kategori:Inohong Jawa]] sf0bxtsbd4wwjqjop17mt66f5y0uvzr 0 100376 731644 728627 2026-11-07T22:45:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Jabatan Politik |jabatan = Wakil Gubernur |lembaga = Jawa Barat |insignia = Coat of arms of West Java.svg |ukuraninsignia = 75px |keteranganinsignia = |departemen = |namaasli = |image = Deputy Governor of West Java Uu Ruzhanul Ulum.png |imagesize = 125px |alt = |incumbent = [[Uu Ruzhanul Ulum]] |incumbentsince = 5 September 2018 |gelar = |kediaman = |tempo = 5 tahun |dibentuk = 1 April 1947 |pertama = [[Ipik Gandamana]] |website = }} '''Wakil Gubernur Jawa Kulon''' nyaéta wakil kepala daérah tingkat I anu mégang jabatan dina pamaréntahan Jawa Kulon baréng Gubernur jeung 120 anggota [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Jawa Kulon]]. Gubernur jeung Wakil Gubernur Jawa Kulon dipilih tiap 5 tahun sakali. Gubernur Jawa Kulon anu ayeuna ngajabat nyaéta [[Uu Ruzhanul Ulum]]. == Daptar == Ieu mangrupa daptar wakil gubernur anu ngajabat Jawa Kulon {| class="wikitable " |- style="background-color:#258B18; color:#FFF200;" | colspan="3" align="center" |'''Wakil Gubernur''' | colspan="2" align="center" |'''Masa Ngajabat''' | rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Partai politik''' | colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Gubernur''' | rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Période''' | rowspan="2" align="center" |'''Katerangan''' |- style="background-color:#258B18; color:#FFF200;" | align="center" |'''No''' | align="center" |'''Potret resmi''' | align="center" |'''Nama''' | align="center" |'''Mulai Jabatan''' | align="center" |'''Akhir Jabatan''' |- | colspan="10" align="center" |[[Gambar:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg|25x25px]] '''Wakil Gubernur [[Jawa Barat]]''' [[Gambar:Coat_of_arms_of_West_Java.svg|29x29px]] |- align="center" | rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" |'''1''' | rowspan="4" |[[Gambar:Ipikgandamana.jpg|pra=Special:FilePath/Ipikgandamana.jpg]] | rowspan="4" |'''[[Ipik Gandamana]]''' | rowspan="4" |1 April 1947 | rowspan="4" |1952 | rowspan="4" |'''''Nonpartisan''''' | bgcolor="#a5682a" | |[[R. Mas Sewaka|Raden Mas Sewaka]] | rowspan="2" |04 | rowspan="4" | |- align="center" | bgcolor="#660000" | |[[Ukar Bratakusumah]] {{small|(''Komisaris Republik Indonesia di Jawa Barat'')}} |- align="center" | bgcolor="#a5682a" | |[[R. Mas Sewaka|Raden Mas Sewaka]] |05 |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#660000" | | rowspan="2" |[[Sanusi Hardjadinata]] | rowspan="2" |06 |- align="center" | colspan="3" rowspan="2" |'''''Lowong''''' | rowspan="2" |1952 | rowspan="2" |6 Februari 1960 | rowspan="2" |— | rowspan="2" | |- align="center" | colspan="2" |• [[Ipik Gandamana]] {{small|(1957–1960)}} • [[Oja Somantri]] {{small|(1958–1960)}} |07 (1957) (1958) |- align="center" | bgcolor="#ff6666" |{{white|'''2'''}} |[[Gambar:Achmad_Astrawinata_Konstituante_Republik_Proklamasi.jpg|134x134px]] |'''[[Astrawinata]]''' |6 Februari 1960 |9 Desember 1963 |[[Partai Komunis Indonesia]] | rowspan="4" bgcolor="#7B8738" | | rowspan="4" |[[Mashudi]] | rowspan="2" |08 (1960) |{{refn|Berdasarkan Keputusan Presiden RI No.252 Tahun 1963 tertanggal [[9 Desember]] [[1963]], [[Astrawinata]] sebagai Menteri Kehakiman menggantikan Wirjono Prodjodikoro sedangkan [[Oei Tjoe Tat]] dilantik sebagai Menteri Negara yang diperbantukan pada Presidium Kabinet Kerja|group=ket.}}<ref>Pikiran Rakjat, 2 Februari 1960, 5 Februari 1960, 6 Februari 1960, 8 Februari 1960, dan Pikiran Rakyat 6 Mei 2005</ref><ref>{{cite press release|last=|first=|date=9 Desember 1963|title=Keppres No. 252 Tahun 1963|url=http://www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/63kp252.pdf|location=Jakarta|publisher=Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional|agency=|access-date=5 November 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414234706/http://www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/63kp252.pdf |date=14 April 2023 }}</ref> |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#7B8738" |{{white|'''3'''}} | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |'''E. Dachjar Sudiawijaya''' | rowspan="2" |9 Desember 1963 | rowspan="2" |1967 | rowspan="2" |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | rowspan="2" |{{refn|Keppres No. 65 Tahun 1967 tentang Pemberhentian E. Dahjar Sudiawijaya Dari Jabatan Wakil Kepala Daerah Tingkat II Jawa Barat|group=ket.}} |- align="center" |09 (1965) |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#7B8738" |{{white|'''4'''}} | rowspan="2" |[[Gambar:R.A_Nashuhi.jpg|pra=Special:FilePath/R.A_Nashuhi.jpg]] | rowspan="2" |'''Raden Ahmad Nashuhi''' | rowspan="2" |2 November 1968 | rowspan="2" |1973 | rowspan="2" |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] |10 (1967) | rowspan="2" |<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0zx3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107&lpg=PT107&dq=gubernur+Jawa+barat+tahun+1965&source=bl&ots=behGWVHRj-&sig=ACfU3U1IKltduUAwzir9W5sza_AoNYKQaA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpmsPphevpAhXBF3IKHcJzBuYQ6AEwCXoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=gubernur%20Jawa%20barat%20tahun%201965&f=false Malam Bencana 1965 Dalam Belitan Krisis Nasional] Books.google.co.id</ref> |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#7B8738" | | rowspan="2" |[[Solihin Gautama Purwanegara]] | rowspan="2" |11 (1970) |- align="center" | colspan="3" rowspan="2" |'''''Lowong''''' | rowspan="2" |1973 | rowspan="2" |1 Agustus 1978 | rowspan="2" |— | rowspan="2" | |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#7B8738" | | rowspan="2" |[[Aang Kunaefi]] |12 (1975) |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" |'''5''' |[[Gambar:Soehoed_Warnaen_Poeraatmadja,_Mimbar_Departemen_Dalam_Negeri,_p10.png|145x145px]] |'''[[Soehoed Warnaen]]''' |1 Agustus 1978 |19 Mei 1980 |'''''Nonpartisan''''' |13 (1978) |<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=-5_xxJr2cYkC&pg=RA15-PA9&lpg=RA15-PA9&dq=Soehoed+Warnaen+poeraatmadja&source=bl&ots=VTwAGq1LYv&sig=ACfU3U06faziO7g8ETonSjK_inTf5uTLaA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3s42m0v7pAhWXYisKHWhuBw4Q6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Soehoed%20Warnaen%20poeraatmadja&f=false Mimbar Departemen Dalam Negeri] Books.google.co.id. Diakses tanggal 13 Juni 2020</ref> |- align="center" | colspan="10" |[[Wakil Gubernur Jawa Barat#1985–2003|''Wakil Gubernur Bidang Pamaréntahan jeung Kasejahteraan Rahayat'']] [[Wakil Gubernur Jawa Barat#1985–2003|''Wakil Gubernur Bidang Ékonomi jeung Pembangunan'']] |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Partai Persatuan Pembangunan/meta/color}}" |{{white|'''6'''}} | |'''[[Nu'man Abdul Hakim]]''' |13 Juni 2003 |13 Juni 2008 |[[Partai Persatuan Pembangunan]] | bgcolor="{{Partai Golongan Karya/meta/color}}" | |[[Danny Setiawan]] |17 ([[Pemilihan Gubernur Jawa Barat 2003|2003]]) |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/55065/dani-setiawan-numan-abdul-gubernur-dan-wagub-jabar|title=Dani Setiawan-Nu`man Abdul, Gubernur dan Wagub Jabar|date=22 Mei 2003|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Liputan6.com|first=|last=ORS|first2=Patria|last2=Hidayat|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/18286/honda-resmikan-pabrik-transmisi-otomatis|title=Honda Resmikan Pabrik Transmisi Otomatis|date=25 September 2003|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Tempo.co|first=Poernomo Gontha|last=Ridho|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital/160139-[_Konten_]-Mochamad_Ade_Afriandi.pdf|title=Thesis UGM: Konformitas Kebijakan Pemerintah Kota Bandung Terhadap Karakteristik Sp Asial Pedagang Kaki Lima|date=4 September 2003|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Universitas Gadjah Mada & Badan Pembangunan Nasional|first=Mochamad|last=Ade Afriandi|editor-first=|editor-last=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306133257/https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital%2F160139-%5B_Konten_%5D-Mochamad_Ade_Afriandi.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Partai Amanat Nasional/meta/color}}" |{{white|'''7'''}} |[[Gambar:Dede_Yusuf.jpg|118x118px]] |'''[[Dede Yusuf]]''' |13 Juni 2008 |13 Juni 2013 |[[Partai Amanat Nasional]] | rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}}" | | rowspan="2" |[[Ahmad Heryawan]] |18 ([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Jawa Barat 2008|2008]]) |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2008/06/13/1/118421/inilah-janji-hade-saat-kampanye|title=Inilah Janji Hade Saat Kampanye|date=13 Juni 2008|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Okezone.com|first=TB Ardi|last=Januar|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/hade-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dan-wagub-jabar-terpilih-2hh3euk.html|title=Hade Resmi Jadi Gubernur dan Wagub Jabar Terpilih|date=22 April 2008|access-date=3 Juni 2018|newspaper=Merdeka.com|first=|last=|editor-first=|editor-last=KPL|editor-last2=RIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613084628/https://www.merdeka.com/politik/hade-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dan-wagub-jabar-terpilih-2hh3euk.html|archive-date=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2008/04/23/01474559/heryawan.terpilih.sebagai.gubernur.jawa.barat|title=Heryawan Terpilih sebagai Gubernur Jawa Barat|date=23 April 2008|access-date=3 Juni 2018|newspaper=Kompas.com|first=|last=A15|last2=MHF|last3=BAY|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref> |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Partai Demokrat/meta/color}}" |{{white|'''8'''}} |[[Gambar:Wagub_Dedy_Mizwar.jpg|pra=Special:FilePath/Wagub_Dedy_Mizwar.jpg]] |'''[[Deddy Mizwar]]''' |13 Juni 2013 |13 Juni 2018 |[[Partai Demokrat]] |19 ([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Jawa Barat 2013|2013]]) |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2013/06/13/14034115/Heryawan.Resmi.Dilantik.sebagai.Gubernur.Jabar|title=Heryawan Resmi Dilantik sebagai Gubernur Jabar|date=13 Juni 2013|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Kompas.com|first=Rio|last=Kuswandi|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.depok.go.id/13/06/2013/berita-foto/ahmad-heryawan-dan-deddy-mizwar-resmi-dilantik-sebagai-gubernur-dan-wakil-gubernur-jawa-barat|title=Ahmad Heryawan dan Deddy Mizwar Resmi Dilantik Sebagai Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur Jawa Barat|date=13 Juni 2013|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Berita Depok, Pemerintah Kota Depok|first=|last=Pemkot Depok|editor-first=|editor-last=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613040859/https://www.depok.go.id/13/06/2013/berita-foto/ahmad-heryawan-dan-deddy-mizwar-resmi-dilantik-sebagai-gubernur-dan-wakil-gubernur-jawa-barat|archive-date=2018-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/2272392/ahmad-heryawan-deddy-mizwar-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dan-wagub-jabar|title=Ahmad Heryawan-Deddy Mizwar Resmi Jadi Gubernur dan Wagub Jabar|date=13 Juni 2013|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=detikNews|first=|last=TYA|last2=AVI|editor-first=|editor-last=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613050834/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/2272392/ahmad-heryawan-deddy-mizwar-resmi-jadi-gubernur-dan-wagub-jabar|archive-date=2018-06-13}}</ref>{{refn|Cuti kampanye dari 14 Februari hingga 13 Juni 2018 (akhir Masa Ngajabat)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/politik/996184-deddy-mizwar-akan-lepas-status-wagub-jabar-14-februari |title=Deddy Mizwar Akan Lepas Status Wagub Jabar 14 Februari |date=12 Januari 2018 |access-date=13 Juni 2018 |newspaper=Viva.co.id| first= |last=MUS |editor-first= |editor-last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2018/02/14/525/1859478/deddy-mizwar-resmi-tinggalkan-rumah-dinas |title=Deddy Mizwar Resmi Tinggalkan Rumah Dinas |date=14 Februari 2018 |access-date=13 Juni 2018 |newspaper=Okezone.com| first=Oris |last=Riswan |editor-first= |editor-last=Ari}}</ref>|group=ket.}} |- align="center" | colspan="3" rowspan="2" |'''''Lowong''''' | rowspan="2" |13 Juni 2018 | rowspan="2" |5 September 2018 | rowspan="2" |— | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" | |[[Iwa Karniwa]] {{small|(''Pelaksana Harian'')}} | rowspan="2" |— | rowspan="2" | |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" | |[[Mochammad Iriawan]] {{small|(''Penjabat'')}} |- align="center" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | bgcolor="{{Partai Persatuan Pembangunan/meta/color}}" |{{white|'''9'''}} |[[Gambar:Deputy_Governor_of_West_Java_Uu_Ruzhanul_Ulum.png|150x150px]] |'''[[Uu Ruzhanul Ulum]]''' |5 September 2018 |''Petahana'' |[[Partai Persatuan Pembangunan]] | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" | |[[Ridwan Kamil]] |20 ([[Pemilihan umum Gubernur Jawa Barat 2018|2018]]) | |- align="center" |} <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3; text-align:left; padding:0.2em;"> {{legend|{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}|Non-partisan / Penugasan Pemerintah|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Partai Golongan Karya/meta/color}}|[[Golongan Karya]] (Golkar) / [[Partai Golkar]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#a5682a|[[Partai Indonesia Raya]] (PIR)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#660000|[[Partai Nasional Indonesia]] (PNI)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#7B8738|[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia]] (ABRI)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#ff6666|[[Partai Komunis Indonesia]] (PKI)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Partai Persatuan Pembangunan/meta/color}}|[[Partai Persatuan Pembangunan]] (PPP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Partai Amanat Nasional/meta/color}}|[[Partai Amanat Nasional]] (PAN)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Partai Demokrat/meta/color}}|[[Partai Demokrat]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/meta/color}}|[[Partai Keadilan Sejahtera]] (PKS)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} </div> === 1985–2003 === ==== Bidang Pemerintahan dan Kesejahteraan Rakyat ==== {| class="wikitable " |- style="background-color:#258B18; color:#FFF200;" | align="center" |'''No''' | align="center" |'''Potret resmi''' | align="center" |'''Nama''' | colspan="2" align="center" |'''Masa Ngajabat''' | align="center" |'''Partai politik''' | colspan="2" align="center" |'''Gubernur''' | align="center" |'''Période''' | align="center" |'''Katerangan''' |- align="center" | bgcolor="#7B8738" |{{white|'''1'''}} |[[Gambar:Aboeng_Koesman_Somawidjaja.jpg|pra=Special:FilePath/Aboeng_Koesman_Somawidjaja.jpg]] |'''[[Aboeng Koesman|Aboeng Koesman Somawidjaja]]''' |19 Mei 1980 |22 Mei 1985 |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | bgcolor="#7B8738" | |[[Aang Kunaefi]] |13 (1980) |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-3513261/sosok-mantan-wagub-jabar-almarhum-aboeng-koesman-di-mata-pns|title=Sosok Mantan Wagub Jabar Almarhum Aboeng Koesman di Mata PNS|date=28 Mei 2017|access-date=5 November 2017|newspaper=Detik.com|first=|last=|editor-first=|editor-last=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024617/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-3513261/sosok-mantan-wagub-jabar-almarhum-aboeng-koesman-di-mata-pns|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> |- align="center" | bgcolor="#7B8738" |{{white|'''2'''}} | |'''Suryatna Subrata''' |22 Mei 1985 |17 Maret 1993 |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | bgcolor="#7B8738" | |[[Yogie Suardi Memet]] |14 (1985) | |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" |'''3''' |[[Gambar:Deputy_Governor_of_West_Java_Ukman_Sutaryan.jpg|168x168px]] |'''[[Ukman Sutaryan]]''' |1994 |1999 |'''''Nonpartisan''''' | rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{Golongan Karya/meta/color}}" | | rowspan="3" |[[Nana Nuriana]] |15 (1993) |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.detik.com/news/berita-jawa-barat/d-4937314/mantan-wagub-jabar-ukman-sutaryan-tutup-usia|title=Mantan Wagub Jabar Ukman Sutaryan Tutup Usia|date=13 Maret 2020|access-date=14 Juni 2020|newspaper=Detik.com|first=Yudha|last=Maulana|editor-first=|editor-last=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.detik.com/news/berita-jawa-barat/d-4937743/eks-wagub-jabar-ukman-sutaryan-wafat-rk-kita-kehilangan-sosok-teladan|title=Eks Wagub Jabar Ukman Sutaryan Wafat, RK: Kita Kehilangan Sosok Teladan|date=13 Maret 2020|access-date=14 Juni 2020|newspaper=Detik.com|first=Yudha|last=Maulana|editor-first=|editor-last=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- align="center" | rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" |'''4''' |[[Gambar:Husein_Jachjasaputra_Wagub_Jabar.jpg|tepi|pus|jmpl|143x143px]] |[[Husein Jachjasaputra|'''Husein Jachjasaputra''']] [[Husein Jachjasaputra|{{small|Bidang Pemerintahan}}]] |13 Juni 1998 |13 Juni 2003 |'''''Nonpartisan''''' | rowspan="2" |16 (1998) | |- align="center" |[[Gambar:Regent_Ciamis_Dedem_Ruchlia.jpg|139x139px]] |'''[[Dedem Ruchlia]]''' {{small|Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat}} |13 Juni 1998 |13 Juni 2003 |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | |- align="center" |} ==== Bidang Ekonomi dan Pembangunan ==== {| class="wikitable " |- style="background-color:#258B18; color:#FFF200;" | align="center" |'''No''' | align="center" |'''Potret resmi''' | align="center" |'''Nama''' | colspan="2" align="center" |'''Masa Ngajabat''' | align="center" |'''Partai politik''' | colspan="2" align="center" |'''Gubernur''' | align="center" |'''Période''' | align="center" |'''Katerangan''' |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" |'''1''' |[[Gambar:Soehoed_Warnaen_Poeraatmadja,_Mimbar_Departemen_Dalam_Negeri,_p10.png|145x145px]] |'''[[Soehoed Warnaen]]''' |19 Mei 1980 |22 Mei 1985 |'''''Nonpartisan''''' | bgcolor="#7B8738" | |[[Aang Kunaefi]] |13 (1980) | |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" |'''2''' | |'''Karna Suwanda''' |22 Mei 1985 |1994 |'''''Nonpartisan''''' | bgcolor="#7B8738" | |[[Yogie Suardi Memet]] |14 (1985) |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://jabarprov.go.id/index.php/news/6950/2013/08/03/Heryawan-Turut-Berduka-Atas-Wafatnya-Mantan-Wagub-Karna-Suwanda|title=Heryawan Turut Berduka Atas Wafatnya Mantan Wagub Karna Suwanda|date=3 Agustus 2013|access-date=5 November 2017|newspaper=Website Resmi Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat|first=|last=|editor-first=|editor-last=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717223447/https://jabarprov.go.id/index.php/news/6950/2013/08/03/Heryawan-Turut-Berduka-Atas-Wafatnya-Mantan-Wagub-Karna-Suwanda|archive-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | bgcolor="#7B8738" |{{white|'''3'''}} |[[Gambar:Regent_Serang_M._A._Sampurna.jpg|131x131px]] |'''M. A. Sampurna''' |17 Maret 1993 |13 Juni 1998 |[[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia|Militer]] | rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Golongan Karya/meta/color}}" | | rowspan="2" |[[Nana Nuriana]] |15 (1993) | |- align="center" | bgcolor="{{Independen (politikus)/meta/color}}" |'''4''' |[[Gambar:Mayor_of_Cimahi_Administration_Soedarna_TM.jpg|127x127px]] |'''Soedarna T. M.''' |13 Juni 1998 |13 Juni 2003 |'''''Nonpartisan''''' |16 (1998) |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.liputan6.com/news/read/41431/penangkapan-anak-wagub-jabar-dibantah-bermuatan-politis|title=Penangkapan Anak Wagub Jabar Dibantah Bermuatan Politis|date=14 September 2002|access-date=13 Juni 2018|newspaper=Liputan6.com|first=|last=|editor-first=|editor-last=}}</ref> |- align="center" |} ; Catatan {{reflist|group="ket."|}}</onlyinclude> == Rujukan == <references /> tedgsuqi2v6uslkn5vb7dwet375bsn3 0 101850 731741 675245 2026-11-08T05:34:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Klampis | image = Acac_toment_121113-0365_blor.JPG | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Klampis, ''Acacia tomentosa'' <br />di tengah hutan jati [[Jurangjero, Bogorejo, Blora|Jurangjero]], [[Bogorejo, Blora|Bogorejo]], [[Blora]] |status = NE |status_system = iucn3.1 | regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]] | ordo = [[Fabales]] | familia = [[Fabaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Mimosoideae]] | genus = ''[[Acacia]]'' | species = '''''A. tomentosa''''' | binomial = ''Acacia tomentosa'' | binomial_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]](1806)<ref>{{aut|Willdenow, C.L.}} 1806. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84239#page/463/mode/1up ''Sp. Pl.'' ed. 4, vol. '''4''' (2): 1087]</ref> |synonyms = ''Acacia chrysocoma'' <small>Miq., 1855</small> |}} '''Kolampis''' ('''''Acacia tomentosa''''') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga ''fabaceae''. Kolampis hirup di daérah garing atawa rada garing, buahna ngawujud (Leguminosae, polong-polongan) hirup di [[tegalan]], [[leuweung jati]] aya ogé di leuwueng anu garing. Tangkal kawilang leutik ieu kapanggih nyebar mimiti ti [[India]], [[Asia Tenggara]], nepika [[Indonesia]]. ==Ngaran séjén == Kolampis mibanda ngaran séjén kayaning : ''klampis'' ([[basa Jawa|Jw.]]); ''kolampis'' ([[basa Sunda|Sd.]]); ''klampés, longghay'' ([[basa Madura|Md.]]); ''ai kendara, ai kĕndarĕ, manggalawa'' ([[Sumba]])<ref name="heyne">{{aut|Heyne, K.}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''2''': 884. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Bogor.</ref>. Sedengkeun di nagara-nagara lian dipikawanoh ngarana: ''krathin-phiman, khaya, nam khao'' ([[Thailand|Thai]]), ''böröbu'' ([[Vietnam]]), jeung sajabana<ref name="prosea11">{{aut|Sosef, M.S.M. & L.J.G. van der Maesen}}. 1997. [http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=3062 ''Acacia tomentosa '' Willd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020081111/http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=3062 |date=2021-10-20 }} <u>In:</u> Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). ''Auxiliary Plants''.: Plant Resources of South-East Asia '''11''': 266. PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. [Internet] Record from Proseabase. Accessed: 25-Jan-2013</ref> == Ciri mandiri == [[File:Acac toment 121113-0363 blor.JPG|jmpl|kiri|180px|Kulit jeung dahan]] [[Tangkal]] leutik nepika sedeng, jangkungna 5–10(–18) [[méter|m]], buleudan tangkalna nepi ka 50 [[sentimeter|cm]]; daunna ngarangrangan. ''Tajuk'' kawas [[payung]]; régang - régang ngorana buluan konéng , rapet; carucukan paranjang (''Acacia'': cucukan, ''tomentosa'': ''uluna'' rekep). Kulit tangkal/[[Pepagan]] coklat poék , rarengat/rorombéheun.<ref name="prosea11"/> [[File :Acac toment 121113-0371 blor.JPG|jmpl|kiri|220px|Daun-daun jeung régang carucukan]] [[Daun panumpu]] wujudna cucuk, lempeng, panjang nepika 4,5&nbsp;cm. [[Daun|Daun-daun]] majemuk kawas cécépét kénca katuhu , selang seling, kalawan cupat daun 0,6–1&nbsp;cm jeung ''rakis'' (2,5–)3–9&nbsp;cm; mibanda hiji ''kelenjar'' perenahna di handap tutumbu cécépét panghandapna, wujudna lonyod/''jorong'', lk 1–2,5 [[milimeter|mm]], rata aya ogé rada maringkel; hiji-dua kelenjar anu lain di palebah tungtung ''rakis'', bulenek, lk 0,8&nbsp;mm. ''Sirip-sirip'' (7–)12–25 pasang, 0,9–2,5&nbsp;cm; anak daun 12–50, ngéntép pasingareup - singareup, naplok, lambaran kawas [[kertas]], aya gurat, 1–4 × 0,4–1&nbsp;mm, puhuna henteu simétris, tungtung mintul, buluan lemes di sisi handap jeung di tungtungna, atawa ampir gundul.<ref name="flora">{{aut|Nielsen, I.C.}} 1992. [http://ia600209.us.archive.org/20/items/floramalesiana111stee/floramalesiana111stee.pdf Mimosaceae (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)]. ''Flora Malesiana'' ser. I, Vol. '''11''' (1): 46-47. Fig. 2</ref> [[Kembang]] majemuk wujudna [[bunga bongkol|bongkol-bongkol]] cupatna lk 2,5&nbsp;cm, 1–7 pendul/bongkol ngumpul dina kélék daun deukeut tungtung regangna . [[Kembang]] naplok, bodas atawa bodas semu konéng, bilangan–4 atawa –5. ''Kelopak'' lk 0,9–1,2&nbsp;mm, ''tabungna'' gundul kajaba palebah tungtung dina anu rérégéan buluan. [[Benang sari]] loba, panjang lk 5&nbsp;mm; bakal buah gundul, 0,8–1&nbsp;mm, duduk. [[Buah#Buah polong|Buah polong]] coklat poék, ipis rata, rada ngajendul dina siki , aya anu lempeng aya ogé anu bengkung, 9–18&nbsp;cm × 0,8–1&nbsp;cm. [[Siki]] ipis, lonyod, 6,5–9 × 4–5,5&nbsp;mm.<ref name="flora"/> == Ékologi jeung agihan == [[file:Acac toment 121113-0362 blor.JPG|jmpl|kiri|180px|Geutah semu beureum ]] Ieu tangkal remen katempo hirup di tegalan, sisi [[leuweung]], daérah anu deukeut ka basisir, aya ogé ngahaja dipelak di sisi jalan. Jeung dina galengan-[[galengan]] [[sawah]]. Oge tempat séjén anu perenahna dina sabudeureun 500 m dpl. <ref name="flora"/>. Di [[Jawa Wétan]] katempo kapanggih hirup di leuweung usum-usuman. Kembangna bijil dina bulan-bulan [[Juni]] nepika Oktober<ref name="flora"/>. Kolampis hirup liar di [[India]] kidul, [[Srilanka]], [[Benggala]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], jeung [[Indonesia]]; utamana di [[Jawa]], [[Madura]], [[Sumbawa]], [[Sumba]], jeung [[Sulawesi]]<ref name="flora"/>. == Mangpaat== Kolampis dipiara pikeun diarah kaina bahan pi[[suluh]]eun. <ref name="heyne"/> Kaina ogé bisa dimangpaatkun pikeun nyieun doran [[pacul]] ogé gagang [[arit]]<ref name="heyne"/>. Kayu ''A. tomentosa'' kagolongkeun kana kai anu mibanda beurat sedang, kalayan dénsitasna 580–670&nbsp;kg/m³ dina kadar [[cai]] 15%<ref name="icraf">ICRAF Wood Database: [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/wd/asps/DisplayDetail.asp?SpecID=30 ''Acacia tomentosa''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911204309/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/WD/asps/DisplayDetail.asp?SpecID=30 |date=2011-09-11 }}, diakses pada 03/02/2013</ref>. Kulit tangkalna pait tur ka angseu teu pikaresepeun, dimangpaatkeun pikeun ngubaran [[kuda]]. Harambay atawa rambat tina Kulitna dimangpaatkun pikeun nyieun tali atawa tambang, atuh [[geutah]] na dimangpaatkun pikeun nyieun [[mangsi]] /[[tinta]].<ref name="heyne"/> Pucuk jeung daun ngorana dipikaresep ku ingon-ingon, sanajan carucukan ogé. <ref name="heyne"/>. Sagigireun ti éta, daun ieu bisa dimangpaatkun pikeun gemuk sangkan tutuwuhan subur. <ref name="prosea11"/>. == Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu ka luar == {{commonscat|Acacia tomentosa}} * {{nl}} BHL: [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48033#page/227/mode/1up ''Acacia tomentosa'' Willd.] @ K. Heyne. ''De Nuttige Planten van Ned. Indie'', '''II''': 221 (1916) * {{id}} FOBI: [https://web.archive.org/web/20250417042016/http://www.fobi.web.id/key/Swiss?g2_itemId=11467 ''Acacia tomentosa''] (foto bunga) [[Kategori:Fabaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Ubar]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] 35ubpez5rz3ekw8856jqrp5bo4z52y3 0 102041 731841 704817 2026-11-08T11:37:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:International Morse Code.svg|jmpl|369x369px|Sandi Morse]]'''Sandi morse''' nyaéta [[Pakakas Tatanén Tradisional|pakakas]] pikeun ngirimkeun [[télégram]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kamus Basa Sunda|last=Danadibrata|first=R.A.|publisher=PT. Kiblat|year=2009|isbn=979-3631-91-0|location=Bandung|pages=445}}</ref>. Sandi morse mangrupa sistim alih wahana [[Hurup Pégon|hurup]], angka, jeung [[tanda baca]] ngagunakeun kode-kode husus. Ieu sandi téh diciptakeun ku [[Samuel Morse|Samuel F.B. Morse]] jeung [[Alfred Vail]] taun 1835<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-sandi-morse-dalam-gerakan-pramuka-atau-kepanduan-eggx|title=Sejarah Sandi Morse dalam Gerakan Pramuka Atau Kepanduan|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-16}}</ref>. Sandi morse mindeng digunakeun dina kagiatan [[Gerakan Pramuka Indonésia|pramuka]]<ref name=":0" />. [[Pakakas Tatanén Tradisional|Pakakas]] anu digunakeun pikeun nepikeun sandi morse nyaéta [[Senter|sénter]] jeung [[piriwit.]]<ref name=":0" /> Kamampuh pikeun narima sandi morse, mangrupa salah sahiji [[kaparigelan]] husus dina [[Komunikasi|komunikasi.]] Sandi morse kaasup salah sahiji hiji conto wangun [[komunikasi]] [[digital]] anu mimiti aya di sakuliah [[dunya]]<ref name=":0" />. == Sajarah == Saacan aya [[komputer]] jeung [[télégraf]], [[manusa]] ngabutuhkeun [[waktu]] anu lila pikeun nepikeun [[béwara]] ti hiji tempat ka tempat séjénna. [[Samuel Morse|Samuel Finley Breese Morse]] mangrupa ''[[inovator]]'' anu miboga [[Idélalismeu|ide]] pikeun nyieun [[télégraf]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://saintif.com/sandi-morse/|title=√ Sandi Morse: Sejarah, Rumus dan Cara Menghafal ...|last=Nur|first=Juli|website=Saintif|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416041335/https://saintif.com/sandi-morse/|archivedate=2021-04-16}}</ref>. Udaganana, sangkan [[Manusa|manusa l]]<nowiki/>euwih babari nalika rék babagi [[béwara]]. Samuel Morse miboga éta [[Idélalismeu|ide]] nalika manéhna lalayaran jeung [[kulawargana]] di bulan [[Oktober]] taun 1832<ref name=":1" />. Harita, kulawargana keur ngobrolkeun ngeunaan [[Éléktromagnétisme|éléktromagnét]] anu anyar kénéh medal. Samuel Morse miboga [[Idélalismeu|ide]], pikeun nyieun [[télégraf]] ngagunakeun [[mode]] [[Éléktromagnétisme|éléktromagnétik]]<ref name=":1" />. Di taun 1835, [[Samuel Morse]] réngsé nyiptakeun [[Model|modél]] [[télégraf]] mimitina, anu digelarkeun di [[Universitas New York]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/06/20/132000265/hari-ini-dalam-sejarah-samuel-morse-daftarkan-hak-paten-telegraf|title=Hari Ini dalam Sejarah: Samuel Morse Daftarkan Hak Paten Telegraf Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-16}}</ref>. Di tahun 1837, [[Samuel Morse]] papanggih jeung dua babaturanana nyaéta [[Leornardo Gale]] jeung [[Alfred Vai|Alfred Vail]]<ref name=":2" />. Dua babaturan éta téh anu mantuan [[Samuel Morse|Morse]] pikeun nyampurnakeun [[télégraf]] anu dijieunna. Sanggeus disampurnakeun, éta [[télégraf]] téh dipaténkeun ku [[Samuel Morse|Morse]], kaasup kode-kode anu aya di jerona. Kode-kode éta téh mangrupa sandi husus dina wangun [[titik]] jeung [[Garis datar|garis]] anu ngawakilan angka jeung [[kamus]]<ref name=":2" />. Tuluy éta angka téh dirobah jadi [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kekecapan]] anu bisa dipikaharti ku [[manusa]]<ref name=":2" />. Di taun 1846, loba ''perusahaan-perusahaan swasta'' anu ngagunakeun hak patén Morse pikeun ngawangun jaringan [[télégraf]] ti [[Washington]] nepi ka [[Boston]], sarta dimekarkeun deui leuwih jero ku jalan [[panalungtikan]]<ref name=":2" />. == Mangpaat == Sandi morse masih kénéh kawéntar nepi ka ayeuna. Hal éta dilantarankeun sandi morse miboga sababaraha mangpaat pikeun kahirupan [[manusa]]. Éta mangpaat téh di antarana: * [[Pakakas Tatanén Tradisional|Pakakas]] [[komunikasi]], ieu mangpaat téh mangrupa udagan mimiti nalika sandi morse diciptakeun ku [[Samuel Morse]]. Di dunya maritim, sandi morse masih kénéh digunakeun. Sandi morse anu mindeng digunakeun nyaéta SOS, anu nandakeun aya baya di hiji tempat<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.martinrecords.com/umum/sandi-morse-pengertian-sejarah-dan-manfaatnya/|title=Sandi Morse : Pengertian, Sejarah, dan Manfaatnya|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-04-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416044252/http://www.martinrecords.com/umum/sandi-morse-pengertian-sejarah-dan-manfaatnya/ |date=2021-04-16 }}</ref>. * Méré béwara anu sipatna rusiah<ref name=":4" />. * Digunakeun dina kagiatan [[Gerakan Pramuka Indonésia|pramuka]]<ref name=":4" />.   == Alpabét == Alih wahana wangun alpabét kana wangun sandi morse<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pramukangraho.or.id/2020/02/cara-cepat-menghafal-dan-membaca-sandi-morse.html|title=Cara Cepat Menghafal dan Membaca Sandi Morse|last=Admin|website=Kwartir Ranting Ngraho|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416041757/https://www.pramukangraho.or.id/2020/02/cara-cepat-menghafal-dan-membaca-sandi-morse.html |date=2021-04-16 }}</ref>: {| class="wikitable" |Alpabét |Sandi Morse |- |A |'''.-''' |- |B |'''-…''' |- |C |'''-.-.''' |- |D |'''-..''' |- |E |'''.''' |- |F |'''..-.''' |- |G |'''–.''' |- |H |'''….''' |- |I |'''..''' |- |J |'''. –''' |- |K |'''-.-''' |- |L |'''.-..''' |- |M |'''––''' |- |N |'''-.''' |- |O |'''––''' |- |P |'''.-.''' |- |Q |'''–.-''' |- |R |'''.-.''' |- |S |'''…''' |- |T |'''–''' |- |U |'''..-''' |- |V |'''…­-''' |- |W |'''.–''' |- |X |'''-..-''' |- |Y |'''-.–''' |- |Z |'''–..''' |} == Angka == Alih wahana wangun angka kana wangun sandi morse<ref name=":3" />: {| class="wikitable" |Angka |Sandi Morse |- |0 |'''––––''' |- |1 |. '''–– -''' |- |2 |.. '''––''' |- |3 |…'''–''' |- |4 |….'''–''' |- |5 |….. |- |6 |<nowiki>-….</nowiki> |- |7 |'''–…''' |- |8 |'''––..''' |- |9 |'''– -.''' |} == Daftar Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Téhnologi]] kr8q62k123ozyk77af58atikw8iwv6b 0 102141 731754 664108 2026-11-08T06:49:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731754 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:LARGEST LIPOMA OF SHOULDER.jpg|jmpl|Lipoma dina taktak.]] '''Lipoma''' nyaéta lapisan [[lemak]] bentukna menjul anu beuki lila beuki numpuk di handapeun [[kulit]]. Anu menjulna téh ayana antara lapisan kulit jeung [[otot]]. Lipoma mindeng tumerap dina [[beuheung]], [[tonggong]], [[taktak]], [[leungeun]], jeung [[pingping]]. Lian ti éta, lapisan lemak anu menjul téh bisa jadi aya dina [[peujit]] jeung kaasup kana salah sahiji [[tumor]] anu mindeng keuna ka [[jalma]] anu geus sawawa. Lipoma mangrupa kondisi anu bisa dicokot ngaliwatan bedah [[sedot lemak]] (''liposuction''), sanajan teu kacokot kabéh tapi moal ngabahayakeun atawa moal balik deui jadi tonjolan anu pikanyerieun.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/sehat/gejala-umum/lipoma/|title=Lipoma: Obat, Gejala, Faktor Risiko, Pengobatan dll. • Hello Sehat|last=Joseph|first=Novita|website=Hello Sehat|publisher=22-09-2016|language=id-ID|accessdate=2021-04-27}}</ref> Ukuran lipoma téh 2-3 cm, tapi lamun ngagedéan mah ukuranana bisa nepi kana 10 cm atawa leuwih.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sehatq.com/penyakit/lipoma|title=Lipoma {{!}} Tanda dan Gejala, Penyebab, Cara Mengobati, Cara Mencegah|last=Irawan|first=Dedi|website=SehatQ|publisher=17 Maret 2021|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427163337/https://www.sehatq.com/penyakit/lipoma|archivedate=2021-04-27}}</ref> ==Wanda== *[[Gambar:Medical X-Ray imaging TPH07 nevit.jpg|jmpl|Ronsenan Lipoma.]]Lipoma konvénsional, lapisan lemak bodas anu menjul di antara lapisan kulit jeung otot.<ref name=":0" /> *''Hibernoma'', lapisan lemak coklat nu menjul di antara lapisan kulit jeung otot.<ref name=":0" /> *''Fibrolipoma'', lapisan lemak anu ngandung [[serat]] jeung menjul di antara lapisan kulit jeung otot.<ref name=":0" /> *''Angiolipoma'', kumpulan lemak jeung [[pembuluh getih]] anu menjul di antara lapisan kulit jeung otot.<ref name=":0" /> *''Myelolipoma'', lemak jeung jaringan ngawangun [[sél]] getih anu menjul di antara lapisan kulit jeung otot.<ref name=":0" /> *''Spindle Cell lipoma'', lemak jeung sél anu jiga [[régang]] anu menjul di antara lapisan kulit jeung otot.<ref name=":0" /> *''Pleomorfic lipoma'', kumpulan lemak jeung rupa-rupa sél kalayan ukuran atawa bentuk anu rupa-rupa menjul di antara lapisan kulit jeung otot.<ref name=":0" /> *''Atypical lipoma'', kumpulan lemak kalayan ukuran leuwih jero jeung sel anu leuwih gedé menjul di antara lapisan kulit jeung otot.<ref name=":0" /> ==Ciri== *[[Gambar:(UNESP-FMB DEO 20180927-13) Lipomas, human.jpg|jmpl|Ciri dan bentuk lipoma.]]Kumpulan lemak anu menjul téh hipu semu ngagibleg.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/hot/read/4119697/bahaya-penyakit-lipoma-penyebab-dan-cara-mengobatinya-secara-medis|title=Bahaya Penyakit Lipoma, Penyebab, dan Cara Mengobatinya Secara Medis|last=Abdi|first=Husnul|website=liputan6.com|publisher=26-11-2019|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-27}}</ref> *Lemak anu menjul téh lila ngagedéanana.<ref name=":1" /> *Lemak anu menjul téh jiga lemak [[daging]] [[sapi]].<ref name=":1" /> *Bisa tumuwuh leuwih gedé ti mimiti sagedé [[kaléci]] nepi ka sagedé [[bal]] [[pingpong]].<ref name=":1" /> *Nu menjulna bisa karasa nyeri lamun beuki ngagedéan jeung keuna kana [[saraf]] di sabudeureunana.<ref name=":1" /> == Faktor == Faktor résiko panyakit lipoma nyaéta: * Turunan atawa génétik.<ref name=":2" /> * Umur 40 nepi ka 60 taun.<ref name=":2" /> * Ngalaman panyakit [[obesitas]] (kaleuwihan beurat awak).<ref name=":2" /> * Keuna panyakit [[liver]].<ref name=":2" /> * Boga [[Kolesterol|kolésterol]] anu luhur.<ref name=":2" /> * Intoléransi kana [[glukosa]].<ref name=":2" /> * Keuna ku panyakit [[Diabétes mélitus|diabétes]].<ref name=":2" /> * Keuna ku ''[[Adiposis dolorosan]],'' munculna lemak anu menjul.<ref name=":2" /> * Keuna ku ''[[Sindrom Cowden]],'' tandana tumor jinak, kulit anu kaleuleuwihi, jeung ukuran tonjolan anu lumayan gedé''.''<ref name=":2" /> * Keuna ku ''[[Sindrom Gardner]],'' kaayaan anu ngabentuk tumor jinak.<ref name=":2" /> * Keuna ku panyakit [[Madelung]], tonjolan lemak anu aya di bagian luhut awak manusa.<ref name=":2" /> * Keuna ku [[Familial multiple lipomatosis|''Familial multiple lipomatosis'']], kondisi turun tinurunanu nyababkeun lipoma kabentuk.<ref name=":2" /> == Diagnosa == * [[Gambar:Lipoma 04.jpg|jmpl|Ngaluarkeun lipoma ngaliwatan operasi.]]Pamariksaan [[Fisiologi|fisik]], pamariksaan kana bentuk lipoma anu kaasup normal atawa henteu. Bentuk lipoma téh hipu jeung teu matak nyeri. Sabab kawangun tina [[Jaringan Epitel|jaringan]] lemak lamun dicabak téh bakal pindah-pindah.<ref name=":2" /> * Biopsi, ieu pamariksaan mikabutuh conto jaringan lipoma anu dicokot sacukupna tuluy ditalungtik di [[laboratorium]]. Tujuan biopsi téh nyaéta keur mastikeun yén dina jero lipoma euweuh [[Sél|sél-sél]] [[kanker]] anu matak ngabahayakeun [[pasién]]. Tapi, sanajan euweuh indikasi kanker tetep kudu tatan-tatan sabab lipoma bisa robah jadi [[liposarkoma]] anu menjulna karasa nyeri jeung gancang ngagedéan.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Panyakit]] [[Kategori:Tumor]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] escso5pxqmnqv0txqufiy181r4t0th8 0 102189 731735 684956 2026-11-08T05:16:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Micromelum pubescent | image = Micromelum minutum fruit and foliage.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Ki mangkok | regnum = Plantae | divisio = Aurantioideae | classis = Clauseneae | ordo = | familia = Rutaceae | genus = Micromelum | species = Micromelum pubescens | binomial = | binomial_authority = | synonyms = Micromelum minutum Micromelum integerrimum }} '''Ki mangkok'''; mamangkokan; ''Micromelum pubescent'' nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga ''Rutaceae''.<ref name=”DE”/> Loba kapanggih hirup di kapuloan [[Andaman]], [[Sri Lanka]] , [[Malaysia]] jeung [[Indonesia]] .<ref name="micromelum1">{{Cite book|title =Indian Medicinal Plant| last= Khare| first= C.P| coauthors =World Conservation Monitoring Centre, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission| year= 1997|page=413|location=London| publisher=Springer| isbn=9780387706375|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Indian_Medicinal_Plants/gMwLwbUwtfkC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=Micromelum+pubescens&pg=PA413&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> Di pulo jawa loba kapanggih hirup di daérah anu perenahna sahandapeun 1000 Mdpl. ==Ngaran séjén == Kimangkok mibanda sebutan anu béda-béda diunggal wewengkon, saperti : Di [[Malaysia]] : ''Semeru, Cemamar, Cemumar, Semeru''; [[Sri Lanka]] : ''Wal-karapincha'' ''(Singhalese)''; [[Kakaipalai]] ([[Tamil]]); Sunda : Ki bétjëtah, Kt madja, Ki mangkok, Mamangkokan; [[Jawa]] : ''Mentanén, Sén-tanén, Télawas''.<ref name=”DE”/> ==Ciri Mandiri== Rungkun atawa tangkal, jangkung nepi ka 12 Méter. Buleudan tangkalna 0,15 M.<ref name=”DE”/><ref name=”Micromelum”>{{Cite web | url = https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.l0821011| date = 2021-05-5| accessdate = 2021-05-05| work =Global Plants}}</ref> Ki mangkok kagolongkeun tangkal leutik malah bisa disebutkeun rungkun, daunna ''imparipinnate'', ukuranna panjang 20-25 cm. Aya 9-15 lambar daun, bijil paingareup-singareup, cupatna pondok, wujudna buleud endog. semu lonyod, tungtung daun rata kalawa, kelenjar dauna katempo, daun palebah luhurna lemes. Kembangna mibanda cupat anu pendek, ngentep dina ranggeuyana bijil tina kélék daun, mangkak, ''dikotomis'', ''cymes corymbose, bracts'' leutik, pasingareup-singareup dina cagakna. ''Lobus'' kelopak ubak, nyikutilu, ''kelopak'' lonyod rata, angkak. ''Ovariumna'' lonyod , buluna kandel Wujudna rada panjang arta kandel. ''Stigma capitates'' jeung buahna paranjang 5mm, wujudna lonyod, buleud endog, méncos, mibanda kelenjar.<ref name=”Micromelum2”>{{Cite web| url = https://globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84862:micromelum-pubescens&catid=199&Itemid=118| date = 2021-05-5| accessdate = 2021-05-05| work = Glob in made}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505131541/https://globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84862:micromelum-pubescens&catid=199&Itemid=118 |date=2021-05-05 }}</ref><ref name=”Micromelum”/> ==Kandungan Kimia== Ki mangkok mibanda sababaraha rupa [[kimia]] anu aya dina tangkal jeung akarna, tayalian : ''Mictomelum pubescen Blume'' dina daunna mibanda ''coumarins'', ''micropubescin'' sarta ''phebalosin''. Dina kulitna ''phebalosin'', dina akarna mibanda ''micromelumin, phobalosin, imperatorin, angelical, scopoletin minumicrolin'' jeung ''murransa''.<ref name=”Micromelum”/> ==Guna jeung mangpaat== Di [[Sumatra]] Kidul, akarna anu pait disiksikan digodog pikeun ngubaran nyeri dada. Bisa waé akarna di seupah jeung daun seureuh pikeun ngubaran batuk. <ref name=”DE”>{{Cite book| url =https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten03heyn/page/11/mode/1up?view=theater| last =HEYNE| first =K. | publisher =Ruygrok & Co BATVIA | location =Linrary New York Botanical Garden| year =1913|ISBN=|pages =125}} Disungsi26 April 2021</ref><ref name=”pubescens”>{{Cite web| url = https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/674081/tab/taxo?lg=en| date = 2021-05-5| accessdate = 2021-05-05| work = INPN| title = Arsip salinan| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132152/https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/674081/tab/taxo?lg=en| archivedate = 2021-05-05}}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori:Tiliaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] ds38c1yz2jjvok5x0gbkdc44n9v4m0g 0 102247 731783 651491 2026-11-08T09:04:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Slit_lamp_examination.jpg|ka|jmpl|250x250px|Pamariksaan Panon dina dokter spésialis panon (optalmologi)]] '''Oftalmologi '''atawa''' Optalmologi''' nyaéta studi anu nalungtik ngeunaan panyakit [[panon]].<ref name="bbuku">{{cite book|author=David Arnot, dkk|title=Pustaka Kesehatan Populer Panca Indra|publisher=PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer|location=Jakarta|year=2009|page=81}}</ref> Sumber lian ngajélaskeun yén optalmologi nyaéta spésialisasi [[élmu]] [[kadokteran]] anu mokuskeun dina diagnosa menerkeun jeung nyegah karuksakan, cidera jeung panyakit panon pikeun kabéh individu ti sakabéh umur.<ref name="inte">{{cite web|url=http://www.persify.com/id/perspectives/medical-specialty/optalmologi-mata--_-91100010325|title=Optalmologi|accessdate=17 Juni 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528154232/http://www.persify.com/id/perspectives/medical-specialty/optalmologi-mata--_-91100010325|archivedate=2025-05-28}}</ref> Dokter anu nyokot spésialisasi dina widang optalmologi ieu mampu ngadiagnosis jeung menerkeun sagala aspék-aspék panyakit panon, sarta bisa ngalakukeun operasi anu kompléks pikeun nyalametkeun tetempoan pasén.<ref name="bbuku" /> Optalmologi mangrupa salah sahiji widang kadokteran anu teu biasa jeung nyaris kabéh dokter anu nyokot spésialisasi ieu mangrupa ahli dina dua widang maranéhna anu lain ukur spésialisasi panon hungkul, namung ogé [[dokter bedah]] anu ahli pisan.<ref name="bbuku" /> Optalmologi ngalakukeun tés-tés anu hésé dina panon, kalayan ngadétéksi masalah [[pasén]] jeung tuluy ngaresépkeun pangubaran/tatamba.<ref name="bbuku" /> Salaku dokter bedah, dokter anu nyokot widang ieu bakal ngalakukeun pembedahan anu kompléks tur hésé pikeun menerkeun tetempoan pasén.<ref name="bbuku" /> == Ngubaran Gangguan Panon == Dina hal pangubaran ieu, biasana [[masarakat]] ngan mariksakeun panon sabot pasén ieu mikabutuh [[tasma]] atawa salaku bagéan tina pamariksaan médis total, jeung ngan penderita gangguan serius anu kudu mangkat ka oftamologis.<ref name="bbuku" /> Lamun geus mulai muncul gangguan panon, maka dokter bakal ngalakukeun pamariksaan jeung nalika masalahna éta téh kasalahan réfréktif (teu bisa fokus kalawan bener) [[dokter]] bakal méré saran ka penderita pikeun ka optométris waé sangkan dibéré tasma, tapi lamun penderita mikabutih pangubaran koréktif husus, maka pasén atawa penderita ta bakal dikirim ka praktisi oftalmik (dokter spésialis masalah panon, tapi moal bakal ngalakukeun pembedahan.<ref name="bbuku" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{kedokteran-stub}} [[Kategori:Oftalmologi| ]] [[Kategori:Kedokteran]] [[Kategori:Kesehatan]] [[Kategori:Mata]] s3hdqh82u5cdl9y8mq5mdts9sgkorxu 0 102305 731620 728483 2026-11-07T21:24:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:STS-95_Florida_From_Space.jpg|ka|jmpl| Florida, conto samenanjung, poto anu dipotrét nalika STS-95]] [[Gambar:Scandinavia_M2002074_lrg.jpg|ka|jmpl| Semenanjung Fennoscandian, Maret 2002, dipoto ku Spectroradiometer ( MODIS ), ngalayang numpak Terra satelit [[NASA]] ]] '''Bobojong''' atawa '''Jojontor''' ({{Lang-la|paeninsula}} asalna tina kecap ''{{Lang|la|paene}}'' "ampir" jeung ''{{Lang|la|insula}}'' "pulau") mangrupa sawaréh tina banua anu lolobana dikurilingan ku cai di sisi-sisina.<ref>{{Cite book|year=2004|title=Word Histories and Mysteries: From Abracadabra to Zeus|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0547350271|oclc=55746553|page=216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ88p_bSt1EC&pg=PA216}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=peninsula&submit.x=53&submit.y=23|title=pen·in·su·la|website=[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|accessdate=1 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/peninsula|title=Definition of peninsula|website=Cambridge Dictionaries Online|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|accessdate=1 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/peninsula|title=Definition of peninsula|website=[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]|accessdate=1 May 2016}}</ref> Pacaian di sabudeureunna téh biasana mah nerus (''kontinu''), ngan teu bisa sagawayah dianggap pacaianna ngan ukur hiji hungkul. Bobojong kadang tara disebut bobojong, aya ogé nu nyebutna jadi [[ancol]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-peninsulas-2024442#ref1216632|title=List of peninsulas|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=1 May 2016}}</ref> Hiji titik umumna dianggap sapotong tapering tina proyéksi kana awak cai anu kurang nonjol tibatan tanjung. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://travelingluck.com/Africa/Sierra+Leone/Northern/_2409328_Fourah+Point.html#local_map|title=Fourah Point / Fourah Point, Northern, Sierra Leone, Africa|website=travelingluck.com|accessdate=16 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102304/http://travelingluck.com/Africa/Sierra+Leone/Northern/_2409328_Fourah+Point.html#local_map|archivedate=17 March 2018}}</ref> Walungan anu ngalir ngaliwatan jalan anu meulit pisan ogé kadang-kadang cenah ngawangun "semenanjung" dina gelung cai (ampir katutup). Salah sahiji wangun samenanjung nyaéta tanjung <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldlandforms.com/landforms/headland/|title=Headland Landforms|language=en|accessdate=2021-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428144147/http://worldlandforms.com/landforms/headland/|archivedate=2021-04-28}}</ref> jeung ciduh khususna sempit <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eartheclipse.com/geography/spit-landform.html|title=What is a Spit Landform in Geography? How are Spits Formed and 7 Most Famous Spits on Our Planet|last=heart|last2=Working|first2=When He Is Not|website=Earth Eclipse|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-03-13|last3=Life|first3=He Is Probably Exploring the Secrets of}}</ref> anu parantos dikumbah. Lamun semenanjung tempatna dina badan cai (danau, walungan) daratan ogé disebut salaku "semenanjung daratan". {| | - | style="width: 300px; vertical-align: top;" | '''Éropa, salaku samenanjung''' * Semenanjung Apennine * Semenanjung Balkan * Brittany * Cornwall * Semenanjung Iberia * Istria * Jutlandia * Calabria * Krimea * Peloponnese * Fennoscandia * Kola '''Afrika''' * Tanduk Afrika | style="width: 300px; vertical-align: top;" | '''Asia''' * [[Semenanjung Arab|Jazirah Arab]] * [[Indochina|Semenanjung Indochinese]] * Kamchatka * Asia Minor * [[Koréa|Semenanjung Korea]] * Semenanjung Malaya * Semenanjung Sinai * Semenanjung Shandong * Semenanjung Liaodong * Semenanjung Chukchi * Benua India '''Australia''' * Land Arnhem * Semenanjung Cape York | style="width: 300px; vertical-align: top;" | '''Amérika''' * Semenanjung Alaska * Florida * Labrador * Baja California * Nova Scotia * Yucatán * Semenanjung Gaspé * Semenanjung Ontario * Semenanjung Delmarva * Samenanjung handap Michigan * Semenanjung Luhur Michigan * Cone Kidul '''Antartika''' * Semenanjung Antartika |} * Samenanjung panghalang * Daptar peninsulas * Isthmus == Rujukan ==  {{Reflist|30em}} [[Kategori:Bentang alam]] [[Kategori:Toponimi di Tatar Sunda]] [[Kategori:Géografi]] [[Kategori:Wangun daratan]] [[Kategori:Toponimi]] [[Kategori:Basa Sunda]] gi0jps9c5vuwy3cq9tj0v7guwed8g80 0 102349 731791 707179 2026-11-08T09:26:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Paku hurang | image = Stenoc palus 100625-5191 mms.JPG | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''Stenochlaena palustris'' <br>ti [[Galing, Sambas|Galing]], [[Kabupatén Sambas]] | status = | status_system = IUCN3.1 | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Pteridophyta]] | classis = [[Pteridopsida]] | ordo = [[Blechnales]] | familia = [[Blechnaceae]] | genus = ''[[Stenochlaena]]'' | species = '''''S. palustris''''' | binomial = ''Stenochlaena palustris'' | binomial_authority = ([[Nicolaas Laurens Burman|Burm.f.]]) [[Richard Henry Beddome|Bedd.]], 1876<ref>{{aut|Beddome, R.H.}} 1876. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127887#page/28/mode/1up ''Supplement to The Ferns of Southern India and British India : containing a revised list of all the ferms of India, Ceylon, Birmah, and the Malay Peninsula and 45 plates of hitherto unfigured species'', p. 26]. printed by Gantz Brothers, Madras.</ref> | synonyms = ''Polypodium palustre'' <small>Burm. f., 1768</small><ref>{{aut|Burman, N.L.}} 1768. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/123275#page/478/mode/1up ''Nicolai Laurentii Burmanni Flora Indica : cui accedit series zoophytorum Indicorum, nec non prodromus florae Capensis'', p. 234]. Amstelaedami, apud Johannem Schreuderum.</ref><br> ''Onoclea scandens'' <small>Sw., 1806</small><ref>{{aut|Swartz, O.P.}} 1806. ''Synopsis Filicum'', p. 112, 309.</ref><br> ''Lomaria scandens'' <small>(Sw.) Willd., </small><ref>{{aut|Willdenow, C.L.}} 1810. ''Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas ...'' [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84244#page/349/mode/1up Ed. 4 t. '''V'''(2): 293.] Berolini, impensis G.C. Nauk.</ref> }} '''Paku hurang'''; ''lemiding''; (''Stenochlaena palustris'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Blechnaceae]]. Pucuk ogé daun ngorana bisa dimangpaatekun salaku bahan [[sayur]]eun. ==Ngaran séjén == Paku hurang mibanda ngaran daérah anu béda-béda, kayaning: ''miding, mělat, akar pakis'' ([[basa Melayu|Mly.]]); ''lambiding'' ([[basa Aceh|Ac.]]); ''lamidin'' ([[Simeulue|Sim.]]); ''pau rara'' ([[Mandailing|Mand.]]); ''paku limbéh'' ([[basa Minangkabau|Min.]]); ''paku hurang'' ([[bahasa Sunda|Sd.]]);<ref name=paku_indonesia>{{aut|[[Setijati Sastrapradja|Sastrapradja, Setijati]]; Afriastini, Johar J.; Darnaedi, Dedy; Widjaja, Elizabeth A.}} (1979). ''[http://digilib.biologi.lipi.go.id/mybox/31930-2-1979_GL_Jenis_paku_indonesia_46-88.pdf Jenis Paku Indonesia]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' '''17''':56{{spaced ndash}}57. [[Jakarta]]:[[LBN]]-[[LIPI]] berkerjasam dengan [[Balai Pustaka]]. (lihat pula [http://digilib.biologi.lipi.go.id/mybox/31930-0-1979_GL_Jenis_paku_indonesia_1-45.pdf hal.1-45]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dan [http://digilib.biologi.lipi.go.id/mybox/31930-3-1979_GL_Jenis_paku_indonesia_89-127.pdf hal.89-127]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> ''pakis bang'' ([[basa Jawa|Jw.]]); ''lemiding'', ''remiding'', ''pakis mérah'' ([[Basa Melayu Pontianak|Mly. Ptk.]]); ''bampésu, maja-majang'' ([[basa Makassar|Mak.]]); ''bempésu, wéwésu'' ([[basa Bugis|Bug.]])<ref name=heyne_86>{{aut|Heyne, K.}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'', jil. '''1''': 86-87. Yay. Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta. [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten1922heyn#page/24/mode/2up (versi 1922. ''De Nuttige Planten ...'' '''I''': 25) ]</ref>. Di [[Kalimantan kidul]] jeung [[Kalimantan Tengah]] tutuwuhan ieu disebut ''kelakai'' atawa ''kalakai''. == Ciri mandiri == [[File :Stenochlaena palustris.JPG|jmpl|kiri|Anak daun kalawan tungtungna rérégéan ]] [[tutuwuhan paku|Paku]] ieu hirup dina taneuh, ngampar panjang nepika 5–10 [[méter|m]]. [[Rimpang]] panjang sakapeung katempo ngarambat, kuat, gepéng masagi, gundul sakapeung katempo aya sisitan, aya ogé anu bijil dahan/régang.<ref name=steenis1981>{{aut|[[Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis|Steenis, CGGJ van]].}} 1981. ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. Hal. 91.</ref> [[Daun|Daunna]] dina dua kaayaan anu rada béda: ''steril'' jeung ''fertil''. Duanana gaduh panjang antara 40–80 [[sentimeter|cm]], kalayan gagang 15 –20 cm jeung 8–15 pasang anak daun, dibarengan hiji anak daun terminal (tungtung). Anak-anak daun ''lateral'' biasana gaduh pelebaran sapertos ''lobus/cuping'' di handap (puhu), anu henteu dipimilik ku tungtung anak daun; anak-anak daun di palebah luhur (beuki ka tungtung beuki leutik) ilaharna leuwih leutik. Tulang daun utama/panengah katempo ngajalur (''lekukan'') di sisi luhurna. Anak-anak daun dina daun ''steril'' gagangna pendék; wujudna jorong heureut, ilaharna 15 × 3 cm, kurang leuwihna; lemes, hérang, héjo kolot, pias di sisi handap; tungtungna rérégéan; mibanda kelenjar di tungtung anak daun deukeut puhu. Anak-anak daun dina daun fertil wujudna gurat, lk. 20 cm × 3 [[milimeter|mm]], palebah handapna pinuh ku [[sporangium|sporangia]].<ref name="giesen">{{aut|Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten}}. 2007. [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ag132e/ag132e00.pdf ''Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia'']{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 227. FAO and Wetlands International, Bangkok. ISBN 974-7946-85-8</ref> == Agihan jeung ékologi== [[File:Stenoc palus 100625-5190 mms.JPG|jmpl|kiri|Hirup sisi susukan]] Paku hurang hirup tur nyebar sacara alami di [[Asia]] tropis, mimiti ti palebah kulon [[India]] , ka [[Asia Tenggara]] tuluy nyebar nepika ka puloan [[Nusantara]], tuluy ka [[Polinesia]] jeung [[Australia]].<ref name=heyne_86/><ref name="giesen"/> Hirup dina tempat anu perenahna di palebah 900 [[mdpl]] ogé di leuweung - leuweung urut dituaran kaina utamana anu deukeut kana cai, deukeut muara, leuweung [[babakoan]], di taneuh keusikan, hususnya di sapanjang sisi [[susukan]] atawa hulu cai.<ref name=heyne_86/> Paku ieu loba kapanggih hirup di daérah landeuh atawa lebak, di tempat anu negrak, leuweung [[sekunder]], sarta remen kapanggih hirup di rawa-rawa, kaasup [[gambut|rawa gambut]]. Sakapeung katempo hirup dina tangkal di leuweung anu negrak.<ref name="giesen"/> Sakapeung hirup ngarungkun sababaraha rungkun, malah katempo kawas [[paku resam]] (''Dicranopteris linearis'' (Burm.) Clarke.).<ref name=paku_indonesia/> == Pamangpaatan == [[File :Stenoc palus 100625-5189 mms.JPG|jmpl|kiri|iala pucukna pikeun sayuran]] Daun-daun u ngora katempo semu beureum, kawas [[hurang]] anu diasakan; ukutu téh ieu tutuwuhan paku sok disebut ''paku urang'' (''paku hurang''). Daun ngora anu masih kénéh ngaringkel dijadikeun bahan sayureun,tapi saméméhna kudu diseupan. Atawa dikulub heula.<ref name=heyne_86/> Di [[Sambas]], daun paku hurang angrupakeun alahsahiji bahan penting pikeun nyieun bubur ''kesum'' atawa bubur ''pedas''. Di [[Jawa]], paku hurang ieu kurang dipikawanoh dina pamangpaatanna. Di [[Sumatra]], daun ngorana sok di[[sayur]].<ref name=paku_indonesia/> Di [[Sulawesi]], abada diolah, tangkalna anu ngarambat ''wewesu'' dimanfaatkeun salaku gaganti [[hoé]] salaku tali paragi meungkeut, dianyam pikeun nyieun [[bubu]] [[lauk]], aya ogé dianyam pikeun nyieun [[beubeur]] [[ikat pinggang]], malahan akaran baheula dimangpaatkeun salaku jangkar parahu. Numutkeun [[Rumphius]], rimpang ieu kacida kuat henteu gampang pegat, sarta dina mangsa kakeueum cai laut ieu leuwih kuat tibatan hoé. Di kapuloan [[Boné]] ogé di [[Karimun]].<ref name=heyne_86/> ''[[Rimpang]]''na anu teuas dipaké bubu lauk di [[Kapulauan Karimun]], [[Jawa]], jeung [[Malaysia]] akapeung dipaké ogé salaku bahan pikeun nyieun karinjang/jingjingan. <ref name=paku_indonesia/> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu ka luar == {{commonscat|Stenochlaena palustris}} * {{en}} The Plant List: [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-26610182 ''Stenochlaena palustris'' (Burm.f.) Bedd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030211939/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-26610182 |date=2020-10-30 }} * {{en}} Raffles Museum: [http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/dna/organisms/details/611 ''Stenochlaena palustris'' (Burm.f.) Bedd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925000940/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/dna/organisms/details/611 |date=2013-09-25 }} * {{en}} Ferns of Thai, Lao, Cambodge: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/thaiferns/factsheets/index.php?q=Stenochlaena_palustris.xml ''Stenochlaena palustris'' (Burm.f.) Bedd.] * {{en}} Vegetables Thai: [http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/project/value_addition/Vegetables/095.html ''Stenochlaena palustris''] * {{en}} FloraBase Au: [http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/50 ''Stenochlaena palustris'' (Burm.f.) Bedd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403015755/http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/50 |date=2011-04-03 }} * {{en}} Urban Forest: [http://uforest.org/Species/S/Stenochlaena_palustris.html ''Stenochlaena palustris''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232505/http://uforest.org/Species/S/Stenochlaena_palustris.html |date=2016-03-04 }} * {{id}} [http://biologitumbuhanlahanbasah.blogspot.com/2012/10/kelakai-stenochlaena-palustris.html Kelakai ''Stenochlaena palustris''] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130128181702/http://www.natureloveyou.sg/Stenochlaena%20palustris/Main.html ''Stenochlaena palustris''] (foto-foto) {{tanaman-stub}} [[Kategori:Blechnaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan paku]] [[Kategori:sayuran]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis ]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Karegori:Pteridophyta]] ij8r7sub6z6rsvuooqtgn3s6bs4n4v9 0 102353 731790 711636 2026-11-08T09:25:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox| color = lightgreen| name = Microsorum scolopendria| image =Wart Fern - Flickr - treegrow.jpg | image_size = 250px| image_caption = Paku cacing| regnum = Plantae| divisio = Polypodiophyta| classis = Polypodiopsida| ordo = Polypodiales| familia = Polypodiaceae| genus = Microsorum| species = M. scolopendria| binomial =Microsorum scolopendria| binomial_authority = (Burm.f.) Copel| synonyms = Chrysopteris longipes}} '''''Paku cacing '''''; ''Microsorum scolopendria; Pleopeltis Phymatodes'' nyaéta hiji [[tutuwuhan]] paku anu asalna ti kulawarga ''[[Polypodiaceae]]''. <ref name=“Heyne”>{{Cite book | title =DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË| first =K.| last =Heyne| publisher =RUYGROK & Co BATAVIA| location =Library New York Botanical Garden| year =1913| pages =21|url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten1922heyn/page/21/mode/1up?view=theater|accessdate=(disungsi) 1 Juni 2021}}</ref> Dina basa [[Inggris]] tutuwuhan paku ieu disebut ogé ''monarch fern'', ''musk fern'', ''maile-scented fern'', ''breadfruit fern'', or ''wart fern'' taya lian tina sabangsaning paku/pakis. <ref>{{cite web |title=Maile-Scented Fern |website=Na mea kanu o Kamehameha |url=http://kms.kapalama.ksbe.edu/projects/2003/plants/lauaefern/ |access-date=19 September 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200342/http://kms.kapalama.ksbe.edu/projects/2003/plants/lauaefern/ |date=24 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name=CFLW/> Tutuwuhan paku ieu hirup di alam liar di pasisian [[Pasifik|Pasipik]] Kulon ti [[Australia]] ka Kalédonia Anyar ka [[Fiji]] sareng sapanjang Pasipik Kidul dugi ka Polinésia [[Prancis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Microsorum scolopendria |website=National Tropical Botanical Garden |url=http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=8853 |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> Ieu tutuwuhan diwanohkeun di [[Hawaii]] dina akhir taun 1910-an tuluy hirup alamiah kalayan gancang di sadaya pulo utama.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Daniel D. |title=Hawaiʻi's ferns and fern allies |date=2003 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=9780824833473 |url=http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=8853}}</ref> Ngaran ilmiah '' M. scolopendria '' sok salah dilarapkeun pikeun ''[[Microsorum grossum]]'' (sareng sinonimna''Phymatosorus'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Phymatosorus grossus – Musk Fern |website=Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers |url=http://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/861/phymatosorus-grossus-musk-fern/ |access-date=19 September 2015 |accessdate=16 June 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630003840/https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/861/phymatosorus-grossus-musk-fern/ |archivedate=30 June 2021 }}</ref> == Kagunaan == Mangsa dirieus atawa dipecéh, ngaluarkeun seungit kawas kembang "maile : Alyxia stellata" .{{sfn|Abbott|1992|pp=127, 145}} sakapeung sok diuntun jeung daun pandan pikeun seuseungitan.<ref name=hawaiian-dict>{{cite book |last=Pukui |first=Mary Kawena |author-link=Mary Kawena Pukui |last2=Elbert |first2= Samuel H. |author-link2= Samuel Hoyt Elbert |chapter= lauaʻe, lauwaʻe |title=Hawaiian Dictionary |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1986 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHdRhjL9Y9EC&pg=PA194 |page=194 }}<br/>{{Hawaiian Dictionaries |Lauaʻe |id=D10468}}</ref>{{sfn|Abbott|1992|pp=127, 145}} Ieu tutuwuhan ogé sok dipaké keur nyeungitan kaén [[kapa]].{{sfn|Abbott|1992|p=58}}<ref name=ethnobotany-database>{{cite web |publisher=Bishop Museum |title=laua‘e |url=http://data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/ethnobotany.php?b=d&ID=lauae |work=Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512044115/http://data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/ethnobotany.php?b=d&ID=lauae |date=2015-05-12 }}</ref> ==Dicutat tina == {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=CFLW>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=January 2020 |contribution=''Phymatosorus scolopendria'' |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |at=Version 8.20 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2020-02-11 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02 }}</ref> }} ;Bibliography {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Pukui |first=Mary Kawena |author-link=Mary Kawena Pukui |title=He Mau Ka{{okina}}ao Hawaii: Folktales of Hawai{{okina}}i |location=Honolulu |publisher=Bishop Museum Press |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LC0AAAAIAAJ }} * {{cite book|last=Abbott |first=Isabella Aiona |author-link=<!--Isabella Aiona Abbott--> |title=Lā'au Hawai'i : traditional Hawaiian uses of plants |url=https://archive.org/details/laauhawaiitradit0000abbo |publisher=Bishop Museum Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-93089-762-5}} {{Refend}} {{pondok}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== * Gustafson, Robert, 1939- '''Hawaiian plant life : vegetation and flora''' Honolulu : University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2014. {{ISBN|9780824837105}} * Valier, Kathy, 1953- '''Ferns of Hawai`i''' Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press, 1995 {{ISBN|0824816404}} * http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/hawaiiflowers/Pages/viewtext.php?s=browse&tid=252 Plants for Hawaiian lei: Laua'e {{Taxonbar|from1=Q15248487|from2=Q3027867|from3=Q38239691}} [[Kategori : Polypodiaceae]] [[Kategori : Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Paku]] c65ep36ooes6vlowrwbjukjm4wb32gr 0 102357 731792 730867 2026-11-08T09:27:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Paku tihang beureum | image = Cyathea Capenis - TreeFern - Cape Town.JPG | image_caption = ''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' | regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]] | divisio = [[Pteridophyta]] | classis = [[Polypodiopsida]] | ordo = [[Cyatheales]] | familia = [[Cyatheaceae]] | genus = '''''Alsophila''''' | genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]<ref name=PPGI/> }} [[Image:Silver Fern Koru2.JPG|thumb|upright|Pucukna anu muringkel kénéh ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'']] '''Paku tihang beureum''' (''Alsophila'') nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga [[Cyatheaceae]].<ref name=PPGI/> Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus ''Cyathea''. ''Alsophila'' ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga ''Cyatheaceae'' utamina dumasar kana [[Filogénétik|filogénetik molekular]].<ref name=PPGI/><ref name=“Heyne”>{{Cite book | title = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | first = K. | last = Heyne | publisher = RUYGROK & Co BATAVIA | location = Library New York Botanical Garden | year = 1913 | pages = 151 | url = https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater | accessdate = (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021}}</ref><ref name=WeigLehn16>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |bibcode=2016AcBBr..30..336W |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Ciri mandiri == Spésiés '' Alsophila '' tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .<ref name=FoC_10240/><ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07>{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |bibcode=2007AmJB...94..873K |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> Anu ngabédakeun ''Alsophila'' jeung ''Sphaeropteris'' tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut ''apikal'' atanapi tulang tonggong (''seta''), teu sapertos ''Cyathea''. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun '' Alsophila '' sareng '' Cyathea ''.<ref name=WeigLehn16/><ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/><ref name=DongZuo18>{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |bibcode=2018AnMBG.103....1D |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> ==Taksonomi== Genus ''Alsophila'' mimiti diguar ku [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] taun 1810.<ref name=IPNI_328001-2/> Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga ''[[Cyatheaceae]]''.<ref name=PPGI/> Babagian kulawarga turta ''genera'' ieu parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/''kontroversial''.<ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07/> Tilu atanapi opat ''[[clade]]'' diusulkeun dumasar kana [[Molékul filogénetik | filogénetik molekular]]. ''Klasifikasi'' [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun '' Gymnosphaera '' clade dina '' Alsophila ''.<ref name=PPGI/> Dina taun 2018, Dong jeung Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina '' Gymnosphaera '' pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.<ref name=DongZuo18/> {{clade |label1=[[Cyatheaceae]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Sphaeropteris]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Cyathea]]'' |label2 = ''Alsophila'' sensu lato |2={{clade |1=''Alsophila'' sensu stricto |2=''Gymnosphaera'' }} }} }} }} Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand {{As of|lc=yes|2000|October}} taun (2004), nempatkeun '' Alsophila '' dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum '' Cyathea ''.<ref name=NZOR/><ref name=LargBrag04/> ==Sebaran sareng habitat== Genus ''Alsophila'' ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon [[tropis]] aya ogé di [[subtropis]], ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan [[Australasia]] dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan [[ Auckland]].<ref name="POWO_328001-2">{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 |accessdate=2021-06-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200100/http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328001-2 |archivedate=2021-06-24 }}</ref><ref name=FoC_10240/> Éta aya di [[leuweung]] [[montane]] anu beueus, di [[lamping]] atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, ''understorey'' atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.<ref name=FoC_10240/> ==Budidaya== ''Alsophila'' spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan. Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&nbsp;australis]]'', ''[[Alsophila cunninghamii|A.&nbsp;cunninghamii]]'', ''[[Alsophila dealbata|A.&nbsp;dealbata]]'', ''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana|A.&nbsp;leichhardtiana]]'' and ''[[Alsophila rebeccae|A.&nbsp;rebeccae]]''.<ref name=WaltBradBricCull86/> Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&nbsp;australis]]'' ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.<ref>{{Citation |title=''Cyathea australis'', ''Cyathea cooperi'' |website=Growing Native Plants |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html |access-date=2019-09-27 }}</ref> ''[[Alsophila australis|A.&nbsp;dregei]]'' mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di [[Afrika Kidul]], ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.<ref name=MasiNdulSkhoNott18>{{Citation |last1=Masinga |first1=Nonhlanhla |last2=Nduli |first2=Luckyboy |last3=Skhosana |first3=Mlondi |last4=Notten |first4=Alice |date=November 2018 |title=''Alsophila dregei '' |website=PlantZAfrica.com |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/alsophila-dregei |access-date=2019-09-27 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> ==Kabudayaan== ''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di [[New Zealand]], sanaos sanés lambang ''pejabat nasional''.<ref name=TeAra>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Government and nation - National animal and flower |date=3 March 2009 |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=2019-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |date=2018-12-26 }}</ref> Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi ''[[A New Leaf (film)|A New Leaf]]'', Henrietta Lowell (salaku [[Elaine May]]) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina ''Alsophila grahami'' ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina "Henry Graham" sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.<ref name=FoC_10240>{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan <!--|year=1994 onwards--> |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> == Kagunaan == Dumasar kana rujukan ti K. Heyne dina buku ''De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (1913), paku tihang mibanda sababaraha mangpaat: * Bahan Wangunan: Tihangna anu teuas sarta awét sok dipaké pikeun tunjel atawa tihang pager.<ref name=“Heyne”/><ref name=WaltBradBricCull86>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> * Katuangan: Bagian tengah (empul) tina tangkalna sakapeung bisa diolah jadi katuangan dina mangsa paceklik.<ref name=“Heyne”/><ref name=IPNI_328001-2>{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}</ref> ===Spésiés=== Golongan. [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus ''Alsophila'' kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.<ref name=PPGI/> {{As of|2019|August}}, ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' nempatkeun spésiés :<ref name=CFLWg/> {{div col|colwidth=25em}} *''[[Alsophila abbottii]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Cyathea abbottii'') *''[[Alsophila acanthophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acanthophora'') *''[[Alsophila acaulis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hancockii'') *''[[Alsophila acrostichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acrostichoides'') *''[[Alsophila acuminata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea acuminata'') *''[[Alsophila acutula]]'' *''[[Alsophila albida]]'' *''[[Alsophila alderwereltii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alderwereltii'') *''[[Alsophila alleniae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alleniae'') *''[[Alsophila alpina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea alpicola'') *''[[Alsophila alta]]'' *''[[Alsophila alternans]]'' *''[[Alsophila alticola]]'' *''[[Alsophila amboinensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea amboinensis'') *''[[Alsophila andersonii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea andersonii'') *''[[Alsophila andohahelensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila aneitensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea aneitensis'') *''[[Alsophila angiensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila annae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea annae'') *''[[Alsophila apiculata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apiculata'') *''[[Alsophila apoensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea apoensis'') *''[[Alsophila appendiculata]]'' *''[[Alsophila approximata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea approximata'') *''[[Alsophila archboldii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea archboldii'') *''[[Alsophila atropurpurea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea atropurpurea'') *''[[Alsophila auneae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pubescens'') *''[[Alsophila auriculata]]'' *''[[Alsophila australis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea australis'') *''[[Alsophila austroyunnanensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila baileyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea baileyana'') *''[[Alsophila balanocarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea balanocarpa'') *''[[Alsophila basirotundata]]'' *''[[Alsophila batjanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea batjanensis'') *''[[Alsophila bellisquamata]]'' *''[[Alsophila biformis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea biformis'') *''[[Alsophila binayana]]'' *''[[Alsophila bisquamata]]'' *''[[Alsophila boiviniiformis]]'' *''[[Alsophila borbonica]]'' *''[[Alsophila borneensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea borneensis'') *[[Alsophila × boytelii|''Alsophila'' × ''boytelii'']] *''[[Alsophila brausei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hunsteiniana'') *''[[Alsophila brevipinna]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brevipinna'') *''[[Alsophila brooksii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea brooksii'') *''[[Alsophila bryophila]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea bryophila'') *''[[Alsophila buennemeijeri]]'' *''[[Alsophila bullata]]'' *''[[Alsophila callosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea callosa'') *''[[Alsophila camerooniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea camerooniana'') *''[[Alsophila capensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea capensis'') *''[[Alsophila catillifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea catillifera'') *''[[Alsophila caudata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea caudata'') *''[[Alsophila celebica]]'' *''[[Alsophila celsa]]'' *''[[Alsophila cincinnata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cincinnata'') *''[[Alsophila cinerea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cinerea'') *''[[Alsophila coactilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea coactilis'') *''[[Alsophila colensoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea colensoi'') *''[[Alsophila commutata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recommutata'') *''[[Alsophila conantiana]]'' *''[[Alsophila conferta]]'' *''[[Alsophila confinis]]'' *''[[Alsophila costalisora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costalisora'') *''[[Alsophila coursii]]'' *''[[Alsophila crenulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea raciborskii'') *''[[Alsophila crinita]]'' *''[[Alsophila cubensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila cucullifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cucullifera'') *''[[Alsophila cunninghamii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cunninghamii'') *''[[Alsophila cuspidata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea cuspidata'') *''[[Alsophila dealbata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dealbata'', silver fern) *''[[Alsophila deckenii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea deckenii'') *''[[Alsophila decrescens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea decrescens'') *''[[Alsophila dicksonioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dicksonioides'') *''[[Alsophila dilatata]]'' *''[[Alsophila dimorpha]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dimorpha'') *''[[Alsophila doctersii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea doctersii'') *''[[Alsophila dregei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dregei'') *''[[Alsophila dryopteroides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea dryopteroides'') *''[[Alsophila edanoi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea edanoi'') *''[[Alsophila elata]]'' *''[[Alsophila emilei]]'' *''[[Alsophila engelii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea elongata'') *''[[Alsophila erinacea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea erinacea'') *''[[Alsophila eriophora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea eriophora'') *''[[Alsophila esmeraldensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila everta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea everta'') *''[[Alsophila excavata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea excavata'') *[[Alsophila × fagildei|''Alsophila'' × ''fagildei'']] *''[[Alsophila fenicis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fenicis'') *''[[Alsophila ferdinandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macarthurii'') *''[[Alsophila ferruginea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ferruginea'') *''[[Alsophila firma]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mexicana'') *''[[Alsophila foersteri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea foersteri'') *''[[Alsophila fulgens]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fulgens'') *''[[Alsophila fuliginosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea fuliginosa'') *''[[Alsophila gastonyi]]'' *''[[Alsophila geluensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea geluensis'') *''[[Alsophila gigantea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gigantea'') *''[[Alsophila glaberrima]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glaberrima'') *''[[Alsophila glabra]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea glabra'') *''[[Alsophila glaucifolia]]'' *''[[Alsophila gleichenioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gleichenioides'') *''[[Alsophila grangaudiana]]'' *''[[Alsophila gregaria]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea gregaria'') *''[[Alsophila grevilleana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea grevilleana'') *''[[Alsophila halconensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea halconensis'') *''[[Alsophila havilandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea havilandii'') *''[[Alsophila hebes]]'' *''[[Alsophila henryi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea henryi'') *''[[Alsophila hermannii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea christii'') *''[[Alsophila heterochlamydea]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea heterochlamydea'') *''[[Alsophila hooglandii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hooglandii'') *''[[Alsophila hookeri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hookeri'') *''[[Alsophila hornei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hornei'') *''[[Alsophila horridula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea horridula'') *''[[Alsophila hotteana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hotteana'') *''[[Alsophila humbertiana]]'' *''[[Alsophila humilis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea humilis'') *''[[Alsophila hyacinthei]]'' *''[[Alsophila hymenodes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea hymenodes'') *''[[Alsophila imbricata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imbricata'') *''[[Alsophila impolita]]'' *''[[Alsophila imrayana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea imrayana'') *''[[Alsophila incana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incana'') *''[[Alsophila incisoserrata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea incisoserrata'') *''[[Alsophila inquinans]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea inquinans'') *''[[Alsophila insulana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea insulana'') *''[[Alsophila isaloensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila javanica]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea javanica'') *''[[Alsophila jimeneziana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea crassa'') *''[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea junghuhniana'') *''[[Alsophila katoi]]'' *''[[Alsophila kermadecensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kermadecensis'') *''[[Alsophila khasyana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea khasyana'') *''[[Alsophila kirkii]]'' *''[[Alsophila klossii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea klossii'') *''[[Alsophila lamoureuxii]]'' *''[[Alsophila lastii]]'' *''[[Alsophila latebrosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latebrosa'') *''[[Alsophila latipinnula]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea latipinnula'') *''[[Alsophila leichhardtiana]]'' *''[[Alsophila lepidoclada]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lepidoclada'') *''[[Alsophila lepifera]]'' *''[[Alsophila leptochlamys]]'' *''[[Alsophila ligulata]]'' *''[[Alsophila lilianiae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea kanéhirae'') *''[[Alsophila lisyae]]'' *''[[Alsophila loerzingii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loerzingii'') *''[[Alsophila loheri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea loheri'') *''[[Alsophila longipes]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea longipes'') *''[[Alsophila longipinnata]]'' *''[[Alsophila longispina]]'' *''[[Alsophila lurida]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea lurida'') *''[[Alsophila macgillivrayi]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgillivrayi'') *''[[Alsophila macgregorii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macgregorii'') *''[[Alsophila macropoda]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea macropoda'') *''[[Alsophila magnifolia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea magnifolia'') *''[[Alsophila major]]'' *''[[Alsophila manniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea manniana'') *''[[Alsophila mapahuwensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila marattioides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea marattioides'') *[[Alsophila × marcescens|''Alsophila'' × ''marcescens'']] (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''marcescens'') *''[[Alsophila masapilidensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea masapilidensis'') *''[[Alsophila matitanensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea madagascarica'') *''[[Alsophila media]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea media'') *''[[Alsophila medinae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea'' × ''medinae'') *''[[Alsophila melleri]]'' *''[[Alsophila meridionalis]]'' *''[[Alsophila mesosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mesosora'') *''[[Alsophila metteniana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea metteniana'') *''[[Alsophila microchlamys]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microchlamys'') *''[[Alsophila microphylloides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea microphylloides'') *''[[Alsophila mildbraedii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mildbraedii'') *''[[Alsophila milnei]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea milnei'') *''[[Alsophila minervae]]'' *''[[Alsophila minor]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea minor'') *''[[Alsophila modesta]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea modesta'') *''[[Alsophila montana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea costulisora'') *''[[Alsophila mossambicensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea mossambicensis'') *''[[Alsophila mostellaria]]'' *''[[Alsophila muelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea muelleri'') *''[[Alsophila murkelensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila negrosiana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea negrosiana'') *''[[Alsophila nicklesii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nicklesii'') *''[[Alsophila nigrolineata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigrolineata'') *''[[Alsophila nigropaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nigropaleata'') *''[[Alsophila nilgirensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nilgirensis'') *''[[Alsophila nockii]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea nockii'') *''[[Alsophila obtecta]]'' *''[[Alsophila obtusiloba]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea obtusiloba'') *''[[Alsophila odonelliana]]'' *''[[Alsophila ogurae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ogurae'') *''[[Alsophila ohaensis]]'' *''[[Alsophila oinops]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oinops'') *''[[Alsophila oosora]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea oosora'') *''[[Alsophila orientalis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea orientalis'') *''[[Alsophila orthogonalis]]'' *''[[Alsophila pachyrrhachis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pachyrrhachis'') *''[[Alsophila pacifica]]'' *''[[Alsophila pallidipaleata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pallidipaleata'') *''[[Alsophila patellifera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea patellifera'') *''[[Alsophila percrassa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea percrassa'') *''[[Alsophila perpelvigera]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpelvigera'') *''[[Alsophila perpunctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perpunctulata'') *''[[Alsophila perrieriana]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea perrieriana'') *''[[Alsophila phlebodes]]'' *''[[Alsophila physolepidota]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea physolepidota'') *''[[Alsophila pilosula]]'' *''[[Alsophila plagiostegia]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea plagiostegia'') *''[[Alsophila podophylla]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea podophylla'') *''[[Alsophila polycarpa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polycarpa'') *''[[Alsophila polystichoides]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea polystichoides'') *''[[Alsophila poolii]]'' *''[[Alsophila portoricensis]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea portoricensis'') *''[[Alsophila pruinosa]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pruinosa'') *''[[Alsophila pseudobellisquamara]]'' *''[[Alsophila pseudomuelleri]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pseudomuelleri'') *''[[Alsophila punctulata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea punctulata'') *''[[Alsophila pycnoneura]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea pycnoneura'') *''[[Alsophila quadrata]]'' *''[[Alsophila ramispina]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea ramispina'') *''[[Alsophila ramispinoides]]'' *''[[Alsophila rebeccae]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea rebeccae'') *''[[Alsophila recurvata]]'' (syn. ''Cyathea recurvata'') == Rujukan == <references> <ref name="PPGI">PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''54''' (6): 563–603.</ref> </references> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=CFLWg>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=June 2019 |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |date=2017-09-02 }}</ref> <ref name=DongZuo18>{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Shi-Yong |last2=Zuo |first2=Zheng-Yu |date=2018 |title=On the Recognition of ''Gymnosphaera'' As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae |url=https://archive.org/details/missouri-botanical-garden-annals_2018-04_103_1/page/n0 |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3417/2017049 |s2cid=90852235 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> <ref name=FoC_10240>{{cite book |first1=Xianchun |last1=Zhang |first2=Harufumi |last2=Nishida |contribution=Alsophila |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10240 |access-date=2019-09-27 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan <!--|year=1994 onwards--> |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501095724/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |date=2012-05-01 }}</ref> <ref name=IPNI_328001-2>{{cite web |title=''Alsophila'' R.Br. |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/328001-2 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}</ref> <ref name=KoraConaMetzSchn07>{{Cite journal |last1=Korall |first1=Petra |last2=Conant |first2=David S. |last3=Metzgar |first3=Jordan S. |last4=Schneider |first4=Harald |last5=Pryer |first5=Kathleen M. |date=2007 |title=A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=873–886 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907 |access-date=2019-08-22 |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.5.873 |pmid=21636456 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> <ref name=LargBrag04>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-630-9 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}</ref> <ref name=NZOR>{{Citation |date=October 2000 |title=Alsophila R.Br. |website=NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register |url=http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7cbda6d1-6f23-4b98-a7e1-7ded0b90feb4 |access-date=2019-09-27 }}</ref> <ref name=PPGI>{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}</ref> <ref name=WaltBradBricCull86>{{Citation |date=1986 |editor1-last=Walters |editor1-first=S.M. |editor2-last=Brady |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Brickell |editor3-first=C.D. |editor4-last=Cullen |editor4-first=J. |editor5-last=Green |editor5-first=P.S. |editor6-last=Lewis |editor6-first=J. |editor7-last=Matthews |editor7-first=V.A. |editor8-last=Webb |editor8-first=D.A. |editor9-last=Yeo |editor9-first=P.F. |editor10-last=Alexander |editor10-first=J.C.M. |contribution=Alsophila |title=European Garden Flora |volume=1 |page=35 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76147-5 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> <ref name=WeigLehn16>{{Citation |last1=Weigand |first1=Anna |last2=Lehnert |first2=Marcus |date=2016 |title=The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=336–350 |doi=10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q17198593|from2=Q2150610}} [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis ]] [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan paku ]] [[Kategori : Cyatheaceae]] [[Kategori:Paku tihang]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Paku]] dp7n3e0wbxxln9xxj2cf1vd23w4gpgb 0 102383 731598 728198 2026-11-07T19:37:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731598 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Aesan_Gede_Songket_Palembang.jpg|jmpl|417x417px| Pakéan Aésan Gedé Songket Palémbang.]] '''Aésan gedé''' mangrupa [[Raksukan|hiji]] [[Adat|pakéan tradisional]] [[Sumatra Kidul|Sumatera Selatan]] anu biasa dipaké dina upacara [[Upacara adat nikahkeun|kawinan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/criksetra/article/download/4927/2671|title=SONGKET AESAN GEDE SEBAGAI PAKAIAN ADAT PERKAWINAN TRADISIONAL PALEMBANG (1966-1986)|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|accessdate=2019-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412141742/https://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/criksetra/article/download/4927/2671|archivedate=2018-04-12}}</ref> Dingaranan Aésan gedé sabab pakait jeung sebuatan keur urang [[Sumatra|Sumatra urang]] ''Swarnadwipa'' atawa Pulo Emas. Ciri-cirina bisa ditempo tina sababaraha kalengkepan anu bisa dipaké, nyaéta perhiasan emas anu ngalambangkeun citra kajayaan. Ieu pakéan mangrupa salah sahiji wanda [[Songkét|kaén songket]] anu mindeng dipaké ku bangsawan. Ieu pakéan dipaké nalika upacara adat [[Upacara adat nikahkeun|nikah]] anu ngalambangkeun kaagungan [[Manusa|jalma]] anu makéna. Aésan gedé dipaké dina acara ''munggah'', nyaéta salah sahiji puncak upacara kawinan tradisional anu kudu dilaksanakeun ku pangantén lalaki.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/intelektualita/article/download/1297/1056|title=1 Makna Simbol dalam Aesan Gede dan Pak Sangkong Pakaian Adat Pernikahan Palembang Eka Hikmawati Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora Uni|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|accessdate=2019-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206193734/http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/intelektualita/article/download/1297/1056|archivedate=2018-12-06}}</ref> Unsur [[Hindu|Hindu-]] Budha katangén dina pakéan tradisional Aésan Gedé. Aésan Gedé asalna ti [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]] anu taat kana kapercayaan Hindu-Budha. Kabuktian yén Bukit Siguntang di daérah Bukit Kecil mangrupa tempat muja atawa tempat ibadah pikeun umat Hindu-Budha dina waktu harita. Pamakéan ''dodot'' dina aésan gedé mangrupa [[akulturasi]] ti [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]] kalayan kapercayaan anu sarua, nyaéta Hindu-Budha. == Ma'na motif == Baju meunang ninun sacara [[tradisi]]onal ku urang [[Kota Palémbang|Palembang]] dijieun tina benang [[Kantéh|emas]] atawa katelah ogé ''songket lepus'' jeung sagala rupa motif hiasanana. Motipna kaasup motif [[Malati|kembang malati]], motif [[mawar]], motif pucuk iwung jeung motif kembang tanjung.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Triyanto|first=Triyanto|last2=Sumaryanto|first2=Totok|last3=Shanie|first3=Arsan|date=2017-08-25|title=Busana Aesan Gede dan Ragam Hiasnya sebagai Ekspresi Nilai-Nilai Budaya Masyarakat Palembang|url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/catharsis/article/view/17031|journal=Catharsis|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=49–56|doi=10.15294/catharsis.v6i1.17031|issn=2502-4531|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918105338/https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/catharsis/article/view/17031|archive-date=2023-09-18|accessdate=2021-06-30}}</ref> * Motif mawar ngalambangkeun ubar ngajauhkeun tina balai.<ref name=":0"/> * Motif kembang tanjung mangrupa simbol silaturahmi garwa nu boga imah ka tamu ondangan anu daratang. * Motif kembang malati ngalambangkeun kasucian, kaanggunan jeung sopan santunna pangantén awéwé. * Motif pucuk iwung mangrupa lambang harepan anu hadé keur mangsa datang. == Wangun pakéan == '''Pangantén lalaki''' Sirah pangantén lalaki kudu dipasang ''Kesuun'' anu bentukna kawas [[makuta]] dihias ku [[malati]] jeung ''Tebeng Malu'' di luhurna, bentukna méh sarua jeung anu dipaké ku pangantén awéwé.<ref name=":1"/> Dina bagian awak kudu maké [[Kangkalung|kalung]] ''Kebo munggah'' jeung ''Slempang Sawir.'' Leungeun kudu maké pinggel ''Taktak Kulit'', Geulang ''Sempuru'', Geulang ''Gepeng'' jeung Geulang ''Ulo Betapo.'' Hal anu kudu dipaké dina leungeun lalaki sarua jeung perhiasan anu dipaké ku awéwé. Dina [[suku]], pangantén lalaki maké calana ''sutra'' bahan [[sutra]] motif Ukel. ''Sendal'' mah sarua jeung pangantén awéwé, ngan ukuranana wungkul anu béda. '''Pangantén awéwé''' Wangun Aesan gedé pikeun pangantén awéwé aya dina [[sirah]], awak, leungeun, jeung suku.<ref name=":1"/> Dina sirah aya ''Bungo Rampai'' anu bentukna siga kembang cempaka anu aya gagangan jeung dijieun tina emas. Gandik miboga wangun iket tina kaén warna buludru [[beureum]] anu luhurna dihias ku ornamén malati. ''Gelung Malang'' bentukna sanggul anu dijieun tina buuk asli anu ditalikeun jeung kembang ros atawa malati. ''Tebeng Malu'' dina wangun bola warna-warni anu disusun jeung dipasang dina [[Ceuli|gigireun ceuli]] . Kesuhun, dina wangun makuta ditambahan malati jeung permata di tengahna. Kelapo Standan mangrupa [[Juru tilu|segitiga]] sama kaki anu dijieun tina emas kalayan hiasan batang kembang. Bagian awakna ngawengku taraté anu nutupan dada, kalung Kebo Munggah dina wangun kalung tilu tingkat kalayan hiasan dina wangun [[Munding|hulu kebo]] jeung Songket Lepus anu mangrupa lawon anu dianyam maké benang emas jeung miboga motif tumpal. Leungeun jeung suku ngawengku pinggel kulit bahu dina wangun belah ketupat kalayan hiasan malati di tengahna. Geulang Sempuru [[Buleudan|buleud]] jeung dijieun tina emas atawa[[kuningan]]. Geulang Ulo Betapo buleudan jeung [[Oray|hiasan hulu oray di]] sakuriling geulang. Geulang gépéng hiasananana nyaéta [[tutuwuhan]]. Terahir, suku ngagunakeun cenela anu katingalina kawas tarumpah atawa Slop. '''Ragam hias''' Hiasanana diwangun ku motif hiasan géométri, motif tutuwuhan hias jeung motif hiasan [[Sato|sasatoan.]] <ref name=":1"/> Motif hiasan géometris, di antarana waé, aya dina lawon Songket, pinggel Kebo munggah jeung kangkalung. Motif hiasan tutuwuhan dina wangun motif hiasan kembang malati, motif hiasan [[Taraté|kembang teraté]], motif hiasan mawar, kembang cempaka, jeung motif hiasan tutuwuhan anu ngarambat. Motif hiasan taraté, di antarana waé, aya dina hiasan taraté, Gandik, Kesuhun ti pangantén awéwé. Motif kembang taraté aya dina Kesuhun pangantén lalaki. Motif hias kembang Campaka aya dina Cempaka limo, Gelung Malang, motif kembang mawar aya dina kesuhun pangantén lalaki. Motif hiasan tutuwuhan nu ngarambat aya dina calana sutra jeung calana panjang. Motif hiasan sasatoan aya dina kangkalung kebo munggah. == Karakteristik == Pangantén Palémbang dibaju aésan gedé biasana maké makuta atawa ''kesuhuun.''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Untaian Ratna Mutu Manikam|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4xdIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=aesan+gedé+adalah&source=bl&ots=smz1SO8-l0&sig=ACfU3U308C9kylrV_LPoiOr7zrAaWue-rQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBl8T65PzgAhUt7nMBHW2bDLY4HhDoATAJegQIARAB#v=onepage&q=aesan%20gedé%20adalah&f=false|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|date=2015-06-15|isbn=9786020317632|language=id|first=M.|last=Deddy}}</ref> Ieu makuta dihias ku [[Buuk|ornamén rambut]] ''cempaka lima'' jeung tusuk soeal kembang. Salaku tambahan, wangun sumping dijieun tina benang rupa-rupa warna anu dirobah jadi motif kembang malati anu ngagantung kana taktak . Sanggul anu dipaké nyaéta wangun ''gelung malang'' anu mangrupa gambaran [[budaya]] Sriwijaya, [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], jeung [[India]] . Ieu sanggul dibawa ku masarakat [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]], tepatna Laskar [[Majapahit]] dina abad ka-14. Dina sanggul dilarapkeun ''lungsen'' (buuk palsu anu panjang) ngabentuk angka dalapan. Pangantén lalaki maké baju aésan gedé dibarengan ku songket palembang jeung panutup dina hiasan anu séjé. Beulitan songket Palembang kudu dipaké nepi ka nutupan suku. Keur pangantén lalaki, maké songket nepi ka nutupan dada jeung maké calana panjang warna anu kontras. Salaku hiasan tambahan biasana maké taraté dada, saléndang pelangi jambon, pending emas, kangkalung, jeung pinggel. Panutup sirah maké kopéh cupak jeung sumping tina runtuyan kembang malati keur ngaganti sumping bola warna-warni. == Penari == [[Gambar:Gadispalembang.jpg|jmpl|Penari Gending Sriwijaya nganggo Aesan Gede.]] Aésan Gedé dina Tari [[Gending Sriwijaya]] dipaké ku tilu [[Ibing|penari]] anu aya di hareup.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=http://eprints.uny.ac.id/27695/1/Surtia%20Ningsih%2009209241032.pdf |title=Arsip salinan |accessdate=2021-06-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531113744/http://eprints.uny.ac.id/27695/1/Surtia%20Ningsih%2009209241032.pdf |archivedate=2022-05-31}}</ref> Di [[waktu]] Kasultanan Darussalam, ieu pakéan ngan dipaké ku putri-putri raja jeung keur mapag tamu agung karajaan, teu diwenangkeun dipaké dina upacara séjénna. Pakéan anu dipaké ku para penari sarua jeung pangantén lalaki'', aya songket kemben, songket kewet, karsuhun, sumping, cempako, gelung malang, gelang manuk, gelang kano, gelang datar, kalung kebo munggah, taraté, salémpang, pending, kembang rampé, tebeng, anting,'' jeung ''tandan kalapa''. == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya]] [[Kategori:Sumatra Kidul]] 8tygrdq1ufg4ckmr7bosgzzgb4v9tt5 0 102612 731643 705646 2026-11-07T22:44:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731643 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg|jmpl|200px|Lambang Inggris]] Anu mibanda gelar '''Raja Inggris''' pangkahijina téh nyaéta [[Offa ti Mercia]], sanajan kakawasaanna teu lila. Dina abad ka-9, Raja [[Wessex]], saurang panaluk [[Kent]] jeung [[Sussex]] ti [[Mercia]] dina taun [[825]], ngalegaan kakawasaanna ka karajaan-karajaan séjén anu aya di Inggris. Panalukkan Northumbria, Anglia Wétan jeung satengah wewengkon Mercia ku [[Dénmark]] ninggalkeun [[Alfred anu Agung]] ti Wessex ngan salaku raja Inggris anu mangtahan. Manéhna ngahasil nangtang sarangkayan invasi Dénmark jeung mawa sawaréh sésa ti Mercia di handap kakawasaan Wessex. Daptar raja Inggris ilaharna dimimitian ti [[Egbert ti Wessex]] saprak taun [[829]]. Pahijian dina Karajaan Inggris teu kacumponan nepi ka [[927]], di zaman [[Athelstan ti Inggris|Athelstan]]. [[Karajaan Wales]] ngahiji jadi Karajaan Inggris di handap [[Kalanggeran Rhuddlan]] di [[1284]] jeung di [[1301]], budak lalaki [[Edward I|Edward I ti Inggris]] anu pangkolotna, [[Edward II ti Inggris|Edward II]], dijadikeun minangka Pangéran Wales. Ti saprak éta, kalawan pangiwaltian ti [[Edward III ti Inggris|Edward III]], putra anu cikal ti kabéh barudak Raja Inggris geus meunangkeun gelar ieu. Sabada pupusna [[Elizabeth I ti Inggris]] taun [[1603]], Karajaan Inggris jeung [[Skotlandia]] ngahiji di handap [[James I ti Inggris|James I jeung VI]]. Tina proklamasi karajaan, James méré gelar pikeun dirina 'Raja Britania Raya. Inggris ngajalanan politik sarikat jeung [[Kerajaan Skotlandia|Skotlandia]] di [[1707]] ngabentuk [[Karajaan Britania Raya]]. Ti saprak éta ''Raja'' atawa ''Ratu'' '' Inggris'' téh teu bener, sanajan angger dipaké nepi ka ayeuna. Di taun [[1801]], [[Britania Raya]] kagabung ka [[Kerajaan Irlandia]] anu nyampak di handap paaturan Inggris saprak [[Henry II]]. == Wangsa Mercia == ''[[Raja (gelar)|Raja]] [[Inggris]] '' anu kahiji miturut sababaraha sumber nyaéta [[Offa]] dina 774, anu geus jadi Raja Mercia saprak 757.<ref>{{citation |last=Keynes |first=Simon |contribution=Offa |title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England |editor-last=Lapidge |editor-first=Michael |date=1999 |publisher-=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=0-631-22492-0 |pages=301–341}}{{citation |last=Wormald |first=Patrick |authorlink=Patrick Wormald |contribution=The Age of Offa and Alcuin |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=James |title=The Anglo-Saxons |publisher=Phaidon |location=London |date=1982 |isbn=0-14-0143950-5 |pages=101–128 }} "Charlemagne, moreover, saw England as if it were ruled by two kings only; Aethelred ruling Northumbria, and Offa everything to the south." (p. 101)</ref> {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- |width=auto| '''[[Offa ti Mercia|Offa]]'''<br />(''<small>+OFFA•REX+</small>'')<br />774-796 || [[File:Offa head.gif|99px|Offa]] || budak Thingfrith || [[Cynethryth]]<br />5 budak || 26 atau 29 Juli 796 |- |} == Wangsa Wessex == {{main|Wangsa Wessex}} Daptar pangawasa Inggris ilaharna dimimitian ti Egbert, Raja Wessex, saprak 802, anu mibanda kakawasaan sakumna Inggris.<ref name="Burke's Peerage & Gentry">[http://www.burkes-peerage.net/articles/roking01.aspx Burke's Peerage & Gentry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228045646/http://www.burkes-peerage.net/articles/roking01.aspx |date=2007-12-28 }} URL last accessed 7 Séptémber 2007.</ref> Manéhna ngéléhkeun urang Mercia taun 825, namung pahijian ieu can kungsi kawujud nepi ka 927. {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- |width=auto| '''[[Egbert ti Wessex|Egbert]]'''<br />(''Ecgberht'')<br />829-839<ref name=ThePeerage10262>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10262.htm#i102615 |title=thePeerage.com - Æthelbald, King of Wessex and others |accessdate=2007-10-24 }}</ref> || [[File:Egbert.jpg|100px|Egbert]] || c.775<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=egbert |title=King Egbert |accessdate=2007-10-24 }}</ref><br />budak [[Ealhmund ti Kent]]<ref name=ThePeerage10262 /> || [[Redburga]]<br />3 budak<ref name=ThePeerage10262 /> || 4 Pébruari 839<br />umur kira-kira 64<ref name=ThePeerage10262 /> |- |width=auto| '''[[Æthelwulf ti Wessex|Ethelwulf]]'''<br />(''Æþelwulf'')<br />5 Pébruari<br />839-856 || [[File:Athelwulf.jpg|100px|Ethelwulf]] || [[Aachen]]<br />budak Egbert jeung Redburga || (1) [[Osburga]]<br />6 budak<br />(2) [[Judith ti Flandria|Judith]]<br />1 Oktober 853<br />teu boga budak || 13 Januari 858<br />62/63<ref name="Burke's Peerage & Gentry"/> |- |width=auto| '''[[Ethelbald ti Wessex|Ethelbald]]'''<br />(''Æþelbald'')<br />856-860 || [[File:Aethelbald.jpg|100px]] || c.831<br />budak Ethelwulf jeung Osburga || [[Judith ti Flandria|Judith]]<br />teu boga budak || 20 Désémber 860<br />umur kira-kira 29<ref name="Burke's Peerage & Gentry"/> |- |width=auto| '''[[Æthelbert ti Wessex|Ethelbert]]'''<br />(''Æþelberht'')<br />21 Désémber<br />860-865 || <small>''Gambar teu<br />tersedia''</small> || c.835<br />budak Ethelwulf jeung Osburga || teu dipikanyaho<br />2 budak || 865<br />umur kira-kira30<ref name="Burke's Peerage & Gentry"/> |- |width=auto| '''[[Æthelred ti Wessex|Ethelred]]'''<br />(''Æþelræd'')<br />865-871 || <small>''Gambar teu<br />tersedia''</small> || c.837<br />budak Ethelwulf jeung Osburga || [[Wulfrida]]<br />868<br />2 budak || 23 April 871<br />umur kira-kira34<ref name="Burke's Peerage & Gentry"/> |- |width=auto| '''[[Alfred anu Agung|Alfred]]'''<br />(''Ælfræd'')<br />24 April<br />871–899<ref name=ArchontologyAlfred>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/alfred.php Alfred (the Great) @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed 15 Maret 2007.</ref> || [[File:KingAlfredStatueWantage.jpg|100px|Patung Alfred anu Agung di Wantage]] || c.849<br />[[Wantage]]<br />budak Ethelwulf jeung Osburga<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01309d.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Alfred the Great]. URL last accessed 14 Maret 2007.</ref> || [[Ealhswith]]<br />[[Winchester]]<br />868<br />6 budak<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050119105215/http://www.geocities.com/missourimule_2000/alfredthegreat.html Alfred the Great]. URL last accessed 14 Maret 2007.</ref> || 26 Oktober 899<br />umur kira-kira 50<ref name=ArchontologyAlfred /> |- | '''[[Edward anu Leuwih Kolot|Edward]]'''<br />(''Eadweard'')<br />27 Oktober<br />899–924<ref name=ArchontologyEdwardElder>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edwrd_elder.php EADWEARD (Edward the Elder) @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed on 15 Maret 2007.</ref> || [[File:Edward the Elder.jpg|100px|Edward the Elder]] || c.871-877<br />budak Alfred jeung Ealhswith<ref>There are various references listing Edward the Elder's birth as sometime in the 870s, being the second child of a marriage of 868. There are no sources listing his birth as after 877. [http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=person&id=EdwardtheElder Anglo-Saxons.net: Edward the Elder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107051756/http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get |date=2005-01-07 }}. URL last accessed on 15 Maret 2007.</ref> || (1) Ecgwynn<br />893<br />3 budak<br />(2) Aelffaed<br />c.902<br />10 budak<br />(3) [[Edgiva ti Kent]]<br />905<br />4 budak<ref>[http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon_7.htm English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - Edward the Elder]. URL last accessed on 21 Januari 2007.</ref> || 17 Juli 924<br />[[Farndon, Cheshire]]<br />umur kira-kira 50<ref name=ArchontologyEdwardElder /> |- |'''''[[Elfward ti Wessex|Elfward]]'''''<br />(''Ælfweard'')<br />18 Juli -<br />2 Agustus 924<ref>Note: evidence is sketchy and not all historians agree that Ælfweard became king. See [[Ælfweard of Wessex|his article]] for further details.</ref><br /><small>Succession uncertain / disputed</small> || <small>''Gambar teu<br />tersedia''</small>|| c.902<br />budak Edward jeung Aelffaed || teu nikah || 2 Agustus 924<br />umur kira-kira 22 |- | '''[[Athelstan ti Inggris|Athelstan]]'''<br />(''Æþelstan'')<br />3 Agustus<br />924–939<ref name=ArchontologyAthelstan>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/aethelstan.php Aethelstan @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed 15 Maret 2007.</ref> || [[File:King.athelstan.tomb.arp.jpg|100px|Makam raja Athelstan di Malmesbury Abbey]] || 895<br />budak Edward jeung Ecgwynn<ref>[http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelstan.html EBK: Aethelstan, King of the English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016192342/http://earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelstan.html |date=2007-10-16 }}. URL last accessed 15 Maret 2007.</ref> || teu nikah<ref name=ArchontologyAthelstan /> || 27 Oktober 939<br />umur kira-kira 44<ref name=ArchontologyAthelstan /> |- | '''[[Edmund I ti Inggris|Edmund]]'''<br />(''Eadmund'')<br />28 Oktober<br />939–946<ref name=ArchontologyEdmundMagnificent>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edmund1.php EADMUND (Edmund) @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> || || c.921<br />budak Edward jeung Edgiva<ref name=ArchontologyEdmundMagnificent /> || (1) Elgiva<br />3 budak<br />(2) [[Æthelflæd ti Damerham]]<br />944<br />teu boga budak<ref>[http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon_9.htm English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - Edmund the Elder]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> || 26 Méi 946<br />[[Pucklechurch]]<br />umur kira-kira 25 (dibunuh)<ref name=ArchontologyEdmundMagnificent /> |- | '''[[Eadred ti Inggris|Eadred]]'''<br />(''Eadred'')<br />27 Méi<br />946–955<ref>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/eadred.php EADRED (Edred) @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> || [[File:Eadred.jpg|100px|Engraving rekayasa anu dibuat oleh artis anon]] || c.923<br />budak Edward jeung Edgiva<ref name=EBKEdred>[http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/edred.html EBK: Edred, King of England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016192355/http://earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/edred.html |date=2007-10-16 }}. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> || teu nikah<ref name=EBKEdred /> || 23 Nopémber 955<br />[[Frome, Somerset|Frome]]<br />umur kira-kira 32<ref>[http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=edred BritRoyals - King Edred]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> |- | '''[[Eadwig ti Inggris|Eadwig]]'''<br />(''Eadwig'')<br />24 Nopémber<br />955–959<ref name=ArchontologyEdwy>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/eadwig.php EADWIG (Edwy) @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> || [[File:Eadwig.jpg|100px|Engraving rekayasa anu dibuat oleh artis anon]] || c.940<br />budak Edmund jeung Elgiva<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05324a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Edwy]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> || [[Ælfgifu, istri Eadwig|Elgiva]]<ref name=ArchontologyEdwy /> || 1 Oktober 959<br />umur kira-kira 19<ref name=ArchontologyEdwy /> |- | '''[[Edgar ti Inggris|Edgar]]'''<br />(''Eadgar'')<br />2 Oktober<br />959–975<ref>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edgar1.php EADGAR (Edgar the Peacemaker) @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> || [[File:King Edgar, c.943-75.jpg|100px|Raja Edgar ti England]] || c.943<br />Wessex<br />budak Edmund jeung Elgiva<ref name=EBKEdgar>[http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/edgar.html EBK: Edgar the Peacemaker, King of England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016192347/http://earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/edgar.html |date=2007-10-16 }}. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> || (1) Ethelflaed<br />c.960<br />1 putra<br />(2) [[Elfthryth|Ælfthryth]]<br />c.964<ref name=EBKEdgar /><br />2 putra || 8 Juli 975<br />Winchester<br />umur kira-kira 32<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/missourimule_2000/athelingtotheelder.html The Atheling] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1256539440610900&url=www.geocities.com/missourimule_2000/athelingtotheelder.html |date=2009-10-26 }}. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> |- | '''[[Edward sang Martir|Edward]]'''<br />(''Eadweard'')<br />9 Juli<br />975–978<ref name=ArchontologyEdwardMartyr>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edwrd_martyr.php EADWEARD (Edward the Martyr) @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> || [[File:Edward the Martyr by Edwards detail.jpg|100px|St. Edward the Martyr]] || c.962<br />budak Edgar jeung Ethelflaed<ref>[http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/edwardmartyr.html EBK: Edward the Martyr, King of England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016170018/http://earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/edwardmartyr.html |date=2007-10-16 }}. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007.</ref> || teu nikah|| 18 Maret 978<br />[[Corfe Castle]]<br />umur kira-kira 16 tahun (dibunuh)<ref name=ArchontologyEdwardMartyr /> |- | '''[[Ethelred II ti Inggris|Ethelred]]'''<br />(''Æþelræd Unræd'')<br />19 Maret<br />978–1016<ref name=ArchontologyEthelredUnready>Ethelred the Unready was forced to go into exile in the summer of 1013, following Jeungish attacks, but was invited back following Sweyn Forkbeard's death. [http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/aethelred.php AETHELRED (the Unready) @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007</ref> || [[File:EthelUn.jpg|100px|Gambar Ethelred II]] || c.968<br />budak Edgar jeung Ælfthryth<ref>[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/MEDethelred.htm Schoolnet Spartacus: Ethelred] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805131533/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/MEDethelred.htm |date=2011-08-05 }}. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007</ref> || (1) Ælflaed ti Northumbria<br />4 budak<br />(2) Aelgifu<br />991<br />6 budak<br />(3) [[Emma ti Normandy]]<br />1002<br />3 budak<ref>[http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon_14.htm English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - Ethelred II, the Redeless]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007</ref> || 23 April 1016<br />[[London]]<br />umur kira-kira 48<ref name=ArchontologyEthelredUnready /> |- | '''[[Edmund Ironside]]'''<br />(''Eadmund'')<br />24 April –<br />30 Nopémber 1016<ref name=ArchontologyEdmundIronside>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edmund2.php EADMUND (Edmund the Ironside) @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007</ref> || [[File:Edmond II d'Angleterre.jpg|100px|Edmund Ironside]] || c.993<br />budak Ethelred jeung Ælflaed<ref name=ArchontologyEdmundIronside /> || Edith ti Anglia Timur<br />2 budak<ref name=EnglishMonarchsEdmundIronside>[http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon_15.htm English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - Edmund Ironside]. URL last accessed 17 Maret 2007</ref> || 30 Nopémber 1016<br />[[Glastonbury]]<br />umur kira-kira 23<ref name=ArchontologyEdmundIronside /><ref name=EnglishMonarchsEdmundIronside /> |} == Wangsa Dénmark == Inggris kungsi aya dina kakawasaan raja-raja Dénmark ieu. {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[Sweyn I ti Denmark|Sweyn Forkbeard]]'''<br />(''Svend Tveskæg'')<br />25 Désémber<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/vikings.htm |title=English Monarchs |accessdate=2007-10-27 }}</ref><br /> 1013–1014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/swen.php |title=Sweyn (Forkbeard) - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-27 }}</ref> || [[File:Sweyn.jpg|100px|Sweyn Forkbeard, from an architectural element in the Swansea Guildhall, Swansea, Wales]] || c.960<br />[[Denmark]]<br />budak [[Harald Bluetooth]] jeung [[Gyrid Olafsdottir]]<ref name=ThePeerageSweyn>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10242.htm#i102418 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10242 |accessdate=2007-10-27 }}</ref> || (1) [[Gunhilda ti Polandia]]<br />c.990<br />7 budak<br />(2) [[Sigrid]]<br />c.1000<br />1 putri<ref name=ThePeerageSweyn /> || 3 Pébruari 1014<br />[[Gainsborough, Lincolnshire|Gainsborough]]<br />umur kira-kira 54<ref name=ThePeerageSweyn /> |- | '''[[Canute anu Agung|Canute]]'''<br />(''Knútr'')<br />1 Désémber<br />1016–1035<ref name=ArchontologyCanute>[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/canut.php CNUT (Canute) @ Archontology.org]. URL last accessed 21 Maret 2007.</ref> || [[File:Cnut.jpg|100px]] || c.995<br />budak Sweyn Forkbeard<ref name=ArchontologyCanute /> || (1) [[Aelgifu ti Northampton]]<br />2 budak<br />(2) [[Emma ti Normandy]]<br />1017<ref name=ArchontologyCanute /> || 12 Nopémber 1035<br />[[Shaftesbury]]<br />umur kira-kira 40<ref name=ArchontologyCanute /> |- | '''[[Harold Harefoot]]'''<br />(''Harald'')<br />13 Nopémber<br />1035–1040<ref name=ArchontologyHaroldHarefoot>Harold was only recognised as king north of the River Thames until 1037, after which he was recognised as king of all England. {{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/harold1.php |title=Harold (Harefoot) - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-27 }}</ref> || <small>''Gambar teu<br />tersedia''</small> || c.1016/7<br />budak Canute jeung Aelgifu<ref name=ArchontologyHaroldHarefoot /> || Aelgifu<br />1 putra<ref name=ThePeerageHaroldHarefootHarthacanute>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10220.htm |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10220 |accessdate=2007-10-27 }}</ref> || 17 Maret 1040<br />[[Oxford]]<br />umur kira-kira 23 or 24<ref name=ArchontologyHaroldHarefoot /> |- | '''[[Harthacanute]]'''<br />(''Hardeknud'')<br />18 Juni<br />1040–1042<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/harthacnut.php |title=Harthacnut - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-28 }}</ref> || <small>''Gambar teu<br />tersedia''</small> || 1018<br />budak Canute jeung Emma<ref name=ThePeerageHaroldHarefootHarthacanute /> || teu dipikanyaho || 8 Juni 1042<br />Lambeth<br />umur kira-kira 24<ref name=ThePeerageHaroldHarefootHarthacanute /> |} == Wangsa Wessex (dikembalikan) == Kapangawasaan Saxon dipulangkeun salila sababaraha waktu, namung dina [[Pangtempuran Hastings]], [[William ti Normandy]] meunang tur jadi Raja Inggris. {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[Edward sang Pengaku]]'''<br />(''Eadweard'')<br />9 Juni<br />1042–1066<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardConfessorHaroldII>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10218.htm |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10218 |accessdate=2007-10-26 }}</ref> || || c.1003<br />[[Islip, Oxfordshire]]<br />budak Ethelred jeung Emma<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardConfessorHaroldII /> || [[Edith ti Wessex]]<br />23 Januari 1045<br />teu boga budak<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardConfessorHaroldII /> || 5 Januari 1066<br />[[Westminster Palace]]<br />umur kira-kira 60<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardConfessorHaroldII /> |- | '''[[Harold Godwinson]]'''<br />(''Harold Godwinesson'')<br />6 Januari –<br />14 Oktober 1066<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardConfessorHaroldII /> || [[File:Harold2.jpg|100px]] || c.1020<br />budak [[Godwin, Earl ti Wessex]] jeung [[Gytha Thorkelsdóttir]]<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardConfessorHaroldII /> || (1) [[Edith Swannesha]]<br />6 budak (2) [[Ealdgyth ti Mercia]]<br />[[York]]<br />c.1064<br />1 [itra<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardConfessorHaroldII /> || 14 Oktober 1066<br />[[Hastings]]<br />umur kira-kira 46 (Maot dalam perang)<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardConfessorHaroldII /> |- | '''[[Edgar si Ætheling|Edgar sang Pangeran (Etheling)]]'''<br />(''Eadgar Æþeling'')<br />15 Oktober –<br />17 Désémber 1066<ref name=ArchontologyEdgarAtheling>After reigning for approximately 9 weeks, Edgar the Atheling submitted to William the Conqueror, who had gained control of the area to the south and immediate west of London. {{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edgar2.php |title=Eadgar (the Ætheling) - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-26 }}</ref> || <small>''Gambar teu <br />tersedia''</small> || c.1053<br />[[Hungary]]<br />budak [[Edward anu Diasingkan]] jeung Agatha<ref name=ThePeerageEdgarAtheling>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p9.htm#i83 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 9 |accessdate=2007-10-26 }}</ref> || teu nikah<ref name=ThePeerageEdgarAtheling /> || c.1125<br />umur kira-kira 72<ref name=ArchontologyEdgarAtheling /> |} == Wangsa Normandia == Taun 1066, William II, Adipati [[Normandia]], nalukkeun Inggris. Urang-urang [[Norman]] ti Prancis anu nginvasi Inggris badarat di pulo Inggris jeung ngagantikeun bangsa [[Anglo-Saxon]] salaku bangsa pangawasa Inggris. Raja-raja Norman di Inggris mimitina mah mangrupa [[vassal]] ti [[Raja Prancis]]. Raja Richard I (Ngahaté Singa) anu kawentar éta ngan bisa ngomong maké basa Prancis jeung leuwih loba méakkeun waktu di [[Aquitaine]], [[Prancis]], atawa di [[Perang Salib]] tibatan di Inggris. Mimiti ti saprak éta raja-raja Inggris ngagunakeun angka Romawi pikeun nandaan raja anu ngarana sarua, anu diadopsi ti Prancis. Namung paméréan landian ka saurang pangawasa masih lazim kénéh. {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[William I ti Inggris|William I]]'''<br />(''Guillaume le Conquérant/le Bâtard'')<br />25 Désémber<br />1066–1087<ref name=ThePeerageWilliamI&II>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10203.htm |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10203 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:William1.jpg|100px|William sang Penakluk pada Perang Hastings]] ||Tahun 1028<br />[[Kastil Falaise]]<br />budak [[Robert I, Adipati Normandia]] jeung [[Herleva]]<ref name=ThePeerageWilliamI&II /> || [[Matilda ti Flandria]]<br />Chapel Notre Dame, [[Normandy]] <br />1053<br />10 budak<ref name=ThePeerageWilliamI&II /> || 9 Séptémber 1087<br />[[St. Gervais]] di [[Rouen]]<br />umur kira-kira 59.<ref name=ThePeerageWilliamI&II /> Dimakamkan di Biara Saint Etienne ([[Abbaye aux Hommes]]) di [[Caen]] |- | '''[[William II ti Inggris|William II Rufus]]'''<br />(''Guillaume le Roux'')<br />26 Séptémber<br />1087–1100<ref name=ThePeerageWilliamI&II /> || [[File:William II of England in miniature.jpg|100px|William Rufus digambarkan di dalam naskah Stowe]] ||Tahun 1060<br />[[Normandy]]<br />budak William I jeung Matilda<ref name=ThePeerageWilliamI&II /> || teu nikah || 2 Agustus 1100<br />[[New Forest]]<br />umur kira-kira 40<ref name=ThePeerageWilliamI&II /> |- | '''[[Henry I ti Inggris|Henry I]]'''<br />(''Henri Beauclerc'')<br />5 Agustus<br />1100–1135<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIStephen>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10204.htm |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10204 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:Henry1.jpg|100px|Henry I]] || Séptémber 1068<br />[[Selby]]<br />budak William I jeung Matilda<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIStephen /> || (1) [[Edith ti Skotlandia]]<br />[[Biara Westminster]]<br />11 Nopember 1100<br />4 budak<br />(2) [[Adeliza ti Louvain]]<br />[[Kastil Windsor]]<br />29 Januari 1121<br />teu boga budak<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIStephen /> || 1 Désémber 1135<br /> Istana ti [[Lyons-la-Forêt]] (Saint-Denis-en-Lyons)<br />umur 67.<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIStephen /> Dimakamkan di [[Biara Reading]] |- | '''[[Stephen ti Inggris|Stephen]]'''<br />(''Étienne de Blois'')<br />22 Désémber<br />1135–1154<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/stephen.php |title=STEPHEN (of Blois) - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:King_Stephen_from_NPG.jpg|100px|Stephen]] ||Tahun 1096<br />[[Blois]]<br />budak [[Stephen, Count Blois]] jeung [[Adela ti Normandia]]<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIStephen /> || [[Matilda ti Boulogne]]<br />[[Westminster]]<br />1125<br />5 budak<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIStephen /> || 25 Oktober 1154<br />[[Kastil Dover]]<br />umur kira-kira 58<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIStephen /> |- | '''''[[Matilda ti Inggris|Matilda/Maud]]'''''<br />(''Mathilde ou<br />Mahaut l'emperesse'')<br />7 April–1 Nopember 1141<ref name=ThePeerageMatilda>Matilda ruled at the same time as Stephen, but her reign was disputed. {{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10204.htm#i102037 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10204 |accessdate=2007-10-27 }}</ref><br /><small>Title disputed</small> || [[File:Empress matilda.jpg|100px|Matilda]] || 7 Pébruari 1102<br />[[Sutton Courtenay]]<br />satu-satuya putri sah [[Henry I ti Inggris|Henry I]] jeung [[Edith ti Skotlandia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/matilda.php |title=MATILDA (the Empress) - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-27 }}</ref> || (1) [[Henry V, Kaisar Romawi Suci]]<br />[[Mainz]]<br />6 Januari 1114<br />teu boga budak<br />(2) [[Geoffrey V, Count Anjou]]<br />[[Katedral Le Mans]]<br />22 Méi 1128<br />4 budak<ref name=ThePeerageMatilda /> || 10 Séptémber 1167<br />Notre Dame du Pré di [[Rouen]]<br />umur 65<ref name=ThePeerageMatilda /> |} == Wangsa Plantagenet == {{main|Wangsa Plantagenet}}<!-- belum diterjemahkan Stephen came to an agreement in Nopémber 1153, with the signing of the [[Treaty of Wallingford]] where Stephen recognised Henry, budak Matilda, as his heir to the throne in lieu of his own son. The early Plantagenets ruled many territories in [[France]], and did not regard England as their primary home until after most of their French possessions were lost by King John. This long-lived dynasty is usually divided into three houses: the [[Angevins]], the [[House of Lancaster]], and the [[House of York]]. --> === Angevins === {{main|Angevin}} {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[Henry II ti Inggris|Henry II]]'''<br />(''Henri Court-mantel'')<br />19 Désémber<br />1154–1189<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIIRichardI>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10202.htm |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10202 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:Henry II of England.jpg|100px|Henry II]] || 5 Maret 1133<br />[[Le Mans]]<br />budak [[Geoffrey ti Anjou]] jeung Matilda<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIIRichardI /> || [[Eleanor ti Aquitaine]]<br />[[Katedral Bordeaux]]<br />18 Méi 1152<br />8 budak<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIIRichardI /> || 6 Juli 1189<br />[[Château Chinon]]<br />umur 56.<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIIRichardI /> Dimakamkan di [[Biara Fontevraud]] |- | '''[[Henry sang Raja Muda]]'''<br />''(Henri le Jeune Roi)''<br />([[wakil raja]] dengan ayahnya)<br />14 Juni<br />1170–1183 || [[File:Henry the Young King.jpg|100px|Henry]] || 28 Pébruari 1155<br />budak Henry II jeung Eleanor || [[Marguerite ti Prancis]]<br />[[Katedral Winchester]]<br />27 Agustus 1172<br />1 budak || 11 Juni 1183<br />[[Martel]], [[Limoges]]<br />umur 28. Dimakamkan di [[Katedral Rouen]] (Notre-Dame) |- | '''[[Richard I ti Inggris|Richard I]]'''<br />(''Richard Cœur de Lion'')<br />3 Séptémber<br />1189–1199<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIIRichardI /> || [[File:Richard coeurdelion g.jpg|100px|Richard anu Berhati Singa, sebuah ilustrasi ti abad ke-12]] || 8 Séptémber 1157<br />[[Istana Beaumont]]<br />budak Henry II jeung Eleanor<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIIRichardI /> || [[Berengaria ti Navarra]]<br />[[Limassol]]<br />12 Méi 1191<br />teu boga budak<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIIRichardI /> || 6 April 1199<br />[[Château de Chalus-Chabrol|Chalus]]<br />umur 41.<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIIRichardI /> Dimakamkan di: Hati di [[Katedral Rouen]]. Bajeung di [[Biara Fontevraud]] |- | '''[[John ti Inggris|John I]]'''<br />(''Jean Sans Terre'')<br />27 Méi<br />1199–1216<ref name=ThePeerageJohn>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10201.htm#i102006 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10201 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:John of England (John Lackland).jpg|100px|John Lackland]] || 24 Désémber 1167<br />Istana Beaumont<br />budak Henry II jeung Eleanor<ref name=ThePeerageJohn /> || (1) [[Isabel ti Gloucester]]<br />[[Kastil Marlborough]]<br />29 Agustus 1189<br />teu boga budak (2) [[Isabella ti Angoulême]]<br />[[Katedral Bordeaux]]<br />24 Agustus 1200<br />5 budak<ref name=ThePeerageJohn /> || 19 Oktober 1216<br />[[Kastil Newark]]<br />umur 48<ref name=ThePeerageJohn /> Dimakamkan di [[Katedral Worcester]] |- | '''[[Henry III ti Inggris|Henry III]]'''<br />28 Oktober<br />1216–1272<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIII>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10193.htm#i101923 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10193 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:Henry III of England - Illustration from Cassell's History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902.jpg|100px|Henry III]] || 1 Oktober 1207<br />[[Kastil Winchester]]<br />budak John jeung Isabella<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIII /> || [[Eleanor ti Provence]]<br />[[Katedral Canterbury]]<br />14 Januari 1236<br />9 budak<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIII /> || 16 Nopember 1272<br />[[Westminster Palace]]<br />umur 65<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIII /> |- | '''[[Edward I ti Inggris|Edward I]]'''<br />20 Nopémber<br />1272–1307<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardI>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10191.htm#i101903 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10191 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:Gal nations edward i.jpg|100px|Edward I]] || 17 Juni 1239<br />Westminster Palace<br />budak Henry III jeung Eleanor<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardI /> || (1) [[Eleanor ti Kastilia]]<br />[[Biara Santa Maria la Real de Huelgas]]<br />18 Oktober 1254<br />17 budak (2) [[Marguerite ti Prancis]]<br />10 Séptémber 1299<br />3 budak<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardI /> || 7 Juli 1307<br />[[Burgh by Sands]]<br />umur 68<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardI /> |- | '''[[Edward II ti Inggris|Edward II]]'''<br />7 Juli 1307 –<br />25 Januari 1327<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardII>Edward II secara resmi digulingkan oleh Parlemen pada tanggal 25 Januari 1327, dipenjara pada tanggal 16 Nopember 1326. {{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10094.htm#i100933 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10094 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:EdwardII-Cassell.jpg|100px|Gambaran modern ti Edward II]] || 25 April 1284<br />[[Kastil Caernarfon]]<br />budak Edward I jeung Eleanor<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardII /> || [[Isabella ti Prancis]]<br />[[Katedral Boulogne]]<br />25 Januari 1308<br />5 budak<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardII /> || 21 Séptémber 1327<br />[[Kastil Berkeley]]<br />umur 43 (dibunuh)<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardII /> |- | '''[[Edward III ti Inggris|Edward III]]'''<br />25 Januari<br />1327–1377<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIII>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10188.htm#i101871 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10188 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:EdwardIII-Cassell.jpg|100px|Edward III]] || 13 Nopember 1312<br />[[Kastil Windsor]]<br />budak Edward II jeung Isabella<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIII /> || [[Philippa ti Hainault]]<br />[[York Minster]]<br />24 Januari 1328<br />14 budak<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIII /> || 21 Juni 1377<br />[[Istana Sheen]]<br />umur 64<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIII /> |- | '''[[Richard II ti Inggris|Richard II]]'''<br />21 Juni 1377 –<br />29 Séptémber 1399<ref name=ThePeerageRichardII>Richard II digulingkan, jeung menjadi tahanan [[Henry IV ti Inggris|Henry Bolingbroke]], anu menyerap tahta ti tuntutan sebelumnya ti keturunan ayahnya [[John ti Gaunt, Adipati Pertama Lancaster|John ti Gaunt]]. {{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10206.htm#i102054 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10206 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:Richard II of England.jpg|100px|Richard II, oleh André Beauneveu, tahun 1390]] || 6 Januari 1367<br />[[Bordeaux]]<br />budak [[Edward, pangeran Hitam]] jeung [[Joan ti Kent]]<ref name=ThePeerageRichardII /> || (1) [[Anne ti Bohemia]]<br />14 Januari 1382<br />teu boga budak (2) [[Isabella ti Valois]]<br />[[Calais]]<br />4 Nopember 1396<br />teu boga budak<ref name=ThePeerageRichardII /> || 6 Januari 1400<br />[[Kastil Pontefract]]<br />umur 33<ref name=ThePeerageRichardII /> |} === Wangsa Lancaster === {{main|Wangsa Lancaster}} Wangsa ieu diturunkeun ti [[John ti Gaunt]], budak katilu Edward III anu hirup kénéh. {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[Henry IV ti Inggris|Henry IV]]'''<br />30 Séptémber<br />1399–1413<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIV&V>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10187.htm |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10187 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:Henry4.JPG|100px|Henry IV]] || 3 April 1366/7<br />[[Bolingbroke Castle]]<br />budak [[John ti Gaunt]] and [[Blanche ti Lancaster]]<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIV&V /> || (1) [[Mary de Bohun]]<br />[[Arundel Castle]]<br />27 Juli 1380<br />7 budak (2) [[Joanna ti Navarre]]<br />[[Winchester Cathedral]]<br />7 Pébruari 1403<br />teu boga budak<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIV&V /> || 20 Maret 1413<br />[[Westminster Abbey]]<br />umur 45 or 46<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/henry4.php |title=HENRY IV - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> |- | '''[[Henry V ti Inggris|Henry V]]'''<br />20 Maret<br />1413–1422<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIV&V /> || [[File:Henry5.JPG|100px|Henry V]] || 9 Agustus 1387<br />[[Monmouth Castle]]<br />budak Henry IV jeung Mary<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIV&V /> || [[Catherine ti Valois]]<br />[[Troyes Cathedral]]<br />2 Juni 1420<br />1 putra<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIV&V /> || 31 Agustus 1422<br />[[Château de Vincennes]]<br />umur 35<ref name=ThePeerageHenryIV&V /> |- | '''[[Henry VI ti Inggris|Henry VI]]'''<br />31 Agustus 1422 – 4 Maret 1461<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVI>Edward IV usurped the throne in 1461 after years of civil war. Henry VI was restored for about five months in 1470 before being deposed again permanently. {{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10186.htm#i101859 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10186 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:HenryVIofEngland.JPG|100px|Henry VI]] || 6 Désémber 1421<br />[[Windsor Castle]]<br />budak Henry V jeung Catherine<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVI /> || [[Margaret ti Anjou]]<br />[[Titchfield Abbey]]<br />22 April 1445<br />1 putra<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVI /> || 21 Méi 1471<br />[[Menara London]]<br />umur 49 (dibunuh)<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVI /> |} === Wangsa York === {{main|Wangsa York}} Wangsa York diturunkan ti [[Edmund ti Langley]], Adipati [[York]] anu pertama, budak keempat Edward III anu masih hidup. {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[Edward IV ti Inggris|Edward IV]]'''<br />4 Maret 1461 – 2 Oktober 1470<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIV>Edward was briefly deposed during his reign by Henry VI. {{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10164.htm#i101635 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10164 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:EdwardIVofEngland-Yorkist.jpg|100px|Edward IV]] || 28 April 1442<br />[[Rouen]]<br />budak [[Richard Plantagenet]] jeung [[Cecily Neville]]<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIV /> || [[Elizabeth Woodville]]<br />[[Grafton Regis]]<br />1 Méi 1464<br />10 budak<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIV /> || 9 April 1483<br />[[Westminster Palace]]<br />umur 40<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIV /> |} === Wangsa Lancaster (dipulangkeun) === {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[Henry VI ti Inggris|Henry VI]]<br />'''2 Oktober 1470 – 11 April 1471<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVI/> || [[File:HenryVIofEngland.JPG|100px|Henry VI]] || 6 Désémber 1421<br />[[Windsor Castle]]<br />budak Henry V jeung Catherine<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVI /> || [[Margaret ti Anjou]]<br />[[Titchfield Abbey]]<br />22 April 1445<br />1 putra<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVI /> || 21 Méi 1471<br />[[Menara London]]<br />umur 49 (dibunuh)<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVI /> |} === Wangsa York (dipulangkeun) === {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[Edward IV ti Inggris|Edward IV]]'''<br />11 April 1471 – 9 April 1483<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIV/> || [[File:EdwardIVofEngland-Yorkist.jpg|100px|Edward IV]] || 28 April 1442<br />[[Rouen]]<br />budak [[Richard Plantagenet]] jeung [[Cecily Neville]]<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIV /> || [[Elizabeth Woodville]]<br />[[Grafton Regis]]<br />1 Méi 1464<br />10 budak<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIV /> || 9 April 1483<br />[[Westminster Palace]]<br />umur 40<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardIV /> |- | '''[[Edward V ti Inggris|Edward V]]'''<br />9 April–25 Juni 1483<ref name=ArchontologyEdwardV>Edward V was deposed by Richard III, who usurped the throne on the grounds that Edward was illegitimate. {{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/edward5.php |title=EDWARD V - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:King-edward-v.jpg|100px|Edward V]] || 2 Nopémber 1470<br />[[Westminster]]<br />budak Edward IV jeung Elizabeth Woodville<ref name=ArchontologyEdwardV /> || teu nikah || c. 1483<br />[[London]]<br />umur kira-kira 12 (menurut tradisi dibunuh)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10165.htm#i101645 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10165 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> |- | '''[[Richard III ti Inggris|Richard III]]'''<br />26 Juni<br />1483–1485<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/richard3b.php |title=RICHARD III - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:Richiii.jpg|100px|Richard III]] || 2 Oktober 1452<br />[[Fotheringhay Castle]]<br />budak Richard Plantagenet jeung Cecily Neville<ref name=ThePeerageRichardIII>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10163.htm#i101628 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10163 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[Anne Neville]]<br />[[Westminster Abbey]]<br />12 Juli 1472<br />1 putra<ref name=ThePeerageRichardIII /> || 22 Agustus 1485<br />[[Bosworth Field]]<br />umur 32 (mati dalam perang)<ref name=ThePeerageRichardIII /> |} == Wangsa Tudor == {{main|Wangsa Tudor}}<!-- belum diterjemahkan The Tudors descended matrilineally from [[John Beaufort]], one of the illegitimate budak of 14th Century English Prince [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]] (third surviving budak [[Edward III of England]]), by Gaunt's long-term mistress [[Katherine Swynford]]. The descenjeungts of an illegitimate child of English Royalty would normally have no claim on the throne, but the siKolottion was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford evenKolotlly married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year (also enshrined in an Act of Parliament in 1397). A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, [[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]], also recognized the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible to ever inherit the throne. Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descenjeungts, the Royal [[House of Lancaster]]. John Beaufort's granddaughter [[Lady Margaret Beaufort]], a considerable heiress, was married to [[Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond]]. Tudor was the budak Welsh courtier Owain Tewdr (anglicised to "'''Owen Tudor'''") and [[Katherine of Valois]], widowed Queen Consort of the Lancastrian [[Henry V of England|King Henry V]]. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother [[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI]]. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed. With [[Henry VIII]]'s break from the [[Roman Catholic Church]], the monarch became the [[Supreme Head of the Church of England]]. [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth I's]] title became the [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]]. --> {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[Henry VII ti Inggris|Henry VII]]'''<br />22 Agustus<br />1485–1509<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVII>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10142.htm#i101418 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10142 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:Henry Seven England.jpg|100px|Henry VII, by Michel Sittow, 1505]] || 28 Januari 1457<br />[[Pembroke Castle]]<br />budak [[Edmund Tudor]] jeung [[Margaret Beaufort]]<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVII /> || [[Elizabeth ti York]]<br />[[Westminster Abbey]]<br />18 Januari 1486<br />8 budak<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVII /> || 21 April 1509<br />[[Richmond Palace]]<br />umur 52<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVII /> |- | rowspan="6" | '''[[Henry VIII ti Inggris|Henry VIII]]'''<br />21 April<br />1509–1547<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVIII>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10148.htm#i101473 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10148 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || rowspan="6" | [[File:Hans Holbein d. J. 049.jpg|100px|Henry VIII, by Hans Holbein, c.1536]] || rowspan="6" | 28 Juni 1491<br />[[Greenwich Palace]]<br />budak Henry VII jeung Elizabeth<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVIII /> || [[Catherine ti Aragon]]<br />[[Greenwich]]<br />11 Juni 1509<br />1 putri <br /> | rowspan="6" | 28 Januari 1547<br />[[Whitehall Palace]]<br />umur 55<ref name=ThePeerageHenryVIII /> |- | [[Anne Boleyn]]<br />[[Westminster Palace]]<br />25 Januari 1533<br />1 putri |- | [[Jane Seymour]]<br />Whitehall Palace<br />30 Méi 1536<br />1 putra<br /> |- | [[Anne ti Cleves]]<br />Greenwich Palace<br />6 Januari 1540<br /> |- | [[Catherine Howard]]<br />[[Hampton Court Palace]]<br />28 Juli 1540 |- | [[Catherine Parr]]<br />Hampton Court Palace<br />12 Juli 1543 |- | '''[[Edward VI ti Inggris|Edward VI]]'''<br />28 Januari<br />1547–1553<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardVIMaryIElizabethI>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10150.htm |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10150 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:Edward_VI_of_England_c._1546.jpg|100px|Edward VI, by Hans Eworth]] || 12 Oktober 1537<br />Hampton Court Palace<br />budak Henry VIII jeung Jane Seymour<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardVIMaryIElizabethI /> || teu nikah || 6 Juli 1553<br />Greenwich Palace<br />umur 15<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardVIMaryIElizabethI /> |- | '''''[[Lady Jane Grey|Jane]]'''''<br />(''The Nine Days' Queen'')<br />10 Juli–19 Juli 1553<ref name=ThePeerageJaneGrey>Jane was deposed in favour of Mary Tudor. {{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10152.htm#i101513 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10152 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref><br /><small>''De facto'' queen; title disputed</small> || [[File:Streathamladyjayne.jpg|100px]] || Oktober 1537<br />[[Bradgate Park]]<br />putri [[Henry Grey]] jeung [[Frances Brandon]]<ref name=ThePeerageJaneGrey /> || [[Lord Guildford Dudley]]<br />[[Strand, London|The Strand]]<br />21 Méi 1553<br />teu boga budak<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/ladyjane/marriage.html |title=Lady Jane Grey: Marriage |accessdate=2007-10-25 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224234715/http://www.britannia.com/history/ladyjane/marriage.html%20 |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016200449/http://britannia.com/history/ladyjane/marriage.html |date=2007-10-16 }}</ref> || 12 Pébruari 1554<br />[[Menara London]]<br />umur 16 (beheaded)<ref name=ThePeerageJaneGrey /> |- | '''[[Mary I ti Inggris|Mary I]]'''<br />(''Bloody Mary'')<br />19 Juli<br />1553–1558<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardVIMaryIElizabethI /> || [[File:Mary I of England.jpg|100px|Mary I, by Antonius Mor, 1554]] || 18 Pébruari 1516<br />Greenwich Palace<br />putri Henry VIII jeung Catherine<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardVIMaryIElizabethI /> || [[Philip II ti Spanyol]]<br />[[Winchester Cathedral]]<br />25 Juli 1554<br />teu boga budak<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardVIMaryIElizabethI /> || 17 Nopémber 1558<br />St. James's Palace<br />umur 42<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardVIMaryIElizabethI /> |- | '''[[Elizabeth I ti Inggris|Elizabeth I]]'''<br />(''The Virgin Queen'')<br />17 Nopémber<br />1558–1603<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardVIMaryIElizabethI /> || [[File:Darnley stage 3.jpg|100px|Elizabeth I, by Darnley]] || 7 Séptémber 1533<br />Greenwich Palace<br />putri Henry VIII jeung Anne Boleyn<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardVIMaryIElizabethI /> || teu nikah || 24 Maret 1603<br />Richmond Palace<br />umur 69<ref name=ThePeerageEdwardVIMaryIElizabethI /> |} == Wangsa Stuart == {{main|Wangsa SKolotrt}}<!-- belum diterjemahkan Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, the [[List of monarchs of Scotland|Scottish]] king, [[James VI ti Skotlandia|James VI]], succeeded to the English throne as James I in what became known as the [[Union of the Crowns]]. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, [[Margaret Tudor]], the eldest daughter of Henry VII. In 1604 he adopted the title ''King of Great Britain'', although the two kingdoms remained separate. --> {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[James I ti Inggris|James I]]'''<br />24 Maret<br />1603–1625<ref name=ThePeerageJamesI>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10137.htm#i101370 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10137 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:JamesIEngland.jpg|100px|James I, by Paulus van Somer]] || 19 Juni 1566<br />[[Edinburgh Castle]]<br />budak [[Henry SKolotrt]] jeung [[Mary I ti Skotlandia|Mary]]<ref name=ThePeerageJamesI /> || [[Anne ti Denmark]]<br />[[Oslo]]<br />23 Nopémber 1589<br />7 budak<ref name=ThePeerageJamesI /> || 27 Maret 1625<br />[[Theobalds House]]<br />umur 58<ref name=ThePeerageJamesI /> |- | '''[[Charles I ti Inggris|Charles I]]'''<br />(''Saint Charles the Martyr'')<br />27 Maret<br />1625–1649<ref name=ThePeerageCharlesI>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10138.htm#i101375 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10138 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:After Anthony van Dyck - King Charles I - Wallace Collection.jpg|100px|Charles I, by Anthony van Dyck]] || 19 Nopémber 1600<br />[[Dunfermline Palace]]<br />budak James I jeung Anne<ref name=ThePeerageCharlesI /> || [[Henrietta Maria ti Prancis]]<br />[[St Augustine's Abbey]]<br />13 Juni 1625<br />9 budak<ref name=ThePeerageCharlesI /> || 30 Januari 1649<br />[[Whitehall Palace]]<br />umur 48 (beheaded)<ref name=ThePeerageCharlesI /> |} === Persemakmuran === {{main|Persemakmuran Inggris}}<!-- belum diterjemahkan There was no reigning monarch between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] of Charles II in 1660. Despite this, from 1653 the following individuals held power as [[Lord Protector|Lords Protector]], during the period known as [[the Protectorate]]. --> {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[Oliver Cromwell]]'''<br />(''Old Ironsides'')<br />16 Désémber<br />1653–1658<ref name=BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell>{{cite web |url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm |title=Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 |accessdate=2007-10-25 |archive-date=2019-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114125235/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010015953/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm |date=2018-10-10 }}</ref> || [[File:Cooper, Oliver Cromwell.jpg|100px|Oliver Cromwell, an unfinished portrait miniature by Samuel Cooper]] || 25 April 1599<br />[[Huntingdon]]<ref name=BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell /><br />budak Robert Cromwell jeung Elizabeth Stewart<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olivercromwell.org/faqs1.htm |title=Oliver Cromwell - Faq 1 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || Elizabeth Bourchier<br />[[St Giles-without-Cripplegate|St Giles]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stgilescripplegate.org.uk/frhistory.htm |title=New Page 1 |accessdate=2007-10-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929223348/http://www.stgilescripplegate.org.uk/frhistory.htm |archivedate=2007-09-29 }}</ref><br />22 Agustus 1620<br />9 budak<ref name=BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell /> || 3 Séptémber 1658<br />[[Whitehall]]<br />umur 59<ref name=BritishCivilWarsOliverCromwell /> |- | '''[[Richard Cromwell]]'''<br />(''Tumbledown Dick'')<br />3 Séptémber 1658<br />– 7 Méi 1659<ref name=BritishCivilWarsRichardCromwell>{{cite web |url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/richard-cromwell.htm |title=Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector, 1626-1712 |accessdate=2007-10-25 |archive-date=2013-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521085720/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/richard-cromwell.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> || [[File:RichardCromwell.jpeg|100px|Richard Cromwell, c.1650]] || 4 Oktober 1626<br />[[Huntingdon]]<br />budak Oliver Cromwell jeung Elizabeth Bourchier<ref name=BritishCivilWarsRichardCromwell /> || Dorothy Maijor<br />Méi1649<br />teu boga budak<ref name=BritishCivilWarsRichardCromwell /> || 12 Juli 1712<br />[[Cheshunt]]<br />umur 85<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/commonwealth/cromwell2.php |title=CROMWELL, Richard - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-25 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224234722/http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/england/commonwealth/cromwell2.php%20 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |} === Wangsa Stuart (dipulangkeun) ===<!-- belum diterjemahkan Although the monarchy was restored in 1660, no stable settlement proved possible until the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688, when parliament finally asserted the right to choose whomsoever it pleased as monarch. --> {| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" ! width=22% | Monarki !! width=105px | Foto !! Gumelar !! width=25% | Rarabi !! width=19% | Maot |- | '''[[Charles II ti Inggris|Charles II]]'''<br />30 Januari<br />1660-1685<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon49.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2008-12-31 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224234707/http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon49.html |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121152029/http://www.britannia.com//history/monarchs/mon49.html |date=2008-11-21 }}</ref><br /><small>''Royalis (Pendukung Kerajaan pada masa Interregnum/Protektorat) mencatat pemerintahannya dimulai ti tahun 1649''</small> </small> || [[File:Charles II of England.jpeg|100px]] || 29 Méi 1630<br />[[St. James's Palace]]<br />budak Charles I jeung Henrietta Maria<ref name=ThePeerageCharlesII>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10139.htm#i101388 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10139 |accessdate=2008-11-30}}</ref> || [[Catherine ti Braganza]]<br />[[Portsmouth]]<br />21 Méi 1662<br />3 budak (semua mati waktu kecil)<ref name=ThePeerageCharlesII /> || 6 Pébruari 1685<br />[[Whitehall Palace]]<br />umur 54<ref name=ThePeerageCharlesII /> |- | '''[[James II ti Inggris|James II]]'''<br />6 Pébruari 1685 –<br />23 Désémber 1688<ref name=ThePeerageJamesIIMaryII>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10136.htm |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10136 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:James II of England.jpg|100px]] || 14 Oktober 1633<br />St. James's Palace<br />budak Charles I jeung Henrietta Maria<ref name=ThePeerageJamesIIMaryII /> || (1) [[Anne Hyde]]<br />[[Strand, London|The Strand]]<br />3 Séptémber 1660<br />8 budak (2) [[Mary ti Modena]]<br />[[Dover]]<br />21 Nopémber 1673<br />7 budak<ref name=ThePeerageJamesIIMaryII /> || 16 Séptémber 1701<br />[[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]<br />umur 67<ref name=ThePeerageJamesIIMaryII /> |- | '''[[William III ti Inggris|William III Oranye]]'''<br />''(Willem van Oranje)''<br />13 Pébruari<br />1689–1702<ref name=ThePeerageWilliamIII>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10141.htm#i101402 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10141 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[File:William III of England.jpg|100px]] || 4 Nopémber 1650<br />[[The Hague]]<br />budak [[William II Oranye]] jeung [[Mary SKolotrt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_grbritain/william3.php |title=WILLIAM III - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || rowspan=2 | St. James's Palace<br />4 Nopémber 1677<br />3 budak (semua mati waktu kecil)<ref name=ThePeerageWilliamIII /> || 8 Maret 1702<br />[[Kensington Palace]]<br />umur 51<ref name=ThePeerageWilliamIII /> |- | '''[[Mary II ti Inggris|Mary II]]'''<br />13 Pébruari<br />1689–1694<ref name=ThePeerageJamesIIMaryII /> || [[File:Queen Mary II.jpg|100px]] || 30 April 1662<br />St. James's Palace<br />putri James II jeung Anne Hyde<ref name=ThePeerageJamesIIMaryII /> || 28 Désémber 1694<br />Kensington Palace<br />umur 32<ref name=ThePeerageJamesIIMaryII /> |- | '''[[Anne ti Britania Raya|Anne]]''' <br />8 Maret<br />1702-1707<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_grbritain/anne.php |title=Anne (England) - Archontology.org |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref><br /><small>Great Britain<br />[[Acts of Union 1707|1 Méi 1707]]-1714</small> || [[File:Anniex.jpg|100px]] || 6 Pébruari 1665<br />St. James's Palace<br />putri James II jeung Anne Hyde<ref name=ThePeerageAnne>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10134.htm#i101338 |title=thePeerage.com - Person Page 10134 |accessdate=2007-10-25 }}</ref> || [[George ti Denmark]]<br />St. James's Palace<br />28 Juli 1683<br />17 budak<ref name=ThePeerageAnne /> || 1 Agustus 1714<br />Kensington Palace<br />umur 49<ref name=ThePeerageAnne /> |} == Tempo ogé == * [[Daftar Raja Britania Raya]] * [[Daftar Raja Skotlandia]] <!-- *[[List of monarchs in the British Isles]] *[[Line of succession to the British Throne]] (a list of people) *[[List of English consorts]] *[[Succession to the British throne]] (historical overview and current rules) *[[Alternate successions of the English crown]] *[[List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death]] *[[Demise of the Crown]] *[[Mnemonic verse of monarchs in England]] --> == Tutumbu kaluar == {{Commonscat|Monarchs of England}} * [http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/kings.htm Timeline of the Kings and Queens of England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905141051/http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Customs/questions/kings.htm |date=2012-09-05 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk English Monarchs - A complete history of the Kings and Queens of England] * [http://www.britannia.com/history/h6f.html Britannia: Monarchs of Britain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915081950/http://www.britannia.com/history/h6f.html |date=2017-09-15 }} * [http://www.archontology.org Archontology] * [http://www.scotlandroyalty.org/kings.html Kings of England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116022921/http://www.scotlandroyalty.org/kings.html |date=2016-01-16 }} {{Pangawasa Inggris, Skotlandia, Britania}} [[Kategori:Daptar ménak Britania Raya]] [[Kategori:Daftar pangawasa monarki]] [[Kategori:Raja Inggris| ]] [[Kategori:Daptar pulitisi Inggris]] 7jlhst60vfr96pqwpn1b8l8hq1g0gd1 0 102659 731597 728190 2026-11-07T19:32:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[Mayor Jenderal TNI]] ([[Purnawirawan|Purn]].) |name = Adang Ruchiatna |image=Danpusterad Adang Ruchiatna.jpg |honorific-suffix = |office = Anggota [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat|DPR RI]] Fraksi [[PDI-P]] |president = [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] |term_start = [[1 Oktober]] [[2009]] |term_end = [[1 Oktober]] [[2014]] |predecessor = |successor = |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|11|24}} |birth_place = {{negara|Jepang}} [[Jakarta]] |death_date = |death_place = |birthname = R. Adang Ruchiatna Puradiredja |party = [[PDIP]] |spouse = Fofo Fauzia |children = Yuke Yurike (Bandung, 22 Februari 1975) <br /> Rhino Prayudhi (Bangkinang, 8 Juli 1978) |relations = Radén Sanoesi Poeradiredja (bapa) <br /> Hj. Soekaya (ibu) |alma_mater = [[Akademi Militer]] (1967) |occupation = |profession = |religion = [[Islam]] |allegiance = {{flag|Indonesia}} |branch = [[TNI Angkatan Darat]] |serviceyears = 1967–1997 |rank = [[Mayor Jenderal]] [[TNI]] |unit = [[Infanteri]] |battles = [[Pendudukan Indonésia di Timor Timur]] |awards = |laterwork = Politikus }} '''Mayor Jenderal TNI (Purn.) Adang Ruchiatna Puradiredja, S.Ip., S.H., Msi.''' (leuwih dipikawanoh ku nami '''Adang Ruchiatna''', gumelar di [[Jakarta]], 24 November 1942) nyaéta mantan prajurit nu kungsi jadi anggota [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Républik Indonésia|DPR]] Komisi VIII Fraksi [https://www.pdiperjuangan.id/ PDI-P] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926035014/https://pdiperjuangan.id/ |date=2021-09-26 }}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://m.merdeka.com/r-adang-ruchiatna-puradiredja/profil/|title=Profil - R. Adang Ruchiatna Puradiredja|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2021-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913135738/https://m.merdeka.com/r-adang-ruchiatna-puradiredja/profil/|archivedate=2021-09-13}}</ref> Salian di dinya manéhna kungsi jadi [https://kostrad.mil.id/ Panglima Divisi I Kostrad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924202931/https://kostrad.mil.id/ |date=2021-09-24 }}, [https://kodam-udayana.mil.id/beranda Panglima Kodam IX Udayana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927012117/https://kodam-udayana.mil.id/beranda |date=2021-09-27 }}, [https://www.pusterad.mil.id/ Komandan Pusat Teritorial TNI-AD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916094850/https://www.pusterad.mil.id/ |date=2021-09-16 }}, jeung [https://kemensos.go.id/ Irjen Departemen Sosial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921173344/https://kemensos.go.id/ |date=2021-09-21 }}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Apa Siapa Orang Sunda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yb-lDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=apa+siapa+orang+sunda&hl=en|publisher=Dunia Pustaka Jaya|date=2003-12-01|isbn=978-979-419-980-0|language=id|first=Ajip|last=Rosidi}}</ref> Istrina nyaéta Fofo Fauzia, diparinan dua anak nu ngaranna Yuke Yurike jeung Rhino Prayudhi. Adang Ruchiatna mangrupa anak ti papasangan [[Radén Sanoesi Poeradierdja]] jeung [[Hj. Soekaya]]. Bapana mangrupa tentara di zaman perjuangan kemerdekaan [[Indonésia|Indonesia]]. Salian éta, bapana ogépernah jadi juragan komis bagian agraria anu ayeuna dirobah jadi [https://web.archive.org/web/20210922204628/https://www.atrbpn.go.id/ Kementrian Agraria dan Tata Ruang/ Badan Pertanahan Nasional (ATR/BPN)].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://tokoh.id/biografi/1-ensiklopedi/pemimpin-yang-zikir-pikir-dan-ukir/|title=Pemimpin yang Zikir, Pikir dan Ukir|last=Indonesia|first=Tokoh|website=TOKOH INDONESIA {{!}} TokohIndonesia.com {{!}} Tokoh.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-09-16}}</ref> == Biografi == Adang Ruchiatna mangrupa Mayor Jenderal TNI, anu ngawalan karir di Akademi Militer Nasional (1964-1967) . sabérésna di dinya, Salama 6 manéhna nuluykeun ka [[Sussarcab Infanteri]] nu mangrupa salah sahiji cabang ti TNI AD.Taun 1971, can séér jalma nu sakola ka luar negri, Adang jeung babaturanana, nyaéta Hendro Priyono tos mangkat ka laur negri kanggo sakola Intelejen di [[Australia]].Sabérésna tidinya, taun 1974, manéhna diajar [[:id:Bahasa_Hokkien|basa Hokkian]] di sakola intelejen [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|China]] nu aya di [[Malaysia]]. Taun 1972, adang jeung babaturanana nu jumlahna 10 jalma ngadirikeun Kodim di [[Tanjung Pinang, Jambi Timur, Jambi|Tanjung Pinang]], [[Riau]]. Di taun éta ogé, Adang diangkat jadi kapten nu ditugaskeun jadi jalma nu ngamimitian mimpin narima sakaligus ngatur pangungsi ti [[Viétnam|Vietnam]]. Padahal harita, pamaréntah ogéacan pangalaman dina hal narima pangungsi ti luar négri.Sabérésna éta, Adang séér ngemban tugas bahkan sampé setiap 6 sasih manéhna narima tugas anyar ti pamaréntah, diantarana tugas di daérah Timtim (nu ayeuna jadi [[Timor Lésté|Timor-Timur/Timor-Leste]]) jeung nu lainna. Taun 1991, manéhna dikirim ku Komandan Kodim kanggo ka daérah [[Ligitan]]. Ligitan nyaéta daérah nu jadi sengketa antara Indonésia jeung Malaysia, padahal saacanna kadua nagara tos sepakat bahwa Ligitan aya dina kaayaan status quo jeung sakabéhna mibanda hak kana éta tanah Ligitan. Saparontosna kajadian éta, Adang diangkat jadi Kepala Staf Divisi I kostrad nu tempatna di [[Cilodong, Dépok|Cilodong]] dina taun 1992. Taun 1993 manéhna diangkat jadi panglima Divisi I Kostrad sakaligus Kepala Staf Divisi anu mimpin 15.000 anak buah. Tugasna nyaéta ''monitoring'' sakabeh wilayah tugas nyaéta nyakup ka sakabéh daérah di [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]] (jeung [[Banten]]), [[Jakarta]] jeung [[Ujungpandang]]. Daérah Jawa Barat  nu asup kana daérah tugasna nyaéta[[Tangerang|Tanggerang]]-Serang, [[Kabupatén Cianjur|Cianjur]], [[Kabupatén Sukabumi|Sukabumi]], [[Kabupatén Purwakarta|Purwakarta]], [[Tasikmalaya]], dan [[Kota Cirebon|Cirebon]]-[[Kuningan, Kuningan|Kuningan]].<ref name=":2" /> Pamaréntah méré mangrupa-rupa pangajén kanggo Adang diantarana nyaéta Satya Lencana Seroja Operasi Seroja Timor-Timur 1978-1979, Seroja Operasi Seroja Timor-Timur 1981, Kesetiaan XVI 1983, Seroja Operasi Seroja Timor-Timur 1987-1988 jeung Kesetiaan 1991 taun 1994. Pangajén ieu nyaéta salah sahiji rupa mulang tarima ka Adang atas jasana salama ieu. Adang ogédiangkat jadi Panglima Kodam IX Udayana di [[Denpasar]], [[Bali]] di taun 1995. Di taun 1997 manéhna diangkat jadi Waka II TKN PKLH 1997 di Jakarta. Tahun salanjutna diangkat jadi Irsinyur Jenderal Departemen Sosial. Jabatan Irjen Depsos ieu dijabat sampé pamaréntahan Presiden [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] ngalikuidasi Departemen Sosial. Taun 2000, [[Agum Gumelar]] jadi ketua PSSI, namung pas harita loba kajadian pamain bola nu kanyahoan maké [[narkoba]]. Tinu kajadian éta, Agum ngabentuk tim kerja kanggo ngaberantas narkoba di kalangan pamain bola. Manéhna ngabentuk Tim Penanggulangan Masalah Narkoba (TPMN) PSSI. Adang Ruchiatna ditunjuk nu jadi ketuana. Dipilihna Adang jadi ketua tim lantaran manéhna mangrupakuen panggagas jeung pengurus LSM Granat (Gerakan Anti Narkotika dan Obat-Obatan Terlarang). Tim ieu dimaksudkeun kanggo nyusun ''sofware'' panggulangan masalah anu bakal dijadikan pedoman Komisi Disiplin (Komdis) PSSI dina mutuskeun masalah ieu.<ref name=":1" /> == Atikan Militer == * [https://www.akmil.ac.id/ Akademi Militer] (1967) *Sussarcab Infanteri (1968) *Kursus Intel/ Australia (1971-1972 ) *Kursus Perwira Intel Ter (1973 -1974) *Kursus Intel Bahasa China/ Malaysia (1975-1976) *Sus Lapaif (1983-1984) * [https://www.seskoad.mil.id/ Sekolah Staf dan Komandan Angkatan Darat (Seskoad)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617011319/https://www.seskoad.mil.id/ |date=2023-06-17 }} (1984) * [https://www.seskotni.mil.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927102045/https://www.seskotni.mil.id/ |date=2021-09-27 }} Sekolah Staf dan Komando Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonésia (Sesko ABRI)]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927102045/https://www.seskotni.mil.id/ |date=2021-09-27 }} (1990) *Manggala Sektoral Eselon I Gubernur Angkatan X (1995)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://tokoh.id/tokoh/ensiklopedi/adang-ruchiatna-p/|title=Adang Ruchiatna P|last=Indonesia|first=Tokoh|website=TOKOH INDONESIA {{!}} TokohIndonesia.com {{!}} Tokoh.id|language=en-US|accessdate=2021-09-17}}</ref> == Tugas Luar Nagri == * [[Australia]] Sekolah Intel 1971-1972 * [[Malaysia]] Sekolah Intel China 1974-1975 * [[Thailand]] KKLN Sesko ABRI 1990 * [[Singapura]] KKLN Sesko ABRI 1990 * [[Saudi Arabia]] [[Umroh]] [[Haji]] 1993, 1996, 2000 * [[Amérika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]] Dinas 1996 * [[Inggris]] Dinas 1997 * [[Brunéi|Brunai Darussalam]] Urusan Pssi 1998 * [[Hong Kong|Hongkong]] / [[Taiwan]] [[Taekwondo]] 2000 * [[Bangkok]] PSSI 2002<ref name=":3" /> == Karir == * Asisten Intelejen Kodam IV/Diponegoro – Semarang (1988-1990) *Komandan Korem 091/Aji Surya Natakesuma – Tarakan *Kepala staf divisi I/Kostrad – Cilodong *Brigadir Jenderal *Panglima Divisi I Kostrad – Cilodong *Mayor Jenderal * Panglima Daérah Militer IX/Udayana – Denpasar (1994) * Komandan Pusat Teritorial TNI-AD – Jakarta (1995) * Irjen Departemen Sosial (1998) * DPD Fraksi PDIP<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> *Pengawas Jakarta Yayasan Citra Handadari Utama (2000) *[[Komisaris]] Utama PT. Jaya Perkasa Engineering (2002) Jakarta *Komisaris Utama PT. Bina Prima Perdana (2002) Jakarta *Wakil Komisaris PT. Dipasena Citra Darmaja (2002) Jakarta<ref name=":3" /> == Pangkat == * Letnan dua (1967) * Letnan satu (1970) * Kapten (1972) * Mayor (1977) * [[Létnan Kolonél|Letnan Kolonel]] (1981) * Kolonel (1988) * [[Brigadir Jenderal]] (1993) * [[Mayor Jenderal]] (1994) * Mayor Jenderal TNI (Purn) (1997)<ref name=":3" /> == Organisasi == * Anggota pengurus Granat (Gerakan Anti Narkotika dan Obat-Obatan Terlarang) * Ketua Tim Evaluasi dan Asistensi PSSI (Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia) * Ketua Tim Penanggulangan dan Pemberantasan Masalah Suap PSSI * Ketua Tim Penanggulan Masalah Narkotika (TPMN) PSSI<ref name=":1" /> == Préstasi == * Satya Lencana Seroja Operasi Seroja Timor-Timur (1978-1979) * Satya Lencana Seroja Operasi Seroja Timor-Timur (1981) * Satya Lencana Kesetiaan XVI (1983) * Satya Lencana Seroja Operasi Seroja Timor-Timur (1987-1988) * Satya Lencana Kesetiaan Kesetiaan XXIV (1991)<ref name=":2" /> * == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Inohong]] [[Kategori:Inohong Sunda]] [[Kategori:TNI]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1942]] [[Kategori:Jalma hirup]] [[Kategori:Anggota DPR 2009-2014]] [[Kategori:Taratas biografi]] [[Kategori:Tokoh]] <references /> == Tutumbu Kaluar == * https://kostrad.mil.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924202931/https://kostrad.mil.id/ |date=2021-09-24 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20210927012117/https://kodam-udayana.mil.id/beranda * https://www.pusterad.mil.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916094850/https://www.pusterad.mil.id/ |date=2021-09-16 }} * https://www.atrbpn.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922204628/https://www.atrbpn.go.id/ |date=2021-09-22 }} * https://www.pdiperjuangan.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926035014/https://pdiperjuangan.id/ |date=2021-09-26 }} *https://www.akmil.ac.id/ *https://www.seskoad.mil.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617011319/https://www.seskoad.mil.id/ |date=2023-06-17 }} *https://www.seskotni.mil.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927102045/https://www.seskotni.mil.id/ |date=2021-09-27 }} rxgerh4p668gav28q71uogojh00h0jx 0 102936 731748 712942 2026-11-08T06:10:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:COVID-19-outbreak-timeline.gif|300px|jmpl|Peta animasi [[COVID-19]] ti tanggal 12 Januari nepi ka 3 Maret 2020]] Ieu kaca ngadokuméntasikeun kronologi jeung épidemiologi inféksi koronavirus sindrom parénghapan akut beurat 2 ([[SARS-CoV-2]]), virus anu nanggungjawab [[Sasalad koronavirus 2019–2020|sasalad panyakit koronavirus 2019–2020]] anu asalna ti [[Wuhan]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]]. Ieu kaca meureun teu ngawengku sakabéh réspons jeung tindakan utama. Sababaraha pamekaran panyakit karék bisa dipikanyaho atawa dipahaman sapinuhna kalawan métodeu kilas balik (rétrospéksi). == Nopémber 2019 == '''17 November 2019''': Kasus kakonfirmasi munggaran kira-kira pecenghul sabot 17 November 2019 tetapi kasus masih belum diketahui pada saat itu.<ref name=original_report>{{cite news |title=China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back |work=South China Morning Post |date=13 March 2020 |language=en|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313004217/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back}}</ref> Hingga saat ini pencarian untuk pasien pertama masih terus berlanjut.<ref name="msn.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/the-first-covid-19-case-originated-on-november-17-according-to-chinese-officials-searching-for-patient-zero/ar-BB119fWJ|title=The first COVID-19 case originated on November 17, according to Chinese officials searching for 'Patient Zero'|website=www.msn.com|access-date=26 Maret 2020}}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">Davidson, Helen (13 March 2020). "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/first-covid-19-case-happened-in-november-china-government-records-show-report|First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show – report]". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Diakses pada 26 Maret 2020.</ref><ref name="newsweek.com">Walker, James (14 March 2020). "[https://www.newsweek.com/china-traces-coronavirus-back-first-confirmed-patient-zero-1492327|China Traces Coronavirus to First Confirmed Case, Nearly Identifying 'Patient Zero'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407064504/https://www.newsweek.com/china-traces-coronavirus-back-first-confirmed-patient-zero-1492327%7CChina |date=2020-04-07 }}". Newsweek. Diakses pada 26 Maret 2020.</ref> == Désémber 2019 == '''30 Desember 2019''': "Béwara ngadeseh ngeunaan pangubaran pnéumonia kalawan sabab anu teu dipikanyaho" dipedalkeun ku Administrasi Medis Komiteu Kaséhatan Kota Wuhan<ref>{{cite web|title=UNDIAGNOSED PNEUMONIA – CHINA (HUBEI): REQUEST FOR INFORMATION. Archive Number: 20191230.6864153 |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6864153|website=Pro-MED-mail|publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases|accessdate=19 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''31 Desember 2019''': 27 urang kalawan pnéumonia anu sababna teu dipikanyaho dilaporkeun ka WHO. Sawaréhna téh mangrupa anu boga kios di Pasar Hakaneun Laut Tiongkok Kidul Wuhan. Tujuh warga nyampak dina kondisi daria jeung ngancam jiwa. Balukarna, Hong Kong, Makau jeung Taiwan ngetatkeun prosés pamariksaan asup ka wewengkon maranéhna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/viral-wabah-pneumonia-misterius-yang-menjangkiti-china-begini-ceritanya|title=Viral wabah pneumonia misterius yang menjangkiti China, begini ceritanya|last=Taqiyyah Rafie|first=Barratut|website=Kontan Online|access-date=5 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Parry2020">{{Cite journal|last=Parry|first=Jane|date=8 Januari 2020|title=Pneumonia in China: lack of information raises concerns among Hong Kong health workers|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m56|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=368|doi=10.1136/bmj.m56|issn=1756-1833|pmid=31915179|access-date=17 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108225058/https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m56|archive-date=8 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Januari 2020 == '''1 Januari 2020''': Pasar lauk jeung sato anu dicurigaan patali jeung kasus pnéumonia untuk pameresihan jeung disinfeksi.<ref name=promedmail>{{cite web|title=Undiagnosed pneumonia – China (HU) (01): wildlife sales, market closed, RFI Archive Number: 20200102.6866757 |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6866757|website=Pro-MED-mail|publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases|accessdate=13 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''3 Januari 2020''': Thailand mulai mariksa panumpang anu datang ti Wuhan di opat bandara anu béda.<ref name= Schnirring13Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-finds-wuhan-novel-coronavirus-traveler-china|title=Thailand finds Wuhan novel coronavirus in traveler from China|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=2020|date=13 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113231747/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-finds-wuhan-novel-coronavirus-traveler-china|archive-date=13 Januari 2020|access-date=14 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892|title=Four suspected cases of mystery Chinese viral pneumonia detected at CM Airport {{!}} Chiang Mai One|last=Team|first=CM1|language=en-US|access-date=15 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115233533/https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892|archive-date=15 Januari 2020|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115233533/https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892 |date=2020-01-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/wuhan-viral-pneumonia-alert/|title=Wuhan viral pneumonia alert|last=CityNews|website=Chiang Mai Citylife|language=en-US|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> Dina poé éta kénéh, Singapura mulai mariksa suhu panumpang di [[Bandar Udara Changi]].<ref name="RMOL2Jan">{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.rmol.id/read/2020/01/03/416032/waspada-wabah-pneumonia-bandara-changi-lakukan-pindai-suhu-badan-penumpang|title=Waspada Wabah Pneumonia, Bandara Changi Lakukan Pindai Suhu Badan Penumpang|last=Meiliana Gunawan|first=Sarah|website=RMOL.id|date=5 Januari 2020|access-date=5 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''5 Januari 2020''': Investigasi munggaran panyabab pnéumonia nyingkirkeun flu musiman, SARS, MERS jeung [[flu burung]].<ref name=Hui14Jan2020>{{Cite journal|last=Hui|first=David S.|last2=Azhar|first2=Esam EI|last3=Madani|first3=Tariq A.|last4=Ntoumi|first4=Francine|last5=Kock|first5=Richard|last6=Dar|first6=Osman|last7=Ippolito|first7=Giuseppe|last8=Mchugh|first8=Timothy D.|last9=Memish|first9=Ziad A.|last10=Drosten|first10=Christian|last11=Zumla|first11=Alimuddin|date=14 Januari 2020|title=The continuing epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – the latest novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/pdf |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=91|issue=|pages=264–266|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009|issn=1201-9712|via=}}</ref><ref name=CDC6Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/pneumonia-china|title=Pneumonia of Unknown Cause in China – Watch – Level 1, Practice Usual Precautions – Travel Health Notices {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|last=|first=|date=6 Januari 2020|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108143634/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/pneumonia-china|archive-date=8 Januari 2020|access-date=7 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jumlah dugaan kasus anu dilaporkeun nepi 59 urang kalawan tujuh dina kondisi kritis. Kabéh pasén dikarantina jeung 163 urang anu kungsi kontak jeung maranéhna mulai dipariksa. Ayeuna mah, euweuh laporan kasus panépaan ti jelema ka jelema atawa préséntasi papada patugas kaséhatan.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/questions-still-swirl-over-chinas-unexplained-pneumonia-outbreak|title=Questions still swirl over China's unexplained pneumonia outbreak|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=6 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222635/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/questions-still-swirl-over-chinas-unexplained-pneumonia-outbreak|archive-date=6 Januari 2020|accessdate=7 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="5 Jan">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51000910 |title=China pneumonia: Sars ruled out as dozens fall ill in Wuhan |date=5 Januari 2020 |accessdate=6 January 2020 |website=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106005035/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51000910 |archive-date=6 Januari 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''6 Januari 2020''': [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit]] AS (CDC) mengeluarkan ''travel watch'' di level 1, dengan rekomendasi untuk mencuci tangan dan saran untuk menghindari hewan, pasar hewan, dan kontak dengan orang yang tidak sehat jika bepergian ke Wuhan.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20" /><ref name=CDC6Jan2020 /> '''9 Januari 2020''': WHO ngonfirmasi yén koronavirus anyar geus diisolasi ti saurang anu dirawat di rumah sakit.<ref name="WHO9Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china|title=WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China|last=|first=|date=9 Januari 2020|website=who.int|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114133102/https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref> Dina poé éta kénéh Pusat Pangendalian jeung Panyegahan Panyakit Éropa mosting panilayan risiko munggaran.<ref name= Schnirring10Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/pressure-builds-china-share-info-new-coronavirus|title=Pressure builds on China to share info on new coronavirus|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=10 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110230138/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/pressure-builds-china-share-info-new-coronavirus|archive-date=10 Januari 2020|access-date=11 Januari 2020}}</ref> WHO juga melaporkan bahwa pihak berwenang Tiongkok telah bertindak cepat<ref name=Schnirring9Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/more-details-emerge-new-coronavirus-wuhan-cluster|title=More details emerge on new coronavirus in Wuhan cluster|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=9 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110062152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/more-details-emerge-new-coronavirus-wuhan-cluster|archive-date=10 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref> untuk mengidentifikasi virus korona baru dalam beberapa minggu pasca awal terjadinya peristiwa tersebut, dengan jumlah orang yang diuji secara positif adalah 41 orang.<ref name="Lucey">{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/14/china-response-wuhan-pneumonia-better-sars/|title=China Deserves Some Credit for Its Handling of the Wuhan Pneumonia|last=Lucey|first=Daniel|last2=Sparrow|first2=Annie|date=14 Januari 2020|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115042408/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/14/china-response-wuhan-pneumonia-better-sars/|archive-date=15 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kematian pertama akibat virus itu terjadi pada seorang pria berusia 61 tahun yang merupakan pelanggan tetap di pasar. Dia memiliki sejumlah kondisi medis yang signifikan, termasuk penyakit hati kronis dan dia meninggal karena gagal jantung dan pneumonia. Insiden ini dilaporkan di Tiongkok oleh Komisi Kesehatan Nasional melalui media pemerintah Tiongkok pada tanggal 11 Januari.<ref name="Schnirring11Jan2020" /><ref name="QinNYT11Jan2020" /><ref name=ECDP14Jan2020 /><ref name=Medcom11Jan2020>{{cite web |url=https://www.medcom.id/internasional/asia/GNlYpaBb-tiongkok-laporkan-kematian-pertama-dari-pneumonia-misterius|title=Tiongkok Laporkan Kematian Pertama dari Pneumonia Misterius|date=11 Januari 2020|accessdate=22 Januari 2020 |website=Medcom.id}}</ref> '''10 Januari 2020''': Data sekuensing gen dari koronavirus Wuhan yang terisolasi, virus dari keluarga yang sama dengan koronavirus SARS, diposting di Virological.org oleh para peneliti dari [[Universitas Fudan]], Shanghai. Tiga dari [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Tiongkok]], satu dari Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Medis Tiongkok, dan satu dari Rumah Sakit Jinyintan di Wuhan telah diposting ke laman ''Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data'' ([[GISAID]]).<ref name="Gan9Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/08/health/china-wuhan-pneumonia-virus-intl-hnk/index.html|title=A new virus related to SARS is the culprit in China's mysterious pneumonia outbreak, scientists say|last=Gan|first=Nectar|date=9 Januari 2020|website=CNN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109065952/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/08/health/china-wuhan-pneumonia-virus-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=9 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name= Schnirring13Jan2020 /><ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |title=Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947 |website=NCBI Genbank |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |accessdate=20 Januari 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121045720/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947 |archive-date=21 Januari 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pada hari yang sama, ''Public Health England'' mengeluarkan panduannya.<ref name= Schnirring10Jan2020 /> '''11 Januari 2020''': Di Tiongkok, lebih dari 700 kontak dekat dari 41 kasus yang terkonfirmasi, termasuk lebih dari 400 petugas kesehatan, telah dipantau, tanpa ada kasus baru yang dilaporkan di Tiongkok sejak 5 Januari.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20" /><ref name=CDC6Jan2020 /><ref name=Schnirring11Jan2020 /><ref name="Schnirring7Jan20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/nations-step-screening-and-await-word-chinas-pneumonia-outbreak|title=Nations step up screening and await word on China's pneumonia outbreak|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=7 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107220738/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/nations-step-screening-and-await-word-chinas-pneumonia-outbreak|archive-date=7 Januari 2020|access-date=8 Januari 2020}}</ref> WHO menerbitkan panduan awal tentang saran perjalanan, pengujian di laboratorium dan penyelidikan medis.<ref name=Schnirring11Jan2020 /> '''13 Januari 2020''': CDC mengumumkan bahwa genom telah terdaftar pada database urutan genetik [[Institut Kesehatan Nasional]], [[GenBank]] Pada hari yang sama, Thailand mengumumkan kasus pertama pada 2019-nCoV di negaranya, yang pertama kali terjadi di luar Tiongkok.<ref name=WHO14Jan2010 /> Wanita Tiongkok berusia 61 tahun yang terkena dampak, yang merupakan penduduk Wuhan, tidak mengunjungi Pasar Makanan Laut Huanan, tetapi tercatat telah pergi ke pasar lain. Dia tiba di Bangkok pada 8 Januari.<ref name=Schnirring14Jan2020 /> '''14 Januari 2020''': Dua dari 41 kasus yang dikonfirmasi di Wuhan dilaporkan mencakup pasangan yang sudah menikah, meningkatkan kemungkinan penularan dari manusia ke manusia.<ref name="Schnirring14Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|title=Report: Thailand's coronavirus patient didn't visit outbreak market|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=|date=14 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114230152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="CDC15Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|title=Novel Coronavirus 2019 {{!}} CDC|last=|first=|date=15 Januari 2020|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114084712/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''15 Januari 2020''': * Kematian kedua terjadi pada seorang pria berusia 69 tahun di Tiongkok.<ref name=Schirring16Jan2020 /><ref name=Lip619Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/health/read/4158945/tiongkok-laporkan-kematian-kedua-terkait-pneumonia-wuhan|title=Tiongkok Laporkan Kematian Kedua Terkait Pneumonia Wuhan|date=19 Januari 2020|work=Liputan6.com|last=Dio Prasasti|first=Giovani|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=Reuters16Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-pneumonia-idUSKBN1ZG01B|title=China says second person dies in Wuhan pneumonia outbreak|date=17 Januari 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=17 Januari 2020|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117105016/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-pneumonia-idUSKBN1ZG01B|archive-date=17 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> * WHO menerbitkan protokol pengujian diagnostik untuk 2019-nCoV, yang dikembangkan oleh tim virologi dari Rumah Sakit [[Charité]].<ref name=Schirring16Jan2020 /> '''16 Januari 2020''': WHO diberitahu oleh [[Kementerian Kesehatan, Tenaga Kerja, dan Sosial Jepang]] bahwa seorang pria Tiongkok berusia 30 tahun telah dinyatakan positif menggunakan 2019-nCoV selama perawatan di rumah sakit antara 10 dan 15 Januari. Dia belum mengunjungi Pasar Makanan Laut Huanan, tetapi mungkin memiliki kontak dekat dengan orang yang terpengaruh di Wuhan.<ref name=NHK16Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200116/k10012247361000.html|title=中国 武漢の肺炎 国内で初確認 武漢に渡航した男性から 厚労省|last=Hoso Kyokai|first=Nippon|trans-title=Pneumonia pertama kali terkonfirmasi di Jepang Dari seorang pria yang melakukan perjalanan ke Wuhan|date=16 Januari 2020|website=NHK News|language=ja|access-date=22 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116010014/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200116/k10012247361000.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116010014/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200116/k10012247361000.html |date=2020-01-16 }}</ref><ref name=WHO=16Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/16-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-japan-ex-china/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Novel Coronavirus – Japan (ex-China)|website=WHO|date=16 Januari 2020|access-date=17 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''17 Januari 2020''': Kasus kedua 2019-nCoV di Thailand dilaporkan pada seorang wanita berusia 74 tahun yang tiba di Bangkok dalam penerbangan dari Wuhan.<ref name=MI17Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/284083-thailand-temukan-kasus-kedua-virus-pneumonia-tiongkok|title=Thailand Temukan Kasus Kedua Virus Pneumonia Tiongkok|last=Hasyim Salengke|first=Haufan|date=17 Januari 2020|work=Media Indonesia|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=GovHK17Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/17/P2020011700960.htm|title=CHP closely monitors additional confirmed case of infection of novel coronavirus in Thailand|language=en|date=17 Januari 2020|website=www.info.gov.hk|access-date=17 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jumlah kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium naik menjadi 45 kasus di Tiongkok.<ref name=Schnirring17Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-notes-2nd-ncov-case-cdc-begins-airport-screening|title=As Thailand notes 2nd nCoV case, CDC begins airport screening|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=2020|date=17 January 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117222155/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-notes-2nd-ncov-case-cdc-begins-airport-screening|archive-date=17 Januari 2020|access-date=18 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''18 Januari 2020''': Tiongkok melaporkan 17 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi dengan laboratorium, dengan tiga kasus dalam kondisi kritis. Jumlah kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium naik menjadi 62 kasus di Tiongkok, dengan usia berkisar antara 30 hingga 79 tahun, di mana 19 di antaranya sembuh dan delapan lainnya tetap dalam kondisi kritis. '''19 Januari 2020''': Kasus yang terkonfirmasi pertama kali dilaporkan di Tiongkok, di luar Wuhan, satu di provinsi [[Guangdong]] dan dua di Beijing. Kematian baru juga dilaporkan di Wuhan, sehingga total korban meninggal di Tiongkok menjadi tiga orang.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2020/01/20/18/2155361/korban-virus-misterius-china-melonjak-139-kasus-dalam-dua-hari|title=Korban Virus Misterius China Melonjak 139 Kasus dalam Dua Hari|last=Asmardika|first=Rahman|date=20 Januari 2020|work=Okezone.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''20 Januari 2020''': Kasus yang dikonfirmasi pertama kali dilaporkan di Korea Selatan.<ref name="Yonhap20Jan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/MYH20200120011200038|title= [현장연결] "국내서 '우한 폐렴' 첫 확진자 발생…중국인 여성"|trans-title=Kasus Pertama Pneumonia Wuhan di Korea Selatan... Wanita asal Tiongkok|date=20 Januari 2020|website=Yonhap|language=ko|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> Beijing dan Guangdong masing-masing melaporkan tambahan tiga dan 13 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Shanghai mengkonfirmasi kasus pertamanya, menjadikan jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok menjadi 218 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://video.tempo.co/read/18323/wabah-virus-korona-terus-meluas-218-kasus-di-seluruh-cina|title=Wabah Virus Korona Terus Meluas, 218 Kasus di Seluruh Cina |last=Februana|first=Ngarto|date=22 Januari 2020|website=Tempo.co|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-coronavirus-kills-third-person-spreads-to-more-cities-11579494221|title=Coronavirus Is Spreading Quickly Across China as Confirmed Cases Triple|last=Cheng|first=Chao Deng dan Jonathan|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=21 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121040231/https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-coronavirus-kills-third-person-spreads-to-more-cities-11579494221|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Tim investigasi dari Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Tiongkok mengkonfirmasi bahwa virus korona dapat ditularkan dari manusia ke manusia. Setidaknya dua orang telah terinfeksi sementara mereka tinggal ratusan mil dari Wuhan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/19/asia/china-coronavirus-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|title=China confirms new coronavirus can spread between humans|author1=Nectar Gan|author2=Yong Xiong|author3=Eliza Mackintosh|website=CNN|access-date=20 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120040258/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/19/asia/china-coronavirus-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=20 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> '''21 Januari 2020''': * [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan mengadakan pertemuan darurat tentang merebaknya virus ini pada 22 Januari untuk menentukan apakah virus tersebut tergolong "kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat yang meresahkan dunia".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20200121114942-255-467242/17-kasus-baru-virus-corona-who-bakal-gelar-rapat-darurat |title=17 Kasus Baru Virus Corona, WHO Bakal Gelar Rapat Darurat|last=Indonesia|first=CNN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=CNNIndonesia.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kasus yang dikonfirmasi dilaporkan di beberapa lokasi baru di Tiongkok. Provinsi [[Zhejiang]] dan [[Tianjin]] masing-masing melaporkan 5 dan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zjwjw.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_1202101_41786033.html|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.zjwjw.gov.cn|access-date=21 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185024/https://www.zjwjw.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_1202101_41786033.html |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.tj.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_14_70132.html|title=天津确诊2例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintahan Tianjin|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Guangdong melaporkan 3 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gd.gov.cn/zwyw_yqxx/content/post_2877668.html|title=广东省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情通报|language=zh-CN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Guangdong|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121191255/http://wsjkw.gd.gov.cn/zwyw_yqxx/content/post_2877668.html |date=2020-01-21 }}</ref> Shanghai dan provinsi [[Henan]] masing-masing melaporkan tambahan 4 dan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.sh.gov.cn/xwfb/20200121/353b563cdb594b23a19d6e0d37908a11.html|title=上海卫生健康委员会新增4例新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎确診病例|language=zh-CN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Henan|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> Satu kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium dilaporkan di provinsi [[Sichuan]], dan [[Chongqing]] melaporkan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.now.com/home/international/player?newsId=377633|title=全球累計313宗武漢新型肺炎病例 重慶出現首宗案例|website=Now 新聞|language=zh-hk|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> [[Shandong]], [[Hunan]], dan [[Yunnan]] masing-masing melaporkan satu kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.shandong.gov.cn/wzxxgk/zwgg/202001/t20200121_2510811.html|title=青岛市疑似新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例被国家卫生健康委确认为确诊病例|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Shandong|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200122_11162942.html|title=湖南全力做好新型冠状病毒感|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Hunan |url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.km.gov.cn/c/2020-01-22/3267609.shtml|title=昆明市卫生健康委关于新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情的情况通报|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Yunnan|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185024/http://wsjkw.km.gov.cn/c/2020-01-22/3267609.shtml |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref> [[Jiangxi]] melaporkan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml|title=江西省確認2例輸入性新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Jiangxi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122012750/http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122012750/http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml |date=2020-01-22 }}</ref> Secara keseluruhan, jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok meningkat menjadi 312 kasus dan jumlah korban meninggal menjadi 6 orang.<ref name="CNA21Jan">{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100|title=Wuhan authorities report fourth death from coronavirus outbreak|date=21 Januari 2020|website=CNA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121042418/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|accessdate=21 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121042418/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100 |date=2020-01-21 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn/contents/177/47946.shtml|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn|access-date=21 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185029/http://www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn/contents/177/47946.shtml |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref> * 15 infeksi staf medis Wuhan dilaporkan, 14 di antaranya berasal dari dugaan [[penular super]].<ref>{{cite news |title=中科院：武汉冠状病毒有很强感染人能力 世卫组织：可能持续人传人 |url=https://news.sina.cn/gn/2020-01-21/detail-iihnzhha3976502.d.html |accessdate=22 Januari 2020 |work=Sina News |language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kasus-kasus baru juga dilaporkan di luar daratan Tiongkok. Taiwan melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi dengan laboratorium pertama,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/6oHuoqzW9e_onW0AaMEemg?typeid=9|title=Taiwan Centers for Disease Control|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121121657/https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/6oHuoqzW9e_onW0AaMEemg?typeid=9|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan kasus pertama di [[Amerika Utara]] dilaporkan di negara bagian [[Washington]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/21/health/wuhan-coronavirus-first-us-case-cdc-bn/index.html|title=CDC confirms first US case of Wuhan coronavirus|last=Correspondent|first=Elizabeth Cohen, Senior Medical|language=en|website=CNN|access-date=21 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121183952/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/21/health/wuhan-coronavirus-first-us-case-cdc-bn/index.html|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Citizens of Wuhan lining up outside of a drug store to buy masks during the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Warga mengantri di luar toko obat di kota Wuhan untuk membeli masker wajah dan persediaan medis]] '''22 Januari 2020''': * Komite darurat WHO tidak dapat mencapai konsensus tentang apakah wabah tersebut harus diklasifikasikan sebagai [[Kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat yang meresahkan dunia|PHEIC]] karena kurangnya informasi. Komite darurat WTO akan melanjutkan diskusi pada hari Kamis.<ref name="Joseph22Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/22/who-postpones-decision-on-whether-to-declare-china-outbreak-a-global-public-health-emergency/|title=WHO postpones decision on whether to declare China outbreak a global public health emergency|last=Joseph|first=Andrew|date=22 Januari 2020|website=Stat News|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122215440/https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/22/who-postpones-decision-on-whether-to-declare-china-outbreak-a-global-public-health-emergency/|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Makau]] dan [[Hong Kong]] melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E6%AE%BA%E5%88%B0-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%A2%BA%E8%A8%BA%E9%A6%96%E5%AE%97%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88-091413483.html|title=消息指曾赴武漢抵港內地男 初步確診新型冠狀病毒 {{!}} 新聞 – Yahoo雅虎香港|website=hk.news.yahoo.com|language=zh-Hant-HK|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Macau22Jan">{{Cite news|url=https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20200123/mobile/bkn-20200123095348297-0123_00822_001.html|title=澳門確診第2宗武漢肺炎　患者為66歲男遊客|date=23 Januari 2020|language=zh-yue}}</ref> Beijing melaporkan tambahan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium, sementara Guangdong melaporkan tambahan 9 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Shanghai melaporkan tambahan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium, sementara Tianjin melaporkan tambahan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Zhejiang dan Jiangxi laporkan masing-masing tambahan 5 dan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.datanews.caixin.com/m/2020-01-20/101506236.html|title=地图｜中国武汉肺炎确诊病例实时动态|website=m.datanews.caixin.com|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> [[Liaoning]] melaporkan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200122_3728428.html|title=辽宁省卫生健康委员会|website=wsjk.ln.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222161515/http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200122_3728428.html |date=2020-02-22 }}</ref> [[Guizhou]], [[Fujian]], [[Anhui]], [[Shanxi]] dan [[Ningxia]] masing-masing melaporkan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gzhfpc.gov.cn/xwzx_500663/sndt/202001/t20200122_44600121.html|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.gzhfpc.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=2019年－2020年新型冠狀病毒肺炎事件|date=22 Januari 2020|url=https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2020%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&oldid=57806349|work=Wikipedia Bahasa Mandarin|language=zh|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html|title=安徽省报告首例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例 – 工作动态 – 安徽省卫生健康委员会|website=wjw.ah.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122153832/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122153832/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html |date=2020-01-22 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh|title=山西省卫生健康委员会网站-卫健要闻|website=wjw.shanxi.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170058/http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170058/http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh |date=2020-07-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm|title=国家卫生健康委确认我区首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例-宁夏回族自治区卫生健康委员会|website=wsjkw.nx.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170024/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170024/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm |date=2020-07-16 }}</ref> [[Hainan]] melaporkan 4 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-01-22/doc-iihnzahk5804410.shtml|title=海南确诊4例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎|last=国际在线|date=22 Januari 2020|website=tech.sina.com.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> Hunan melaporkan 3 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200122_11163560.html|language=zh|title=湖南省新增3例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|date=22 Januari 2020|website=hunan.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Guangxi]] melaporkan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0122/67925.html|title=广西确诊2例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例|date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|website=gxzf.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125013553/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0122/67925.html |date=2020-01-25 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Secara keseluruhan, jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok meningkat menjadi 541 kasus dan jumlah korban meninggal menjadi 17 orang. Sebagai reaksi, pemerintah mengumumkan karantina sampai pemberitahuan lebih lanjut dengan membatalkan penerbangan dan perjalanan kereta api dari Wuhan, dan membatalkan layanan transportasi umum di Wuhan efektif pukul 10.00 waktu setempat/WITA (02.00 [[Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi|UTC]], [[UTC+08:00]] atau 07.00 WIB) tanggal 23 Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-51202672|title=Virus corona: Layanan transportasi umum di Wuhan dihentikan, korban bertambah|website=BBC Indonesia|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium dilaporkan di Thailand, meningkatkan jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Thailand menjadi 4 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koran-jakarta.com/thailand-deteksi-pasien-ke-4-virus-corona-tiongkok-22012020/|title=Thailand Deteksi Pasien ke-4 Virus Corona Tiongkok|website=Koran Jakarta|access-date=22 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129065218/http://www.koran-jakarta.com/thailand-deteksi-pasien-ke-4-virus-corona-tiongkok-22012020/ |date=2020-11-29 }}</ref> * Pada malam tanggal 22 Januari 2020, Hong Kong melaporkan kasus kedua yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047193/china-coronavirus-first-case-confirmed-hong-kong|title=China coronavirus: Hong Kong reports second case of infection hours after first|date=22 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Data baru menunjukkan penyebaran cepat penyakit saat ini dan terjadi peningkatan tingkat penularan atas virus itu.<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/terrifying-graph-shows-fast-wuhan-103230506.html graph shows how fast the Wuhan virus has spread so far and how close it is to becoming a pandemic], Bill Bostock ,Business Insider• 22 Januari 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/chinas-coronavirus-has-the-same-death-rate-as-the-spanish-flu-pandemic-that-killed-50-m-people-151608803.html Columbia's coronavirus could have same death rate as Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50&nbsp;m people] Yahoo Style UK Alexandra Thompson, 22 Januari 2020.</ref> '''23 Januari 2020''': * [[Jiangsu]] dan [[Heilongjiang]] melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2020/1/23/art_7290_8955651.html|title=江苏省卫生健康委员会 要闻动态 国家卫生健康委确认苏州一例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123161923/http://wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2020/1/23/art_7290_8955651.html |date=2020-01-23 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mdj.gov.cn/shizheng/tztg/202001/t20200123_295830.html|title=牡丹江市确认1例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例--牡丹江市人民政府|website=www.mdj.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412234716/http://www.mdj.gov.cn/shizheng/tztg/202001/t20200123_295830.html |date=2022-04-12 }}</ref> Guangxi melaporkan tambahan 3 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html|title=广西新增3例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|language=zh|date=23 Januari 2020|website=gxzf.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223219/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223219/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html |date=2020-02-21 }}</ref> * Wuhan menangguhkan semua transportasi umum mulai pukul 10.00 dan seterusnya, termasuk semua jalur bus, metro, dan feri. Selain itu, semua perjalanan kereta api dan penerbangan dihentikan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://view.inews.qq.com/w/WXN2020012301001306?uid=&devid=A55D8C74-EEF2-420C-8182-21F1D43348CF&qimei=34ae00a5-9e85-4f82-9afa-3c7ccb6d36d5|title=直击武汉天河机场：“封城”前有96架航班飞往全国|language=zh|date=23 Januari 2020|website=inews.qq.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> Makau juga melaporkan kasus kedua yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium yaitu pria berusia 66 tahun dari Wuhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3047337/macau-confirms-second-patient-infected-chinese-coronavirus|title=Macau confirms second patient infected with Wuhan virus|date=23 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Singapura]] melaporkan kasus pertama yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium yaitu seorang pria berusia 66 tahun dari Tiongkok.<ref name="Update23Jan">{{cite web |last1=Goh |first1=Timothy |last2=Toh |first2=Ting Wei |title=Singapore confirms first case of Wuhan virus |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-first-case-of-wuhan-virus |website=The Straits Times |accessdate=23 Januari 2020 |date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Vietnam]] mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama yang dikonfirmasi yaitu seorang ayah dan putra berusia 66 tahun dan 28 tahun dari Tiongkok.<ref name=Vietnam23Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-confirms-first-acute-pneumonia-cases-from-wuhan-virus-4046310.html|title=Vietnam confirms first acute pneumonia cases from Wuhan virus|website=vnexpress.net|date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Seorang mahasiswa [[Universitas A&M Texas]] di College Station, [[Texas]] mungkin telah terkontaminasi virus korona setelah bepergian ke Wuhan dan kembali dengan gejala-gejala khas virus tersebut. Pasien seorang pria berusia 20-an, telah dikarantina sambil menunggu hasil laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/us/united-states-coronavirus-cases.html|title=Texas Student May Have Wuhan Coronavirus, as Dozens in U.S. Are Monitored|last=Baker|first=Mike|date=23 Januari 2020|website=New York Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/public-health/2020/01/23/possible-coronavirus-case-in-texas-being-investigated-in-brazos-county/|title=Possible coronavirus case in Texas A&M student being investigated in Brazos County|last=Marfin|first=Catherine|date=23 Januari 2020|website=The Dallas Morning News|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''24 Januari 2020''': [[File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Singapore.svg|jmpl|kiri|200px|Peta persebaran kasus 2019-nCoV di Singapura:{{legend|#c80000|Laporan konfirmasi kasus}}{{legend|#558eed|Laporan dugaan kasus}}]] * 70.000 bioskop Tiongkok ditutup hingga pemberitahuan lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/chinas-cinemas-officially-close-response-coronavirus-outbreak-1272566|title=China Shutters All 70,000 Movie Theaters in Response to Coronavirus Outbreak|last=Brzeski|first=Patrick|date=23 Januari 2020|website=hollywoodreporter|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Provinsi dan kota seperti Hubei, Chongqing, Shanghai, Beijing, Hunan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Anhui, dan Tianjin menyatakan darurat kesehatan masyarakat level 1 (sangat tinggi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgtn.com/special/Battling-the-novel-coronavirus-What-we-know-so-far-.html|title=Latest on the coronavirus outbreak: 881 cases confirmed, 26 dead|date=23 Januari 2020|website=CGTN|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kota [[Jingzhou]] dikarantina yang meningkatkan jumlah warga di kota-kota yang dikarantina menjadi 35 juta orang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/BNONews/status/1220578836259229697|title=BREAKING: Chinese city of Jingzhou to be put on lockdown at 5 p.m., raising number of people in locked down cities to 35 million|date=24 Januari 2020|website=BNO News|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Shanghai Disneyland Park|Shanghai Disneyland]], [[Kota Terlarang]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2020-01-24/1402696.html|title=全国多地取消文旅活动 多个景区景点暂时关闭 {{!}} 每经网|website=www.nbd.com.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan tempat wisata lainnya ditutup sampai ada pemberitahuan lebih lanjut akibat "wabah penyakit".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shanghaidisneyresort.com/en/|title=Shanghai Disney Resort Official Site|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Shanghai Disney Resort|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Shandong melaporkan 6 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.shandong.gov.cn/wzxxgk/zwgg/202001/t20200124_2511713.html|title=2020年1月24日0时至12时山东省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|language=zh|date=24 Januari 2020|website=shandong.gov.cn|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hunan melaporkan 15 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200124_11164133.html|title=湖南省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情信息发布|language=zh|date=24 Januari 2020|website=hunan.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Liaoning melaporkan 1 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200124_3729007.html|title=2020年1月24日辽宁省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|website=ln.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222150726/http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200124_3729007.html |date=2020-02-22 }}</ref> Fujian melaporkan 4 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.fujian.gov.cn/xxgk/gzdt/wsjsyw/202001/t20200123_5186295.htm|title=福建省报告新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|date=24 Januari 2020|website=fujian.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Anhui melaporkan 6 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html|title=2020年1月24日安徽省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|date=24 Januari 2020|website=ah.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127090603/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127090603/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html |date=2020-01-27 }}</ref> Ningxia melaporkan 1 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm|title=全区新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情通报|date=24 Januari 2020|website=nx.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129162002/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129162002/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm |date=2020-01-29 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat, Jepang dan Korea Selatan mengkonfirmasi kasus kedua mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200124233646-134-468562/as-umumkan-jumlah-pasien-virus-corona-bertambah|title=AS Umumkan Jumlah Pasien Virus Corona Bertambah|date=24 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/waduh-jepang-konfirmasi-kasus-kedua-virus-corona|title=Waduh, Jepang konfirmasi kasus kedua virus corona|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Kontan.co.id|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1299138/jepang-dan-korea-selatan-konfirmasi-kasus-kedua-virus-corona|title=Jepang dan Korea Selatan Konfirmasi Kasus Kedua Virus Corona |last=Saputra|first=Eka Yudha|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Tempo.co|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus kedua dan ketiga.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khalik |first1=Salma |last2=Goh |first2=Timothy |title=Singapore confirms 2 more Wuhan virus cases, bringing total to three infected |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-2-more-wuhan-virus-cases-bringing-total-to-three-infected |accessdate=24 Januari 2020 |work=The Straits Times |date=24 Januari 2020|language=en}}</ref> * Kasus virus korona pertama di Eropa terjadi di Prancis yaitu di Paris dan [[Bordeaux]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/01/24/la-france-touchee-par-le-coronavirus-deux-cas-diagnostiques-a-paris-et-bordeaux_1775173|title=La France touchée par le coronavirus : deux cas diagnostiqués à Paris et Bordeaux|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Liberation|access-date=25 Januari 2020|language=fr}}</ref> Hong Kong mengonfirmasi kasus kelima mereka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/25/P2020012500012.htm|title=CHP investigates three additional imported cases of novel coronavirus infection|website=Pemerintah Daerah Administratif Khusus Hong Kong|accessdate=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''25 Januari 2020''': * Darurat kesehatan level 1 secara kronologis dinyatakan di 10 provinsi dan 3 daerah otonom seperti Jiangsu,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3910677.html|title=江苏启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Hainan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911204.html|title=海南启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Xinjiang,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911407.html|title=新疆启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Heilongjiang,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911456.html|title=黑龙江省启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应机制{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Henan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911533.html|title=河南防控新型肺炎启动一级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Gansu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911729.html|title=甘肃启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Liaoning,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911808.html|title=辽宁省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Shanxi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912092.html|title=山西省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Shaanxi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912221.html|title=陕西启动突发公共卫生事件Ι级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Qinghai,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912273.html|title=青海省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jilin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912289.html|title=吉林省启动突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> Ningxia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912485.html|title=宁夏启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan Mongolia Dalam,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912654.html|title=内蒙古启动重大公共卫生突发事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref>. Hal ini sekarang berlaku di 30 dari 31 daerah di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok dengan kasus yang dilaporkannya, kecuali Tibet. * Australia mengkonfirmasi empat kasus pertamanya, satu di [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://7news.com.au/news/health/first-australian-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-victoria-c-664530|title=First Australian coronavirus case confirmed in Victoria|last=Daoud|first=Elizabeth|date=25 Januari 2020|website=7 News|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan tiga di [[New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4873177/australia-konfirmasi-4-kasus-virus-corona-di-melbourne-dan-sydney|title=Australia konfirmasi 4 kasus Virus Corona di Melbourne dan Sydney|last=Christiastuti|first=Novi|work=detikNews|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016000816/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4873177/australia-konfirmasi-4-kasus-virus-corona-di-melbourne-dan-sydney |date=2022-10-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-victoria-20200125-p53unk.html |title=Coronavirus spreads across Australia amid scramble to find more cases|last2=McCauley|first2=Dana|last1=Cunningham|first1=Melissa|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=26 Januari 2020|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Malaysia melaporkan tiga kasus pertamanya di [[Johor Bahru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4872893/malaysia-konfirmasi-3-wn-china-di-wilayahnya-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona|title=Malaysia Konfirmasi 3 WN China di Wilayahnya Positif Virus Corona|website=detikNews|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925020336/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4872893/malaysia-konfirmasi-3-wn-china-di-wilayahnya-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona |date=2022-09-25 }}</ref><ref name="Malaysia25Jan2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/559563/breaking-3-coronavirus-cases-confirmed-johor-baru|title=[Breaking] 3 coronavirus cases confirmed in Johor Baru|last1=Times|first1=New Straits|date=25 Januari 2020|work=NST Online|accessdate=26 Januari 2020|language=en}}</ref> Jepang mengkonfirmasi kasus ketiganya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20200125/19/1193862/jepang-laporkan-kasus-ketiga-virus-corona|title=Jepang Laporkan Kasus Ketiga Virus Corona|last= Ridwan|first=Muhammad|website=Bisnis.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kanada mengkonfirmasi kasus dugaan pertamanya yang masih diobservasi lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnybrook.ca/media/item.asp?c=1&i=2043&f=novel-coronavirus-2020|title=Patient admitted with novel coronavirus - Sunnybrook Hospital|date=25 Januari 2020|website=sunnybrook.ca|language=en-CA|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126001007/https://sunnybrook.ca/media/item.asp?c=1&i=2043&f=novel-coronavirus-2020 |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> Thailand melaporkan dua kasus baru sehingga total kasus yang dilaporkan mencapai tujuh kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-airport-virus-scans-patient-confirm-case-12338150|title=Thailand reports 7 confirmed cases of Wuhan virus, airport continues to limit temperature scans|website=CNA|language=en|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316075843/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-airport-virus-scans-patient-confirm-case-12338150 |date=2020-03-16 }}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus keempatnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/fourth-confirmed-imported-case-of-wuhan-coronavirus-infection-in-singapore|title=MOH {{!}} News Highlights|website=www.moh.gov.sg|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Politbiro Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] bertemu untuk membahas pencegahan dan pengendalian koronavirus. [[Xi Jinping]], [[Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] sekaligus Presiden RRT, menyatakan bahwa negara ini sedang menghadapi "situasi gawat" karena jumlah orang yang terinfeksi semakin cepat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0125/c90000-9651799.html|title=CPC leadership meets to discuss novel coronavirus prevention, control|work=People's Daily Online|language=en|date=25 Januari 2020|quote=Xi Jinping, sekretaris jenderal Komite Pusat PKT, memimpin rapat.|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/korban-virus-corona-bertambah-jadi-42-orang-xi-jinping-china-hadapi-situasi-gawat|title=Korban virus corona melonjak, Xi Jinping bilang China hadapi situasi gawat|work=Kontan Online|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Hong Kong menyatakan status keadaan darurat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/285667-hong-kong-umumkan-status-darurat-wabah-virus-wuhan|title=Hong Kong Umumkan Status Darurat Wabah Virus Wuhan|website=mediaindonesia.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Hong Kong mengumumkan akan menutup sekolah sampai tanggal 17 Februari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/01/26/112900765/saat-hong-kong-perpanjang-libur-sekolah-akibat-virus-corona-?page=all|title=Saat Hong Kong Perpanjang Libur Sekolah akibat Virus Corona|author1=Nur Fitriatus Shalihah|author2=Sari Hardiyanto|website=Kompas.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Hong Kong Disneyland]] dan Ocean Park ditutup sampai pemberitahuan lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200126114017-113-468780/wabah-virus-corona-meningkat-disneyland-hong-kong-ditutup|title=Wabah Virus Corona Meningkat, Disneyland Hong Kong Ditutup|date=26 Januari 2020|work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''26 Januari 2020''': * [[Shanghai]] melaporkan kasus kematian pertamanya yaitu seorang pria berusia 88 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minews.id/news/shanghai-darurat-jumlah-yang-meninggal-akibat-corona-bertambah-jadi-56-korban|title=Shanghai Darurat, Jumlah yang Meninggal Akibat Corona Bertambah Jadi 56 Korban|date=26 Januari 2020|website=MINews.id|access-date=27 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126231612/https://www.minews.id/news/shanghai-darurat-jumlah-yang-meninggal-akibat-corona-bertambah-jadi-56-korban |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat mengkonfirmasi kasus ketiga dan keempatnya, keduanya terjadi di [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/los-angeles-countys-first-case-of-deadly-novel-coronavirus-confirmed/2298402/|title=Los Angeles County’s First Case of Deadly Novel Coronavirus Confirmed|website=NBC Los Angeles|language=en-US|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Makau mengkonfirmasi tiga kasus tambahan, sehingga totalnya menjadi lima kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/|title=Government confirms 5 cases of coronavirus so far in Macau|date=26 Januari 2020|website=Macau News|language=en-US|access-date=27 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126102217/https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126102217/https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/ |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> Hong Kong telah mengkonfirmasi kasus keenam, ketujuh dan kedelapan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047689/china-coronavirus-hong-kong-has-its-sixth-patient|title=China coronavirus-Hong Kong's sixth patient|date=26 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> Thailand mengkonfirmasi kasus kedelapannya. Satu dari lima pasien sudah keluar. Ada 39 kasus dugaan lain yang menunggu konfirmasi.<ref name="Thailand26Jan2020bbc"">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-51254826|title=โคโรนา : กรมควบคุมโรค ยืนยันตัวเลขผู้ป่วยไวรัสโคโรนาในไทยล่าสุดมี 8 ราย|date=26 Januari 2020|accessdate=27 Januari 2020|language=th|website=BBC Thai}}</ref> '''27 Januari 2020''': * Mongolia menutup perbatasan dengan Tiongkok, menutup sekolah sampai 2 Maret, dan menyerukan agar semua pertemuan publik dibatalkan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jateng.sindonews.com/read/16996/1/mongolia-tutup-perbatasan-dengan-china-cegah-penyebaran-virus-corona-1580140882|title=Mongolia Tutup Perbatasan dengan China Cegah Penyebaran Virus Corona|website=jateng.sindonews.com|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> Wuhan menangguhkan visa, layanan paspor untuk warga Tiongkok hingga 30 Januari.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-visas-idUSKBN1ZQ026|title=Wuhan suspends visa, passports services for Chinese citizens until January 30: government statement|date=27 Januari 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kanada melaporkan kasus pertama yang terkonfirmasi dan kasus dugaan lainnya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/01/ontario-confirms-second-presumptive-case-of-wuhan-novel-coronavirus.html|title=Ontario Confirms Second Presumptive Case of Wuhan Novel Coronavirus|date=27 Januari 2020|work=Queen's Printer for Ontario|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Para pejabat kementerian kesehatan telah mengkonfirmasi kasus kelima virus korona di Australia, dan telah mencurigai 5 kasus tambahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/coronavirus-confirmed-fifth-australian-case-21-year-old-infected-with-deadly-virus--c-666385|title=Australia’s fifth coronavirus case confirmed as death toll rises|date=27 Januari 2020|website=7NEWS.com.au|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fworld%2Fchinas-president-xi-warns-of-grave-situation-as-coronavirus-spreads%2Fnews-story%2F1ec90ec8471e5cc18f2cb44c6189ad33&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=b667d400f3332cebc3e2cd253c3853fe-1580102429|title=Subscribe to The Australian|website=www.theaustralian.com.au|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kementerian Kesehatan Sri Lanka mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona yaitu seorang wanita asal Tiongkok berusia 43 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/60461/chinese-female-at-idh-tests-positive-for-coronavirus|title=First confirmed case of Coronavirus reported in Sri Lanka|website=adaderana.lk|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> satu kasus juga terjadi di Kamboja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200127203826-106-469216/kamboja-konfirmasi-kasus-virus-corona-pertama|title=Kamboja Konfirmasi Kasus Virus Corona Pertama |date=27 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus kelima, seorang warga negara Tiongkok berusia 56 tahun yang tiba dari Wuhan pada 18 Januari. * Malaysia dan [[Filipina]] menghentikan pemberian visa kepada warga Wuhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/01/27/053000927/cegah-virus-corona-filipina-tolak-visa-kunjungan-dari-turis-asal-wuhan|title=Cegah Virus Corona, Filipina Tolak Visa Kunjungan dari Turis Asal Wuhan|author1=Nabilla Ramadhian|author2=Ni Luh Made Pertiwi F.|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Kompas.com|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akurat.co/news/id-979494-read-cegah-virus-corona-malaysia-resmi-tolak-visa-kunjungan-dari-wuhan|title=Cegah Virus Corona, Malaysia Resmi Tolak Visa Kunjungan dari Wuhan|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Akurat.co|first=Citra|last=Puspitaningrum|access-date=28 Januari 2020|accessdate=2021-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104112709/https://akurat.co/news/id-979494-read-cegah-virus-corona-malaysia-resmi-tolak-visa-kunjungan-dari-wuhan|archivedate=2021-01-04}}</ref> sedangkan [[Indonesia]], AS, dan [[Britania Raya]] memberlakukan ''travel advisory'' maupun ''travel warning'' ke Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/597358/wabah-korona-pemerintah-keluarkan-travel-advisory-ke-tiongkok|title=Wabah Korona, Pemerintah Keluarkan Travel Advisory ke Tiongkok|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Beritasatu|access-date=28 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210045544/https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/597358/wabah-korona-pemerintah-keluarkan-travel-advisory-ke-tiongkok |date=2021-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200126083750-134-468747/virus-corona-inggris-keluarkan-travel-warning-ke-china|title=Virus Corona, Inggris Keluarkan Travel Warning ke China|date=27 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''28 Januari 2020''': [[File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Thailand.svg|jmpl|kiri|180px|Peta persebaran kasus 2019-nCoV di Thailand:{{legend|#c80000|Laporan konfirmasi kasus}}{{legend|#558eed|Laporan dugaan kasus}}]] * Thailand mengonfirmasi enam kasus lagi, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di sana menjadi 14 orang. Thailand mulai memindai semua wisatawan dari Tiongkok dengan segera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/288389|title=ด่วน! สธ.ยืนยัน พบนักท่องเที่ยวจีนในไทยติดเชื้อโคโรนาเพิ่ม 6 คน|date=28 Januari 2020|website=Thai PBS|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4876477/penderita-virus-corona-di-thailand-naik-jadi-14-orang-5-pasien-telah-sembuh|title=Penderita Virus Corona di Thailand Naik Jadi 14 Orang, 5 Pasien Telah Sembuh|accessdate=29 Januari 2020|website=detikNews|date=28 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210070748/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4876477/penderita-virus-corona-di-thailand-naik-jadi-14-orang-5-pasien-telah-sembuh |date=2021-12-10 }}</ref> * Singapura mengkonfirmasi dua kasus lagi, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di Singapura menjadi tujuh kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/wuhan-virus-7-confirmed-cases-in-singapore-no-entry-or-transit-for-new-visitors-with-hubei|title=Wuhan virus: 2 new confirmed cases in Singapore, bringing total to 7; no entry or transit for new visitors from Hubei|website=The Straits Times |accessdate=29 Januari 2020 |language=en|date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jepang mengkonfirmasi 3 kasus tambahan, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di Jepang menjadi tujuh kasus, termasuk seorang pria yang belum pernah mengunjungi Wuhan. Dia bekerja sebagai sopir bus wisata dan telah mengemudikan kelompok dari Wuhan pada awal Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/01/e8f47252a245-urgent-japan-sees-1st-coronavirus-case-not-linked-to-recent-travel-to-china.html|title=Japan sees 1st coronavirus case not linked to recent travel to China|date=28 Januari 2020|language=en|via=Kyodo News}}</ref> Kasus virus korona pertama yang dikonfirmasi oleh Jerman, yang dilaporkan pada hari sebelumnya, terjadi pada seorang warga negara Jerman yang belum melakukan perjalanan ke Tiongkok. Namun, ia memiliki kontak dekat dengan seorang kolega Tiongkok yang berkunjung yang melaporkan mulai merasa sakit selama penerbangannya kembali ke Shanghai dan dia didiagnosis dengan infeksi coronavirus setelah tiba di Tiongkok. Jerman kemudian mengkonfirmasi 3 kasus baru, semuanya adalah rekan kerja dari pasien pertama yang dikonfirmasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/gesundheit/coronavirus-drei-weitere-infizierte-in-bayern-1.4776016|title=Drei weitere Infizierte in Bayern|last=Zeitung|first=Süddeutsche|website=Süddeutsche.de|language=de|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> Taiwan melaporkan kasus ke delapan yang dikonfirmasi: pasangan dari pasien lain yang baru saja bepergian dari Tiongkok. Ini adalah kasus pertama penularan virus corona di dalam negeri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4877213/kasus-pertama-di-taiwan-seorang-pria-tertular-virus-corona-di-dalam-negeri|title=Kasus Pertama di Taiwan, Seorang Pria Tertular Virus Corona di Dalam Negeri|date=28 Januari 2020|website=detikNews|first=Nur Azizah|last=Rizki Astuti|archive-date=|access-date=29 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221074542/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4877213/kasus-pertama-di-taiwan-seorang-pria-tertular-virus-corona-di-dalam-negeri |date=2022-02-21 }}</ref> Sebuah kasus baru telah dikonfirmasi di Prancis, seorang turis tua asal Tiongkok yang dalam kondisi kritis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20200128-nouveau-coronavirus-quatri%C3%A8me-cas-en-france-le-patient-en-r%C3%A9animation|title=Quatriéme cas en France, le patient en réanimation|date=28 Januari 2020|website=Franceinfo|language=fr|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''29 Januari 2020''': * [[Tibet]] melaporkan satu ''suspect'' kasus virus korona pertama,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-01-29/doc-iihnzhha5188508.shtml|title=西藏新增新型冠状病毒肺炎1例疑似病例|last=人民日报|date=29 Januari 2020|website=news.sina.com.cn|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> dan kemudian mengumumkan darurat kesehatan tingkat 1, menjadi daerah administratif terakhir yang melakukannya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jiemian.com/article/3924819.html|title=西藏启动重大突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|language=zh|date=29 Januari 2020|website=jiemian.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301013259/https://www.jiemian.com/article/3924819.html |date=2021-03-01 }}</ref> * Jepang mengonfirmasi 4 kasus tambahan di mana kasus tersebut merupakan kasus pertama dugaan penularan virus korona dari manusia ke manusia di Jepang, satu diantaranya adalah pemandu wisata yang berada di bus yang sama dengan sopir yang terkonfirmasi virus korona pada 28 Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200130084528-113-470041/dievakuasi-dari-wuhan-3-warga-jepang-positif-virus-corona|title=Dievakuasi dari Wuhan, 3 Warga Jepang Positif Virus Corona |work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=":65">{{Cite web|title=新型コロナウイルスに関連した患者（９例目）及び無症状病原体保有者（＊）の発生について|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09205.html|website=Kementerian Kesehatan, Tenaga Kerja, dan Sosial Jepang|accessdate=30 Januari 2020|language=ja|publisher=|date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105182939/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09205.html |date=2021-11-05 }}</ref> * Finlandia melaporkan kasus pertama virus korona di [[Lapland]], ditemukan pada seorang turis yang meninggalkan Wuhan sebelum Wuhan dikunci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ensimmäinen koronavirustartunta Suomessa: Tämä epidemiasta tulee tietää |url=https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/koronavirus-leviaa-maailmalla-tama-epidemiasta-tulee-tietaa-mtv-uutiset-seuraa-viimeisimpia-kaanteita/7705314#gs.vivnxi|website=MTV Uutiset|accessdate=30 Januari 2020|language=fi|date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''30 Januari 2020''': * Tibet mengonfirmasi kasus pertamanya yang sebelumnya masih tergolong ''suspect'';<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx/wsjkdt/202001/t20200130_131185.html|title=西藏自治区确诊首例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例_西藏自治区卫生健康委员会|website=wjw.xizang.gov.cn|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130000144/http://wjw.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx/wsjkdt/202001/t20200130_131185.html |date=2020-01-30 }}</ref> Kasus tersebut sudah terkonfirmasi di semua 31 daerah administratif di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-51304587|title=Virus corona: Seluruh daerah di China terpapar, WHO peringatkan dunia 'harus mengambil tindakan|work=BBC Indonesia|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Malaysia melaporkan satu kasus tambahan yang merupakan seorang wanita warga negara Tiongkok berusia 48 tahun yang diisolasi di Rumah Sakit Permai, [[Johor Bahru]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2020/01/539782/satu-lagi-kes-positif-koronavirus-baharu-dikesan|title=Satu lagi kes positif koronavirus baharu dikesan|work=Harian Metro|first=Ekhwan Haque|last=Fazlul Haque|date=30 Januari 2020|location=Johor Bahru|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=ms}}</ref> sehingga total kasusnya bertambah menjadi 8 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1272027/positif-terjangkit-corona-di-malaysia-menjadi-delapan-orang|title=Positif terjangkit corona di Malaysia menjadi delapan orang|work=Antara News|first=Agus|last=Setiawan|location=Kuala Lumpur|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> * India mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona pada seorang siswa yang telah kembali dari [[Universitas Wuhan]] ke Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala reports first confirmed coronavirus case in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-reports-first-confirmed-novel-coronavirus-case-in-india-1641593-2020-01-30|accessdate=30 Januari 2020 |publisher=indiatoday.com |location=Kerala|date=30 Januari 2020|language=en-IN}}</ref> Filipina mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona pada seorang wanita asal Tiongkok yang tiba di Manila melalui Hong Kong pada 21 Januari.<ref>{{cite news|title=Philippines confirms first case of novel coronavirus|url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/30/Philippines-coronavirus-case.html|accessdate=31 Januari 2020|publisher=CNN Philippines|language=en|location=Filipina|date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130090313/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/30/Philippines-coronavirus-case.html |date=2020-01-30 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat mengkonfirmasi kasus keenamnya, pasangan pasien lain di Chicago. Ini adalah kasus pertama penularan dari manusia ke manusia di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-spreads-first-time-u-s-cdc-says-n1126566|title=Coronavirus spreads for first time in U.S., CDC says|date=30 Januari 2020|website=NBC News|access-date=31 Januari 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> * WHO memutuskan untuk melaksanakan rapat komite darurat peraturan kesehatan internasional mereka untuk mempertimbangkan kembali status darurat kesehatan global. Pertemuan darurat ini disebabkan "terutama pada bukti meningkatnya jumlah kasus, penularan dari manusia ke manusia di luar Tiongkok, dan perkembangan penularan selanjutnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1301329/who-akan-pertimbangan-status-darurat-internasional-virus-corona#|title=WHO akan Pertimbangan Status Darurat Internasional Virus Corona|work=Tempo.co|first=Eka|last=Yudha Saputra|location=Jenewa|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> Rapat komite direncanakan dimulai pukul 13:30 waktu Jenewa ([[UTC+01:00]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2020/01/30/default-calendar/international-health-regulations-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus-in-china|title=International Health Regulations Emergency Committee on novel coronavirus in China|agency=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia|website=www.who.int|access-date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''31 Januari 2020''': * [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Rusia]] mengonfirmasi kasus virus korona pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/01/31/coronavirus-symptoms-britain-russia-who-wuhan-emergency/4620574002/|title=Britain, Russia report first cases of coronavirus as illness spreads to 20 countries|first=Doug|last=Stanglin|website=USA TODAY|accessdate=31 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51325192|title=Coronavirus: Two cases confirmed in UK|accessdate=31 Januari 2020 |website=BBC |date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kasus virus korona pertama diumumkan di Swedia dan Spanyol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/GGgL49|title=Första bekräftade fallet av coronavirus i Sverige – kvinna hålls isolerad|language=sv|website=Aftonbladet|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200201073030-134-470659/spanyol-umumkan-kasus-virus-corona-pertama|title=Spanyol Umumkan Kasus Virus Corona Pertama|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref> Kasus terkonfirmasi ketujuh di AS berada di [[Santa Clara County, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7news.com/5895060/|title=LIVE: Coronavirus: Bay Area's 1st case confirmed in Santa Clara County, CDC says|date=31 Januari 2020|website=ABC7 San Francisco|language=en|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref> Thailand mengonfirmasi 5 kasus virus korona dengan kasus penularan virus manusia ke manusia pertama di negara tersebut, sehingga totalnya menjadi 19 kasus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1847884|title=Human transmission of coronavirus confirmed in Thailand|accessdate=1 Februari 2020 |website=Bangkok Post |date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> == Pébruari 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus Februari 2020]] == Maret 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus Maret 2020]] == April 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus April 2020]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu kaluar == * {{en}} [https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/timeline-coronavirus-epidemic/ BNO News: TIMELINE: Coronavirus epidemic] [[Kategori:Sasalad Covid-19]] jpz8l5a2w80zyvwilpxipyfpkhr0w0z 0 103361 731829 681346 2026-11-08T11:12:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan''', disingget jadi RSUP Persahabatan, tapi biasa disebut RS Persahabatan atawa RSP, nyaéta rumah sakit umum milik pamaréntah kelas A anu aya di [[Kota Jakarta Wétan|Jakarta Wétan]] , [[Indonésia]] . Rumah Sakit Persahabatan diwangun ku gawé babarengan antara pamaréntah Indonésia jeung [[Uni Soviét]] anu diresmikeun dina ping 7 Nopémber 1963 , bareng jeung miéling 46 taun Revolusi Oktober. == Sajarah == === Periode I (1963 - 1975) === Dina mangsa awal ieu, Rumah Sakit Persahabatan mangrupa rumah sakit cabang [[RSUP Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM)]]. Tenaga médis anu digawé di Rumah Sakit Persahabatan salila ieu diwangun ku dokter spesialis jeung asisten dokter ti RSCM-FKUI jeung dokter spesialis ti Rusia. Sanggeus kajadian G30SPKI, nurutkeun kawijakan Orde Baru, sakabéh dokter spesialis ti Rusia dipulangkeun ka nagarana. Lantaran RSCM mangrupa rumah sakit pangajaran ti Fakultas Kedokteran [[Universitas Indonésia]] (FKUI), maka Rumah Sakit Persahabatan sacara otomatis jadi Rumah Sakit Pangajaran FKUI anu saliwatan mangrupa fakultas kedokteran panghadéna di Indonésia. Hal ieu nyababkeun seuseueurna dokter anu saterasna damel di Rumah Sakit Persahabatan dugi ka ayeuna janten lulusan anu paling saé dina widangna masing-masing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://rsuppersahabatan.co.id/profile-rsup-persahabatan|title=RSUP PERSAHABATAN - Periode VII (2015 - .... )|website=rsuppersahabatan.co.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206042551/https://rsuppersahabatan.co.id/profile-rsup-persahabatan|archivedate=2022-02-06}}</ref> === Periode II ( 1975 - 1992) === Mangsa taun 1975-1992 ditandaan ku robahna "status" Rumah Sakit Persahabatan jadi rumah sakit mandiri, misah ti RSCM, sarta saterusna jadi Rumah Sakit Umum (RSU) kelas B-3 di Jakarta Timur. Sanajan kitu, Rumah Sakit Persahabatan tetep jadi salah sahiji rumah sakit pangajaran FKUI, sanajan statusna mandiri. Sawatara dokter anu asalna ti RSCM, tuluy ngahususkeun, neuleuman, jeung mekarkeun cabang-cabang élmu kadokteran dina widang réspirasi (sistem pernapasan jeung organ) – saperti pulmonologi, bedah toraks, patologi pernapasan, radiologi pernapasan jrrd. -- ahirna tiasa ngadamel Rumah Sakit Persahabatan salaku rumah sakit rujukan Nasional panyakit paru-paru. Henteu ngan ukur di tingkat nasional, WHO malah masihan pangakuan internasional pikeun prestasi para dokter RS ​​Persahabatan ku cara ngalampirkeun sertifikasi Laboratorium Kuman Tuberkulosis ka Rumah Sakit Persahabatan salaku salah sahiji Pusat Kolaborasi WHO anu penting.<ref name=":0" /> === Periode III (1992 - 2002) === Rumah Sakit Persahabatan ditunjuk minangka Rumah Sakit Swadana dina tanggal 2 Séptémber 1992 kalayan Surat Keputusan Menteri Kaséhatan RI No. 747/Men.Kes/SK/IX/1992. Taun 1997 Rumah Sakit Persahabatan diakreditasi pinuh ku Kamentrian Kaséhatan Indonésia pikeun 5 kagiatan ngaliwatan 7 standar palayanan rumah sakit. Dina mangsa ieu, Kamentrian Kaséhatan Indonésia mimiti ngarahkeun jeung ngadegkeun Rumah Sakit Persahabatan salaku rumah sakit anu mekarkeun élmu médis dina widang réspirasi jeung rumah sakit rujukan (nasional) pikeun kaséhatan pernapasan.<ref name=":0" /> === Periode IV (2002 - 2005) === 2002 kalawan Peraturan Pamaréntah No. 118 Taun 2000 ngeunaan Pembentukan Biro Perusahaan, status Rumah Sakit Persahabatan robah jadi Biro Perusahaan. Taun 2005 RSUP Persahabatan parantos lulus akreditasi ti Kementrian Kaséhatan RI pikeun 16 standar pelayanan rumah sakit. === Mangsa V (2005 - 2011) === Taun 2005 kalawan Peraturan Menteri Kaséhatan RI, nomer: 1679/MENKES/PER/XII/2005 ngeunaan Organisasi jeung Tata Kerja Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan, ditétélakeun yén Rumah Sakit Persahabatan téh Téknis. Unit Pelaksana (UPT) di lingkungan Kementrian Kaséhatan anu aya di handapeun sareng tanggung jawab ka Umum Pelayanan Médis. Pola pengelolaan keuangan nyaéta Badan Pelayanan Umum (BLU) anu sahandapeun jeung tanggung jawab ka Departemen Keuangan.<ref name=":0" /> === Periode VI (2011 - 2015) === Dina tanggal 3 Maret 2011, aya paningkatan kelas jeung fungsi Rumah Sakit Persahabatan jadi Rumah Sakit Kelas A sabab penilaian anu dilaksanakeun ku Kemenkes nétélakeun yén “... fasilitas jeung kamampuh Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat. geus nyumponan sarat jeung kamampuh palayanan salaku Rumah Sakit Umum Kelas A.”, dumasar kana SK Mentri Kaséhatan RI Nomor 514/MENKES/SK/III/2011. Hal ieu lain ngan ukur mangrupa pangakuan jeung pangajén kana kamampuh palayanan kaséhatan anu disayogikeun ku RS Persahabatan tapi ogé ngaronjatna beban tanggung jawab ka masarakat sangkan salawasna bisa méré palayanan kaséhatan anu pangluhurna dina skala kelas rumah sakit rujukan di Indonésia. === Periode VII (2015) === Dina Désémber 18 2015, accredited KARS-SERT / 179 / XII / 2015, 2012 Vérsi Paripurna pass rate (Star 5). Tanggal 2 Nopémber 2016, Rumah Sakit Persahabatan ditunjuk minangka Rumah Sakit Rujukan Pernafasan Nasional. HK.02.02/MENKES/566/2016.<ref name=":0" /> dj8d05xo7ixc8hly8e362l1ojy2iixc 0 103503 731728 675289 2026-11-08T05:02:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Spésiés tutuwuhan}} {{Speciesbox | image = Wood-apple tree.JPG | image_caption = Tangkal kawista di Sri Langka | genus = Limonia | parent_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | species = acidissima | authority = L. | display_parents = 2 | synonyms = Genus:<ref name="POWO_30103708-2">{{cite web |title=''Limonia'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30103708-2 |access-date=2021-09-14 |accessdate=2021-11-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111074043/http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30103708-2 |archivedate=2021-11-11 }}</ref> {{Genus list |Anisifolium|Rumph. ex Kuntze |Feronia|Corrêa |Hesperethusa|M.Roem. |Winterlia|Dennst. }} Species:<ref name="POWO_774113-1">{{cite web |title=''Limonia acidissima'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:774113-1 |access-date=2021-09-14 |accessdate=2021-11-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917194530/http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:774113-1 |archivedate=2019-09-17 }}</ref> {{Species list |Schinus limonia|L. |Crateva balangas|K.D.Koenig |Crateva vallanga|J.Koenig ex Wight & Arn. |Anisifolium curvispina|(Miq.) Kuntze |Anisifolium limonia|Kuntze |Anisifolium spectabile|(Miq.) Kuntze |Feronia balanghas|(K.D.Koenig) Steud. |Feronia elephantum|Corrêa |Feronia limonia|(L.) Swingle |Hesperethusa acidissima|(L.) M.Roem. |Hesperethusa ambigua|M.Roem. |Limonia ambigua|DC. |Limonia curvispina|Miq. |Limonia dulcis|J.F.Gmel. |Limonia elephantum|(Corrêa) Panigrahi |Limonia engleriana|Perkins |Limonia pinnatifolia|Houtt. |Limonia spectabilis|Miq. |Murraya odorata|Blanco }} }} '''Kawista'''<ref>{{Cite book|title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië|last=Heyne|first=K.|year=1917|location=Batavia|pages=13}}</ref> ('''''Limonia acidissima''''') nyaéta hiji-hijina spésiés dina [[genus]] [[monotipik]] '''''Limonia''''', kaasup tangkal badag anu jangkungna bisa nepi ka 9 m. [[Daun]]na nyirip 5-7 lambar, lamun diwejek seungit [[sitrus]]. Kembangna bodas lima lambar, gedé [[buah]]na 5–9 cm, bisa pait atawa haseum. Buahna sarupa jeung [[maja]], ngandung di antarana [[protéin]], [[karbohidrat]], [[beusi]], [[lemak]], [[kalsium]], [[Vitamin B]], jeung [[vitamin C|C]]. {| |- valign="top" |[[File:Limonia acidissima of Salem.jpg|thumb|Buah kawista]] |[[File:wood-apple dec2007.jpg|thumb|Jero buah kawista]] |[[File:Woodapple juice 14.jpg|thumb|240px|Jus kawista]] |} ==Sebaran== Kawista téh pituin India (kaasup [[Kapuloan Andaman]]), Bangladés, jeung Sri Langka.<ref name=POWO>{{cite web | title = ''Limonia acidissima'' L. | work = [[Plants of the World Online]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | url = http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:774113-1 |accessdate=2018-03-25}}</ref><ref name=FloraVitiensis>{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Albert C. | date = 1985 | title = Flora Vitiensis nova : a new Flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only) | volume = 3 | pages = 526–527 | publisher = Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden | location = Lawaii, Hawaii | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30325307#page/538 | via = [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]], digitized by [[Smithsonian Libraries]] | accessdate = 2018-03-25}}</ref> Ieu spésies diwanohkeun ogé di [[Indochina]] jeung [[Malesia]].<ref name=FloraVitiensis/><ref name=POWO/> ==Mangpaat== {{refimprove section|date=June 2019}} Buah kawista bisa dijieun jus atawa [[salé]]. Nu geus asak bisa dijieun [[acar]] (dicampur jeung [[céngék]] héjo, [[gula]], jeung [[uyah]]).<ref>{{cite web|author=Jaya Surya Kumari Manthena and K. Mythili |url=https://www.academia.edu/11934371 |title=Development of wood apple pickle |publisher=Int. J. Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2014 |date=2004 |accessdate=2019-06-09}}</ref> Di Myanmar, kaina dijieun krim raray [[tanaka]].<ref name=kollner>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y42DMkS3ZXUC&pg=PA18&sig=l3ITfdkn7kHn2COMm08PqzO3PDk|last1=Köllner|first1=Helmut|last2=Bruns|first2=Axel |title=Myanmar (Burma)|year=1998|publisher=Hunter Publishing |ISBN=9783886184156|pages=18|accessdate=2021-05-08}}</ref> == Giji == {{nutritionalvalue | name=Kawista, atah ([[Ajén Sapopoé]]) | water=64.2 g | kJ=518.816 | protein=7.1 g | fat=3.7 g | carbs=18.1 g | fiber=5 g | sugars=0 g | mineral=1.9 g | iron_mg=6 | phosphorous_mg=110 | manganese_mg=18 | magnecium_mg=41 | chromium_mg=21 | calcium_mg=130 | zinc_mg=10 | vitC_mg=3 | carotene_mg=61 | thiamin_mg=0.04 | riboflavin_mg=17 | niacin_mg=8 | source=1 | note=[http://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/fruit-wood-apple-495071272=Calories in Fruit Wood Apple] values are for edible portion }} ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== *{{Commons category-inline|Limonia acidissima}} *[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/wood-apple.html Purdue-hort_edu: The Wood Apple] *[http://iu.ff.cuni.cz/pandanus/database/details.php?id=712&enc=utf&sort=ka&display=20&lat=&skt=&pkt=&hin=&ben=&tam=&mal=&eng=on&start=340 Pandanus Database - ''Limonia''] {{Taxonbar|from1=Q935616|from2=Q15943539}} [[Kategori:Aurantioideae]] [[Kategori:Bungbuahan ti Asia]] [[Kategori:Citrus]] [[Kategori:Flora India]] [[Kategori:Flora Kapuloan Andaman]] [[Kategori:Flora Sri Langka]] [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] {{pondok}} 42my61eseosmpic48qrbosjsfyvsetn 0 103646 731607 681183 2026-11-07T20:19:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Areuy leuksa, leuksa | status = | image = Nothocnide-repanda-ALA-1.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Rosales]] | familia = [[Urticaceae]] | genus = [[Nothocnide]] | species = '''Nothocnide repanda''' | binomial = Nothocnide repanda | binomial_authority = (BI.) [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Bl.]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Urtica repanda'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Bl.]]</small><br>''Pseudopipturus repandus'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Blume|Bl.]]) [[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]</small><br>''Pipturus subalpinus'' <small>[[Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer|Elmer]]</small><br>''Pipturus repandus'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Blume|Bl.]]) [[Hugh Algernon Weddell|Wedd.]]</small><br>''Perlarius repandus'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Blume|Bl.]]) [[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small><br>''Boehmeria trinervis'' <small>[[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]</small><br>''Boehmeria repanda'' <small>[[Justus Carl Hasskarl|Hassk.]]</small> }} '''Areuy leuksa''' atawa '''leuksa''' ('''''Nothocnide repanda''''')<ref name = "C132"/> nyaéta hiji spésiés tutuwuhan ti suku ''[[Urticaceae]]''.<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Rujukan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web|url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16805673|title= Species 2000 & ITIS [[Catalogue of Life]]: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)|year= 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 May 2014|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20220614084751/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16805673|archivedate= 14 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">Bl., 1853 ''In: Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 137, in nota, t. 14 (1856) [1853]''</ref> <ref name = "source">[http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318221109/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |date=2019-03-18 }}</ref> </references> {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Nothocnide]] 1yqbeiymtmqog346mph6s64nl4o6n1w 0 103998 731779 690229 2026-11-08T08:50:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731779 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ngarot 3.jpg|thumb|right|Pésta budaya Ngarot ngemimitian usum melak]] '''Ngarot''' nyaéto salasiji [[upacara]] adat [[Budaya Sunda|Sunda]] gusan mapag usum garapan [[sawah|sawa]] nu dilaksanakun ke masarakat di Désa Léléa, [[Kabupatén Indramayu]], [[Jawa Kulon|Provinsi Jawa Kulon]]. Upacara iyu biasana dilaksanakun pas kur ndak usum ujan nyaéto antara bulan [[Oktober]] sampé ka [[Désémber]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Upacara Ngarot-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=437&lang=id|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|access-date=2020-09-19|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805112220/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=437&lang=id|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805112220/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=437&lang=id |date=2020-08-05 }}</ref> Céka [[étimologi]], kecap ''ngarot'' asala ti ''arot'' anu diwaca ngirung (ng-) nu boga arti nginung kamberan entu aus dui. Pan arti séjéna éto, ngarot éto siji kegiatan pésta anak angon seencan ngegarap sawa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Danadibrata|first=R. Alla|date=2006|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Kamus_basa_Sunda.html?id=s5BkAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Kamus basa Sunda|location=|publisher=Wedalan Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda, gawe bareng PT Kiblat Buku Utama, jeung Universitas Padjadjaran|isbn=978-979-3631-93-6|pages=34 dan 462|language=su|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tradisi]] iyu memiti aya taun 1686 ke Kuwu Léléa kesiji anu arana Canggara Wirena.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Publishing|first=TEMPO|last2=al|first2=Rita Nariswari et|date=|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ugxfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20&dq=ngarot&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZn6n95_XrAhV78HMBHYw4DVYQ6AEwAnoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=ngarot&f=false|title=Atraksi Budaya Nusantara|location=|publisher=Tempo Publishing|isbn=|pages=|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Canggara Wirena ngaturkun kesuwun ka Kekolot Désa Léléa nyaéto Ki Kapol anu gis ngewakapkun sawa anu rubaka 2,6 éktar gusan digarap ke [[bujang]] jung cuéné.<ref name=":2" /> Ke ayana bikunun iyu diarepkun para bujang bisa diajar ngegarap sawa nu matak di Désa Léléa uwu anu kekurangan jung ésé [[Pangan|ngakan]]. Bujang bakal munang pengalaman macul, melak paré, ngeburangan [[jukut]] anu ngeganggu jadina paré maké arit jung panén paré. Sementara cuénéna diajar kuma'a nganturkun akanan ka sawa seenggisa gawé jung melak sekema'a kemampuan.<ref name=":1" /> Asil panén ti garapan bujang iyu bakal digunakun ngakan rujung-rujung dina upacara ngarot. Seenggisa éto, Ki Kapol mikunun sawa biyu ka Ki Dawi anu selanjuta dijadikun carik Kuwu gusan digarap sampé ka ayuna ke para bujang.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Begini Sejarah Tradisi Ngarot di Lelea Indramayu, Hanya Perawan dan Perjaka yang Boleh Ikut|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2017/12/27/begini-sejarah-tradisi-ngarot-di-lelea-indramayu-hanya-perawan-dan-perjaka-yang-boleh-ikut|website=Tribun Jabar|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref> == Tujuan == [[File:Ngarot Girl.jpg|jmpl|Seurang cuéné dina tradisi ngarot.]] Tradisi Ngarot dilaksanakun sebagé ungkapan rasa sukur ka Gusti sebaba gis méré kesempetan dina [[usum]] melak [[paré]] di sawa. Tujuan utama ngarot nyaéto ngajak dlema ngora enjang mélu jung gawé rujung-rujung dina ngemajukun petanén, kususa dina hal molah paré di sawa. Selain éto, diarepkun ogé para bujang bisa gaul secara sé'at ke cara kenalan, ngejaga sikap jung prilaku, kaayang nu sesuai jung tuntunan [[agama]] jung adat [[budaya]] [[Sunda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngarot, Penyambutan Musim Tanam Desa Lelea|url=https://tirto.id/ngarot-penyambutan-musim-tanam-desa-lelea-dcjM|website=tirto.id|language=id|access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref> Kadang, tradisi masarakat [[agraris]] iyu ogé dijadikun enjang néangan jodo antar kasinoman di Désa Léléa.<ref name=":1" /> == Kelengkapan == Kesiapan perlengkapan gis dilakukun seencan poé upacara, terutama enjang nata tempat upacara di balé ke pamong désa, nyiapkun ba'an-ba'an enjang nyiun [[kéjo]] konéng jung sesajén nu dilakukun ke éwé pamong désa, nyiun rangkéyan kembang kenanga jung [[malati|melati]] enjang dipaké ke para cuéné. Subuh-subuh seencan upacara dimemitian, éwé pamong désa masak kéjo konéng enjang disugukun kur acara di balé désa dimulai. Sedengkun, bujang-cuéné dangdan maké perlengkapan upacara di imana masing-masing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Tresnasih|first=Lasmiati|date=Maret 2016|title=FUNGSI NGAROT UNTUK MASYARAKAT LELEA|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323791284_FUNGSI_NGAROT_UNTUK_MASYARAKAT_LELEA|journal=Patanjala|volume=8|issue=1|pages=37-52|doi=}}</ref> === Bujang-cuéné === [[File:Ngarot 2.jpg|jmpl|Pakéyan Cuéné dina Tradisi Ngarot.]] Maké baju [[kebaya]], sewet (kain panjang), [[seléndang]], [[beubeur|sabuk]] jung [[sendal]] atawa [[selop]]. Dirias bungutna sing gulis jung menarik. Maké per'iasan setenong, seperti [[bros]], [[gelang]], [[kalung]], [[ali|cingcin]], jepit [[kaén]], untaian [[panitih|peniti]], jung [[giwang]]. Maké iasan buuk dikembangan tina kertas jagong, melati, jung rangkéyan kenanga. Aya keding janur anu dirangkéy persegi tolu disebut ''cunduk'', dipaké cuéné anu gis tunangan kamberan tu diganggu ke ''bujang''. Sedengkun, pakéan bujang ma ''komboran'' atawa pakéan [[tani|tanén]] anu ngewengku celana komprang jung atasan sarwa idung jung maké iket.<ref name=":0" /> === Umum === * iasan enjang dékorasi balé désa jung ténda. * alat-alat kelompok [[kesenian]] nu tampil dina upacara. * bende atawa [[gong]] lutik enjang penanda acara dimemitian. * sesaji. * kelengkepan tani ngerupa bini paré, pedangan, [[pupuk]], cai, [[pacul]], jung pepelakan penolak bala ([[daun]] cau raja wulung, daun anjuang, keraras, [[haur|aur]] konéng, daun ceringin).<ref name=":0" /> == Prosés acara == * Sepoé seencana dilakukun persiapan [[ritual]], nata sesajén jung [[doa]] seencan tradisi ngarot dimemitian di ro'angan kusus nu disediakun di balé désa Léléa. * Persiapan ngerias pengantén ngarot, bujang jung cuéné anu rada lila, di ima pengantén masing-masing. * Pengantén laki jung éwé asup ka buruan ima kuwu nu dijadikun tempat ngumpul utusan ti sebebra'a daéra sekitar. * Penerimaan jung persiapan [[pawéy]] rujung-rujung kabé pengantén, sekabé aparat désa jung penggerak PKK desa jung diibur ku musik [[Tanjidor]]. * Pawéy kuriling sepanjang jalan désa seencan asup ka aréna balé désa. * Rombongan asup ro'angan balé désa enjang méluan sekabé rangkéyan upacara adat. * Prosés upacara adat anu uraiana jiga kiyu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PENERAPAN NILAI-NILAI KEARIFAN LOKAL TRADISI NGAROT DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SOSIOLOGI|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/sosietas/article/download/12496/7405|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|access-date=2020-09-19|accessdate=2022-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810165850/https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/sosietas/article/download/12496/7405|archivedate=2022-08-10}}</ref> ** Pidato kuwu anu isina nasé'at kekolot Désa Léléa jung pembukaan ngarot secara resmi secara simbolis ku cara nakol gong jung ngecrétkun cai ka ulu para pengantén wéwé. Nasé'at éto to ''Mikirun budak engkéna kuma'''a (mikirkeun budak engkéna kumaha), ''Senajan boga arta kudu tetep usa'a'' (cacakan boga harta kudu tetep usaha)'', Kur ngora ula poya-poya'' (keur ngora ulah roroyalan)'', Kamberan kolota ula sengsara'' (sangkan kolotna moal sangsara)'', Dlema laki kerja éwéna usa'a'' (salakina digawé pamajikanna usaha)'', Néangan pekaya rukun runtut'' (néangan pakaya rukun runtut)'', Aturan agama kudu diturut'' (aturan agama kudu diturut)'', Slamet dunia jung akérata'' (salamet dunya jeung akhératna). ** Ngewacakun [[sejarah]] tradisi Ngarot secara singkat. ** Pidato sambutan ti Kuwu Léléa. ** Mikunun bini paré ke kuwu désa ka jajaka ''bujang''. Bikunun bini paré maksuda amber bini paré gura dipelak ke para ''bujang'' sampé aya asil panén anu réa payah. ** Bikunun kendi anu isina cai bodas ke éwé kuwu ka éwé /''cuéné''. Maksuda prosési iyu to amber bini paré nu ndak dipelak ula kurang cai rujung kamberan cai na jero kendi jadi obat enjang nyuburkun [[Taneuh|tanuh]] nu engkéna ngasilkun panén anu réa payah. ** Bikun terima alat-alat petanén, kawas [[cangkul|pacul]] jung [[parang]] ke ''Raksa Bumi'' (nu ngurus sawa jung tanuh désa) ka lalaki atawa ''bujang''. ** Bikunun [[gemuk]] ke tokoh masarakat ka Lalaki atawa ''bujang.'' Pupuk éto digunakun kur ngegarap sawa enjang nyuburkun pepelakan paré. ** Bikunun daun kelaras, daun anjuang, buku aur konéng, jung daun cau kelutuk wuluh ke ''Lebé'' (petugas nu ngurus kawinan) ka ''bujang.'' Maksud ngebikun daun-daun éto to amber daun-daun éto gura ditancepkun di tenga-tenga sawa kamberan paréna tu bunang [[hama|ama]] jung réa-réa [[penyakit]] nu ngegangu. * Acara iburan penampilan [[tari topeng]], [[ronggeng ketug]] jung tanjidor di alaman balé desa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reaktualisasi Budaya Ngarot dalam Seni Pertunjukan Tradisional di Desa Lelea Kabupaten Indramayu|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/irama/article/download/21900/10944|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|access-date=2020-09-19|accessdate=2022-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807214224/https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/irama/article/download/21900/10944|archivedate=2020-08-07}}</ref> == Référénsi == <references/> == Tutumbu keluar == * [http://online.anyflip.com/ewwhp/ffev/mobile/ Cerita pondok gambaran anu patali jung upacara adat Ngarot] ku [[Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Pendidikan Kebudayaan Riset jung Teknologi]] (bisa diundur di [https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/10161/ diyu]) [[Kategori:Upacara adat di Indonésia]] 2i998mu0q4sp0qck6l2s7o24qlu81oq 0 104060 731781 707367 2026-11-08T08:59:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Panggung Pentas Seni Nyiar Lumar 2022.jpg|jmpl|Salah sahiji panggung pentas (pintonan) Seni Nyiar Lumar 2022]] '''Nyiar Lumar''' nyaéta salah sahiji kagiatan budaya anu maneuh anu dimimitan ti taun 1998, dilaksanakeun dua taun sakali, di sabudeureun [[Situs Astana Gedé-Kawali]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mindset.viva.co.id/seni/48-nyiar-lumar-dari-runtuhnya-orde-baru-menuju-budaya|title=Nyiar Lumar, dari Runtuhnya Orde Baru Menuju Budaya|last=VIVA|first=PT VIVA MEDIA BARU-|website=mindset.viva.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2022-12-27}}</ref> Nyiar Lumar sacara harti nyaéta; ''nyiar'' hartina néangan, ''[[Supa lumar|lumar]]'' hartina salah sahiji [[tutuwuhan]] [[supa]] ''([[Mycena chlorophos]])'' anu hurung dina waktu peuting. Upama dihartikeun sacara filosofis mah, Nyiar Lumar téh kagiatan lalampahan kontémplatif dina raraga ngahudangkeun deui sumanget jeung kasadaran pikeun ngadeukeutkeun diri ka alam, jeung akar-akar kahirupan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/mengenal-nyiar-lumar-tradisi-khas-ciamis-jaga-kelestarian-alam.html|title=Mengenal Nyiar Lumar, Tradisi Khas Ciamis Jaga Kelestarian Alam|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2022-12-27}}</ref> Kagiatan Nyiar Lumar dilaksanakeun kalayan gawé bareng antara paguyuban kasenian jeung Dinas Pariwisata [[Kabupatén Ciamis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mardiana|first=Gina|date=27-12-2022|title=PENGEMBANGAN DAN POTENSI SITUS ASTANA GEDE KAWALI|url=http://repository.unigal.ac.id:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/1008/Prosiding%20Seminar%20Nasional%20Program%20Studi%20Ilmu%20Pemerintahan_Ebook-506-510.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=repository.unigal.ac.id}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227063431/http://repository.unigal.ac.id:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/1008/Prosiding%20Seminar%20Nasional%20Program%20Studi%20Ilmu%20Pemerintahan_Ebook-506-510.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=2022-12-27 }}</ref> Nyiar Lumar ti taun 2012 ukur kakara kacatet salaku ''[[Warisan Budaya tak Benda Indonesia]]'', kalayan nomer régistrasi 2012002345, domain ''[[Adat Istiadat]] masarakat, [[Ritus]], dan Perayaan-Perayaan'', di [[Provinsi Jawa Barat]]. Nyiar lumar, mangrupa ritus koléktif anu teu ngan saukur jadi pintonan seni, tapi ogé ngalibetkeun masarakat sabudeureunana pikeun milu aub dina rupa-rupa wangun kagiatan [[seni]] jeung [[ékonomi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=2345|title=Warisan Budaya Takbenda {{!}} Beranda|website=warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2022-12-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227063434/https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=2345 |date=2022-12-27 }}</ref> == Sajarah Singget == Nyiar Lumar munggaran dilaksanakeun dina tanggal 20 Méi taun 1998, anu dialpukahan ku [[Téater Jagat Kawali]] jeung [[Studio Titik Dua Ciamis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/415943/ruwatan-nyiar-lumar-menapaki-sejarah-sunda|title=Ruwatan Nyiar Lumar Menapaki Sejarah Sunda|website=Tempo|language=en|accessdate=2022-12-27}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ilmuseni.com/seni-budaya/tradisi-nyiar-lumar-di-ciamis|title=Tradisi Nyiar Lumar di Ciamis dan Penjelasannya|website=IlmuSeni.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-12-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227065759/https://ilmuseni.com/seni-budaya/tradisi-nyiar-lumar-di-ciamis |date=2022-12-27 }}</ref> Salah sahiji inohong anu jadi paraji, medalna kagiatan Nyiar Lumar téh nyaéta [[Godi Suwarna]].<ref name=":2" /> Nyiar Lumar anu munggaran, babarengan pisan jeung kajadian puncak [[démonstrasi]] ngaléngsérkeun orde baru [[Soeharto]], di [[Jakarta]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Tradisi]] Nyiar Lumar neueulkeun amanat ékologis pikeun ngadeukeutkeun deui diri ka alam, ngaji jeung nyaliksik diri dina néngan akar-akar kahirupan jeung néangan jati diri. Harepanna, sangkan [[manusa]] ngabogaan kateguhan dina ngaléngkah ka mangsa nu bakal datang.<ref name=":1" /> [[Gambar:Penampilan Tarawangsa - Nyiar Lumar 2022.jpg|jmpl|Pintonan Tarawangsa Nyair Lumar 2022]] Kagiatan Nyiar Lumar dilaksanakeun unggal dua taun sakali, ukur kaselang dina taun 2020, Nyiar Lumar teu bisa dilaksanakeun alatan ayana sasalad [[Covid-19]].<ref name=":1" /> Acara puncak Nyiar Lumar dilaksanakeun sapeuting jeput, kalayan ngalibetkeun sakabéh unsur masarakat.<ref name=":3" /> == Tempat Dilaksanakeun == Tempat dilasanakeunna kagiatan Nyar Lumar nyaéta di wewengkon [[Kacamatan Kawali]], [[Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]]. Tempat anu digunakeun téh alun-alun kacamatan (hareupeunjeung gigireun kantor Kacamatan) jeung di sabudeureun Situs Astana Gedé Kawali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jabar/mengenal-nyiar-lumar-tradisi-khas-ciamis-jaga-kelestarian-alam.html|title=Mengenal Nyiar Lumar, Tradisi Khas Ciamis Jaga Kelestarian Alam|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2022-12-27}}</ref> == Runtuyan Kagiatan == [[Gambar:Para Pemain Teater Cerita Perang Bubat - Nyiar Lumar 2022.jpg|jmpl|Para pamaén téater carita Perang Bubat- Nyiar Lumar 2022]] Runtuyan kagiatan Nyiar Lumar sacara formalna mah dilakukeun ku cara lalampahan dina waktu peuting anu dimimitian ti kantor kacamatan Kawali nepi ka Situs Astana Gedé Kawali, anu jarakna kurang leuwih sakilométer.<ref name=":1" /> Lalampahan Nyiar Lumar téh karasa haneuteun jeung bruy-bray caang, lantaran ayana puluhan obor atawa damar anu di bawa ku masarakat anu milu kagiatan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisatajabar.com/2016/11/nyiar-lumar-pagelaran-rutin-seni-budaya.html|title=Nyiar Lumar, Pagelaran Rutin Seni Budaya di Ciamis yang Pantas Mendunia|accessdate=2022-12-27}}</ref> Sapanjang lalampahan, pamilon bakal nyaksian rupa-rupa pintonan seni lokal, anu ditataharkeun ku masarakat.<ref name=":1" /> Kasenian éta téh di antarana [[genjring royok|Genjring Royok]], [[Tutunggulan Goropak]], [[Bebegig Sukamantri]], jeung sajabana.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4138197/akhir-pekan-di-ciamis-ada-wisata-malam-nyiar-lumar|title=Akhir Pekan di Ciamis, Ada Wisata Malam Nyiar Lumar|last=Hermansyah|first=Dadang|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227073004/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4138197/akhir-pekan-di-ciamis-ada-wisata-malam-nyiar-lumar|archivedate=2022-12-27}}</ref> Sajaba ti éta lalampahan di jero lingkungan Situs Astana Gedé ogé sarua, dipapag ku rupa-rupa pintonan anu geus ditataharkeun saméméhna. Acara puncak dilaksnaakeun di jero lingkungan Situs Astana Gedé Kawali, kalayan aya kasenian anu sipatna pasti nyaéta pintonan [[téater]] sajarah [[Perang Bubat]] jeung [[Ronggéng Gunung]] [[Bi Raspi]].<ref name=":1" /> Sacara gurat badagna, unggal kagiatan Nyiar Lumar téh runtuyan kagitanna nyaéta: * Meresihan [[prasasti]] di Astana Gedé Kawali dina poé saméméhna * Pintonan rupa-rupa kasenian dina poé kahiji jeung kadua * Acara puncak anu dilaksanakeun ti ba'da [[Magrib]] nepi ka méméh [[Subuh]].<ref name=":3" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]] [[Kategori:Budaya]] 85ueyzilyvau3g4by2oexdx8a8ea4ti 0 104087 731757 703357 2026-11-08T07:00:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info sakola | nama = MTs Yapima | nama_asli = | nama_latin = | gambar = | didirikan = | tipe = Swasta | akreditasi = A | NSM = 121232760030 | NPSN = 20279682 | slogan = "Terbentuknya Siswa Yang Berkepribadian Kuat, Berilmu dan Berakhlak Mulia" | maskot = | rektor = | kepsek = Drs. Humaedi | ketua komite = | moderator = | kelas = 9 | jurusan = | rentang kelas = VII, VIII, IX | kurikulum = [[Kurikulum 2013]], [[Kurikulum Merdeka]] | murid = 205 | status = Swasta | lonem = | hinem = | avgnem = | alamat = Jl. Raya Curug No. 82, Kec. Bojongsari | kota = [[Kota Dépok]] | provinsi = [[Jawa Kulon]] | negara = {{nagara|Indonesia}} [[Indonésia]] | telp = | situs web = [https://yapima.sch.id MTs Yapima] | koordinat = {{Coord|6|22|45.48|S|106|43|34.4|E|display=inline,title}} | kampus = | alumni = | institusi = | afiliasi = [[Kamentrian Pangatikan jeung Kabudayaan Indonésia]] | catatan = }} Madrasah Tsanawiyah (lembaga atikan formal di tingkat SMP) anu sacara administratif mangrupa unit kerja di handapeun Departemen Agama RI, Kantor Daérah Propinsi Depok. Madrasah ieu ayana di Jl. Raya Curug, Curug, Bojongsari,, [[Kota Dépok]], [[Jawa Kulon]], Indonesia == Sajarah == MTs Yapima ngadeg taun 1993 kalayan Surat Keputusan Operasional Nomer WVI/PP005.1/470/1993,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vervalsp.data.kemdikbud.go.id/verval/dokumen/skoperasional/279793-396888-88001-68311351-949285006.pdf|title=SK Operasional MTs Yapima|website=vervalsp.data.kemdikbud.go.id|language=id|accessdate=08 januari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108044029/https://vervalsp.data.kemdikbud.go.id/verval/dokumen/skoperasional/279793-396888-88001-68311351-949285006.pdf |date=2023-01-08 }}</ref> MTs Yapima terus mekar, nepi ka taun 2015 MTs Yapima meunang pangajén ti Mentri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan [[Anies Baswedan]] salaku 173 Sakola Negeri jeung Swasta di Kota Dépok anu boga indeks integritas administrasi ujian nasional (IIUN) luhur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hobinulis.or.id/173-sekolah-negeri-dan-swasta-di-depok-dapat-penghargaan-mendikbud/|title=173 Sekolah Yang memiliki indeks integritas penyelenggaraan ujian nasional (IIUN) yang tinggi|website=www.hobinulis.or.id|language=id|accessdate=08 Januari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317232222/https://hobinulis.or.id/173-sekolah-negeri-dan-swasta-di-depok-dapat-penghargaan-mendikbud/ |date=2024-03-17 }}</ref> == Lokasi == Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) Yapima perenahna di pinggiran Kota Tangerang Selatan, tepatna di Désa Curug, Kacamatan. Salian ti éta, aya sababaraha MTs swasta séjénna anu aya di sabudeureun atawa di wewengkon [[Bojongsari, Dépok|Bojongsari]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infodepok.my.id/2022/12/mts-se-kecamatan-bojongsari-depok.html|title=MTs Se-Kecamatan Bojongsari|website=www.infodepok.my.id|language=id|accessdate=08 Januari 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231074557/https://www.infodepok.my.id/2022/12/mts-se-kecamatan-bojongsari-depok.html |date=2022-12-31 }}</ref> saperti: * MTsS Al-Hidayah Arco * MTsS An-Nahdlah * MTsS As-Saadatain * MTsS Daarul Shafa * MTsS Darut Tafsir Al-Husaini * MTsS Nurul Amanah * MTsS Nurul Huda Asyuriyah * MTsS SA Ulumul Quran === Fasilitas sakola === * wangunan sakola * Ruang diajar * [[Masigit|masjid]] * [[Lapangan|Sawah]] * Lab komputer * Usaha Kaséhatan Sakola (UKS) * [[Perpustakaan]] * Kantin * Kamar mandi == Ekstrakurikuler == * Pramuka * Rebana * [[Futsal]] * [[Maén bal]] === Fasilitas Madrasah Online === Website resmi [https://www.yapima.sch.id MTs Yapima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231074217/https://yapima.sch.id/ |date=2022-12-31 }} dipaké pikeun nyadiakeun informasi sakuliah sakola jeung pendaptaran murid anyar. Salian ti website resmi, MTs Yapima ngagunakeun sababaraha média sosial pikeun nyebarkeun informasi ngeunaan kagiatan anu geus dilaksanakeun ku MTs Yapima dina raraga ngajaga eksistensina di dunya atikan. Media sosial anu digunakeun ku MTs Yapima diantarana: * Website MTs Yapima Facebook nyaéta [https://www.facebook.com/mtsyapima72] * Yapima MTs Instagram Website nyaéta [https://www.instagram.com/mtsyapima] Salian ti éta, pikeun absén guru jeung murid, MTs Yapima ngagunakeun absensi online.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.absensi.yapima.my.id|title=Absensi MTs Yapima|website=www.absensi.yapima.my.id|language=id|accessdate=08 Januari 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212051618/https://www.absensi.yapima.my.id/|archivedate=2023-12-12}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Artikel sekolah Januari 2023|MTs Yapima]] [[Kategori:SMP di Kota Depok]] [[Kategori:Sakola Swasta di Kota depok]] [[Kategori:Sakola di Kota Depok]] 2kc1f7pkm4sadfam07dopye4s73xsu5 0 104138 731810 703491 2026-11-08T10:02:28Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | name = Piagam Jakarta | italic title = no | image = [[Image:Naskah Asli Piagam Jakarta.jpg|200px]] | image_size = | alt = Naskah Piagam Jakarta yang ditulis dengan menggunakan Ejaan yang Disempurnakan. Kalimat yang mengandung "tujuh kata" yang terkenal dicetak tebal dalam gambar ini | caption = Naskah Piagam Jakarta yang ditulis dengan menggunakan [[Ejaan yang Disempurnakan]]. Kalimat yang mengandung "tujuh kata" yang terkenal dicetak tebal dalam gambar ini | author = [[Panitia Sembilan]] | title_orig = Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Mukadimah | orig_lang_code = id | country = Indonésia | language = [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]] ([[Ejaan Van Ophuijsen]]) | pub_date = 22 Juni 2605 dina [[Kalénder Jepang]]<br/>(22 Juni 1945 dalam [[kalender Gregorius]]) | wikisource = id:Piagam Jakarta }} '''Piagam Jakarta''' nyaéta hiji rarancang bubuka/''Pembukaan'' ''[[Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945]]'' (UUD 1945). Ieu rarancang di rumuskeun ku ''[[Panitia Sembilan]] [[Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia|Badan Penyelidikan Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan]]'' (BPUPK){{efn|Nama resmi badan ini sebenarnya adalah "Badan untuk Menyelidiki Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan". Nama ini tidak mencakup "Indonesia" karena badan ini pertama kali dibentuk oleh [[Angkatan Darat ke-16 (Jepang)|Angkatan Darat ke-16 Jepang]] yang hanya berwenang di Jawa, dan maklumat yang mengumumkan pendirian badan ini juga hanya menyebut wilayah Jawa. [[Angkatan Darat ke-25 (Jepang)|Angkatan Darat ke-25]] yang berwenang di Sumatra baru mengizinkan pembentukan BPUPK untuk Sumatra pada 25 Juli 1945. Di sisi lain, Angkatan Laut Jepang yang memiliki wewenang di Kalimantan dan Indonesia Timur tidak mengizinkan pembentukan badan persiapan kemerdekaan. Lihat {{harvnb|Kusuma|Elson|2011|pp=196-197, catatan kaki 3}}}} di [[Jakarta]] dina kaping 22 Juni 1945. Piagam Jakarta ieu hakékatna tayalian tulisan déklarasi kamerdékaan Indonésia anu dijerona mibanda ''manifesto politik'', alesan-alesan éksistensi Indonésia, ogé ngandung dasar Nagara Républik Indonésia. Ieu Piagam mibanda lima sila/dasar anu mangrupa bagian tina idéologi [[Pancasila]], tapi ogé dina syaréat kahiji aya kalimah "kawajiban ngalaksanakeun syariat Islam pikeun umatna". Frasa ieu, ogé anu katelah "tujuh kecap", ahirna dicabut tina ''Pembukaan'' UUD 1945 dina 18 Agustus 1945 ku ''[[Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia]],'' nyaéta hiji badan anu ditugaskeun pikeun nga-sahkeun UUD 1945. Tujuh kecap ieu dileungitkeun ku inisiatip [[Mohammad Hatta]] anu lantaran saméméhna, cindekna tadi peuting anjeuna narima béja ti perwira angkatan laut [[Jepang]] yén golongan nasionalis ti [[Indonésia Wétan]] cenah leuwih milih ngadegkeun nagara sorangan lamun éta tujuh kecap teu dipiceun. Dina taun 1950-an, nalika UUD 1945 ditundaheula, wawakil partéy Islam nungtut supaya Indonésia balik deui ka Piagam Jakarta. Pikeun nohonan kahayang golongan Islam, Presidén [[Soekarno]] harita ngémbarkeun dina [[Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959]] (anu mertélakeun balik deuikan kana UUD 1945) yén Piagam Jakarta téh "ngajiwaan" UUD 1945 ogé "mangrupikeun hiji beungkeutan kasatuan jeung konstitusional". Golongan kabangsaan ti wawakil Présidén [[Sukarno]] katut Perdana Menteri [[Djuanda Kartawidjaja]] negeskeun yén kalimah ieu mung sakadar pangaku kana Piagam Jakarta salaku hiji dokumén historis. Ku kituna, [[Pancasila]] jeung Piagam Jakarta nyaéta dua hal anu béda. Alesan robahna sila kahiji Piagam Jakarta sakumaha anu kasebut di luhur nyaéta pikeun kapentingan bangsa jeung nagara anu miboga rupa-rupa ''suku'' jeung agama. Parobahan ieu kalimah ngagambarkeun yén masarakat Indonésia nanjeur keun sikep toléransi. Jadina, Parobahan ieu ogé nembongkeun komitmen para (pini sepuh/''pendiri bangsa'') dina ngawujudkeun persatuan jeung kasatuan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6227624/kenapa-butir-pertama-piagam-jakarta-diganti-ketuhanan-yang-maha-esa-ini-jawabannya/amp|title=Kenapa Butir Pertama Piagam Jakarta Diganti Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa? Ini Jawabannya|work=[[detik.com]]|language=id|access-date=2022-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125032822/https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6227624/kenapa-butir-pertama-piagam-jakarta-diganti-ketuhanan-yang-maha-esa-ini-jawabannya/amp|archive-date=2022-11-25}}</ref> Piagam Jakarta sakali deui jadi bahan padungdengan salami prosés amandemén undang-undang dasar nalika ayana [[Reformasi Indonesia|Réformasi]] (1999–2002). Partéy-Partéy Islam ngusulkan sangkan "tujuh kecap" ditambahkeun kana Pasal 29 UUD 1945, tayalian pasal anu ngatur ngeunaan kadudukan agama dijero nagara sarta kabébasan ngajalankeun agama. Ngan waé, usulan amendemén ti partéy-partéy Islam teu meunang dukungan anu ''mayoritas'' di "[[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat]]" (MPR).<!-- Dugi ka ayeuna, rupa-rupa golongan Islam (seperti [[Front Pembela Islam]]) masih bjuang pikeun mulang deui ka Piagam Jakarta.--> == Piagam Jakarta salami ngarumuskeun UUD 1945 == === Sidang Resmi BPUPK munggaran sareng Panitia Sembilan === [[File :Sidang BPUPKI - 2.jpg|jmpl|Sidang Resmi BPUPK munggaran ngawitan 29 [[Méi]] dugi ka 1 [[Juni]] 1945]] Nalika taun 1942, ''[[Kekaisaran]]'' Jepang ngandih [[Hindia Belanda]]. Ti mimiti [[pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia|ngandih/pendudukan]], pamaréntah Militér [[Jepang]] geus gawé bareng jeung pamingpin-pamingpin nasional kalawan maksud pikeun minuhan kaperluan perang jeung kalengkepan '' penjajahan''.{{sfn|Hosen|2007|p=60}} Sangkan ieu gawé bareng jeung kelompok nasional di Jawa bisa hasil tur mucekil, Jepang ngadegkeun organisasi [[Hokokai|Jawa Hokokai]] dina mimiti Januari 1944,{{sfn|Benda|1958|p=153}} anu mana organisasi ieu mangrupa gaganti "[[Pusat Tenaga Rakyat]]" nu geus bubar saméméhna.{{sfn|Formichi|2012|p=75}} Nalika Jepang mimiti ngarandapan éléh [[perang Pasifik]], [[Perdana Menteri Jepang]] [[Kuniaki Koiso]] [[Janji Koiso|jangji baris mikeun]] kamerdékaan ka sakumna bangsa Indonésia dina hiji poé.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=14}} Kaping 1 [[Maret]] 1945, [[Angkatan Darat ke-16 (Jepang)|Angkatan Darat ka-16]], korps militér Jepang anu ngalaksanakeun pamaréntahan di sakuliah Jawa, ngadeg keun hiji '' Badan Penyelidikan Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan'' (BPUPK, basa Jepang : ''Dokuritsu Junbi Chōsa-kai'').{{sfn|Elson|2009|pp=108-109 & catatan kaki 24}}{{sfn|Kusuma|Elson|2011|pp=196-197, catatan kaki 3}} Badan ieu ditugaskeun pikeun nangtukeun dasar nagara Indonésia sareng ngarumuskeun konstitusi.{{sfn|Hosen|2007|p=61}} BPUPK diwangun ku 62 anggota, kalayan 47 diantarana ti golongan '' kebangsaan'' tur 15 anggota ti golongan Islam.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=37}} Wawakil golongan Islam mibanda kayakinan yén konstitusi Indonésia kuduna dumasar kana [[syariat]].{{sfn|Butt|Lindsey|2012|p=227}} BPUPK ngayakeun sidang resmi kahijina di [[Jakarta]] ti kaping 29 Méi nepi ka 1 Juni 1945.{{sfn|Kusuma|2004|p=80}} Dina sidang ieu, [[Soekarno]] nepikeun biantarana nu kawentar, "[[Lahirnya Pancasila]]", dina kaping 1 Juni 1945. Biantara ieu ngajadikeun Pancasila salaku dasar nagara Indonésia,{{sfn|Elson|2009|pp=111-112}} kalawan ''ketuhanan'' salaku sila kalimana.{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=22}} Patali jeung sila ieu, Soekarno ngajelaskeun: {{cquote2|Prinsip yang kelima hendaknya: Menyusun Indonesia Merdeka dengan bertakwa kepada Tuhan yang Maha Esa. Prinsip Ketuhanan! Bukan saja bangsa Indonesia bertuhan, tetapi masing-masing orang Indonesia hendaknya bertuhan Tuhannya sendiri. Yang [[Kristen]] menyembah Tuhan menurut petunjuk [[Yesus|Isa al Masih]], yang [[Islam]] bertuhan menurut petunjuk Nabi [[Muhammad]] [[Selawat|s.a.w.]], orang [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]] menjalankan ibadatnya menurut kitab-kitab yang ada padanya. Tetapi marilah kita semuanya ber-Tuhan. Hendaknya negara Indonesia ialah negara yang tiap-tiap orangnya dapat menyembah Tuhannya dengan cara yang leluasa.{{sfn|Taniredja|Suyahmo|2020|p=245}}}} Saméméh asup kana mangsa résés, BPUPK ngadegkeun Panitia Leutik anu diwangun ku dalapan anggota didieu Sukarno minangka pupuhuna. Ieu panitia téh boga tugas ngumpulkeun saran atawa pamanggih ti anggota BPUPK séjénna pikeun bahan babalagempagan engkéna (''diskusi'') .{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=112}} Pikeun ngurangan kaayaan anu ''tegang'' antara golongan nasional jeung Islam, Soekarno ngadegkeun ''[[Panitia Sembilan]]'' dina kaping 18 Juni 1945. Panitia anu dipupuhuan ku Soekarno ogé ditugaskeun pikeun nyusun mukadimah UUD RI anu bisa ditarima ku dua pihak.{{sfn|Fealy|Hooker|2006|p=47}} Sakumaha ngaranna, panitia ieu diwangun ku salapan anggota, opat anggota ti kelompok Islam jeung lima ti kelompok nasional. {{sfn|Madinier|2012|p=76}} Ka salapan anggota téh:{{sfn|Hosen|2007|p=62}} {| class="wikitable width30%" ! Ngaran (jangka waktu hirup) ! Golongan ! Organisasi ! Gambar |- | [[Agus Salim]] (1884–1954) | Islam | [[Sarekat Islam]] | [[File:Agus Salim headshot.jpg|60px]] |- | [[Abikoesno Tjokrosoejoso]] (1897–1968) | Islam | [[Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia]] | [[file:RM Abikusno Tjokrosujoso, Pekan Buku Indonesia 1954, p247.jpg|50px]] |- | [[Wahid Hasjim]] (1914–1953) | Islam | [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] | [[File :Wahid Hasyim.jpg|60px]] |- | [[Abdoel Kahar Moezakir]] (1907–1973) | Islam | [[Muhammadiyah]] | [[File :Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir.jpg|60px]] |- | [[Soekarno]] (1901–1970) | Kebangsaan | [[Partai Nasional Indonesia]], [[Pusat Tenaga Rakyat]] | [[File :Presiden Sukarno.jpg|60px]] |- | [[Mohammad Hatta]] (1902–1980) | Kebangsaan | Partai Nasional Indonesia, Pusat Tenaga Rakyat | [[file:Hatta-1.jpg|60px]] |- | [[Achmad Soebardjo]] (1896–1978) | Kebangsaan | | [[file:Achmad soebardjo.jpg|60px]] |- | [[Mohammad Yamin]] (1903–1962) | Kebangsaan | Pusat Tenaga Rakyat | [[file:Mohammad Yamin (1954).jpg|60px]] |- | [[Alexander Andries Maramis]] (1897–1977) | Kebangsaan, wakil Kristen | [[Perhimpunan Indonesia]] | [[File:Alexander andries maramis.jpg|60px]] |} Dina kaping 22 Juni 1945, ''Panitia Sembilan'' ngarumuskeun naskah Usulan '' Pembukaan UUD RI'', nu saterusna dibéré ngaran landihan "Piagam Jakarta" ku Mohammad Yamin.{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=25}} === Naskah Piagam Jakarta === <div style="float:left; width:45%;"> {{Quote|'''[[Éjaan Van Ophuijsen]]'''{{sfn|Schindehütte|2006|pp=229-230}}<br /> ''Bahwa sesoenggoehnja kemerdekaan itoe jalah hak segala bangsa, dan oleh sebab itoe maka pendjadjahan diatas doenia haroes dihapoeskan, karena tidak sesoeai dengan peri-kemanoesiaan dan peri-keadilan''.}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:45%;"> {{Quote|'''[[Éjaan anu Disampurnakeun]]'''{{sfn|Schindehütte|2006|pp=229-230}}<br /> ''Bahwa sesungguhnya kemerdekaan itu ialah hak segala bangsa, dan oleh sebab itu maka penjajahan di atas dunia harus dihapuskan, karena tidak sesuai dengan perikemanusiaan dan perikeadilan''.}} </div> {{Clear}} <div style="float:left; width:45%;"> {{Quote|''Dan perdjoeangan pergerakan kemerdekaan Indonesia telah sampailah kepada saat jang berbahagia dengan selamat-sentaoesa mengantarkan rakjat Indonesia kedepan pintoe gerbang Negara Indonesia jang merdeka, bersatoe, berdaoelat, adil dan makmoer''.}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:45%;"> {{Quote|''Dan perjuangan pergerakan kemerdekaan Indonesia telah sampailah kepada saat yang berbahagia dengan selamat sentosa mengantarkan rakyat Indonesia ke depan pintu gerbang negara Indonesia yang merdeka, bersatu, berdaulat, adil, dan makmur''.}} </div> {{Clear}} <div style="float:left; width:45%;"> {{Quote|''Atas berkat Rahmat Allah Jang Maha Koeasa, dan dengan didorongkan oleh keinginan luhur, soepaja berkehidupan kebangsaan jang bebas, maka rakjat Indonesia dengan ini menjatakan kemerdekaanja''.}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:45%;"> {{Quote|''Atas berkat Rahmat Allah yang Maha Kuasa, dan dengan didorongkan oleh keinginan luhur, supaya berkehidupan kebangsaan yang bebas, maka rakyat Indonesia menyatakan dengan ini kemerdekaannya''.}} </div> {{Clear}} <div style="float:left; width:45%;"> {{Quote|''Kemoedian dari pada itu untuk membentoek soeatu Pemerintah Negara Indonesia jang melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seloeroeh toempah-dara Indonesia, dan oentoek memadjoekan kesedjahteraan oemoem, mentjerdaskan kehidoepan bangsa, dan ikoet melaksanakan ketertiban doenia jang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi dan keadilan sosial, maka disoesoenlah kemerdekaan kebangsaan Indonesia itoe dalam soeatu hoekoem dasar Negara Indonesia jang terbentuk dalam soeatu soesoenan negara Republik Indonesia, jang berkedaoelatan rakjat, dengan berdasar kepada: ketoehanan, dengan kewadjiban mendjalankan sjari'at Islam bagi pemeloek-pemeloeknja, menoeroet dasar kemanoesiaan jang adil dan beradab, persatoean Indonesia, dan kerakjatan jang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebidjaksanaan dalam permoesjawaratan/perwakilan serta dengan mewoedjoedkan soeatu keadilan sosial bagi seloeroeh rakjat Indonesia''.}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:45%;"> {{Quote|''Kemudian dari pada itu untuk membentuk suatu Pemerintah Negara Indonesia Merdeka yang melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia, dan untuk memajukan kesejahteraan umum, mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, dan ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi, dan keadilan sosial, maka disusunlah kemerdekaan kebangsaan Indonesia itu dalam suatu Hukum Dasar Negara Indonesia, yang terbentuk dalam suatu susunan Negara Republik Indonesia, yang berkedaulatan rakyat, dengan berdasar kepada: ketuhanan, dengan kewajiban menjalankan syari’at Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya, menurut dasar kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab, persatuan Indonesia, dan kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan perwakilan, serta dengan mewujudkan suatu keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia''.}} </div> {{Clear}} Kaping naskah ieu téh 22 Juni 2605 dina [[kalénder Jepang]] (22 Juni 1945 dina [[kalender Gregorius]]) sarta ditandatanganan ku anggota "Panitia Sembilan" .{{sfn|Schindehütte|2006|pp=230}} === Piagam Jakarta salaku kompromi === Dina ''paragraf'' kaopat jeung ahir Piagam Jakarta, mibanda lima sila anu ayeuna dianggap salaku bagian tina Pancasila:{{sfn|Jegalus|2009|p=25}} # ''Ketuhanan, dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya # ''Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab'' # ''Persatuan Indonesia'' # ''Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat, kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan/perwakilan'' # ''Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia'''' Dina Piagam Jakarta, asas ''ketuhanan'' jadi sila kahiji, sawatara éta dina ''[[rumusan-rumusan Pancasila|rumusan Pancasila]]'' anu di biantarakeun ku Soekarno dina 1 Juni 1945, "ketuhanan" nyaéta sila kalima.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=113}} Béda pangbadagna tina Piagam Jakarta jeung rumusan Pancasila Soekarno nya éta ayana ''frasa'' :''dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya''. ''Frasa'' anu katelah ku sebutan "tujuh kecap" éta pangakuan syariah keur Muslim.{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=27}} ''Anggota Panitia Sembilan'' Abdoel Kahar Moezakir engkéna baris ngaku-ngaku dina hiji ''wawancara'' anu agamana Kristen, [[Alexander Andries Maramis]], satuju "200%" jeung ieu rumusan.{{sfn|Elson|2009|pp=112-113}} Rumus tujuh kecap sorangan dianggap midua/''ambigu'' sarta henteu dipikanyaho naha rumusan maksakeun kawajiban ngalaksanakeun hukum Islam ka ''individu'' atawa pamaréntah..{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=27}} sanajan kitu, Piagam Jakarta mangrupa hasil kompromi jeung sila ka hijina bisa ditafsirkeun béda-béda nurutkeun kapentingan golongan kabangsaan atawa Islam.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=64}} === Sidang Resmi Kadua BPUPK === [[File :Sidang BPUPKI - 1.jpg|jmpl|Sidang Resmi BPUPK kadua dilaksanakeun ti 10 dugi ka 17 Juli 1945]] Numutkeun saran ti ''Panitia Sembilan'', BPUPK ngayakeun sidang resmi kadua ngawitan 10 dugi ka 17 Juli 1945 dipingping ku Soekarno. Tujuana pikeun madungdengkeun masalah anu aya patula patali sareng konstitusi, kaasup rarancang mukadimah anu aya dina Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Schindehütte|2006|p=125}} Dina poé ka hiji, Soekarno midangkeun sababaraha hal anu geus dihontal salila [[période résés]], kaasup dijerona ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta. Anjeunna ogé ngawartosan yén Panitia Leutik parantos nampi Piagam Jakarta sagemblengna. Numutkeun Soekarno, ieu piagam mibanda "sakabéh gagasan tur pangharepan utama anu ngeusian dada sabagian gedé anggota Dokuritu Zyunbi Tyoosakai [BPUPK]".{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=114}} Poé kadua sidang (kaping 11 Juli), tilu anggota BPUPK maranéhanana nepikeun panampik kana tujuh kecap dina Piagam Jakarta. Salah saurang na tayalian [[Johannes Latuharhary]], saurang anggota anu agemanna [[Kristen Protéstan|Protéstan]] asalna ti [[Pulau Ambon]]. Anjeunna ngarasa éta "‘tujuh kecap" dina Piagam Jakarta baris nimbulkeun ''dampak'' luar biasa pikeun ageman séjén. Anjeuna ogé ngébréhkeun kahariwang lamun seug éta "tujuh kecap" téh henteu dileungitkeun bakal ngrojong [[Minangkabau|étnis Minangkabau]] ninggalkeun [[Adat Minangkabau|adat istiadat]]na sarta ogé balukar kana hak lahan dumasar kana hukum adat di Maluku.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=115}} Dua anggota séjén teu satuju "tujuh kecap’ " tayalian [[Wongsonegoro]] jeung [[Hoesein Djajadiningrat]]. Numutkeun Djajadiningrat, "tujuh kecap" ieu ogé sigana bisa ngabalukarkeun fanatisme sabab maksa umat Islam ngalaksanakeun hukum syariah. Salah saurang anggota ''Panitia Sembilan'', Wahid Hasjim, teu sapagodos kana kamungkinan éta paksaan alatan sadayana ogé bisa diréngsekeun kujalan musyawarah. Anjeunna ogé mairan yén sanajan aya anggota anu boga pikiran "tujuh kecap" ieu nyeukeut, tapi pan aya ogé anu teu boga pamikiran kawas kitu ("teu nyeukeut").{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=29}} Dua poé saenggeusna, dina 13 Juli, Hasjim ngabaladah parobahan Pasal 4 Rarancang ''Undang-Undang Dasar'' sangkan Presidén Indonésia kudu mibanda ageman Islam. Inyana ogé ngusulkeun sangkan pasal 29 Rarancang ''Undang-Undang Dasar'' (anu aya patula patalina sareng agama) diamendemén pikeun gajadikeun Islam salaku [[ageman nagara]] ditambah ku ''klausul'' anu ngajamin kabébasan muhit ageman pikeun kaum salian-Muslim. Numutkeun pamanggihna, ieu diperlukeun alatan ngan agama anu bisa dijadikeun dasar ngabenerkeun pikeun ngagunakeun kakuatan keur ngala nyawa dina kontéks pertahanan Nasional.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=28-29}}{{sfn|Elson|2009|pp=115-116}} Anggota BPUPK lianna, [[Otto Iskandardinata]], teu sapamadegan sangkan Presidén Indonesia kudu Muslim, sarta ngusulkeun sangkan ''tujuh kecap'' di Piagam Jakarta disebutkeun deui dina Pasal 29 rarancang Undang-Undang Dasar.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=29}} Piagam Jakarta dibahas deui dina rapat anu dilaksanakeun dina 14 Juli, salah sahijina lantaran aya maksud pikeun ngagunakeun eusi piagam dina proklamasi kamerdékaan Indonésia.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=56}} Dina rapat ieu, [[Daftar Ketua Umum Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah|Ketua Umum Muhammadiyah]] [[Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo]] ngajukeun ''frasa'' éta ''bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya'' dipupus. Soekarno nolak usulan éta numutkeun pamanggihna éta “tujuh kecap” téh mangrupikeun hasil kompromi:{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=116}} {{cquote2|Jadi panitia nyekel pageuh kana hasil kompromis anu dingaranan ku anggota dewan anu terhormat Muh. Yamin salaku "''Jakarta Charter''", anu dibarengan ku kecap tuan anggota anu dipihormat [[Soekiman Wirjosandjojo|Soekiman]], "''Gentlemen Agreement''", supaya ini dicepeng pageuh boh ku pihak Islam sumwona pihak Kabangsan.{{sfn|Kusuma|2004|p=329}}}} Hadikoesoemo ogé boga pamanggih yén umat Islam baris ngarasa kahina ku ayana aturan anu béda antara muslim jeung lain muslim. Soekarno ngajawab lamun éta ''frasa'' dipupus, baris nimbulkeun tafsir yén kaum non-Muslim ogé wajib ngajalankeun syaréat Islam. Hadikoesoemo nampik kana kahariwan Soekarno numutkeun pamanggihna "Pamarentah henteu meunang mariksa agama".{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=116}} Pamustunganna, Hadikoesoemo éléh déét tur hasil diperuhkeun ku anggota lian ti golongan Islam, [[Abikusno Tjokrosujoso]], ngeunaan "tujuh kecap" hadéna diantepkeun kawas kitu waé pikeun ''persatuan'' jeung ''perdamaian''.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=116}} Dina kaping 15 Juli soré, Hadikoesoemo ngajengkeun deui deui usulanna. Alatan kungarasa hariwang mun teu meunang jawaban anu teu pika gumbiraeun, anjeunna nepikeun panampikna pikeun kompromi dina Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Salim|2008|pp=65-66}}{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=117}} Salajengna, dina kaping 16 Juli, Soekarno muka deui rapat kalawan nyodorkeun panuhun ka golongan kabangsaan sangkan hadé haté daék berkorban pikeun asup na "tujuh kecap" Piagam Jakarta kajero "batang tubuh undang-undang dasar" tur ogé nambihkeun ''klausul'' yén Presidén Republik Indonésia kudu Muslim.{{sfn|Madinier|2012|p=77}} Kelompok kabangsaan nyaluyuan kana éta panuhun, antukna BPUPK nyatujuan hiji rarancang "undang-undang dasar" anu eusina kecap di Mukadimah sarta Pasal 29, tur hiji ''klausul'' anu mertélakeun ngeunaan Presidén Indonésia kudu mibanda ageman Islam.{{sfn|Elson|2013|p=379}} === Ngaleungitkeun "tujuh kecap" === [[File :Proklamasi.png|jmpl|[[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia]] kaping 17 Agustus 1945]] [[File :PPKI.jpg|jmpl|Sidang [[Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia]] kaping 18 Agustus 1945]] Dina kaping 7 Agustus 1945, pamaréntah Jepang ngembara keun ngadegna ''[[Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia]]'' (PPKI). Salajengna, dina 12 Agustus, Soekarno diangkat salaku pupuhu ku Panglima ''[[Kelompok Ekspedisi Selatan Angkatan Darat|Kelompok Ekspedisi Selatan]]'' [[Marsekal Lapangan|Marsekal Medan]] [[Hisaichi Terauchi]].{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=119}} Ngan opat ti salapan anu nandatangan ''Piagam Jakarta'' anu ngajadi anggota PPKI, tayalian Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, Achmad Soebardjo, sareng Wahid Hasjim.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=46}} Samemehna anggota PPKI ngarencana ngumpul dina 19 Agustus pikeun maheutkeun undang-undang dasar Indonesia.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=119}} Ngan baé, dina kaping 6 jeung 9 Agustus 1945, kota [[Kota Hiroshima|Hiroshima]] jeung [[Nagasaki]] [[pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki|dibom atom]] ku ''[[Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]]''. Salajengna, dina 15 Agustus, Kaisar [[Hirohito]] [[Gyokuon-hōsō|ngabewarakeun]] yen [[menyerahnya Jepang|Jepang geus nyerah]] ka Sekutu.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=68}} Soekarno jeung Hatta [[Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia|nganyatakeun kamerdékaan Indonesia]] dina ping 17 Agustus 1945. lajeng, dina isuk-isukna kaping 18 Agustus, PPKI ngariung deui pikeun nga-sahkeun undang-undang dasar Indonesia. Dina ieu gempungan, Hatta ngusulkeun sangkan ''tujuh kecap'' dina Mukadimah jeung Pasal 29 dihapus. Saperti anu dijéntrékeun engkéna ku Hatta dina bukuna ''Sekitar Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945'', dina peutingna kaping 17 Agustus, saurang ''opsir'' [[kaigun]] (Angkatan Laut) Jepang nepungan tur ngémbarkeun ngeunaan yén golongan nasionalis ti ageman Kristen ti Indonesia Timur nampik kana ''tujuh kecap'' alatan dianggap ''diskriminatif'' utamana ka ageman ''minoritas'', malahan maranéhna nembrakeun maksud hayang ngadegkeun nagara sorangan di luar Républik Indonésia umpamana ieu ''tujuh kecap'' henteu di pupus.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=120}} Hatta lajeng ngajéntrékeun usulan parobahanna: istilah "ketuhanan" baris diganti ku "ketuhanan yang maha esa",{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=36}} kalayan istilah "Mukadimah" anu asalna tina [[bahasa Arab]] diganti jadi "Pembukaan".{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=120}} Ayat anu nerangkeun ngeunaan Présidén Indonésia kudu Muslim ogé dipupus.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=121}} Saatosna usulan ieu ditarima, PPKI nyatujuan Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia dina poé éta kénéh, tur tujuh kecap téa pamustunganana di pupus atawa dileungitkeun.{{sfn|Jegalus|2009|p=45}} Wawakil ti [[Bali]] [[I Gusti Ketut Pudja]] ogé ngusulkeun sangkan kecap "[[Allah]]" diganti ku "Tuhan". Usulan éta ogé ditarima, tatapi nalika konstitusi resmi dipublikasi, parobahan éta tacan ditempokeun.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=121}} Henteu pati dipikawanoh sacara pasti naha PPKI nyaluyuan usulan Hatta kalawan henteu aya perlawanan ti golongan Islam.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|pp=42}} Di tempat sejen, ''komposisi'' anggota PPKI kacida béda jeung BPUPK: ngan 12% anggota PPKI anu asalna ti golongan Islam (samentara éta di BPUPK aya 24%).{{sfn|Anshari|1976|pp=65}} Ti salapan anu nandatangan Piagam Jakarta, ngan tilu anu hadir dina kumpulan kaping 18 Agustus. Ka tilu anu hadir ieu lain ti golongan Islam; Hasjim anu datang ti [[Surabaya]] karék nepi ka Jakarta dina 19 Agustus.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=122}} Sagédéngeun kitu, Indonésia mangsa éta nyingareupan ancapan ku datangna pasukan Sekutu, alatan kitu anu jadi prioritas nya pertahanan nasional jeung upaya pikeun marjoang keun aspirasi golongan Islam bisa ditunda saheulaanan nepika situasi aman. .{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=64}} Kaputusan ngahapus tujuh kecap téa mawa ka handeueul pikeun golongan Islam.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=127}} Hadikoesoemo ngébréhkeun kaambekna dina rapat [[Majelis Tanwir]] Muhammadiyah di [[Yogyakarta]] sababaraha poé sabada sidang PPKI réngsé.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=127}} Golongan Islam ogé ngarasa beuki henteu panuju sabada PPKI dina kaping 19 Agustus nolak usulan pikeun ngadegkeun [[Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia|Kamenterian Agama]].{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=106}} Sanajan kitu, dibarung ku mimiti datang pasukan Sekutu, golongan Islam mutuskeun pikeun ngajadikeun persatuan nasional demi mempertahankan kamerdekaan Indonesia jadi prioritasna saheula anan.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=126}} == Sawala ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta dina masa panangguhan UUD 1945 == === Pameredih ti partai Islam sangkan ngaku kana Piagam Jakarta === Sabada Walanda ngaku kana kamerdékaan Indonésia, dina 27 Désémber 1949, UUD 1945 digantikeun ku [[Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Serikat]]. Tapi teu kungsi lila, dina 17 Agustus 1950, [[Republik Indonesia Serikat]] dibubarkeun tur [[Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara Republik Indonesia]] diberlakukeun.{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=90}} Abikoesno Tjokrosoejoso, anu kungsi jadi bagian tina Panitia Sembilan, nyieun hiji pamflet dina taun 1953 judulna ''Ummat Islam Indonesia Menghadapi Pemilihan Umum''. Di kaca kahiji, aya tulisan Piagam Jakarta mangrupa cita-cita anu baris dipajuangkeun.{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=82}} [[File:ConstitutionalAssemblyBldg.jpg|jmpl|[[Gedung Merdeka]] di [[Bandung]] pernah dijadikan Gedung [[Konstituante]] dari tahun 1956 hingga 1959]] Nalika Désémber 1955, Indonésia ngayakeun [[Pemilihan umum Konstituante Republik Indonesia 1955|pemilihan umum]] pikeun milih anggota [[Konstituante]], tayalian lembaga anu tugasna pikeun ngarumuskeun konstitusi anyar. Piagam Jakarta jadi hiji topik anu penting pikeun anggota-anggota ieu lembaga. Konstituante anu aya diwangun ku 514 anggota, kalawan 230 diantarana atawa (44,8%) asalna ti blok Islam, sésana tayalian ti blok kebangsaan.{{sfn|Madinier|2012|p=319}} Blok Islam, diwangun ku dalapan partéy ( Nahdlatul Ulama, [[Partéy Masyumi|Masyumi]], Partéy Syarikat Islam Indonesia, [[Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah]], katut opat partéy leutik lianna), Mibanda pamadegan yén mupus tujuh kecap dina Piagam Jakarta mang rupa keun hiji kasalahan anu ngan ukur diantepkeun ku golongan Islam di PPKI kulantaran kaayaan genting mangsa éta ogé alatan Soekarno geus jangji yén majelis anu dipilih rakyat baris ngaréngsékeun ieu masalah engkéna. Abdoel Kahar Moezakir, anu mangsa éta geus ngagabung jeung Partéy Masyumi, boga anggapan di pupusna tujuh kecap mangrupakeun hiji "pangkhianatan" anu geus ngancurkeun Pancasila sorangan alatan asas-asas anu dianggap mawa pangaruh akhlak mulia anu geus medalkeun Pancasila kalahka dipupus.{{sfn|Elson|2013|p=393}} Partéy Masyumi (anu mibanda 112 anggota oge mangrupakeun partéy Islam panggedéna di Konstituante) sarua nungtut kana pangakuan resmi pikeun Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Madinier|2012|p=79}} === Janji pangakuan dina mimiti taun 1959 === Saheulaanan anggota Konstituén teu sapuk kana undang-undang dasar anu anyar, Jenderal [[Abdul Haris Nasution]] nembrakkeun pamanggih dina 13 Februari 1959 yén [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia]] (TNI) "naratas usaha" pikeun balik deui ka UUD 1945.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=79}} Numutkeun pamanggih anggota Konstituante ti Partéy Masyumi Djamaluddin Datuk Singomangkuto ogé teolog Belanda B.J. Boland, Soekarno ngadeudeul balikna ka UUD 1945 sangkan manéhna bisa ngalaksanakeun gagasan [[demokrasi terpimpin]]na.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|pp=79-80}} Nincak 19 Pébruari, [[Kabinét Djuanda]] nyaluyuan sapinuhna "Putusan Dewan Menteri ngeunaan prakna ngalaksanakeun Demokrasi Terpimpin dina raraga mulang deui ka UUD 1945". Ieu putusan nyebutkeun yén UUD 1945 bisa ngajamin dina prakna ngalaksanakeun demokrasi terpimpin. Salian kitu, putusan ieu ogé nyebutkeun yén pikeun nyumponan aspirasi golongan Islam, Piagam Jakarta diaku kabeneranna. Dibagian katerangan ogé disebutkeun ngeunaan balik deui kana UUD 1945 nyaéta pikeun mulangkeun sakabéh poténsi nasional, kaasup dijerona golongan Islam. Nya kusabab ieu, pangakuan Piagam Jakarta geus ditafsirkeun salaku usaha pikeun némbongkeun itikad hadé sakumna pamingpin [[Darul Islam]] di [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Sulawesi Kidul]], jeung [[Acéh]], kitu deui politikus-politikus Islam séjén anu simpatik kana ideologi anu dipajuangkeun ku Darul Islam. Sawatara éta, pikeun malikeun UUD 1945, Soekarno geus sapagodos jeung kabinét ngeunaan anjeunna baris biantara diharepkeun Konstituante di Bandung kalawan ngajak maranéhna pikeun nyatujuan UUD 1945.{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=92}} [[File:Djuanda Kartawidjaja.jpg|jmpl|[[Perdana Menteri Indonesia]] [[Djuanda Kartawidjaja]] (1957–1959). Dina Maret 1959, anjeuna ngajelaskeun yén "pangakuan ayana Piagam Jakarta mangrupa dokumén ''historis'' pikeun Pemerintah anu hartina pangakuan ogé pikeun pangaruhna kana UUD 1945. Jadi pangaruh anu dimaksud lain ngeunaan Bubuka UUD 1945 waé, tapi ogé ngeunaan pasal 29 UUD 1945, pasal anu saterusna kudu jadi tatapakan hirup hukum dina widang agama."{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=93}}]] Dina 3 jeung 4 Maret 1959, [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia|Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] (DPR) dibéré kasempetan pikeun nanyakeun ka kabinét patali kaputusan Déwan Mentri, jeung pamaréntah bakal ngajawab patarosan ieu dina tulisan. Sajumlah wawakil partéy Islam ménta katerangan ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta. [[Anwar Harjono]] ti Partéy Masyumi ditanya naha Piagam Jakarta bakal boga kakuatan hukum kitu ogé konstitusi atawa ngan diaku salaku dokumén sajarah wungkul. Perdana Menteri [[Djuanda Kartawidjaja]] ngajawab yén sanajan Piagam Jakarta teu bagian tina UUD 1945, éta piagam tetep jadi dokumén sajarah anu kacida pentingna dina perjuangan bangsa Indonésia sarta rumusan Mukadimah UUD 1945. [[Achmad Sjaichu]] ti Nahdhlatul Ulama ogé nanya "Naha pangakuan Piagam Jakarta hartina pangakuan salaku dokumén sajarah wungkul atanapi aya konsékuénsi hukum, nyaéta kecap ''Ketuhanan'' dina Mukadimah UUD 1945 ngandung harti 'Iman ka Alloh kalayan kawajiban ngalaksanakeun syariatna', sangkan dina dasarna bisa dijieun undang-undang anu tiasa diadaptasikeun kana hukum Islam pikeun anu ngagemna?" Djuanda ngajawab yén "pangakuan ayana Piagam Jakarta salaku dokumén sajarah pikeun Pamaréntah ogé hartina pangakuan pangaruhna dina UUD 1945. Jadi pangaruh anu dimaksud lain ngeunaan Bubuka UUD 1945 waé, tapi ogé ngeunaan pasal 29 UUD 1945, anumana pasal nu saterusna kudu jadi tatapakan pikeun kahirupan hukum dina widang agama."{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=93}} Lajeng, kaping 22 April 1959, Soekarno ngadugikeun biantara di payuneun Konstituante di Bandung. Dina biantarana ieu, anjeunna umajak sangkan UUD 1945 dilaksanakan deui. Ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta, anjeunna ogé mertélakeun yén éta piagam dijiwaan ku "amanat penderitaan rakyat". Pamendakna, "Piagam Jakarta ngawengku sakabéh amanat kasangsaraan rakyat anu disebatkeun ku si kuring tadi: hiji masyarakat anu adil jeung makmur, hiji nagara kesatuan anu ngawangun républik, [[Sistem satu kamar|hiji badan pamusawarahan perwakilan rakyat]]." anjeuna ogé nepikeun yén Piagam Jakarta tayakian hiji "dokumen historis" nya ku sababiahna "ngabaladahan sarta mangaruhan" UUD 1945. Nya ku dasar ieu, Soekarno nepikeun baris nepikeun naskah Piagam Jakarta sacara resmi di hareupeun Konstituante.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=83}} Salajengna anjeunna ngabéwarakeun yén saupama Konstituante nyaluyuan kana ieu katangtuan-katangtuan, ieu katangtuan baris dingaranan "[[Piagam Bandung]]", Salajengna ieu piagam baris sacara resmi ngaku Piagam Jakarta salaku hiji dokumen historis.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=84}} === Debat ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta di Majelis Konstituante === Dina sidang Majelis Konstituén salajengna, Pamimpin Islam sakali deui ngaguar masalah Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=94}} Salah sahijina nyaéta [[Saifuddin Zuhri]] ti Nahdlatul Ulama nu engkéna bakal jadi [[Daftar Menteri Agama Indonesia|Menteri Agama]]. Anjeunna meredih ka pamaréntah pikeun nyatakeun yén Piagam Jakarta ngagaduhan makna hukum sareng tiasa dianggo salaku sumber hukum pikeun nyebarkeun hukum Islam pikeun umat Islam.{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=95}} Di sisi anu sanésna, wawakil ti [[partéy Kristen Indonesia]], [[Johannes Chrisos Tomus Simorangkir]], nétélakeun yén Piagam Jakarta ngan ukur mangrupa dokumén sajarah anu miheulaan Mukadimah UUD 1945, kukituna Piagam Jakarta henteu tiasa dijadikeun sumber hukum.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|pp=84-85}} Abdoel Kahar Moezakir ngarasa handeueul yén Piagam Jakarta diangkat deui henteu jadi konstitusi, tatapi ngansaukur pangbeberah pikeun golongan Islam.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|pp=86}} Wawakil ti Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah jeung partéy Syarikat Islam Indonesia ngébréhkeun yén baris ngadeudeul balikna deui ka UUD 1945 lamun téa mah Piagam Jakarta dijadikeun Pembukaan UUD 1945. Wawakil ti Partéy Syarikat Islam Indonesia ogé meredih sangkan tujuh kecap anu aya dina Piagam Jakarta ogé ditambahkeun kana pasal 29 UUD 1945.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|pp=86-87}} [[File:Hadji Zainul Arifin.jpg|jmpl|Wawakil ti Nahdlatul Ulama [[Zainul Arifin]] ngumoamakeun Piagam Jakarta salaku [[cempor]] anu jadi sember cahaya UUD 1945 sarta nyaangan jalanna bangsa Indonesia. [[Ayat an-nur|Perumpamaan cahaya]] ini berasal dari [[Surah An-Nur]] 24:35-36]] Padungdengan ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta nepi ka puncakna nalika [[Zainul Arifin]] ti Nahdlatul Ulama nepikeun biantarana dina 12 [[Méi]] 1959. Numutkeun anjeuna, anu saleresna janten tatapakan Républik Indonésia sanés ‘ ’Pembukaan UUD 1945’ ‘, tapi Piagam Jakarta, marrgi nya ieu piagam anu tos ngabaladah muka jalan kana ''Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia''. Anjeuna ogé ngagunakeun [[Surah An-Nur]] 24:35-36: [[ayat an-nur|ngeunaan cahaya]] dina Piagam Jakarta diibaratkeun salaku [[cempor]] anu jadi sumber cahaya pikeun UUD 1945 katut nyaangan jalan anu baris ditaratas ku bangsa Indonésia. Kualatan kitu, anjeuna mibanda kayakinan yén Piagam Jakarta geus sapantesna diaku jadi [[norma dasar]] nagara jeung parundang-undangana.{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=96}} Ieu pamanggih meunang panampik ti anggota Konstituante [[Partéy Komunis Indonesia]], M.A. Khanafiah, anu mibanda pamadengan cenah Piagam Jakarta ngan saukur rarancang ''Pembukaan UUD 1945'' anu tacan kungsi meunang pa-ngasah ti lembaga resmi mangsa harita, tayalian PPKI. {{sfn|Elson|2013|pp=397-398}} Dina 21 Méi, Perdana Menteri Djuanda ngajawab rupa-rupa patarosan anggota Konstituante anu patali sareng biantarana Soekarno dina 22 April. Anjeuna ngajéntrékeun sanajan pangakuan Piagam Jakarta salaku dokumen historis lain ngandung harti ieu piangam mibanda kakuatan hukum, piagam ieu diaku geus ngajiwaan UUD 1945, utamana ''Pembukaan'' jeung Pasal 29.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=88}} Salajengna anjeuna ngébréhkeun rarancang Piagam Bandung anu ngébréhkeun éta pangakuan. Aya parbédaan antawis ''versi'' 21 Méi sareng ''versi'' anu didugikeun dina sasih Pebruari sareng April. ''Versi'' sasih Pébruari mung ngangken kana ayana Piagam Jakarta, samentawis ''versi'' April nambihkeun hiji katerangan yén Piagam Jakarta téh salahsahiji dokumen historis. ''Versi'' Méi malihan nambihkeun yén Piagam Jakarta mibanda harti penting dina gumelarna UUD 1945.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=89}} ''Versi'' Méi masih teuacan jadi pangbeberah kahoyong golongan Islam. Dina 26 Méi, aranjeuna meredih nambihkeun tujuh kecap kajero Pembukaan jeung Pasal 29 UUD 1945.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|pp=89-90}} Ngan, dina 29 Méi, usulan ieu henteu hasil meunang pangrojong ti dua pertilu anggota Konstituante: ngan 201 ti 466 anggota (atanapi mung 43,1%) anu ngarojong éta usulan. Antukna, golongan Islam nolak ngarojong mulang deui kana UUD 1945.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|pp=90-91}}{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=98}} == Sabada mulangdeui ka UUD 1945 == === Dekret Presiden 5 Juli 1959 sareng Memorandum 1966 === [[File:1959 Sukarno's Presidential Decree.jpg|jmpl|Soekarno Nalika nuju macakeun Dekret 5 Juli 1959]] Alatan gagalna Konstituante dina ngarumuskeun konstitusi anyar, Soekarno dina kaping 5 Juli 1959 ngaluarkeun [[Dekret Presiden 5 Juli 1959|hiji dekret]] anu ngabubarkeun Konstituante sareng mulangkeun deui UUD 1945.{{sfn|Jegalus|2009|p=31}} Di jéro dekret ieu ogé mibanda hiji katerangan "Bahwa kami berkeyakinan bahwa Piagam Jakarta tertanggal 22 Juni 1945 ''menjiwai Undang-Undang Dasar 1945'' sareng ieu mangrupi hiji kaitan jeung Konstitusi tersebut."{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=86}} Ieu katerangan bijil ku pangrojong ti [[inohong]] Nahdlatul Ulama [[Muhammad Wahib Wahab]], anu salajengna diangkat salaku Menteri Agama.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=130}} Dina 22 Juni 1959, DPR sacara aklamasi nyebutkeun Indonesia baildeui ka UUD 1945.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=95}} Dina 22 Juni 1963, poé gumelarna Piagam Jakarta pikeun anu munggaran dipieling. Jénderal Abdul Haris Nasution, mangsa éta ngajabat salaku ''[[Daftar Menteri Pertahanan Indonesia|Menteri Pertahanan]]'', ngabéwarakeun yén Piagam Jakarta "loba meunang ilham tina hikmah 52 ribu surat-surat ti alim ulama katut pamingpin-pamingpin Islam" anu dialamatkeun ka ''Jawa Hokokai''.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=26}} Lajeng, dina 5 Juli 1963 (opat taun sabada dikaluarkeunna Dekret 5 Juli 1959), Soekarno macakeun naskah Piagam Jakarta kalawan saatosna Pembukaan UUD 1945 pikeun mintonkeun aya pakaitna éta dua dokumen.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=113}} Lajeng, dina 5 Juli 1966, [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gotong Royong]] (DPRGR, salah sahiji lembaga jieunan Soekarno dina mangsa ''demokrasi terpimpin'') ngaluarkeun hiji mémorandum ngeunaan sumber ''tertib hukum Republik Indonesia''. [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara]] (MPRS) teras ''menerima baik'' eusi éta memorandum dilebetkeun kana Katetepan Nomor XX/MPRS/1966. Di jero éta memorandum mibanda katerangan ngeunaan peranan historis Piagam Jakarta dina mangsa ngabaladah nyieun UUD 1945: ''"Penyusunan Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 sesungguhnya dilandasi oleh jiwa Piagam Jakarta 22 Juni 1945,'' sedangkeun Piagam Jakarta éta ditatapakan ogé ku jiwa pidato Bung Karno dina 1 Juni 1945, anu kawentar salaku ''Pidato Lahirnya Pancasila''." dina waktu anu sarua, memorandum ieu ogé mertélakeun yén ''Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945'' sareng Pancasila teu kenging dirobah ku sahawaé ogé, kalebet ku MPR, alatan ''"merubah isi Pembukaan berarti pembubaran Negara".'' Numutkeun cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia Mujiburrahman, lamun dibandingkeun sareng Pancasila, kadudukan Piagam Jakarta dina memorandum ini teu jelas sareng lemah, mung piagam ini masih disebatkeun ku éta memorandum.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=108}} === Pameredih dina ngalarapkeun Piagam Jakarta ku kelompok Islam === [[File:Mohammad_Roem,_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954,_p245.jpg|jmpl|kiri|150px|Menurut [[Mohamad Roem]], kawajiban dina tujuh kecap Piagam Jakarta lain hiji kawajiban hukum, tapi kawajiban agama anu palaksanaana umantung kana masing-masing ''individu'']] Numutkeun golongan kabangsaan sareng partéy-partéy lain-Islam Pangakuan Piagam Jakarta ku Dekret 5 Juli 1959 dititenan yen Piagam Jakarta ngan disebut di palebah pertimbangkeun, matakna teu mibanda kakuatan hukum.{{sfn|Boland|1971|p=101}} Pulitikus ti Nahdlatul Ulama [[Saifuddin Zuhri]], anu kapeto jadi Menteri Agama dina taun 1962, ngabéwarakeun dina taun 1963 nalika miéling tepung taun Piagam Jakarta nyebatkeun piagam ieu geus jadi [[cukang]] lantaran ayana Révolusi Nasional Indonésia, mibanda status konstitusional, sareng pangaruhna kana sagalla rupi parundang-undangan sareng kahirupan ideologis bangsa.{{sfn|Anshari|1976|p=107}} Salaku Menteri Agama, anjeuna nyobian nataran tur ngalelempeng yén pikeun ngalaksanakeun Dekret 5 Juli 1959.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=130}} Dina mangsa mieling tepung taun ka-40 Nahdlatul Ulama (31 Januari 1966), diayakeun hiji pawai, kalawan pesertana nyepengan spanduk anu nungtut biknadeui Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=107}} Dina bulan anu sarua, [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Ulama]] [[Daerah Istimewa Aceh]] ngarumuskeun hiji rarancangan ''Pedoman'' Dasar. Pasal 4 Pedoman Dasar ieu mertelakeun yén tujuan organisasi maranéhna tayalian pikeun ngahijikeun sakabeh ulama jeung umat dina raraga pikeun ngalarapkeun Piagam Jakarta sareng ngalarapkeun syariat Islam pikeun Muslim di ieu provinsi.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=146}} Pulitikus Muslim [[Mohamad Roem]] nyandak sikep anu langkung moderat. Dina hiji biantarana anu didugikeun di [[Médan]] dina Februari 1967, anjeuna negeskeun yén umat Islam wajib ngalarapkeun syariat Islam leupas tina naon tujuh kecap diasupkeun ka lebet ''Pembukaan UUD'' 1945 atanapi Dekret 5 Juli 1959. numutkeun anjeuna, ieu kawajiban sanes kawajiban umum, nanging kawajiban agama, sareng dina ngalarapkeuna ieu kawajiban gumantung ka masing-masing pribadi.{{sfn|Boland|1971|pp=160-161}} Salajengna, nalika sidang MPRS dina Maret 1968, golongan Islam meredih sangkan Piagam Jakarta ogé dilebetkeun kana [[Garis-garis Besar Haluan Negara|Garis-Garis Besar Haluan Negara]] (GBHN), tapi ieu ogé gagal margi ayan panampik ti golongan militér, Kristen, sareng kabangsaan.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=109}} === Padungdengan antawis golongan Islam sareng Kristen pakait kana makna historis Piagam Jakarta === [[File:Logo of Catholic Party.svg|jmpl|150px|Lambang [[Partai Katolik (Indonesia)|partéy Katolik]]. Ieu Partéy mibanda kayakinan lamun Piagam Jakarta henteu kungsi mibanda kakuatan hukum di Indonésia]] Sabada sidang MPRS dina Maret 1968, padungdengan ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta balikdeui kana puncakna ku dipewdalkeuna artikel-artikel ku golongan Kristen sareng Islam.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=109}} Majalah Katolik ''Peraba'' medalkeun sajumlah artikel anu ngiritik argumén anu ngadukung Piagam Jakarta. Dina salah sahiji artikel disebut, Partéy Katolik boga pamanggih yén Piagam Jakarta henteu kingsi mibanda kakuatan hukum alatan éta piagam mung sakadar rarancang ''Pembukaan'' UUD 1945. Partéy Katolik malah ''mengutip'' [[Sayuti Melik]] (salah sasahiji anggota PPKI) anu ngajelaskeun yén teu aya buktos ''Panitia Sembilan'' kungsi nanda tangan rarancang ''Pembukaan'' anu dirumuskeun dina 22 Juni 1945, sareng mung Mohammad Yamin anu nyebat rarancang ieu kalawan sebutan Piagam Jakarta. Kusabab kitu, numutkeun Partéy Katolik, teuaya anu salah ngeunaan putusan PPKI pikeun mupus tujuh kecap.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=110}} ngeunaan sareng Dekret 5 Juli, Partéy Katolik nafsirkeun kecap "menjiwai" salaku kajelasan yén ''Pembukaan'' UUD 1945 asalna tina Piagam Jakarta. Sanajan kitu, Partéy Katolik ngajelaskeun yén istilah ieu henteu ngajadikeun tujuh kecap salaku bagian tina sistem hukum Indonésia, alatan dimana ieu diasumsikeun bener, tangtuna Piagam Jakarta lain menjiwai, tatapi malah ngaganti ''Pembukaan UUD'' 1945. Sagigireun éta, pikeun Partéy Katolik, maké ''frasa'' ''"kami berkeyakinan"''' nandakeun yén éta kayakinan ngan kayakinan Soekarno wungkul sareng hente mibanda kakuatan hukum.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=112}} Redaksi majalah ''Peraba'' ogé nyebutkeun yén pihak anu nungtut diakuna Piagam Jakarta geus papalingpang jeung ''persatuan'' jeung ''kasatuan'' bangsa. Maranéhna ogé negeskeun yén Proklamasi Kamerdékaan Indonésia henteu aya kaitanna sareng Piagam Jakarta. Aranjeuna nempo kana sajarah nalika Soekarno sareng Hatta [[peristiwa Rengasdengklok|diiwat sareng didesek ku para pamuda]] pikeun sagancangna ngaproklamasikeun kamerdékaan. Ieu pemuda-pamuda henteu hayang kemerdékaan Indonésia disangkutpautkeun jeung [[Jepang]], Matakna maranéhna nolak ngalarapkeun Piagam Jakarta pikeun macakeun proklamasi, alatan éta piagam mangrupikeun hasil tina badan jieunan Jepang, BPUPK.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=111}} Dilain tempat, pulitikus-pulitikus Muslim nyoba nembongkeun yén Proklamasi Kemerdékaan Indonésia teu bisa dileupaskeun tina Piagam Jakarta. Inohong Muslim [[Hamka]] boga pamanggih yén saméméh Piagam Jakarta, gerakan kamerdékaan Indonésia kabagi jadi dua golongan, Tayalian Islam jeung kabangsaan. Keduana henteu silih hormat, jeung Hamka mibanda kayakinan yén kompromi Piagam Jakarta-ieu anu bisa ngaraketkeun kadua golongan ieu jadi ngahiji. Ngan, tujuh kecap dijero Piagam Jakarta saterusna malah dipupus sapoé sabada kamerdékaan. Pikeun Hamka, ieu téh hiji lampah anu teu jujur malahan bisa disebutkeun curang ti golongan kabangsaan.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=110}} Samentaawis éta, Menteri Agama Indonésia [[Muhammad Dahlan]] nepikeun hiji biantara anu danget ieu jadi Piagam Jakarta dina taun 1968 anu ngajelaskeun yen piagam Jakarta ieu mangrupikeun hiji lengkah nuju kamerdékaan anu saterusna jadi pangrojong jeung sumber inspirasi bangsa Indonésia enggoning ngajaga kamerdékaan. Dahlan ogé boga kayakinan yén eusi Proklamasi Kamerdékaan Indonésia sajalan jeung eusi Piagam Jakarta, jeung anjeuna ogé ngaku yén piagam éta sabenerna hiji tanda akhirna tina pergerakan kamerdékaan Indonésia dina abad ka-20.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=109}} Sagigireun éta, Dahlan nandeskeun yén Dekret 5 Juli 1959 jeung Memorandum DPRGR anu geus ditarima ku MPRS dijadikeun Piagam Jakarta salaku sumber hukum.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=113}} Pa anggi ti pihak militér ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta ogé henteu buleud atawa kabagi dua. Abdul Haris Nasution, anu geus jadi pupuhu MPRS, nyebatkeun dina hiji seminar anu diayakeun di [[Kota Malang]], [[Jawa Wétan]], dina Juli 1968 yén anjeuna éta henteu panuju kana gagasan ngadegna [[nagara Islam]], tapi anjeunna ngarojong kana karep umat Islam pikeun mulangkeun Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Abdillah|1997|p=50}} Ngan, nalila Pamuda Mahasiswa tur Pelajar Islam hoyong merayakan hari jadi Piagam Jakarta dina taun 1968, maranéhna henteu meunang widi ti Panglima [[Komando Daérah Militér Jayakarta]]. Pamaréntah nalika éta ogé ménta ka sakumna pagawé negeri sipil sangkan henteu ngaluarkeun atawa nyieun pamanggih naon waé ogé ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta sarta maréntah ka manéhna sangkan ulah milu aub dina ngarayakeun poé jadi Piagam Jakarta. Dina taun salajengna, Panglima [[Komando Daérah Militér XII/Tanjungpura]] Kolonél Soemadi ngalarang ngarayakeun poé jadi Piagam Jakarta alatan ceuk pamanggihna ideologi nagara geus jéntré aya dina jeroeun Pembukaan UUD LL1945.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=114}} === Usaha ngalarapkeun Piagam Jakarta ngaliwat paraturan undang-undangan === Tisaprak tungtung taun 1960-an, wawakil-wawakil ti golongan Islam mimiti mitembeyan ngalarapkeun eusi Piagam Jakarta ngaliwatan paraturan undang-undang.{{sfn|Jegalus|2009|p=66}} Ngan, aranjeunna kedah nangtukeun naon hartina kawajiban ngalaksanakeun syariat Islam.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=115}} Aya saurang mantan aktivis Masyumi wastana Mohammad Saleh Suaidy nyebutkeun cenah dina panungtung taun 1960-an, Piagam Jakarta bisa dilaksanakeun kujalan : (1) ngarengsekeun rarancang hukum rimbitan/ perkawinan Islam anu masih kénéh dipadungdengkeun di DPR; (2) Ngatur krmpelan jeung pangbagian [[zakat]] jeung lamun ieu sistem réngsé, rarancang undang-undang ngeunaan zakat bisa diusulkan ka DPR; (3) Ngahijikeun kurikulum sakabéh pasantrén sa Indonésia; (4) ngaronjatkeun kaefisienan sareng koordinasi dakwah; (5) Ngahirupkeun deui Majelis Ilmiah Islam pikeun ngamekarkeun konsép -konsép penting dina jero agama Islam.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=117}} Kaping 22 Mei 1967, Departemén Agama ngusulkeun Rarancang Undang-Undang ngeunaan Paraturan Perkawinan Ummat Islam ka DPRGR.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=160}} Di palebah pedaran, aya hiji pernyataan yén ku ayana Dekret 5 Juli 1959, Piagam Jakarta dianggap salaku bagian tina undang-undang dasar. Ngan, dina Februari 1969, Fraksi Partéy Katolik di DPRGR nepikeun panampik kana rarancang ieu undang-undang. Maranehna ngaluarkeun hiji memorandum anu nyieun hiji [[dikotomi]] antawis nagara kabangsaan atawa nagara Islam. Nurutkeun papadegan maranéhna, lamun seug ieu rarancang undang-undang nepi ka disahkeun, hartina dadasar nagara bakal di ganti ku Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=161}} Antukna Présidén Indonésia mangsa éta [[Soeharto]] nyabut ieu rarancang undang-undang dina Juli 1973.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=163}} Dina mangsa Orde Baru, sagemblengna pamarentah usaha pikeun ngamalkeu ideologi Pancasila, matakna maranéhna henteu méré lolongkrang pikeun ngabahas deui ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Butt|Lindsey|2012|p=230}} Nincak taun 1973, sakabeh Partéy Islam dihijikeun sato ngan sapartéy, tayalian [[Partéy Persatuan Pembangunan]] (PPP). Dina taun 1980-an, pamarintah Orde Baru ogé ngawajibkeun sakabéh Partéy politik pikeun ngajadikeun Pancasila salaku [[asas tunggal]].{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=49}} === 1988: ngawangun paradilan agama jeung kasieunan ka Piagam Jakarta === [[File:Mohammad Natsir 2011 Indonesia stamp.jpg|jmpl|[[Mohammad Natsir]] ngritik réaksi golongan Kristen kana Rarancang Undang-Undang Paradilan Agama]] Nalika taun 1988, pameréntah ngajengkeun Rarancang Undang-Undang Paradilan Agama. [[Partéy Demokrasi Indonesia]] katut fraksi Partéy kabangsaan lianna ngarasa hariwang yén pamaréntah ngaliwatan ieu rarancang undang-undang baris ngalarapkeun syariat Islam.{{sfn|Abdillah|1997|p=33}} Teolog [[Yesuit]] [[Franz Magnis-Suseno]] ngawawadian yén tujuan mupus kecap tina Pembukaan UUD 1945 dimaksudkeun pikeun meunang kacindekan yén moal aya saha ogé anu maksa keun kahayangna ka golongan séjén.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=195}} Dina awal Juli 1989, [[Konferensi Waligeréja Indonésia]] (KWI) ogé [[Persekutuan Geréja-Geréja di Indonesia]] (PGI) nepikeun paménta sangkan sakumna warga Muslim bisa kalawan bébas milih paradilan sipil atawa agama, alatan numutkeun maranéhna bedana antawis Pancasila sareng Piagam Jakarta tayalian dina Pancasila henteu ngawajibkeun ngalaksanakeun syariat Islam.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=196}} Soeharto ngajawab kana kitik ku hiji jawaban cenah rarancang undang-undang ieu ngan ukur hayang ngalaksanakeun gagasan Pancasila jeung UUD 1945, ogé numutkeun anjeuna rarancang undang-undang ieu henteu aya kaitana sareng Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Abdillah|1997|p=33}} Para tokoh Muslim juga menampik keterkaitan antara rancangan undang-undang peradilan agama dengan Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=199}} [[Mohammad Natsir]] nyebutkeun yén golongan Kristen geus nembikeun hiji sikep anu henteu toléran kana aspirasi-aspirasi umat Islam tisaprak dikaluarkeunna "ultimatum" pikeun mupus tujuh kecap dina Piagam Jakarta dina kaping 18 Agustus 1945. Numutkeun pamanggihna, lamun aspirasi umat Islam terus-terusan dihalangan ku panampik golongan Kristen, umat Islam bisa Boga rasa kawas [[warga kelas dua]].{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=198}} Ditempat séjén, cendekiawan Muslim [[Nurcholis Madjid]] bisa paham naha golongan Kristen nepikeun panolakanna. Numutkeun anjeunna, kacuriga ngeunaan Rarancang Undang-Undang Paradilan Agama mangrupakeun upaya pikeun ngawujudkeun Piagam Jakarta anu pucuk tigirangna aya trauma pulitik di waktu katukang. Lajeng anjeuna umajak ka salarea pikeun mohokeun éta trauma mangsa harita kalawan nempokeun kana rarancang undang-undang éta salaku hiji prosés Nasional.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=200}} Fraksi [[Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia]] (ABRI) ogé nepikeun yén aranjeunna ogé bisa paham kaka kasieun masyarakat kana éta rarancang undang-undang jeung Piagam Jakarta, alatan aranjeunna ogé nitenan yén dina sajarahna geus aya sababaraha kajadian anu tumiba dina usaha pikeun ngaganti ideologi Pancasila ku agama.{{sfn|Mujiburrahman|2006|p=202}} == Tungtutan mulangkeun deui Piagam Jakarta dina mimiti Reformasi (1999–2002) == === Desekan Partéy Islam === Saatos [[Kejatuhan Soeharto|Soeharto léngsér]] sareng dicabutna watesan kanggo kabebasan nembrakeun sikep dina taun 1998, mucunghul deui muncul ajakan pikeun ngadegkeun nagara Islam ogé mulangkeun Piagam Jakarta.{{sfn|Jegalus|2009|pp=62, 68}} Dina Oktober 1999, MPR munggaran ngayakeun sidang pikeun ngamendemen UUD 1945.{{sfn|Elson|2013|p=404}} Saterasna, nalika Sidang Taunan MPR dina taun 2000, dua Partéy Islam, tayalian PPP sareng [[partéy Bulan Bintang]] (PBB, penerus Partéy Masyumi), mimiti ngampanyeukeun pikeun nambahkeun tujuh kecap Piagam Jakarta ka jero Pasal 29 UUD 1945.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=95}} Dumasar kana ieu usulan, rumusan Pancasila dina Pembukaan UUD 1945 baris moal dirobah.{{sfn|Butt|Lindsey|2012|p=232}} Pasal 29 sendiri eusina:{{sfn|Jegalus|2009|p=196}} # ''Negara berdasar atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa.'' # ''Negara menjamin kemerdekaan tiap-tiap penduduk untuk memeluk agamanya masing-masing dan untuk beribadat menurut agamanya dan kepercayaannya itu.'' Politikus ti PBB [[M.S. Kaban]] mertélakeun yén ka andang fraksi Partéyna dumasar kana Dekret 5 Juli 1959. Numutkeun anjeuna, dekret ieu geus ngajelaskeun yén Piagam Jakarta jeung UUD 1945 mangrupikeun hiji anu teutiasa dipisahkeun. Anjeuna ogé nampik kahariwang umpama paguneman ngeunaan Piagam Jakarta baris ngabalukarkeun disintegrasi Nasional.{{sfn|Elson|2013|p=411}} [[File:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab.jpg|jmpl|kiri|150px|[[Habib Rizieq]], pupuhu [[Front Pembela Islam]], nulis cenah lamun Piagam Jakarta dijadikeun bagian tina undang-undang dasar, hal ini baris ngoméan naon anu manehna anggap salaku hiji kasalahan sajarah]] Kongrés Mujahidin Indonésia I nu diayakeun dina Agustus 2000 oge umajak sangkan ngajadikeun Piagam Jakarta jadi bagean tina undang-undang dasar ogé sangkan syariat Islam diberlakukeun salaku hukum nagara.{{sfn|Hosen|2005|p=425}} Upaya pikeun malikeun Piagam Jakarta ogé dirojong ku [[Front Pembela Islam]] (FPI). Bapa pangadeg FPI [[Habib Rizieq]] medalkeun buku anu judulna ''Dialog Piagam Jakarta'' dina Oktober 2000. Dina ieu buku, anjeunna nyatakeun yén umpamana Piagam Jakarta janten bagian tina undang-undang dasar, ieu bakal menerkeun kasalahan sajarah jeung jadi tatapakan moral anu kuat pikeun nagara Indonésia.{{sfn|Fealy|Hooker|2006|p=234}} Rizieq merhatikeun yén Soekarno ku anjeun boga anggapan Piagam Jakarta salaku hasil tina babalagempagan anu kacida liarna antawis golongan Islam sareng kebangsaan, ogé numutkeun Soekarno tos nawis éta piagam kalawan henteu aya tanpa keraguan.{{sfn|Fealy|Hooker|2006|p=235}} Anjeuna nampik pamanggih anu nyebutkeun balikna deui Piagam Jakarta baris ngajadikeun Indonésia salaku nagara Islam. Numutkeun pamendakna, Piagam Jakarta mangrupikeun jalan tengah antawis dua kahayang anu kacida papalingpang, tayalian kahayang golongan Islam pijeun ngadegkeun nagara Islam jeung kahayang golongan kabangsaan pikeun ngadegkeun [[sekularisme|negara sekuler]]. Pikeun Rizieq, ngaleungitkeun Piagam Jakarta mangrupakeun hianat kana démokrasi jeung ngaruntagkeun konstitusi, anu jadi ka sedih tur ka kuciwa jalma réa. Malikeun deui tujuh kecap kana undang-undang dasar dianggap ku Rizieq salaku ubar anu bisa malikeun hak anu kungsi dirampas. Nya kujalan ieu pisan, Rizieq yakin ideologi di Indonesia bisa direngsekeun.{{sfn|Fealy|Hooker|2006|p=236}} Salah saurang juru bicara pikeun Fraksi PPP, Ali Hardi Kiai Demak, nyebutkeun dina taun 2002 yén sebenerna tos aya parundang-undangan anu didadasaran ku syariat Islam, saperti Undang-Undang Perkawinan (UU No. 1 Tahun 1974), Undang-Undang Peradilan Agama (UU No. 7 Tahun 1989), Undang-Undang ngeunaan Penyelenggaraan Ibadah Haji (UU No. 17 Tahun 1999), Undang-Undang tentang Pengelolaan Zakat (UU No. 38 Tahun 1999), sarta Undang-Undang ngeunaan Penyelenggaraan Keistimewaan Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh (UU No. 44 Tahun 1999). Kusabab kitu, anjeuna boga pendapat réhna ronjatan-ronjatan ieu hadéna ditarima kalawan resmi kujalan ngasupkeun Piagam Jakarta kana Pasal 29 UUD 1945.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=95}} Di MPR mangsa harita ogé aya hiji fraksi anu disebut "[[Perserikatan Daulatul Ummah]]" (PDU). Fraksi ieu diwangun ku sababaraha partéy leutik anu dasarna Islam, kayaning [[Partéy Nahdlatul Ummat]], [[Partéy Kebangkitan Ummat]], [[Partéy Syarikat Islam Indonesia]], [[Partéy Daulat Rakyat]], jeung, [[Partéy Politik Islam Indonesia Masyumi]].{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=97}} Tina desekan ti FPI, [[Hizbut Tahrir]], jeung [[Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia]], Fraksi PDU nungtut sangjan tujuh kecap din Piagam Jakarta diasupkeun ka jero ayat kadua Pasal 29 UUD 1945, sawatara anu hayang diamendemen PBB jeung PPP tayalian ayat ka hiji.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=98}} Salajengna, nalika MPR ngalaksanakeun sidang panungtung pikeun ngamendemen konstitusi dina taun 2002, PBB jeung PDU sacara resmi ménta sangkan tujuh kecap diasupkeun ka jero Pasal 29.{{sfn|Butt|Lindsey|2012|p=232}} === Panampik Piagam Jakarta === [[File:Emblem of Muhammadiyah.svg|jmpl|Lambang Muhammadiyah. Panampik Muhammadiyah kana usulan pikeun ngasupkeun tujuh kecap ka jero Pasal 29 UUD 1945 geus nguciwakeun [[Laskar Jihad]] di [[Kota Surakarta]]]] [[Partéy Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]] (PDI-P) nolak diasupkeunna Piagam Jakarta ka jero UUD 1945.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=89}} Organisasi Nahdlatul Ulama dan Muhammadiyah juga menolak usulan PBB dan PDU tahun 2002 terkait amendemen Pasal 29.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=93}} [[Ketua Umum Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah]] [[Ahmad Syafii Maarif]] nyebutkeun dina September 2001 yén dipakéna deui Piagam Jakarta ngan baris nimbulkeun kabeubeurat nagara anu cik keneh aya ancaman bubar.{{sfn|Hosen|2007|pp=93-94}} Sababaraha utang cendekiawan Muslim lainna, saperti [[Abdurrahman Wahid]], [[Nurcholis Madjid]], [[Masdar F. Mas'udi]], jeung [[Ulil Abshar Abdalla]], ogé nolak éta usulan.{{sfn|Jahroni|2008|p=69}} Panampik ti Muhammadiyah sorangan kaina matak nguciwakeun [[Laskar Jihad]] di [[Kota Surakarta]], [[Jawa Tengah]].{{sfn|Hosen|2005|p=426}} === Piagam Madinah: usulan alternatif ti Fraksi Réformasi === Patali jeung amendemén Pasal 29(1) UUD 1945, ''fraksi-fraksi'' ti golongan kebangsaan (saperti Fraksi PDIP, [[Partéy Golongan Karya]], [[Kesatuan Kebangsaan Indonesia]], jeung [[Partéy Demokrasi Kasih Bangsa]]) ogé ''Fraksi'' [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia]]/[[Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia]] (TNI/POLRI) hayang mertahankeun éta pasal sakumaha ayana, ''"Negara berdasar atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa''.".{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=90, 104}} Sawatara éta ''Fraksi'' PPP, PBB, jeung PDU mikahayang sangkan tujuh kecap diasupkeun ka jerona engké na ngajadi l ''"Negara berdasar atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya"''.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=90, 104}} Di sisi lain, dua partéy anu dasarna Islam ngagabung dina ''"Fraksi Reformasi"'', tayalian [[Partéy Amanat Nasional]] (PAN) jeung [[Partéy Keadilan]] (PK, kiwari disebut Partéy Keadilan Sejahtera), mengajukan ''alternatif'' anu unina ''"Negara berdasar atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa dengan kewajiban melaksanakan ajaran agama bagi masing-masing pemeluknya"''.{{sfn|Salim|2008|pp=99-100}} Usulan ieu meunang dukungan ti Fraksi [[Partéy Kebangkitan Bangsa]] (PKB).{{sfn|Salim|2008|pp=101}} Usulan ''Fraksi'' Réformasi meunang sebutan? "[[Piagam Madinah (Reformasi)|Piagam Madinah]]" alatan dianggap ngeunteungan [[Piagam Madinah|piagam anu sarua ngarana]] anu disusun ku Nabi [[Muhammad]] pikeun ngatur hubungan unggal agama.{{sfn|Salim|2008|pp=99-100}} Pakar hukum tata nagara Indonsia Arskal Salim nyebut cenah Piagam Madinah bakal nyieun sistem sarupa pisan [[sistem millet]] (sistem anu méré izin ka unggal umat agama pikeun ngalaksanakeun hukum maranhna sorangan) di [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]].{{sfn|Salim|2008|pp=174}} ''Fraksi'' PK menjelaskan yén aya tilu alesan naha maranehna ngadukung Piagam Madinah alih-alih Piagam Jakarta. Kahiji, Piagam Jakarta dirasa masih tacan réngsé, ogé piagam éta lain dianggap salaku hiji-hijina cara anu sah pikeun ngajalankeun syariat Islam di Indonésia. Kadua, aya kayakinan naskah Piagam Jakarta nganlumaku pikeun Muslim, jeung ieu dianggap henteu sajalan jeung Islam mangrupa ''"rahmatan lil alamin"'' ''(rahmat bagi seluruh alam)''. Ketilu, lamun dibandingkeun jeung Piagam Jakarta, Kawasna Piagam Madinah leuwih luyu ngan jeung Islam, alatan Piagam Madinah ngaku kana kabebasan hukum masing-masing agama, samentara Piagam Jakarta ngan méré kaistimewaan hukum ka saagama wungkul.{{sfn|Salim|2008|pp=100}} Sagigireun éta, [[Daftar Presiden Partéy Keadilan Sejahtera|Présidén PK]] mangsa éta [[Hidayat Nur Wahid]] boga pamanggih cenah Piagam Jakarta salaku kompromi antara dua golongan geus réngsé.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=101}} Salah saurang inohong PK, Mutammimul Ula, ogé nerangkeun yén partéyna salaku partéy kecil hayang nyingkahan sentimén anu pakait jeung Piagam Jakarta. numutkeun anjeuna, Piagam Madinah ogé ngajalankeun syariat Islam sarua jeung Piagam Jakarta. Kalayan usulan alternatip Piagam Madinah, partéyna bisa nimbang ''situasi'' pulitik nasional nalika harita kurang merenah lamun dilaksanakeun Piagam Jakarta, sakaligus nyumponan aspirasi pangdeudeul PK anu mikahayang ngadegna syariat Islam ngaliwatan amandemén Pasal 29 UUD 1945.{{sfn|Hosen|2005|p=432}} === Gagalna usaha mulangkeun Piagam Jakarta ngaliwatan amendemén === Dina taun 1999, ''Badan Pekerja'' MPR nugaskeun pikeun tatan-tatan ngeunaan matéri pokok-pokok amendemén ka Panitia Ad Hoc I, tayalian hiji panitia anu diwangun ku 45 anggota kalawan ''perwakilan proporsional'' ti sakabéh ''fraksi'' di MPR.{{sfn|Elson|2013|p=404}} Tilu alternatip rarancang pikeun mengamandemén Pasal 29 (teu aya parobahan, Piagam Jakarta, jeung Piagam Madinah) dibahas ku panitia ieu dina Juni 2002.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=103, 108}} katilu alternatip ieu ''dirangkum'' dina tabél dihandap ieu:{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=104}} '' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | ''Fraksi'' anungadeudeul !! scope="col" style="width: 8%;" | Rarancang !! scope="col" style="width: 72%;" | Eusi |- | Partéy Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan, Partéy Golongan Karya, Kesatuan Kebangsaan Indonesia, Partéy Demokrasi Kasih Bangsa, TNI/POLRI | Alternatip Kahiji <br> (teuaya parobahan) | ''"Negara berdasar atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa"'''' |- | Partéy Persatuan Pembangunan, Partéy Bulan Bintang, Perserikatan Daulatul Ummah | Alternatip Kadua <br> (Piagam Jakarta) | ''"Negara berdasar atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya"'' |- | Partéy Amanat Nasional, Partéy Keadilan, Partéy Kebangkitan Bangsa | Alternatip Katilu <br> (Piagam Madinah) | ''"Negara berdasar atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa dengan kewajiban melaksanakan ajaran agama bagi masing-masing pemeluknya"'' |- | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | Sumber: {{harvnb|Salim|2008|p=104}} |- |} '' Kusabab ka tilu alternatip ieu henteu aya anu sapagodos, [[Yusuf Muhammad]] ti PKB ngajeungkeun hiji usulan dina kaping 13 Juni. Anjeuna ngabaladahan sangkan sajeroning rumusan “tujuh kecap”, istilah "kewajiban" diganti ngajadi "kesungguhan", jadi rarancang kalimahna dibaca "dengan kesungguhan menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya".{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=102}} Kompromi ieu ogé gagal henteu loba meunang dukungan, antukna anjeunna nyodorkeun hiji usulan sangkan ayat ka hiji dina Pasal 29 diantepkeun baé sakumaha kaayaan mimiti, tatapi ayat anu kadua diamendemén unina jadi ''"Negara menjamin kemerdekaan tiap-tiap penduduk untuk memeluk dan melaksanakan ajaran agamanya masing-masing dan untuk beribadah menurut agamanya".''{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=103}} Sabada babalagempagan anu lila tapi teu ngahasilkeun, tilu alternatip Ieu dikintunkeun ka Pangadilan Taunan MPR dina Agustus 2002 pikeun ngamimitian hiji mékanisme ngumpulkeun sora. Wawakil ti ''Fraksi'' PDU jeung PBB sakali deui negeskeun pentingna mulangkeun kasatuan Piagam Jakarta jeung UUD 1945 kujalan ngasupkeun deui tujuh kecap ka jero Pasal 29. [[Hartono Marjono]] ti PDU malahan boga kayakinan yén panampik kana ieu usulan alatan geus kapangaruhan ku propaganda jeung kampanye [[Zionisme|Zionis]].{{sfn|Elson|2013|p=418-419}} Sanajan kitu, ieu usulan tetep gagal meunang pangrojong mayoritas.{{sfn|Elson|2013|p=418}} Usulan ngeunaan Piagam Madinah ogè ditolak.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=106}} ''Fraksi'' PKB malahan robah pamadegan jeung ngarojong sangkan Pasal 29 diantep waé sakumaha mimitina. {{sfn|Salim|2008|pp=101-102}} Sanajan keladua usulan partéy-partéy Islam gagal meunang pangrojong balaréa/''mayoritas'', usulan-usulan ieu masih meunang pangrojong ku loba kaom muslim Indonésia. Dumasar hasil survéy anu dilakukeun ku koran ''[[Kompas (surat kabar)|Kompas]]'' dina Agustus 2002, usulan Piagam Madinah didukung ku 49,2% respondén, sagigireun éta usulan Piagam Jakarta meunang pangrojong ti 8,2% respondén. Sedengkeun 38,2% miharep sangkan éta pasal diantep kawas mimitina.{{sfn|Salim|2008|p=174}} <!-- Nepi ka tungtungna ditunjuk salaku organisasi dilarang di 30 Désémber 2020,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5315789/4-alasan-pemerintah-tetapkan-fpi-ormas-terlarang-di-ri|title=4 Alasan Pemerintah Tetapkan FPI Ormas Terlarang di RI|first=Hestiana|last=Dharmastuti|publisher=[[Detik.com]]|date=30 Desember 2020|accessdate=21 Juli 2021}}</ref> FPI terus nungtut mulangkeun deui Piagam Jakarta. Nalika [[tablig akbar]] di [[Gasibu|Lapangan Gasibu]], Bandung, dina taun 2011, Rizieq ngaluarkan hiji omongan kontrovérsial jeroeun ceramahna. Cenah "Pancasila Soekarno ketuhanan ada di pantat, Pancasila Piagam Jakarta ketuhanan ada di kepala".<ref name="rizieq">{{cite news|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1085934/jejak-penghentian-kasus-penghinaan-pancasila-rizieq-shihab|title=Jejak Penghentian Kasus Penghinaan Pancasila Rizieq Shihab|first=M Rosseno|last=Aji|publisher=[[Tempo (majalah Indonesia)|Tempo]]|date=5 Mei 2018|accessdate=21 Juli 2021}}</ref> Putri Soekarno, [[Sukmawati Soekarnoputri]], ngalaporkeun Rizieq ka polisi dina Oktober 2016 dina kasus penodaan Pancasila.<ref name="rizieq"/> Ngan, dina 4 Mei 2016, [[Kepolisian Daerah Jawa Barat]] ngaluarkan Surat Paréntah Penghentian Penyidikan, antukna Rizieq dibébaskeun tina tungtutan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/id/rizieq-shihab-bebas-dari-tuntutan-kasus-penodaan-pancasila/a-43655763|title=Rizieq Shihab Bebas dari Tuntutan Kasus Penodaan Pancasila|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=4 Mei 2018|accessdate=21 Juli 2021}}</ref> --> == Tempo ogé== {{Wikisource}} * [[Rumusan-rumusan Pancasila]] * [[Teokrasi konstitusional]] * [[Piagam Bandung]] * [[Piagam Madinah (Reformasi)|Piagam Madinah]] {{clear}} == Tambahan == {{notes}} == Catatan kaki == {{reflist}} == Daptar pustaka == * {{citation|last=Abdillah|first=Masykuri|title=Responses of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals to the Concept of Democracy (1966–1993)|publisher=Abera|location=Hamburg|year=1997}} * {{citation|last=Anshari|first=Saifuddin|title=The Jakarta Charter of June 1945: A History of the Gentleman’s Agreement between the Islamic and the Secular Nationalists in Modern Indonesia|publisher=McGill University|location=Montreal|type=Disertasi|year=1976|url=https://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/index.html?pid=108247&custom_att_2=direct}} * {{citation|last=Benda|first=Harry|title=The Crescent and the Rising Sun: Indonesian Islam under the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945|publisher=W. Van Hoeve|location=Den Haag dan Bandung|year=1958}} * {{citation|last=Boland|first=B.J.|title=The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|location=Den Haag|year=1971}} * {{citation|last1=Butt|first1=Simon|last2=Lindsey|first2=Tim|title=The Constitution of Indonesia: A Contextual Analysis|publisher=Hart Publishing|location=Oxford|year=2012}} * {{citation|last=Elson|first=R.E.|title=Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945|journal=Indonesia|volume=88|month=Oktober|year=2009|pages=105–130}} * {{citation|last=Elson|first=R.E.|title=Two Failed Attempts to Islamize the Indonesian Constitution|journal=Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia|volume=28|issue=3|year=2013|pages=379–437}} * {{citation|last1=Fealy|first1=Greg|last2=Hooker|first2=Virginia|title=Voices of Islam in Southeast Asia. A Contemporary Sourcebook|publisher=ISEAS|location=Singapura|year=2006}} * {{citation|last=Formichi|first=Chiara|title=Islam and the Making of the Nation: Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in 20th Century Indonesia|publisher=KITLV Press|year=2012|location=Leiden}} * {{citation|last=Hosen|first=Nadirsyah|title=Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=36|issue=3|year=2005|pages=419–440}} * {{citation|last=Hosen|first=Nadirsyah|title=Shari’a & Constitutional Reform in Indonesia|publisher=ISEAS|location=Singapura|year=2007}} * {{citation|last=Jahroni|first=Jajang|title=Defending the Majesty of Islam: Indonesia’s Front Pembela Islam 1998–2003|publisher=Silkworm Books|location=Chiang Mai|year=2008}} * {{citation|last=Jegalus|first=Norbertus|title=Das Verhältnis von Politik, Religion und Zivilreligion untersucht am Beispiel der Pancasila|publisher=Herbert Utz Verlag|location=München|year=2009}} * {{citation|last=Kusuma|first=A.B.|title=Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945|publisher=Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia|location=Jakarta|year=2004}} * {{Citation | last = Kusuma | first = A.B. | last2 = Elson | first2 = R.E. | title = A Note on the Sources for the 1945 Constitutional Debates in Indonesia | journal = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde | volume = 167 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 196–209 | year = 2011 | url = http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:273574/UQ273574_OA.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925082301/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_273574/UQ273574_OA.pdf?Expires=1663845847&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=SIL2cFuiz~8P23Ca1p5C7LOS49Uo6hGgBGfK0OrRhWm1Pcho9imcZ7f31WuiIrEevEw6ESVtZBxVQ6EtsfovNYElC9PlG73MUwbgl6RyYfKXp1X6pO3vAnYTrFuI-i0mDgmhHgXTHmeNiFllBYaUXA1TOOI1CCgNTqpufWCgJxlPPfted4SqwW15rUDout1kGjFHTBI8bvAzIc78Ve0gRFs3ZKDl4qNbZp3cMyJWnNsudkbqYuhFgS25XIGEUGqEbHTk0JEbMx1rrEVBl6AZoBdqwiHW4nUbEm4S9CdjI6p4vDhcvsI3P07mOb65yyZUBRB0bIbxKCYhPmVNCIOGeQ__ |date=2022-09-25 }} * {{citation|last=Madinier|first=Rémy|title=L’Indonesie, entre démocratie musulmane et Islam intégral: histoire du parti Masjumi (1945–1960)|publisher=Karthala|location=Paris|year=2012}} * {{citation|author=Mujiburrahman|title=Feeling Threatened: Muslim-Christian Relations in Indonesia’s New Order|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|location=Leiden/Amsterdam|year=2006}} * {{citation|last=Salim|first=Arskal|title=Challenging the Secular State: The Islamization of Law in Modern Indonesia|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|year=2008}} * {{citation|last=Schindehütte|first=Matti|title=Zivilreligion als Verantwortung der Gesellschaft – Religion als politischer Faktor innerhalb der Entwicklung der Pancasila Indonesiens|publisher=Abera Verlag|location=Hamburg|year=2006}} * {{citation|last1=Taniredja|first1=Tukiran|author2=Suyahmo|title=Pancasila Dasar Negara Paripurna|publisher=Kencana|location=Jakarta|year=2020}} == Bacaan lanjut == * {{citation|last=Anshari|first=Endang Saifuddin|title=Piagam Jakarta 22 Juni 1945: Sebuah Konsensus Nasional tentang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia (1945–1959)|edition=3|publisher=Gema Insani Press|location=Jakarta|year=1997}} * {{citation|last=Anshari|first=Saifuddin|title=The Jakarta Charter 1945: The Struggle for an Islamic Constitution in Indonesia|publisher=ABIM|location=Kuala Lumpur|year=1979}} * {{citation|last=Hilmy|first=Masdar|title=Islamism and Democracy in Indonesia: Piety and Pragmatism|publisher=ISEAS|location=Singapura|year=2010}} * {{citation|last = Indrayana | first = Denny|title=Indonesian Constitutional Reform, 1999-2002: An Evaluation of Constitution-making in Transition|publisher = Penerbit Buku Kompas |year=2008 |location = Jakarta }} * {{citation|last=Kim|first=Hyung-Jun|title=The Changing Interpretation of Religious Freedom in Indonesia|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=29|issue=2|year=1998|month=September|pages=357–373}} {{Pancasila Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} {{artikel pilihan}} [[Kategori:Sejarah Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Islam di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Piagam Pulitik]] [[Kategori:Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Islam jeung pulitik]] [[Kategori :Pancasila]] terccnzy9cm2tq1fn4o3prt5kxks5bt 0 104158 731612 678373 2026-11-07T20:33:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731612 wikitext text/x-wiki Badan Pusat Statistik nyaeta lembaga pamarentah non-departemen anu tanggel waler langsung ka Presiden. Kawitna, BPS mangrupa Biro Pusat Statistik, anu dijieun dumasar UU Nomer 6 Warsih 1960 ngeunaan Sensus sarta UU Nomer 7 Warsih 1960 ngeunaan Statistik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ppid.bps.go.id/?mfd=0000|title=Portal PPID BPS RI|website=ppid.bps.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222080739/https://ppid.bps.go.id/?mfd=0000|archivedate=2023-02-22}}</ref> am42nh0t4n5hfgam0e93iit9rarwdeo 0 104160 731696 728918 2026-11-08T01:47:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731696 wikitext text/x-wiki Indeks Gini nyaéta ukuran kemerataan panghasilan anu diétang dumasar kelas panghasilan. Angka koefisien kieu perenahna antawis enol anu nempokeun kamerataan sampurna sarta hiji anu ngagambarkeun ketidakmerataan sampurna. Indeks Gini dipaké pikeun ngukur tingkat ketimpangan panghasilan hiji wilayah sacara menyeluruh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lokadata.beritagar.id/chart/preview/indeks-gini-di-indonesia-menurut-daerah-1482486943|title=Indeks Gini di Indonesia menurut daerah|website=https://lokadata.beritagar.id/|language=id|accessdate=2023-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201045731/https://lokadata.beritagar.id/chart/preview/indeks-gini-di-indonesia-menurut-daerah-1482486943|archivedate=2024-12-01}}</ref> Indeks Gini kisarana antara 0 dugi 1. Lamun koefisien Gini bernilai 0 hartina pemerataan sampurna,sedengkeun lamun bernilai 1 hartina ketimpangan leres-leres sampurna lumangsung. Lamun angka nu dipintonkeun Indeks Gini, kurang ti 0,3 asup kana kategori katimpangan “rendah”; angkana antara 0,3 dugi 0 5 nu mana asup kana kategori ketimpangan “moderat”; sarta lamun angkana leuwih gedé ti 0,5 aya dina ketimpangan “tinggi”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id/info-ekonomi/ekonomi-regional-grobogan/232-tingkat-ketimpangan-indeks-gini-2|title=Tingkat Ketimpangan (Indeks Gini) - Pojok Ekonomi|website=pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id|accessdate=2023-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407205141/https://pojokperekonomian.grobogan.go.id/info-ekonomi/ekonomi-regional-grobogan/232-tingkat-ketimpangan-indeks-gini-2|archivedate=2023-04-07}}</ref> 6r14k6b73ryy6syhbg4d61ij20uav8e 0 104739 731751 681052 2026-11-08T06:15:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kurikulum Merdéka''' nyaéta kmurikulum pangajaran intrakulikuler anu miboga rupa-rupa kontén leuwih optimal sangkan siswa miboga cukup waktu pikeun neuleuman konsép jeung ngaronjatkeun pangabisa (kompeténsi). Guru dibébaskeun pikeun milih pakakas bahan ajar anu disaluyukeun jeung kabutuhan diajar sarta minat siswa. Udaganana nyaéta bisa ngawujudkeun pangajaran anu ''berbasis'' projek sarta bisa ngahontal ''Profil Pelajar Pancasila'' anu keur dimekarkeun ku pamaréntah. Ieu projek teu diarahkeun pikeun ngahontal capaian hiji pangajaran hungkul, ku kitu ieu projek teu kawatesanan ku kontén hiji mata pelajaran hungkul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://merdekabelajar.kemdikbud.go.id/upload/file/172_1645510734.pdf|title=Buku Saku Tanya Jawab Kurikulum Merdeka|last=Saluran Informasi dan Pengaduan seputar Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|publisher=Kemdikbud RI}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912122009/https://merdekabelajar.kemdikbud.go.id/upload/file/172_1645510734.pdf |date=2023-09-12 }}</ref> == Karakteristik == Kurikulum Merdéka miboga karakteristik<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pusatinformasi.guru.kemdikbud.go.id/hc/en-us/articles/6824331505561-Latar-Belakang-Kurikulum-Merdeka|title=Latar Belakang Kurikulum Merdeka|last=Pusat Informasi Guru Kemdikbud|accessdate=2023-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925053253/https://pusatinformasi.guru.kemdikbud.go.id/hc/en-us/articles/6824331505561-Latar-Belakang-Kurikulum-Merdeka|archivedate=2023-09-25}}</ref>: # Fokus kana matéri ésénsial, tujuanana sangkan kagiatan pangajaran leuwih nyosok jero. # Waktu pikeun mekarkeun kompeténsi jeung karakter ngaliwatan sistem kerja kelompok kontéks nyata (Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila). # ''Capaian Pembelajaran'' diunggal fase sarta jam pangajaran fléksibel. Hal ieu disaluyukeun jeung kabutuhan para siswa jueng kaayaan sakola. # Guru dibébaskeun pikeun milih bahan ajar sarta matéri pelatihan. Ieu hal miboga udagan sangkan guru bisa mekarkeun kurikulum di sakola sarta ngalaksanakeun kagiatan diajar anu optimal. # Sistem gotong royong sakabéh pihak anu aya di sakola ngarojong pikeun ngawujudkeun implementasi Kurikulum Merdéka. == Prinsip == ===== Pangajaran Intrakulikulér ===== Pangajaran intrakulikulér hartina pangajaran dilaksanakeun sacara ''terdiferensiasi,'' ku kituna siswa miboga cukup waktu pikeun neuleuman konsép jeung nguatkeun kompeténsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/sekolah/d-6818335/apa-itu-kurikulum-merdeka-ini-pengertian--prinsip-pembelajarannya|title=Apa Itu Kurikulum Merdeka? Ini Pengertian & Prinsip Pembelajarannya|last=Rosa|first=Nikita|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712044428/https://www.detik.com/edu/sekolah/d-6818335/apa-itu-kurikulum-merdeka-ini-pengertian--prinsip-pembelajarannya|archivedate=2023-07-12}}</ref> ===== Pangajaran Kokurikulér ===== Pangajaran kokurikuler mangrupa ''Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila''.<ref name=":0" /> ===== Pangajaran Ekstrakurikuler ===== Pangajaran ékstrakurikuler mangrupa pangajran anu dilaksanakeun saluyu jeung minat siswa jeung disaluyukeun jeung kaayaan sakola.<ref name=":0" /> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Atikan di Indonésia]] dqxdh2auzfkrzvdp6c0jmht1j8bncrt 0 104777 731622 708572 2026-11-07T21:30:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site |name=Braga Permai |governing_body= |image=Tea- en lunchroompatisserie Maison Bogerijen gevestigd op de hoek Bragaweg en de Oude Hospitaalweg te Bandoeng, KITLV 155140.tiff |long_direction=E |caption=Braga Permai baheula (Maison Bogerijen). |location=[[Jalan Braga]], [[Kota Bandung]] |lat_degrees=6 |lat_minutes=55 |lat_seconds=3 |lat_direction=S |long_degrees=107 |long_minutes=36 |long_seconds=34 |coord_parameters= |locmapin=Indonésia Bandung |map_caption=Lokasi dari Braga Permai di [[Jalan Braga|Jl. Braga]] No. 58, [[Kota Bandung]] |beginning_label=Sejak |beginning_date=Nopémber 1923 |restored=1960-an }} '''Braga Permai''' nyaéta salah sahiji kafé-réstoran titinggal jaman Walanda anu ngaran baheulana nyaéta [[Maison Bogerijen]], sarta wangunanana mirip imah tradisional Éropa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=109|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Dina basa Prancis, ''maison'' téh hartina imah, jeung ''bogerijen'' téh ngaran nu miboga imah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://muri.org/Website/Rekor_detail/restorantertuayangmasihberoperasi-|title=Restoran Tertua yang Masih Beroperasi|last=MURI|first=Tim|website=muri.org|accessdate=11 November 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lokasi mimiti Maison Bogerijen aya di simpang belah Wétan di antara Bragawég ([[Jalan Braga]]) jeung Oude Hospitalwég (ayeuna simpang jalan Braga-[[jalan Lembong]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/kuliner/d-6847808/mengenang-jejak-rasa-satu-abad-di-braga-permai|title=Mengenang Jejak Rasa Satu Abad di Braga Permai|last=Anindyadevi|first=Aurellia|access-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111131612/https://www.detik.com/jabar/kuliner/d-6847808/mengenang-jejak-rasa-satu-abad-di-braga-permai|archive-date=11 November 2023}}</ref> == Sajarah == Mimiti nu miboga Kafé Hollandais nyaéta W.A. van Rooy, teras L. van Bogerijen. Perkara ieu diwartakeun dina koran De Preanger Bode ping 19 Agustus 1918. Wali Kota Bandung nu ngarana Bértus Coops ngumumken yén nu miboga kafé Hollandais ayeuna téh L. van Bogerijen, sarta lokasi kaféna aya di Bragawég (Jalan Braga ayeuna) 64. Satuluyna kaféna robah ngaran jadi Maison Bogerijen. Dina ping 6 Séptémber 1918, koran De Préanger Bode ngawartakeun deui yén Maison Bogerijen rék dibuka dina poé Saptu ping 7 Séptémber 1918 jam lima soré. Acarana diramékeun ku orkestra ti Batalyon ka-15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bandungbergerak.id/article/detail/2735/ngulik-bandung-maison-bogerijen-restoran-kerajaan-belanda-di-jalan-braga-1|title=NGULIK BANDUNG: Maison Bogerijen, Restoran Kerajaan Belanda di Jalan Braga #1|last=Listiandari|first=Merrina|website=bandungbergerak.id|accessdate=11 November 2023}}</ref> Harita, wangunanana saperti imah, anu dapur jeung rohangan tuangna nepi ka téras hareupeun imah sarupaning taman.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=111|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Maison Bogerijen téh kasohor salaku réstoran nu paling élit di Bandung anu nyadiakeun kadahran has karajaan Walanda saperti ''Koningin Emma Taart'' jeung ''Wilhelmina Taart''. Gubernur Jenderal Hindia Belanda mindeng datang ka ieu tempat.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=110|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Ti mimiti diadegkeun ogé réstoran ieu téh geus karasa éksklusif ku sabab ngabogaan hak pikeun nyieun menu has karajaan Walanda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20200313203647-262-483308/nostalgia-kuliner-belanda-tempoe-doeloe-di-bandung|title=Nostalgia Kuliner Belanda Tempoe Doeloe di Bandung|last=tim|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-12-02}}</ref> Dina poé raya Natal, sok aya Sinterklaas nu sok ngabagi-bagikeun roti ka barudak. Roti leutik anu dibungkus dina kantong anu dijieun tina kertas minyak. Eusi sakantongna aya 20 roti leutik. Dina taun 1920, dilaksanakeun pangwangunan nu kahiji di Jalan Braga No. 58 anu ayeuna jadi Braga Permai. Réstoran anu anyar éta mimiti buka dina bulan Nopémber 1923.<ref name=":0" /> == Kaayaan réstoran == Réstoran ieu salian ti nyadiakeun menu utamana, aya ogé sabangsana kuéh-kuéh, coklat, biskuit, éskrim jeung sagala rupa inuman. Réstoran ieu ogé mun isuk-isuk geus siap ngajual rupa-rupa roti anu jadi kadaharan has urang Walanda. Aya hiji jalan husus anu bisa dipaké ku nu meuli roti, nyaéta ngaliwatan jalan tukang. Sedengkeun, pikeun nu imahna jauh, aya layanan anteur. Kagiatan ieu masih kénéh lumangsung nepi ka ahir taun 1980-an.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=111-112|first2=Taufanny|last2=Nugraha}}</ref> == Parobahan gedong == Dina taun 1960-an, Maison Bogerijen dipugar total kusabab aya paham antikolonial anu dianut ku Soekarno. Ngaran Maison Bogerijen dirobah janten Braga Permai.<ref name=":0" /> Nuansa Walanda di réstoran ieu geus teu karasa deui, ngan sagala pakakas nu dipaké ngajieun roti, upamana oven jeung pakakas ngaduk adonan tetep aya kénéh. Salian ti éta, pipah gas anu nyambung jeung saluran distribusi gas has jaman Walanda masih tetep aya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=112-113|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Sanajan nuansa wangunan has Walanda geus teu aya deui, menu kadaharan has Walanda masih tetep aya, upamana ''ompoesjes, ananas gebak, speculaas almond, ontbijkoek, booterstaf.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2008|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=114|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Sanajan kiwari wujud wangunan Braga Permai tos teu kawas jaman baheula, tapi aya sababaraha bagéan wangunan anu nyirikeun wangunan jaman Walanda. Ku sabab éta, réstoran ieu kaasup Wangunan Cagar Budaya dumasar kana Pérda Kota Bandung No. taun 2018.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Wangunan di Kota Bandung]] 06zc2zm7l1qcbcwu79w6svri8bj26ut 0 104788 731569 662442 2026-11-07T13:22:14Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 /* */ 731569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info basa | name = Melayu Cocos | nativename = ''Basa Pulu Cocos'' | states =* {{flag|Australia}} * {{flag|Malaysia}} ---- | region =* {{flag|Kepulauan Cocos}} * {{flag|Pulau Natal}} * {{flag|Sabah}} | ethnicity = [[Melayu Cocos]] | speakers = 5.100 | date = | ref = <ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Malay</ref> | familycolor=Austronesian | fam2 =[[Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]] | fam3 =[[Rumpun bahasa Melayik|Melayik]] | fam4 =[[Rumpun bahasa Betawik|Betawik]] | iso3 = coa | glotto = coco1260 | glottorefname = Cocos Islands Malay }} '''Basa Melayu Cocos''' ([[Inggris|Inggris]]: ''Cocos Islands Malay'', Melayu Cocos: ''Basa Pulu Cocos'') atawa '''Cocos Malay''' mangrupa [[dialék]] tina [[Melayu]] diucapkeun ku [[Urang Malayu|Malayu]], seuseueurna anu hirup di [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)]] jeung [[Pulo Natal]] anu mangrupa bagian/wilayah. nagara [[Australia]]. Salian ti Australia, basa ieu ogé diucapkeun ku diaspora Melayu Cocos di [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]]. Jumlah panyatur basa ieu sakitar 5.100 urang kalawan 1.100 panyatur dina taun 1987 di Australia, hususna di Kapuloan Cocos & Pulo Natal/Pulo Natal, sedengkeun di Sabah, Malaysia jumlah panyatur basa ieu aya 4.000 urang. dina taun 2000 {{basa-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Melayu Cocos}} [[Kategori:Basa di Australia]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Malayu]] 6fmclg1yo23u76f8fqbzqmw1stmljau 0 104808 731680 728762 2026-11-08T00:16:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gedong De Majéstic''' nyaéta bioskop anu boga nilai sajarah, kaasup bioskop anu kahiji di Bandung<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.desanesia.id/de-majestic-sejarah-dunia-hiburan-kota-bandung-yang-sedikit-terlupakan/|title=De Majestic, Sejarah Dunia Hiburan Kota Bandung yang Sedikit Terlupakan|last=Al Adabiyah|first=Nurfaizah|accessdate=25 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125015843/https://www.desanesia.id/de-majestic-sejarah-dunia-hiburan-kota-bandung-yang-sedikit-terlupakan/|archivedate=25 November 2023}}</ref>. Gedong éta kaasup wangunan cagar budaya golongan A dumasar kana Perda Kota Bandung No. 19/2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2019/02/11/gedung-majestic-dulu-tempat-kongko-orang-belanda-beberapa-kali-ganti-nama-saksi-bisu-tragedi-aacc|title=Gedung Majestic, Dulu Tempat Kongko Orang Belanda, Beberapa Kali Ganti Nama, Saksi Bisu Tragedi AACC|website=Tribunjabar.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-12-02}}</ref> == Sajarah == Dina zaman [[Walanda]], bioskop ieu janten salah sahiji tempat anu husus pikeun urang Eropa waé.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2014|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=65|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Bioskop ieu diwangun ku ''Technisch Bureau Soenda'' dina taun 1920. Pangwangunan gedong réngsé dina taun 1922. Baheula kasohor disebat bioskop Concordia. Gaya arsitéktur Bioskop Majestic nyaéta campuran teknik konstruksi modern ti barat jeung seni ukir tradisional ti Indonesia. Campuran dua gaya éta disebat gaya arsitektur ''Indo-Europeeschen Architectuur Stijl''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandung.go.id/news/read/5773/hjkb-211-tahun-ini-sejumlah-bioskop-yang-menyertai-sejarah-kota-bandung|title=HJKB 211 TAHUN: INI SEJUMLAH BIOSKOP YANG MENYERTAI SEJARAH KOTA BANDUNG|last=Lastriana|first=Nova|accessdate=25 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125015846/https://www.bandung.go.id/news/read/5773/hjkb-211-tahun-ini-sejumlah-bioskop-yang-menyertai-sejarah-kota-bandung|archivedate=25 November 2023}}</ref> Bioskop éta masih kénéh dipaké nepi ka patengahan taun 1980-an.<ref name=":0" /> Saprak taun 2000, gedong bioskop dijadikeun Sekretariat Pusat Kebudayaan Asia Afrika/''Asia-Africa Cultural Centre'' (AACC).<ref name=":1" /> Dina taun 2000-an, Bioskop Majestic kungsi dipaké pikeun gedong pagelaran jeung pusat budaya masarakat Bandung.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2014|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=65-66|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> Ku sabab aya bioskop anu anyar, De Majéstic tutup jeung teu kaurus. Dina taun 2010, dirombak gedongna.<ref name=":0" /> == Arsitéktur == Bioskop ieu janten bagéan ti Sociëteit Concordia, anu ngurusna nyaéta Elita Concern anu dipiboga ku raja bioskop F.A. Busse. Di daérah Braga, gedong ieu katingali nonjol ku sabab wujudna anu silinder dina hareupeun gedong, sarua jiga kaléng biskuit atawa sok disebat ''blikken trammel''. Anu janten ciri khasna salian ti éta nyaéta aya hiasan sirah Batara Kala anu aya dina dinding hareup dina luhur wangunan. Dina jerona, bioskop ieu dilengkepan ku balkon, meja jeung kursi ditata jiga di réstoran.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://bandungklik.com/bioskop-majestic-hanya-untuk-kalangan-elite-eropa/pariwisata/|title=Bioskop Majestic, Hanya untuk Kalangan Elite Eropa|last=Akhmad|first=Irwan|accessdate=25 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125015842/https://bandungklik.com/bioskop-majestic-hanya-untuk-kalangan-elite-eropa/pariwisata/|archivedate=25 November 2023}}</ref> Dina mimiti dibuka, bioskop Majestic kungsi dikelola ku arsiték nu geus boga pangalaman anu ngaranna Henri [[Wallig]]. Saméméh ngurus bioskop, anjeunna ngurus ''Tuschinski Theatre'' di Amsterdam.<ref name=":4" /> == Parobahan ngaran == Mimitina dingaranan Bioskop Concordia. Dina taun 1924, gedong anu wujudna unik ieu diwangun ku Biro Arsiték Soenda dumasar kana rancangan Wolff Schoemaker. Teras dina taun 1937, robah ngaran janten ''Majestic Theatre''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braga Jantung Parijs van Java|last=Hutagalung|first=Ridwan|publisher=Ka Bandung|year=2014|isbn=978-979-18671-1-5|location=Bandung|pages=63|last2=Nugraha|first2=Taufanny}}</ref> == Kaayaan bioskop == Dina kaping 31 Desember taun 1926, bioskop ieu muter Loetoeng Kasaroeng anu dibuat ku NV Java Film Company. Film ieu aya waé di bioskop nepi ka 6 Januari 1927. Film éta lokasi syutingna aya di sabudeureun Bandung jeung Padalarang. Anu merankeun film ieu nyaéta pribumi anu kaasup golongan priyayi.<ref name=":3" /> Film anu basa éta mindeng diputer téh nyaéta film bisu. Saméméh film diputer, petugas bioskop ngabagikeun selebaran anu nyaritakeun alur film.Baheulana tempat éta téh kaasup tempat elit. Anu nongton kudu maké pakéan rapi, tempat pikeun awéwé jeung lalaki kapisah.<ref name=":0" /> Ku sabab mindeng muter film-film anu diproduksi ku ''Metro Goldwyn Meyer'', bioskop Concordia sok disebat ''Metro House''.<ref name=":2" /> Korsi pikeun panongton bioskop dijieun tingkat, sarua jiga bioskop ayeuna. Sanajan kitu, aya bédana, korsi anu panghandapna pikeun panongton kelas bawah jeung harga tiketna mirah, korsi anu pangluhurna pikeun panongton kelas élit jeung harga tiketna mahal. Film diputer dina tabuh 19.30 nepi ka 21.00. Saméméhna, bioskop geus diramékeun ku pagelaran orkes alit anu nampilkeun alat-alat musik sapertos biola, gitar, ''chelo'' jeung tambur. Biasana, musikna dimaénkeun méh serasi jeung film anu badé diputer. Film anu diputer teu béntés kawas film anu diputer dina zaman ayeuna. Proyektor nu aya ngan saukur dipaké pikeun muter hiji ''reel'' film, nyaéta rol film anu panjangna 300 m salila 15 menit. Pikeun muter film salila hiji satengah jam, kudu aya jeda lima kali pikeun ngaganti ''reel''. Supados teu bosen nungguan film diputer, biasana sok aya iklan anu ditampilkeun.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://komunitasaleut.com/2011/08/13/cerita-pasang-surutnya-bioskop-majestic-bandung/|title=Cerita Pasang Surutnya Bioskop Majestic Bandung|last=Utama|first=Arya Vidya|accessdate=25 November 2023}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Wangunan di Kota Bandung]] on2rwjagznw4jjfplam2rjkwhewfzr7 0 105082 731711 729021 2026-11-08T02:39:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731711 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; border-spacing:2px; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #aaa; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:88%;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; background:#8B4513; color:white; padding:5px;" | Julang Ngapak<br/>ᮏᮥᮜᮀ ᮍᮕᮊ᮪ |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Julang Ngapak di Balai Kota Sukabumi.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Conto wangun hateup Julang Ngapak di Sukabumi.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Harti Nami | Manuk Julang nuju meberkeun jangjang |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Aksara Sunda | **ᮏᮥᮜᮀ ᮍᮕᮊ᮪** |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Lokasi Umum | Tasikmalaya, Kuningan, Sukabumi, wewengkon adat |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Rujukan Digital | [https://archive.org/details/BukuArsitektur/1124_Rumah%20Etnik%20Modern%20di%20lahan%2060%20100m2/page/95/mode/1up Archive.org (Modern)]<br/>[https://archive.org/details/kelas-5-tema-1-bs-compressed/9_Sunda_BS_compressed/page/n36/mode/1up Archive.org (Buku Siswa)] |} '''Julang ngapak''' mangrupa salah sahiji wangun suhunan [[imah]] has [[Sunda]], dina [[basa Indonésia]] mah Julang Ngapak téh miboga harti [[manuk]] anu keur hiber ku jangjangna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.romadecade.org/rumah-adat-jawa-barat/|title=Rumah Adat Jawa Barat: Lengkap Gambar dan Penjelasan {{!}} RomaDecade|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042639/https://www.romadecade.org/rumah-adat-jawa-barat/|archivedate=2019-04-01}}</ref> Julang téh hartina manuk jeung ngapak téh hartina hiber ku jangjangna.<ref name=":0" /> Imah adat ieu téh diaranan Julang Ngapak sabab rarancang suhunan imahna mirip jeung manuk anu keur hiber.<ref name=":0" /> Suhunan anu wanguna téh lébar di unggal sisina, jeung diluhurna téh jiga hurup "V" anu antukna wanguna téh katémbong jiga manuk anu keur hiber.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://perpustakaan.id/rumah-adat-jawa-barat/|title=7 Rumah Adat Jawa Barat serta Keunikan, Gambar, Penjelasan|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715002706/https://perpustakaan.id/rumah-adat-jawa-barat/|archivedate=2023-07-15}}</ref> Ciri lian tina imah adat Julang Ngapak nyaéta dina suhunan anu pangluhurna aya cagak gunting atawa disebut capit hurang. Fungsi tina cagak gunting nyaéta salaku tarékah pikeun nyingkahan cai hujan asup ka imah. == Sebaran sarta Pamakéan == Imah anu boga suhunan Julang ngapak loba katingali di daérah [[Tasikmalaya]].<ref name=":1" /> Kampung-kampung adat saperti [[kampung Dukuh]], [[kampung Naga]], [[Kuningan]], [[Sukabumi]], jeung tempat-tempat liana nu aya di Jawa Barat.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://anjjabar.go.id/rumah-tradisional|title=Rumah Tradisional {{!}} Anjungan Jawa BaratAnjungan Jawa Barat|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=2024-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401130439/http://anjjabar.go.id/rumah-tradisional|archivedate=2019-04-01}}</ref> Salian ti éta imah Adat Julang ngapak ogé digunakeun di sababaraha wangunan kampus kawentar di Indonésia. Salah sahiji kampusna nyaéta kampus ITB ([[Institut Teknologi Bandung]]).<ref name=":1" /> Imah Julang ngapak sarua jeung imah-imah adat Sunda séjéna nyaéta wangun imahna panggung jeung aya kolong anu miboga fungsi pikeun nyingkahan banjir atawa gempa bumi, atawa bisa dipaké jang kandang sasatoan saperti embé, sapi, hayam, atawa bisa ogé dipaké jang nyimpen pakakas-pakakas paranti ka kebon atawa ka sawah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartatik|first=Hartatik|date=2016-11-07|title=EKSISTENSI RUMAH RUMAH ADAT BANJAR DALAM PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN|url=http://naditirawidya.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/nw/article/view/127|journal=Naditira Widya|language=id|volume=10|issue=2|pages=145–158|doi=10.24832/nw.v10i2.127|issn=2548-4125|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330102023/http://naditirawidya.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/nw/article/view/127|archive-date=2024-03-30|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref> == Filosofi == Masarakat Sunda hirup henteu leupas tina ajén-ajén filosofis, kitu ogé aspék arsitéktur, moal jauh tina ajén-ajén ieu.<ref name=":3" /> Ajén-ajén filosofis anu nyangkaruk dina wangunan imah adat Sunda nyaéta: 1. Imah Adat wangun panggung, miboga filosofi yén manusa téh henteu hirup diluhureun langit, henteu ogé hirup dihandapeunana tatapi aya ditengah-tengah, ku kituna manusa kudu hirup dina tengah-tengah anu dibuktikeun dina wangun imah panggung.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Julang-Ngapak-Filosofi-Sebuah-Bangunan|title=Julang Ngapak, Filosofi Sebuah Bangunan » Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> 2. Bumi mangrupa istilah anu dipaké dina basa Sunda nyaéta [[imah]] téa. Bumi nyaéta basa lemesna tina imah jeung bumi gé hartina [[dunya]]. Ieu hal némbongkeun yén imah téh lain saukur tempat cicing, jeung imah téh leuwih lega hartina tibatan tempat cicing jeung ngiuhan hungkul.<ref name=":3" /> == Papaés Suhunan == Dina bagian puncak (suhunan) Julang Ngapak, aya papaés has anu disebut '''Capit Gunting''' (ᮎᮕᮤᮒ᮪ ᮌᮥᮔ᮪ᮒᮤᮀ).<ref name="etnik" /> Sanajan sacara visual katémbong jiga hiasan, Capit Gunting miboga fungsi téknis sarta filosofis: * '''Fungsi Téknis:''' Mangrupa pameungkeut (pengikat) hateup ijuk atanapi kiray dina bagian suhunan supados teu gampil kabawa angin sarta nyegah cai hujan rembes (bocor) kana sela-sela sambungan hateup.<ref name="bs-sunda" /> * '''Fungsi Filosofis:''' Simbol kawaspadaan sarta kakuatan pameungkeut hirup masarakat Sunda. Sababaraha pihak sering nyaruakeun Capit Gunting sareng '''Capit Hurang''' (ᮎᮕᮤᮒ᮪ ᮠᮥᮛᮀ), nanging saenyana duanana bénten. Capit Hurang mah wangunna melengkung ka handap sarta ilaharna dipaké dina wangun suhunan [[Parahu Kumureb]].<ref name="deni" /> == Babagian Imah Julang Ngapak == Bahan-bahan anu dipaké pikeun nyieun imah Julang Ngapak nyaéta bahan-bahan ti alam jeung tradisional. Bahana nyaéta: 1. Suhunan Suhunan imah julang ngapak biasana dijieunna tina [[eurih]], [[injuk]] jeung daun [[Kirai|kiray]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moondoggiesmusic.com/rumah-adat-jawa-barat/|title=7 Rumah Adat Jawa Barat : Nama, Gambar dan Penjelasannya|last=Saddoen|first=Arifin|website=TheMoonDoggies|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref> Injuk nyaéta serat hideung jeung teuas.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dekoruma.com/artikel/74334/apa-itu-atap-ijuk|title=Apa Itu Atap Ijuk? Yuk Lihat 5 Desain Bangunan dengan Atap Ijuk Ini|website=www.dekoruma.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref> Imah-imah anu suhunanna maké injuk idéntik jeung gaya arsitéktur kuno atawa tradisional sarta ngabogaan loba kaunggulan sorangan sarta bisa jadi tinimbangan dina dunya arsitéktur, ku kituna imah adat Julang Ngapak ogé milih daun kawung salaku bahan dasar hateupna. . Hateup tina daun injuk mangrupa bahan serat anu kuat, malah bisa tahan 80-100 taun sarta kuat ngalawan rinyuh, asam sarta miboga kapasitas nyerep anu alus naha nyerep cai atawa nyerep panas.<ref name=":4" /> Panutup hateupna dijieun tina daun [[tepus]] atawa [[kiray]] jeung injuk sarta ditalikeun maké tali awi kana rangka hateup di luhurna.<ref name=":2" /> 2. Karangka hateup Bahan anu dipaké pikeun rangka hateup imah julang ngapak nyaéta awi. Hateup wangunan imah julang ngapak boga rarancang anu lega dina unggal sisina. 3. Rojongan awi sirih opat == Tutumbu Kaluar == * {{en}} [https://www.gph.gov.sa/en-us/Pages/Home.aspx Loka resmi Presidensi Umum Urusan Dua Masjid Suci (GPH)]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Dokuméntasi resmi wangunan Ka'bah. * {{id}} [https://kemenag.go.id/ Kamenterian Agama Républik Indonésia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303053724/https://kemenag.go.id/ |date=2026-03-03 }} - Émbaran ngeunaan sajarah jeung manasik. * {{en}} [https://archive.org/details/kumpulan-kisah-biographi-sejarah-dalam-islam/Sedjarah%20Kabah%20dan%20Manasik%20Hadji%20by%20H.%20Aboebakar/page/30/mode/1up Digitalisasi Buku Sedjarah Kabah ku H. Aboebakar] dina Archive.org. == Referensi == [[Kategori:Wikilatih UPI 2024]] [[Kategori:Imah Adat]] [[Kategori:Adat Sunda]] [[Kategori:Budaya Sunda]] [[Kategori:Arsitektur Sunda]] e4nxl74gdcxzymr2xjqkty1qjtcy3eh 0 105093 731807 680996 2026-11-08T09:52:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731807 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Perang Pasifik''' atawa '''Perang Asia Pasifik''', atawa nu dikenal di Jepang ku ngaran '''Perang Asia Timur Raya''' ({{Nihongo|'''Greater East Asia War'''||Dai Tō-A Sensō}}) nyaéta perang anu kajadianana di [[Samudra Pasifik]], pulau-pulauna, jeung di [[Asia]]. Konflik ieu lumangsung antara taun 1937 jeung 1945. Sanajan kitu, kajadian - kajadian nu leuwih penting lumangsung sanggeus 7 Desember 1941, nalika Jepang nyerang [[Pearl Harbor]], [[Amérika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]] tur koloni nagara Sekutu di Asia jeung Pasifik, anu nyieun Amerika Serikat kalibat kana [[Perang Dunya II|Perang Dunia II]] jeung Sekutu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Perang Pasifik|url=https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Perang_Pasifik|access-date=2024-03-31|language=en|first=UNIVERSITAS SAINS & TEKNOLOGI|last=KOMPUTER}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331154234/https://p2k.stekom.ac.id/ensiklopedia/Perang_Pasifik |date=2024-03-31 }}</ref> == Sajarah == Perang [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] - [[Jepang]] kadua antara Kekaisaran Jepang jeung antara [[Républik Tiongkok]] dimimitian dina 7 Juli 1937, sarta mumusuhan dituluykeun 19 Séptémber 1931, nalika Jepang invasi ka [[Manchuria]]. Sanajan kitu, leuwih lega ditarima yén Perang Pasifik sorangan dimimitian dina Désémber 7–8, 1941, nalika Jepang nyerang Thailand sarta ngainvasi koloni Britania di [[Malaya, Lemong, Pesisir Kulon|Malaya]], [[Singapura]], jeung [[Hong Kong]] ogé serangan kejutan Jepang ka militér Amérika Serikat jeung pangkalan angkatan laut di Pearl Harbour, [[Wake Island]], [[Guam]], jeung [[Filipina]]. Dina Perang Pasifik, pasukan Sekutu perang ngalawan Jepang, sarta Jepang ogé dirojong ku kakuatan Poros séjén kayaning [[Thailand]] sarta, ka leuwih rendah, [[Jérman]] jeung [[Italia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/a-short-history-of-the-war-in-the-pacific-during-the-second-world-war|title=A Short History Of The War In The Pacific During The Second World War|website=Imperial War Museums|language=en|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref> Patempuran ieu diwangun ku sababaraha perang angkatan laut panggedéna dina sajarah, jeung kajahatan perang anu kacida di sakuliah Asia jeung Kapuloan Pasifik, anu nyababkeun leungitna kahirupan manusa anu kacida gedéna. Perang terus dipungkas ku serangan udara ka Jepang, jeung bom atom Hiroshima ogé Nagasaki, dibarengan ku déklarasi perang [[Uni Soviét]] ka Jepang, invasi Manchuria jeung wilayah-wilayah séjén dina 9 Agustus 1945, nyababkeun Jepang ngumumkeun niatna nyerah dina 15 Agustus 1945. Pasrahna Jepang lumangsung dina kapal perang [[USS Missouri]] di Teluk Tokyo dina tanggal 2 Séptémber 1945. Sanggeus perang, Jepang leungit sakabéh hak jeung gelar ti urut milikna di Asia jeung Pasifik, sarta kadaulatanna diwatesan ka opat pulo utama jeung lianna. pulo leutik sakumaha ditangtukeun ku Sekutu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2022/07/04/130000579/sebab-khusus-perang-dunia-ii-di-wilayah-asia-pasifik|title=|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref> == Akhir Perang Pasifik == Période puncak anu nandaan ahir téater Perang Pasifik antara sekutu dipingpin ku Amérika Serikat (AS) jeung Jepang, Agustus 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-5684161/berakhirnya-perang-pasifik-dan-kemerdekaan-indonesia|title=Berakhirnya Perang Pasifik dan Kemerdekaan Indonesia|last=Sadeli|first=Hasan|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331154234/https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-5684161/berakhirnya-perang-pasifik-dan-kemerdekaan-indonesia|archivedate=2024-03-31}}</ref> Kajadian anu bakal terus diinget-inget museur kana operasi bom di dua kota, nyaéta [[Hiroshima]] tanggal 6 Agustus jeung Nagasaki tanggal 9 Agustus 1945 anu nelasan sarta nyideraan ratusan rébu jalma. Salian ti éta, pangaruh radiasi tina pakarang nuklir ogé lila. Panempoan anu matak pikasieuneun ieu nyababkeun moral tentara Jepang langsung runtuh. Padahal tadina, pasukan Jepang dipikanyaho sok bakti dina unggal perang. Aranjeunna teu ragu bunuh diri tinimbang nyerah. Indonésia ogé teu luput jadi wewengkon pementasan Perang Pasifik, sarta lain hiji-hijina wewengkon di luar Jepang anu dijadikeun wewengkon pikeun operasi tempur Pasifik. Filipina, Papua Nugini jeung sababaraha daérah di kapuloan Pasifik ogé dipaké salaku médan perang. Kanyataan ieu nunjukeun yén Perang Pasifik lumangsung sacara urutan jilid, kalawan wengkuan lega operasi nu teu ngan lumangsung di darat, tapi ogé di laut. Ayana bom di Hiroshima jeung Nagasaki mangrupakeun kacindekan pikeun nutup volume perang. Jepang terus nyerah ka sekutu dina 15 Agustus 1945. == Dampak Perang Pasifik == Aya sababaraha dampak dina lumangsungna peperangan ieu, diantaranna:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-5684161/berakhirnya-perang-pasifik-dan-kemerdekaan-indonesia|title=Berakhirnya Perang Pasifik dan Kemerdekaan Indonesia|last=Sadeli|first=Hasan|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331154234/https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-5684161/berakhirnya-perang-pasifik-dan-kemerdekaan-indonesia|archivedate=2024-03-31}}</ref> # Blok sekutu nyieun leungit sababaraha kawasanna nu penting jeung stratégis. # Kamerdikaan sababaraha nagara jajahan, kaasup Indonésia. # Leungitna wilayah jajahan Jepang tina Perang Dunia I. # Jepang ulah miboga angkatan perang. # Kaisar Jepang nu kaleungitan status déwa sabab saacanna dipihormat layakna Déwa Matahari. Dampak keur Indonésia, réa pisan nu nyebutkeun yén kamerdikaan [[Indonésia]] mangrupa hadiah ti Jepang atawa hadiah teu langsung ti sekutu. Pernyataan ieu ngan sapihak. Aya pangaruh ti faktor éksternal kaasup pasrah Jepang ka sekutu dina Perang Pasifik, éta bisa ditarima. Jepang ngajangjikeun kamerdikaan, tapi ku cara timbal balik kalawan harepan urang Indonésia bakal mantuan dina Perang Pasifik. Jangji-jangji ieu sok diucapkeun ti taun 1944, jeung kanyataanna henteu aya anu bener. Samentara éta, di sisi séjén, serangan Sekutu ka Jepang dina Perang Pasifik teu boga tujuan pikeun ngabébaskeun wewengkon dijajah Jepang. Komo basa Walanda nyoba-nyoba deui pikeun ngarebut kakawasaan di Indonésia, sekutu-sekutuna teu puguh éntép seureuhna. Jadi dua asumsi nu nyebutkeun "kamerdikaan éta hadiah ti Jepang" jeung "kamerdikaan éta hadiah pikeun sekutu" ngan asumsi anu pindah jauh tina fakta sajarah. Sakali deui, Indonésia ngamangpaatkeun momentum elehna Jepang di Perang Pasifik pikeun ngagancangkeun proklamasi kamerdikaan. == Referensi == [[Kategori:Wikilatih UPI 2024]] [[Kategori:Perang Pasifik]] sqm5xswjld82h13rrdq2tp4ru8epve7 0 105094 731801 705563 2026-11-08T09:39:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731801 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Pangsi |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[file:Seba Baduy Banten Kota Serang.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Urang [[Baduy]] nganggo pangsi.'' |- ! Jenis | [[Raksukan]] Tradisional |- ! Asal | [[Tatar Sunda]] ([[Jawa Barat]] & [[Banten]]) |- ! Séké sélér | [[Sunda]], [[Betawi]] |- ! Warna | Hideung, Biru Kolot, Bodas |} '''Pangsi''' mangrupa salasahiji [[raksukan]] tradisional ti [[Jawa Barat]] sarta [[Banten]], [[Indonésia]]. Ieu raksukan umumna dipaké ku urang [[Sunda]] sarta urang [[Batawi|Betawi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/03/16/181351769/baju-pangsi-pakaian-tradisional-banten|title=Baju Pangsi, Pakaian Tradisional Banten|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-03-30}}</ref> Pangsi téh mangrupa sasetél baju atasan (biasana disebut salontré) sarta calana komprang polos anu panjangna teu ngaleuwihan indung suku. Ieu raksukan ilaharna dipaké ku pameget, jawara, pamaén [[Maén Po]], nepi ka pamuka masarakat. Raksukan pangsi geus dipaké ku karuhun jaman baheula sarta jadi warisan budaya anu turun-tumurun nepi ka ayeuna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.halojabar.com/makna-dan-filosofi-pakaian-pangsi-busana-tradisional-dari-sunda/|title=Makna dan Filosofi Pakaian Pangsi, Busana Tradisional dari Sunda|last=Halojabar.com|first=Tim|website=Halojabar.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref> == Filosofi == Pangsi téh ngaran raksukan anu miboga singketanna, nya éta " Pangeusi numpang ka sisi" anu hartina raksukan anu nutupan awak, makéna ku cara dibeulitkeun siga maké [[sarung]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/budaya/d-6216201/pangsi-pakaian-adat-jawa-barat-yang-kaya-filosofi|title=Pangsi, Pakaian Adat Jawa Barat yang Kaya Filosofi|last=Sopamena|first=Cornelis Jonathan|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-03-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330103003/https://www.detik.com/jabar/budaya/d-6216201/pangsi-pakaian-adat-jawa-barat-yang-kaya-filosofi |date=2024-03-30 }}</ref> Raksukan pangsi teu sagayawah dipaké, pangsi ogé miboga filosofi atawa ma'na, nya éta " Tangtung, Nangtung, Samping" '''Tangtung''' Tangtung mangrupa singketan tina " Tangtungan Ki Sunda Nyuwu kana Suja" anu hartina miboga jati diri anu kuat tur alus pamadegan.<ref name=":1" /> '''Nangtung''' Nangtung mangrupa singketan tina "Nangtung, Jejeg, Ajeg, dina Galur" anu hartina kuat dina kayakinan ogé miboga sumanget anu luhur jeung teu babari nyerah.<ref name=":1" /> '''Samping''' Samping ngandung harti " Depe-Depe Handap Asor" nya éta alus haté tur teu adigung.<ref name=":1" /> Raksukan pangsi miboga kancing anu jumlahna aya genep kancing anu ngalambangkeun [[Rukun Iman]] atawa lima kancing anu ngalambangkeun Rukun Islam.<ref name=":1" /> == Kagunaan == Warna raksukan pangsi lolobana warna [[hideung]], teu nutup kamungkinan aya warna-warna séjén nalika aya kagiatan éta ngaluyukeun acara jeung kagunaan pangsi éta sorangan. <ref name=":0" /> Kagunaan Raksukan pangsi salian keur jadi panutup oge jadi panyalindung awak, Pangsi mangrupa raksukan geblus lalaki ogé bisa dipaké salaku raksukan keur latihan silat tradisional anu aya di [[Banten]]. Bisa ogé ngajadikeun keur ngamumule budaya urang Sunda, bisa nambahan kaéndahan kaayaan, ngawanohkeun idéntitas urang Sunda, nunjukkeun kareueus jeung ngaronjatkeun kasadaran kana wewengkon urang.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rinidesu.com/2023/08/baju-pangsi-merupakan-pakaian-adat-dari-daerah.html|title=Baju Pangsi, Pakaian Adat dari Daerah yang Memiliki Keunikan Tersendiri - Rinidesu.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-03-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330105340/https://www.rinidesu.com/2023/08/baju-pangsi-merupakan-pakaian-adat-dari-daerah.html |date=2024-03-30 }}</ref> == Runtuyan Maké Pangsi == Dina maké raksukan Pangsi tangtu kudu saluyu jeung runtuyan maké na sangkan katingali merenah tur alus nalika maké na, aya sasabaraha runtuyan dina maké Pangsi, nya éta: # Dimimitian ti calana heula, tuluy pageuhan ku meulitkeun tali kana calana, # Paké Salontréng saperti kaméja biasa, # Gunakeun ikét sirah tina kaén sacara ngalintang nepi ka jadi segitiga, tuluy tileup kaén lalaunan tina bagéan anu ngalintang panjang,tileup na cukup tilu nepi ka lima séntiméter. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/budaya/d-6216201/pangsi-pakaian-adat-jawa-barat-yang-kaya-filosofi|title=Pangsi, Pakaian Adat Jawa Barat yang Kaya Filosofi|last=Sopamena|first=Cornelis Jonathan|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-03-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330105330/https://www.detik.com/jabar/budaya/d-6216201/pangsi-pakaian-adat-jawa-barat-yang-kaya-filosofi |date=2024-03-30 }}</ref> == Kaonjoyan jeung kahéngkéran == Dilitik leuwih jero, raksukan Pangsi ogé miboga kaonjoyan jeung kahéngkéranna sorangan, saperti: '''Kaonjoyan:''' # Miboga kabudayaan dina wewengkon saperti dina warna jeung désain anu alus tur unik anu bisa melongkeun kaéndahan di hiiji wewengkon. # Némbongkeun idéntitas wewengkon anu penting sabab bisa némbongkeun idéntitas jeung kareueus hiji jalma ka wewengkonna. # Bisa dimekarkeun, najan raksukan pangsi téh mangrupa raksukan adat anu aya ti baheula, teu satuluyna teu bisa dimekarkeun. Loba ogé anu nyieun baju maké modél baju anu modéren kana baju pangsi nepikeun bisa katempo ''stylish'' jeung bisa dipaké di sababaraha kasempetan kagiatan atawa acara. # Ngamumulé Budaya. Ku urang ngajaga jeung ngamumulé pakéan salaku warisan karuhun, éta geus némbongkeun yén kabengharan budaya wewengkon téh kajaga. # Bisa dipaké salau baju [[Panganténan Sunda|pangantén]], anu bakal katempo leuwih elegan.<ref name=":2" /> '''Kahéngkéran:''' # Harga na aya anu mahal. Raksukan anu geus di jieun modéren bisa waé mangaruhan kana harga anu bisa leuwih mahal sabab sok ditempelan ku [[emas]] jeung permata anu ngajadikeun harga pangsi luhur. # Pilihan warna anu kawatesanan. Sanajan loba pilihan warna, anu leuwih bisa dipaké dina acara formal atawa resmi mah sok maké warna anu sérab sabab katingali leuwih alus jeung cocok nalika aya acara-acara resmi. # Bangbaluh dina ngajaga raksukan. Nalika aya raksukan anu geus di modéren keun tangtu dina ngarawat raksukanna leuwih hariwang sabab kudu ditunda sacara taliti. # Hésé ditéang. Hésé néang raksukan pangsi anu bahanna alus pisan. Aya sababaraha wewengkon anu nyieun raksukan Pangsi maké bahan anu alus jeung seuseug.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rinidesu.com/2021/10/baju-adat-pangsi.html|title=Baju Adat Pangsi - Memperkenalkan Kebudayaan Indonesia yang Elegan - Rinidesu.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331100141/https://www.rinidesu.com/2021/10/baju-adat-pangsi.html|archivedate=2024-03-31}}</ref> == Référénsi: == [[Kategori:Wikilatih UPI 2024]] <references /> [[Kategori:Raksukan]] [[Kategori:Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kabudayaan dumasar nagara]] 2vucc2gep7mbi4qro2ddxf3jh1h2srf 0 105206 731767 678038 2026-11-08T07:53:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melani Putri''' (21 Juli 2000) mangrupakeun atlét dayung asal Indonésia. Manéhna jadi wawakil Indonésia dina kagiatan sculls ganda ringan putri di Olimpiade Tokyo taun 2020. Di kompetisi anu séjén manéhna ngahontal dua perak di SEA Games Hanoi taun 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nocindonesia.id/athlete/view/melani+putri|title=Melani Putri - Indonesia Olympic Commitee|website=nocindonesia.id|accessdate=2024-05-05}}</ref> == Karier == Melani mimiti wanoh jeung olahraga dayung di taun 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/hijab-profile/d-5660516/kenalan-dengan-melani-putri-atlet-olimpiade-tokyo-calon-guru-asal-karawang|title=Kenalan dengan Melani Putri, Atlet Olimpiade Tokyo Calon Guru Asal Karawang|last=Febriani|first=Gresnia Arela|website=wolipop|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214194803/https://wolipop.detik.com/hijab-profile/d-5660516/kenalan-dengan-melani-putri-atlet-olimpiade-tokyo-calon-guru-asal-karawang|archivedate=2025-12-14}}</ref> Saméméh ngawakilan Indonesia di Olimpiade Tokyo manéhna pernah ngilu sababaraha kompetisi di antarana: * Pekan Olahraga Pelajar tingkat Nasional (POPNAS) 2015.<ref name=":0" /> * Pekan Olahraga Nasional (PON) Jabar 2016.Di ieu kompetisi manéhna ngahontal emas di kelas Quadruple jeung perunggu di kelas Single Scull.<ref name=":0" /> * South East Asia Rowing Federation (SEARF) anu dilaksanakeun di Vietnam taun 2017. Hasilna, Melani ngahontal medali perunggu di kelas Double Scull jeung Single Scull.<ref name=":0" /> == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 2000]] iv7olpx5hjx7l9cse9bbbj092n8camp 0 105905 731577 731534 2026-11-07T16:44:59Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Domain of life whose cells have nuclei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Eukaryota | fossil_range = [[Statherian]]–[[Holocene|Present]] {{long fossil range|1650|0 |earliest=2300}} | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | total_width = 270 | image1 = Rhodomonas salina CCMP 322.jpg | caption1 = [[Cryptista]] | image2 = Ranunculus asiaticus4LEST.jpg | caption2 = [[Viridiplantae]] (plants) | image3 = Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg | caption3 = [[Discoba]] | image4 = Chaos carolinensis Wilson 1900.jpg | caption4 = [[Amoebozoa]] | image5 = Ammonia tepida.jpg | caption5 = [[Rhizaria]] | image6 = Isotricha intestinalis.jpg | caption6 = [[Alveolata]] | image7 = Osmia rufa couple (aka).jpg | caption7 = [[Animalia]] | image8 = Boletus edulis (Tillegem).jpg | caption8 = [[Fungi]] | border = infobox }} | taxon = Eukaryota | authority = ([[Édouard Chatton|Chatton]], 1925) [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Whittaker]] & [[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]], 1978 | subdivision_ranks = [[Supergroup (biology)|Supergroups]] and [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]] | subdivision = * [[Diaphoretickes]] ** [[SAR supergroup]] ** [[Haptista]] ** [[Cryptista]] ** [[Archaeplastida]] (incl. [[Plants]]) ** [[Provora]]<ref name="Provora"/> * [[Hemimastigophora]] * [[Metamonada]] * [[Malawimonadida]] * [[Ancyromonadida]] * [[CRuMs]] * [[Amorphea]] ** [[Amoebozoa]] ** [[Breviatea]] ** [[Apusomonadida]] ** [[Opisthokonta]] *** [[Holomycota]] (incl. [[Fungi]]) *** [[Holozoa]] (incl. [[Animals]]) {{!}}- style="background:#e0d0b0;" {{!}} | synonyms = * Eucarya {{au|[[Carl Woese|Woese]] et al. 1990}}<ref name="w1990"/> * Eukarya {{au|[[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]] 1996}}<ref name="Margulis 1996"/> }} '''Eukariota''' nyaéta sakumpulan organismeu anu sélna mibanda [[Nukleus sél|nukleus]] anu ngabeungkeut mémbran (lamad). Ieu anu ngabédakeun maranéhanana jeung [[prokariota]], anu sélna teu boga nukleus atawa organél mémbran (lamad).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |title=Sequoia sempervirens |work=The Gymnosperm Database |editor=Earle CJ |date=2017 |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401041103/http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngaran "Eukariota" asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], "eu" anu hartina "hadé" atawa "alus" sarta "karyon" anu hartina "inti". Hal ieu ngagambarkeun ciri husus maranéhanana anu boga inti sél anu ''terorganisir'' jeung alus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eme |first1=Laura |last2=Tamarit |first2=Daniel |last3=Caceres |first3=Eva F. |last4=Stairs |first4=Courtney W. |last5=De Anda |first5=Valerie |last6=Schön |first6=Max E. |last7=Seitz |first7=Kiley W. |last8=Dombrowski |first8=Nina |last9=Lewis |first9=William H. |last10=Homa |first10=Felix |last11=Saw |first11=Jimmy H. |last12=Lombard |first12=Jonathan |last13=Nunoura |first13=Takuro |last14=Li |first14=Wen-Jun |last15=Hua |first15=Zheng-Shuang |last16=Chen |first16=Lin-Xing |last17=Banfield |first17=Jillian F. |last18=John |first18=Emily St |last19=Reysenbach |first19=Anna-Louise |last20=Stott |first20=Matthew B. |last21=Schramm |first21=Andreas |last22=Kjeldsen |first22=Kasper U. |last23=Teske |first23=Andreas P. |last24=Baker |first24=Brett J. |last25=Ettema |first25=Thijs J. G. |title=Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=29 June 2023 |volume=618 |issue=7967 |pages=992–999 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2 |pmid=37316666 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=10307638|bibcode=2023Natur.618..992E }}</ref> Anu kalebet kana eukariota téh naon waé [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], [[fungi]], sareng seueur [[organismeu]] [[unisélular]]. Aranjeunna mangrupakeun kumpulan anu penting dina ngawangun kahirupan barengan jeung dua grup [[prokariot]] : [[Baktéri]] jeung [[Archaea]].<ref name="Hoek 95">{{cite book |last1=van den Hoek |first1=C. |last2=Mann |first2=D.G. |last3=Jahns |first3=H.M. |name-list-style=vanc |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |title=Algae An Introduction to Phycology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-30419-9 |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210172546/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |url-status=live }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi dumasar kana ukuranana umumna leuwih badag, [[biomassa]] global koléktip maranéhanana leuwih badag batan ''prokariot''. ''Eukariota'' kawasna bijil tina ''archaea Asgard'', sareng caket hubunganana sareng ''Heimdallarchaeia''.<ref name=Wood>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gerald |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85112-235-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood |publisher=Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives }}</ref> Ieu tiasa ngandung harti yén ngan aya dua domain kahirupan, [[Baktéri]] jeung ''Archaea'', kalawan ''eukariota'' diasupkeun kana ''Archaea''. Eukariota mimiti aya dina mangsa ''Paleoproterozoikum'', kawasna salaku sél ''flagellated''.<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565">{{cite journal |last1=Seenivasan |first1=Ramkumar |last2=Sausen |first2=Nicole |last3=Medlin |first3=Linda K. |last4=Melkonian |first4=Michael |name-list-style=vanc |title=Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=26 March 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059565 |page=e59565|pmid=23555709 |pmc=3608682 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...859565S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Téori évolusionér anu utama nyaéta aranjeunna diciptakeun ku ''simbiogenesis'' antara ''archaean'' ''Asgard'' anaérobik sareng ''proteobacterium'' aérobik, anu ngawangun ''mitokondria''. Épisode kadua simbiogenesis sareng ''cyanobacterium'' nyiptakeun pepelakan, kalayan kloroplas. Sél ''eukariot'' ngandung organél anu kabeungkeut mémbran sapertos inti, ''retikulum endoplasma'', sareng aparat Golgi. Eukariota bisa jadi uniselulér atawa multiselulér. Dina babandingan, prokariot ilaharna unisélular. Eukariota ''uniséluler'' sakapeung disebut ''protista''. Eukariota bisa réproduksi boh sacara aséksual ngaliwatan ''[[mitosis]]'' jeung séksual ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'' jeung fusi gamét ''(fertilisasi)''. ==Karagaman== Eukariota téh organismeu anu dimimitian tina sél tunggal ''[[mikroskopis]]'', kayaning ''[[picozoans]]'' kurang leuwih handapeun 3 ''microméters'' sakuliah, nepika [[sato]] kawas [[paus biru]]. Beuratna nepi ka 190 [[ton]] jeung panjangna nepi ka 33,6 méter (110 ft), atawa tutuwuhan kawas tangkal [[kai]] pang jangkungna/''[[redwood]]'', jangkungna nepi ka 120 méter (390 ft).<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565"/> Loba eukariota anu unisélular; Eukariota multisélular kaasup [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], jeung [[fungi]], tapi deui, grup ieu ogé ngandung loba spésiés unisélular.<ref name=Wood/> Sél eukariot biasana leuwih badag batan sél prokariot—baktéri jeung ''archaea''—''volume'' kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih gedé.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parfrey |first1=L.W. |last2=Lahr |first2=D.J.G. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2013 |title=Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes |journal=BioEssays |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=339–347 |doi=10.1002/bies.201200143 |pmid=23315654 |s2cid=13872783 |url=http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi, sabab loba di antarana jauh leuwih badag, ''biomassa global'' koléktif maranéhanana (468 gigatons) jauh leuwih badag batan prokariot (77 gigatons), kalawan tutuwuhan nyalira lobana kana leuwih ti 81% tina total ''biomassa Bumi''.<ref name="Hoek 95"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=225 heights=225 caption="Eukariot ukuranana rupa-rupa ti sél tunggal nepi ka organisme anu beuratna ton-tonan"> File:Gram-negative Bacteria and Paramecium forming cyst.jpg|[[Prokaryote]]s (sél cylindrical leutik, [[baktéri]], di kénca) jeung eukariota anu sél tunggal, ''[[Paramecium]]'' File:California Redwood National Park (216450575).jpeg|Tangkal kai pang jangkungna [[Sequoia sempervirens|''Coast redwood'']] File:Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library (rotated).jpg|[[Paus Biru]] </gallery> Eukariota mangrupa garis katurunan anu rupa-rupa, utamana diwangun ku organismeu ''mikroskopis''.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55"/> Multisélularitas dina sababaraha bentuk parantos mekar sacara mandiri sahenteuna 25 kali dina eukariota.<ref name="Grosberg2007">{{cite journal |last1=Grosberg |first1=RK |last2=Strathmann |first2=RR |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=The evolution of multicellularity: A minor major transition? |journal=[[Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst]] |volume=38 |pages=621–654 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 |u b. B: :rl=https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222721/https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Organisme multisélular kompléks, kumpulan amoéba anu teu kaétang pikeun ngabentuk ''molds slime'', ngalaman évolusi ngan dina genep runtuyan katurunan eukariot: [[sasatoan]], [[fungi]] ''symbiomycotan'', [[ganggang coklat]], [[ganggang beureum]], [[ganggang héjo]], jeung tutuwuhan darat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Popper |first1=Zoë A. |last2=Michel |first2=Gurvan |last3=Hervé |first3=Cécile |last4=Domozych |first4=David S. |last5=Willats |first5=William G.T. |last6=Tuohy |first6=Maria G. |last7=Kloareg |first7=Bernard |last8=Stengel |first8=Dagmar B. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2011 |title=Evolution and diversity of plant cell walls: From algae to flowering plants |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-plant-biology_2011_62/page/567 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=62 |pages=567–590 |pmid=21351878 |hdl=10379/6762 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=11961888 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809}}</ref> Eukariota dikumpulkeun dumasar kana kamiripan génomik, ku kituna katempo grup mindeng kakurangan ciri anu kanyahoan.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55">{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Brown |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Simpson |first4=Alastair G.B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=The New Tree of Eukaryotes |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=35 |issue=1 |year=2020 |issn=0169-5347 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008 |pages=43–55|pmid=31606140 |s2cid=204545629 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020TEcoE..35...43B |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1387649/FULLTEXT01 }}</ref> ==Bagéan anu jadi pangbéda== ===Nucleus (Inti)=== Ciri pangdeukeutna eukariot nyaéta sélna boga [[inti]], Ieu masihan aranjeunna namina, tina basa [[Yunani]] εὖ (eu, "well" atawa "alus") jeung κάρυον (karyon, "inti" atawa "puseur"), Sél eukariot boga rupa-rupa struktur kabeungkeut mémbran ''internal'', disebut organél, jeung ''sitoskeleton'' nu nangtukeun [[organisasi]] jeung wangun sél urang.<ref name="OnlineEtDict">{{OEtymD|eukaryotic}}</ref> Nukleus nyimpen DNA sél, nu dibagi kana kebat linier disebut kromosom; ieu dipisahkeun jadi dua sét anj cocog ku ''spindle microtubular'' salila ''division'' [[nuklir]], enggoning prosés ''mitosis eukariot'' anu has.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonev |first1=B |last2=Cavalli |first2=G |name-list-style=vanc |date=14 October 2016 |title=Organization and function of the 3D genome |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=661–678 |doi=10.1038/nrg.2016.112 |pmid=27739532 |hdl=2027.42/151884 |s2cid=31259189 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chromosome Segregation: The Role of Centromeres |last=O'Connor |first=Clare |work=Nature Education |date= 2008|access-date=18 February 2024 |url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/chromosome-segregation-in-mitosis-the-role-of-242/ |quote=eukar }}</ref> ===Biokimia=== Eukariot béda jeung ''prokariot'' dina sababaraha cara, kalayan jalur [[biokimi]]awi unik sapertos sintésis ''sterané''. Protéin tanda tangan eukariot teu boga ''[[homologi]]'' jeung ''[[protéin]]'' dina domain kahirupan séjén, tapi sigana [[universal]] diantara eukariota. Éta kalebet protéin ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', mesin ''[[transkripsi]]'' kompléks, sistem sortir-membran, pori nuklir, jeung sababaraha énzim dina jalur biokimiawi.<ref name="pmid11805300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman H, Fedorov A |title=The origin of the eukaryotic cell: a genomic investigation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=1420–5 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11805300 |pmc=122206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.032658599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.1420H |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Mémbran internal=== {{multiple image | image1 = Prokaryote cell.svg | width1 = 5<!--to scale! the point is this is the relative size, thanks-->0 | caption1 = <small>[[Prokaryote]], to same scale</small> | image2 = Endomembrane system diagram en (edit).svg | width2 = 300 | caption2 = Sél eukariot dengan [[sistem endomembran]] | footer = Sél eukariot kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih badag batan sél prokariot dumasar volumna, sarta ngandung [[organél kabeungkeut mémbran]]. }} Sél eukariot ngawengku rupa-rupa ''[[struktur]]'' anu kabeungkeut mémbran, babarengan ngabentuk sistem [[éndomémbran]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Linka M, Weber AP |chapter=Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells |veditors=Burnap RL, Vermaas WF |title=Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-94-007-1533-2 |page=215 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529130011/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kompartemén basajan,disebut ''[[vesikel]]'' jeung ''[[vakuola]]'', bisa dibentuk ku ''budding'' kaluar mémbran séjén.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors=Marsh M | title=Endocytosis| url=https://archive.org/details/endocytosis0000unse_i6q0 | publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2001| page=vii| isbn=978-0-19-963851-2}}</ref> Loba sél nyerna dahareun jeung bahan séjén ngaliwatan prosés ''[[endositosis]]'', dimana mémbran luar ''invaginates'' lajeng ''pinches'' kaluar pikeun ngabentuk hiji ''[[vesicle]]''. Sababaraha produk sél bisa ninggalkeun dina vesikel ngaliwatan ''exocytosis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stalder |first1=Danièle |last2=Gershlick |first2=David C. |name-list-style=vanc |date=November 2020|title=Direct trafficking pathways from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane |journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology |volume=107 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.001 |pmc=7152905 |pmid=32317144}}</ref> Inti dikurilingan ku mémbran ganda nu katelah amplop nuklir/''[[nuclear envelope]]'', kalawan ''pori'' nuklir nu ngidinan bahan pikeun mindahkeun asup jeung kaluar. Rupa-rupa ''tabung''- jeung lembaran-kawas éksténsi mémbran nuklir ngabentuk ''retikulum endoplasmic'', nu aub dina angkutan [[protéin]] jeung ''maturation''/kadéwasaan.<ref name=TheNuclearEnvelope-NCBI>{{cite journal | vauthors=Hetzer MW | title=The nuclear envelope | journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=a000539 | date=March 2010 | pmid=20300205 | pmc=2829960 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000539 }}</ref> Ieu ngawengku rétikulum ''endoplasma'' kasar, katutupan ku ''ribosom'' nu nyintésis protéin; ieu asup kana rohangan intérior atawa ''lumen''. Salajengna, aranjeunna umumna asup kana ''vesikel'', nu kuncup kaluar lalaunan tina ''[[retikulum endoplasmic]]''. Dina kalolobaan eukariota, vesikel anu mawa protéin ieu dileupaskeun sarta salajengna dirobah dina tumpukan vesikel datar (''cisternae''), puseur pangolahan. Vesikel bisa jadi husus; contona, ''[[lisosom]]'' ngandung énzim ''pencernaan'' anu ngarecah biomolekul dina ''[[sitoplasma]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055727/https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golgi Apparatus |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060218/http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mitochondria=== [[File:Mitochondrion structure.svg |thumb |upright=1.4 |[[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]] v. ]] Mitokondria nyaéta ''organél'' pada sél eukariot.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, Rojas M, Lafyatis R |display-authors=3 |title=Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Pulmonary Circulation |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=131–144 |date=July 1957 |pmid=32166015 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0757-131 |pmc=7052475 |bibcode=1957SciAm.197a.131S }}</ref> Mitokondria biasana disebut "''powerhouse sél''", pikeun fungsina nyadiakeun énérgi ku cara ngoksidasi [[gula]] atawa [[lemak]] pikeun ngahasilkeun [[molekul]] ATP nu nyimpen-énergi.<ref name=Voet>{{cite book | vauthors=Voet D, Voet JC, Pratt CW |name-list-style=vanc |title=Fundamentals of Biochemistry |edition=2nd |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 547, 556] |isbn=978-0471214953 |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 }}</ref> Mitokondria mibanda dua mémbran sakurilingna, masing-masing lapisan ganda ''fosfolipid''; bagian jero nu narilep kana ''invaginations'' disebut ''cristae'' mana réspirasi aérobik lumangsung.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |title=Re: Are there eukaryotic cells without mitochondria? |date=1 May 2006 |work=madsci.org |vauthors=Mack S |access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224700/http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mitokondria ngandung DNA sorangan, nu mibanda kamiripan struktural deukeut jeung DNA baktéri, ti mana asalna, jeung nu ngodekeun rRNA jeung tRNA gén nu ngahasilkeun RNA nu strukturna leuwih deukeut jeung RNA baktéri ti RNA eukariota.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zick |first1=M |last2=Rabl |first2=R |last3=Reichert |first3=AS |name-list-style=vanc |title=Cristae formation-linking ultrastructure and function of mitochondria. |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research |date=January 2009 |volume=1793 |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |pmid=18620004 |doi=10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.013 |doi-access=}}</ref> Sababaraha eukariota, sapertos ''[[metamonads Giardia]]'' sareng ''[[Trichomonas]]'', sareng ''[[amoebozoan Pelomyxa]]'', sigana kurang mitokondria, tapi sadayana ngandung organél turunan mitokondria, seperti ''[[hidrogénosom]]'' atanapi ''mitosom'', kaleungitan mitokondria kadua. Aranjeunna meunang énergi ku aksi énzimatik dina ''sitoplasma''.<ref name="Karn">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karnkowska A, Vacek V, Zubáčová Z, Treitli SC, Petrželková R, Eme L, Novák L, Žárský V, Barlow LD, Herman EK, Soukal P, Hroudová M, Doležal P, Stairs CW, Roger AJ, Eliáš M, Dacks JB, Vlček Č, Hampl V |display-authors=3 |title=A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1274–1284 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27185558 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.053 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016CBio...26.1274K }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria |title=Scientists Shocked To Discover Eukaryote With NO Mitochondria |date=13 May 2016 |vauthors=Davis JL |website=IFL Science |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217214255/https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria/ |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Plastida=== [[File:Chloroplast II.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Jinis [[plastid]] anu paling umum nyaéta [[kloroplas]], anu ngandung [[klorofil]] sareng ngahasilkeun sanyawa [[organik]] ku [[fotosintésis]]. ]] Tutuwuhan jeung sagala rupa golongan ganggang boga plastida ogé mitokondria.<ref name="Kleptoplastidy Hypothesis">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bodył A | s2cid=24613863 | title=Did some red alga-derived plastids evolve via kleptoplastidy? A hypothesis | journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=201–222 | date=February 2018 | pmid=28544184 | doi=10.1111/brv.12340 }}</ref> Plastida, sapertos mitokondria, gaduh [[DNA]] sorangan sareng dikembangkeun tina [[éndosimbion]], dina hal ieu [[sianobaktéri]]. Biasana aya dina bentuk kloroplas anu, seperti sianobakteri, ngandung [[klorofil]] sarta ngahasilkeun sanyawa organik (sapertos glukosa) ngaliwatan fotosintésis.Nu séjénna milu nyimpen dahareun.Sanajan plastida sigana boga asal tunggal,teu sakabéh grup plastid-ngandung patalina raket. Gantina, sababaraha eukariotaaranjeunna geus meunang ti batur ngaliwatan endosymbiosis sekundér atawa ingestion.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=Sato N |year=2006 |pages= 75–102 |title=The Structure and Function of Plastids |volume=23 |veditors=Wise RR, Hoober JK |publisher= Springer Netherlands|chapter=Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids |isbn=978-1-4020-4060-3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_4 |series=Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration}}</ref> Panangkepan sareng sequestering sél fotosintétik sareng kloroplas, kleptoplasti, lumangsung dina loba jenis organismeu eukariot modern.<ref name=pmid18518896>{{cite journal |vauthors=Minnhagen S, Carvalho WF, Salomon PS, Janson S |title=Chloroplast DNA content in Dinophysis (Dinophyceae) from different cell cycle stages is consistent with kleptoplasty |journal=Environ. Microbiol. |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=2411–7 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18518896 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x |bibcode=2008EnvMi..10.2411M }}</ref> ===Struktur sitoskeletal=== Sitoskeleton nyadiakeun ''[[struktur]]'' kaku jeung titik kantétan pikeun struktur motor anu ngamungkinkeun pikeun mindahkeun sél, ngarobah bentuk, atawa angkutan bahan. Struktur ''[[motorik]]'' nyaéta ''[[mikrofilamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'' sareng protéin beungkeut ''[[aktin]]'', kaasup ''α-aktinin'', ''[[fimbrin]]'', sarta ''[[filamin]]'' aya dina beungkeutan lapisan ''[[cortical submembranous]]'' na. Protéin motor ''[[mikrotubulus]]'', ''[[dynein]]'' sareng ''[[kinesin]]'', sarta ''[[miosin]]'' tina ''[[filamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'', nyadiakeun karakter ''[[dinamis]]'' tina kantétan.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Molecular Motors |title=Molecular Biology of the Cell |edition=4th |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |date=2002-01-01 |first1=Bruce |last1=Alberts |first2=Alexander |last2=Johnson |first3=Julian |last3=Lewis |first4=Martin |last4=Raff |first5=Keith |last5=Roberts |first6=Peter |last6=Walter |name-list-style=vanc |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3 |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308094109/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sweeney">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sweeney HL, Holzbaur EL |title=Motor Proteins |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages= a021931|date=May 2018 |pmid=29716949 |pmc=5932582 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a021931 |url=}}</ref> Loba eukariota boga proyéksi ''[[sitoplasma motil]]'' ramping panjang,disebut ''[[flagélla]]'', atawa sababaraha ''struktur'' pondok disebut ''[[silia]]''. Organél ieu rupa-rupa aub dina gerakan, dahar, jeung sénsasi. Utamana diwangun ku ''[[tubulin]]'', sarta sagemblengna béda ti ''[[flagella prokariot]]''.<ref name="Bardy Ng Jarrell 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bardy SL, Ng SY, Jarrell KF | title=Prokaryotic motility structures | journal=Microbiology | volume=149 | issue=Pt 2 | pages=295–304 | date=February 2003 | pmid=12624192 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Silflow Lefebvre 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors=Silflow CD, Lefebvre PA | title=Assembly and motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2001-12_127_4/page/1500 | journal=Plant Physiology | volume=127 | issue=4 | pages=1500–7 | date=December 2001 | pmid=11743094 | pmc=1540183 | doi=10.1104/pp.010807 }}</ref> Éta dirojong ku kebat/amparan ''[[mikrotubulus]]'' anu timbul tina ''[[séntriol]]'', ciri disusun salaku salapan pasang sabudeureun dua singlets. Flagela tiasa gaduh bulu ''(mastigonemes)'', sakumaha dina loba ''Stramenopiles''. Bagian jerona kontinyu sareng sitoplasma sél. ''[[Centrioles]]'' sering aya, sanajan dina sél jeung grup nu teu boga flagella, tapi ''conifers'' jeung tutuwuhan kembangan boga. Aranjeunna umumna lumangsung dina grup anu ngabalukarkeun rupa-rupa akar ''microtubular''. Ieu ngabentuk komponén primér ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', sarta mindeng dirakit ngaliwatan sababaraha divisi sél, kalawan hiji ''[[flagellum]]'' dipikagaduh ti indungna sarta séjéna diturunkeun tina. ''[[Centrioles]]'' ngahasilkeun benang/''spindle'' salila division [[nuklir]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Vorobjev IA, Nadezhdina ES |title=The centrosome and its role in the organization of microtubules |volume=106 |pages=227–293 |year=1987 |pmid=3294718 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61714-3 |isbn=978-0-12-364506-7 |series=International Review of Cytology }}</ref> ===Témbok sél=== Sél tutuwuhan, [[ganggang]], [[fungi]] sareng seueur ''kromalveolat'', tapi sanés [[sato]], dikurilingan ku [[témbok sél]]. Ieu lapisan luar mémbran sél, nyayogikeun sél kalayan dukungan struktural, panyalindungan, jeung mékanisme nyaring. Témbok sél ogé nyegah ékspansi kaleuleuwihan nalika [[cai]] asup kana sél.<ref name="Howland 2000">{{cite book | vauthors=Howland JL | year=2000 | title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life | url=https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl | pages=[https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl/page/69 69]–71 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-511183-5}}</ref> ''[[Polisakarida]]'' utama anu ngawangun dinding sél primér tutuwuhan darat nyaéta ''[[sélulosa]]'', ''[[hémiselulosa]]'', jeung ''[[pektin]]''. ''[[Mikrofibril]]'' sélulosa dihijikeun sareng ''hémiselulosa'', diasupkeun kana matriks pektin. ''[[Hémiselulosa]]'' anu paling umum dina témbok sél primér nyaéta ''[[xyloglucan]]''.<ref name="Fry1989">{{cite journal | vauthors=Fry SC |title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1093/jxb/40.1.1}}</ref> ===Réproduksi séksual=== [[File:Sexual cycle N-2N.svg|thumb|[[Reproduksi séksual]] merlukeun [[siklus hirup biologis|siklus hirup]] anu silih ganti antara fase [[haploid]], kalayan hiji salinan unggal [[kromosom]] dina sél, jeung hiji [[diploid]] fase, kalayan dua salinan. Dina eukariota, haploid [[gamet]]s dihasilkeun ku [[meiosis]]; dua gamét ngahiji ngabentuk diploid [[zigot]].]] Eukariota memiliki siklus hidup yang ngalibatkeun réproduksi séksual, pilihganti antara bagéan ''[[haploid]]'', dimana ngan hiji salinan unggal ''[[kromosom]]'' aya dina unggal [[sél]], jeung nalika ''[[diploid]]'', kalawan dua salinan unggal kromosom dina unggal sél. Fase diploid dibentuk ku ''[[fusi]]'' dua [[gamét]] haploid, sapertos [[endog]] sareng spérmatozoa, pikeun ngabentuk [[zigot]]; Ieu bisa tumuwuh jadi awak, kalayan sélna ngabagi ku ''[[mitosis]]'', sarta dina sababaraha tahap ngahasilkeun ''gamet haploid'' ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'', ''[[division]]'' anu ngurangan jumlah ''kromosom'' sarta nyieun ''[[variability genetik]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Matthew B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Population genetics |url=https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami |url-access=limited |year=2009 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami/page/n69 55]}}</ref> Aya variasi anu kacida penting dina pola ieu. [[Tutuwuhan]] gaduh fase ''[[multisélular]]'' haploid sareng diploid. Eukariot memiliki laju metabolisme yang lebih rendah dan waktu generasi yang lebih lama dibandingkan prokariot, sabab leuwih badag sarta ku kituna boga aréa mun ''[[rasio]]'' volume ''permukaan'' leutik.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=TN |last2=Kerp |first2=H |last3=Hass |first3=H |name-list-style=vanc |year=2005 |title=Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=102 |issue=16 |pages=5892–5897 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0501985102 |pmid=15809414 |pmc=556298 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Évolusi réproduksi séksual bisa jadi ciri mimiti /''[[primordial]]'' eukariota. Dumasar analisis filogenetik, Dacks sareng Roger parantos ngusulkeun yén séks fakultatif aya dina karuhun umum grup éta.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dacks J, Roger AJ |s2cid=9441768 |title=The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1999-06_48_6/page/779 |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=779–783 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10229582 |doi=10.1007/PL00013156 |bibcode=1999JMolE..48..779D }}</ref> Sakumpulan inti gén anu fungsina dina ''meiosis'' aya dina ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]'' sareng ''[[Giardia intestinalis]]'', dua organismeu saméméhna dianggap aséksual. Kusabab dua spésiés ieu turunan tina silsilah anu ''[[diverged]]'' mimiti tina tangkal évolusionér eukariot, gén meiotik inti, sareng ku kituna séks, kemungkinan gede aya dina karuhun umum eukariota.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM |title=A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=185–191 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15668177 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003 |s2cid=17013247 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2005CBio...15..185R }}</ref><ref name=Malik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM |title=An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=e2879 |date=August 2007 |pmid=18663385 |pmc=2488364 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002879 |veditors=Hahn MW |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2879M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Spésiés pernah dianggap aséksual, sapertos parasit ''Leishmania'', gaduh siklus séksual. ''[[Amoebae]]'', saméméhna dianggap aséksual, anu baheulana seksual; grup aséksual kiwari bisa waé mecenghul anu anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E |title=The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1715 |pages=2081–2090 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21429931 |pmc=3107637 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0289 }}</ref> ==Évolusi== [[File:Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity - Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif|thumb|Tangkal eukariota nunjukkeun ''subgrup'' utama sareng ''diagram'' gambar leutik anggota wawakilan unggal grup. Sintésis diropéa dumasar kana rékonstruksi ''[[filogénomik]]'' panganyarna (nepi ka 2023).<ref>{{Cite Q|Q123558544|doi-access=free}}</ref>]] ===Sajarah klasifikasi=== Dina jaman baheula, dua katurunan [[sasatoan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan]] ieu dipikawanoh ku [[Aristoteles]] jeung [[Theophrastus]]. Silsilahna dibéré pangkat [[taksonomi]] Karajaan ku [[Linnaeus]] dina abad ka-18. Padahal anjeunna kaasup [[fungi]] jeung tutuwuhan jeung sababaraha ''[[reservations]]'', éta engkéna baris sadar yén aranjeunna rada béda jeung ngajamin éta karajaan anu misah. Rupa-rupa eukariota sél tunggal asalna disimpen sareng tutuwuhan atanapi sasatoan nalika aranjeunna dipiwanoh.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldfuß |title=Ueber die Classification der Zoophyten |journal=Isis, Oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken |date=1818 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1008–1019 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |trans-title=On the classification of zoophytes |language=de |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324105702/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |url-status=live }} From p. 1008: ''"Erste Klasse. Urthiere. Protozoa."'' (First class. Primordial animals. Protozoa.) [Note: each column of each page of this journal is numbered; there are two columns per page.]</ref> Dina taun 1818, ahli [[biologi]] Jerman [[Georg A. Goldfuss]] nyiptakeun kecap ''[[protozoa]]'' pikeun ngarujuk kana organismeu sapertos ''[[ciliates]]'', sarta grup ieu dimekarkeun nepi ka [[Ernst Haeckel]] ngajadikeun éta karajaan ngawengku sakabéh eukariota sél tunggal, nu ''[[Protista]]'', taun 1866. Eukariota jadi katempona opat karajaan:<ref name=Scamardella1999>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scamardella JM |title=Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista |year=1999 |journal=[[International Microbiology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=207–221 |pmid=10943416 |url=http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614000656/http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=Rothschild1989>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothschild LJ |title=Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name? |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–305 |year=1989 |pmid=11542176 |doi=10.1007/BF00139515 |s2cid=32462158 |authorlink=Lynn J. Rothschild |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204233203/https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Whittaker">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whittaker RH |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1969-01-10_163_3863/page/150 |journal=Science |volume=163 |issue=3863 |pages=150–60 |date=January 1969 |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.5430 |bibcode=1969Sci...163..150W }}</ref> #Karajaan ''Protista'' (mikro organismeu unik) #Karajaan ''Plantae'' (Tutuwuhan) #Karajaan ''Fungi'' #Karajaan ''Animalia''(Sasatoan) Protista dina waktos éta dianggap "bentuk primitif", sahingga hiji kelas évolusionér, dihijikeun ku alam unisélular primitif maranéhanana.<ref name="w1990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |author1-link=Carl Woese |author2-link=Otto Kandler |author3-link=Mark Wheelis |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1990-06_87_12/page/4576 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–4579 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2112744 |pmc=54159 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 |bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Knoll 1992">{{cite journal |last=Knoll |first=Andrew H. |name-list-style=vanc |authorlink=Andrew H. Knoll |title=The Early Evolution of Eukaryotes: A Geological Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1992-05-01_256_5057/page/622 |journal=Science |volume=256 |issue=5057 |year=1992 |doi=10.1126/science.1585174 |pages=622–627 |pmid=1585174 |bibcode=1992Sci...256..622K |quote=Eucarya, or eukaryotes}}</ref> Pamahaman ngeunaan branchings pangkolotna dina tangkal kahirupan ngan dimekarkeun substansi kalawan runtuyan DNA, pangheulana kana sistem domain tinimbang karajaan salaku pangkat tingkat luhur anu diajukeun ku [[Carl Woese]], [[Otto Kandler]], sareng [[Mark Wheelis]] taun 1990, ngahijikeun sakabéh karajaan eukariota dina domain "Eucarya", nyatakeun, kumaha ogé, yén "'eukariota' bakal terus jadi [[sinonim]] umum bisa ditarima".<ref name=Rothschild1989/> Dina taun 1996, ahli biologi évolusionér [[Lynn Margulis]] ngusulkeun pikeun ngagentos Karajaan sareng Domain sareng nami "inklusif" pikeun nyiptakeun "filogéni dumasar simbiosis", masihan katerangan "Eukarya (organismee nukleus turunan simbiosis)".<ref name="Margulis 1996">{{cite journal |last=Margulis |first=Lynn |authorlink=Lynn Margulis |name-list-style=vanc |title=Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=93 |issue=3 |date=6 February 1996 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071 |pages=1071–1076 |pmid=8577716 |pmc=40032 |bibcode=1996PNAS...93.1071M |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Filogéni=== Nepi ka 2014, konsensus kasar mimiti muncul tina studi filogénomik dua dasawarsa saméméhna.<ref name="burki2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F |title=The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=a016147 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24789819 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a016147 |pmc=3996474 }}</ref><ref name="UntanglingEarlyEukaryotes">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F, Kaplan M, Tikhonenkov DV, Zlatogursky V, Minh BQ, Radaykina LV, Smirnov A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=283 |issue=1823 |pages=20152802 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26817772 |pmc=4795036 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 }}</ref> Mayoritas eukariota bisa ditempatkeun dina salah sahiji dua ''[[clades]]'' badag disebut ''[[Amorphea]]'' (komposisi sarupa jeung hipotésa unikont) jeung ''[[Diphoda]]'' (baheulana bikonts), nu ngawengku tutuwuhan jeung lolobana turunan ganggang.<ref name="SchönZlatogursky2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, Poirier C, Wilken S, Mathur V, Strassert JF, Pinhassi J, Worden AZ, Keeling PJ, Ettema TJ |display-authors=3 |title=Picozoa are archaeplastids without plastid |journal=Nature Communications |year=2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6651 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0 |pmid=34789758 |pmc=8599508 |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.04.14.439778 |s2cid=233328713 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189959 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091441/https://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1614928&dswid=-3028 |url-status=live }}</ref> Grup utama katilu, ''[[Excavata]]'', parantos ditinggalkeun salaku grup formal sabab ''[[paraphyletic]]''/ampir sampurna. Filogén anu diusulkeun di handap ieu ngan ukur kalebet hiji kumpulan ékskavasi (Discoba), sareng ngalebetkeun usulan 2021 yén ''[[picozoan]]'' mangrupikeun baraya deukeut ''[[rhodophytes]]''. ''[[Provora]]'' mangrupikeun sakumpulan prédator mikroba anu kapanggih dina 2022.<ref name="Provora">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Gawryluk RM, Belyaev AO, Mathur V, Karpov SA, Zagumyonnyi DG, Borodina AS, Prokina KI, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=December 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=714–719 |pmid=36477531 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..714T |s2cid=254436650 }}</ref> {{stem group kingdoms}} {{clear}} Sisipkan tabel disini Hiji pintonan karajaan hébat sarta grup bobot maranéhanana. ''Metamonada hésé ditempatkeun, jadi adina meureun ka Discob, jigana ka Malawimonada.''<ref name="Brown 2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Heiss |first2=Aaron A. |last3=Kamikawa |first3=Ryoma |last4=Inagaki |first4=Yuji |last5=Yabuki |first5=Akinori |last6=Tice |first6=Alexander K |last7=Shiratori |first7=Takashi |last8=Ishida |first8=Ken-Ichiro |last9=Hashimoto |first9=Tetsuo |last10=Simpson |first10=Alastair |last11=Roger |first11=Andrew |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018-01-19 |title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014 |pmc=5793813|pmid=29360967}}</ref> ===Asal usul eukariota=== [[File:Symbiogenesis 2 mergers.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Dina téori [[simbiogenesis]], ngahiji tina ''[[''archaean'']]'' jeung ''[[baktéri aérobik]]'' nyiptakeun ''[[eukariota]]'', jeung ''[[mitokondria aérobik]]''; ngahiji kadua ditambahkeun ''[[kloroplas]]'', nyieun tutuwuhan héjo.<ref name=latorre/>]] Asal usul sél ''[[eukariot]]'', atawa ''[[eukariogenesis]]'', mangrupakeun milestone (titik hontalan) dina évolusi kahirupan, sabab ''[[eukariota]]'' ngawengku sakabéh sél kompléks jeung ampir sakabéh organismeu [[multisélular]].<ref name="Gabaldón">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabaldón T |title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=631–647 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34343017 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213 |s2cid=236916203 }}</ref> Karuhun umum eukariot panungtung (LECA) tayalian asal hipotétis ti sakabéh eukariota hidup, tur éta paling dipikaresep populasi biologis, lain individu tunggal.<ref name="O'Malley Leger Wideman Ruiz-Trillo pp. 338–344">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Malley MA, Leger MM, Wideman JG, Ruiz-Trillo I |title=Concepts of the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=338–344 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30778187 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0796-3 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..338O |hdl-access=free |s2cid=67790751 |hdl=10261/201794 }}</ref> LECA dipercaya mangrupa [[protista]] nu boga inti, sahenteuna hiji ''[[centriole]]'' sareng ''[[flagellum]]'', mitokondria aérobik fakultatif, kelamin (meiosis jeung syngamy), kista dorman kalawan témbok sél ''[[kitin]]'' atawa ''[[selulosa]]'', sarta ''[[peroksisom]]''. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leander BS |title=Predatory protists |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=R510–R516 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32428491 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.052 |s2cid=218710816 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CBio...30.R510L }}</ref><ref name="RedAlgalDerivedPlastids">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strassert JF, Irisarri I, Williams TA, Burki F |title=A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1879 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33767194 |pmc=7994803 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1879S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Koumandou Wickstead Ginger van der Giezen 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Koumandou |first1=V. Lila |last2=Wickstead |first2=Bill |last3=Ginger |first3=Michael L. |last4=van der Giezen |first4=Mark |last5=Dacks |first5=Joel B. |last6=Field |first6=Mark C. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Molecular paleontology and complexity in the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=48 |issue=4 |year=2013 |doi=10.3109/10409238.2013.821444 |pages=373–396|pmid=23895660 |pmc=3791482 }}</ref> Gabungan éndosimbiotik antara ''[[archaea]]'' ''anaérobik motil'' jeung ''[[alphaproteobacterium]] aérobik'' ngalahirkeun LECA jeung sakabéh [[''eukariota'']], kalawan ''[[mitokondria]]''. Sadetik, loba engké ''[[endosymbiosis]]'' jeung ''[[cyanobacterium]]'' ngahudangkeun karuhun [[tutuwuhan]], kalawan ''[[kloroplas]]''.<ref name=latorre>{{cite book |vauthors=Latorre A, Durban A, Moya A, Pereto J |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |chapter=The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution |title=Origins and Evolution of Life: An astrobiological perspective |veditors=Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, Martin H |year=2011 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=326–339 |isbn=978-0-521-76131-4 |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055723/https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ayana ''biomarker eukariot'' dina [[archaea]] nunjuk ka arah asal ''[[archaeal]]''. ''Genom Asgard archaea'' gaduh seueur gén protéin tanda tangan ''[[Eukariot]]'', nu maénkeun peran kacida penting dina ngembangkeun ''[[sitoskeleton]]'' jeung ''struktur'' sélular kompléks ciri ''eukariota''. Dina 2022, tomografi cryo-éléktron nunjukkeun yén ''[[Asgard archaea]]'' boga [[sitoskeleton]] basis aktin kompléks, nyadiakeun bukti ''visual'' langsung munggaran ngeunaan karuhun ''[[archaeal eukariota]]''.<ref name="Rodrigues-Oliveira et al 2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodrigues-Oliveira T, Wollweber F, Ponce-Toledo RI, etal. |title=Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaean |journal=Nature |volume=613 |pages=332–339 |date=2023 |issue=7943 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y|pmid=36544020 |pmc=9834061 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..332R |hdl=20.500.11850/589210 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ===Fosil=== Waktu asal usul ''[[eukariota]]'' sesah ditetepkeun tapi kapanggihna ''Qingshania magnificia'', ''eukariota multiseluler'' pangheubeulna ti [[Cina]] Kalér nu hirup salila 1,635 milyar taun ka tukang, nunjukkeun yén grup mahkota eukariota asalna ti [[Paleoproterozoic]] ahir (Statherian); [[Eukariota uniseluler]] pangheubeulna [[unequivocal]] nu hirup salila kurang leuwih 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang ogé kapanggih ti Cina Kalér:''Tappania plana'', ''Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum'', ''Dictyosphaera macroreticulata'', ''Germinosphaera alveolata'', sareng ''Valeria lophostriata''. Sababaraha ''[[acritarchs]]'' dipikanyaho ti sahenteuna 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang, jeung fosil, ''[[Grypania]]'', nu bisa jadi [[alga]], nyaéta saloba 2,1 milyar taun. hiji "masalah" fosil Diskagma geus kapanggih dina ''[[paleosol]]'' heubeul 2,2 miliar taun.<ref name="Retallack 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Retallack GJ, Krull ES, Thackray GD, Parkinson DH |title= Problematic urn-shaped fossils from a Paleoproterozoic (2.2 Ga) paleosol in South Africa. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_precambrian-research_2013-09_235/page/71 |journal=Precambrian Research |year=2013 |volume=235 |pages=71–87 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.015 |bibcode=2013PreR..235...71R }}</ref> [[File:Diskagma butonii.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstruksi tina masalah <ref name="Retallack 2013"/> ''[[Diskagma buttonii]]'', fosil terestrial jangkungna kirang ti 1mm, tina batu heubeul sabudeureun 2,2 milyar taun]] Struktur anu diusulkeun pikeun ngagambarkeun "organisme kolonial badag" geus kapanggih dina shales hideung tina ''[[Palaeoproterozoic]]'' kayaning Formasi Francevillian B, di Gabon, dijuluki "biota Francevillian" anu umurna 2,1 milyar taun. <ref name="El Albani Bengtson Canfield 2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, Bekker A, Macchiarelli R, Mazurier A, Hammarlund EU, Boulvais P, Dupuy JJ, Fontaine C, Fürsich FT, Gauthier-Lafaye F, Janvier P, Javaux E, Ossa FO, Pierson-Wickmann AC, Riboulleau A, Sardini P, Vachard D, Whitehouse M, Meunier A |display-authors=3 |s2cid=4331375 |title=Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2010-07-01_466_7302/page/100 |journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=100–104 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20596019 |doi=10.1038/nature09166 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..100A }}</ref> Tapi, status struktur ieu salaku fosil dilombakeun, kalawan pangarang séjén suggesting yén maranéhna bisa ngagambarkeun pseudofossils. Fosil-fosil pangkolotna anu teu jelas ditugaskeun ka eukariota nyaéta ti Grup Ruyang Cina, kira-kira 1,8-1,6 milyar taun ka tukang.<ref name="El Albani 2023">{{cite journal |title=A search for life in Palaeoproterozoic marine sediments using Zn isotopes and geochemistry |last=El Albani |first=Abderrazak |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2023 |volume=623 |page=118169 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118169|bibcode=2023E&PSL.61218169E |s2cid=258360867 |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.science/hal-04095643/file/El%20Albani%20et%20al._EPSL_2023.pdf }}</ref> Fosil anu jelas patali jeung grup modern mimiti muncul kira 1,2 miliar taun ka tukang, dina bentuk ganggang beureum, sanajan karya panganyarna nunjukkeun ayana fosil ganggang filamén dina cekungan Vindhya dating deui meureun 1,6 nepi ka 1,7 miliar taun ka tukang.<ref name="Ossa Ossa Pons Bekker Hofmann 2023">{{cite journal | last1=Ossa Ossa | first1=Frantz | last2=Pons | first2=Marie-Laure | last3=Bekker | first3=Andrey | last4=Hofmann | first4=Axel | last5=Poulton | first5=Simon W. | last6=Andersen | first6=Morten B. | last7=Agangi | first7=Andrea | last8=Gregory | first8=Daniel | last9=Reinke | first9=Christian | last10=Steinhilber | first10=Bernd | last11=Marin-Carbonne | first11=Johanna | last12=Schoenberg | first12=Ronny | display-authors=5 | title=Zinc enrichment and isotopic fractionation in a marine habitat of the c. 2.1 Ga Francevillian Group: A signature of zinc utilization by eukaryotes? | journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume=611 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118147 | page=118147| doi-access=free | bibcode=2023E&PSL.61118147O | url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197720/8/1-s2.0-S0012821X23001607-main.pdf }}</ref> Ayana steranes, biomarker khusus eukariot, dina shales Australia saméméhna nunjukkeun yén eukariota aya dina batuan ieu tanggal 2,7 milyar taun,tapi biomarker Archaean ieu geus rebutted salaku rereged engké. Catetan biomarker valid pangkolotna umurna ngan sakitar 800 juta taun. Sabalikna, analisis jam molekular nunjukkeun mecenghulna biosintésis stérol ti mimiti 2,3 milyar taun ka tukang. Sifat sterana salaku biomarker eukariot langkung rumit ku produksi stérol ku sababaraha baktéri.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wei JH, Yin X, Welander PV |title=Sterol Synthesis in Diverse Bacteria |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |pages=990 |date=2016-06-24 |pmid=27446030 |pmc=4919349 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00990 |doi-access=free |authorlink3=Paula V. Welander }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoshino Y, Gaucher EA |title=Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=25 |pages=e2101276118 |date=June 2021 |pmid=34131078 |pmc=8237579 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101276118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801276H |doi-access=free }}</ref> Iraha waé asal-usulna, eukariot bisa jadi teu jadi dominan sacara ékologis nepi ka engké; kanaékan masif dina komposisi séng sédimén laut 800 juta taun ka tukang geus dikaitkeun kana kabangkitan populasi badag eukariota, nu preferentially meakeun jeung ngasupkeun séng relatif ka prokariot, kira-kira samilyar taun sanggeus asal maranéhanana (paling panganyarna)<ref name="pmid29869832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Isson TT, Love GD, Dupont CL, Reinhard CT, Zumberge AJ, Asael D, Gueguen B, McCrow J, Gill BC, Owens J, Rainbird RH, Rooney AD, Zhao MY, Stueeken EE, Konhauser KO, John SG, Lyons TW, Planavsky NJ |display-authors=3 |title=Tracking the rise of eukaryotes to ecological dominance with zinc isotopes |journal=Geobiology |volume=16|issue=4|pages=341–352|date=June 2018 |pmid=29869832 |doi=10.1111/gbi.12289 |bibcode=2018Gbio...16..341I |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Élmu alam]] [[Kategori:Élmu]] ov3xifgk65i969mpslbqt0cb25to6yi 731578 731577 2026-11-07T16:48:48Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Domain of life whose cells have nuclei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Eukaryota | fossil_range = [[Statherian]]–[[Holocene|Present]] {{long fossil range|1650|0 |earliest=2300}} | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | total_width = 270 | image1 = Rhodomonas salina CCMP 322.jpg | caption1 = [[Cryptista]] | image2 = Ranunculus asiaticus4LEST.jpg | caption2 = [[Viridiplantae]] (plants) | image3 = Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg | caption3 = [[Discoba]] | image4 = Chaos carolinensis Wilson 1900.jpg | caption4 = [[Amoebozoa]] | image5 = Ammonia tepida.jpg | caption5 = [[Rhizaria]] | image6 = Isotricha intestinalis.jpg | caption6 = [[Alveolata]] | image7 = Osmia rufa couple (aka).jpg | caption7 = [[Animalia]] | image8 = Boletus edulis (Tillegem).jpg | caption8 = [[Fungi]] | border = infobox }} | taxon = Eukaryota | authority = ([[Édouard Chatton|Chatton]], 1925) [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Whittaker]] & [[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]], 1978 | subdivision_ranks = [[Supergroup (biology)|Supergroups]] and [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]] | subdivision = * [[Diaphoretickes]] ** [[SAR supergroup]] ** [[Haptista]] ** [[Cryptista]] ** [[Archaeplastida]] (incl. [[Plants]]) ** [[Provora]]<ref name="Provora"/> * [[Hemimastigophora]] * [[Metamonada]] * [[Malawimonadida]] * [[Ancyromonadida]] * [[CRuMs]] * [[Amorphea]] ** [[Amoebozoa]] ** [[Breviatea]] ** [[Apusomonadida]] ** [[Opisthokonta]] *** [[Holomycota]] (incl. [[Fungi]]) *** [[Holozoa]] (incl. [[Animals]]) {{!}}- style="background:#e0d0b0;" {{!}} | synonyms = * Eucarya {{au|[[Carl Woese|Woese]] et al. 1990}}<ref name="w1990"/> * Eukarya {{au|[[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]] 1996}}<ref name="Margulis 1996"/> }} '''Eukariota''' nyaéta sakumpulan organismeu anu sélna mibanda [[Nukleus sél|nukleus]] anu ngabeungkeut mémbran (lamad). Ieu anu ngabédakeun maranéhanana jeung [[prokariota]], anu sélna teu boga nukleus atawa organél mémbran (lamad).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |title=Sequoia sempervirens |work=The Gymnosperm Database |editor=Earle CJ |date=2017 |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401041103/http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngaran "Eukariota" asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], "eu" anu hartina "hadé" atawa "alus" sarta "karyon" anu hartina "inti". Hal ieu ngagambarkeun ciri husus maranéhanana anu boga inti sél anu ''terorganisir'' jeung alus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eme |first1=Laura |last2=Tamarit |first2=Daniel |last3=Caceres |first3=Eva F. |last4=Stairs |first4=Courtney W. |last5=De Anda |first5=Valerie |last6=Schön |first6=Max E. |last7=Seitz |first7=Kiley W. |last8=Dombrowski |first8=Nina |last9=Lewis |first9=William H. |last10=Homa |first10=Felix |last11=Saw |first11=Jimmy H. |last12=Lombard |first12=Jonathan |last13=Nunoura |first13=Takuro |last14=Li |first14=Wen-Jun |last15=Hua |first15=Zheng-Shuang |last16=Chen |first16=Lin-Xing |last17=Banfield |first17=Jillian F. |last18=John |first18=Emily St |last19=Reysenbach |first19=Anna-Louise |last20=Stott |first20=Matthew B. |last21=Schramm |first21=Andreas |last22=Kjeldsen |first22=Kasper U. |last23=Teske |first23=Andreas P. |last24=Baker |first24=Brett J. |last25=Ettema |first25=Thijs J. G. |title=Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=29 June 2023 |volume=618 |issue=7967 |pages=992–999 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2 |pmid=37316666 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=10307638|bibcode=2023Natur.618..992E }}</ref> Anu kalebet kana eukariota téh naon waé [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], [[fungi]], sareng seueur [[organismeu]] [[unisélular]]. Aranjeunna mangrupakeun kumpulan anu penting dina ngawangun kahirupan barengan jeung dua grup [[prokariot]] : [[Baktéri]] jeung [[Archaea]].<ref name="Hoek 95">{{cite book |last1=van den Hoek |first1=C. |last2=Mann |first2=D.G. |last3=Jahns |first3=H.M. |name-list-style=vanc |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |title=Algae An Introduction to Phycology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-30419-9 |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210172546/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |url-status=live }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi dumasar kana ukuranana umumna leuwih badag, [[biomassa]] global koléktip maranéhanana leuwih badag batan ''prokariot''. ''Eukariota'' kawasna bijil tina ''archaea Asgard'', sareng caket hubunganana sareng ''Heimdallarchaeia''.<ref name=Wood>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gerald |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85112-235-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood |publisher=Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives }}</ref> Ieu tiasa ngandung harti yén ngan aya dua domain kahirupan, Baktéri jeung ''Archaea'', kalawan ''eukariota'' diasupkeun kana ''Archaea''. Eukariota mimiti aya dina mangsa ''Paleoproterozoikum'', kawasna salaku sél ''flagellated''.<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565">{{cite journal |last1=Seenivasan |first1=Ramkumar |last2=Sausen |first2=Nicole |last3=Medlin |first3=Linda K. |last4=Melkonian |first4=Michael |name-list-style=vanc |title=Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=26 March 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059565 |page=e59565|pmid=23555709 |pmc=3608682 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...859565S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Téori évolusionér anu utama nyaéta aranjeunna diciptakeun ku ''simbiogenesis'' antara ''archaean'' ''Asgard'' anaérobik sareng ''proteobacterium'' aérobik, anu ngawangun ''mitokondria''. Épisode kadua simbiogenesis sareng ''cyanobacterium'' nyiptakeun pepelakan, kalayan kloroplas. Sél ''eukariot'' ngandung organél anu kabeungkeut mémbran sapertos inti, ''retikulum endoplasma'', sareng aparat Golgi. Eukariota bisa jadi uniselulér atawa multiselulér. Dina babandingan, prokariot ilaharna unisélular. Eukariota ''uniséluler'' sakapeung disebut ''protista''. Eukariota bisa réproduksi boh sacara aséksual ngaliwatan ''[[mitosis]]'' jeung séksual ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'' jeung fusi gamét ''(fertilisasi)''. ==Karagaman== Eukariota téh organismeu anu dimimitian tina sél tunggal ''[[mikroskopis]]'', kayaning ''[[picozoans]]'' kurang leuwih handapeun 3 ''microméters'' sakuliah, nepika [[sato]] kawas [[paus biru]]. Beuratna nepi ka 190 [[ton]] jeung panjangna nepi ka 33,6 méter (110 ft), atawa tutuwuhan kawas tangkal [[kai]] pang jangkungna/''[[redwood]]'', jangkungna nepi ka 120 méter (390 ft).<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565"/> Loba eukariota anu unisélular; Eukariota multisélular kaasup [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], jeung [[fungi]], tapi deui, grup ieu ogé ngandung loba spésiés unisélular.<ref name=Wood/> Sél eukariot biasana leuwih badag batan sél prokariot—baktéri jeung ''archaea''—''volume'' kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih gedé.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parfrey |first1=L.W. |last2=Lahr |first2=D.J.G. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2013 |title=Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes |journal=BioEssays |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=339–347 |doi=10.1002/bies.201200143 |pmid=23315654 |s2cid=13872783 |url=http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi, sabab loba di antarana jauh leuwih badag, ''biomassa global'' koléktif maranéhanana (468 gigatons) jauh leuwih badag batan prokariot (77 gigatons), kalawan tutuwuhan nyalira lobana kana leuwih ti 81% tina total ''biomassa Bumi''.<ref name="Hoek 95"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=225 heights=225 caption="Eukariot ukuranana rupa-rupa ti sél tunggal nepi ka organisme anu beuratna ton-tonan"> File:Gram-negative Bacteria and Paramecium forming cyst.jpg|[[Prokaryote]]s (sél cylindrical leutik, [[baktéri]], di kénca) jeung eukariota anu sél tunggal, ''[[Paramecium]]'' File:California Redwood National Park (216450575).jpeg|Tangkal kai pang jangkungna [[Sequoia sempervirens|''Coast redwood'']] File:Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library (rotated).jpg|[[Paus Biru]] </gallery> Eukariota mangrupa garis katurunan anu rupa-rupa, utamana diwangun ku organismeu ''mikroskopis''.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55"/> Multisélularitas dina sababaraha bentuk parantos mekar sacara mandiri sahenteuna 25 kali dina eukariota.<ref name="Grosberg2007">{{cite journal |last1=Grosberg |first1=RK |last2=Strathmann |first2=RR |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=The evolution of multicellularity: A minor major transition? |journal=[[Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst]] |volume=38 |pages=621–654 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 |u b. B: :rl=https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222721/https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Organisme multisélular kompléks, kumpulan amoéba anu teu kaétang pikeun ngabentuk ''molds slime'', ngalaman évolusi ngan dina genep runtuyan katurunan eukariot: [[sasatoan]], [[fungi]] ''symbiomycotan'', [[ganggang coklat]], [[ganggang beureum]], [[ganggang héjo]], jeung tutuwuhan darat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Popper |first1=Zoë A. |last2=Michel |first2=Gurvan |last3=Hervé |first3=Cécile |last4=Domozych |first4=David S. |last5=Willats |first5=William G.T. |last6=Tuohy |first6=Maria G. |last7=Kloareg |first7=Bernard |last8=Stengel |first8=Dagmar B. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2011 |title=Evolution and diversity of plant cell walls: From algae to flowering plants |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-plant-biology_2011_62/page/567 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=62 |pages=567–590 |pmid=21351878 |hdl=10379/6762 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=11961888 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809}}</ref> Eukariota dikumpulkeun dumasar kana kamiripan génomik, ku kituna katempo grup mindeng kakurangan ciri anu kanyahoan.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55">{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Brown |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Simpson |first4=Alastair G.B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=The New Tree of Eukaryotes |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=35 |issue=1 |year=2020 |issn=0169-5347 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008 |pages=43–55|pmid=31606140 |s2cid=204545629 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020TEcoE..35...43B |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1387649/FULLTEXT01 }}</ref> ==Bagéan anu jadi pangbéda== ===Nucleus (Inti)=== Ciri pangdeukeutna eukariot nyaéta sélna boga [[inti]], Ieu masihan aranjeunna namina, tina basa [[Yunani]] εὖ (eu, "well" atawa "alus") jeung κάρυον (karyon, "inti" atawa "puseur"), Sél eukariot boga rupa-rupa struktur kabeungkeut mémbran ''internal'', disebut organél, jeung ''sitoskeleton'' nu nangtukeun [[organisasi]] jeung wangun sél urang.<ref name="OnlineEtDict">{{OEtymD|eukaryotic}}</ref> Nukleus nyimpen DNA sél, nu dibagi kana kebat linier disebut kromosom; ieu dipisahkeun jadi dua sét anj cocog ku ''spindle microtubular'' salila ''division'' [[nuklir]], enggoning prosés ''mitosis eukariot'' anu has.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonev |first1=B |last2=Cavalli |first2=G |name-list-style=vanc |date=14 October 2016 |title=Organization and function of the 3D genome |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=661–678 |doi=10.1038/nrg.2016.112 |pmid=27739532 |hdl=2027.42/151884 |s2cid=31259189 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chromosome Segregation: The Role of Centromeres |last=O'Connor |first=Clare |work=Nature Education |date= 2008|access-date=18 February 2024 |url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/chromosome-segregation-in-mitosis-the-role-of-242/ |quote=eukar }}</ref> ===Biokimia=== Eukariot béda jeung ''prokariot'' dina sababaraha cara, kalayan jalur [[biokimi]]awi unik sapertos sintésis ''sterané''. Protéin tanda tangan eukariot teu boga ''[[homologi]]'' jeung ''[[protéin]]'' dina domain kahirupan séjén, tapi sigana [[universal]] diantara eukariota. Éta kalebet protéin ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', mesin ''[[transkripsi]]'' kompléks, sistem sortir-membran, pori nuklir, jeung sababaraha énzim dina jalur biokimiawi.<ref name="pmid11805300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman H, Fedorov A |title=The origin of the eukaryotic cell: a genomic investigation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=1420–5 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11805300 |pmc=122206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.032658599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.1420H |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Mémbran internal=== {{multiple image | image1 = Prokaryote cell.svg | width1 = 5<!--to scale! the point is this is the relative size, thanks-->0 | caption1 = <small>[[Prokaryote]], to same scale</small> | image2 = Endomembrane system diagram en (edit).svg | width2 = 300 | caption2 = Sél eukariot dengan [[sistem endomembran]] | footer = Sél eukariot kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih badag batan sél prokariot dumasar volumna, sarta ngandung [[organél kabeungkeut mémbran]]. }} Sél eukariot ngawengku rupa-rupa ''[[struktur]]'' anu kabeungkeut mémbran, babarengan ngabentuk sistem [[éndomémbran]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Linka M, Weber AP |chapter=Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells |veditors=Burnap RL, Vermaas WF |title=Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-94-007-1533-2 |page=215 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529130011/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kompartemén basajan,disebut ''[[vesikel]]'' jeung ''[[vakuola]]'', bisa dibentuk ku ''budding'' kaluar mémbran séjén.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors=Marsh M | title=Endocytosis| url=https://archive.org/details/endocytosis0000unse_i6q0 | publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2001| page=vii| isbn=978-0-19-963851-2}}</ref> Loba sél nyerna dahareun jeung bahan séjén ngaliwatan prosés ''[[endositosis]]'', dimana mémbran luar ''invaginates'' lajeng ''pinches'' kaluar pikeun ngabentuk hiji ''[[vesicle]]''. Sababaraha produk sél bisa ninggalkeun dina vesikel ngaliwatan ''exocytosis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stalder |first1=Danièle |last2=Gershlick |first2=David C. |name-list-style=vanc |date=November 2020|title=Direct trafficking pathways from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane |journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology |volume=107 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.001 |pmc=7152905 |pmid=32317144}}</ref> Inti dikurilingan ku mémbran ganda nu katelah amplop nuklir/''[[nuclear envelope]]'', kalawan ''pori'' nuklir nu ngidinan bahan pikeun mindahkeun asup jeung kaluar. Rupa-rupa ''tabung''- jeung lembaran-kawas éksténsi mémbran nuklir ngabentuk ''retikulum endoplasmic'', nu aub dina angkutan [[protéin]] jeung ''maturation''/kadéwasaan.<ref name=TheNuclearEnvelope-NCBI>{{cite journal | vauthors=Hetzer MW | title=The nuclear envelope | journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=a000539 | date=March 2010 | pmid=20300205 | pmc=2829960 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000539 }}</ref> Ieu ngawengku rétikulum ''endoplasma'' kasar, katutupan ku ''ribosom'' nu nyintésis protéin; ieu asup kana rohangan intérior atawa ''lumen''. Salajengna, aranjeunna umumna asup kana ''vesikel'', nu kuncup kaluar lalaunan tina ''[[retikulum endoplasmic]]''. Dina kalolobaan eukariota, vesikel anu mawa protéin ieu dileupaskeun sarta salajengna dirobah dina tumpukan vesikel datar (''cisternae''), puseur pangolahan. Vesikel bisa jadi husus; contona, ''[[lisosom]]'' ngandung énzim ''pencernaan'' anu ngarecah biomolekul dina ''[[sitoplasma]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055727/https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golgi Apparatus |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060218/http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mitochondria=== [[File:Mitochondrion structure.svg |thumb |upright=1.4 |[[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]] v. ]] Mitokondria nyaéta ''organél'' pada sél eukariot.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, Rojas M, Lafyatis R |display-authors=3 |title=Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Pulmonary Circulation |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=131–144 |date=July 1957 |pmid=32166015 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0757-131 |pmc=7052475 |bibcode=1957SciAm.197a.131S }}</ref> Mitokondria biasana disebut "''powerhouse sél''", pikeun fungsina nyadiakeun énérgi ku cara ngoksidasi [[gula]] atawa [[lemak]] pikeun ngahasilkeun [[molekul]] ATP nu nyimpen-énergi.<ref name=Voet>{{cite book | vauthors=Voet D, Voet JC, Pratt CW |name-list-style=vanc |title=Fundamentals of Biochemistry |edition=2nd |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 547, 556] |isbn=978-0471214953 |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 }}</ref> Mitokondria mibanda dua mémbran sakurilingna, masing-masing lapisan ganda ''fosfolipid''; bagian jero nu narilep kana ''invaginations'' disebut ''cristae'' mana réspirasi aérobik lumangsung.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |title=Re: Are there eukaryotic cells without mitochondria? |date=1 May 2006 |work=madsci.org |vauthors=Mack S |access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224700/http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mitokondria ngandung DNA sorangan, nu mibanda kamiripan struktural deukeut jeung DNA baktéri, ti mana asalna, jeung nu ngodekeun rRNA jeung tRNA gén nu ngahasilkeun RNA nu strukturna leuwih deukeut jeung RNA baktéri ti RNA eukariota.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zick |first1=M |last2=Rabl |first2=R |last3=Reichert |first3=AS |name-list-style=vanc |title=Cristae formation-linking ultrastructure and function of mitochondria. |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research |date=January 2009 |volume=1793 |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |pmid=18620004 |doi=10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.013 |doi-access=}}</ref> Sababaraha eukariota, sapertos ''[[metamonads Giardia]]'' sareng ''[[Trichomonas]]'', sareng ''[[amoebozoan Pelomyxa]]'', sigana kurang mitokondria, tapi sadayana ngandung organél turunan mitokondria, seperti ''[[hidrogénosom]]'' atanapi ''mitosom'', kaleungitan mitokondria kadua. Aranjeunna meunang énergi ku aksi énzimatik dina ''sitoplasma''.<ref name="Karn">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karnkowska A, Vacek V, Zubáčová Z, Treitli SC, Petrželková R, Eme L, Novák L, Žárský V, Barlow LD, Herman EK, Soukal P, Hroudová M, Doležal P, Stairs CW, Roger AJ, Eliáš M, Dacks JB, Vlček Č, Hampl V |display-authors=3 |title=A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1274–1284 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27185558 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.053 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016CBio...26.1274K }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria |title=Scientists Shocked To Discover Eukaryote With NO Mitochondria |date=13 May 2016 |vauthors=Davis JL |website=IFL Science |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217214255/https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria/ |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Plastida=== [[File:Chloroplast II.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Jinis [[plastid]] anu paling umum nyaéta [[kloroplas]], anu ngandung [[klorofil]] sareng ngahasilkeun sanyawa [[organik]] ku [[fotosintésis]]. ]] Tutuwuhan jeung sagala rupa golongan ganggang boga plastida ogé mitokondria.<ref name="Kleptoplastidy Hypothesis">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bodył A | s2cid=24613863 | title=Did some red alga-derived plastids evolve via kleptoplastidy? A hypothesis | journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=201–222 | date=February 2018 | pmid=28544184 | doi=10.1111/brv.12340 }}</ref> Plastida, sapertos mitokondria, gaduh [[DNA]] sorangan sareng dikembangkeun tina [[éndosimbion]], dina hal ieu [[sianobaktéri]]. Biasana aya dina bentuk kloroplas anu, seperti sianobakteri, ngandung [[klorofil]] sarta ngahasilkeun sanyawa organik (sapertos glukosa) ngaliwatan fotosintésis.Nu séjénna milu nyimpen dahareun.Sanajan plastida sigana boga asal tunggal,teu sakabéh grup plastid-ngandung patalina raket. Gantina, sababaraha eukariotaaranjeunna geus meunang ti batur ngaliwatan endosymbiosis sekundér atawa ingestion.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=Sato N |year=2006 |pages= 75–102 |title=The Structure and Function of Plastids |volume=23 |veditors=Wise RR, Hoober JK |publisher= Springer Netherlands|chapter=Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids |isbn=978-1-4020-4060-3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_4 |series=Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration}}</ref> Panangkepan sareng sequestering sél fotosintétik sareng kloroplas, kleptoplasti, lumangsung dina loba jenis organismeu eukariot modern.<ref name=pmid18518896>{{cite journal |vauthors=Minnhagen S, Carvalho WF, Salomon PS, Janson S |title=Chloroplast DNA content in Dinophysis (Dinophyceae) from different cell cycle stages is consistent with kleptoplasty |journal=Environ. Microbiol. |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=2411–7 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18518896 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x |bibcode=2008EnvMi..10.2411M }}</ref> ===Struktur sitoskeletal=== Sitoskeleton nyadiakeun ''[[struktur]]'' kaku jeung titik kantétan pikeun struktur motor anu ngamungkinkeun pikeun mindahkeun sél, ngarobah bentuk, atawa angkutan bahan. Struktur ''[[motorik]]'' nyaéta ''[[mikrofilamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'' sareng protéin beungkeut ''[[aktin]]'', kaasup ''α-aktinin'', ''[[fimbrin]]'', sarta ''[[filamin]]'' aya dina beungkeutan lapisan ''[[cortical submembranous]]'' na. Protéin motor ''[[mikrotubulus]]'', ''[[dynein]]'' sareng ''[[kinesin]]'', sarta ''[[miosin]]'' tina ''[[filamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'', nyadiakeun karakter ''[[dinamis]]'' tina kantétan.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Molecular Motors |title=Molecular Biology of the Cell |edition=4th |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |date=2002-01-01 |first1=Bruce |last1=Alberts |first2=Alexander |last2=Johnson |first3=Julian |last3=Lewis |first4=Martin |last4=Raff |first5=Keith |last5=Roberts |first6=Peter |last6=Walter |name-list-style=vanc |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3 |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308094109/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sweeney">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sweeney HL, Holzbaur EL |title=Motor Proteins |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages= a021931|date=May 2018 |pmid=29716949 |pmc=5932582 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a021931 |url=}}</ref> Loba eukariota boga proyéksi ''[[sitoplasma motil]]'' ramping panjang,disebut ''[[flagélla]]'', atawa sababaraha ''struktur'' pondok disebut ''[[silia]]''. Organél ieu rupa-rupa aub dina gerakan, dahar, jeung sénsasi. Utamana diwangun ku ''[[tubulin]]'', sarta sagemblengna béda ti ''[[flagella prokariot]]''.<ref name="Bardy Ng Jarrell 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bardy SL, Ng SY, Jarrell KF | title=Prokaryotic motility structures | journal=Microbiology | volume=149 | issue=Pt 2 | pages=295–304 | date=February 2003 | pmid=12624192 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Silflow Lefebvre 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors=Silflow CD, Lefebvre PA | title=Assembly and motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2001-12_127_4/page/1500 | journal=Plant Physiology | volume=127 | issue=4 | pages=1500–7 | date=December 2001 | pmid=11743094 | pmc=1540183 | doi=10.1104/pp.010807 }}</ref> Éta dirojong ku kebat/amparan ''[[mikrotubulus]]'' anu timbul tina ''[[séntriol]]'', ciri disusun salaku salapan pasang sabudeureun dua singlets. Flagela tiasa gaduh bulu ''(mastigonemes)'', sakumaha dina loba ''Stramenopiles''. Bagian jerona kontinyu sareng sitoplasma sél. ''[[Centrioles]]'' sering aya, sanajan dina sél jeung grup nu teu boga flagella, tapi ''conifers'' jeung tutuwuhan kembangan boga. Aranjeunna umumna lumangsung dina grup anu ngabalukarkeun rupa-rupa akar ''microtubular''. Ieu ngabentuk komponén primér ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', sarta mindeng dirakit ngaliwatan sababaraha divisi sél, kalawan hiji ''[[flagellum]]'' dipikagaduh ti indungna sarta séjéna diturunkeun tina. ''[[Centrioles]]'' ngahasilkeun benang/''spindle'' salila division [[nuklir]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Vorobjev IA, Nadezhdina ES |title=The centrosome and its role in the organization of microtubules |volume=106 |pages=227–293 |year=1987 |pmid=3294718 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61714-3 |isbn=978-0-12-364506-7 |series=International Review of Cytology }}</ref> ===Témbok sél=== Sél tutuwuhan, [[ganggang]], [[fungi]] sareng seueur ''kromalveolat'', tapi sanés [[sato]], dikurilingan ku [[témbok sél]]. Ieu lapisan luar mémbran sél, nyayogikeun sél kalayan dukungan struktural, panyalindungan, jeung mékanisme nyaring. Témbok sél ogé nyegah ékspansi kaleuleuwihan nalika [[cai]] asup kana sél.<ref name="Howland 2000">{{cite book | vauthors=Howland JL | year=2000 | title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life | url=https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl | pages=[https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl/page/69 69]–71 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-511183-5}}</ref> ''[[Polisakarida]]'' utama anu ngawangun dinding sél primér tutuwuhan darat nyaéta ''[[sélulosa]]'', ''[[hémiselulosa]]'', jeung ''[[pektin]]''. ''[[Mikrofibril]]'' sélulosa dihijikeun sareng ''hémiselulosa'', diasupkeun kana matriks pektin. ''[[Hémiselulosa]]'' anu paling umum dina témbok sél primér nyaéta ''[[xyloglucan]]''.<ref name="Fry1989">{{cite journal | vauthors=Fry SC |title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1093/jxb/40.1.1}}</ref> ===Réproduksi séksual=== [[File:Sexual cycle N-2N.svg|thumb|[[Reproduksi séksual]] merlukeun [[siklus hirup biologis|siklus hirup]] anu silih ganti antara fase [[haploid]], kalayan hiji salinan unggal [[kromosom]] dina sél, jeung hiji [[diploid]] fase, kalayan dua salinan. Dina eukariota, haploid [[gamet]]s dihasilkeun ku [[meiosis]]; dua gamét ngahiji ngabentuk diploid [[zigot]].]] Eukariota memiliki siklus hidup yang ngalibatkeun réproduksi séksual, pilihganti antara bagéan ''[[haploid]]'', dimana ngan hiji salinan unggal ''[[kromosom]]'' aya dina unggal [[sél]], jeung nalika ''[[diploid]]'', kalawan dua salinan unggal kromosom dina unggal sél. Fase diploid dibentuk ku ''[[fusi]]'' dua [[gamét]] haploid, sapertos [[endog]] sareng spérmatozoa, pikeun ngabentuk [[zigot]]; Ieu bisa tumuwuh jadi awak, kalayan sélna ngabagi ku ''[[mitosis]]'', sarta dina sababaraha tahap ngahasilkeun ''gamet haploid'' ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'', ''[[division]]'' anu ngurangan jumlah ''kromosom'' sarta nyieun ''[[variability genetik]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Matthew B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Population genetics |url=https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami |url-access=limited |year=2009 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami/page/n69 55]}}</ref> Aya variasi anu kacida penting dina pola ieu. [[Tutuwuhan]] gaduh fase ''[[multisélular]]'' haploid sareng diploid. Eukariot memiliki laju metabolisme yang lebih rendah dan waktu generasi yang lebih lama dibandingkan prokariot, sabab leuwih badag sarta ku kituna boga aréa mun ''[[rasio]]'' volume ''permukaan'' leutik.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=TN |last2=Kerp |first2=H |last3=Hass |first3=H |name-list-style=vanc |year=2005 |title=Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=102 |issue=16 |pages=5892–5897 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0501985102 |pmid=15809414 |pmc=556298 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Évolusi réproduksi séksual bisa jadi ciri mimiti /''[[primordial]]'' eukariota. Dumasar analisis filogenetik, Dacks sareng Roger parantos ngusulkeun yén séks fakultatif aya dina karuhun umum grup éta.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dacks J, Roger AJ |s2cid=9441768 |title=The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1999-06_48_6/page/779 |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=779–783 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10229582 |doi=10.1007/PL00013156 |bibcode=1999JMolE..48..779D }}</ref> Sakumpulan inti gén anu fungsina dina ''meiosis'' aya dina ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]'' sareng ''[[Giardia intestinalis]]'', dua organismeu saméméhna dianggap aséksual. Kusabab dua spésiés ieu turunan tina silsilah anu ''[[diverged]]'' mimiti tina tangkal évolusionér eukariot, gén meiotik inti, sareng ku kituna séks, kemungkinan gede aya dina karuhun umum eukariota.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM |title=A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=185–191 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15668177 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003 |s2cid=17013247 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2005CBio...15..185R }}</ref><ref name=Malik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM |title=An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=e2879 |date=August 2007 |pmid=18663385 |pmc=2488364 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002879 |veditors=Hahn MW |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2879M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Spésiés pernah dianggap aséksual, sapertos parasit ''Leishmania'', gaduh siklus séksual. ''[[Amoebae]]'', saméméhna dianggap aséksual, anu baheulana seksual; grup aséksual kiwari bisa waé mecenghul anu anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E |title=The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1715 |pages=2081–2090 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21429931 |pmc=3107637 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0289 }}</ref> ==Évolusi== [[File:Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity - Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif|thumb|Tangkal eukariota nunjukkeun ''subgrup'' utama sareng ''diagram'' gambar leutik anggota wawakilan unggal grup. Sintésis diropéa dumasar kana rékonstruksi ''[[filogénomik]]'' panganyarna (nepi ka 2023).<ref>{{Cite Q|Q123558544|doi-access=free}}</ref>]] ===Sajarah klasifikasi=== Dina jaman baheula, dua katurunan [[sasatoan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan]] ieu dipikawanoh ku [[Aristoteles]] jeung [[Theophrastus]]. Silsilahna dibéré pangkat [[taksonomi]] Karajaan ku [[Linnaeus]] dina abad ka-18. Padahal anjeunna kaasup [[fungi]] jeung tutuwuhan jeung sababaraha ''[[reservations]]'', éta engkéna baris sadar yén aranjeunna rada béda jeung ngajamin éta karajaan anu misah. Rupa-rupa eukariota sél tunggal asalna disimpen sareng tutuwuhan atanapi sasatoan nalika aranjeunna dipiwanoh.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldfuß |title=Ueber die Classification der Zoophyten |journal=Isis, Oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken |date=1818 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1008–1019 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |trans-title=On the classification of zoophytes |language=de |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324105702/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |url-status=live }} From p. 1008: ''"Erste Klasse. Urthiere. Protozoa."'' (First class. Primordial animals. Protozoa.) [Note: each column of each page of this journal is numbered; there are two columns per page.]</ref> Dina taun 1818, ahli [[biologi]] Jerman [[Georg A. Goldfuss]] nyiptakeun kecap ''[[protozoa]]'' pikeun ngarujuk kana organismeu sapertos ''[[ciliates]]'', sarta grup ieu dimekarkeun nepi ka [[Ernst Haeckel]] ngajadikeun éta karajaan ngawengku sakabéh eukariota sél tunggal, nu ''[[Protista]]'', taun 1866. Eukariota jadi katempona opat karajaan:<ref name=Scamardella1999>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scamardella JM |title=Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista |year=1999 |journal=[[International Microbiology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=207–221 |pmid=10943416 |url=http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614000656/http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=Rothschild1989>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothschild LJ |title=Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name? |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–305 |year=1989 |pmid=11542176 |doi=10.1007/BF00139515 |s2cid=32462158 |authorlink=Lynn J. Rothschild |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204233203/https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Whittaker">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whittaker RH |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1969-01-10_163_3863/page/150 |journal=Science |volume=163 |issue=3863 |pages=150–60 |date=January 1969 |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.5430 |bibcode=1969Sci...163..150W }}</ref> #Karajaan ''Protista'' (mikro organismeu unik) #Karajaan ''Plantae'' (Tutuwuhan) #Karajaan ''Fungi'' #Karajaan ''Animalia''(Sasatoan) Protista dina waktos éta dianggap "bentuk primitif", sahingga hiji kelas évolusionér, dihijikeun ku alam unisélular primitif maranéhanana.<ref name="w1990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |author1-link=Carl Woese |author2-link=Otto Kandler |author3-link=Mark Wheelis |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1990-06_87_12/page/4576 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–4579 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2112744 |pmc=54159 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 |bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Knoll 1992">{{cite journal |last=Knoll |first=Andrew H. |name-list-style=vanc |authorlink=Andrew H. Knoll |title=The Early Evolution of Eukaryotes: A Geological Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1992-05-01_256_5057/page/622 |journal=Science |volume=256 |issue=5057 |year=1992 |doi=10.1126/science.1585174 |pages=622–627 |pmid=1585174 |bibcode=1992Sci...256..622K |quote=Eucarya, or eukaryotes}}</ref> Pamahaman ngeunaan branchings pangkolotna dina tangkal kahirupan ngan dimekarkeun substansi kalawan runtuyan DNA, pangheulana kana sistem domain tinimbang karajaan salaku pangkat tingkat luhur anu diajukeun ku [[Carl Woese]], [[Otto Kandler]], sareng [[Mark Wheelis]] taun 1990, ngahijikeun sakabéh karajaan eukariota dina domain "Eucarya", nyatakeun, kumaha ogé, yén "'eukariota' bakal terus jadi [[sinonim]] umum bisa ditarima".<ref name=Rothschild1989/> Dina taun 1996, ahli biologi évolusionér [[Lynn Margulis]] ngusulkeun pikeun ngagentos Karajaan sareng Domain sareng nami "inklusif" pikeun nyiptakeun "filogéni dumasar simbiosis", masihan katerangan "Eukarya (organismee nukleus turunan simbiosis)".<ref name="Margulis 1996">{{cite journal |last=Margulis |first=Lynn |authorlink=Lynn Margulis |name-list-style=vanc |title=Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=93 |issue=3 |date=6 February 1996 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071 |pages=1071–1076 |pmid=8577716 |pmc=40032 |bibcode=1996PNAS...93.1071M |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Filogéni=== Nepi ka 2014, konsensus kasar mimiti muncul tina studi filogénomik dua dasawarsa saméméhna.<ref name="burki2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F |title=The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=a016147 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24789819 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a016147 |pmc=3996474 }}</ref><ref name="UntanglingEarlyEukaryotes">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F, Kaplan M, Tikhonenkov DV, Zlatogursky V, Minh BQ, Radaykina LV, Smirnov A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=283 |issue=1823 |pages=20152802 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26817772 |pmc=4795036 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 }}</ref> Mayoritas eukariota bisa ditempatkeun dina salah sahiji dua ''[[clades]]'' badag disebut ''[[Amorphea]]'' (komposisi sarupa jeung hipotésa unikont) jeung ''[[Diphoda]]'' (baheulana bikonts), nu ngawengku tutuwuhan jeung lolobana turunan ganggang.<ref name="SchönZlatogursky2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, Poirier C, Wilken S, Mathur V, Strassert JF, Pinhassi J, Worden AZ, Keeling PJ, Ettema TJ |display-authors=3 |title=Picozoa are archaeplastids without plastid |journal=Nature Communications |year=2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6651 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0 |pmid=34789758 |pmc=8599508 |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.04.14.439778 |s2cid=233328713 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189959 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091441/https://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1614928&dswid=-3028 |url-status=live }}</ref> Grup utama katilu, ''[[Excavata]]'', parantos ditinggalkeun salaku grup formal sabab ''[[paraphyletic]]''/ampir sampurna. Filogén anu diusulkeun di handap ieu ngan ukur kalebet hiji kumpulan ékskavasi (Discoba), sareng ngalebetkeun usulan 2021 yén ''[[picozoan]]'' mangrupikeun baraya deukeut ''[[rhodophytes]]''. ''[[Provora]]'' mangrupikeun sakumpulan prédator mikroba anu kapanggih dina 2022.<ref name="Provora">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Gawryluk RM, Belyaev AO, Mathur V, Karpov SA, Zagumyonnyi DG, Borodina AS, Prokina KI, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=December 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=714–719 |pmid=36477531 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..714T |s2cid=254436650 }}</ref> {{stem group kingdoms}} {{clear}} Sisipkan tabel disini Hiji pintonan karajaan hébat sarta grup bobot maranéhanana. ''Metamonada hésé ditempatkeun, jadi adina meureun ka Discob, jigana ka Malawimonada.''<ref name="Brown 2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Heiss |first2=Aaron A. |last3=Kamikawa |first3=Ryoma |last4=Inagaki |first4=Yuji |last5=Yabuki |first5=Akinori |last6=Tice |first6=Alexander K |last7=Shiratori |first7=Takashi |last8=Ishida |first8=Ken-Ichiro |last9=Hashimoto |first9=Tetsuo |last10=Simpson |first10=Alastair |last11=Roger |first11=Andrew |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018-01-19 |title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014 |pmc=5793813|pmid=29360967}}</ref> ===Asal usul eukariota=== [[File:Symbiogenesis 2 mergers.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Dina téori [[simbiogenesis]], ngahiji tina ''[[''archaean'']]'' jeung ''[[baktéri aérobik]]'' nyiptakeun ''[[eukariota]]'', jeung ''[[mitokondria aérobik]]''; ngahiji kadua ditambahkeun ''[[kloroplas]]'', nyieun tutuwuhan héjo.<ref name=latorre/>]] Asal usul sél ''[[eukariot]]'', atawa ''[[eukariogenesis]]'', mangrupakeun milestone (titik hontalan) dina évolusi kahirupan, sabab ''[[eukariota]]'' ngawengku sakabéh sél kompléks jeung ampir sakabéh organismeu [[multisélular]].<ref name="Gabaldón">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabaldón T |title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=631–647 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34343017 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213 |s2cid=236916203 }}</ref> Karuhun umum eukariot panungtung (LECA) tayalian asal hipotétis ti sakabéh eukariota hidup, tur éta paling dipikaresep populasi biologis, lain individu tunggal.<ref name="O'Malley Leger Wideman Ruiz-Trillo pp. 338–344">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Malley MA, Leger MM, Wideman JG, Ruiz-Trillo I |title=Concepts of the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=338–344 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30778187 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0796-3 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..338O |hdl-access=free |s2cid=67790751 |hdl=10261/201794 }}</ref> LECA dipercaya mangrupa [[protista]] nu boga inti, sahenteuna hiji ''[[centriole]]'' sareng ''[[flagellum]]'', mitokondria aérobik fakultatif, kelamin (meiosis jeung syngamy), kista dorman kalawan témbok sél ''[[kitin]]'' atawa ''[[selulosa]]'', sarta ''[[peroksisom]]''. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leander BS |title=Predatory protists |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=R510–R516 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32428491 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.052 |s2cid=218710816 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CBio...30.R510L }}</ref><ref name="RedAlgalDerivedPlastids">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strassert JF, Irisarri I, Williams TA, Burki F |title=A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1879 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33767194 |pmc=7994803 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1879S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Koumandou Wickstead Ginger van der Giezen 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Koumandou |first1=V. Lila |last2=Wickstead |first2=Bill |last3=Ginger |first3=Michael L. |last4=van der Giezen |first4=Mark |last5=Dacks |first5=Joel B. |last6=Field |first6=Mark C. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Molecular paleontology and complexity in the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=48 |issue=4 |year=2013 |doi=10.3109/10409238.2013.821444 |pages=373–396|pmid=23895660 |pmc=3791482 }}</ref> Gabungan éndosimbiotik antara ''[[archaea]]'' ''anaérobik motil'' jeung ''[[alphaproteobacterium]] aérobik'' ngalahirkeun LECA jeung sakabéh [[''eukariota'']], kalawan ''[[mitokondria]]''. Sadetik, loba engké ''[[endosymbiosis]]'' jeung ''[[cyanobacterium]]'' ngahudangkeun karuhun [[tutuwuhan]], kalawan ''[[kloroplas]]''.<ref name=latorre>{{cite book |vauthors=Latorre A, Durban A, Moya A, Pereto J |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |chapter=The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution |title=Origins and Evolution of Life: An astrobiological perspective |veditors=Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, Martin H |year=2011 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=326–339 |isbn=978-0-521-76131-4 |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055723/https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ayana ''biomarker eukariot'' dina [[archaea]] nunjuk ka arah asal ''[[archaeal]]''. ''Genom Asgard archaea'' gaduh seueur gén protéin tanda tangan ''[[Eukariot]]'', nu maénkeun peran kacida penting dina ngembangkeun ''[[sitoskeleton]]'' jeung ''struktur'' sélular kompléks ciri ''eukariota''. Dina 2022, tomografi cryo-éléktron nunjukkeun yén ''[[Asgard archaea]]'' boga [[sitoskeleton]] basis aktin kompléks, nyadiakeun bukti ''visual'' langsung munggaran ngeunaan karuhun ''[[archaeal eukariota]]''.<ref name="Rodrigues-Oliveira et al 2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodrigues-Oliveira T, Wollweber F, Ponce-Toledo RI, etal. |title=Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaean |journal=Nature |volume=613 |pages=332–339 |date=2023 |issue=7943 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y|pmid=36544020 |pmc=9834061 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..332R |hdl=20.500.11850/589210 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ===Fosil=== Waktu asal usul ''[[eukariota]]'' sesah ditetepkeun tapi kapanggihna ''Qingshania magnificia'', ''eukariota multiseluler'' pangheubeulna ti [[Cina]] Kalér nu hirup salila 1,635 milyar taun ka tukang, nunjukkeun yén grup mahkota eukariota asalna ti [[Paleoproterozoic]] ahir (Statherian); [[Eukariota uniseluler]] pangheubeulna [[unequivocal]] nu hirup salila kurang leuwih 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang ogé kapanggih ti Cina Kalér:''Tappania plana'', ''Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum'', ''Dictyosphaera macroreticulata'', ''Germinosphaera alveolata'', sareng ''Valeria lophostriata''. Sababaraha ''[[acritarchs]]'' dipikanyaho ti sahenteuna 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang, jeung fosil, ''[[Grypania]]'', nu bisa jadi [[alga]], nyaéta saloba 2,1 milyar taun. hiji "masalah" fosil Diskagma geus kapanggih dina ''[[paleosol]]'' heubeul 2,2 miliar taun.<ref name="Retallack 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Retallack GJ, Krull ES, Thackray GD, Parkinson DH |title= Problematic urn-shaped fossils from a Paleoproterozoic (2.2 Ga) paleosol in South Africa. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_precambrian-research_2013-09_235/page/71 |journal=Precambrian Research |year=2013 |volume=235 |pages=71–87 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.015 |bibcode=2013PreR..235...71R }}</ref> [[File:Diskagma butonii.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstruksi tina masalah <ref name="Retallack 2013"/> ''[[Diskagma buttonii]]'', fosil terestrial jangkungna kirang ti 1mm, tina batu heubeul sabudeureun 2,2 milyar taun]] Struktur anu diusulkeun pikeun ngagambarkeun "organisme kolonial badag" geus kapanggih dina shales hideung tina ''[[Palaeoproterozoic]]'' kayaning Formasi Francevillian B, di Gabon, dijuluki "biota Francevillian" anu umurna 2,1 milyar taun. <ref name="El Albani Bengtson Canfield 2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, Bekker A, Macchiarelli R, Mazurier A, Hammarlund EU, Boulvais P, Dupuy JJ, Fontaine C, Fürsich FT, Gauthier-Lafaye F, Janvier P, Javaux E, Ossa FO, Pierson-Wickmann AC, Riboulleau A, Sardini P, Vachard D, Whitehouse M, Meunier A |display-authors=3 |s2cid=4331375 |title=Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2010-07-01_466_7302/page/100 |journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=100–104 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20596019 |doi=10.1038/nature09166 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..100A }}</ref> Tapi, status struktur ieu salaku fosil dilombakeun, kalawan pangarang séjén suggesting yén maranéhna bisa ngagambarkeun pseudofossils. Fosil-fosil pangkolotna anu teu jelas ditugaskeun ka eukariota nyaéta ti Grup Ruyang Cina, kira-kira 1,8-1,6 milyar taun ka tukang.<ref name="El Albani 2023">{{cite journal |title=A search for life in Palaeoproterozoic marine sediments using Zn isotopes and geochemistry |last=El Albani |first=Abderrazak |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2023 |volume=623 |page=118169 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118169|bibcode=2023E&PSL.61218169E |s2cid=258360867 |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.science/hal-04095643/file/El%20Albani%20et%20al._EPSL_2023.pdf }}</ref> Fosil anu jelas patali jeung grup modern mimiti muncul kira 1,2 miliar taun ka tukang, dina bentuk ganggang beureum, sanajan karya panganyarna nunjukkeun ayana fosil ganggang filamén dina cekungan Vindhya dating deui meureun 1,6 nepi ka 1,7 miliar taun ka tukang.<ref name="Ossa Ossa Pons Bekker Hofmann 2023">{{cite journal | last1=Ossa Ossa | first1=Frantz | last2=Pons | first2=Marie-Laure | last3=Bekker | first3=Andrey | last4=Hofmann | first4=Axel | last5=Poulton | first5=Simon W. | last6=Andersen | first6=Morten B. | last7=Agangi | first7=Andrea | last8=Gregory | first8=Daniel | last9=Reinke | first9=Christian | last10=Steinhilber | first10=Bernd | last11=Marin-Carbonne | first11=Johanna | last12=Schoenberg | first12=Ronny | display-authors=5 | title=Zinc enrichment and isotopic fractionation in a marine habitat of the c. 2.1 Ga Francevillian Group: A signature of zinc utilization by eukaryotes? | journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume=611 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118147 | page=118147| doi-access=free | bibcode=2023E&PSL.61118147O | url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197720/8/1-s2.0-S0012821X23001607-main.pdf }}</ref> Ayana steranes, biomarker khusus eukariot, dina shales Australia saméméhna nunjukkeun yén eukariota aya dina batuan ieu tanggal 2,7 milyar taun,tapi biomarker Archaean ieu geus rebutted salaku rereged engké. Catetan biomarker valid pangkolotna umurna ngan sakitar 800 juta taun. Sabalikna, analisis jam molekular nunjukkeun mecenghulna biosintésis stérol ti mimiti 2,3 milyar taun ka tukang. Sifat sterana salaku biomarker eukariot langkung rumit ku produksi stérol ku sababaraha baktéri.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wei JH, Yin X, Welander PV |title=Sterol Synthesis in Diverse Bacteria |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |pages=990 |date=2016-06-24 |pmid=27446030 |pmc=4919349 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00990 |doi-access=free |authorlink3=Paula V. Welander }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoshino Y, Gaucher EA |title=Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=25 |pages=e2101276118 |date=June 2021 |pmid=34131078 |pmc=8237579 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101276118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801276H |doi-access=free }}</ref> Iraha waé asal-usulna, eukariot bisa jadi teu jadi dominan sacara ékologis nepi ka engké; kanaékan masif dina komposisi séng sédimén laut 800 juta taun ka tukang geus dikaitkeun kana kabangkitan populasi badag eukariota, nu preferentially meakeun jeung ngasupkeun séng relatif ka prokariot, kira-kira samilyar taun sanggeus asal maranéhanana (paling panganyarna)<ref name="pmid29869832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Isson TT, Love GD, Dupont CL, Reinhard CT, Zumberge AJ, Asael D, Gueguen B, McCrow J, Gill BC, Owens J, Rainbird RH, Rooney AD, Zhao MY, Stueeken EE, Konhauser KO, John SG, Lyons TW, Planavsky NJ |display-authors=3 |title=Tracking the rise of eukaryotes to ecological dominance with zinc isotopes |journal=Geobiology |volume=16|issue=4|pages=341–352|date=June 2018 |pmid=29869832 |doi=10.1111/gbi.12289 |bibcode=2018Gbio...16..341I |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Élmu alam]] [[Kategori:Élmu]] npa2nnya8j7aa19kk0d844egyt5hj2h 731579 731578 2026-11-07T16:58:41Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Domain of life whose cells have nuclei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Eukaryota | fossil_range = [[Statherian]]–[[Holocene|Present]] {{long fossil range|1650|0 |earliest=2300}} | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | total_width = 270 | image1 = Rhodomonas salina CCMP 322.jpg | caption1 = [[Cryptista]] | image2 = Ranunculus asiaticus4LEST.jpg | caption2 = [[Viridiplantae]] (plants) | image3 = Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg | caption3 = [[Discoba]] | image4 = Chaos carolinensis Wilson 1900.jpg | caption4 = [[Amoebozoa]] | image5 = Ammonia tepida.jpg | caption5 = [[Rhizaria]] | image6 = Isotricha intestinalis.jpg | caption6 = [[Alveolata]] | image7 = Osmia rufa couple (aka).jpg | caption7 = [[Animalia]] | image8 = Boletus edulis (Tillegem).jpg | caption8 = [[Fungi]] | border = infobox }} | taxon = Eukaryota | authority = ([[Édouard Chatton|Chatton]], 1925) [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Whittaker]] & [[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]], 1978 | subdivision_ranks = [[Supergroup (biology)|Supergroups]] and [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]] | subdivision = * [[Diaphoretickes]] ** [[SAR supergroup]] ** [[Haptista]] ** [[Cryptista]] ** [[Archaeplastida]] (incl. [[Tutuwuhan|Plants]]) ** [[Provora]]<ref name="Provora"/> * [[Hemimastigophora]] * [[Metamonada]] * [[Malawimonadida]] * [[Ancyromonadida]] * [[CRuMs]] * [[Amorphea]] ** [[Amoebozoa]] ** [[Breviatea]] ** [[Apusomonadida]] ** [[Opisthokonta]] *** [[Holomycota]] (incl. [[Fungi]]) *** [[Holozoa]] (incl. [[Sato|Animals]]) {{!}}- style="background:#e0d0b0;" {{!}} | synonyms = * Eucarya {{au|[[Carl Woese|Woese]] et al. 1990}}<ref name="w1990"/> * Eukarya {{au|[[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]] 1996}}<ref name="Margulis 1996"/> }} '''Eukariota''' nyaéta sakumpulan organismeu anu sélna mibanda [[Nukleus sél|nukleus]] anu ngabeungkeut mémbran (lamad). Ieu anu ngabédakeun maranéhanana jeung [[prokariota]], anu sélna teu boga nukleus atawa organél mémbran (lamad).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |title=Sequoia sempervirens |work=The Gymnosperm Database |editor=Earle CJ |date=2017 |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401041103/http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngaran "Eukariota" asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], "eu" anu hartina "hadé" atawa "alus" sarta "karyon" anu hartina "inti". Hal ieu ngagambarkeun ciri husus maranéhanana anu boga inti sél anu ''terorganisir'' jeung alus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eme |first1=Laura |last2=Tamarit |first2=Daniel |last3=Caceres |first3=Eva F. |last4=Stairs |first4=Courtney W. |last5=De Anda |first5=Valerie |last6=Schön |first6=Max E. |last7=Seitz |first7=Kiley W. |last8=Dombrowski |first8=Nina |last9=Lewis |first9=William H. |last10=Homa |first10=Felix |last11=Saw |first11=Jimmy H. |last12=Lombard |first12=Jonathan |last13=Nunoura |first13=Takuro |last14=Li |first14=Wen-Jun |last15=Hua |first15=Zheng-Shuang |last16=Chen |first16=Lin-Xing |last17=Banfield |first17=Jillian F. |last18=John |first18=Emily St |last19=Reysenbach |first19=Anna-Louise |last20=Stott |first20=Matthew B. |last21=Schramm |first21=Andreas |last22=Kjeldsen |first22=Kasper U. |last23=Teske |first23=Andreas P. |last24=Baker |first24=Brett J. |last25=Ettema |first25=Thijs J. G. |title=Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=29 June 2023 |volume=618 |issue=7967 |pages=992–999 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2 |pmid=37316666 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=10307638|bibcode=2023Natur.618..992E }}</ref> Anu kalebet kana eukariota téh naon waé [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], [[fungi]], sareng seueur [[organismeu]] [[unisélular]]. Aranjeunna mangrupakeun kumpulan anu penting dina ngawangun kahirupan barengan jeung dua grup [[prokariot]] : [[Baktéri]] jeung [[Archaea]].<ref name="Hoek 95">{{cite book |last1=van den Hoek |first1=C. |last2=Mann |first2=D.G. |last3=Jahns |first3=H.M. |name-list-style=vanc |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |title=Algae An Introduction to Phycology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-30419-9 |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210172546/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |url-status=live }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi dumasar kana ukuranana umumna leuwih badag, [[biomassa]] global koléktip maranéhanana leuwih badag batan ''prokariot''. ''Eukariota'' kawasna bijil tina ''archaea Asgard'', sareng caket hubunganana sareng ''Heimdallarchaeia''.<ref name=Wood>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gerald |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85112-235-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood |publisher=Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives }}</ref> Ieu tiasa ngandung harti yén ngan aya dua domain kahirupan, Baktéri jeung ''Archaea'', kalawan ''eukariota'' diasupkeun kana ''Archaea''. Eukariota mimiti aya dina mangsa ''Paleoproterozoikum'', kawasna salaku sél ''flagellated''.<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565">{{cite journal |last1=Seenivasan |first1=Ramkumar |last2=Sausen |first2=Nicole |last3=Medlin |first3=Linda K. |last4=Melkonian |first4=Michael |name-list-style=vanc |title=Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=26 March 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059565 |page=e59565|pmid=23555709 |pmc=3608682 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...859565S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Téori évolusionér anu utama nyaéta aranjeunna diciptakeun ku ''simbiogenesis'' antara ''archaean'' ''Asgard'' anaérobik sareng ''proteobacterium'' aérobik, anu ngawangun ''mitokondria''. Épisode kadua simbiogenesis sareng ''cyanobacterium'' nyiptakeun pepelakan, kalayan kloroplas. Sél ''eukariot'' ngandung organél anu kabeungkeut mémbran sapertos inti, ''retikulum endoplasma'', sareng aparat Golgi. Eukariota bisa jadi uniselulér atawa multiselulér. Dina babandingan, prokariot ilaharna unisélular. Eukariota ''uniséluler'' sakapeung disebut ''protista''. Eukariota bisa réproduksi boh sacara aséksual ngaliwatan ''[[mitosis]]'' jeung séksual ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'' jeung fusi gamét ''(fertilisasi)''. ==Karagaman== Eukariota téh organismeu anu dimimitian tina sél tunggal ''[[mikroskopis]]'', kayaning ''[[picozoans]]'' kurang leuwih handapeun 3 ''microméters'' sakuliah, nepika [[sato]] kawas [[paus biru]]. Beuratna nepi ka 190 [[ton]] jeung panjangna nepi ka 33,6 méter (110 ft), atawa tutuwuhan kawas tangkal [[kai]] pang jangkungna/''[[redwood]]'', jangkungna nepi ka 120 méter (390 ft).<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565"/> Loba eukariota anu unisélular; Eukariota multisélular kaasup [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], jeung [[fungi]], tapi deui, grup ieu ogé ngandung loba spésiés unisélular.<ref name=Wood/> Sél eukariot biasana leuwih badag batan sél prokariot—baktéri jeung ''archaea''—''volume'' kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih gedé.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parfrey |first1=L.W. |last2=Lahr |first2=D.J.G. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2013 |title=Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes |journal=BioEssays |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=339–347 |doi=10.1002/bies.201200143 |pmid=23315654 |s2cid=13872783 |url=http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi, sabab loba di antarana jauh leuwih badag, ''biomassa global'' koléktif maranéhanana (468 gigatons) jauh leuwih badag batan prokariot (77 gigatons), kalawan tutuwuhan nyalira lobana kana leuwih ti 81% tina total ''biomassa Bumi''.<ref name="Hoek 95"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=225 heights=225 caption="Eukariot ukuranana rupa-rupa ti sél tunggal nepi ka organisme anu beuratna ton-tonan"> File:Gram-negative Bacteria and Paramecium forming cyst.jpg|[[Prokaryote]]s (sél cylindrical leutik, [[baktéri]], di kénca) jeung eukariota anu sél tunggal, ''[[Paramecium]]'' File:California Redwood National Park (216450575).jpeg|Tangkal kai pang jangkungna [[Sequoia sempervirens|''Coast redwood'']] File:Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library (rotated).jpg|[[Paus Biru]] </gallery> Eukariota mangrupa garis katurunan anu rupa-rupa, utamana diwangun ku organismeu ''mikroskopis''.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55"/> Multisélularitas dina sababaraha bentuk parantos mekar sacara mandiri sahenteuna 25 kali dina eukariota.<ref name="Grosberg2007">{{cite journal |last1=Grosberg |first1=RK |last2=Strathmann |first2=RR |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=The evolution of multicellularity: A minor major transition? |journal=[[Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst]] |volume=38 |pages=621–654 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 |u b. B: :rl=https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222721/https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Organisme multisélular kompléks, kumpulan amoéba anu teu kaétang pikeun ngabentuk ''molds slime'', ngalaman évolusi ngan dina genep runtuyan katurunan eukariot: [[sasatoan]], [[fungi]] ''symbiomycotan'', [[ganggang coklat]], [[ganggang beureum]], [[ganggang héjo]], jeung tutuwuhan darat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Popper |first1=Zoë A. |last2=Michel |first2=Gurvan |last3=Hervé |first3=Cécile |last4=Domozych |first4=David S. |last5=Willats |first5=William G.T. |last6=Tuohy |first6=Maria G. |last7=Kloareg |first7=Bernard |last8=Stengel |first8=Dagmar B. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2011 |title=Evolution and diversity of plant cell walls: From algae to flowering plants |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-plant-biology_2011_62/page/567 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=62 |pages=567–590 |pmid=21351878 |hdl=10379/6762 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=11961888 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809}}</ref> Eukariota dikumpulkeun dumasar kana kamiripan génomik, ku kituna katempo grup mindeng kakurangan ciri anu kanyahoan.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55">{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Brown |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Simpson |first4=Alastair G.B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=The New Tree of Eukaryotes |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=35 |issue=1 |year=2020 |issn=0169-5347 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008 |pages=43–55|pmid=31606140 |s2cid=204545629 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020TEcoE..35...43B |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1387649/FULLTEXT01 }}</ref> ==Bagéan anu jadi pangbéda== ===Nucleus (Inti)=== Ciri pangdeukeutna eukariot nyaéta sélna boga [[inti]], Ieu masihan aranjeunna namina, tina basa [[Yunani]] εὖ (eu, "well" atawa "alus") jeung κάρυον (karyon, "inti" atawa "puseur"), Sél eukariot boga rupa-rupa struktur kabeungkeut mémbran ''internal'', disebut organél, jeung ''sitoskeleton'' nu nangtukeun [[organisasi]] jeung wangun sél urang.<ref name="OnlineEtDict">{{OEtymD|eukaryotic}}</ref> Nukleus nyimpen DNA sél, nu dibagi kana kebat linier disebut kromosom; ieu dipisahkeun jadi dua sét anj cocog ku ''spindle microtubular'' salila ''division'' [[nuklir]], enggoning prosés ''mitosis eukariot'' anu has.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonev |first1=B |last2=Cavalli |first2=G |name-list-style=vanc |date=14 October 2016 |title=Organization and function of the 3D genome |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=661–678 |doi=10.1038/nrg.2016.112 |pmid=27739532 |hdl=2027.42/151884 |s2cid=31259189 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chromosome Segregation: The Role of Centromeres |last=O'Connor |first=Clare |work=Nature Education |date= 2008|access-date=18 February 2024 |url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/chromosome-segregation-in-mitosis-the-role-of-242/ |quote=eukar }}</ref> ===Biokimia=== Eukariot béda jeung ''prokariot'' dina sababaraha cara, kalayan jalur [[biokimi]]awi unik sapertos sintésis ''sterané''. Protéin tanda tangan eukariot teu boga ''[[homologi]]'' jeung ''[[protéin]]'' dina domain kahirupan séjén, tapi sigana [[universal]] diantara eukariota. Éta kalebet protéin ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', mesin ''[[transkripsi]]'' kompléks, sistem sortir-membran, pori nuklir, jeung sababaraha énzim dina jalur biokimiawi.<ref name="pmid11805300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman H, Fedorov A |title=The origin of the eukaryotic cell: a genomic investigation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=1420–5 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11805300 |pmc=122206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.032658599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.1420H |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Mémbran internal=== {{multiple image | image1 = Prokaryote cell.svg | width1 = 5<!--to scale! the point is this is the relative size, thanks-->0 | caption1 = <small>[[Prokaryote]], to same scale</small> | image2 = Endomembrane system diagram en (edit).svg | width2 = 300 | caption2 = Sél eukariot dengan [[sistem endomembran]] | footer = Sél eukariot kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih badag batan sél prokariot dumasar volumna, sarta ngandung [[organél kabeungkeut mémbran]]. }} Sél eukariot ngawengku rupa-rupa ''[[struktur]]'' anu kabeungkeut mémbran, babarengan ngabentuk sistem [[éndomémbran]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Linka M, Weber AP |chapter=Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells |veditors=Burnap RL, Vermaas WF |title=Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-94-007-1533-2 |page=215 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529130011/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kompartemén basajan,disebut ''[[vesikel]]'' jeung ''[[vakuola]]'', bisa dibentuk ku ''budding'' kaluar mémbran séjén.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors=Marsh M | title=Endocytosis| url=https://archive.org/details/endocytosis0000unse_i6q0 | publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2001| page=vii| isbn=978-0-19-963851-2}}</ref> Loba sél nyerna dahareun jeung bahan séjén ngaliwatan prosés ''[[endositosis]]'', dimana mémbran luar ''invaginates'' lajeng ''pinches'' kaluar pikeun ngabentuk hiji ''[[vesicle]]''. Sababaraha produk sél bisa ninggalkeun dina vesikel ngaliwatan ''exocytosis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stalder |first1=Danièle |last2=Gershlick |first2=David C. |name-list-style=vanc |date=November 2020|title=Direct trafficking pathways from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane |journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology |volume=107 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.001 |pmc=7152905 |pmid=32317144}}</ref> Inti dikurilingan ku mémbran ganda nu katelah amplop nuklir/''[[nuclear envelope]]'', kalawan ''pori'' nuklir nu ngidinan bahan pikeun mindahkeun asup jeung kaluar. Rupa-rupa ''tabung''- jeung lembaran-kawas éksténsi mémbran nuklir ngabentuk ''retikulum endoplasmic'', nu aub dina angkutan [[protéin]] jeung ''maturation''/kadéwasaan.<ref name=TheNuclearEnvelope-NCBI>{{cite journal | vauthors=Hetzer MW | title=The nuclear envelope | journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=a000539 | date=March 2010 | pmid=20300205 | pmc=2829960 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000539 }}</ref> Ieu ngawengku rétikulum ''endoplasma'' kasar, katutupan ku ''ribosom'' nu nyintésis protéin; ieu asup kana rohangan intérior atawa ''lumen''. Salajengna, aranjeunna umumna asup kana ''vesikel'', nu kuncup kaluar lalaunan tina ''[[retikulum endoplasmic]]''. Dina kalolobaan eukariota, vesikel anu mawa protéin ieu dileupaskeun sarta salajengna dirobah dina tumpukan vesikel datar (''cisternae''), puseur pangolahan. Vesikel bisa jadi husus; contona, ''[[lisosom]]'' ngandung énzim ''pencernaan'' anu ngarecah biomolekul dina ''[[sitoplasma]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055727/https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golgi Apparatus |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060218/http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mitochondria=== [[File:Mitochondrion structure.svg |thumb |upright=1.4 |[[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]] v. ]] Mitokondria nyaéta ''organél'' pada sél eukariot.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, Rojas M, Lafyatis R |display-authors=3 |title=Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Pulmonary Circulation |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=131–144 |date=July 1957 |pmid=32166015 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0757-131 |pmc=7052475 |bibcode=1957SciAm.197a.131S }}</ref> Mitokondria biasana disebut "''powerhouse sél''", pikeun fungsina nyadiakeun énérgi ku cara ngoksidasi [[gula]] atawa [[lemak]] pikeun ngahasilkeun [[molekul]] ATP nu nyimpen-énergi.<ref name=Voet>{{cite book | vauthors=Voet D, Voet JC, Pratt CW |name-list-style=vanc |title=Fundamentals of Biochemistry |edition=2nd |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 547, 556] |isbn=978-0471214953 |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 }}</ref> Mitokondria mibanda dua mémbran sakurilingna, masing-masing lapisan ganda ''fosfolipid''; bagian jero nu narilep kana ''invaginations'' disebut ''cristae'' mana réspirasi aérobik lumangsung.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |title=Re: Are there eukaryotic cells without mitochondria? |date=1 May 2006 |work=madsci.org |vauthors=Mack S |access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224700/http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mitokondria ngandung DNA sorangan, nu mibanda kamiripan struktural deukeut jeung DNA baktéri, ti mana asalna, jeung nu ngodekeun rRNA jeung tRNA gén nu ngahasilkeun RNA nu strukturna leuwih deukeut jeung RNA baktéri ti RNA eukariota.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zick |first1=M |last2=Rabl |first2=R |last3=Reichert |first3=AS |name-list-style=vanc |title=Cristae formation-linking ultrastructure and function of mitochondria. |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research |date=January 2009 |volume=1793 |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |pmid=18620004 |doi=10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.013 |doi-access=}}</ref> Sababaraha eukariota, sapertos ''[[metamonads Giardia]]'' sareng ''[[Trichomonas]]'', sareng ''[[amoebozoan Pelomyxa]]'', sigana kurang mitokondria, tapi sadayana ngandung organél turunan mitokondria, seperti ''[[hidrogénosom]]'' atanapi ''mitosom'', kaleungitan mitokondria kadua. Aranjeunna meunang énergi ku aksi énzimatik dina ''sitoplasma''.<ref name="Karn">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karnkowska A, Vacek V, Zubáčová Z, Treitli SC, Petrželková R, Eme L, Novák L, Žárský V, Barlow LD, Herman EK, Soukal P, Hroudová M, Doležal P, Stairs CW, Roger AJ, Eliáš M, Dacks JB, Vlček Č, Hampl V |display-authors=3 |title=A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1274–1284 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27185558 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.053 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016CBio...26.1274K }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria |title=Scientists Shocked To Discover Eukaryote With NO Mitochondria |date=13 May 2016 |vauthors=Davis JL |website=IFL Science |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217214255/https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria/ |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Plastida=== [[File:Chloroplast II.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Jinis [[plastid]] anu paling umum nyaéta [[kloroplas]], anu ngandung [[klorofil]] sareng ngahasilkeun sanyawa [[organik]] ku [[fotosintésis]]. ]] Tutuwuhan jeung sagala rupa golongan ganggang boga plastida ogé mitokondria.<ref name="Kleptoplastidy Hypothesis">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bodył A | s2cid=24613863 | title=Did some red alga-derived plastids evolve via kleptoplastidy? A hypothesis | journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=201–222 | date=February 2018 | pmid=28544184 | doi=10.1111/brv.12340 }}</ref> Plastida, sapertos mitokondria, gaduh [[DNA]] sorangan sareng dikembangkeun tina [[éndosimbion]], dina hal ieu [[sianobaktéri]]. Biasana aya dina bentuk kloroplas anu, seperti sianobakteri, ngandung [[klorofil]] sarta ngahasilkeun sanyawa organik (sapertos glukosa) ngaliwatan fotosintésis.Nu séjénna milu nyimpen dahareun.Sanajan plastida sigana boga asal tunggal,teu sakabéh grup plastid-ngandung patalina raket. Gantina, sababaraha eukariotaaranjeunna geus meunang ti batur ngaliwatan endosymbiosis sekundér atawa ingestion.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=Sato N |year=2006 |pages= 75–102 |title=The Structure and Function of Plastids |volume=23 |veditors=Wise RR, Hoober JK |publisher= Springer Netherlands|chapter=Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids |isbn=978-1-4020-4060-3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_4 |series=Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration}}</ref> Panangkepan sareng sequestering sél fotosintétik sareng kloroplas, kleptoplasti, lumangsung dina loba jenis organismeu eukariot modern.<ref name=pmid18518896>{{cite journal |vauthors=Minnhagen S, Carvalho WF, Salomon PS, Janson S |title=Chloroplast DNA content in Dinophysis (Dinophyceae) from different cell cycle stages is consistent with kleptoplasty |journal=Environ. Microbiol. |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=2411–7 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18518896 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x |bibcode=2008EnvMi..10.2411M }}</ref> ===Struktur sitoskeletal=== Sitoskeleton nyadiakeun ''[[struktur]]'' kaku jeung titik kantétan pikeun struktur motor anu ngamungkinkeun pikeun mindahkeun sél, ngarobah bentuk, atawa angkutan bahan. Struktur ''[[motorik]]'' nyaéta ''[[mikrofilamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'' sareng protéin beungkeut ''[[aktin]]'', kaasup ''α-aktinin'', ''[[fimbrin]]'', sarta ''[[filamin]]'' aya dina beungkeutan lapisan ''[[cortical submembranous]]'' na. Protéin motor ''[[mikrotubulus]]'', ''[[dynein]]'' sareng ''[[kinesin]]'', sarta ''[[miosin]]'' tina ''[[filamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'', nyadiakeun karakter ''[[dinamis]]'' tina kantétan.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Molecular Motors |title=Molecular Biology of the Cell |edition=4th |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |date=2002-01-01 |first1=Bruce |last1=Alberts |first2=Alexander |last2=Johnson |first3=Julian |last3=Lewis |first4=Martin |last4=Raff |first5=Keith |last5=Roberts |first6=Peter |last6=Walter |name-list-style=vanc |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3 |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308094109/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sweeney">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sweeney HL, Holzbaur EL |title=Motor Proteins |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages= a021931|date=May 2018 |pmid=29716949 |pmc=5932582 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a021931 |url=}}</ref> Loba eukariota boga proyéksi ''[[sitoplasma motil]]'' ramping panjang,disebut ''[[flagélla]]'', atawa sababaraha ''struktur'' pondok disebut ''[[silia]]''. Organél ieu rupa-rupa aub dina gerakan, dahar, jeung sénsasi. Utamana diwangun ku ''[[tubulin]]'', sarta sagemblengna béda ti ''[[flagella prokariot]]''.<ref name="Bardy Ng Jarrell 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bardy SL, Ng SY, Jarrell KF | title=Prokaryotic motility structures | journal=Microbiology | volume=149 | issue=Pt 2 | pages=295–304 | date=February 2003 | pmid=12624192 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Silflow Lefebvre 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors=Silflow CD, Lefebvre PA | title=Assembly and motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2001-12_127_4/page/1500 | journal=Plant Physiology | volume=127 | issue=4 | pages=1500–7 | date=December 2001 | pmid=11743094 | pmc=1540183 | doi=10.1104/pp.010807 }}</ref> Éta dirojong ku kebat/amparan ''[[mikrotubulus]]'' anu timbul tina ''[[séntriol]]'', ciri disusun salaku salapan pasang sabudeureun dua singlets. Flagela tiasa gaduh bulu ''(mastigonemes)'', sakumaha dina loba ''Stramenopiles''. Bagian jerona kontinyu sareng sitoplasma sél. ''[[Centrioles]]'' sering aya, sanajan dina sél jeung grup nu teu boga flagella, tapi ''conifers'' jeung tutuwuhan kembangan boga. Aranjeunna umumna lumangsung dina grup anu ngabalukarkeun rupa-rupa akar ''microtubular''. Ieu ngabentuk komponén primér ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', sarta mindeng dirakit ngaliwatan sababaraha divisi sél, kalawan hiji ''[[flagellum]]'' dipikagaduh ti indungna sarta séjéna diturunkeun tina. ''[[Centrioles]]'' ngahasilkeun benang/''spindle'' salila division [[nuklir]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Vorobjev IA, Nadezhdina ES |title=The centrosome and its role in the organization of microtubules |volume=106 |pages=227–293 |year=1987 |pmid=3294718 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61714-3 |isbn=978-0-12-364506-7 |series=International Review of Cytology }}</ref> ===Témbok sél=== Sél tutuwuhan, [[ganggang]], [[fungi]] sareng seueur ''kromalveolat'', tapi sanés [[sato]], dikurilingan ku [[témbok sél]]. Ieu lapisan luar mémbran sél, nyayogikeun sél kalayan dukungan struktural, panyalindungan, jeung mékanisme nyaring. Témbok sél ogé nyegah ékspansi kaleuleuwihan nalika [[cai]] asup kana sél.<ref name="Howland 2000">{{cite book | vauthors=Howland JL | year=2000 | title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life | url=https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl | pages=[https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl/page/69 69]–71 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-511183-5}}</ref> ''[[Polisakarida]]'' utama anu ngawangun dinding sél primér tutuwuhan darat nyaéta ''[[sélulosa]]'', ''[[hémiselulosa]]'', jeung ''[[pektin]]''. ''[[Mikrofibril]]'' sélulosa dihijikeun sareng ''hémiselulosa'', diasupkeun kana matriks pektin. ''[[Hémiselulosa]]'' anu paling umum dina témbok sél primér nyaéta ''[[xyloglucan]]''.<ref name="Fry1989">{{cite journal | vauthors=Fry SC |title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1093/jxb/40.1.1}}</ref> ===Réproduksi séksual=== [[File:Sexual cycle N-2N.svg|thumb|[[Reproduksi séksual]] merlukeun [[siklus hirup biologis|siklus hirup]] anu silih ganti antara fase [[haploid]], kalayan hiji salinan unggal [[kromosom]] dina sél, jeung hiji [[diploid]] fase, kalayan dua salinan. Dina eukariota, haploid [[gamet]]s dihasilkeun ku [[meiosis]]; dua gamét ngahiji ngabentuk diploid [[zigot]].]] Eukariota memiliki siklus hidup yang ngalibatkeun réproduksi séksual, pilihganti antara bagéan ''[[haploid]]'', dimana ngan hiji salinan unggal ''[[kromosom]]'' aya dina unggal [[sél]], jeung nalika ''[[diploid]]'', kalawan dua salinan unggal kromosom dina unggal sél. Fase diploid dibentuk ku ''[[fusi]]'' dua [[gamét]] haploid, sapertos [[endog]] sareng spérmatozoa, pikeun ngabentuk [[zigot]]; Ieu bisa tumuwuh jadi awak, kalayan sélna ngabagi ku ''[[mitosis]]'', sarta dina sababaraha tahap ngahasilkeun ''gamet haploid'' ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'', ''[[division]]'' anu ngurangan jumlah ''kromosom'' sarta nyieun ''[[variability genetik]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Matthew B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Population genetics |url=https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami |url-access=limited |year=2009 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami/page/n69 55]}}</ref> Aya variasi anu kacida penting dina pola ieu. [[Tutuwuhan]] gaduh fase ''[[multisélular]]'' haploid sareng diploid. Eukariot memiliki laju metabolisme yang lebih rendah dan waktu generasi yang lebih lama dibandingkan prokariot, sabab leuwih badag sarta ku kituna boga aréa mun ''[[rasio]]'' volume ''permukaan'' leutik.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=TN |last2=Kerp |first2=H |last3=Hass |first3=H |name-list-style=vanc |year=2005 |title=Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=102 |issue=16 |pages=5892–5897 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0501985102 |pmid=15809414 |pmc=556298 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Évolusi réproduksi séksual bisa jadi ciri mimiti /''[[primordial]]'' eukariota. Dumasar analisis filogenetik, Dacks sareng Roger parantos ngusulkeun yén séks fakultatif aya dina karuhun umum grup éta.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dacks J, Roger AJ |s2cid=9441768 |title=The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1999-06_48_6/page/779 |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=779–783 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10229582 |doi=10.1007/PL00013156 |bibcode=1999JMolE..48..779D }}</ref> Sakumpulan inti gén anu fungsina dina ''meiosis'' aya dina ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]'' sareng ''[[Giardia intestinalis]]'', dua organismeu saméméhna dianggap aséksual. Kusabab dua spésiés ieu turunan tina silsilah anu ''[[diverged]]'' mimiti tina tangkal évolusionér eukariot, gén meiotik inti, sareng ku kituna séks, kemungkinan gede aya dina karuhun umum eukariota.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM |title=A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=185–191 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15668177 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003 |s2cid=17013247 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2005CBio...15..185R }}</ref><ref name=Malik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM |title=An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=e2879 |date=August 2007 |pmid=18663385 |pmc=2488364 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002879 |veditors=Hahn MW |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2879M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Spésiés pernah dianggap aséksual, sapertos parasit ''Leishmania'', gaduh siklus séksual. ''[[Amoebae]]'', saméméhna dianggap aséksual, anu baheulana seksual; grup aséksual kiwari bisa waé mecenghul anu anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E |title=The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1715 |pages=2081–2090 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21429931 |pmc=3107637 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0289 }}</ref> ==Évolusi== [[File:Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity - Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif|thumb|Tangkal eukariota nunjukkeun ''subgrup'' utama sareng ''diagram'' gambar leutik anggota wawakilan unggal grup. Sintésis diropéa dumasar kana rékonstruksi ''[[filogénomik]]'' panganyarna (nepi ka 2023).<ref>{{Cite Q|Q123558544|doi-access=free}}</ref>]] ===Sajarah klasifikasi=== Dina jaman baheula, dua katurunan [[sasatoan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan]] ieu dipikawanoh ku [[Aristoteles]] jeung [[Theophrastus]]. Silsilahna dibéré pangkat [[taksonomi]] Karajaan ku [[Linnaeus]] dina abad ka-18. Padahal anjeunna kaasup [[fungi]] jeung tutuwuhan jeung sababaraha ''[[reservations]]'', éta engkéna baris sadar yén aranjeunna rada béda jeung ngajamin éta karajaan anu misah. Rupa-rupa eukariota sél tunggal asalna disimpen sareng tutuwuhan atanapi sasatoan nalika aranjeunna dipiwanoh.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldfuß |title=Ueber die Classification der Zoophyten |journal=Isis, Oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken |date=1818 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1008–1019 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |trans-title=On the classification of zoophytes |language=de |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324105702/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |url-status=live }} From p. 1008: ''"Erste Klasse. Urthiere. Protozoa."'' (First class. Primordial animals. Protozoa.) [Note: each column of each page of this journal is numbered; there are two columns per page.]</ref> Dina taun 1818, ahli [[biologi]] Jerman [[Georg A. Goldfuss]] nyiptakeun kecap ''[[protozoa]]'' pikeun ngarujuk kana organismeu sapertos ''[[ciliates]]'', sarta grup ieu dimekarkeun nepi ka [[Ernst Haeckel]] ngajadikeun éta karajaan ngawengku sakabéh eukariota sél tunggal, nu ''[[Protista]]'', taun 1866. Eukariota jadi katempona opat karajaan:<ref name=Scamardella1999>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scamardella JM |title=Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista |year=1999 |journal=[[International Microbiology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=207–221 |pmid=10943416 |url=http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614000656/http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=Rothschild1989>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothschild LJ |title=Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name? |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–305 |year=1989 |pmid=11542176 |doi=10.1007/BF00139515 |s2cid=32462158 |authorlink=Lynn J. Rothschild |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204233203/https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Whittaker">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whittaker RH |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1969-01-10_163_3863/page/150 |journal=Science |volume=163 |issue=3863 |pages=150–60 |date=January 1969 |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.5430 |bibcode=1969Sci...163..150W }}</ref> #Karajaan ''Protista'' (mikro organismeu unik) #Karajaan ''Plantae'' (Tutuwuhan) #Karajaan ''Fungi'' #Karajaan ''Animalia''(Sasatoan) Protista dina waktos éta dianggap "bentuk primitif", sahingga hiji kelas évolusionér, dihijikeun ku alam unisélular primitif maranéhanana.<ref name="w1990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |author1-link=Carl Woese |author2-link=Otto Kandler |author3-link=Mark Wheelis |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1990-06_87_12/page/4576 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–4579 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2112744 |pmc=54159 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 |bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Knoll 1992">{{cite journal |last=Knoll |first=Andrew H. |name-list-style=vanc |authorlink=Andrew H. Knoll |title=The Early Evolution of Eukaryotes: A Geological Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1992-05-01_256_5057/page/622 |journal=Science |volume=256 |issue=5057 |year=1992 |doi=10.1126/science.1585174 |pages=622–627 |pmid=1585174 |bibcode=1992Sci...256..622K |quote=Eucarya, or eukaryotes}}</ref> Pamahaman ngeunaan branchings pangkolotna dina tangkal kahirupan ngan dimekarkeun substansi kalawan runtuyan DNA, pangheulana kana sistem domain tinimbang karajaan salaku pangkat tingkat luhur anu diajukeun ku [[Carl Woese]], [[Otto Kandler]], sareng [[Mark Wheelis]] taun 1990, ngahijikeun sakabéh karajaan eukariota dina domain "Eucarya", nyatakeun, kumaha ogé, yén "'eukariota' bakal terus jadi [[sinonim]] umum bisa ditarima".<ref name=Rothschild1989/> Dina taun 1996, ahli biologi évolusionér [[Lynn Margulis]] ngusulkeun pikeun ngagentos Karajaan sareng Domain sareng nami "inklusif" pikeun nyiptakeun "filogéni dumasar simbiosis", masihan katerangan "Eukarya (organismee nukleus turunan simbiosis)".<ref name="Margulis 1996">{{cite journal |last=Margulis |first=Lynn |authorlink=Lynn Margulis |name-list-style=vanc |title=Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=93 |issue=3 |date=6 February 1996 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071 |pages=1071–1076 |pmid=8577716 |pmc=40032 |bibcode=1996PNAS...93.1071M |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Filogéni=== Nepi ka 2014, konsensus kasar mimiti muncul tina studi filogénomik dua dasawarsa saméméhna.<ref name="burki2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F |title=The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=a016147 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24789819 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a016147 |pmc=3996474 }}</ref><ref name="UntanglingEarlyEukaryotes">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F, Kaplan M, Tikhonenkov DV, Zlatogursky V, Minh BQ, Radaykina LV, Smirnov A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=283 |issue=1823 |pages=20152802 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26817772 |pmc=4795036 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 }}</ref> Mayoritas eukariota bisa ditempatkeun dina salah sahiji dua ''[[clades]]'' badag disebut ''[[Amorphea]]'' (komposisi sarupa jeung hipotésa unikont) jeung ''[[Diphoda]]'' (baheulana bikonts), nu ngawengku tutuwuhan jeung lolobana turunan ganggang.<ref name="SchönZlatogursky2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, Poirier C, Wilken S, Mathur V, Strassert JF, Pinhassi J, Worden AZ, Keeling PJ, Ettema TJ |display-authors=3 |title=Picozoa are archaeplastids without plastid |journal=Nature Communications |year=2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6651 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0 |pmid=34789758 |pmc=8599508 |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.04.14.439778 |s2cid=233328713 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189959 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091441/https://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1614928&dswid=-3028 |url-status=live }}</ref> Grup utama katilu, ''[[Excavata]]'', parantos ditinggalkeun salaku grup formal sabab ''[[paraphyletic]]''/ampir sampurna. Filogén anu diusulkeun di handap ieu ngan ukur kalebet hiji kumpulan ékskavasi (Discoba), sareng ngalebetkeun usulan 2021 yén ''[[picozoan]]'' mangrupikeun baraya deukeut ''[[rhodophytes]]''. ''[[Provora]]'' mangrupikeun sakumpulan prédator mikroba anu kapanggih dina 2022.<ref name="Provora">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Gawryluk RM, Belyaev AO, Mathur V, Karpov SA, Zagumyonnyi DG, Borodina AS, Prokina KI, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=December 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=714–719 |pmid=36477531 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..714T |s2cid=254436650 }}</ref> {{stem group kingdoms}} {{clear}} Sisipkan tabel disini Hiji pintonan karajaan hébat sarta grup bobot maranéhanana. ''Metamonada hésé ditempatkeun, jadi adina meureun ka Discob, jigana ka Malawimonada.''<ref name="Brown 2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Heiss |first2=Aaron A. |last3=Kamikawa |first3=Ryoma |last4=Inagaki |first4=Yuji |last5=Yabuki |first5=Akinori |last6=Tice |first6=Alexander K |last7=Shiratori |first7=Takashi |last8=Ishida |first8=Ken-Ichiro |last9=Hashimoto |first9=Tetsuo |last10=Simpson |first10=Alastair |last11=Roger |first11=Andrew |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018-01-19 |title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014 |pmc=5793813|pmid=29360967}}</ref> ===Asal usul eukariota=== [[File:Symbiogenesis 2 mergers.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Dina téori [[simbiogenesis]], ngahiji tina ''[[''archaean'']]'' jeung ''[[baktéri aérobik]]'' nyiptakeun ''[[eukariota]]'', jeung ''[[mitokondria aérobik]]''; ngahiji kadua ditambahkeun ''[[kloroplas]]'', nyieun tutuwuhan héjo.<ref name=latorre/>]] Asal usul sél ''[[eukariot]]'', atawa ''[[eukariogenesis]]'', mangrupakeun milestone (titik hontalan) dina évolusi kahirupan, sabab ''[[eukariota]]'' ngawengku sakabéh sél kompléks jeung ampir sakabéh organismeu [[multisélular]].<ref name="Gabaldón">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabaldón T |title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=631–647 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34343017 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213 |s2cid=236916203 }}</ref> Karuhun umum eukariot panungtung (LECA) tayalian asal hipotétis ti sakabéh eukariota hidup, tur éta paling dipikaresep populasi biologis, lain individu tunggal.<ref name="O'Malley Leger Wideman Ruiz-Trillo pp. 338–344">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Malley MA, Leger MM, Wideman JG, Ruiz-Trillo I |title=Concepts of the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=338–344 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30778187 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0796-3 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..338O |hdl-access=free |s2cid=67790751 |hdl=10261/201794 }}</ref> LECA dipercaya mangrupa [[protista]] nu boga inti, sahenteuna hiji ''[[centriole]]'' sareng ''[[flagellum]]'', mitokondria aérobik fakultatif, kelamin (meiosis jeung syngamy), kista dorman kalawan témbok sél ''[[kitin]]'' atawa ''[[selulosa]]'', sarta ''[[peroksisom]]''. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leander BS |title=Predatory protists |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=R510–R516 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32428491 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.052 |s2cid=218710816 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CBio...30.R510L }}</ref><ref name="RedAlgalDerivedPlastids">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strassert JF, Irisarri I, Williams TA, Burki F |title=A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1879 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33767194 |pmc=7994803 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1879S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Koumandou Wickstead Ginger van der Giezen 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Koumandou |first1=V. Lila |last2=Wickstead |first2=Bill |last3=Ginger |first3=Michael L. |last4=van der Giezen |first4=Mark |last5=Dacks |first5=Joel B. |last6=Field |first6=Mark C. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Molecular paleontology and complexity in the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=48 |issue=4 |year=2013 |doi=10.3109/10409238.2013.821444 |pages=373–396|pmid=23895660 |pmc=3791482 }}</ref> Gabungan éndosimbiotik antara ''[[archaea]]'' ''anaérobik motil'' jeung ''[[alphaproteobacterium]] aérobik'' ngalahirkeun LECA jeung sakabéh [[''eukariota'']], kalawan ''[[mitokondria]]''. Sadetik, loba engké ''[[endosymbiosis]]'' jeung ''[[cyanobacterium]]'' ngahudangkeun karuhun [[tutuwuhan]], kalawan ''[[kloroplas]]''.<ref name=latorre>{{cite book |vauthors=Latorre A, Durban A, Moya A, Pereto J |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |chapter=The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution |title=Origins and Evolution of Life: An astrobiological perspective |veditors=Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, Martin H |year=2011 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=326–339 |isbn=978-0-521-76131-4 |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055723/https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ayana ''biomarker eukariot'' dina [[archaea]] nunjuk ka arah asal ''[[archaeal]]''. ''Genom Asgard archaea'' gaduh seueur gén protéin tanda tangan ''[[Eukariot]]'', nu maénkeun peran kacida penting dina ngembangkeun ''[[sitoskeleton]]'' jeung ''struktur'' sélular kompléks ciri ''eukariota''. Dina 2022, tomografi cryo-éléktron nunjukkeun yén ''[[Asgard archaea]]'' boga [[sitoskeleton]] basis aktin kompléks, nyadiakeun bukti ''visual'' langsung munggaran ngeunaan karuhun ''[[archaeal eukariota]]''.<ref name="Rodrigues-Oliveira et al 2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodrigues-Oliveira T, Wollweber F, Ponce-Toledo RI, etal. |title=Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaean |journal=Nature |volume=613 |pages=332–339 |date=2023 |issue=7943 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y|pmid=36544020 |pmc=9834061 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..332R |hdl=20.500.11850/589210 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ===Fosil=== Waktu asal usul ''[[eukariota]]'' sesah ditetepkeun tapi kapanggihna ''Qingshania magnificia'', ''eukariota multiseluler'' pangheubeulna ti [[Cina]] Kalér nu hirup salila 1,635 milyar taun ka tukang, nunjukkeun yén grup mahkota eukariota asalna ti [[Paleoproterozoic]] ahir (Statherian); [[Eukariota uniseluler]] pangheubeulna [[unequivocal]] nu hirup salila kurang leuwih 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang ogé kapanggih ti Cina Kalér:''Tappania plana'', ''Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum'', ''Dictyosphaera macroreticulata'', ''Germinosphaera alveolata'', sareng ''Valeria lophostriata''. Sababaraha ''[[acritarchs]]'' dipikanyaho ti sahenteuna 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang, jeung fosil, ''[[Grypania]]'', nu bisa jadi [[alga]], nyaéta saloba 2,1 milyar taun. hiji "masalah" fosil Diskagma geus kapanggih dina ''[[paleosol]]'' heubeul 2,2 miliar taun.<ref name="Retallack 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Retallack GJ, Krull ES, Thackray GD, Parkinson DH |title= Problematic urn-shaped fossils from a Paleoproterozoic (2.2 Ga) paleosol in South Africa. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_precambrian-research_2013-09_235/page/71 |journal=Precambrian Research |year=2013 |volume=235 |pages=71–87 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.015 |bibcode=2013PreR..235...71R }}</ref> [[File:Diskagma butonii.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstruksi tina masalah <ref name="Retallack 2013"/> ''[[Diskagma buttonii]]'', fosil terestrial jangkungna kirang ti 1mm, tina batu heubeul sabudeureun 2,2 milyar taun]] Struktur anu diusulkeun pikeun ngagambarkeun "organisme kolonial badag" geus kapanggih dina shales hideung tina ''[[Palaeoproterozoic]]'' kayaning Formasi Francevillian B, di Gabon, dijuluki "biota Francevillian" anu umurna 2,1 milyar taun. <ref name="El Albani Bengtson Canfield 2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, Bekker A, Macchiarelli R, Mazurier A, Hammarlund EU, Boulvais P, Dupuy JJ, Fontaine C, Fürsich FT, Gauthier-Lafaye F, Janvier P, Javaux E, Ossa FO, Pierson-Wickmann AC, Riboulleau A, Sardini P, Vachard D, Whitehouse M, Meunier A |display-authors=3 |s2cid=4331375 |title=Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2010-07-01_466_7302/page/100 |journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=100–104 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20596019 |doi=10.1038/nature09166 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..100A }}</ref> Tapi, status struktur ieu salaku fosil dilombakeun, kalawan pangarang séjén suggesting yén maranéhna bisa ngagambarkeun pseudofossils. Fosil-fosil pangkolotna anu teu jelas ditugaskeun ka eukariota nyaéta ti Grup Ruyang Cina, kira-kira 1,8-1,6 milyar taun ka tukang.<ref name="El Albani 2023">{{cite journal |title=A search for life in Palaeoproterozoic marine sediments using Zn isotopes and geochemistry |last=El Albani |first=Abderrazak |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2023 |volume=623 |page=118169 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118169|bibcode=2023E&PSL.61218169E |s2cid=258360867 |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.science/hal-04095643/file/El%20Albani%20et%20al._EPSL_2023.pdf }}</ref> Fosil anu jelas patali jeung grup modern mimiti muncul kira 1,2 miliar taun ka tukang, dina bentuk ganggang beureum, sanajan karya panganyarna nunjukkeun ayana fosil ganggang filamén dina cekungan Vindhya dating deui meureun 1,6 nepi ka 1,7 miliar taun ka tukang.<ref name="Ossa Ossa Pons Bekker Hofmann 2023">{{cite journal | last1=Ossa Ossa | first1=Frantz | last2=Pons | first2=Marie-Laure | last3=Bekker | first3=Andrey | last4=Hofmann | first4=Axel | last5=Poulton | first5=Simon W. | last6=Andersen | first6=Morten B. | last7=Agangi | first7=Andrea | last8=Gregory | first8=Daniel | last9=Reinke | first9=Christian | last10=Steinhilber | first10=Bernd | last11=Marin-Carbonne | first11=Johanna | last12=Schoenberg | first12=Ronny | display-authors=5 | title=Zinc enrichment and isotopic fractionation in a marine habitat of the c. 2.1 Ga Francevillian Group: A signature of zinc utilization by eukaryotes? | journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume=611 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118147 | page=118147| doi-access=free | bibcode=2023E&PSL.61118147O | url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197720/8/1-s2.0-S0012821X23001607-main.pdf }}</ref> Ayana steranes, biomarker khusus eukariot, dina shales Australia saméméhna nunjukkeun yén eukariota aya dina batuan ieu tanggal 2,7 milyar taun,tapi biomarker Archaean ieu geus rebutted salaku rereged engké. Catetan biomarker valid pangkolotna umurna ngan sakitar 800 juta taun. Sabalikna, analisis jam molekular nunjukkeun mecenghulna biosintésis stérol ti mimiti 2,3 milyar taun ka tukang. Sifat sterana salaku biomarker eukariot langkung rumit ku produksi stérol ku sababaraha baktéri.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wei JH, Yin X, Welander PV |title=Sterol Synthesis in Diverse Bacteria |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |pages=990 |date=2016-06-24 |pmid=27446030 |pmc=4919349 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00990 |doi-access=free |authorlink3=Paula V. Welander }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoshino Y, Gaucher EA |title=Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=25 |pages=e2101276118 |date=June 2021 |pmid=34131078 |pmc=8237579 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101276118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801276H |doi-access=free }}</ref> Iraha waé asal-usulna, eukariot bisa jadi teu jadi dominan sacara ékologis nepi ka engké; kanaékan masif dina komposisi séng sédimén laut 800 juta taun ka tukang geus dikaitkeun kana kabangkitan populasi badag eukariota, nu preferentially meakeun jeung ngasupkeun séng relatif ka prokariot, kira-kira samilyar taun sanggeus asal maranéhanana (paling panganyarna)<ref name="pmid29869832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Isson TT, Love GD, Dupont CL, Reinhard CT, Zumberge AJ, Asael D, Gueguen B, McCrow J, Gill BC, Owens J, Rainbird RH, Rooney AD, Zhao MY, Stueeken EE, Konhauser KO, John SG, Lyons TW, Planavsky NJ |display-authors=3 |title=Tracking the rise of eukaryotes to ecological dominance with zinc isotopes |journal=Geobiology |volume=16|issue=4|pages=341–352|date=June 2018 |pmid=29869832 |doi=10.1111/gbi.12289 |bibcode=2018Gbio...16..341I |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Élmu alam]] [[Kategori:Élmu]] cjtb0nfioi73za3qrbrxr2vx4rvj6ym 731701 731579 2026-11-08T02:14:09Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Domain of life whose cells have nuclei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Eukaryota | fossil_range = [[Statherian]]–[[Holocene|Present]] {{long fossil range|1650|0 |earliest=2300}} | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | total_width = 270 | image1 = Rhodomonas salina CCMP 322.jpg | caption1 = [[Cryptista]] | image2 = Ranunculus asiaticus4LEST.jpg | caption2 = [[Viridiplantae]] (plants) | image3 = Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg | caption3 = [[Discoba]] | image4 = Chaos carolinensis Wilson 1900.jpg | caption4 = [[Amoebozoa]] | image5 = Ammonia tepida.jpg | caption5 = [[Rhizaria]] | image6 = Isotricha intestinalis.jpg | caption6 = [[Alveolata]] | image7 = Osmia rufa couple (aka).jpg | caption7 = [[Animalia]] | image8 = Boletus edulis (Tillegem).jpg | caption8 = [[Fungi]] | border = infobox }} | taxon = Eukaryota | authority = ([[Édouard Chatton|Chatton]], 1925) [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Whittaker]] & [[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]], 1978 | subdivision_ranks = [[Supergroup (biology)|Supergroups]] and [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]] | subdivision = * [[Diaphoretickes]] ** [[SAR supergroup]] ** [[Haptista]] ** [[Cryptista]] ** [[Archaeplastida]] (incl. [[Tutuwuhan|Plants]]) ** [[Provora]]<ref name="Provora"/> * [[Hemimastigophora]] * [[Metamonada]] * [[Malawimonadida]] * [[Ancyromonadida]] * [[CRuMs]] * [[Amorphea]] ** [[Amoebozoa]] ** [[Breviatea]] ** [[Apusomonadida]] ** [[Opisthokonta]] *** [[Holomycota]] (incl. [[Fungi]]) *** [[Holozoa]] (incl. [[Sato|Animals]]) {{!}}- style="background:#e0d0b0;" {{!}} | synonyms = * Eucarya {{au|[[Carl Woese|Woese]] et al. 1990}}<ref name="w1990"/> * Eukarya {{au|[[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]] 1996}}<ref name="Margulis 1996"/> }} '''Eukariota''' nyaéta sakumpulan organismeu anu sélna mibanda [[Nukleus sél|nukleus]] anu ngabeungkeut mémbran (lamad). Ieu anu ngabédakeun maranéhanana jeung [[prokariota]], anu sélna teu boga nukleus atawa organél mémbran (lamad).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |title=Sequoia sempervirens |work=The Gymnosperm Database |editor=Earle CJ |date=2017 |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401041103/http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngaran "Eukariota" asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], "eu" anu hartina "hadé" atawa "alus" sarta "karyon" anu hartina "inti". Hal ieu ngagambarkeun ciri husus maranéhanana anu boga inti sél anu ''terorganisir'' jeung alus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eme |first1=Laura |last2=Tamarit |first2=Daniel |last3=Caceres |first3=Eva F. |last4=Stairs |first4=Courtney W. |last5=De Anda |first5=Valerie |last6=Schön |first6=Max E. |last7=Seitz |first7=Kiley W. |last8=Dombrowski |first8=Nina |last9=Lewis |first9=William H. |last10=Homa |first10=Felix |last11=Saw |first11=Jimmy H. |last12=Lombard |first12=Jonathan |last13=Nunoura |first13=Takuro |last14=Li |first14=Wen-Jun |last15=Hua |first15=Zheng-Shuang |last16=Chen |first16=Lin-Xing |last17=Banfield |first17=Jillian F. |last18=John |first18=Emily St |last19=Reysenbach |first19=Anna-Louise |last20=Stott |first20=Matthew B. |last21=Schramm |first21=Andreas |last22=Kjeldsen |first22=Kasper U. |last23=Teske |first23=Andreas P. |last24=Baker |first24=Brett J. |last25=Ettema |first25=Thijs J. G. |title=Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=29 June 2023 |volume=618 |issue=7967 |pages=992–999 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2 |pmid=37316666 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=10307638|bibcode=2023Natur.618..992E }}</ref> Anu kalebet kana eukariota téh naon waé [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], [[fungi]], sareng seueur [[organismeu]] [[unisélular]]. Aranjeunna mangrupakeun kumpulan anu penting dina ngawangun kahirupan barengan jeung dua grup [[prokariot]] : [[Baktéri]] jeung [[Archaea]].<ref name="Hoek 95">{{cite book |last1=van den Hoek |first1=C. |last2=Mann |first2=D.G. |last3=Jahns |first3=H.M. |name-list-style=vanc |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |title=Algae An Introduction to Phycology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-30419-9 |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210172546/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |url-status=live }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi dumasar kana ukuranana umumna leuwih badag, [[biomassa]] global koléktip maranéhanana leuwih badag batan ''prokariot''. ''Eukariota'' kawasna bijil tina ''archaea Asgard'', sareng caket hubunganana sareng ''Heimdallarchaeia''.<ref name=Wood>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gerald |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85112-235-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood |publisher=Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives }}</ref> Ieu tiasa ngandung harti yén ngan aya dua domain kahirupan, Baktéri jeung ''Archaea'', kalawan ''eukariota'' diasupkeun kana ''Archaea''. Eukariota mimiti aya dina mangsa ''Paleoproterozoikum'', kawasna salaku sél ''flagellated''.<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565">{{cite journal |last1=Seenivasan |first1=Ramkumar |last2=Sausen |first2=Nicole |last3=Medlin |first3=Linda K. |last4=Melkonian |first4=Michael |name-list-style=vanc |title=Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=26 March 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059565 |page=e59565|pmid=23555709 |pmc=3608682 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...859565S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Téori évolusionér anu utama nyaéta aranjeunna diciptakeun ku ''simbiogenesis'' antara ''archaean'' ''Asgard'' anaérobik sareng ''proteobacterium'' aérobik, anu ngawangun ''mitokondria''. Épisode kadua simbiogenesis sareng ''cyanobacterium'' nyiptakeun pepelakan, kalayan kloroplas. Sél ''eukariot'' ngandung organél anu kabeungkeut mémbran sapertos inti, ''retikulum endoplasma'', sareng aparat Golgi. Eukariota bisa jadi uniselulér atawa multiselulér. Dina babandingan, prokariot ilaharna unisélular. Eukariota ''uniséluler'' sakapeung disebut ''protista''. Eukariota bisa réproduksi boh sacara aséksual ngaliwatan ''[[mitosis]]'' jeung séksual ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'' jeung fusi gamét ''(fertilisasi)''. ==Karagaman== Eukariota téh organismeu anu dimimitian tina sél tunggal ''[[mikroskopis]]'', kayaning ''[[picozoans]]'' kurang leuwih handapeun 3 ''microméters'' sakuliah, nepika [[sato]] kawas [[paus biru]]. Beuratna nepi ka 190 [[ton]] jeung panjangna nepi ka 33,6 méter (110 ft), atawa tutuwuhan kawas tangkal [[kai]] pang jangkungna/''[[redwood]]'', jangkungna nepi ka 120 méter (390 ft).<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565"/> Loba eukariota anu unisélular; Eukariota multisélular kaasup [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], jeung [[fungi]], tapi deui, grup ieu ogé ngandung loba spésiés unisélular.<ref name=Wood/> Sél eukariot biasana leuwih badag batan sél prokariot—baktéri jeung ''archaea''—''volume'' kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih gedé.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parfrey |first1=L.W. |last2=Lahr |first2=D.J.G. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2013 |title=Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes |journal=BioEssays |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=339–347 |doi=10.1002/bies.201200143 |pmid=23315654 |s2cid=13872783 |url=http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi, sabab loba di antarana jauh leuwih badag, ''biomassa global'' koléktif maranéhanana (468 gigatons) jauh leuwih badag batan prokariot (77 gigatons), kalawan tutuwuhan nyalira lobana kana leuwih ti 81% tina total ''biomassa Bumi''.<ref name="Hoek 95"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=225 heights=225 caption="Eukariot ukuranana rupa-rupa ti sél tunggal nepi ka organisme anu beuratna ton-tonan"> File:Gram-negative Bacteria and Paramecium forming cyst.jpg|[[Prokaryote]]s (sél cylindrical leutik, [[baktéri]], di kénca) jeung eukariota anu sél tunggal, ''[[Paramecium]]'' File:California Redwood National Park (216450575).jpeg|Tangkal kai pang jangkungna [[Sequoia sempervirens|''Coast redwood'']] File:Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library (rotated).jpg|[[Paus Biru]] </gallery> Eukariota mangrupa garis katurunan anu rupa-rupa, utamana diwangun ku organismeu ''mikroskopis''.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55"/> Multisélularitas dina sababaraha bentuk parantos mekar sacara mandiri sahenteuna 25 kali dina eukariota.<ref name="Grosberg2007">{{cite journal |last1=Grosberg |first1=RK |last2=Strathmann |first2=RR |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=The evolution of multicellularity: A minor major transition? |journal=[[Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst]] |volume=38 |pages=621–654 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 |u b. B: :rl=https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222721/https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Organisme multisélular kompléks, kumpulan amoéba anu teu kaétang pikeun ngabentuk ''molds slime'', ngalaman évolusi ngan dina genep runtuyan katurunan eukariot: [[sasatoan]], [[fungi]] ''symbiomycotan'', [[ganggang coklat]], [[ganggang beureum]], [[ganggang héjo]], jeung tutuwuhan darat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Popper |first1=Zoë A. |last2=Michel |first2=Gurvan |last3=Hervé |first3=Cécile |last4=Domozych |first4=David S. |last5=Willats |first5=William G.T. |last6=Tuohy |first6=Maria G. |last7=Kloareg |first7=Bernard |last8=Stengel |first8=Dagmar B. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2011 |title=Evolution and diversity of plant cell walls: From algae to flowering plants |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-plant-biology_2011_62/page/567 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=62 |pages=567–590 |pmid=21351878 |hdl=10379/6762 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=11961888 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809}}</ref> Eukariota dikumpulkeun dumasar kana kamiripan génomik, ku kituna katempo grup mindeng kakurangan ciri anu kanyahoan.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55">{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Brown |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Simpson |first4=Alastair G.B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=The New Tree of Eukaryotes |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=35 |issue=1 |year=2020 |issn=0169-5347 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008 |pages=43–55|pmid=31606140 |s2cid=204545629 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020TEcoE..35...43B |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1387649/FULLTEXT01 }}</ref> ==Bagéan anu jadi pangbéda== ===Nucleus (Inti)=== Ciri pangdeukeutna eukariot nyaéta sélna boga [[inti]], Ieu masihan aranjeunna namina, tina basa [[Yunani]] εὖ (eu, "well" atawa "alus") jeung κάρυον (karyon, "inti" atawa "puseur"), Sél eukariot boga rupa-rupa struktur kabeungkeut mémbran ''internal'', disebut organél, jeung ''sitoskeleton'' nu nangtukeun [[organisasi]] jeung wangun sél urang.<ref name="OnlineEtDict">{{OEtymD|eukaryotic}}</ref> Nukleus nyimpen DNA sél, nu dibagi kana kebat linier disebut kromosom; ieu dipisahkeun jadi dua sét anj cocog ku ''spindle microtubular'' salila ''division'' [[nuklir]], enggoning prosés ''mitosis eukariot'' anu has.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonev |first1=B |last2=Cavalli |first2=G |name-list-style=vanc |date=14 October 2016 |title=Organization and function of the 3D genome |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=661–678 |doi=10.1038/nrg.2016.112 |pmid=27739532 |hdl=2027.42/151884 |s2cid=31259189 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chromosome Segregation: The Role of Centromeres |last=O'Connor |first=Clare |work=Nature Education |date= 2008|access-date=18 February 2024 |url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/chromosome-segregation-in-mitosis-the-role-of-242/ |quote=eukar }}</ref> ===Biokimia=== Eukariot béda jeung ''prokariot'' dina sababaraha cara, kalayan jalur [[biokimi]]awi unik sapertos sintésis ''sterané''. Protéin tanda tangan eukariot teu boga ''[[homologi]]'' jeung ''[[protéin]]'' dina domain kahirupan séjén, tapi sigana [[universal]] diantara eukariota. Éta kalebet protéin ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', mesin ''[[transkripsi]]'' kompléks, sistem sortir-membran, pori nuklir, jeung sababaraha énzim dina jalur biokimiawi.<ref name="pmid11805300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman H, Fedorov A |title=The origin of the eukaryotic cell: a genomic investigation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=1420–5 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11805300 |pmc=122206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.032658599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.1420H |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Mémbran internal=== {{multiple image | image1 = Prokaryote cell.svg | width1 = 5<!--to scale! the point is this is the relative size, thanks-->0 | caption1 = <small>[[Prokaryote]], to same scale</small> | image2 = Endomembrane system diagram en (edit).svg | width2 = 300 | caption2 = Sél eukariot dengan [[sistem endomembran]] | footer = Sél eukariot kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih badag batan sél prokariot dumasar volumna, sarta ngandung [[organél kabeungkeut mémbran]]. }} Sél eukariot ngawengku rupa-rupa ''[[struktur]]'' anu kabeungkeut mémbran, babarengan ngabentuk sistem [[éndomémbran]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Linka M, Weber AP |chapter=Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells |veditors=Burnap RL, Vermaas WF |title=Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-94-007-1533-2 |page=215 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529130011/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kompartemén basajan,disebut ''[[vesikel]]'' jeung ''[[vakuola]]'', bisa dibentuk ku ''budding'' kaluar mémbran séjén.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors=Marsh M | title=Endocytosis| url=https://archive.org/details/endocytosis0000unse_i6q0 | publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2001| page=vii| isbn=978-0-19-963851-2}}</ref> Loba sél nyerna dahareun jeung bahan séjén ngaliwatan prosés ''[[endositosis]]'', dimana mémbran luar ''invaginates'' lajeng ''pinches'' kaluar pikeun ngabentuk hiji ''[[vesicle]]''. Sababaraha produk sél bisa ninggalkeun dina vesikel ngaliwatan ''exocytosis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stalder |first1=Danièle |last2=Gershlick |first2=David C. |name-list-style=vanc |date=November 2020|title=Direct trafficking pathways from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane |journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology |volume=107 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.001 |pmc=7152905 |pmid=32317144}}</ref> Inti dikurilingan ku mémbran ganda nu katelah amplop nuklir/''[[nuclear envelope]]'', kalawan ''pori'' nuklir nu ngidinan bahan pikeun mindahkeun asup jeung kaluar. Rupa-rupa ''tabung''- jeung lembaran-kawas éksténsi mémbran nuklir ngabentuk ''retikulum endoplasmic'', nu aub dina angkutan [[protéin]] jeung ''maturation''/kadéwasaan.<ref name=TheNuclearEnvelope-NCBI>{{cite journal | vauthors=Hetzer MW | title=The nuclear envelope | journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=a000539 | date=March 2010 | pmid=20300205 | pmc=2829960 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000539 }}</ref> Ieu ngawengku rétikulum ''endoplasma'' kasar, katutupan ku ''ribosom'' nu nyintésis protéin; ieu asup kana rohangan intérior atawa ''lumen''. Salajengna, aranjeunna umumna asup kana ''vesikel'', nu kuncup kaluar lalaunan tina ''[[retikulum endoplasmic]]''. Dina kalolobaan eukariota, vesikel anu mawa protéin ieu dileupaskeun sarta salajengna dirobah dina tumpukan vesikel datar (''cisternae''), puseur pangolahan. Vesikel bisa jadi husus; contona, ''[[lisosom]]'' ngandung énzim ''pencernaan'' anu ngarecah biomolekul dina ''[[sitoplasma]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055727/https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golgi Apparatus |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060218/http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mitochondria=== [[File:Mitochondrion structure.svg |thumb |upright=1.4 |[[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]] v. ]] Mitokondria nyaéta ''organél'' pada sél eukariot.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, Rojas M, Lafyatis R |display-authors=3 |title=Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Pulmonary Circulation |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=131–144 |date=July 1957 |pmid=32166015 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0757-131 |pmc=7052475 |bibcode=1957SciAm.197a.131S }}</ref> Mitokondria biasana disebut "''powerhouse sél''", pikeun fungsina nyadiakeun énérgi ku cara ngoksidasi [[gula]] atawa [[lemak]] pikeun ngahasilkeun [[molekul]] ATP nu nyimpen-énergi.<ref name=Voet>{{cite book | vauthors=Voet D, Voet JC, Pratt CW |name-list-style=vanc |title=Fundamentals of Biochemistry |edition=2nd |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 547, 556] |isbn=978-0471214953 |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 }}</ref> Mitokondria mibanda dua mémbran sakurilingna, masing-masing lapisan ganda ''fosfolipid''; bagian jero nu narilep kana ''invaginations'' disebut ''cristae'' mana réspirasi aérobik lumangsung.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |title=Re: Are there eukaryotic cells without mitochondria? |date=1 May 2006 |work=madsci.org |vauthors=Mack S |access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224700/http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mitokondria ngandung DNA sorangan, nu mibanda kamiripan struktural deukeut jeung DNA baktéri, ti mana asalna, jeung nu ngodekeun rRNA jeung tRNA gén nu ngahasilkeun RNA nu strukturna leuwih deukeut jeung RNA baktéri ti RNA eukariota.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zick |first1=M |last2=Rabl |first2=R |last3=Reichert |first3=AS |name-list-style=vanc |title=Cristae formation-linking ultrastructure and function of mitochondria. |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research |date=January 2009 |volume=1793 |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |pmid=18620004 |doi=10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.013 |doi-access=}}</ref> Sababaraha eukariota, sapertos ''[[metamonads Giardia]]'' sareng ''[[Trichomonas]]'', sareng ''[[amoebozoan Pelomyxa]]'', sigana kurang mitokondria, tapi sadayana ngandung organél turunan mitokondria, seperti ''[[hidrogénosom]]'' atanapi ''mitosom'', kaleungitan mitokondria kadua. Aranjeunna meunang énergi ku aksi énzimatik dina ''sitoplasma''.<ref name="Karn">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karnkowska A, Vacek V, Zubáčová Z, Treitli SC, Petrželková R, Eme L, Novák L, Žárský V, Barlow LD, Herman EK, Soukal P, Hroudová M, Doležal P, Stairs CW, Roger AJ, Eliáš M, Dacks JB, Vlček Č, Hampl V |display-authors=3 |title=A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1274–1284 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27185558 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.053 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016CBio...26.1274K }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria |title=Scientists Shocked To Discover Eukaryote With NO Mitochondria |date=13 May 2016 |vauthors=Davis JL |website=IFL Science |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217214255/https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria/ |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Plastida=== [[File:Chloroplast II.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Jinis [[plastid]] anu paling umum nyaéta [[kloroplas]], anu ngandung [[klorofil]] sareng ngahasilkeun sanyawa [[organik]] ku [[fotosintésis]]. ]] Tutuwuhan jeung sagala rupa golongan ganggang boga plastida ogé mitokondria.<ref name="Kleptoplastidy Hypothesis">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bodył A | s2cid=24613863 | title=Did some red alga-derived plastids evolve via kleptoplastidy? A hypothesis | journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=201–222 | date=February 2018 | pmid=28544184 | doi=10.1111/brv.12340 }}</ref> Plastida, sapertos mitokondria, gaduh [[DNA]] sorangan sareng dikembangkeun tina [[éndosimbion]], dina hal ieu [[sianobaktéri]]. Biasana aya dina bentuk kloroplas anu, seperti sianobakteri, ngandung [[klorofil]] sarta ngahasilkeun sanyawa organik (sapertos glukosa) ngaliwatan fotosintésis.Nu séjénna milu nyimpen dahareun.Sanajan plastida sigana boga asal tunggal,teu sakabéh grup plastid-ngandung patalina raket. Gantina, sababaraha eukariotaaranjeunna geus meunang ti batur ngaliwatan endosymbiosis sekundér atawa ingestion.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=Sato N |year=2006 |pages= 75–102 |title=The Structure and Function of Plastids |volume=23 |veditors=Wise RR, Hoober JK |publisher= Springer Netherlands|chapter=Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids |isbn=978-1-4020-4060-3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_4 |series=Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration}}</ref> Panangkepan sareng sequestering sél fotosintétik sareng kloroplas, kleptoplasti, lumangsung dina loba jenis organismeu eukariot modern.<ref name=pmid18518896>{{cite journal |vauthors=Minnhagen S, Carvalho WF, Salomon PS, Janson S |title=Chloroplast DNA content in Dinophysis (Dinophyceae) from different cell cycle stages is consistent with kleptoplasty |journal=Environ. Microbiol. |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=2411–7 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18518896 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x |bibcode=2008EnvMi..10.2411M }}</ref> ===Struktur sitoskeletal=== Sitoskeleton nyadiakeun ''[[struktur]]'' kaku jeung titik kantétan pikeun struktur motor anu ngamungkinkeun pikeun mindahkeun sél, ngarobah bentuk, atawa angkutan bahan. Struktur ''[[motorik]]'' nyaéta ''[[mikrofilamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'' sareng protéin beungkeut ''[[aktin]]'', kaasup ''α-aktinin'', ''[[fimbrin]]'', sarta ''[[filamin]]'' aya dina beungkeutan lapisan ''[[cortical submembranous]]'' na. Protéin motor ''[[mikrotubulus]]'', ''[[dynein]]'' sareng ''[[kinesin]]'', sarta ''[[miosin]]'' tina ''[[filamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'', nyadiakeun karakter ''[[dinamis]]'' tina kantétan.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Molecular Motors |title=Molecular Biology of the Cell |edition=4th |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |date=2002-01-01 |first1=Bruce |last1=Alberts |first2=Alexander |last2=Johnson |first3=Julian |last3=Lewis |first4=Martin |last4=Raff |first5=Keith |last5=Roberts |first6=Peter |last6=Walter |name-list-style=vanc |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3 |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308094109/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sweeney">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sweeney HL, Holzbaur EL |title=Motor Proteins |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages= a021931|date=May 2018 |pmid=29716949 |pmc=5932582 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a021931 |url=}}</ref> Loba eukariota boga proyéksi ''[[sitoplasma motil]]'' ramping panjang,disebut ''[[flagélla]]'', atawa sababaraha ''struktur'' pondok disebut ''[[silia]]''. Organél ieu rupa-rupa aub dina gerakan, dahar, jeung sénsasi. Utamana diwangun ku ''[[tubulin]]'', sarta sagemblengna béda ti ''[[flagella prokariot]]''.<ref name="Bardy Ng Jarrell 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bardy SL, Ng SY, Jarrell KF | title=Prokaryotic motility structures | journal=Microbiology | volume=149 | issue=Pt 2 | pages=295–304 | date=February 2003 | pmid=12624192 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Silflow Lefebvre 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors=Silflow CD, Lefebvre PA | title=Assembly and motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2001-12_127_4/page/1500 | journal=Plant Physiology | volume=127 | issue=4 | pages=1500–7 | date=December 2001 | pmid=11743094 | pmc=1540183 | doi=10.1104/pp.010807 }}</ref> Éta dirojong ku kebat/amparan ''[[mikrotubulus]]'' anu timbul tina ''[[séntriol]]'', ciri disusun salaku salapan pasang sabudeureun dua singlets. Flagela tiasa gaduh bulu ''(mastigonemes)'', sakumaha dina loba ''Stramenopiles''. Bagian jerona kontinyu sareng sitoplasma sél. ''[[Centrioles]]'' sering aya, sanajan dina sél jeung grup nu teu boga flagella, tapi ''conifers'' jeung tutuwuhan kembangan boga. Aranjeunna umumna lumangsung dina grup anu ngabalukarkeun rupa-rupa akar ''microtubular''. Ieu ngabentuk komponén primér ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', sarta mindeng dirakit ngaliwatan sababaraha divisi sél, kalawan hiji ''[[flagellum]]'' dipikagaduh ti indungna sarta séjéna diturunkeun tina. ''[[Centrioles]]'' ngahasilkeun benang/''spindle'' salila division [[nuklir]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Vorobjev IA, Nadezhdina ES |title=The centrosome and its role in the organization of microtubules |volume=106 |pages=227–293 |year=1987 |pmid=3294718 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61714-3 |isbn=978-0-12-364506-7 |series=International Review of Cytology }}</ref> ===Témbok sél=== Sél tutuwuhan, [[ganggang]], [[fungi]] sareng seueur ''kromalveolat'', tapi sanés [[sato]], dikurilingan ku [[témbok sél]]. Ieu lapisan luar mémbran sél, nyayogikeun sél kalayan dukungan struktural, panyalindungan, jeung mékanisme nyaring. Témbok sél ogé nyegah ékspansi kaleuleuwihan nalika [[cai]] asup kana sél.<ref name="Howland 2000">{{cite book | vauthors=Howland JL | year=2000 | title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life | url=https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl | pages=[https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl/page/69 69]–71 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-511183-5}}</ref> ''[[Polisakarida]]'' utama anu ngawangun dinding sél primér tutuwuhan darat nyaéta ''[[sélulosa]]'', ''[[hémiselulosa]]'', jeung ''[[pektin]]''. ''[[Mikrofibril]]'' sélulosa dihijikeun sareng ''hémiselulosa'', diasupkeun kana matriks pektin. ''[[Hémiselulosa]]'' anu paling umum dina témbok sél primér nyaéta ''[[xyloglucan]]''.<ref name="Fry1989">{{cite journal | vauthors=Fry SC |title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1093/jxb/40.1.1}}</ref> ===Réproduksi séksual=== [[File:Sexual cycle N-2N.svg|thumb|[[Reproduksi séksual]] merlukeun [[siklus hirup biologis|siklus hirup]] anu silih ganti antara fase [[haploid]], kalayan hiji salinan unggal [[kromosom]] dina sél, jeung hiji [[diploid]] fase, kalayan dua salinan. Dina eukariota, haploid [[gamet]]s dihasilkeun ku [[meiosis]]; dua gamét ngahiji ngabentuk diploid [[zigot]].]] Eukariota memiliki siklus hidup yang ngalibatkeun réproduksi séksual, pilihganti antara bagéan ''[[haploid]]'', dimana ngan hiji salinan unggal ''[[kromosom]]'' aya dina unggal [[sél]], jeung nalika ''[[diploid]]'', kalawan dua salinan unggal kromosom dina unggal sél. Fase diploid dibentuk ku ''[[fusi]]'' dua [[gamét]] haploid, sapertos [[endog]] sareng spérmatozoa, pikeun ngabentuk [[zigot]]; Ieu bisa tumuwuh jadi awak, kalayan sélna ngabagi ku ''[[mitosis]]'', sarta dina sababaraha tahap ngahasilkeun ''gamet haploid'' ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'', ''[[division]]'' anu ngurangan jumlah ''kromosom'' sarta nyieun ''[[variability genetik]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Matthew B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Population genetics |url=https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami |url-access=limited |year=2009 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami/page/n69 55]}}</ref> Aya variasi anu kacida penting dina pola ieu. [[Tutuwuhan]] gaduh fase ''[[multisélular]]'' haploid sareng diploid. Eukariot memiliki laju metabolisme yang lebih rendah dan waktu generasi yang lebih lama dibandingkan prokariot, sabab leuwih badag sarta ku kituna boga aréa mun ''[[rasio]]'' volume ''permukaan'' leutik.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=TN |last2=Kerp |first2=H |last3=Hass |first3=H |name-list-style=vanc |year=2005 |title=Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=102 |issue=16 |pages=5892–5897 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0501985102 |pmid=15809414 |pmc=556298 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Évolusi réproduksi séksual bisa jadi ciri mimiti /''[[primordial]]'' eukariota. Dumasar analisis filogenetik, Dacks sareng Roger parantos ngusulkeun yén séks fakultatif aya dina karuhun umum grup éta.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dacks J, Roger AJ |s2cid=9441768 |title=The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1999-06_48_6/page/779 |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=779–783 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10229582 |doi=10.1007/PL00013156 |bibcode=1999JMolE..48..779D }}</ref> Sakumpulan inti gén anu fungsina dina ''meiosis'' aya dina ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]'' sareng ''[[Giardia intestinalis]]'', dua organismeu saméméhna dianggap aséksual. Kusabab dua spésiés ieu turunan tina silsilah anu ''[[diverged]]'' mimiti tina tangkal évolusionér eukariot, gén meiotik inti, sareng ku kituna séks, kemungkinan gede aya dina karuhun umum eukariota.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM |title=A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=185–191 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15668177 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003 |s2cid=17013247 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2005CBio...15..185R }}</ref><ref name=Malik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM |title=An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=e2879 |date=August 2007 |pmid=18663385 |pmc=2488364 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002879 |veditors=Hahn MW |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2879M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Spésiés pernah dianggap aséksual, sapertos parasit ''Leishmania'', gaduh siklus séksual. ''[[Amoebae]]'', saméméhna dianggap aséksual, anu baheulana seksual; grup aséksual kiwari bisa waé mecenghul anu anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E |title=The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1715 |pages=2081–2090 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21429931 |pmc=3107637 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0289 }}</ref> ==Évolusi== [[File:Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity - Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif|thumb|Tangkal eukariota nunjukkeun ''subgrup'' utama sareng ''diagram'' gambar leutik anggota wawakilan unggal grup. Sintésis diropéa dumasar kana rékonstruksi ''[[filogénomik]]'' panganyarna (nepi ka 2023).<ref>{{Cite Q|Q123558544|doi-access=free}}</ref>]] ===Sajarah klasifikasi=== Dina jaman baheula, dua katurunan [[sasatoan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan]] ieu dipikawanoh ku [[Aristoteles]] jeung [[Theophrastus]]. Silsilahna dibéré pangkat [[taksonomi]] Karajaan ku [[Linnaeus]] dina abad ka-18. Padahal anjeunna kaasup [[fungi]] jeung tutuwuhan jeung sababaraha ''[[reservations]]'', éta engkéna baris sadar yén aranjeunna rada béda jeung ngajamin éta karajaan anu misah. Rupa-rupa eukariota sél tunggal asalna disimpen sareng tutuwuhan atanapi sasatoan nalika aranjeunna dipiwanoh.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldfuß |title=Ueber die Classification der Zoophyten |journal=Isis, Oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken |date=1818 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1008–1019 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |trans-title=On the classification of zoophytes |language=de |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324105702/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |url-status=live }} From p. 1008: ''"Erste Klasse. Urthiere. Protozoa."'' (First class. Primordial animals. Protozoa.) [Note: each column of each page of this journal is numbered; there are two columns per page.]</ref> Dina taun 1818, ahli [[biologi]] Jerman [[Georg A. Goldfuss]] nyiptakeun kecap ''[[protozoa]]'' pikeun ngarujuk kana organismeu sapertos ''[[ciliates]]'', sarta grup ieu dimekarkeun nepi ka [[Ernst Haeckel]] ngajadikeun éta karajaan ngawengku sakabéh eukariota sél tunggal, nu ''[[Protista]]'', taun 1866. Eukariota jadi katempona opat karajaan:<ref name=Scamardella1999>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scamardella JM |title=Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista |year=1999 |journal=[[International Microbiology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=207–221 |pmid=10943416 |url=http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614000656/http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=Rothschild1989>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothschild LJ |title=Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name? |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–305 |year=1989 |pmid=11542176 |doi=10.1007/BF00139515 |s2cid=32462158 |authorlink=Lynn J. Rothschild |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204233203/https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Whittaker">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whittaker RH |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1969-01-10_163_3863/page/150 |journal=Science |volume=163 |issue=3863 |pages=150–60 |date=January 1969 |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.5430 |bibcode=1969Sci...163..150W }}</ref> #Karajaan ''Protista'' (mikro organismeu unik) #Karajaan ''Plantae'' (Tutuwuhan) #Karajaan ''Fungi'' #Karajaan ''Animalia'' (Sasatoan) Protista dina waktos éta dianggap "bentuk primitif", sahingga hiji kelas évolusionér, dihijikeun ku alam unisélular primitif maranéhanana.<ref name="w1990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |author1-link=Carl Woese |author2-link=Otto Kandler |author3-link=Mark Wheelis |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1990-06_87_12/page/4576 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–4579 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2112744 |pmc=54159 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 |bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Knoll 1992">{{cite journal |last=Knoll |first=Andrew H. |name-list-style=vanc |authorlink=Andrew H. Knoll |title=The Early Evolution of Eukaryotes: A Geological Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1992-05-01_256_5057/page/622 |journal=Science |volume=256 |issue=5057 |year=1992 |doi=10.1126/science.1585174 |pages=622–627 |pmid=1585174 |bibcode=1992Sci...256..622K |quote=Eucarya, or eukaryotes}}</ref> Pamahaman ngeunaan branchings pangkolotna dina tangkal kahirupan ngan dimekarkeun substansi kalawan runtuyan DNA, pangheulana kana sistem domain tinimbang karajaan salaku pangkat tingkat luhur anu diajukeun ku [[Carl Woese]], [[Otto Kandler]], sareng [[Mark Wheelis]] taun 1990, ngahijikeun sakabéh karajaan eukariota dina domain "Eucarya", nyatakeun, kumaha ogé, yén "'eukariota' bakal terus jadi [[sinonim]] umum bisa ditarima".<ref name=Rothschild1989/> Dina taun 1996, ahli biologi évolusionér [[Lynn Margulis]] ngusulkeun pikeun ngagentos Karajaan sareng Domain sareng nami "inklusif" pikeun nyiptakeun "filogéni dumasar simbiosis", masihan katerangan "Eukarya (organismee nukleus turunan simbiosis)".<ref name="Margulis 1996">{{cite journal |last=Margulis |first=Lynn |authorlink=Lynn Margulis |name-list-style=vanc |title=Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=93 |issue=3 |date=6 February 1996 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071 |pages=1071–1076 |pmid=8577716 |pmc=40032 |bibcode=1996PNAS...93.1071M |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Filogéni=== Nepi ka 2014, konsensus kasar mimiti muncul tina studi filogénomik dua dasawarsa saméméhna.<ref name="burki2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F |title=The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=a016147 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24789819 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a016147 |pmc=3996474 }}</ref><ref name="UntanglingEarlyEukaryotes">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F, Kaplan M, Tikhonenkov DV, Zlatogursky V, Minh BQ, Radaykina LV, Smirnov A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=283 |issue=1823 |pages=20152802 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26817772 |pmc=4795036 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 }}</ref> Mayoritas eukariota bisa ditempatkeun dina salah sahiji dua ''[[clades]]'' badag disebut ''[[Amorphea]]'' (komposisi sarupa jeung hipotésa unikont) jeung ''[[Diphoda]]'' (baheulana bikonts), nu ngawengku tutuwuhan jeung lolobana turunan ganggang.<ref name="SchönZlatogursky2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, Poirier C, Wilken S, Mathur V, Strassert JF, Pinhassi J, Worden AZ, Keeling PJ, Ettema TJ |display-authors=3 |title=Picozoa are archaeplastids without plastid |journal=Nature Communications |year=2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6651 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0 |pmid=34789758 |pmc=8599508 |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.04.14.439778 |s2cid=233328713 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189959 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091441/https://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1614928&dswid=-3028 |url-status=live }}</ref> Grup utama katilu, ''[[Excavata]]'', parantos ditinggalkeun salaku grup formal sabab ''[[paraphyletic]]''/ampir sampurna. Filogén anu diusulkeun di handap ieu ngan ukur kalebet hiji kumpulan ékskavasi (Discoba), sareng ngalebetkeun usulan 2021 yén ''[[picozoan]]'' mangrupikeun baraya deukeut ''[[rhodophytes]]''. ''[[Provora]]'' mangrupikeun sakumpulan prédator mikroba anu kapanggih dina 2022.<ref name="Provora">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Gawryluk RM, Belyaev AO, Mathur V, Karpov SA, Zagumyonnyi DG, Borodina AS, Prokina KI, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=December 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=714–719 |pmid=36477531 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..714T |s2cid=254436650 }}</ref> {{stem group kingdoms}} {{clear}} Sisipkan tabel disini Hiji pintonan karajaan hébat sarta grup bobot maranéhanana. ''Metamonada hésé ditempatkeun, jadi adina meureun ka Discob, jigana ka Malawimonada.''<ref name="Brown 2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Heiss |first2=Aaron A. |last3=Kamikawa |first3=Ryoma |last4=Inagaki |first4=Yuji |last5=Yabuki |first5=Akinori |last6=Tice |first6=Alexander K |last7=Shiratori |first7=Takashi |last8=Ishida |first8=Ken-Ichiro |last9=Hashimoto |first9=Tetsuo |last10=Simpson |first10=Alastair |last11=Roger |first11=Andrew |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018-01-19 |title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014 |pmc=5793813|pmid=29360967}}</ref> ===Asal usul eukariota=== [[File:Symbiogenesis 2 mergers.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Dina téori [[simbiogenesis]], ngahiji tina ''[[''archaean'']]'' jeung ''[[baktéri aérobik]]'' nyiptakeun ''[[eukariota]]'', jeung ''[[mitokondria aérobik]]''; ngahiji kadua ditambahkeun ''[[kloroplas]]'', nyieun tutuwuhan héjo.<ref name=latorre/>]] Asal usul sél ''[[eukariot]]'', atawa ''[[eukariogenesis]]'', mangrupakeun milestone (titik hontalan) dina évolusi kahirupan, sabab ''[[eukariota]]'' ngawengku sakabéh sél kompléks jeung ampir sakabéh organismeu [[multisélular]].<ref name="Gabaldón">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabaldón T |title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=631–647 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34343017 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213 |s2cid=236916203 }}</ref> Karuhun umum eukariot panungtung (LECA) tayalian asal hipotétis ti sakabéh eukariota hidup, tur éta paling dipikaresep populasi biologis, lain individu tunggal.<ref name="O'Malley Leger Wideman Ruiz-Trillo pp. 338–344">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Malley MA, Leger MM, Wideman JG, Ruiz-Trillo I |title=Concepts of the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=338–344 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30778187 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0796-3 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..338O |hdl-access=free |s2cid=67790751 |hdl=10261/201794 }}</ref> LECA dipercaya mangrupa [[protista]] nu boga inti, sahenteuna hiji ''[[centriole]]'' sareng ''[[flagellum]]'', mitokondria aérobik fakultatif, kelamin (meiosis jeung syngamy), kista dorman kalawan témbok sél ''[[kitin]]'' atawa ''[[selulosa]]'', sarta ''[[peroksisom]]''. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leander BS |title=Predatory protists |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=R510–R516 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32428491 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.052 |s2cid=218710816 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CBio...30.R510L }}</ref><ref name="RedAlgalDerivedPlastids">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strassert JF, Irisarri I, Williams TA, Burki F |title=A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1879 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33767194 |pmc=7994803 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1879S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Koumandou Wickstead Ginger van der Giezen 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Koumandou |first1=V. Lila |last2=Wickstead |first2=Bill |last3=Ginger |first3=Michael L. |last4=van der Giezen |first4=Mark |last5=Dacks |first5=Joel B. |last6=Field |first6=Mark C. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Molecular paleontology and complexity in the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=48 |issue=4 |year=2013 |doi=10.3109/10409238.2013.821444 |pages=373–396|pmid=23895660 |pmc=3791482 }}</ref> Gabungan éndosimbiotik antara ''[[archaea]]'' ''anaérobik motil'' jeung ''[[alphaproteobacterium]] aérobik'' ngalahirkeun LECA jeung sakabéh [[''eukariota'']], kalawan ''[[mitokondria]]''. Sadetik, loba engké ''[[endosymbiosis]]'' jeung ''[[cyanobacterium]]'' ngahudangkeun karuhun [[tutuwuhan]], kalawan ''[[kloroplas]]''.<ref name=latorre>{{cite book |vauthors=Latorre A, Durban A, Moya A, Pereto J |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |chapter=The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution |title=Origins and Evolution of Life: An astrobiological perspective |veditors=Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, Martin H |year=2011 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=326–339 |isbn=978-0-521-76131-4 |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055723/https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ayana ''biomarker eukariot'' dina [[archaea]] nunjuk ka arah asal ''[[archaeal]]''. ''Genom Asgard archaea'' gaduh seueur gén protéin tanda tangan ''[[Eukariot]]'', nu maénkeun peran kacida penting dina ngembangkeun ''[[sitoskeleton]]'' jeung ''struktur'' sélular kompléks ciri ''eukariota''. Dina 2022, tomografi cryo-éléktron nunjukkeun yén ''[[Asgard archaea]]'' boga [[sitoskeleton]] basis aktin kompléks, nyadiakeun bukti ''visual'' langsung munggaran ngeunaan karuhun ''[[archaeal eukariota]]''.<ref name="Rodrigues-Oliveira et al 2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodrigues-Oliveira T, Wollweber F, Ponce-Toledo RI, etal. |title=Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaean |journal=Nature |volume=613 |pages=332–339 |date=2023 |issue=7943 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y|pmid=36544020 |pmc=9834061 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..332R |hdl=20.500.11850/589210 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ===Fosil=== Waktu asal usul ''[[eukariota]]'' sesah ditetepkeun tapi kapanggihna ''Qingshania magnificia'', ''eukariota multiseluler'' pangheubeulna ti [[Cina]] Kalér nu hirup salila 1,635 milyar taun ka tukang, nunjukkeun yén grup mahkota eukariota asalna ti [[Paleoproterozoic]] ahir (Statherian); [[Eukariota uniseluler]] pangheubeulna [[unequivocal]] nu hirup salila kurang leuwih 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang ogé kapanggih ti Cina Kalér:''Tappania plana'', ''Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum'', ''Dictyosphaera macroreticulata'', ''Germinosphaera alveolata'', sareng ''Valeria lophostriata''. Sababaraha ''[[acritarchs]]'' dipikanyaho ti sahenteuna 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang, jeung fosil, ''[[Grypania]]'', nu bisa jadi [[alga]], nyaéta saloba 2,1 milyar taun. hiji "masalah" fosil Diskagma geus kapanggih dina ''[[paleosol]]'' heubeul 2,2 miliar taun.<ref name="Retallack 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Retallack GJ, Krull ES, Thackray GD, Parkinson DH |title= Problematic urn-shaped fossils from a Paleoproterozoic (2.2 Ga) paleosol in South Africa. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_precambrian-research_2013-09_235/page/71 |journal=Precambrian Research |year=2013 |volume=235 |pages=71–87 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.015 |bibcode=2013PreR..235...71R }}</ref> [[File:Diskagma butonii.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstruksi tina masalah <ref name="Retallack 2013"/> ''[[Diskagma buttonii]]'', fosil terestrial jangkungna kirang ti 1mm, tina batu heubeul sabudeureun 2,2 milyar taun]] Struktur anu diusulkeun pikeun ngagambarkeun "organisme kolonial badag" geus kapanggih dina shales hideung tina ''[[Palaeoproterozoic]]'' kayaning Formasi Francevillian B, di Gabon, dijuluki "biota Francevillian" anu umurna 2,1 milyar taun. <ref name="El Albani Bengtson Canfield 2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, Bekker A, Macchiarelli R, Mazurier A, Hammarlund EU, Boulvais P, Dupuy JJ, Fontaine C, Fürsich FT, Gauthier-Lafaye F, Janvier P, Javaux E, Ossa FO, Pierson-Wickmann AC, Riboulleau A, Sardini P, Vachard D, Whitehouse M, Meunier A |display-authors=3 |s2cid=4331375 |title=Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2010-07-01_466_7302/page/100 |journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=100–104 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20596019 |doi=10.1038/nature09166 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..100A }}</ref> Tapi, status struktur ieu salaku fosil dilombakeun, kalawan pangarang séjén suggesting yén maranéhna bisa ngagambarkeun pseudofossils. Fosil-fosil pangkolotna anu teu jelas ditugaskeun ka eukariota nyaéta ti Grup Ruyang Cina, kira-kira 1,8-1,6 milyar taun ka tukang.<ref name="El Albani 2023">{{cite journal |title=A search for life in Palaeoproterozoic marine sediments using Zn isotopes and geochemistry |last=El Albani |first=Abderrazak |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2023 |volume=623 |page=118169 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118169|bibcode=2023E&PSL.61218169E |s2cid=258360867 |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.science/hal-04095643/file/El%20Albani%20et%20al._EPSL_2023.pdf }}</ref> Fosil anu jelas patali jeung grup modern mimiti muncul kira 1,2 miliar taun ka tukang, dina bentuk ganggang beureum, sanajan karya panganyarna nunjukkeun ayana fosil ganggang filamén dina cekungan Vindhya dating deui meureun 1,6 nepi ka 1,7 miliar taun ka tukang.<ref name="Ossa Ossa Pons Bekker Hofmann 2023">{{cite journal | last1=Ossa Ossa | first1=Frantz | last2=Pons | first2=Marie-Laure | last3=Bekker | first3=Andrey | last4=Hofmann | first4=Axel | last5=Poulton | first5=Simon W. | last6=Andersen | first6=Morten B. | last7=Agangi | first7=Andrea | last8=Gregory | first8=Daniel | last9=Reinke | first9=Christian | last10=Steinhilber | first10=Bernd | last11=Marin-Carbonne | first11=Johanna | last12=Schoenberg | first12=Ronny | display-authors=5 | title=Zinc enrichment and isotopic fractionation in a marine habitat of the c. 2.1 Ga Francevillian Group: A signature of zinc utilization by eukaryotes? | journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume=611 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118147 | page=118147| doi-access=free | bibcode=2023E&PSL.61118147O | url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197720/8/1-s2.0-S0012821X23001607-main.pdf }}</ref> Ayana steranes, biomarker khusus eukariot, dina shales Australia saméméhna nunjukkeun yén eukariota aya dina batuan ieu tanggal 2,7 milyar taun,tapi biomarker Archaean ieu geus rebutted salaku rereged engké. Catetan biomarker valid pangkolotna umurna ngan sakitar 800 juta taun. Sabalikna, analisis jam molekular nunjukkeun mecenghulna biosintésis stérol ti mimiti 2,3 milyar taun ka tukang. Sifat sterana salaku biomarker eukariot langkung rumit ku produksi stérol ku sababaraha baktéri.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wei JH, Yin X, Welander PV |title=Sterol Synthesis in Diverse Bacteria |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |pages=990 |date=2016-06-24 |pmid=27446030 |pmc=4919349 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00990 |doi-access=free |authorlink3=Paula V. Welander }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoshino Y, Gaucher EA |title=Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=25 |pages=e2101276118 |date=June 2021 |pmid=34131078 |pmc=8237579 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101276118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801276H |doi-access=free }}</ref> Iraha waé asal-usulna, eukariot bisa jadi teu jadi dominan sacara ékologis nepi ka engké; kanaékan masif dina komposisi séng sédimén laut 800 juta taun ka tukang geus dikaitkeun kana kabangkitan populasi badag eukariota, nu preferentially meakeun jeung ngasupkeun séng relatif ka prokariot, kira-kira samilyar taun sanggeus asal maranéhanana (paling panganyarna)<ref name="pmid29869832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Isson TT, Love GD, Dupont CL, Reinhard CT, Zumberge AJ, Asael D, Gueguen B, McCrow J, Gill BC, Owens J, Rainbird RH, Rooney AD, Zhao MY, Stueeken EE, Konhauser KO, John SG, Lyons TW, Planavsky NJ |display-authors=3 |title=Tracking the rise of eukaryotes to ecological dominance with zinc isotopes |journal=Geobiology |volume=16|issue=4|pages=341–352|date=June 2018 |pmid=29869832 |doi=10.1111/gbi.12289 |bibcode=2018Gbio...16..341I |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Élmu alam]] [[Kategori:Élmu]] hkddtnfty0kjpexxdkwz6quc9d6ssu7 731709 731701 2026-11-08T02:21:59Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Domain of life whose cells have nuclei}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Eukaryota | fossil_range = [[Statherian]]–[[Holocene|Present]] {{long fossil range|1650|0 |earliest=2300}} | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | total_width = 270 | image1 = Rhodomonas salina CCMP 322.jpg | caption1 = [[Cryptista]] | image2 = Ranunculus asiaticus4LEST.jpg | caption2 = [[Viridiplantae]] (plants) | image3 = Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg | caption3 = [[Discoba]] | image4 = Chaos carolinensis Wilson 1900.jpg | caption4 = [[Amoebozoa]] | image5 = Ammonia tepida.jpg | caption5 = [[Rhizaria]] | image6 = Isotricha intestinalis.jpg | caption6 = [[Alveolata]] | image7 = Osmia rufa couple (aka).jpg | caption7 = [[Animalia]] | image8 = Boletus edulis (Tillegem).jpg | caption8 = [[Fungi]] | border = infobox }} | taxon = Eukaryota | authority = ([[Édouard Chatton|Chatton]], 1925) [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Whittaker]] & [[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]], 1978 | subdivision_ranks = [[Supergroup (biology)|Supergroups]] and [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]] | subdivision = * [[Diaphoretickes]] ** [[SAR supergroup]] ** [[Haptista]] ** [[Cryptista]] ** [[Archaeplastida]] (incl. [[Tutuwuhan|Plants]]) ** [[Provora]]<ref name="Provora"/> * [[Hemimastigophora]] * [[Metamonada]] * [[Malawimonadida]] * [[Ancyromonadida]] * [[CRuMs]] * [[Amorphea]] ** [[Amoebozoa]] ** [[Breviatea]] ** [[Apusomonadida]] ** [[Opisthokonta]] *** [[Holomycota]] (incl. [[Fungi]]) *** [[Holozoa]] (incl. [[Sato|Animals]]) {{!}}- style="background:#e0d0b0;" {{!}} | synonyms = * Eucarya {{au|[[Carl Woese|Woese]] et al. 1990}}<ref name="w1990"/> * Eukarya {{au|[[Lynn Margulis|Margulis]] 1996}}<ref name="Margulis 1996"/> }} '''Eukariota''' nyaéta sakumpulan organismeu anu sélna mibanda [[Nukleus sél|nukleus]] anu ngabeungkeut mémbran (lamad). Ieu anu ngabédakeun maranéhanana jeung [[prokariota]], anu sélna teu boga nukleus atawa organél mémbran (lamad).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |title=Sequoia sempervirens |work=The Gymnosperm Database |editor=Earle CJ |date=2017 |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401041103/http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngaran "Eukariota" asalna tina basa [[Yunani]], "eu" anu hartina "hadé" atawa "alus" sarta "karyon" anu hartina "inti". Hal ieu ngagambarkeun ciri husus maranéhanana anu boga inti sél anu ''terorganisir'' jeung alus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eme |first1=Laura |last2=Tamarit |first2=Daniel |last3=Caceres |first3=Eva F. |last4=Stairs |first4=Courtney W. |last5=De Anda |first5=Valerie |last6=Schön |first6=Max E. |last7=Seitz |first7=Kiley W. |last8=Dombrowski |first8=Nina |last9=Lewis |first9=William H. |last10=Homa |first10=Felix |last11=Saw |first11=Jimmy H. |last12=Lombard |first12=Jonathan |last13=Nunoura |first13=Takuro |last14=Li |first14=Wen-Jun |last15=Hua |first15=Zheng-Shuang |last16=Chen |first16=Lin-Xing |last17=Banfield |first17=Jillian F. |last18=John |first18=Emily St |last19=Reysenbach |first19=Anna-Louise |last20=Stott |first20=Matthew B. |last21=Schramm |first21=Andreas |last22=Kjeldsen |first22=Kasper U. |last23=Teske |first23=Andreas P. |last24=Baker |first24=Brett J. |last25=Ettema |first25=Thijs J. G. |title=Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=29 June 2023 |volume=618 |issue=7967 |pages=992–999 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2 |pmid=37316666 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=10307638|bibcode=2023Natur.618..992E }}</ref> Anu kalebet kana eukariota téh naon waé [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], [[fungi]], sareng seueur [[organismeu]] [[unisélular]]. Aranjeunna mangrupakeun kumpulan anu penting dina ngawangun kahirupan barengan jeung dua grup [[prokariot]] : [[Baktéri]] jeung [[Archaea]].<ref name="Hoek 95">{{cite book |last1=van den Hoek |first1=C. |last2=Mann |first2=D.G. |last3=Jahns |first3=H.M. |name-list-style=vanc |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |title=Algae An Introduction to Phycology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-30419-9 |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210172546/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC |url-status=live }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi dumasar kana ukuranana umumna leuwih badag, [[biomassa]] global koléktip maranéhanana leuwih badag batan ''prokariot''. ''Eukariota'' kawasna bijil tina ''archaea Asgard'', sareng caket hubunganana sareng ''Heimdallarchaeia''.<ref name=Wood>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Gerald |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85112-235-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood |publisher=Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives }}</ref> Ieu tiasa ngandung harti yén ngan aya dua domain kahirupan, Baktéri jeung ''Archaea'', kalawan ''eukariota'' diasupkeun kana ''Archaea''. Eukariota mimiti aya dina mangsa ''Paleoproterozoikum'', kawasna salaku sél ''flagellated''.<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565">{{cite journal |last1=Seenivasan |first1=Ramkumar |last2=Sausen |first2=Nicole |last3=Medlin |first3=Linda K. |last4=Melkonian |first4=Michael |name-list-style=vanc |title=Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=26 March 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059565 |page=e59565|pmid=23555709 |pmc=3608682 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...859565S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Téori évolusionér anu utama nyaéta aranjeunna diciptakeun ku ''simbiogenesis'' antara ''archaean'' ''Asgard'' anaérobik sareng ''proteobacterium'' aérobik, anu ngawangun ''mitokondria''. Épisode kadua simbiogenesis sareng ''cyanobacterium'' nyiptakeun pepelakan, kalayan kloroplas. Sél ''eukariot'' ngandung organél anu kabeungkeut mémbran sapertos inti, ''retikulum endoplasma'', sareng aparat Golgi. Eukariota bisa jadi uniselulér atawa multiselulér. Dina babandingan, prokariot ilaharna unisélular. Eukariota ''uniséluler'' sakapeung disebut ''protista''. Eukariota bisa réproduksi boh sacara aséksual ngaliwatan ''[[mitosis]]'' jeung séksual ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'' jeung fusi gamét ''(fertilisasi)''. ==Karagaman== Eukariota téh organismeu anu dimimitian tina sél tunggal ''[[mikroskopis]]'', kayaning ''[[picozoans]]'' kurang leuwih handapeun 3 ''microméters'' sakuliah, nepika [[sato]] kawas [[paus biru]]. Beuratna nepi ka 190 [[ton]] jeung panjangna nepi ka 33,6 méter (110 ft), atawa tutuwuhan kawas tangkal [[kai]] pang jangkungna/''[[redwood]]'', jangkungna nepi ka 120 méter (390 ft).<ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565"/> Loba eukariota anu unisélular; Eukariota multisélular kaasup [[sato]], [[tutuwuhan]], jeung [[fungi]], tapi deui, grup ieu ogé ngandung loba spésiés unisélular.<ref name=Wood/> Sél eukariot biasana leuwih badag batan sél prokariot—baktéri jeung ''archaea''—''volume'' kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih gedé.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parfrey |first1=L.W. |last2=Lahr |first2=D.J.G. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2013 |title=Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes |journal=BioEssays |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=339–347 |doi=10.1002/bies.201200143 |pmid=23315654 |s2cid=13872783 |url=http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725235332/http://www.producao.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/45022/339_ftp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Eukariota ngawakilan sabagian leutik tina jumlah organismeu, tapi, sabab loba di antarana jauh leuwih badag, ''biomassa global'' koléktif maranéhanana (468 gigatons) jauh leuwih badag batan prokariot (77 gigatons), kalawan tutuwuhan nyalira lobana kana leuwih ti 81% tina total ''biomassa Bumi''.<ref name="Hoek 95"/> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=225 heights=225 caption="Eukariot ukuranana rupa-rupa ti sél tunggal nepi ka organisme anu beuratna ton-tonan"> File:Gram-negative Bacteria and Paramecium forming cyst.jpg|[[Prokaryote]]s (sél cylindrical leutik, [[baktéri]], di kénca) jeung eukariota anu sél tunggal, ''[[Paramecium]]'' File:California Redwood National Park (216450575).jpeg|Tangkal kai pang jangkungna [[Sequoia sempervirens|''Coast redwood'']] File:Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library (rotated).jpg|[[Paus Biru]] </gallery> Eukariota mangrupa garis katurunan anu rupa-rupa, utamana diwangun ku organismeu ''mikroskopis''.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55"/> Multisélularitas dina sababaraha bentuk parantos mekar sacara mandiri sahenteuna 25 kali dina eukariota.<ref name="Grosberg2007">{{cite journal |last1=Grosberg |first1=RK |last2=Strathmann |first2=RR |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=The evolution of multicellularity: A minor major transition? |journal=[[Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst]] |volume=38 |pages=621–654 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 |u b. B: :rl=https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222721/https://grosberglab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/453/2017/05/2007-Grosberg-R.-K.-and-R.-R.-Strathmann.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Organisme multisélular kompléks, kumpulan amoéba anu teu kaétang pikeun ngabentuk ''molds slime'', ngalaman évolusi ngan dina genep runtuyan katurunan eukariot: [[sasatoan]], [[fungi]] ''symbiomycotan'', [[ganggang coklat]], [[ganggang beureum]], [[ganggang héjo]], jeung tutuwuhan darat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Popper |first1=Zoë A. |last2=Michel |first2=Gurvan |last3=Hervé |first3=Cécile |last4=Domozych |first4=David S. |last5=Willats |first5=William G.T. |last6=Tuohy |first6=Maria G. |last7=Kloareg |first7=Bernard |last8=Stengel |first8=Dagmar B. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2011 |title=Evolution and diversity of plant cell walls: From algae to flowering plants |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-plant-biology_2011_62/page/567 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=62 |pages=567–590 |pmid=21351878 |hdl=10379/6762 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=11961888 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809}}</ref> Eukariota dikumpulkeun dumasar kana kamiripan génomik, ku kituna katempo grup mindeng kakurangan ciri anu kanyahoan.<ref name="Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55">{{cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Brown |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Simpson |first4=Alastair G.B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=The New Tree of Eukaryotes |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=35 |issue=1 |year=2020 |issn=0169-5347 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008 |pages=43–55|pmid=31606140 |s2cid=204545629 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020TEcoE..35...43B |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1387649/FULLTEXT01 }}</ref> ==Bagéan anu jadi pangbéda== ===Nucleus (Inti)=== Ciri pangdeukeutna eukariot nyaéta sélna boga [[inti]], Ieu masihan aranjeunna namina, tina basa [[Yunani]] εὖ (eu, "well" atawa "alus") jeung κάρυον (karyon, "inti" atawa "puseur"), Sél eukariot boga rupa-rupa struktur kabeungkeut mémbran ''internal'', disebut organél, jeung ''sitoskeleton'' nu nangtukeun [[organisasi]] jeung wangun sél urang.<ref name="OnlineEtDict">{{OEtymD|eukaryotic}}</ref> Nukleus nyimpen DNA sél, nu dibagi kana kebat linier disebut kromosom; ieu dipisahkeun jadi dua sét anj cocog ku ''spindle microtubular'' salila ''division'' [[nuklir]], enggoning prosés ''mitosis eukariot'' anu has.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonev |first1=B |last2=Cavalli |first2=G |name-list-style=vanc |date=14 October 2016 |title=Organization and function of the 3D genome |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=661–678 |doi=10.1038/nrg.2016.112 |pmid=27739532 |hdl=2027.42/151884 |s2cid=31259189 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chromosome Segregation: The Role of Centromeres |last=O'Connor |first=Clare |work=Nature Education |date= 2008|access-date=18 February 2024 |url= https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/chromosome-segregation-in-mitosis-the-role-of-242/ |quote=eukar }}</ref> ===Biokimia=== Eukariot béda jeung ''prokariot'' dina sababaraha cara, kalayan jalur [[biokimi]]awi unik sapertos sintésis ''sterané''. Protéin tanda tangan eukariot teu boga ''[[homologi]]'' jeung ''[[protéin]]'' dina domain kahirupan séjén, tapi sigana [[universal]] diantara eukariota. Éta kalebet protéin ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', mesin ''[[transkripsi]]'' kompléks, sistem sortir-membran, pori nuklir, jeung sababaraha énzim dina jalur biokimiawi.<ref name="pmid11805300">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman H, Fedorov A |title=The origin of the eukaryotic cell: a genomic investigation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=1420–5 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11805300 |pmc=122206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.032658599 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.1420H |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Mémbran internal=== {{multiple image | image1 = Prokaryote cell.svg | width1 = 5<!--to scale! the point is this is the relative size, thanks-->0 | caption1 = <small>[[Prokaryote]], to same scale</small> | image2 = Endomembrane system diagram en (edit).svg | width2 = 300 | caption2 = Sél eukariot dengan [[sistem endomembran]] | footer = Sél eukariot kira-kira 10.000 kali leuwih badag batan sél prokariot dumasar volumna, sarta ngandung [[organél kabeungkeut mémbran]]. }} Sél eukariot ngawengku rupa-rupa ''[[struktur]]'' anu kabeungkeut mémbran, babarengan ngabentuk sistem [[éndomémbran]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Linka M, Weber AP |chapter=Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells |veditors=Burnap RL, Vermaas WF |title=Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-94-007-1533-2 |page=215 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529130011/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kompartemén basajan,disebut ''[[vesikel]]'' jeung ''[[vakuola]]'', bisa dibentuk ku ''budding'' kaluar mémbran séjén.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors=Marsh M | title=Endocytosis| url=https://archive.org/details/endocytosis0000unse_i6q0 | publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2001| page=vii| isbn=978-0-19-963851-2}}</ref> Loba sél nyerna dahareun jeung bahan séjén ngaliwatan prosés ''[[endositosis]]'', dimana mémbran luar ''invaginates'' lajeng ''pinches'' kaluar pikeun ngabentuk hiji ''[[vesicle]]''. Sababaraha produk sél bisa ninggalkeun dina vesikel ngaliwatan ''exocytosis''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stalder |first1=Danièle |last2=Gershlick |first2=David C. |name-list-style=vanc |date=November 2020|title=Direct trafficking pathways from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane |journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology |volume=107 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.001 |pmc=7152905 |pmid=32317144}}</ref> Inti dikurilingan ku mémbran ganda nu katelah amplop nuklir/''[[nuclear envelope]]'', kalawan ''pori'' nuklir nu ngidinan bahan pikeun mindahkeun asup jeung kaluar. Rupa-rupa ''tabung''- jeung lembaran-kawas éksténsi mémbran nuklir ngabentuk ''retikulum endoplasmic'', nu aub dina angkutan [[protéin]] jeung ''maturation''/kadéwasaan.<ref name=TheNuclearEnvelope-NCBI>{{cite journal | vauthors=Hetzer MW | title=The nuclear envelope | journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=a000539 | date=March 2010 | pmid=20300205 | pmc=2829960 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000539 }}</ref> Ieu ngawengku rétikulum ''endoplasma'' kasar, katutupan ku ''ribosom'' nu nyintésis protéin; ieu asup kana rohangan intérior atawa ''lumen''. Salajengna, aranjeunna umumna asup kana ''vesikel'', nu kuncup kaluar lalaunan tina ''[[retikulum endoplasmic]]''. Dina kalolobaan eukariota, vesikel anu mawa protéin ieu dileupaskeun sarta salajengna dirobah dina tumpukan vesikel datar (''cisternae''), puseur pangolahan. Vesikel bisa jadi husus; contona, ''[[lisosom]]'' ngandung énzim ''pencernaan'' anu ngarecah biomolekul dina ''[[sitoplasma]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055727/https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golgi Apparatus |url=http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |publisher=British Society for Cell Biology |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060218/http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/golgi-apparatus/ |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mitochondria=== [[File:Mitochondrion structure.svg |thumb |upright=1.4 |[[Mitochondrion|Mitochondria]] v. ]] Mitokondria nyaéta ''organél'' pada sél eukariot.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, Rojas M, Lafyatis R |display-authors=3 |title=Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension |journal=Pulmonary Circulation |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=131–144 |date=July 1957 |pmid=32166015 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0757-131 |pmc=7052475 |bibcode=1957SciAm.197a.131S }}</ref> Mitokondria biasana disebut "''powerhouse sél''", pikeun fungsina nyadiakeun énérgi ku cara ngoksidasi [[gula]] atawa [[lemak]] pikeun ngahasilkeun [[molekul]] ATP nu nyimpen-énergi.<ref name=Voet>{{cite book | vauthors=Voet D, Voet JC, Pratt CW |name-list-style=vanc |title=Fundamentals of Biochemistry |edition=2nd |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 547, 556] |isbn=978-0471214953 |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofbi00voet_0/page/547 }}</ref> Mitokondria mibanda dua mémbran sakurilingna, masing-masing lapisan ganda ''fosfolipid''; bagian jero nu narilep kana ''invaginations'' disebut ''cristae'' mana réspirasi aérobik lumangsung.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |title=Re: Are there eukaryotic cells without mitochondria? |date=1 May 2006 |work=madsci.org |vauthors=Mack S |access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224700/http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2006-05/1146679455.Ev.r.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mitokondria ngandung DNA sorangan, nu mibanda kamiripan struktural deukeut jeung DNA baktéri, ti mana asalna, jeung nu ngodekeun rRNA jeung tRNA gén nu ngahasilkeun RNA nu strukturna leuwih deukeut jeung RNA baktéri ti RNA eukariota.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zick |first1=M |last2=Rabl |first2=R |last3=Reichert |first3=AS |name-list-style=vanc |title=Cristae formation-linking ultrastructure and function of mitochondria. |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research |date=January 2009 |volume=1793 |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |pmid=18620004 |doi=10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.013 |doi-access=}}</ref> Sababaraha eukariota, sapertos ''[[metamonads Giardia]]'' sareng ''[[Trichomonas]]'', sareng ''[[amoebozoan Pelomyxa]]'', sigana kurang mitokondria, tapi sadayana ngandung organél turunan mitokondria, seperti ''[[hidrogénosom]]'' atanapi ''mitosom'', kaleungitan mitokondria kadua. Aranjeunna meunang énergi ku aksi énzimatik dina ''sitoplasma''.<ref name="Karn">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karnkowska A, Vacek V, Zubáčová Z, Treitli SC, Petrželková R, Eme L, Novák L, Žárský V, Barlow LD, Herman EK, Soukal P, Hroudová M, Doležal P, Stairs CW, Roger AJ, Eliáš M, Dacks JB, Vlček Č, Hampl V |display-authors=3 |title=A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1274–1284 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27185558 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.053 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016CBio...26.1274K }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria |title=Scientists Shocked To Discover Eukaryote With NO Mitochondria |date=13 May 2016 |vauthors=Davis JL |website=IFL Science |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217214255/https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria/ |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Plastida=== [[File:Chloroplast II.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Jinis [[plastid]] anu paling umum nyaéta [[kloroplas]], anu ngandung [[klorofil]] sareng ngahasilkeun sanyawa [[organik]] ku [[fotosintésis]]. ]] Tutuwuhan jeung sagala rupa golongan ganggang boga plastida ogé mitokondria.<ref name="Kleptoplastidy Hypothesis">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bodył A | s2cid=24613863 | title=Did some red alga-derived plastids evolve via kleptoplastidy? A hypothesis | journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=201–222 | date=February 2018 | pmid=28544184 | doi=10.1111/brv.12340 }}</ref> Plastida, sapertos mitokondria, gaduh [[DNA]] sorangan sareng dikembangkeun tina [[éndosimbion]], dina hal ieu [[sianobaktéri]]. Biasana aya dina bentuk kloroplas anu, seperti sianobakteri, ngandung [[klorofil]] sarta ngahasilkeun sanyawa organik (sapertos glukosa) ngaliwatan fotosintésis.Nu séjénna milu nyimpen dahareun.Sanajan plastida sigana boga asal tunggal,teu sakabéh grup plastid-ngandung patalina raket. Gantina, sababaraha eukariotaaranjeunna geus meunang ti batur ngaliwatan endosymbiosis sekundér atawa ingestion.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=Sato N |year=2006 |pages= 75–102 |title=The Structure and Function of Plastids |volume=23 |veditors=Wise RR, Hoober JK |publisher= Springer Netherlands|chapter=Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids |isbn=978-1-4020-4060-3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_4 |series=Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration}}</ref> Panangkepan sareng sequestering sél fotosintétik sareng kloroplas, kleptoplasti, lumangsung dina loba jenis organismeu eukariot modern.<ref name=pmid18518896>{{cite journal |vauthors=Minnhagen S, Carvalho WF, Salomon PS, Janson S |title=Chloroplast DNA content in Dinophysis (Dinophyceae) from different cell cycle stages is consistent with kleptoplasty |journal=Environ. Microbiol. |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=2411–7 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18518896 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x |bibcode=2008EnvMi..10.2411M }}</ref> ===Struktur sitoskeletal=== Sitoskeleton nyadiakeun ''[[struktur]]'' kaku jeung titik kantétan pikeun struktur motor anu ngamungkinkeun pikeun mindahkeun sél, ngarobah bentuk, atawa angkutan bahan. Struktur ''[[motorik]]'' nyaéta ''[[mikrofilamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'' sareng protéin beungkeut ''[[aktin]]'', kaasup ''α-aktinin'', ''[[fimbrin]]'', sarta ''[[filamin]]'' aya dina beungkeutan lapisan ''[[cortical submembranous]]'' na. Protéin motor ''[[mikrotubulus]]'', ''[[dynein]]'' sareng ''[[kinesin]]'', sarta ''[[miosin]]'' tina ''[[filamén]]'' ''[[aktin]]'', nyadiakeun karakter ''[[dinamis]]'' tina kantétan.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Molecular Motors |title=Molecular Biology of the Cell |edition=4th |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |date=2002-01-01 |first1=Bruce |last1=Alberts |first2=Alexander |last2=Johnson |first3=Julian |last3=Lewis |first4=Martin |last4=Raff |first5=Keith |last5=Roberts |first6=Peter |last6=Walter |name-list-style=vanc |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3 |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308094109/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sweeney">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sweeney HL, Holzbaur EL |title=Motor Proteins |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages= a021931|date=May 2018 |pmid=29716949 |pmc=5932582 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a021931 |url=}}</ref> Loba eukariota boga proyéksi ''[[sitoplasma motil]]'' ramping panjang,disebut ''[[flagélla]]'', atawa sababaraha ''struktur'' pondok disebut ''[[silia]]''. Organél ieu rupa-rupa aub dina gerakan, dahar, jeung sénsasi. Utamana diwangun ku ''[[tubulin]]'', sarta sagemblengna béda ti ''[[flagella prokariot]]''.<ref name="Bardy Ng Jarrell 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors=Bardy SL, Ng SY, Jarrell KF | title=Prokaryotic motility structures | journal=Microbiology | volume=149 | issue=Pt 2 | pages=295–304 | date=February 2003 | pmid=12624192 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Silflow Lefebvre 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors=Silflow CD, Lefebvre PA | title=Assembly and motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2001-12_127_4/page/1500 | journal=Plant Physiology | volume=127 | issue=4 | pages=1500–7 | date=December 2001 | pmid=11743094 | pmc=1540183 | doi=10.1104/pp.010807 }}</ref> Éta dirojong ku kebat/amparan ''[[mikrotubulus]]'' anu timbul tina ''[[séntriol]]'', ciri disusun salaku salapan pasang sabudeureun dua singlets. Flagela tiasa gaduh bulu ''(mastigonemes)'', sakumaha dina loba ''Stramenopiles''. Bagian jerona kontinyu sareng sitoplasma sél. ''[[Centrioles]]'' sering aya, sanajan dina sél jeung grup nu teu boga flagella, tapi ''conifers'' jeung tutuwuhan kembangan boga. Aranjeunna umumna lumangsung dina grup anu ngabalukarkeun rupa-rupa akar ''microtubular''. Ieu ngabentuk komponén primér ''[[sitoskeleton]]'', sarta mindeng dirakit ngaliwatan sababaraha divisi sél, kalawan hiji ''[[flagellum]]'' dipikagaduh ti indungna sarta séjéna diturunkeun tina. ''[[Centrioles]]'' ngahasilkeun benang/''spindle'' salila division [[nuklir]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Vorobjev IA, Nadezhdina ES |title=The centrosome and its role in the organization of microtubules |volume=106 |pages=227–293 |year=1987 |pmid=3294718 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61714-3 |isbn=978-0-12-364506-7 |series=International Review of Cytology }}</ref> ===Témbok sél=== Sél tutuwuhan, [[ganggang]], [[fungi]] sareng seueur ''kromalveolat'', tapi sanés [[sato]], dikurilingan ku [[témbok sél]]. Ieu lapisan luar mémbran sél, nyayogikeun sél kalayan dukungan struktural, panyalindungan, jeung mékanisme nyaring. Témbok sél ogé nyegah ékspansi kaleuleuwihan nalika [[cai]] asup kana sél.<ref name="Howland 2000">{{cite book | vauthors=Howland JL | year=2000 | title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life | url=https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl | pages=[https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl/page/69 69]–71 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-511183-5}}</ref> ''[[Polisakarida]]'' utama anu ngawangun dinding sél primér tutuwuhan darat nyaéta ''[[sélulosa]]'', ''[[hémiselulosa]]'', jeung ''[[pektin]]''. ''[[Mikrofibril]]'' sélulosa dihijikeun sareng ''hémiselulosa'', diasupkeun kana matriks pektin. ''[[Hémiselulosa]]'' anu paling umum dina témbok sél primér nyaéta ''[[xyloglucan]]''.<ref name="Fry1989">{{cite journal | vauthors=Fry SC |title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1093/jxb/40.1.1}}</ref> ===Réproduksi séksual=== [[File:Sexual cycle N-2N.svg|thumb|[[Reproduksi séksual]] merlukeun [[siklus hirup biologis|siklus hirup]] anu silih ganti antara fase [[haploid]], kalayan hiji salinan unggal [[kromosom]] dina sél, jeung hiji [[diploid]] fase, kalayan dua salinan. Dina eukariota, haploid [[gamet]]s dihasilkeun ku [[meiosis]]; dua gamét ngahiji ngabentuk diploid [[zigot]].]] Eukariota memiliki siklus hidup yang ngalibatkeun réproduksi séksual, pilihganti antara bagéan ''[[haploid]]'', dimana ngan hiji salinan unggal ''[[kromosom]]'' aya dina unggal [[sél]], jeung nalika ''[[diploid]]'', kalawan dua salinan unggal kromosom dina unggal sél. Fase diploid dibentuk ku ''[[fusi]]'' dua [[gamét]] haploid, sapertos [[endog]] sareng spérmatozoa, pikeun ngabentuk [[zigot]]; Ieu bisa tumuwuh jadi awak, kalayan sélna ngabagi ku ''[[mitosis]]'', sarta dina sababaraha tahap ngahasilkeun ''gamet haploid'' ngaliwatan ''[[meiosis]]'', ''[[division]]'' anu ngurangan jumlah ''kromosom'' sarta nyieun ''[[variability genetik]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Matthew B. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Population genetics |url=https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami |url-access=limited |year=2009 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami/page/n69 55]}}</ref> Aya variasi anu kacida penting dina pola ieu. [[Tutuwuhan]] gaduh fase ''[[multisélular]]'' haploid sareng diploid. Eukariot memiliki laju metabolisme yang lebih rendah dan waktu generasi yang lebih lama dibandingkan prokariot, sabab leuwih badag sarta ku kituna boga aréa mun ''[[rasio]]'' volume ''permukaan'' leutik.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=TN |last2=Kerp |first2=H |last3=Hass |first3=H |name-list-style=vanc |year=2005 |title=Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=102 |issue=16 |pages=5892–5897 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0501985102 |pmid=15809414 |pmc=556298 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Évolusi réproduksi séksual bisa jadi ciri mimiti /''[[primordial]]'' eukariota. Dumasar analisis filogenetik, Dacks sareng Roger parantos ngusulkeun yén séks fakultatif aya dina karuhun umum grup éta.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dacks J, Roger AJ |s2cid=9441768 |title=The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1999-06_48_6/page/779 |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=779–783 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10229582 |doi=10.1007/PL00013156 |bibcode=1999JMolE..48..779D }}</ref> Sakumpulan inti gén anu fungsina dina ''meiosis'' aya dina ''[[Trichomonas vaginalis]]'' sareng ''[[Giardia intestinalis]]'', dua organismeu saméméhna dianggap aséksual. Kusabab dua spésiés ieu turunan tina silsilah anu ''[[diverged]]'' mimiti tina tangkal évolusionér eukariot, gén meiotik inti, sareng ku kituna séks, kemungkinan gede aya dina karuhun umum eukariota.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM |title=A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=185–191 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15668177 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003 |s2cid=17013247 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2005CBio...15..185R }}</ref><ref name=Malik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM |title=An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=e2879 |date=August 2007 |pmid=18663385 |pmc=2488364 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002879 |veditors=Hahn MW |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2879M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Spésiés pernah dianggap aséksual, sapertos parasit ''Leishmania'', gaduh siklus séksual. ''[[Amoebae]]'', saméméhna dianggap aséksual, anu baheulana seksual; grup aséksual kiwari bisa waé mecenghul anu anyar.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E |title=The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1715 |pages=2081–2090 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21429931 |pmc=3107637 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0289 }}</ref> ==Évolusi== [[File:Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity - Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif|thumb|Tangkal eukariota nunjukkeun ''subgrup'' utama sareng ''diagram'' gambar leutik anggota wawakilan unggal grup. Sintésis diropéa dumasar kana rékonstruksi ''[[filogénomik]]'' panganyarna (nepi ka 2023).<ref>{{Cite Q|Q123558544|doi-access=free}}</ref>]] ===Sajarah klasifikasi=== Dina jaman baheula, dua katurunan [[sasatoan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan]] ieu dipikawanoh ku [[Aristoteles]] jeung [[Theophrastus]]. Silsilahna dibéré pangkat [[taksonomi]] Karajaan ku [[Linnaeus]] dina abad ka-18. Padahal anjeunna kaasup [[fungi]] jeung tutuwuhan jeung sababaraha ''[[reservations]]'', éta engkéna baris sadar yén aranjeunna rada béda jeung ngajamin éta karajaan anu misah. Rupa-rupa eukariota sél tunggal asalna disimpen sareng tutuwuhan atanapi sasatoan nalika aranjeunna dipiwanoh.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldfuß |title=Ueber die Classification der Zoophyten |journal=Isis, Oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken |date=1818 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1008–1019 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |trans-title=On the classification of zoophytes |language=de |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324105702/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47614#page/530/mode/1up |url-status=live }} From p. 1008: ''"Erste Klasse. Urthiere. Protozoa."'' (First class. Primordial animals. Protozoa.) [Note: each column of each page of this journal is numbered; there are two columns per page.]</ref> Dina taun 1818, ahli [[biologi]] Jerman [[Georg A. Goldfuss]] nyiptakeun kecap ''[[protozoa]]'' pikeun ngarujuk kana organismeu sapertos ''[[ciliates]]'', sarta grup ieu dimekarkeun nepi ka [[Ernst Haeckel]] ngajadikeun éta karajaan ngawengku sakabéh eukariota sél tunggal, nu ''[[Protista]]'', taun 1866. Eukariota jadi katempona opat karajaan:<ref name=Scamardella1999>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scamardella JM |title=Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista |year=1999 |journal=[[International Microbiology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=207–221 |pmid=10943416 |url=http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614000656/http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=Rothschild1989>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothschild LJ |title=Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name? |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–305 |year=1989 |pmid=11542176 |doi=10.1007/BF00139515 |s2cid=32462158 |authorlink=Lynn J. Rothschild |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204233203/https://zenodo.org/record/1232387 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Whittaker">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whittaker RH |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1969-01-10_163_3863/page/150 |journal=Science |volume=163 |issue=3863 |pages=150–60 |date=January 1969 |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.5430 |bibcode=1969Sci...163..150W }}</ref> #Karajaan ''Protista'' (mikro organismeu unik) #Karajaan ''Plantae'' (Tutuwuhan) #Karajaan ''Fungi'' #Karajaan ''Animalia'' (Sasatoan) Protista dina waktos éta dianggap "bentuk primitif", sahingga hiji kelas évolusionér, dihijikeun ku alam unisélular primitif maranéhanana.<ref name="w1990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |author1-link=Carl Woese |author2-link=Otto Kandler |author3-link=Mark Wheelis |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1990-06_87_12/page/4576 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–4579 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2112744 |pmc=54159 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 |bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Knoll 1992">{{cite journal |last=Knoll |first=Andrew H. |name-list-style=vanc |authorlink=Andrew H. Knoll |title=The Early Evolution of Eukaryotes: A Geological Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1992-05-01_256_5057/page/622 |journal=Science |volume=256 |issue=5057 |year=1992 |doi=10.1126/science.1585174 |pages=622–627 |pmid=1585174 |bibcode=1992Sci...256..622K |quote=Eucarya, or eukaryotes}}</ref> Pamahaman ngeunaan branchings pangkolotna dina tangkal kahirupan ngan dimekarkeun substansi kalawan runtuyan DNA, pangheulana kana sistem domain tinimbang karajaan salaku pangkat tingkat luhur anu diajukeun ku [[Carl Woese]], [[Otto Kandler]], sareng [[Mark Wheelis]] taun 1990, ngahijikeun sakabéh karajaan eukariota dina domain "Eucarya", nyatakeun, kumaha ogé, yén "'eukariota' bakal terus jadi [[sinonim]] umum bisa ditarima".<ref name=Rothschild1989/> Dina taun 1996, ahli biologi évolusionér [[Lynn Margulis]] ngusulkeun pikeun ngagentos Karajaan sareng Domain sareng nami "inklusif" pikeun nyiptakeun "filogéni dumasar simbiosis", masihan katerangan "Eukarya (organismee nukleus turunan simbiosis)".<ref name="Margulis 1996">{{cite journal |last=Margulis |first=Lynn |authorlink=Lynn Margulis |name-list-style=vanc |title=Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=93 |issue=3 |date=6 February 1996 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071 |pages=1071–1076 |pmid=8577716 |pmc=40032 |bibcode=1996PNAS...93.1071M |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Filogéni=== Nepi ka 2014, konsensus kasar mimiti muncul tina studi filogénomik dua dasawarsa saméméhna.<ref name="burki2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F |title=The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=a016147 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24789819 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a016147 |pmc=3996474 }}</ref><ref name="UntanglingEarlyEukaryotes">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burki F, Kaplan M, Tikhonenkov DV, Zlatogursky V, Minh BQ, Radaykina LV, Smirnov A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista |journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences |volume=283 |issue=1823 |pages=20152802 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26817772 |pmc=4795036 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 }}</ref> Mayoritas eukariota bisa ditempatkeun dina salah sahiji dua ''[[clades]]'' badag disebut ''[[Amorphea]]'' (komposisi sarupa jeung hipotésa unikont) jeung ''[[Diphoda]]'' (baheulana bikonts), nu ngawengku tutuwuhan jeung lolobana turunan ganggang.<ref name="SchönZlatogursky2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, Poirier C, Wilken S, Mathur V, Strassert JF, Pinhassi J, Worden AZ, Keeling PJ, Ettema TJ |display-authors=3 |title=Picozoa are archaeplastids without plastid |journal=Nature Communications |year=2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6651 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0 |pmid=34789758 |pmc=8599508 |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.04.14.439778 |s2cid=233328713 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189959 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202091441/https://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1614928&dswid=-3028 |url-status=live }}</ref> Grup utama katilu, ''[[Excavata]]'', parantos ditinggalkeun salaku grup formal sabab ''[[paraphyletic]]''/ampir sampurna. Filogén anu diusulkeun di handap ieu ngan ukur kalebet hiji kumpulan ékskavasi (Discoba), sareng ngalebetkeun usulan 2021 yén ''[[picozoan]]'' mangrupikeun baraya deukeut ''[[rhodophytes]]''. ''[[Provora]]'' mangrupikeun sakumpulan prédator mikroba anu kapanggih dina 2022.<ref name="Provora">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Gawryluk RM, Belyaev AO, Mathur V, Karpov SA, Zagumyonnyi DG, Borodina AS, Prokina KI, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ |display-authors=3 |title=Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes |journal=Nature |date=December 2022 |volume=612 |issue=7941 |pages=714–719 |pmid=36477531 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..714T |s2cid=254436650 }}</ref> {{stem group kingdoms}} {{clear}} Sisipkan tabel disini Hiji pintonan karajaan hébat sarta grup bobot maranéhanana. ''Metamonada hésé ditempatkeun, jadi adina meureun ka Discob, jigana ka Malawimonada.''<ref name="Brown 2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Matthew W. |last2=Heiss |first2=Aaron A. |last3=Kamikawa |first3=Ryoma |last4=Inagaki |first4=Yuji |last5=Yabuki |first5=Akinori |last6=Tice |first6=Alexander K |last7=Shiratori |first7=Takashi |last8=Ishida |first8=Ken-Ichiro |last9=Hashimoto |first9=Tetsuo |last10=Simpson |first10=Alastair |last11=Roger |first11=Andrew |name-list-style=vanc |date=2018-01-19 |title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014 |pmc=5793813|pmid=29360967}}</ref> ===Asal usul eukariota=== [[File:Symbiogenesis 2 mergers.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Dina téori [[simbiogenesis]], ngahiji tina ''[[''archaean'']]'' jeung ''[[baktéri aérobik]]'' nyiptakeun ''[[eukariota]]'', jeung ''[[mitokondria aérobik]]''; ngahiji kadua ditambahkeun ''[[kloroplas]]'', nyieun tutuwuhan héjo.<ref name=latorre/>]] Asal usul sél ''[[eukariot]]'', atawa ''[[eukariogenesis]]'', mangrupakeun milestone (titik hontalan) dina évolusi kahirupan, sabab ''[[eukariota]]'' ngawengku sakabéh sél kompléks jeung ampir sakabéh organismeu [[multisélular]].<ref name="Gabaldón">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabaldón T |title=Origin and Early Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=631–647 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34343017 |doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062213 |s2cid=236916203 }}</ref> Karuhun umum eukariot panungtung (LECA) tayalian asal hipotétis ti sakabéh eukariota hidup, tur éta paling dipikaresep populasi biologis, lain individu tunggal.<ref name="O'Malley Leger Wideman Ruiz-Trillo pp. 338–344">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Malley MA, Leger MM, Wideman JG, Ruiz-Trillo I |title=Concepts of the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=338–344 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30778187 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0796-3 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..338O |hdl-access=free |s2cid=67790751 |hdl=10261/201794 }}</ref> LECA dipercaya mangrupa [[protista]] nu boga inti, sahenteuna hiji ''[[centriole]]'' sareng ''[[flagellum]]'', mitokondria aérobik fakultatif, kelamin (meiosis jeung syngamy), kista dorman kalawan témbok sél ''[[kitin]]'' atawa ''[[selulosa]]'', sarta ''[[peroksisom]]''. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leander BS |title=Predatory protists |journal=Current Biology |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=R510–R516 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32428491 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.052 |s2cid=218710816 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020CBio...30.R510L }}</ref><ref name="RedAlgalDerivedPlastids">{{cite journal |vauthors=Strassert JF, Irisarri I, Williams TA, Burki F |title=A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1879 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33767194 |pmc=7994803 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1879S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Koumandou Wickstead Ginger van der Giezen 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Koumandou |first1=V. Lila |last2=Wickstead |first2=Bill |last3=Ginger |first3=Michael L. |last4=van der Giezen |first4=Mark |last5=Dacks |first5=Joel B. |last6=Field |first6=Mark C. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Molecular paleontology and complexity in the last eukaryotic common ancestor |journal=Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=48 |issue=4 |year=2013 |doi=10.3109/10409238.2013.821444 |pages=373–396|pmid=23895660 |pmc=3791482 }}</ref> Gabungan éndosimbiotik antara ''[[archaea]]'' ''anaérobik motil'' jeung ''[[alphaproteobacterium]] aérobik'' ngalahirkeun LECA jeung sakabéh [[''eukariota'']], kalawan ''[[mitokondria]]''. Sadetik, loba engké ''[[endosymbiosis]]'' jeung ''[[cyanobacterium]]'' ngahudangkeun karuhun [[tutuwuhan]], kalawan ''[[kloroplas]]''.<ref name=latorre>{{cite book |vauthors=Latorre A, Durban A, Moya A, Pereto J |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |chapter=The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution |title=Origins and Evolution of Life: An astrobiological perspective |veditors=Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, Martin H |year=2011 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=326–339 |isbn=978-0-521-76131-4 |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324055723/https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oFebknu1cC&pg=PA326 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ayana ''biomarker eukariot'' dina [[archaea]] nunjuk ka arah asal ''[[archaeal]]''. ''Genom Asgard archaea'' gaduh seueur gén protéin tanda tangan ''[[Eukariot]]'', nu maénkeun peran kacida penting dina ngembangkeun ''[[sitoskeleton]]'' jeung ''struktur'' sélular kompléks ciri ''eukariota''. Dina 2022, tomografi cryo-éléktron nunjukkeun yén ''[[Asgard archaea]]'' boga [[sitoskeleton]] basis aktin kompléks, nyadiakeun bukti ''visual'' langsung munggaran ngeunaan karuhun ''[[archaeal eukariota]]''.<ref name="Rodrigues-Oliveira et al 2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodrigues-Oliveira T, Wollweber F, Ponce-Toledo RI, etal. |title=Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaean |journal=Nature |volume=613 |pages=332–339 |date=2023 |issue=7943 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y|pmid=36544020 |pmc=9834061 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..332R |hdl=20.500.11850/589210 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ===Fosil=== Waktu asal usul ''[[eukariota]]'' sesah ditetepkeun tapi kapanggihna ''Qingshania magnificia'', ''eukariota multiseluler'' pangheubeulna ti [[Cina]] Kalér nu hirup salila 1,635 milyar taun ka tukang, nunjukkeun yén grup mahkota eukariota asalna ti [[Paleoproterozoic]] ahir (Statherian); [[Eukariota uniseluler]] pangheubeulna [[unequivocal]] nu hirup salila kurang leuwih 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang ogé kapanggih ti Cina Kalér:''Tappania plana'', ''Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum'', ''Dictyosphaera macroreticulata'', ''Germinosphaera alveolata'', sareng ''Valeria lophostriata''. Sababaraha ''[[acritarchs]]'' dipikanyaho ti sahenteuna 1,65 milyar taun ka tukang, jeung fosil, ''[[Grypania]]'', nu bisa jadi [[alga]], nyaéta saloba 2,1 milyar taun. hiji "masalah" fosil Diskagma geus kapanggih dina ''[[paleosol]]'' heubeul 2,2 miliar taun.<ref name="Retallack 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Retallack GJ, Krull ES, Thackray GD, Parkinson DH |title= Problematic urn-shaped fossils from a Paleoproterozoic (2.2 Ga) paleosol in South Africa. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_precambrian-research_2013-09_235/page/71 |journal=Precambrian Research |year=2013 |volume=235 |pages=71–87 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.015 |bibcode=2013PreR..235...71R }}</ref> [[File:Diskagma butonii.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstruksi tina masalah <ref name="Retallack 2013"/> ''[[Diskagma buttonii]]'', fosil terestrial jangkungna kirang ti 1mm, tina batu heubeul sabudeureun 2,2 milyar taun]] Struktur anu diusulkeun pikeun ngagambarkeun "organisme kolonial badag" geus kapanggih dina shales hideung tina ''[[Palaeoproterozoic]]'' kayaning Formasi Francevillian B, di Gabon, dijuluki "biota Francevillian" anu umurna 2,1 milyar taun. <ref name="El Albani Bengtson Canfield 2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, Bekker A, Macchiarelli R, Mazurier A, Hammarlund EU, Boulvais P, Dupuy JJ, Fontaine C, Fürsich FT, Gauthier-Lafaye F, Janvier P, Javaux E, Ossa FO, Pierson-Wickmann AC, Riboulleau A, Sardini P, Vachard D, Whitehouse M, Meunier A |display-authors=3 |s2cid=4331375 |title=Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2010-07-01_466_7302/page/100 |journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=100–104 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20596019 |doi=10.1038/nature09166 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..100A }}</ref> Tapi, status struktur ieu salaku fosil dilombakeun, kalawan pangarang séjén suggesting yén maranéhna bisa ngagambarkeun pseudofossils. Fosil-fosil pangkolotna anu teu jelas ditugaskeun ka eukariota nyaéta ti Grup Ruyang Cina, kira-kira 1,8-1,6 milyar taun ka tukang.<ref name="El Albani 2023">{{cite journal |title=A search for life in Palaeoproterozoic marine sediments using Zn isotopes and geochemistry |last=El Albani |first=Abderrazak |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2023 |volume=623 |page=118169 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118169|bibcode=2023E&PSL.61218169E |s2cid=258360867 |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.science/hal-04095643/file/El%20Albani%20et%20al._EPSL_2023.pdf }}</ref> Fosil anu jelas patali jeung grup modern mimiti muncul kira 1,2 miliar taun ka tukang, dina bentuk ganggang beureum, sanajan karya panganyarna nunjukkeun ayana fosil ganggang filamén dina cekungan Vindhya dating deui meureun 1,6 nepi ka 1,7 miliar taun ka tukang.<ref name="Ossa Ossa Pons Bekker Hofmann 2023">{{cite journal | last1=Ossa Ossa | first1=Frantz | last2=Pons | first2=Marie-Laure | last3=Bekker | first3=Andrey | last4=Hofmann | first4=Axel | last5=Poulton | first5=Simon W. | last6=Andersen | first6=Morten B. | last7=Agangi | first7=Andrea | last8=Gregory | first8=Daniel | last9=Reinke | first9=Christian | last10=Steinhilber | first10=Bernd | last11=Marin-Carbonne | first11=Johanna | last12=Schoenberg | first12=Ronny | display-authors=5 | title=Zinc enrichment and isotopic fractionation in a marine habitat of the c. 2.1 Ga Francevillian Group: A signature of zinc utilization by eukaryotes? | journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume=611 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118147 | page=118147| doi-access=free | bibcode=2023E&PSL.61118147O | url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197720/8/1-s2.0-S0012821X23001607-main.pdf }}</ref> Ayana steranes, biomarker khusus eukariot, dina shales Australia saméméhna nunjukkeun yén eukariota aya dina batuan ieu tanggal 2,7 milyar taun,tapi biomarker Archaean ieu geus rebutted salaku rereged engké. Catetan biomarker valid pangkolotna umurna ngan sakitar 800 juta taun. Sabalikna, analisis jam molekular nunjukkeun mecenghulna biosintésis stérol ti mimiti 2,3 milyar taun ka tukang. Sifat sterana salaku biomarker eukariot langkung rumit ku produksi stérol ku sababaraha baktéri.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wei JH, Yin X, Welander PV |title=Sterol Synthesis in Diverse Bacteria |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |pages=990 |date=2016-06-24 |pmid=27446030 |pmc=4919349 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00990 |doi-access=free |authorlink3=Paula V. Welander }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoshino Y, Gaucher EA |title=Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=25 |pages=e2101276118 |date=June 2021 |pmid=34131078 |pmc=8237579 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101276118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801276H |doi-access=free }}</ref> Iraha waé asal-usulna, eukariot bisa jadi teu jadi dominan sacara ékologis nepi ka engké; kanaékan masif dina komposisi séng sédimén laut 800 juta taun ka tukang geus dikaitkeun kana kabangkitan populasi badag eukariota, nu preferentially meakeun jeung ngasupkeun séng relatif ka prokariot, kira-kira samilyar taun sanggeus asal maranéhanana (paling panganyarna)<ref name="pmid29869832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Isson TT, Love GD, Dupont CL, Reinhard CT, Zumberge AJ, Asael D, Gueguen B, McCrow J, Gill BC, Owens J, Rainbird RH, Rooney AD, Zhao MY, Stueeken EE, Konhauser KO, John SG, Lyons TW, Planavsky NJ |display-authors=3 |title=Tracking the rise of eukaryotes to ecological dominance with zinc isotopes |journal=Geobiology |volume=16|issue=4|pages=341–352|date=June 2018 |pmid=29869832 |doi=10.1111/gbi.12289 |bibcode=2018Gbio...16..341I |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Élmu alam]] [[Kategori:Élmu]] ebh6g74rkglubxsohmmr3gky64ogwcd 0 106183 731800 681374 2026-11-08T09:39:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Pausahaan|name=Precision Drilling Corporation|logo=Precision Drilling (logo).png|type=Public|genre=Oilfield services company|industry=Oil Well Services|foundation=1951|location=[[Calgary, Alberta]], Canada|key_people=[[CEO]]: Kevin A. Neveu|products=Oil field services and rentals|revenue=$1.93 billion [[Canadian dollar|CAD]] (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Annual Information Form |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/b2icontent.irpass.cc/2738/193163.pdf |publisher=Precision Drilling Corporation |date=2024-03-04 |accessdate=2024-04-09}}</ref>|num_employees=4,469 (2019)<ref name=2019annualinfo>{{Cite web |title=2019 Annual Information Form |url=https://s2.q4cdn.com/639056707/files/doc_financials/2019/ar/2019-Annual-Information-Form.pdf |publisher=Precision Drilling Corporation |date=2020-03-09 |accessdate=2020-03-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313021020/https://s2.q4cdn.com/639056707/files/doc_financials/2019/ar/2019-Annual-Information-Form.pdf |archivedate=2023-03-13 }}</ref>|homepage={{URL|www.precisiondrilling.com}}}} '''Precision Drilling Corporation''' mangrupikeun kontraktor pangeboran pangeboran panggedéna di [[Kanada]], ogé nyayogikeun nyéwa lapangan minyak sareng pasokan. == Sajarah == Precision Drilling Ltd diadegkeun dina 1951. <ref name="corphistory">{{Cite web|url=https://www.precisiondrilling.com/about-us/our-history/default.aspx|title=Our History|publisher=Precision Drilling|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203175838/https://www.precisiondrilling.com/about-us/our-history/default.aspx|archivedate=2018-12-03|accessdate=2020-03-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203175838/https://www.precisiondrilling.com/about-us/our-history/default.aspx |date=2018-12-03 }}</ref> Dina 1987, Precision Drilling diaku ku Cypress Drilling, dipingpin ku présidén Hank Swartout, dina pangambilalihan sabalikna anu ninggalkeun perusahaan kalayan armada 19 rigs. <ref name="swartout">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyoilbulletin.com/article/2018/11/6/precision-founder-hank-swartout-one-of-the-definin/|title=Precision Founder Hank Swartout One Of The Defining Personalities In Canadian Drilling|last=Stastny|first=R.P.|publisher=Daily Oil Bulletin|accessdate=2020-03-09|date=2018-11-06}}</ref> Swartout mingpin pausahaan ngaliwatan pertumbuhan éksténsif dugi pangsiun na di 2007. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Precision Drilling's Swartout to retire|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/precision-drillings-swartout-to-retire/article1075551/|work=Globe and Mail|location=Calgary|date=2007-05-08|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> Taun 2005, Precision ngajual jasa énergi sareng divisi pangeboran kontrak internasional ka Weatherford International kanggo $ 2,28 milyar <ref>{{Cite news|title=Weatherford to Buy Two Oil Drilling Units|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/07/business/worldbusiness/weatherford-to-buy-two-oil-drilling-units.html|work=New York Times|page=C8|date=2005-06-07|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> sareng dirombak janten amanah panghasilan . <ref name="swartout" /> <ref name="trust">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/25073/precision_drilling_to_reorganize_into_an_income_trust/|title=Precision Drilling to Reorganize into an Income Trust|last=Precision Drilling Corporation|publisher=Rigzone|accessdate=2020-03-09|date=2005-09-07}}</ref> Precision dirobah tina kapercayaan panghasilan deui ka korporasi di 2010. <ref name="corp">{{Cite news|title=Precision Drilling to convert to corporation|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/precision-drilling-to-convert-to-corporation/article1212550/|work=Globe and Mail|location=Calgary|date=2010-02-12|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> Dina 2008, Precision kaala rival AS na Gray Wolf Inc. pikeun $ 2 milyar, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Canada's Largest Drilling Company to Buy a U.S. Rival|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/business/worldbusiness/26mine.html|work=New York Times|page=C7|agency=Reuters|date=2008-08-26|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> a ngahiji nu dimekarkeun count rig na di AS, nu geus sakitu legana ditinggalkeun di 2005, leuwih sapuluh kali. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/4th-time-lucky-as-precision-drilling-acquires-grey-wolf-1.708711|title=4th time lucky as Precision Drilling acquires Grey Wolf|publisher=CBC News|accessdate=2020-03-09|date=2008-08-25}}</ref> Akuisisi nyababkeun kasusah finansial anu nyababkeun investasi CAD $ 330M ku Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo) di 2009, <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cattaneo|first=Claudia|title=Alberta boost for Precision is investment, not aid: AIMCo|url=http://www.edmontonjournal.com/Alberta+boost+Precision+investment+AIMCo/1514986/story.html|work=Edmonton Journal|agency=Financial Post|date=2009-04-20|access-date=2020-03-09}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> dicirikeun ku ''Maclean'' salaku bailout . <ref name="bailout">{{Cite news|title=Alberta government takes major stake in Precision Drilling|url=https://www.macleans.ca/general/alberta-government-takes-major-stake-in-precision-drilling/|work=Maclean's|date=2009-04-20|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> AIMCo divestasi stake na di 2013. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ratner|first=Jonathan|title=Precision Drilling upgraded after AIMCo sell-off|url=https://business.financialpost.com/investing/trading-desk/precision-drilling-upgraded-after-aimco-sell-off|work=Financial Post|date=2013-12-09|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> Taun 2018, Precision nyobian mésér Trinidad Drilling kalayan langkung ti $1B CAD saham salaku ksatria bodas, nentang tawaran tunai pesaing Ensign Energy Services, tapi panurunan dina harga saham Precision sahingga nilai tawaran nyababkeun tawaran Ensign anu lumangsung. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Morgan|first=Geoffrey|title=Precision demands $20M in break fee from Trinidad Drilling as rival wins hostile bid|url=https://business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/precision-demands-20m-in-break-fee-from-trinidad-drilling-as-rival-ensigns-hostile-bid-prevails|work=Financial Post|date=2018-11-27|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> Dina Séptémber 2019, di tengah séktor énergi anu hese di Alberta, harga saham Precision Drilling Corporation turun sahandapeun minimum anu diperyogikeun pikeun Indéks Komposit S&amp;amp;P/TSX sareng dikaluarkeun tina indéks . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Kury de Castillo|first=Carolyn|title=Precision Drilling among 7 Calgary-based companies dropped from S&P/TSX composite index|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5950829/calgary-companies-alberta-dropped-sp-tsx-market-index/|publisher=Global News|date=2019-09-25|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref> Dina Juli 2022, Precision Drilling ngagaduhan jasa welling High Arctic Energy Services Inc. sareng divisi sewa kanggo $ 29.3 juta. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/precision-drilling-rises-on-acquisition-of-high-arctic-s-well-servicing-rentals-divisions-271658156918|title=Precision Drilling Rises on Acquisition of High Arctic's Well-Servicing, Rentals Divisions|website=MarketWatch|language=EN-US|accessdate=2022-07-20}}</ref> == Armada global == Dina Désémber 2023, Precision ngagaduhan 97 rig pangeboran darat di Kanada (25% tina total 386), 104 di AS (9% tina total rig pangeboran darat Super-Spec), sareng 13 diantara [[Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabia|Arab Saudi]], Kurdistan Irak, sareng [[Géorgia|Georgia.]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/b2icontent.irpass.cc/2738/193163.pdf|title=2023 Annual Information Form|website=Precision Drilling Corporation|accessdate=4 April 2024|date=4 March 2024}}</ref> == Tempo ogé == * Daptar perusahaan jasa ladang minyak == Rujukan == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Reflist}} b7gbdaduwrufr9x8ftsyxroi1jlhluo 0 106206 731628 690111 2026-11-07T21:47:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Pantai Sancang.jpg|jmpl|Pasisie Sancang]] Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang nyaéta Cagar alam anu ayana di beulah kidul Kabupatén [[Garut Kota, Garut|Garut]]. Leuweung Sancang perenahna di beulah kidul [[Kabupatén Garut]], tepatna di [[Kacamatan Cibalong]]. Ti Kota Garut, jarakna kurang leuwih 111 kilométer, nu bisa ditempuh kurang leuwih opat jam ku motor. Wewengkon ieu tepung langsung jeung Samudra Hindia, jadina miboga [[ékosistem]] basisir nu khas. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6297196/misteri-banteng-dan-prabu-siliwangi-di-leuweung-sancang-garut|title=Misteri Banteng dan Prabu Siliwangi di Leuweung Sancang Garut|last=Ghani|first=Hakim|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918004526/https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6297196/misteri-banteng-dan-prabu-siliwangi-di-leuweung-sancang-garut|archivedate=2022-09-18}}</ref> Leuweung Sancang diresmikeun jadi Cagar Alam dina 9 Juni 1978 dumasar kana SK Mentri Pertanian No. 370/Kpts/Um/6/1978, kalayan legana 2.157 héktar. Teras, dina 17 Nopémber 1990, Cagar Alam ieu dilegaan deui kalayan dijadikeun Cagar Alam Laut Sancang, dumasar kana SK Mentri Kehutanan No. 682/Kpts-II/1990, kalayan legana 1.150 héktar. Kiwari, total legana ngahontal 3.390,85 héktar, ngawengku leuweung darat jeung leuweung basisir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bbksdajabar.ksdae.menlhk.go.id/kawasan_konservasi/100212066|title=CA Leuweung Sancang|last=bbksdajabar|website=bbksdajabar|accessdate=9 februari 2025}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang diatur jeung dikelola ku Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jawa Barat. Aya sakitar 19 wewengkon anu kaasup kana Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang, nyaéta Cidahon, Cimerak, Cijeruk, Cibaluk, Cipangikis, Cetut, Cikabodasan, Cikalongberan, Cipalawah, Cipayawungan, Cipunaga, Cicukangjambe, Cibako, Ciporeang, Cipangisikan, Karang Gajah, Cipadaruum, Cipanglembuan, jeung Panglima. <ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah Kawasan == Di antara rupa-rupa tatangkalan nu tumuwuh di Leuweung Sancang, aya hiji kai nu kacida istiméwana, nya éta [[kai kaboa]] (''Dipterocarpus gracilis''). Kai ieu tumuwuh subur di basisir Leuweung Sancang, biasana kapanggih pas di sisi laut, rada tergenang cai. Akarna kuat kawas [[mangrove]], sahingga bisa nangtung pageuh sanajan ayana di basisir. Tapi nu matak istiméwa tina kai ieu lain saukur fisikna wungkul, tapi ogé carita legénda nu nempel kana éta tatangkalan. Kai kaboa dipercaya boga hubungan raket jeung [[Prabu Siliwangi]], raja nu mingpin Karajaan Padjajaran. Numutkeun carita rahayat, kai ieu jadi tempat manéhna neundeun tongkat panungtungan méméh robah wujud jadi maung bodas sarta ngaleungit di Leuweung Sancang. Aya ogé nu nyebutkeun yén [[Kai kaboa|"kaboa"]] téh mangrupa kecap panungtungan anu ditulis ku Prabu Siliwangi dina tangkal méméh anjeunna tilem. Dikisahkeun yén Prabu Siliwangi muru ka Sancang pikeun nyingkahan putrana, [[Prabu Kéansantang]] , nu hayang ngajak bapana asup [[Islam]]. Sabab teu hayang gelut jeung putrana sorangan, manéhna milih nyumput di Leuweung Sancang, tuluy robah wujud jadi maung bodas atawa nu disebut ku urang Garut "maung Sancang." Nepi ka kiwari, carita ieu masih kénéh dipercaya ku masarakat sabudeureun Sancang.<ref name=":0" /> == Ékosistem == Leuweung Sancang boga tilu rupa leuweung tropis anu penting, nyaéta: # [[Mangrove|Leuweung Mangrove]] – ngajaga kasaimbangan ékosistem basisir jeung jadi habitat lauk, kepiting, lobster, sarta rumput laut. # [[Leuweung Basisir]] – ngajaga stabilitas taneuh di basisir jeung jadi tempat hirup pikeun rupa-rupa spésiés satwa. # [[Leuweung Dataran Handap]] – boga tutuwuhan anu geus ngahontal tahap klimaks, sahingga bisa ngajaga kasaimbangan ékosistem makro jeung mikro di beulah kidul Jawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Flora Fauna Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang|last=Mustari|first=Abdul Haris|publisher=IPB Press|year=2019|isbn=978-602-440-804-6|location=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354779701_Flora_dan_Fauna_Cagar_Alam_Leuweung_Sancang_Flora_and_Fauna_of_Leuweung_Sancang_Nature_ReserveWest_Java/link/614c5218519a1a381f79765f/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19|pages=2-6}}</ref> == Iklim == Hawa rata-rata di wewengkon Sancang nyaéta 27,5°C, kalayan kalembaban hawana 80% jeung curah hujan ngahontal 3.686/mm per taun. Iklim di wewengkon ieu kaasup kana tipe iklim B, nyaéta iklim baseuh nurutkeun klasifikasi Schmidt jeung Ferguson.<ref name=":1" /> == Kaanékaragaman Hayati == Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang mibanda 199 spésiés tutuwuhan (aya 149 spesies tutuwuhan nu mangrupa tatangkalan, 37 spesies epifit jeung tutuwuhan handap, sarta 13 spesies liana jeung rotan), 22 spésiés mamalia, 124 spésiés manuk, 11 spésiés amfibi, 19 spésiés réptil, sarta 87 spésiés kukupu.<ref name=":1" /> === Sasatoan === Lima tina genep spésiés primata nu aya di Pulo Jawa bisa kapanggih di Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang, nya éta [[Owa Jawa|owa jawa]] (''Hylobates moloch''), [[surili]] (''Presbytis comata''), [[lutung budeng]] (''Trachypithecus auratus''), [[kukang jawa]] (''Nycticebus javanicus''), jeung [[monyét ekor panjang]] (''Macaca fascicularis''), dimana opat spésiés kahiji téh mangrupa spésiés [[Endemik|éndemik]] [[Pulo Jawa]]. Sajaba ti éta, wewengkon ieu ogé jadi habitat pikeun rupa-rupa sasatoan langka dumasar kana data [[IUCN]], di antarana owa jawa, lutung budeng, [[macan tutul]] jawa (''Panthera pardus melas''), [[bokol buut]] (''Lariscus insignis''), jeung [[elang jawa]] (''Nizaetus bartelsi''), nu ogé jadi simbol satwa nasional [[Indonésia|Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maharadatunkamsi|first=Maharadatunkamsi|last2=Prakarsa|first2=Tatag Bagus Putra|last3=Kurnianingsih|first3=Kurnianingsih|date=2016-06-08|title=STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS MAMALIA DI CAGAR ALAM LEUWEUNG SANCANG, KABUPATEN GARUT, JAWA BARAT|url=https://biologyjournal.brin.go.id/index.php/zoo_indonesia/article/view/2331/1985|journal=Zoo Indonesia|language=en-US|volume=24|issue=1|issn=2527-8703|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209173101/https://biologyjournal.brin.go.id/index.php/zoo_indonesia/article/view/2331/1985|archive-date=2024-12-09|accessdate=2025-02-09}}</ref> === Tutuwuhan === Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang mangrupakeun tempat tutuwuhan khas sapertos [[patmo sari]] (''Rafflesia patma''), [[meranti beureum]] (''Shorea javanica''), [[jeung palahlar]] (''Dipterocarpus hasseltii''). <ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Kabupatén Garut]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Cibalong]] [[Kategori:Wisata Garut]] [[Kategori:Cagar Alam]] nxs8xwc8qtepc2kif544o120yk15kyr 0 106207 731806 711044 2026-11-08T09:49:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731806 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pendopo Kabupatén Garut''' nyaéta salah sahiji wangunan sajarah di [[Kabupatén Garut]] nu perenahna di Jalan Kiansantang, Kecamatan [[Garut Kota, Garut|Garut Kota]]. Wangunan ieu geus aya leuwih ti 200 taun, ti saprak Kabupaten Limbangan dibentuk deui taun 1813. Lokasina deukeut jeung imah dinas Bupati, Masjid Agung, panjara, jeung alun-alun. Biasana, pendopo ieu dipaké pikeun rapat jeung nyanghareupan tamu nu datang ka Bupati. Kiwari, pendopo ogé bisa dipaké ku masarakat pikeun ngayakeun rupa-rupa acara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6379337/menelisik-sejarah-pendopo-garut-yang-pernah-disambangi-raja-rusia|title=Menelisik Sejarah Pendopo Garut yang Pernah Disambangi Raja Rusia|last=Ghani|first=Hakim|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031223721/https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6379337/menelisik-sejarah-pendopo-garut-yang-pernah-disambangi-raja-rusia|archivedate=2022-10-31}}</ref> == Sajarah == Wangunan ieu geus aya leuwih ti 200 taun, ti saprak Kabupatén Limbangan dibentuk deui. Bentukna kentel ku gaya [[Éropa]], ditandaan ku pilar-pilar kokoh. Taun 1813, Gubernur Jendral Walanda, [[Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles|Raffles]], ngaluarkeun kaputusan pikeun ngabentuk deui Kabupatén Limbangan kalawan ibu kotana di [[Sucinaraja, Garut|Suci]]. Tapi, lantaran Suci dianggap kurang pantes, ibu kota dipindahkeun ka Garut. Saatos éta, diwangun sababaraha fasilitas saperti pendopo, [[alun-alun]], [[masigit|mesjid]], kantor asisten residen, jeung tempat tinggal pejabat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infogarut.id/profil-dan-sejarah-pendopo-garut-dari-masa-ke-masa|title=Profil dan Sejarah Pendopo Garut dari Masa ke Masa|last=Infogarut|website=infogarut.id|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426132850/https://infogarut.id/profil-dan-sejarah-pendopo-garut-dari-masa-ke-masa |date=2025-04-26 }}</ref> Ti baheula, pendopo ieu geus dikunjungi ku loba inohong penting. Taun 1960, Présidén [[Sukarno|Ir. Soekarno]] sumping ka dieu pikeun masrahkeun panghargaan ka Garut minangka kota paling beresih. Dina taun 1800-an, Putra Mahkota Austria, Frans Ferdinand, jeung Tsar Rusia panungtungan, Nicholas II, ogé geus datang ka pendopo basa maranéhna wisata jeung moro di [[Gunung cikuray|Gunung Cikuray]].<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Kabupatén Garut]] [[Kategori:Garut Kota, Garut]] 6hzax102rdg69qx4aq6g9ykmgop5tms 0 106304 731836 704698 2026-11-08T11:33:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sajarah Nusantara dina jaman karajaan Islam''' nyaéta sajarah anu ngabawa asupna ajaran islam ka Nusantara khusuna Indonesia. Asupna Islam ka Nusantara khususna Indonesia diperkirakeun lumangsung antara abad ka-12 jeung abad ka-13. Alesan utama mekarna karajaan-karajaan islam di Nusantara nyaéta paningkatan lalu tintas perdagangan maritim anu lumangsung. Padagang islam ti Arab, India, Persia jeung Cina campur gaul jeung masyarakat indonesia anu nyebabkeun sumebarna agama di indonesia jadi tereh. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/56735-ID-islam-nusantara-studi-epistemologis-dan.pdf|title=}}</ref> Karangan Tionghoa kuno nyebutkeun yén aya karajaan anu disebut Ta Shi/Ta Chi di kapulauan Malayu, karajaan ieu geus ngabogaan hubungan diplomatik jeung Cina ti taun 630 Masehi. Agama Islam nyebar di Indonesia ti mimiti zaman Prasejarah. warga masarakat Nusantara ti jaman bahela ges katelah jadi nalayan-nalayan anu mahir dina ngarungi laut lepas. Ti mimiti awal masehi Nusantara ges ngabogaan jalur pelayaran sorangan jeng ges ngabogaan patali jeung para padagang ti babaraha daérah ti daérah asia Tenggara. Loba wilayah di daérah Nusantara anu kakenal ku sumber daya alam anu ngalimpah. Utamana di Jawa, Islam dibawa ku para panyebar agama Islam ku cara anu paling gampang ditarima ku masarakat jeung budaya Jawa. Cara panggampangna nyaéta ku jalan tasawuf jeung kabiasaan sufi. Sabab tasawuf jeung paripolah sufi henteu ngajarkeun cara Islam anu kaku, henteu ngajarkeun Islam formalistik, ulah sok ngomong hideung bodas (halal jeung haram) tapi Islam téh substansial jeung ngajarkeun ngeunaan universalitas ajaran Islam. Didieu urang bisa ngarti yén Islam téh gampang ditarima ku masarakat, lantaran teu ku jalan konfrontasi jeung serangan ka budaya lokal (Nusantara), tapi kumaha diakomodir budaya lokal, aya nu dirobah ku cara diresmikeun ku sumanget Islam jeung lamun geus dina tingkat anu sagemblengna lalawanan jeung ahlak Islam mangka ditolak jeung dileungitkeun, saperti sistem kasta di masarakat nu mangrupa warisan Hindu. Tina sumebarna agama Islam di Nusantara dumasar kana ajaran tasawuf jeung paripolah sufi, Islam Nusantara mangrupa Islam anu has, Islam anu sacara substansi universal, lain Islam formalistik anu teu bisa misahkeun jeung ngabedakeun mana anu Arabisasi jeung naon anu Islamisasi. Ku kituna, di dieu urang ogé bisa ngarti yén Islam formalistik nyaéta Islam anu leuwih mentingkeun kulit batan eusi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/Suluh/article/download/21071/6710/64623|title=|accessdate=2025-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928120539/https://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/Suluh/article/download/21071/6710/64623|archivedate=2025-09-28}}</ref> == Teori asupna agama Islam ka Indonesia == # Téori Mekah. Teori ieu nyebutkeun yén prosés Islam asup ka Indonésia langsung ti Mekah atawa Arab. Prosés ieu lumangsung dina abad ka-1 Hijriah atawa abad ka-7 Masehi. Tokoh anu ngawanohkeun téori iieu nyaéta Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah atawa HAMKA, ulama jeung sastrawan Indonésia. Hamka nyebutken yén pamadegan ieu dina taun 1958, dina hiji pidato dina acara ulang taun Perguruan Tinggi Islam Negeri (PTIN) Yogyakarta. # Téori Gujarat. Teori ieu nyebutkeun yén prosés datangna Islam ka Indonésia asalna ti Gujarat dina abad ka-7 H atawa abad ka-13 Masehi. Tokoh anu nyebutken téori ieu lolobana sarjana ti Walanda. Ulama anu mimiti ngajukeun téori ieu nyaéta J. Pijnapel ti Universitas Leiden dina abad ka-19 Masehi. manéhna nyebutkeun yen urang Arab geus cicing di Gujarat jeung Malabar ti mimiti Hijriah (abad ka-7 Masehi), tapi numutkeun Pijnapel anu nyebarkeun Islam ka Indonésia mah lain urang Arab langsung tapi urang Gujarat anu dagang jeung geus asup Islam. Batu nisan di Pasai jeung makam Maulan Malik Ibrahim nu maot taun 1419 di Gresik Jawa Timur wangunna sarua jeung batu nisan di Kambay Gujarat. Moquetta tungtungna nyimpulkeun yén batu nisan dikirim ti Gujarat, atawa sahenteuna dijieun ku urang Gujarat atawa Indonésia anu geus diajar kaligrafi Gujarat. Alesan anu sanésna nyaéta kasaruaan mazhab Syafii anu dianut ku urang Muslim di Gujarat jeung Indonésia. # Téori Persia. Teori ieu nyebutkeun yén prosés datangna Islam ka Indonésia asalna ti wewengkon Persia anu ayeuna disebut Iran. Tokoh anu ngawanohkeun ieu téori nyaéta Hoesein Djajadiningrat, ahli sajarah ti Banten. hal ieu didasarkeun ku hasil analisana nuturkeun kana sasaruaan budaya jeung tradisi anu mekar antara masarakat Pérsia jeung Indonésia. # Tiori Cina. Teori ieu nganyatakeun yén prosés datangna Islam ka Indonésia (utamana di daérah Jawa) asalna ti imigran Cina. Urang Cina geus ngajalin silaturahmi jeung masarakat Indonésia jauh saméméh Islam dipikawanoh di Indonésia. Dina jaman Hindu-Budha, étnis Tionghoa atawa Tionghoa pacampur jeung populasi Indonésia, utamana ku jalan kontak dagang. Malah, ajaran Islam nepi ka Cina dina abad ka-7 Masehi, jaman agama ieu kakara mekar [[Kategori:Sajarah]] [[Kategori:WikiLatih Unsil]] 1yifiubn9qj6kz2wj1e0luctm01shoh 0 106307 731654 704680 2026-11-07T23:11:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Qing Empire at its Height Flag Map.png|jmpl|wilayah dinasti qing]] '''Dinasti Qing''' salah sahiji dinasti asing anu maréntah cina saenggeus Dinasti Yuan Mongol jeung dinasti qing kaasup dinasti panungtung anu ngawasa di tingkok. asing anu dimaksud hartina dinasti ieu téh dinasti ieu diadegkeun ku urang Mancuria ti ''klan Aisin Gioro (Hanyu Pinyin: Aixinjueluo)'', sanggeusna ngadopsi prosedur pamaréntahan dinasti saméméhna sarta ngagabung kana tiongkok. dinasti qing ngahontal puncak dina mangsa pamaréntahan kaisar kangxing. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Pelana|first=Zulkifli Paser|title=Dinasti Ming &amp; Qing|url=https://www.academia.edu/7859126/Dinasti_Ming_and_Qing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121141528/https://www.academia.edu/7859126/Dinasti_Ming_and_Qing|archive-date=2025-01-21|accessdate=2025-02-22}}</ref> Dinasti Qing miboga peran anu penting dina sajarah Cina. Dina mangsa revival na diadegkeun ku Manchu laun dimekarkeun jadi kuat, makmur, jeung hasil ngungkulan sagala rupa masalah anu diwariskeun ku dinasti anu miheulaan na. Wewengkon Cina saeutik demi saeutik ngalegaan, nepi ka ngaleuwihan ukuran wewengkon Cina ayeuna. Dinasti Qing dipingpin ku kaisar, tapi aya ogé pamingpin awéwé, salah sahijina nyaéta Cixi. <ref name=":0" /> == Ngadegna Dinasti Qing == Dinasti ieu diadegkeun alatan usaha Nurhachi ti marga Aisin Gioro anu ngahijikeun marga suku Jurchen sarta ngadegkeun dinasti Jin ahir (ayeuna aya di Cina timur laut) dina 1609. Saterusna, sanggeus Nurhachi pupus, dina 1636 putra Nurhachi, Huang Tai Ji, hasil ngancurkeun tahta karajaan jeung ngancurkeun dinasti Ming. Dinasti Qin katelah dinasti anu paling pondok umurna, tapi ogé ngagaduhan dasar kakaisaran anu tuluy diadegkeun ku dinasti Dinasti Qin dikenal minangka warisan Dinasti Zhou, anu aya di Xianyang, di propinsi Shaanxi, di daérah kalér Dinasti Zhou nepi ka Laut Kidul. Ku sabab kakejaman Dinasti Qin, sering aya kudeta jeung usaha pikeun maéhan Kaisar Qin ti sagala rupa kalangan, tapi anjeunna salawasna bisa kabur, anu ngajadikeun anjeunna gugup sarta sieun maot salamina. Ku alatan éta, Kaisar Qin salawasna néangan cara pikeun nyieun hiji gaya hirup langgeng. Salila 12 taun katukang, pamaréntah geus remen usaha pikeun ngaleuleuskeun nagara.<ref name=":0" /> Tujuanana nyaéta pikeun milarian cara pikeun hirup anu saé. Nepi ka ahir lalampahan, nyaéta dina lengkah kalima, nalika ubar maksimum salaku hasil tina percobaan atawa ékspérimén ti para ahli ilmiah sarta dokter padamelan pikeun nyieun ubar pikeun kalanggengan kahontal, ubar nu dimaksud asalna tina raksa. Tapi, Manchus henteu ngagunakeun kauntungan ieu pikeun kauntungan jeung ngajantenkeun Cina jadi bumi. Urang Manchu ngahijikeun populasi Cina ku cara ngadopsi gaya pamaréntahan Ming jeung terus-terusan ngatur pajabat Ming. Tapi, Qing mastikeun yén satengah tina pajabat tingkat luhur éta Manchu pikeun ngajaga kontrol Manchu di tingkat pamaréntah. Pamingpin militér Cina anu méré bangsawan jeung ngatur pasukan di Lüying, ogé katelah Tentara Standar Héjo, dipiharep taat kana adat-istiadat lokal di unggal nagara. Tentara Biasa tina Sistem Spanduk Manchu (Qibing, atawa Baqi) disimpen di ibukota jeung di sababaraha lokasi strategis anu dipilih di sakuliah nagara.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/internasional/kilas-sejarah-dinasti-qing-kekaisaran-terakhir-di-tiongkok-233900|title=Kilas Sejarah Dinasti Qing, Kekaisaran Terakhir di Tiongkok|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-22}}</ref> == Runtuhna Dinasti Qing == Runtuhna Dinasti Qing dina 1911 mangrupa hasil revolusi anu dimimitian dina 1894 nalika pamimpin revolusioner Sun Yat Sen, ogé katelah Sun Zhongshan, ngadegkeun Revive China Society di Hawaii sarta engké di Hong Kong. Dina 1905, Sun ngadéklarasikeun loba grup revolusioner pikeun jadi hiji pihak kalayan pangrojong Jepang sarta dibere manifesto Tilu Prinsip Rahayat. Dina 1911, Partai Nasionalis Cina nyatakeun perang ka Wuchang, anu dibela ku Dinasti Qing, jeung 15 propinsi nyatakeun kamerdikaanna. Numutkeun sababaraha laporan, pangadilan Qing boga tujuan pikeun ngadegkeun républik jeung Yuan Shikai salaku presiden. Xuantog lahir di 1912, nalika Sun nyiptakeun konstitusi anyar pikeun nagara, Républik Cina, anu nempatkeun pondasi pikeun sababaraha taun pangwangunan pulitik di wewengkon Yuan. Dina taun 1917, aya kampanye pikeun ngagulingkeun pamaréntahan Qing, jeung Xuantog mangrupa turunan dua urang Peking anu tungtungna ngeureunkeunana.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sajarah]] [[Kategori:WikiLatih Unsil]] m2xbfeim0bs5wn9mcx41y28djuz7g49 0 106661 731760 685566 2026-11-08T07:05:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Pintu masuk Makam Syekh Maulana Maghribi (3).jpg|jmpl]] '''Makam Syékh Maulana Maghribi Cirebon''' kaasup salah sahiji cagar budaya anu aya di Kampung Astanagarib, Kelurahan [[Pekalipan, Cirebon|Pekalipan]], Kota [[Kota Cirebon|Cirebon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/foto/d-7785632/melihat-makam-penyebar-islam-syekh-maulana-maghribi-di-cirebon|title=Melihat Makam Penyebar Islam Syekh Maulana Maghribi di Cirebon|last=Labibinajib|first=Fahmi|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-08-12}}</ref> Syékh Maulana Maghribi kaasup salah sahiji inohong anu nyebarkeun ajaran [[Islam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/cirebon-raya/d-7785425/kisah-penyebar-agama-islam-syekh-maulana-maghribi-di-cirebon|title=Kisah Penyebar Agama Islam Syekh Maulana Maghribi di Cirebon|last=Labibinajib|first=Fahmi|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220004228/https://www.detik.com/jabar/cirebon-raya/d-7785425/kisah-penyebar-agama-islam-syekh-maulana-maghribi-di-cirebon|archivedate=2025-02-20}}</ref> == Syékh Maulana Maghribi == Bapana Syékh Maulana Maghribi nyaéta Syékh [[Maulana Jatisura]] nu asalna ti Andalusia atawa [[Spanyol]], jeung kaasup turunan ti Rasulullah SAW nu ka-22.<ref name=":0" /> Anjeunna nyebarkeun ajaran Islam babarengan Syékh Datuk Kahfi jeung [[Sunan Gunung Jati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radarcirebon.tv/2025/02/19/makam-bersejarah-di-tengah-pemukiman-video/|title=Makam Bersejarah Di Tengah Pemukiman – Video – Radar Cirebon Televisi|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=www.radarcirebon.tv|language=id|accessdate=2025-08-12}}</ref> Syékh Maghribi maot dina taun 1506. Nepi ka ayeuna, makamna mindeng didatangan ku nu rek ziarah, utamana dinten jumaah kliwon pikeun tawasulan.<ref name=":0" /> == Kaayaan makam == Dina sabudeureun makam, aya dua lapis tembok beureum, dina salah sahiji sisina aya symbol tarékat anu mangrupa tilu lauk anu miboga hiji sirah, atawa disebat oge “iwak telu sirah sanunggal” dina basa Cirebon. Dina dingdingna aya keramik Cina kalawan motif nu rupi-rupi.<ref name=":0" /> Di bagéan gerbang asup makam, aya tulisan kaligrafi Arab jeung keramik Cina dina sisi kénca jeung katuhu.<ref name=":0" /> == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Cagar Budaya 2.0]] jpfy2rwebjcfduzwaijrs1482qibc3d 0 107668 731706 728983 2026-11-08T02:18:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:James Peace at home in Wiesbaden4.jpg|jmpl|396x396px|James Peace at home in Wiesbaden]] '''Kenneth James Peace''' dibabarkeun di Paisley, [[28 Séptémber]] [[1963]]. Anjeunna mangrupikeun saurang komposer, pianis konsér, sareng seniman visual asal [[Skotlandia]]. == Biografi == '''James Peace''' dibabarkeun di Paisley, Skotlandia, dina tanggal 28 Séptémber 1963. Anjeunna nyéépkeun sabagian ageung waktos alitna di Helensburgh, hiji résor sisi laut di beulah kulon Skotlandia.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527164145/http://www.wiesbadener-tagblatt.de/region/wiesbaden/meldungen/10206548.htm Birgitta Lamparth. "Keine ‘stacheligen’ Klänge", Wiesbadener Tagblatt (Koran German), 10 Pébrurari 2011] </ref><ref name=":1">Julia Anderton. "Tango wie eine süß-saure Geschichte". Wiesbadener Kurier  (Koran Jerman), 24 Maret 2012</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-entrevista-al-compositor-james-peace/ |title=Soledad Carrizo-Araya. "Una entrevista al compositor James Peace". Hoja de Ruta Digital. Désémber 2022 |accessdate=2025-10-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523121450/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-entrevista-al-compositor-james-peace/ |archivedate=2024-05-23}}</ref> Kulawargina ngawengku seueur seniman (contona John McGhie), sareng anjeunna ogé masih kénéh wargi Felix Burns, saurang komposer [[musik]] dansa anu kasohor dina paruh kahiji [[abad ka-20]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">Sabine Klein. "Meine Musik ist wie ich - sehr romantisch". Frankfurter Rundschau (Koran Jerman), 1992, édisi 254, kaca 2</ref> Anjeunna nampi atikan [[piano]] ti yuswa dalapan dalapan taun sareng pidangan publik  munggaranna lumangsung dina yuswa opat belas taun, mawakeun musik karya Scott Joplin.<ref name=":2" /> Dina yuswa genep belas taun, anjeunna katampi di Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (ayeuna disebat Royal Conservatoire of Scotland) salaku mahasiswa ''full-time'' anu pangngorana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">G. Müller. "Die Seele des Klaviers tanzt Tango". Kulturspiegel Wetterau (Majalah Jerman). 17 Maret 2001, kaca 5</ref> Dina taun 1983, anjeunna lulus ti Universitas Glasgow kalayan gelar B.A. dina widang pangajaran piano. Taun salajengna, anjeunna nampi diploma dina widang pidangan musik (''music performance'') saatos maénkeun Piano Concerto No.1 karya Mendelssohn sareng orkéstra RSAMD.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Saatos ngaréngsékeun atikan formalna, anjeunna damél salaku pianis sareng linggih di Edinburgh ti taun 1988 dugi ka 1991.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">"James Peace". ''FRIZZ'' (Majala Jerman). Januari 2001, kaca 5</ref> [[Gambar:James Peace - Idylls Op.4b.webm|pus|jmpl|340x340px|James Peace - Idylls Op.4b]] James Peace linggih di Bad Nauheim, [[Jérman]] ([[basa Jérman]]: Bundesrepublik Deutschland), ti taun 1991 dugi ka 2009.<ref>Manfred Merz. "Virtuose, gefühlsbetonte Welt der Romantik", Wetterauer Zeitung (Koran Jerman), 12 Décémber, 1992, kaca 19</ref><ref>"James Peace". The Tango Times (Majalah New York). Édisi 2002/2003 (39). Kaca 1 - 5</ref> Ti taun 1998, anjeunna neuleuman tango, ngahasilkeun CD Tango escocés (Tango Skotlandia) anu mangrupa komposisi piano nu kainspirasi ku tango karyana nyalira.<ref name=":6">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44NLS_ALMA21615957400004341&context=L&vid=44NLS_VU1&lang=en_US&search_scope=SCOPE1&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,Tango%20escoc%C3%A9s&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tango escocés'']</ref><ref name=":7">[https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano Philharmonie de Paris. ''Tango escocés''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928140339/https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |date=2025-09-28 }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s |title=de bibliotheek. ''Tango escocés'' |accessdate=2025-12-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928195355/https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s |archivedate=2025-09-28}}</ref> Dina taun 2002, anjeunna janten anggota kahormatan Victoria College of Music.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">"James Peace". La Cadena (Majalah Walanda). Séptémber 2002, kaca 26</ref> Dina taun anu sami, anjeunna ngalaksanakeun tur konsér solo di Jérman kalér dina bulan Séptémber/Oktober sareng ka Wétan Jauh dina bulan Nopémber, midangkeun Tango XVII karyana pikeun mimiti di [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>''TangoTang'', Hong Kong (香港). Buletin, 8 Oktober 2002</ref><ref>[https://www.scmp.com/article/393890/james-peace "James Peace". 南華早報 (Koran Hong Kong). 9 Oktober 2002]</ref> Dina taun-taun salajengna, pidanganana langkung dipuseurkeun di [[Éropa]]. Anjeunna parantos midangkeun tango karyana di sababaraha ibu kota, diantawisna: [[Amsterdam]], Athéna,<ref>Program konserna ''{Για σένα Αγγελική}''. Aténa, 27 April 2016</ref> [[Bérlin]],<ref>Tangodanza (Aleman a Magasina). Édisi nomer 1/2002 - 9</ref> Brussels, [[Hélsinki]],<ref>Poster konsér (tur konsér solo di Finlandia, 2014)</ref> Lisbon,<ref name=":2" /><ref>Poster konsér (tur konsér solo di Portugal, 2016)</ref> [[London]], [[Madrid]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>Poster konsér (tur konsér solo di Spaniul ''¡Feliz Cincuenta Cumpleaños - 2013!'')</ref> Oslo,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608114526/https://listen.no/event/konsert-kl-13-00-james-peace-flygel-tangos-romanticos-musikk-av-peace-piazzolla-albeniz-utstillingssalene-er-stengt Listen.no. James Peace (flygel). Munch Museet. Oslo, 16 Oktober 2004]</ref> Réykjavík<ref>[https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/823608/ Ríkarður Ö. Pálsson. "Skozkir Slaghörputangoár". Morgunblaðið (Koran Islandia). 14 Oktober 2004]</ref> jeung Wina.<ref>Program konserna (Wina). 23 Januari 2005</ref> Dina taun 2008, anjeunna janten anggota kahormatan London College of Music salaku pangakuan kana jasana kana musik tango.<ref name=":10">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=44NLS_VU1&tab=default_tab&docid=44NLS_ALMA21438757900004341&lang=en_US&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,K.%20James%20Peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":11">[https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D1022200380 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":12">[https://whittakerlive.blogspot.com/2012/05/new-dvd-interview-with-wiesbaden.html Whittaker Live. "Wiesbadener Highlander K. James Peace - New DVD"] </ref> Saatos sakedap di Edinburgh, anjeunna mulih deui ka Jérman dina bulan [[Pébruari]] 2010 kanggo linggih di Wiesbaden.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Hal ieu nyababkeun impuls kréatif anyar, sareng anjeunna ngadamel pilem-pilem pondok tina sababaraha komposisi karyana nyalira. Pilem dokuméntér ''James Peace in Wiesbaden'' mangrupikeun salah sahiji karyana dina genre ieu.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> [[Gambar:Tango Milonga op. 26.wav|kiri|jmpl|212x212px|Tango Milonga op. 26 no. 3]] [[Gambar:Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano).wav|kiri|jmpl|212x212px|Tango XVIII ku James Peace (James Peace, piano)]] == Pangajén sareng Penghargaan == [[Gambar:Cover page, Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (study score).png|jmpl|354x354px|Halaman hareup, Eternal Song Op.32 ku James Peace (skor ulikan)]]●     Juara Kahiji, ''Kompetiti Agnes Millar''. Glasgow, 1983<ref name=":4" /> ●     Juara Kahiji, ''Kompetisi Dunbartonshire EIS''. Glasgow, 1984<ref name=":4" /> ●     Juara Kahiji, ''Kompetisi Sibelius Essay''. Glasgow, 1985<ref name=":4" /> ●     Diploma Kahormatan, ''Kompetisi TIM''. [[Roma]], 2000<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●     Diploma Kahormatan, IBLA Foundation. [[New York (nagara bagéan)|New York]], 2000<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●     Medali Pangéling-ngéling (Kelas Hiji), International Piano Duo Association. [[Tokyo]], 2002<ref>[http://ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html International Piano Duo Association (東京), Tokio. Daptar para juara, 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527164059/http://www.ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |date=2020-05-27 }}</ref> ●      Medali emas, Académie Internationale de Lutèce. [[Paris]], 2008<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Karya Utama == ●      The Waterfall ''(Curug)''<ref>Hessisches Staatstheater. Brosur konsér 12/19 Séptémber 2021</ref> ●      Idylls ''(Idilis)'' ●      Lento Lacrimoso ''(Cimata nu geus disingkahan)'' ●      Forgotten Leaves ''(Daun anu hilap)'' ●      Oboe Sonata ''(Sonata pikeun oboe sareng piano)'' ●      Ballade ''(Balada)'' ●      Ceremonial March No.1 ''(Pawai Upcara nomer 1)'' ●      Ceremonial March No.2 ''(Pawai Upcara nomer 2)'' ●      Autumn Gold ''(Warna emas usum gugur)''<ref>"Violine schwebt über das Orchester". Schwäbische Post (Koran Jerman). 4 Juni, 1994</ref> ●      Eternal Song ''(Lagu kahirupan langgeng)''<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9935400923804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Eternal Song Op.32, Peace, K. James'']</ref> ●      "Kanggo Géorgia" (basa Géorgia: ''საქართველოსთვის'') Lirik: Tamari Chikvaidze, Zurabi Chikvaidze James Peace ●      24 Tango (pikeun piano solo)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135254/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-corta-historia-del-tango/ Hoja de Ruta Digital, México. "Una corta historia del tango", 22 Maret 2024]</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9941547953804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tangos op.33, Peace, K. James'']</ref> == Tumbu kaluar == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSX1c8EUukg&list=RDsSX1c8EUukg&start_radio=1 Souvenir de Buenos Aires - ''youtube''] <ref name=":13">[https://www.britishviolasociety.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Latest-news-from-the-British-Viola-Society.-August-2023-compressed.pdf British Viola Society Newsletter, Agustus 2023] </ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcMRNnwNJhk&list=RDZcMRNnwNJhk&start_radio=1 Lento Lacrimoso - ''youtube''] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VKxG2dmQn4&list=RD_VKxG2dmQn4&start_radio=1 Autumn Gold - ''youtube''] == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1963]] [[Kategori:Jalma hirup]] [[Kategori:Musik]] 29xex5m95qi3a9h0etowabh6z99zsly 0 107680 731812 730600 2026-11-08T10:06:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Pelecing kangkung.JPG|jmpl|Plecing kangkung]] '''Plecing kangkung''' téh salah sahiji kadaharan has Indonésia asalna ti Bali jeung Lombok. Plecing kangkung dijieunna tina kangkung nu direbus, tuluy dihidangkeun dina kaayaan tiis jeung seger bari dibarengan sambel tomat. Sambelna dijieun tina cabé rawit, uyah, tarasi, jeung tomat, kadang ditambahan peresan jeruk limau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bilebante.com/id_ID/plecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/|title=Plecing Kangkung Khas Lombok - Desa Wisata Hijau Bilebante|language=id|accessdate=2025-12-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224190026/https://bilebante.com/id_ID/plecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/ |date=2025-12-24 }}</ref> == Sajarah kadaharan == Plecing kangkung téh salasahiji kuliner tradisional asal Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Ieu kadaharan dipikawanoh minangka sajian basajan anu bahan utamana kangkung, tuluy dituang jeung sambel pedas has daérahna. Campuran éta ngahasilkeun rasa nu kuat bari sakaligus ngagambarkeun idéntitas kuliner masarakat Lombok. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/kuliner/d-7366546/plecing-kangkung-khas-lombok-sejarah-hingga-manfaat-bagi-tubuh|title=Plecing Kangkung Khas Lombok: Sejarah hingga Manfaat Bagi Tubuh|last=Kusuma|first=Zheerlin Larantika Djati|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113064238/https://www.detik.com/bali/kuliner/d-7366546/plecing-kangkung-khas-lombok-sejarah-hingga-manfaat-bagi-tubuh|archivedate=2026-01-13}}</ref> Dina sajarahna, plecing kangkung lain ngan ukur jadi tuangeun sapopoé, tapi ogé ngagambarkeun tradisi agraris masarakat satempat. Kangkung anu dipaké biasana dipelak di lahan nu loba cai, saperti walungan leutik jeung sawah, sarta kualitasna gumantung pisan kana kasadiaan cai. Kadaharan ieu geus diwariskeun ti jaman karuhun sarta tetep jadi bagian penting tina budaya kuliner NTB nepi ka kiwari. Dina cara nyajikeunna, kangkung direbus nepi ka satengah asak, tuluy dihidangkeun jeung sambel anu dijieun tina cabé, terasi, tomat, uyah, jeung vetsin. Pikeun nambahan tékstur jeung rasa, plecing kangkung mindeng ditambahan taoge, kacang panjang, jeung parutan kalapa.<ref name=":0" /> Salaku pangiring hayam taliwang di Pulo Lombok, plecing kangkung biasana dihidangkeun jeung tambahan sayuran saperti taoge, kacang panjang, kacang taneuh goréng, atawa urap. Bahan plecing kangkung di Bali mah teu saloba nu di Lombok, biasana ngan kangkung, sambel, kuah pindang, jeung kacang. Bédana, plecing kangkung Lombok mah kudu maké taoge, sedengkeun di Bali taoge téh pilihan waé. Di Bali, plecing kangkung ogé mindeng dihidangkeun babarengan jeung hayam betutu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://poroslombok.com/artikel/sejarah-pelecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/|title=Sejarah Pelecing Kangkung Khas Lombok|last=Redaksi|website=POROS LOMBOK|language=id|accessdate=2025-12-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223015719/https://poroslombok.com/artikel/sejarah-pelecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/ |date=2025-12-23 }}</ref> Kangkung anu dipaké pikeun ieu kadaharan ogé has pisan. Henteu sarua jeung kangkung sayur anu biasa kapanggih di Pulo Jawa, tapi mangrupa kangkung cai anu biasana dipelak di walungan anu ngalir ku cara husus, nepi ka ngahasilkeun batang kangkung anu gede jeung renyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kecilungresto.com/2023/05/10/menilik-plecing-kangkung-beserta-sejarahnya/|title=Menilik plecing kangkung beserta sejarahnya – Kecilung Kitchen & Resto|language=en-US|accessdate=2025-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217053009/https://kecilungresto.com/2023/05/10/menilik-plecing-kangkung-beserta-sejarahnya/|archivedate=2025-12-17}}</ref> == Mangpaat plecing kangkung khas Lombok == Plecing kangkung lain ngan ukur kasohor ku rasa pedasna anu has, tapi ogé miboga nilai gizi anu mangpaat pikeun kaséhatan awak. Kangkung salaku bahan utama ngandung rupa-rupa zat penting anu ngabantu fungsi awak manusa.<ref name=":0" /> * Vitamin C ngabantu ningkatkeun sistim imun jeung daya tahan awak. * Karotenoid, lutein, jeung vitamin A ngarojong kaséhatan panon sarta mantuan nyegah panyakit degeneratif saperti katarak. * Zat beusi gunana pikeun nyegah anemia ku cara ngabantu pembentukan sél getih beureum. * Antioksidan anu luhur mantuan ngajaga sél tina karuksakan sarta boga poténsi ngurangan résiko kanker. * Konsumsi kangkung ogé patali jeung ngajaga kaséhatan ati jeung nyegah karuksakan organ éta. * Sababaraha kandunganana dipercaya bisa mantuan ngungkulan hésé sare (insomnia), sangkan kualitas sare jadi leuwih hadé. == Répérénsi == [[Category:WikiMaknyus]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus Mataram]] [[Kategori:Hidangan Lombok]] bjlcxaztv7u2a9z51nnlbcp82b4e89o 0 107709 731763 711020 2026-11-08T07:24:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox President | name = Margono Djojohadikoesoemo | image = Margono Djojohadikusumo, Kami Perkenalkan (1952), p86.jpg | caption = | office = [[Ketua DPA|Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Sementara]] ke-1 | president = [[Soekarno]] | term_start = 25 September 1945 | term_end = 6 November 1945 | predecessor = | successor = [[Wiranatakoesoema V|Raden Aria Adipati Wiranatakoesoema V]] | office2 = Direktur [[Bank Negara Indonesia]] ke-1 | president2 = | term_start2 = 5 Juli 1946 | term_end2 = Oktober 1953 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = [[Abdoel Kareem Pringgodigdo]] | nickname = | birth_date = {{birth date|1894|5|16}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1978|7|25|1894|5|16}} | birth_place = [[Kabupaten Banyumas|Banyumas]], [[Hindia Belanda]] | death_place = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] | resting_place = Banyumas, [[Jawa Tengah]] | party = [[Parindra]] | alma_mater = | spouse = {{marriage|Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo|1915}}<ref name=":kehidupan keluarga">{{Cite web|last=Handoko|title=Margono Djojohadikoesoemo|url=https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Margono_Djojohadikoesoemo#:~:text=Dari%20pernikahan%20ini,%20Margono%20dan,pertempuran%20Lengkong%20bersama%20Daan%20Mogot.|website=Ensiklopedia Sejarah Indonesia — Kemendikbud|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309222039/https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Margono_Djojohadikoesoemo|archive-date=9 Maret 2025|dead-url=yes|access-date=25 April 2025}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309222039/https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Margono_Djojohadikoesoemo#:~:text=Dari%20pernikahan%20ini,%20Margono%20dan,pertempuran%20Lengkong%20bersama%20Daan%20Mogot. |date=9 March 2025 }}</ref> | children = 5, termasuk [[Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo|Soemitro]], [[Soekartini Djojohadikoesoemo|Soekartini]], [[Soebianto Djojohadikoesoemo|Soebianto]], [[Soejono Djojohadikusumo|Soejono]] | occupation = {{hlist|Politikus|bankir}} | known_for = {{ubl|Anggota [[Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan|BPUPK]]|Pendiri [[Bank Negara Indonesia|BNI]]}} | parents = Raden Tumenggung Mangkuprodjo (ayah)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/budaya/d-7608685/biografi-rm-margono-kakek-prabowo-yang-diusulkan-jadi-pahlawan-nasional|title=Biografi RM Margono, Kakek Prabowo yang Diusulkan Jadi Pahlawan Nasional|first=Sri|last=Rahayu|date=27 October 2024|website=[[detik.com]]|language=id|access-date=6 November 2024|accessdate=29 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321020306/https://www.detik.com/jatim/budaya/d-7608685/biografi-rm-margono-kakek-prabowo-yang-diusulkan-jadi-pahlawan-nasional|archivedate=21 March 2025}}</ref> }} [[File:RM Margono Djojohadikusumo.jpg|jmpl|ka|Margono Djojohadikusomo (diuk di katuhu), Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo (diuk di tengah), ogé putu-putuna tayalian [[Hashim Djojohadikusumo|Hashim]] (diuk di tengah), [[Prabowo Subianto|Prabowo]] (nangtung sisi katuhu) katut dua dulur awéwéna Prabowo dina taun 1963 di Kuala Lumpur]] '''Margono Djojohadikoesoemo''', ({{lahirmati|[[Kabupaten Banyumas|Banyumas]]|16|5|1894||25|7|1978}}) nyaéta saurang [[ékonom]] jeung [[bankir]] kalawan jadi [[direktur utama]] anu munggaran di [[Bank Negara Indonesia]]. Anjeuna téh séké sélér ti [[Djoko Kahiman|Raden Joko Kahiman]] tayalian anu ngadegkeun [[Kabupatén Banyumas]], sarta kapeto jadi [[Bupati]] [[Banyumas]] anu munggaran. Margono ogé dipikawanoh salaku ''bapak perbankan'' nasional alatan kontribusina anu gedé dina ngamekarkeun séktor ''perbankan'' di [[Indonésia]] .<ref>{{Cite web|last=jatimupdate.id|date=2025-04-01|title=Salam Kolaborasi Seruling Mas untuk RM Margono Pahlawan Nasional|url=https://jatimupdate.id/baca-10656-salam-kolaborasi-seruling-mas-untuk-rm-margono-pahlawan-nasional|website=jatimupdate.id - Informasi Berita Jawa Timur|language=id|access-date=2025-04-01}}</ref> Margono téh anu tayalian ramana ti ekonomi Indonésia, [[Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo]], katut dua pamuda anu gugur perlaya dina kajadian [[Patempuran Lengkong]], nyaéta [[Soebianto Djojohadikoesoemo]] katut [[Soejono Djojohadikusumo|Soejono Djojohadikoesoemo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/08/07/monumen-lengkong-saksi-bisu-darah-pejuang-kemerdekaan-218865.html |title=Monumen Lengkong: ''Saksi Bisu Darah Pejuang Kemerdekaan''. |access-date=2013-01-16 |archive-date=2013-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227070543/http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/08/07/monumen-lengkong-saksi-bisu-darah-pejuang-kemerdekaan-218865.html |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227070543/http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/08/07/monumen-lengkong-saksi-bisu-darah-pejuang-kemerdekaan-218865.html |date=2013-02-27 }}</ref> Pikeun miéling ka duanana ngaran aranjeuna satuluyna diabadikeun dina ngaran putuna, tayalian [[Prabowo Subianto]], katut [[Hashim Djojohadikusumo|Hashim Sujono Djojohadikusumo]]. Margono Djojohadikoesoemo anu gumelar dina kaping [[16 Méi]] [[1894]] di [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]], tayalian buyutna ti [[Raden Tumenggung Banyakwide]] sarta leuwih dipikawanoh ku sebutan ''Panglima Banyakwide'', anu tuhu tur satia ka [[Diponegoro|Pangeran Diponegoro]] saterusna diangkat jadi Bupati Roma (ayeuna [[Karanganyar, Kebumén]]) kalayan gelar [[Raden Tumenggung Kertanegara IV]]. Ogé anak ti asistén [[Kawedanan|Wadana]] [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]]. Manéhna tuluy sakola di ''[[Europeesche Lagere School]]'' (''[[Europeesche Lagere School|ELS]]'') [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]], hiji [[Sakola Dasar]] dijaman kolonial [[Walanda]] di [[Kabupatén Banyumas|Banyumas]], ti mimiti taun [[1900]] nepi ka [[1907]]. <ref>[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=Ii4_gLKFsMYC&pg=PA541&lpg=PA541&dq=Margono+Djojohadikusumo+sekolah&source=bl&ots=WB-HprCSjc&sig=U9yonN5p_vWvXLRGqn7iXgkbRtY&hl=id&ei=jZ7UTufxHc_IrQeemdGmDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Margono%20&f=false "''Menjadi Indonesia''", halaman 541.]</ref> == Biografi == Margono gumelar dina kaping 16 Méi 1894 di Banyumas. Ramana kuanjeun asalna ti golongan kaum [[Ménak|priyayi]] anu ngajadi pagawé [[pamaréntah]] [[kolonial]] [[Walanda]]. Séké sélér kulawarga anjeunna ningrat anu kungsi perang ngalawan Walanda nalika lumangsungna [[Perang Jawa (1825–1830)|Perang Jawa]].<ref name="tokoh">{{cite book|date=1993|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Tokoh_tokoh_Badan_Penyelidik_Usaha_Usaha/_f35qieC4Z8C|title=Tokoh-tokoh Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional|pages=75–77|language=id}}</ref> Margono ngagambarkeun kulawargana salaku bangsawan anu "kurang kaboga". Anjeuna budak anu ka genep, hanjakal kabéh lanceuk-lanceukna tilar dunya nalika masih leutik kénéh.<ref name="purdey">{{cite journal|last1=Purdey|first1=Jemma|date=September 2016|title=Narratives to power: The case of the Djojohadikusumo family dynasty over four generations|journal=South East Asia Research|volume=24|issue=3|pages=369–385|doi=10.1177/0967828X16659728|s2cid=151698429}}</ref> Numutkeun Margono, anjeunna henteu kungsi ngajugjug pajaratan karuhunna alatan henteu daék ngaku salaku katurunana sabab digawé ka bangsa Walanda. Inyana mimiti diajar di [[Europeesche Lagere School]] (sakola dasar kolonial) dina taun 1901, sabadana lulus dina taun 1907 anjeuna nuluykeun maguron di [[Opleiding School Voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren]] (OSVIA; sakola pagawé nagri) di [[Kota Magelang|Magelang]] nepi taun 1911.<ref name="tokoh" /> Margono ngamimiti digawé di hiji ''lembaga keuangan kolonial'' [[Volkscredietwzen]] (Jawatan Kredit Rakyat) dina taun 1917 salaku pagawé biasa.<ref>Dimas Waraditya Nugraha (9 Agustus 2025) "Margono Djojohadikusumo dan Fondasi Ekonomi Republik" Kompas. hal 13</ref> Satuluyna, dina taun 1926, Margono diaku salaku salah sahiji ti tujuh bumiputra munggaran anu hasil meunang kalungguhan penting di jero éta institusi. Sabada leuwih ti dua dékade digawé di Volkscredietwzen, anjeunna mibanda pamanggih ngeunaan pentingna lembaga keuangan anu ngabela kapentingan rahayat, konsép [[inklusi keuangan]], sareng perluna aksés kredit pikeun bumiputra. Ieu pamadegan anu engkéna jadi tatapakan ngadegna Bank Negara Indonesia. == Pupuhu DPAS == Sapoé sabada diistrénan [[Soekarno]] jeung [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]] ngajadi Présidén jeung Wakil Présidén, diadegkeun [[Kabinet Presidensial|Kabinét Presidentil]] sarta [[Dewan Pertimbangan Agung|Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Sementara]] ([[Déwan Pertimbangan Agung|DPAS]]). Salaku [[Ketua DPA|Pupuhu DPAS]] anu munggaran nyaditunjuk waé R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo.<ref>[http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/324/jbptunikompp-gdl-rhadityaai-16198-3-bab2-0001.pdf "''Proses Akuntansi Pada Sistem Boss On-Line di PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk.''", bab II – halaman 6.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225906/http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/324/jbptunikompp-gdl-rhadityaai-16198-3-bab2-0001.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> == Bank Negara Indonésia == Salaku [[Ketua DPA|Pupuhu DPAS]], Margono ngajengkeun supaya diadegkeun hiji [[Bank sentral|Bank Séntral]] atawa [[Bank Sirkulasi]] saperti anu dimaksud dina [[Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945|UUD '45]]. [[Soekarno]] sarta [[Mohammad Hatta]] saterusna maparin pancén (mandat) ka Margono pikeun ngararancang sarta ngalaksanakeun tatahar ngadegkeun [[Bank sentral|Bank Séntral]] ([[Bank Sirkulasi]]) Nagara Indonésia dina ping [[16 Séptémber]] [[1945]] Dina ping [[19 Séptémber]] [[1945]], sidang [[Dewan Menteri Republik Indonesia]] mutuskeun pikeun ngadegkeun hiji bank milik nagara anu boga pancén salaku "''Bank Sirkulasi''" pikeun mata uang Républik ([[Oeang Republik Indonesia/ORI]]). Wekasna, dina ping [[15 Juli]] [[1946]], wedal [[Peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang|Perppu]] nomer 2 taun [[1946]] ngeunaan diadegkeunana [[Bank Negara Indonesia]], sarta diangkatna R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo salaku Diréktur Utama [[Bank Negara Indonesia|Bank Negara Indonesia]] ([[Bank Negara Indonesia|BNI]]) Ahirna dina ping 15 Juli 1946, medal Perpu nomer 2 taun 1946 ngeunaan pangadegan ''Bank Negara Indonésia'', sarta dilinggihkeunana R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo janten Direktur Utama Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.investasi-emas.info/new/education/Makalah-Widigdo.pdf |title=Posisi dan Peranan Bank Negara Indonesia. |access-date=2011-11-29 |archive-date=2011-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019162303/http://www.investasi-emas.info/new/education/Makalah-Widigdo.pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019162303/http://www.investasi-emas.info/new/education/Makalah-Widigdo.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }}</ref> Dina poé-poé munggaran mingpin BNI, dua putra Margono, nyaéta Subianto jeung Sujono, gugur dina kajadian Patempuran Lengkong di Tangerang tanggal 25 Januari 1946. Kalungguhan BNI janten bank séntral sareng bank sirkulasi lekasan dina ping 1 Juli 1953, nalika bank séntral jaman kolonial Hindia Walanda, [[De Javasche Bank]], dirobah janten Bank Indonésia. Dina taun 1970, status hukum Bank Negara Indonésia dirobah jadi perséro. == Hak angkét == Dina sajarah ketatanagaraan Indonésia, 'Hak Angket' munggaran digunakeun ku DPR dina taun 1950-an. Perkarana dimimitian tina usul résolusi ku R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo sangkan DPR ngayakeun 'Hak Angket' kana usaha meunangkeun dévisa jeung cara ngagunakeun éta dévisa. Panitia angket anu saterusna diadegkeun téh anggotana 13 urang sarta dipupuhuan ku Margono. Pancénna nyaéta nalungtik untung-rugina mertahankeun rézim dévisa dumasar kana Undang-Undang Pengawasan Devisen taun 1940 sarta parobahan-parobahanna. <ref>[http://sorot.news.viva.co.id/news/read/111349-angket__ungkit__dan_target Angket, Ungkit, dan Target.]</ref><ref>[http://www.suaramerdeka.com/smcetak/index.php?fuseaction=beritacetak.detailberitacetak&id_beritacetak=89214 Nasib Hak Angket DPR.]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tilar dunya == R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo pupus dina ping [[25 Juli]] [[1978]] di [[Jakarta]], sarta dipetakéun di pajaratan kulawarga di Dawuhan, [[Banyumas]], [[Jawa Tengah]].<ref>[http://majalah.tempo.co/konten/1978/08/05/PT/72403/Meninggal-dunia/23/08 Meninggal Dunia.] Majalah Tempo (5 Agustus 1978).</ref> == Pangajén == [[Gedung R.M. Margono Djojohadikusumo]] di [[Universitas Gajah Mada]] dingaranan luyu sareng nami anjeunna. Nami R.M. Margono Djojohadikusumo ogé diabadikeun janten nami jalan di [[Jakarta]]. Lalakon hirupna janten inspirasi kanggo ngadamel film [[Merah Putih (film)|Merah Putih]].<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Yz3zXo3CME Film Indonesia – “''MERAH PUTIH''”.]</ref> Teu sapertos anu ditempp ku seueur jalmi, nami [[Rumah Sakit Margono]] anu perenahna di [[Purwokerto (kota)|Purwokerto]], Banyumas, Jawa Tengah téh sanés asalna tina nami R.M. Margono Djojohadikusumo, nanging eta asalna tina nami [[Margono Sukarjo]]. Margono Sukarjo téh mangrupikeun dokter ahli bedah munggaran di Indonesia.<ref>[https://www.rsmargono.go.id/sejarahsingkat RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto]</ref> == Bibliografi == * {{nl}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1941]]) "''Tien jaren cooperatie-voorlichting vanwege de overheid [[1930]]-[[1940]]''", [[Batavia]]: Volkslectuur * {{id}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1946]]) "''Kenang-kenangan dari tiga zaman : Satu Kisah Kekeluargaan Tertulis ''", [[Jakarta]]: Indira :: Buku memoar yang ditulis langsung oleh Margono * {{en}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1969]]) "''Reminiscences from three historical periods a family tradition put in writing''", [[Jakarta]]: Indira * {{id}} R.M. Margono Djojohadikusomo ([[1975]]) "''Catatan-catatan dari lembaran kertas yang kumal [[Ernest Douwes Dekker|DR. E.F.E. Douwes Dekker]] ([[Ernest Douwes Dekker|DR. Danudirja Setiabudi]]), seorang yang tak gentar menjunjung tinggi suatu cita-cita hidup kemerdekaan politik [[Indonesia]]''", [[Jakarta]]: Bulan Bintang * {{id}} Sugiarta Sriwibawa ([[1994]]) "''100 tahun Margono Djojohadikusomo''", [[Jakarta]]: Pustaka Aksara * {{id}} Jimmy S Harianto, HMU Kurniadi ([[2025]]) "Margono Djojohadikusumo : Pejuang Ekonomi dan Pendiri BNI 46", [[Jakarta]] : Penerbit Buku Kompas :: Menggunakan sumber utama putri Margono, Sukartini Silitonga Djojohadikusumo (106) dan cucunya, Mitra Vinda Silitonga. Epilog buku ditulis oleh Savitri Prastiti Scherer, cucu Margono dari anak ketiganya, Miniati Wahyudi Djojohadikusumo. == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu ka luar == * {{id}} [http://www.bi.go.id/NR/rdonlyres/DDE2ED6B-A2A2-42EE-A4D0-BF5116483AED/871/SejarahKelembagaanPeriode19531959.pdf Sejarah Bank Indonesia: ''Kelembagaan Periode 1953-1959'', halaman 9.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514095652/http://www.bi.go.id/NR/rdonlyres/DDE2ED6B-A2A2-42EE-A4D0-BF5116483AED/871/SejarahKelembagaanPeriode19531959.pdf |date=2014-05-14 }} {{start box}} {{succession box |title=[[Daftar Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung|Ketua]] [[Dewan Pertimbangan Agung]] |before='''''jabatan baru''''' |after=[[Wiranatakoesoema V|R.A.A. Wiranatakoesoema V]] |years=25 September 1945 – 6 November 1945}} {{succession box |title=Direktur Utama [[Bank Negara Indonesia]] |before='''''jabatan baru''''' |after=[[Abdul Karim (bankir)|Abdul Karim]] |years=[[1946]]–[[1953]]}} {{end box}} {{BPUPKI}} {{lifetime|1894|1978|Djojohadikusomo, Margono}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Inohong Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Inohong Jawa]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Pulitik]] 1n5omw1uyvisxmt9m3o92536k6yxwek 0 107886 731766 710718 2026-11-08T07:46:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan 19.jpg|jmpl|305x305px|Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan atawa Masjid Pangéran Kejaksan]] '''Masjid Pangeran Kejaksan''', anu ogé sok disebut '''Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan''', mangrupa salasahiji masjid pangkolotna anu boga ajén sajarah di [[Kota Cirebon]]. Masjid ieu diperkirakeun geus diadegkeun kira-kira taun 1480 Masehi. Nepi ka ayeuna, masjid kasebut geus ditetepkeun minangka situs cagar budaya, kaayaanana masih dirumat kalayan hadé, sarta terus dipaké minangka pusat kagiatan kaagamaan ku masarakat sabudeureunana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harianpelitanews.id/tajug-agung-pangeran-kejaksan-didirikan-oleh-syekh-syarif-abdurrahim-tahun-1480-resmi-jadi-cagar-budaya/|title=Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan didirikan oleh Syekh Syarif Abdurrahim Tahun 1480, Resmi Jadi Cagar Budaya|website=Harian Pelita News|language=id|accessdate=2026-02-26}}</ref> == Sajarah == Dumasar kana katerangan dina papan informasi anu dipasang di hareupeun wangunan, Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan diperkirakeun geus ngadeg ti taun 1479–1480 Masehi, nepi ka umurna ayeuna geus leuwih ti lima abad. Sanajan kaasup wangunan anu kacida heubeulna, wangunan asli tajugna kénéh katingali pageuh tur ajeg. Tihang-tihang pangrojong utama anu diwangun dina abad ka-15 ku Pangéran Kejaksan masih kénéh nangtung sarta nepi ka ayeuna tetep dipaké minangka struktur utama wangunan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/cirebon-raya/d-7092933/tajug-agung-pangeran-kejaksan-masjid-tua-di-cirebon-berusia-5-abad|title=Tajug Agung Pangeran Kejaksan, Masjid Tua di Cirebon Berusia 5 Abad|last=Labibinajib|first=Fahmi|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-01}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Salain unsur arsitéktur kai éta, dina bagian témbok lawang asup tajug ogé katingali hiasan mangrupa piring-piring keramik anu masih kénéh napel. Ieu hal nuduhkeun ciri has wangunan kaagamaan baheula di wewengkon Cirebon sarta nambahan ajén sajarah jeung ajén sénina.<ref name=":0" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] {{commons}} i6czjbbcc06i5k8gctalfwne49ntrde 0 107897 731769 710719 2026-11-08T08:17:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Menara PDAM Tuparev 18.jpg|kiri|jmpl|338x338px|Wangunan Munara Cai PDAM Tuparév, Cirebon]] '''Munara Cai PDAM Tuparév''' anu perenahna di Jalan Tuparév mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan ikonik sakaligus struktur pangluhurna di [[Kota Cirebon]]. Ieu wangunan boga fungsi minangka réservoir, nyaéta tempat panampungan cai bersih anu saterusna disaluyukeun (didistribusikeun) ka masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/3653984/cerita-menara-air-tertinggi-di-asia-tenggara-dan-wali-kota-masuk-penjara|title=Cerita Menara Air Tertinggi di Asia Tenggara dan Wali Kota Masuk Penjara|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> Munara ieu aya di kompléks kantor Perumda Air Minum Tirta Giri Nata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/cirebon-raya/d-7101125/kisah-menara-air-cirebon-sentuhan-pki-dan-tertinggi-di-asia-tenggara|title=Kisah Menara Air Cirebon, Sentuhan PKI dan Tertinggi di Asia Tenggara|last=Labibinajib|first=Fahmi|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-02}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina bagian awak munara aya tulisan ucapan ''“Selamat Datang”'' jeung ''“Selamat Jalan”'', anu negeskeun fungsina minangka pananda hiji kawasan. Ieu wangunan dipikanyaho miboga riwayat sajarah anu panjang dina kamekaran sistem panyadiaan cai bersih di Cirebon.<ref name=":0" /> Munara cai éta perenahna pas di wewengkon tapel wates antara Kota Cirebon jeung [[Kabupatén Cirebon]]. Kalawan jangkungna sakitar 28 méter sarta ditopang ku dalapan pilar, struktur ieu gampang katingali ti kajauhan. Dina tradisi lisan masarakat satempat, munara cai ieu sok disebutkeun kungsi jadi salah sahiji munara pangluhurna di kawasan [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia]] [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Kidul Wétan]] dina mangsa kajayaanana.<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == Lamun ditulusur leuwih jero, munara cai PDAM anu aya di Jalan Tuparev diperkirakeun geus aya ti mangsa [[Hindia-Walanda|kolonial]] dina awal abad ka-19. Dina tahap awal pangwangunanna, struktur ieu masih mangrupa munara anu ukuranana leutik. Sapanjang kabutuhan cai bersih di Kota Cirebon beuki ngaronjat, munara éta tuluy dimekarkeun sarta dilegaan.<ref name=":0" /> [[Gambar:Menara PDAM Tuparev 22.jpg|jmpl|Wangunan munara lamun ditinggali ti handap]] Asup kana ahir abad ka-19, kabutuhan cai bersih di Kota Cirebon terus ningkat. Sanajan kitu, rarancang ngawangun munara cai anu leuwih gedé can bisa langsung diwujudkeun. Pangwangunan kakara bisa dilaksanakeun dina awal abad ka-20 sanggeus ngalangkungan prosés panalungtikan anu panjang, hususna dina nangtukeun sumber cai baku. Mimiti mah, cai direncanakeun rék dialirkeun ti wewengkon Linggarjati, tapi pilihan ieu dianggap kurang merenah lantaran cai gampang kakeueum ku rereged alatan jarak distribusina anu cukup jauh.<ref name=":0" /> Sanggeus ngalangkungan rupa-rupa tinimbangan téknis jeung kaséhatan, para ahli ti pamaréntah kolonial Walanda mutuskeun pikeun ngamangpaatkeun sumber cai ti Cipaniis di [[Kabupatén Kuningan]]. Milih lokasi ieu dumasar kana kualitas caina anu leuwih hadé ogé kaayaan jalur distribusina anu kawilang leuwih aman, sanajan miboga tingkat kahéséan sorangan.<ref name=":0" /> Salian ngalibetkeun tanaga jeung rarancang ti pihak kolonial, pangwangunan sarta pamekaran munara cai ieu ogé ngalibetkeun peran masarakat pribumi, utamana dina mangsa sanggeus kamerdikaan. Dina période kapamingpinan Wali Kota Cirebon R. S. A. Prabowo anu asalna ti [[Partéy Komunis Indonésia]] (PKI), munara cai éta dimekarkeun deui sangkan mampuh nyumponan kabutuhan cai bersih anu terus ningkat.<ref name=":0" /> Ngaliwatan sababaraha tahap pamekaran éta, munara cai PDAM Tuparev kungsi dipikawanoh minangka salah sahiji munara cai pangluhurna di kawasan Asia Tenggara, sakaligus jadi pananda penting dina sajarah panyadiaan cai bersih di Kota Cirebon.<ref name=":0" /> == Kiwari == Nepi ka ayeuna, munara cai PDAM anu perenahna di Jalan Tuparév masih kénéh difungsikeun minangka sarana panampungan cai bersih kalayan kapasitas aliran ngahontal sakitar 900 liter per detik. Pas pisan di handapeun munara cai anu dicét konéng éta nangtung kantor puseur Perumda Air Minum Tirta Giri Nata di Kota Cirebon.<ref name=":0" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] {{Commons}} e3kz6fu8af02k6bi7muuvc6oo37z1d4 0 108065 731581 707209 2026-11-07T17:01:38Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Gnetae | image = Gnetum gnemon 48941240.jpg | image_caption = Tangkal Tangkil (''Gnetum gnemon''), salasahiji conto utama tina Gnetae. | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Gnetophyta]] | classis = '''Gnetopsida''' (Gnetae) | classis_authority = [[Thomson]] (1913) | subdivision_ranks = Ordo | subdivision = * [[Gnetales]] * [[Welwitschiales]] * [[Ephedrales]] }} '''Gnetae''' atanapi '''Gnetopsida''' nyaéta salasahiji kelas tina divisio [[Gnetophyta]] anu ngawengku kelompok tutuwuhan siki kabuka ([[Gymnospermae]]) <ref name="Schimper1879">{{cite book |last=Schimper |first=W.Ph. |title=Handbuch der Palaeontologie |year=1879 |publisher=Oldenbourg |location=Munich |page=152}}</ref>. Kelompok ieu diwangun ku tilu ordo anu hirup nepi ka ayeuna, nyaéta [[Gnetales]], [[Welwitschiales]], sarta [[Ephedrales]] <ref name="Thomson1913">{{cite journal |author=Thomson, R. B. |title=The Morphology of the Gnetales |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=1913 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1-5}}</ref>. == Étimologi == Ngaran '''Gnetae''' dicandak tina [[genus]] utamana, nyaéta ''[[Gnetum]]'' <ref name="Wittstein1852">{{cite book |last=Wittstein |first=G.C. |title=Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch |year=1852 |publisher=Ansbach |page=391}}</ref>. Kecap ''Gnetum'' sorangan asalna tina basa [[Melayu]] "ganemon" (tangkil) <ref name="Heyne1">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=K. |title=De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co. |location=Batavia |page=1}}</ref>. == Ciri Has == Gnetae miboga ciri morfologi anu mindeng dianggap mangrupakeun "sasak" antara Gymnospermae sarta Angiospermae: * '''Pembuluh:''' Miboga unsur pembuluh (vessel elements) dina kai na (xylem) <ref name="Thomson1913" />. * '''Daun:''' Daunna rubak sarta miboga urat daun anu nyirip <ref name="Heyne1" />. * '''Siki:''' Sikina kabuka, nanging biasana dibungkus ku lapisan kandel anu katingal saperti kulit buah <ref name="Schimper1879" />. == Mangpaat == Dina kahirupan urang Sunda, kelas Gnetae miboga mangpaat ékonomi anu luhur: # '''Pangan:''' Sikina [[Tangkil]] diolah janten [[emping]], sedengkeun daun sarta kembangna dijantenkeun sayuran <ref name="Heyne1" />. # '''Serat:''' Kulit tangkalna kacida kuatna sarta sering dianggo pikeun bahan tali <ref name="Heyne1" />. # '''Ubar:''' Spésiés tina ordo [[Ephedrales]] parantos lami dianggo salaku bahan ubar [[asma]] <ref name="Wittstein1852" />. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Gnetae]] [[Kategori:Gymnospermae]] [[Kategori:Tangkil]] [[Kategori:Sayuran]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] fxvcuxr0hi4fcdtrfyzawt20i08q2e1 0 108077 731699 707237 2026-11-08T02:05:36Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Cyanobacteria | image = Cyanobacteria.jpg | image_caption = Koloni filamén Cyanobacteria katingal dina mikroskop, némbongkeun struktur sél anu ngaréngréng. | phylum = '''Cyanobacteria''' | phylum_authority = [[Stanier]] (1974) | subdivision_ranks = Ordo | subdivision = * [[Chroococcales]] * [[Nostocales]] * [[Oscillatoriales]] * [[Pleurocapsales]] * [[Stigonematales]] * [[Synechococcales]] |domain=[[Bacteria]]}} '''Cyanobacteria''' (basa Sunda: '''Sianobaktéri'''), anu ogé katelah ku ngaran '''alga héjo-biru''', nyaéta hiji [[filum]] baktéri anu miboga kamampuh pikeun ngalakukeun [[fotosintésis]] sarta ngahasilkeun [[oksigén]] <ref name="Schopf2012">{{cite journal |author=Schopf, J. W. |title=The paleobiological record of photosynthesis |journal=Photosynthesis Research |year=2012 |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=3–26}}</ref>. Sanajan mindeng disebut "alga", sacara struktur sél mah Cyanobacteria téh asup kana kelompok [[prokariotik]] (teu miboga mémbran inti sél), bénten sareng alga héjo sanésna anu [[Eukaryota|eukariotik]] <ref name="Heyne33">{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=K. |title=De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok & Co. |location=Batavia |page=33}}</ref>. == Étimologi == Ngaran '''Cyanobacteria''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''kyanos'' (κυανός) anu hartina "biru poék" atanapi "sian", nujul kana pigmén warna biru anu aya dina jero sélna <ref name="Wittstein1852">{{cite book |last=Wittstein |first=G.C. |title=Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch |year=1852 |publisher=Ansbach |page=243}}</ref>. Istilah ieu sacara resmi dianggo dina klasifikasi modérn saprak taun 1974 pikeun ngabédakeunana tina kelompok alga sajati <ref name="Schopf2012" />. == Ciri Has == Cyanobacteria miboga sababaraha ciri morfologi sarta fisiologi anu unik: * '''Pigmén:''' Salian ti miboga klorofil a, Cyanobacteria miboga pigmén husus anu disebut [[fikobilin]] (fikosianin sarta fikoeritin) anu méré warna biru sarta beureum <ref name="Schopf2012" />. * '''Struktur:''' Bisa hirup sacara mandiri (uniselulér) atanapi ngawangun koloni mangrupa ranté panjang (filamén) <ref name="Heyne33" />. * '''Fiksasi Nitrogén:''' Sababaraha jinisna, saperti ''Anabaena'', miboga sél husus nu disebut ''héterosista'' anu tiasa ngiket [[nitrogén]] langsung tina hawa <ref name="Schopf2012" />. == Mangpaat == Dina kahirupan manusa sarta ékosistem, Cyanobacteria miboga peran anu kacida jembarna: # '''Kaséhatan:''' Jinis ''[[Spirulina]]'' (''Arthrospira'') mindeng dipaké salaku suplemén kadaharan (superfood) margi loba kandungan protéin sarta vitaminna <ref name="Heyne33" />. # '''Tatanén:''' Cyanobacteria anu ngiket nitrogén sering dipaké salaku pupuk alami pikeun lahan [[paré]] supados taneuhna subur <ref name="Heyne33" />. # '''Oksigén:''' Mangrupakeun organisme munggaran anu ngarobah atmosfir bumi janten euyeub ku oksigén dina jaman purba <ref name="Schopf2012" />. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Cyanobacteria]] [[Kategori:Baktéri]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Mikrobiologi]] kxcl6qy5sur79nmev23kqq1omlpu72o 0 108083 731588 707246 2026-11-07T17:27:07Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Rhizaria | image = Morphology of a Rhizaria.jpg | image_caption = Morfologi salasahiji anggota Rhizaria anu némbongkeun struktur pseudopodia ipis jiga benang. | regnum = [[Chromista]] | supergroup = '''Rhizaria''' | supergroup_authority = [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith|Cavalier-Smith]] (2002) | subdivision_ranks = Kelompok Utama | subdivision = * [[Cercozoa]] * [[Foraminifera]] * [[Radiolaria]] |color=#C9FA50|domain=[[Eukaryota]]|unranked_superdivisio='''Rhizaria'''}} '''Rhizaria''' (basa Sunda: '''Rizaria''') nyaéta salasahiji kelompok gedé (supergroup) [[eukariota]] uniselulér anu lolobana hirup di lingkungan cai, boh cai tawar boh cai laut <ref name="Adl2012">{{cite journal |author=Adl, S. M., et al. |title=The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |year=2012 |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–493}}</ref>. Ieu kelompok munggaran diusulkeun ku ahli biologi molekulér [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]] dina taun 2002 dumasar kana hasil panalungtikan [[filogenétika]] molekulér <ref name="Burki2014">{{cite journal |author=Burki, F. |title=The Eukaryotic Tree of Life from a Global Phylogenomic Perspective |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |year=2014 |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=a016147}}</ref>. == Étimologi == Ngaran '''Rhizaria''' dicandak tina basa [[Yunani]] ''rhiza'' (ῥίζα) anu hartina "akar", nujul kana wangun [[pseudopodia]] (suku semu) anu ngaranggeum sarta nyagak jiga akar tutuwuhan <ref name="Wittstein1852">{{cite book |last=Wittstein |first=G.C. |title=Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch |year=1852 |publisher=Ansbach |page=761}}</ref>. Nami ieu dipilih ku Cavalier-Smith pikeun ngagambarkeun ciri fisik anu paling dominan dina ieu kelompok <ref name="Burki2014" />. == Ciri Has == Rhizaria miboga ciri morfologi sarta genetik anu unik: * '''Pseudopodia Ipis:''' Suku semu anu ipis pisan, mindeng disebut filopodia atanapi rétikulopodia, anu dipaké pikeun néwak dahareun sarta gerak <ref name="Adl2012" />. * '''Cangkang (Test):''' Loba anggota Rhizaria, saperti [[Foraminifera]], anu miboga cangkang keras tina kalsium karbonat, sedengkeun [[Radiolaria]] miboga cangkang tina silika <ref name="Burki2014" />. * '''Mitokondria:''' Miboga mitokondria anu strukturna tubular (jiga tabung leutik) <ref name="Adl2012" />. == Klasifikasi sarta Évolusi == Dumasar kana panalungtikan [[filogenétika]] molekulér panganyarna, '''Rhizaria''' mangrupakeun bagian tina kelompok anu langkung ageung anu disebut supergroup '''[[SAR supergroup|SAR]]''' (singgetan tina Stramenopiles, Alveolata, sarta Rhizaria) <ref name="Burki2014" />. Sanajan sacara morfologi kacida bénténa, tilu kelompok ieu miboga kasaruaan dina struktur [[DNA]] sarta évolusi organél sélna. == Babandingan Kelompok Utama == Pikeun ngabédakeun tilu garis katurunan utama dina Rhizaria, tiasa ditingal tina tabel di handap ieu: {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" |+ Perbandingan Kelompok Rhizaria ! Kelompok !! Bahan Cangkang !! Habitat Utama !! Pigmén (upami aya) |- | '''[[Cercozoa]]''' || Teu aya / Sisit || Taneuh & Cai tawar || Klorofil a & b (sababaraha) |- | '''[[Foraminifera]]''' || Kalsium Karbonat ($CaCO_3$) || Laut (Béntik & Planktonik) || Teu aya |- | '''[[Radiolaria]]''' || Silika ($SiO_2$) || Laut (Planktonik) || Teu aya |} == Papasingan == Dumasar kana klasifikasi modérn, Rhizaria dibagi kana tilu kelompok utama: # '''[[Cercozoa]]:''' Kelompok amoeboid sarta flagélata anu rupa-rupa, saperti ''Euglypha'' <ref name="Adl2012" />. # '''[[Foraminifera]]:''' Organisme laut anu penting pisan dina widang [[géologi]] margi fosilna tiasa nuduhkeun umur lapisan bumi sarta sumber [[minyak bumi]] <ref name="Burki2014" />. # '''[[Radiolaria]]:''' Protista laut anu simétris sarta miboga cangkang silika anu éndah <ref name="Adl2012" />. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Rhizaria]] [[Kategori:Protista]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Mikrobiologi]] 4w8bhhd1pu6u80u0eosr1c3gomb1f4i 0 108084 731707 707247 2026-11-08T02:18:49Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Excavata | image = Acesta excavata liten.jpg | image_caption = Spésiés ''Acesta excavata'', salasahiji organisme anu miboga nami spésifik "excavata" dumasar kana morfologi cangkangna anu semu "digali". | supergroup = '''Excavata''' | supergroup_authority = [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith|Cavalier-Smith]] (2002) | subdivision_ranks = Kelompok Utama | subdivision = * [[Discoba]] (kaasup [[Euglenozoa]]) * [[Metamonada]] * [[Malawimonadida]] |domain=[[Eukaryota]]|colour=#F6D7FF}} '''Excavata''' (basa Sunda: '''Ékskavata''') nyaéta salasahiji kelompok gedé (supergroup) [[eukariota]] uniselulér anu miboga rupa-rupa wangun hirup, ti mimiti organisme anu hirup bébas di cai dugi ka [[parasit]] anu bahaya pikeun manusa <ref name="Adl2012">{{cite journal |author=Adl, S. M., et al. |title=The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |year=2012 |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–493}}</ref>. Ieu kelompok munggaran diusulkeun ku ahli biologi [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]] dina taun 2002 dumasar kana ciri morfologi sélna <ref name="Simpson2003">{{cite journal |author=Simpson, A. G. B. |title=Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the Excavata |journal=European Journal of Protistology |year=2003 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=365–377}}</ref>. == Étimologi == Ngaran '''Excavata''' asalna tina basa [[Latén]] ''excavare'' anu hartina "ngali" atanapi "nyieun suak". Nami ieu nujul kana ciri has dina sélna, nyaéta ayana suak sitostoma (''feeding groove'') anu dipaké pikeun nyoco sarta néwak partikel kadaharan <ref name="Simpson2003" />. == Ciri Has == Excavata miboga ciri biologis anu ngabédakeunana ti supergroup eukariota sanésna: * '''Suak Nyoco (Feeding Groove):''' Sabagian ageung miboga struktur cekung dina sélna anu dipaké pikeun néwak baktéri <ref name="Simpson2003" />. * '''Flagéla:''' Umumna miboga dua atanapi langkung [[flagéla]] pikeun gerak sarta mantuan nyoco <ref name="Adl2012" />. * '''Mitokondria Unik:''' Sababaraha kelompok saperti [[Metamonada]] teu miboga mitokondria normal, nanging miboga organél sésa anu disebut mitosom atanapi hidrogénosom <ref name="Simpson2003" />. == Klasifikasi sarta Évolusi == Klasifikasi Excavata masih janten bahan sawala di antawis para ahli [[biologi]]. Sababaraha panalungtikan [[filogenétika]] nunjukkeun yén Excavata mangrupakeun kelompok anu kacida kolotna dina silsilah eukariota. == Babandingan Kelompok Utama == Pikeun ngabédakeun garis katurunan utama dina Excavata, tiasa ditingal tina tabel di handap ieu: {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" |+ Perbandingan Kelompok Excavata ! Kelompok !! Mitokondria !! Habitat / Sipat !! Conto Organisme |- | '''[[Discoba]]''' || Normal (Discoid) || Hirup bébas / Fotosintétik || ''[[Euglena]]'' |- | '''[[Metamonada]]''' || Mitosom / Hidrogénosom || Parasit / Anaérob || ''[[Giardia]]'' |- | '''[[Malawimonadida]]''' || Normal || Cai tawar / Laut || ''Malawimonas'' |} == Papasingan == Dumasar kana sistem klasifikasi modérn, Excavata dibagi kana tilu kelompok utama: # '''[[Discoba]]:''' Ngawengku Euglenozoa anu bisa fotosintésis sarta Kinetoplastida anu bisa ngabalukarkeun panyakit (saperti panyakit saré) <ref name="Adl2012" />. # '''[[Metamonada]]:''' Kelompok organisme anu hirup dina lingkungan tanpa [[oksigén]] sarta mindeng janten parasit dina usus manusa <ref name="Simpson2003" />. # '''[[Malawimonadida]]:''' Kelompok leutik flagélata anu hirup bébas sarta dianggap salaku salah sahiji katurunan eukariota paling primitiu <ref name="Adl2012" />. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Excavata]] [[Kategori:Protista]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Mikrobiologi]] q5ga3upgu8qso8bx8kk6auk7xk21g8g 0 108088 731586 712407 2026-11-07T17:18:29Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Alveolata | image = Morphology of an Apicomplexa cell (Alveolata; Apicomplexa).jpg | image_caption = Morfologi sél Apicomplexa, salasahiji anggota Alveolata anu némbongkeun struktur alveoli sarta kompléks apikal. | regnum = [[Chromista]] | supergroup = [[SAR supergroup|SAR]] | infraregnum = '''Alveolata''' | infraregnum_authority = [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith|Cavalier-Smith]] (1991) | subdivision_ranks = Filum Utama | subdivision = * [[Ciliophora]] (Siliata) * [[Apicomplexa]] * [[Dinoflagellata]] |domain=[[Eukaryota]]|unranked_superdivisio='''Alveolata'''|color=#C9FA50}} '''Alveolata''' (basa Sunda: '''Alvéolata''') nyaéta salasahiji kelompok gedé [[eukariota]] uniselulér anu miboga ciri has mangrupa ayana kantong mémbran leutik anu disebut '''alveoli''' di handapeun mémbran sélna <ref name="Adl2012">{{cite journal |author=Adl, S. M., et al. |title=The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |year=2012 |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–493}}</ref>. Ieu kelompok diwangun ku organisme anu rupa-rupa pisan, kaasup parasit sato, organisme fotosintétik laut, sarta predator uniselulér <ref name="Gould2008">{{cite journal |author=Gould, S. B., et al. |title=Plastid Evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-plant-biology_2008_59/page/491 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |year=2008 |volume=59 |pages=491–517}}</ref>. == Étimologi == Ngaran '''Alveolata''' asalna tina basa [[Latén]] ''alveolus'' anu hartina "liang leutik" atanapi "kantong leutik" <ref name="Wittstein1852">{{cite book |last=Wittstein |first=G.C. |title=Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch |year=1852 |publisher=Ansbach |page=33}}</ref>. Nami ieu dipilih ku [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]] dina taun 1991 pikeun ngagambarkeun struktur mémbran anu janten ciri utama ieu kelompok <ref name="Gould2008" />. == Ciri Has == Alveolata miboga ciri biologis anu unik: * '''Alveoli Kortikal:''' Kantong-kantong mémbran anu perenahna di handapeun mémbran plasma, fungsina pikeun ngarojong struktur sél sarta ngatur transportasi ion <ref name="Adl2012" />. * '''Mitochondria:''' Miboga mitokondria anu strukturna tubular (jiga tabung) atanapi ampular <ref name="Gould2008" />. * '''Kloroplas/Plastida:''' Sababaraha anggota (saperti Dinoflagelata) miboga kloroplas hasil endosimbiosis sekunder, sedengkeun kelompok Apicomplexa miboga plastida anu geus teu fungsi fotosintésis (disebut apikoplas) <ref name="Gould2008" />. == Papasingan == Alveolata dibagi kana [[tilu]] filum utama: # '''[[Ciliophora]] (Siliata):''' Organisme anu miboga rambut geter (silia) pikeun gerak sarta néwak dahareun, conto: ''[[Paramecium]]'' <ref name="Adl2012" />. # '''[[Apicomplexa]]:''' Kelompok parasit uniselulér anu miboga "kompléks apikal" pikeun nembus sél inang, conto: ''[[Plasmodium]]'' (nu nyababkeun malaria) <ref name="Gould2008" />. # '''[[Dinoflagellata]]:''' Alga uniselulér laut anu miboga dua flagéla sarta cangkang tina selulosa (téka) <ref name="Adl2012" />. == Babandingan Kelompok == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" |+ Perbandingan Kelompok Alveolata ! Filum !! Alat Gerak !! Sipat Utama !! Conto |- | '''Ciliophora''' || Silia (rambut geter) || Hirup bébas (predator) || ''[[Paramecium]]'' |- | '''Apicomplexa''' || Teu aya (ngarayap) || Parasit intrasélulér || ''[[Plasmodium]]'' |- | '''Dinoflagellata''' || Dua Flagéla || Fotosintétik / Miksotrof || ''[[Ceratium]]'' |} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Alveolata]] [[Kategori:Chromista]] [[Kategori:Protista]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] nyxbx69nju5ehjg3u48q1h8krxzikiz 0 108089 731587 712434 2026-11-07T17:24:02Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Heterokonta | image = Diatoms through the microscope.jpg | image_caption = Mikrograf [[Bacillariophyceae|Diatom]], salah sahiji kelompok pangbadagna dina infra-karajaan Heterokonta. | regnum = [[Chromista]] | subregnum = [[Harosa]] | infraregnum = '''Heterokonta''' | infraregnum_authority = [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith|Cavalier-Smith]] (1981) | subdivision_ranks = Kelompok Utama | subdivision = * [[Bacillariophyceae]] (Diatom) * [[Phaeophyceae]] (Alga coklat) * [[Oomycota]] (Jamur cai) * [[Chrysophyceae]] (Alga emas) |domain=[[Eukaryota]]|color=#C9FA50|unranked_superdivisio='''Heterokonta'''}} '''Heterokonta''' (basa Sunda: '''Héterokonta'''), anu ogé katelah ku nami '''Stramenopiles''', nyaéta salah sahiji garis katurunan utama [[eukariota]] anu diwangun ku rupa-rupa organisme, ti mimiti alga raksasa (kelp) nepi ka [[parasit]] tutuwuhan <ref name="Adl2012">{{cite journal |author=Adl, S. M., et al. |title=The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |year=2012 |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–493}}</ref>. Karakteristik utama ieu kelompok nyaéta ayana dua [[flagéla]] anu béda wangunna dina hiji sél <ref name="Cavalier-Smith2010">{{cite journal |author=Cavalier-Smith, T. |title=Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2010-05_85_2/page/337 |journal=Biological Reviews |year=2010 |volume=85 |pages=337–373}}</ref>. == Étimologi == Ngaran '''Heterokonta''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''heteros'' (ἕτερος) anu hartina "béda" sarta ''kontos'' (κοντός) anu hartina "galah" atawa "flagéla" <ref name="Wittstein1852">{{cite book |last=Wittstein |first=G.C. |title=Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch |year=1852 |publisher=Ansbach |page=432}}</ref>. Nami ieu nujul kana sél motil (nu bisa gerak) anu miboga dua flagéla kalawan struktur anu teu sarua <ref name="Cavalier-Smith2010" />. == Ciri Has == Heterokonta miboga ciri biologis anu unik: * '''Flagéla Héterokon:''' Miboga hiji flagéla anu panjang sarta miboga "rambut" (mastigonema) jiga sikat, sarta hiji deui [[flagéla]] anu pondok tur mulus <ref name="Adl2012" />. * '''Pigmén:''' Seueur anggotana anu miboga [[kloroplas]] kalawan [[klorofil]] a, c, sarta fikosantin anu méré warna coklat atawa emas <ref name="Cavalier-Smith2010" />. * '''Mitosom/Hidrogénosom:''' Sababaraha kelompok anu hirup tanpa [[oksigén]] (anaérob) geus kaleungitan [[mitokondria]] normalna. == Babandingan Kelompok Utama == Dina jero infra-karajaan Heterokonta, aya rupa-rupa organisme anu béda pisan fungsina: {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" |+ Kelompok Utama Heterokonta ! Kelompok !! Karakteristik !! Conto |- | '''[[Diatom]]''' || Cangkang silika (kaca) || ''Navicula'' |- | '''[[Alga Coklat]]''' || Multiselulér (raksasa) || ''[[Sargassum]]'', Kelp |- | '''[[Oomycota]]''' || Saprofit / Parasit || ''[[Phytophthora]]'' (Hama kentang) |- | '''[[Alga Emas]]''' || Uniselulér planktonik || ''Dinobryon'' |} == Peran Ékologi == Heterokonta miboga peran anu kacida krusialna pikeun biosfir: # '''Produsén Oksigén:''' Diatom di laut ngahasilkeun sawatara badag oksigén anu urang seuseup <ref name="Adl2012" />. # '''Hama Tutuwuhan:''' Sababaraha anggota Oomycota dipikawanoh salaku panyabab panyakit tutuwuhan anu parna, saperti hawar daun dina kentang <ref name="Cavalier-Smith2010" />. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Heterokonta]] [[Kategori:Chromista]] [[Kategori:Alga]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] deo46elhfujx2ow0vco4vr8n6s9xjd0 0 108100 731585 707361 2026-11-07T17:16:54Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 /* */ 731585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Dinoflagellata | image = Ceratium hirundinella.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Noctiluca scintillans]]'', salasahiji dinoflagéllata laut anu tiasa ngaluarkeun cahaya (bioluminesénsi). | regnum = [[Chromista]] | supergroup = [[SAR supergroup|SAR]] | infraregnum = [[Alveolata]] | phylum = '''Dinoflagellata''' | phylum_authority = [[Bütschli]] (1885) | classis = '''Dinophyceae''' | subdivision_ranks = Ordo Utama | subdivision = * [[Peridiniales]] * [[Gonyaulacales]] * [[Gymnodiniales]] * [[Noctilucales]] |unranked_superdivisio=[[Alveolata]]|domain=[[Eukaryota]]|colour=#C9FA50}} '''Dinoflagellata''' (basa Sunda: '''Dinoflagélata''') nyaéta salasahiji ''[[filum]]'' tina [[protista]] uniselulér anu sabagéan ageung hirup salaku [[plankton]] di laut sarta cai tawar <ref name="Adl2012">{{cite journal |author=Adl, S. M., et al. |title=The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |year=2012 |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–493}}</ref>. Nami ieu nujul kana cara ngojayna anu muter jiga gasing, anu dirojong ku ayana dua flagéla anu béda perenahna <ref name="Fensome1993">{{cite book |author=Fensome, R. A., et al. |title=A Classification of Living and Fossil Dinoflagellates |year=1993 |publisher=Sheridan Press}}</ref>. == Étimologi == Ngaran '''Dinoflagellata''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''dinos'' (δῖνος) anu hartina "muter" atanapi "pusaran", sarta basa [[Latén]] ''flagellum'' anu hartina "pecut" atanapi "buntut" <ref name="Wittstein1852">{{cite book |last=Wittstein |first=G.C. |title=Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch |year=1852 |publisher=Ansbach |page=286}}</ref>. == Ciri Has == Dinoflagellata miboga sababaraha ciri biologis anu unik: * '''Flagéla:''' Miboga dua flagéla; hiji flagéla transversál anu ngurilingan awakna (dina alur anu disebut cingulum) sarta hiji flagéla longitudinál anu manjang ka tukang <ref name="Fensome1993" />. * '''Téka:''' Seueur anggotana anu miboga "baju beusi" tina lempengan [[selulosa]] anu disebut téka <ref name="Adl2012" />. * '''Mesokarion:''' Inti sélna unik margi [[kromosom]]na tetep padet sarta katingal sanajan sélna henteu nuju meulah diri <ref name="Fensome1993" />. * '''Bioluminesénsi:''' Sababaraha spésiés tiasa ngahasilkeun cahaya kimiawi anu éndah nalika cai laut kaganggu dina peuting <ref name="Adl2012" />. == Dampak Ékologi == Salian ti janten produsén primér, dinoflagellata ogé tiasa mangaruhan lingkungan: * '''Pasang Beureum (Red Tide):''' Ledakan populasi (blooming) sababaraha genus saperti ''[[Gonyaulax]]'' tiasa ngarobah warna cai janten beureum sarta ngahasilkeun racun (neurotoxin) anu bahaya pikeun lauk sarta manusa <ref name="Fensome1993" />. * '''Simbiose:''' Kelompok Zooxanthellae hirup simbiose di jero jaringan [[terumbu karang]], anu méré warna sarta énergi pikeun kamekaran karang <ref name="Adl2012" />. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Dinoflagellata]] [[Kategori:Alveolata]] [[Kategori:Plankton]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] fmvu5blqgr0h07t8c0b6tbfass40kjp 14 108109 731665 707399 2026-11-07T23:27:07Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 /* */ 731665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Malayu]] [[Kategori:Inohong dumasar étnis|Malayu]] 26kbon21h3bzy85em6x9mliaataor2h 0 108153 731817 708558 2026-11-08T10:36:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puteri Indonesia 2025''' nyaéta édisi ka-28 tina ajang kontés kageulisan [[Puteri Indonesia]] anu dilaksanakeun dina tanggal 2 Méi 2025 di Plenary Hall, [[Jakarta International Convention Center]], di [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]]. [[Harashta Haifa Zahra]] ti [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]] masrahkeun [[makuta]] ka [[Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri]] ti [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]] salaku panerusna dina ahir acara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/6012094/profil-firsta-yufi-amarta-putri-puteri-indonesia-2025-dari-jawa-timur|title=Profil Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri, Puteri Indonesia 2025 dari Jawa Timur|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/foto-entertainment/d-7897124/detik-detik-firsta-yufi-amarta-jadi-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=Detik-detik Firsta Yufi Amarta Jadi Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=Prasetia|first=Andhika|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2024, [[Sophie Kirana]]; Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2024, [[Ketut Permata Juliastrid]]; sarta Puteri Indonesia Pendidikan & Kebudayaan 2024, [[Melati Tedja]], masing-masing masrahkeun makuta ka [[Melliza Xaviera Putri Yulian]] ti DKI Jakarta 1, [[Salma Ranggita Cahyariyani]] ti [[Sumatra Kidul|Sumatra]] [[Sumatra Kidul|Kidul]] 1, sarta Rinanda Aprillya Maharani ti [[Kalimantan Wétan|Kalimantan]] [[Kalimantan Wétan|Wétan]] salaku panerusna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20250502223030-277-1225206/firsta-yufi-amarta-putri-dari-jatim-sabet-gelar-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=Firsta Yufi Amarta Putri dari Jatim Sabet Gelar Puteri Indonesia 2025|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> Acara ieu dihadiran ku juara Miss Supranational 2024, Harashta Haifa Zahra ti Indonesia; Miss International 2024, [[Huynh Thi Thanh Thuy]] ti [[Viétnam]]; Miss Cosmo 2024, Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari ti Indonésia; sarta Miss Charm 2024, [[Rashmita Rasindran]] ti [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ketik.com/berita/grand-final-puteri-indonesia-2025-bakal-dihadiri-4-ratu-kecantikan-internasional|title=Grand Final Puteri Indonesia 2025 Bakal Dihadiri 4 Ratu Kecantikan Internasional|last=Ketik.com|last2=Rusdi|first2=Moh|website=ketik.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == Latar tukang == === Lokasi, tanggal, dan penyiaran === Pikeun édisi ka-28, Y[[ayasan Puteri Indonesia]] (YPI) sacara resmi geus ngumumkeun yén peuting penobatan bakal deui dilaksanakeun di Plenary Hall, Jakarta Convention Center di Jakarta dina tanggal 2 Méi jam 20.00 WIB—diitung sabulan sanggeus [[Idulfitri]] 1446 H. Yayasan deui nunjuk Maria Febryani salaku Diréktur Kreatif PT. Indonesia Entertainment Produksi (IEP) pikeun ngatur peuting penobatan. Sanggeus lima édisi berturut-turut, [[SCTV]] deui jadi salah sahiji mitra média sakaligus jaringan [[televisi]] anu miboga hak siar pinuh pikeun nyiarkeun peuting penobatan sacara langsung.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://puteri-indonesia.com/component/content/article/217-pt-mustika-ratu-tbk-dan-yayasan-puteri-indonesia-gelar-audisi-nasional-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=PT Mustika Ratu Tbk dan Yayasan Puteri Indonesia Gelar Audisi Nasional Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=User|first=Super|website=puteri-indonesia.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mustika-ratu.co.id/2025/02/pt-mustika-ratu-tbk-dukung-penuh-audisi-nasional-puteri-indonesia-2025/|title=PT Mustika Ratu Tbk Dukung Penuh Audisi Nasional Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=Ratu|first=Mustika|website=Mustika Ratu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> === Seleksi pamilon === Saperti dina édisi saméméhna, sababaraha kontestan mimiti kapilih ngaliwatan kompetisi régional anu dilaksanakeun di unggal provinsi. Provinsi-provinsi éta ngawengku [[Sulawesi Kidul]], [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]], [[Kapuloan Bangka Belitung|Bangka Belitung]], [[Jawa Wétan]], [[Banten]], jeung [[Jawa Kulon]]. Samentara éta, 32 kontestan séjén disaring ku komite seleksi ngaliwatan audisi pusat.<ref name=":0" /> Sajaba ti éta, dipilih ogé hiji délégasi ti provinsi pilihan anu geus ditangtukeun salaku “Puteri Indonesia Favorit Daerah”, anu saterusna dipilih ku pamirsa ngaliwatan pamilihan sora di situs resmi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/hasil-lengkap-audisi-nasional-puteri-indonesia-2025-tahap-pertama-01-l8vsm-z6vh0h|title=Hasil Audisi Nasional Puteri Indonesia 2025 Tahap Pertama|last=Prima|first=Berkat|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Kaopat juara bakal meunang tambahan gelar “2” dina gelar régional maranéhna. Saperti katangtuan dina édisi saméméhna, organisasi ogé méré kasempetan ka 2 alumni anu can kungsi asup kana babak ahir dina édisi-édisi saméméhna pikeun ilubiung deui dina kompetisi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20230302194716-277-920074/puteri-indonesia-beri-kesempatan-kedua-finalis-lama-untuk-audisi-lagi|title=Puteri Indonesia Beri Kesempatan Kedua Finalis Lama untuk Audisi Lagi|last=tim|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> === Panambahan gelar atribut === Dina konferensi persna, Yayasan ngaliwatan [[Putri Kus Wisnu Wardani]] ngumumkeun yén genep kontestan anu hasil nepi ka babak pamungkas bakal sakabéhna dipasihan gelar atribut. Yayasan nambahan dua gelar, dipisahkeun tina gelar séjén sarta nambahan hiji gelar anyar; nyaéta Puteri Indonesia Kebudayaan anu dipisahkeun tina Puteri Indonesia Pendidikan & Kebudayaan pikeun posisi kalima, sarta nambahan gelar Puteri Indonesia Inovasi & Digital Teknologi pikeun posisi kagenep.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7884765/puteri-indonesia-2025-beda-dari-tahun-lalu-akan-ada-6-pemenang-di-grand-final|title=Puteri Indonesia 2025 Beda dari Tahun Lalu, Akan Ada 6 Pemenang di Grand Final|last=Anjani|first=Rahmi|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602185034/https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7884765/puteri-indonesia-2025-beda-dari-tahun-lalu-akan-ada-6-pemenang-di-grand-final|archivedate=2025-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catatanbandung.com/hiburan/62815053702/puteri-indonesia-2025-tambah-dua-gelar-baru-respons-dinamis-terhadap-era-digital-dan-kabinet-baru|title=Puteri Indonesia 2025 Tambah Dua Gelar Baru, Respons Dinamis terhadap Era Digital dan Kabinet Baru - Catatan Bandung|last=Taofik|first=Ahmad|website=Puteri Indonesia 2025 Tambah Dua Gelar Baru, Respons Dinamis terhadap Era Digital dan Kabinet Baru - Catatan Bandung|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ftnews.co.id/2-gelar-baru-warnai-ajang-pemilihan-puteri-indonesia-2025|title=2 Gelar Baru Warnai Ajang Pemilihan Puteri Indonesia 2025|last=Ramadhan|first=Artikel ini ditulis oleh Editor Kesuma|website=ftnews.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25}}</ref> Yayasan henteu nambahan waralaba kontes kageulisan internasional dina édisi ieu. Juara utama nepi ka nu meunang posisi kaopat boga hak pikeun ilubiung dina kontes internasional anu dipilih dumasar kana pertimbangan organisasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7884765/puteri-indonesia-2025-beda-dari-tahun-lalu-akan-ada-6-pemenang-di-grand-final|title=Puteri Indonesia 2025 Beda dari Tahun Lalu, Akan Ada 6 Pemenang di Grand Final|last=Anjani|first=Rahmi|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602185034/https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7884765/puteri-indonesia-2025-beda-dari-tahun-lalu-akan-ada-6-pemenang-di-grand-final|archivedate=2025-06-02}}</ref> Sedengkeun nu meunang posisi kalima jeung kagenep leuwih difokuskeun pikeun ngalaksanakeun tugas di jero nagara ku gawé bareng jeung [[organisasi non-profit]] (NPO) jeung ''non-government'' (NGO) ogé instansi pamaréntah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7884765/puteri-indonesia-2025-beda-dari-tahun-lalu-akan-ada-6-pemenang-di-grand-final|title=Puteri Indonesia 2025 Beda dari Tahun Lalu, Akan Ada 6 Pemenang di Grand Final|last=Anjani|first=Rahmi|website=wolipop|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602185034/https://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-7884765/puteri-indonesia-2025-beda-dari-tahun-lalu-akan-ada-6-pemenang-di-grand-final|archivedate=2025-06-02}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:WikiSuarana-Raflinoer32]] mpmwt90cx6romxynni6ejunxjuhndwp 0 108206 731844 709051 2026-11-08T11:52:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Satelit Nusantara Lima''' nyaéta [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]] anu ngagunakeun téknologi ''Very High Throughput Satellite'' (VHTS), anu dipiboga sarta dioperasikeun ku [[Pasifik Satelit Nusantara]] (PSN). Satelit ieu diluncurkeun dina tanggal 12 Séptémber 2025 maké [[Roket Falcon 9|rokét Falcon 9]] milik [[SpaceX]] ti [[Cape Canaveral]], [[Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-8110418/satelit-nusantara-lima-resmi-mengorbit-ini-spesifikasi-dan-manfaatnya|title=Satelit Nusantara Lima Resmi Mengorbit, Ini Spesifikasi dan Manfaatnya|last=Wibawana|first=Widhia Arum|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922224914/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-8110418/satelit-nusantara-lima-resmi-mengorbit-ini-spesifikasi-dan-manfaatnya|archivedate=2025-09-22}}</ref> Satelit ieu miboga kapasitas total leuwih ti 160 Gbps, sahingga kaasup salah sahiji satelit komunikasi kalayan kapasitas panggedéna di [[Asia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2025/09/14/113000465/spesifikasi-satelit-nusantara-lima-n5-milik-indonesia-satelit-komunikasi|title=Spesifikasi Satelit Nusantara Lima (N5) Milik Indonesia, Satelit Komunikasi Terbesar di ASEAN|last=Diahwahyuningtyas|first=Alicia|last2=Sartika|first2=Resa Eka Ayu|website=Kompas.com}}</ref> Kapasitas anu gedé ieu asalna tina pamakéan téknologi VHTS anu ngabagi wilayah cakupan jadi sababaraha ''spot beam'', anu ngamungkinkeun distribusi sinyal leuwih éfisién batan satelit konvénsional. Dina pangoperasianna, Satelit Nusantara Lima gawé bareng jeung [[Hughes Network Systems]] sarta [[Kratos Communications]]. Satelit ieu bakal dirojong ku infrastruktur darat anu kuat, éfisién, sarta skalabel, sahingga mampuh ngarojong kinerja layanan komunikasi sacara optimal. Kolaborasi ieu ngagambarkeun komitmen Indonésia dina ngaronjatkeun inklusivitas digital, saluyu jeung prioritas pangwangunan nasional, ogé pikeun nguatkeun gawé bareng di tingkat régional.<ref name=":3" /> == Tujuan == Tujuan utama Satelit Nusantara Lima nyaéta pikeun nguatkeun konéktivitas digital nasional sarta ngarojong pamarataan aksés [[internét]] di sakuliah [[Indonésia]]. Ku ayana ieu satelit, diarepkeun rupa-rupa palayanan publik, saperti pendidikan, kaséhatan, jeung ékonomi digital, bisa leuwih gampang kahontal ku masarakat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/menerka-dampak-satelit-nusantara-lima-bagi-internet-masyarakat-hhPj|title=Menerka Dampak Satelit Nusantara Lima bagi Internet Masyarakat|last=Majid|first=Naufal|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-05}}</ref> Dina hal cakupan, Satelit Nusantara Lima ngalayanan sakumna wilayah Indonésia, kaasup daérah-daérah terpencil. Sajaba ti éta, jangkauan layananana ogé ngawengku sabagian wilayah [[Pilipina]] jeung [[Malaysia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://kemlu.go.id/houston/berita/satelit-nusantara-lima-tonggak-transformasi-digital-indonesia?type=publication|title=Satelit Nusantara Lima: Tonggak Transformasi Digital Indonesia|website=kemlu.go.id|accessdate=2026-04-05}}</ref> == Paluncuran jeung operasi == Paluncuran satelit kungsi ditunda salila tilu poé alatan kaayaan cuaca anu goréng di Cape Canaveral.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://inet.detik.com/telecommunication/d-8115096/update-satelit-nusantara-lima-sistem-normal-orbit-rising-dimulai|title=Update Satelit Nusantara Lima: Sistem Normal, Orbit Rising Dimulai|last=Rahman|first=Adi Fida|website=detikinet|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-05}}</ref> Sanggeus hasil diluncurkeun, sakabéh subsistem satelit, kaasup sistem daya, [[propulsi]], [[térmal]], sarta ''Attitude Control System'' (ACS), dilaporkeun jalan normal tanpa gangguan. Prosés ''orbit raising'' pikeun ngahontal slot orbit ahir di 113° Bujur Wétan geus dimimitian sarta lumangsung luyu jeung rencana anu geus ditangtukeun.<ref name=":2" /> Satelit ieu direncanakeun bakal mimiti beroperasi sacara pinuh dina kuartal kahiji taun 2026.<ref name=":1" /> == Spésifikasi téknis == Satelit Nusantara Lima diwangun ngagunakeun ''platform'' Boeing 702MP kalayan beurat sakitar 7,8 ton.<ref name=":2" /> Satelit ieu dilengkepan ku 101 ''spot beam'' Ka-Band, panél surya Spectrolab anu miboga daya 15 kW, sarta sistem propulsi Xenon-Ion Propulsion System (XIPS) anu kira-kira 10 kali leuwih éfisién jeung leuwih hampang dibandingkeun téknologi konvénsional.<ref name=":0" /> Satelit ieu dirarancang miboga umur operasional leuwih ti 15 taun, sarta ditempatkeun dina slot orbit strategis 113° Bujur Wétan (BT) dina [[Orbit Géosetasionér|orbit géostasionér]].<ref name=":0" /> == Référénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:WikiSuarana]] [[Kategori:Kopdar Wikipedia - WikiSuarana]] s70xyluteqdzvo9s5bng01bxn0fb5gu 14 108407 731664 708693 2026-11-07T23:26:17Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 /* */ 731664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cat main}} {{Commonscat|Malay language}} [[Kategori:Malayu]] [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Basa di Malaysia|Malayu]] auhgov3h3oxnuob3uqvw246ssp46gzj 0 108732 731676 710675 2026-11-07T23:39:30Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 731676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] '''Imah Malayu''' ({{lang-ms|Rumah Melayu}}; [[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|رومه ملايو}}) nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular [[urang Malayu]], hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya. Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sareng proporsi anu harmonis kalayan unsur hiasan dianggap masih gaduh nilai budaya anu ageung ku seueur jalmi di daérah éta. Nanging, wangunan-wangunan ieu meryogikeun pangropéa anu signifikan dibandingkeun sareng konstruksi modéren; sapertos tantangan dina ngalestarikeun bahan utama na, kai, tina pangaruh buruk cuaca tropis ogé serangan rayap. Kamampuh ngawangun vernakular ieu laun-laun leungit di [[Malaysia]] sabab kai alami beuki langka alatan deforestasi sajaba ti industrialisasi,<ref name=H>{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}</ref> sedengkeun di [[Indonésia]] tempat tinggal tradisional sapertos kitu masih kénéh aya di daérah padésaan. Sanaos transformasi urban di [[Singapura]] parantos ngaleungitkeun ampir sadaya lingkungan urban Malayu, sababaraha bumi anu nampilkeun arsitéktur vernakular ieu masih salamet, utamina dipusatkeun di pulo lepas pantai Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}} Usaha pikeun ngalestarikeun gaya arsitéktur asli kapuloan Indonésia parantos dilaksanakeun ngalangkungan dokumentasi sareng réplika kreasi di paviliun [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|propinsi]] di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Jakarta]]. Nu boga imah tradisional Malaysia anu masih kénéh aya ogé nyéwakeun imah-imah éta ka studio produksi salaku lokasi syuting pilem sareng iklan, sareng homestay, salaku sumber panghasilan tambahan.<ref name=H/> == Konstruksi == Ngagunakeun bahan alami anu tiasa dianyari sapertos kai sareng awi, tempat-tempat ieu sering diwangun tanpa nganggo logam kalebet paku. Gantina, liang sareng alur anu tos dipotong dianggo pikeun nyocogkeun unsur-unsur kai hiji sareng anu sanésna, anu sacara efektif ngajantenkeun éta 'imah prefabrikasi'. Sanaos paku parantos diciptakeun sareng di bumi-bumi salajengna jarang dianggo pikeun unsur non-struktural (contona, jandéla atanapi panel), kalenturan struktural mangrupikeun kauntungan anu dihalangan ku paku. Tanpa paku, imah kai bisa dibongkar terus diwangun deui di lokasi anyar.<ref name=H/> Kaseueuran masarakat Malayu kuno di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] ngajaga hiji bentuk budaya lingkungan anu regenerasi mandiri. == Tingali ogé == {{Commonscat|Malay houses}} * [[Malaysia]] * [[Indonésia]] * [[Brunéi]] * [[Singapura]] * [[Dunya Malayu]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Malayu]] [[Kategori:Brunéi]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Singapura]] iz6vkxldfm4p68llpu3awzgi9z1c1co 731678 731676 2026-11-07T23:54:41Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 /* */ 731678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] '''Imah Malayu''' ({{langx|ms|Rumah Melayu}}; [[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|رومه ملايو}}) nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular [[urang Malayu]], hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya. Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sareng proporsi anu harmonis kalayan unsur hiasan dianggap masih gaduh nilai budaya anu ageung ku seueur jalmi di daérah éta. Nanging, wangunan-wangunan ieu meryogikeun pangropéa anu signifikan dibandingkeun sareng konstruksi modéren; sapertos tantangan dina ngalestarikeun bahan utama na, kai, tina pangaruh buruk cuaca tropis ogé serangan rayap. Kamampuh ngawangun vernakular ieu laun-laun leungit di [[Malaysia]] sabab kai alami beuki langka alatan deforestasi sajaba ti industrialisasi,<ref name=H>{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}</ref> sedengkeun di [[Indonésia]] tempat tinggal tradisional sapertos kitu masih kénéh aya di daérah padésaan. Sanaos transformasi urban di [[Singapura]] parantos ngaleungitkeun ampir sadaya lingkungan urban Malayu, sababaraha bumi anu nampilkeun arsitéktur vernakular ieu masih salamet, utamina dipusatkeun di pulo lepas pantai Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}} Usaha pikeun ngalestarikeun gaya arsitéktur asli kapuloan Indonésia parantos dilaksanakeun ngalangkungan dokumentasi sareng réplika kreasi di paviliun [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|propinsi]] di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Jakarta]]. Nu boga imah tradisional Malaysia anu masih kénéh aya ogé nyéwakeun imah-imah éta ka studio produksi salaku lokasi syuting pilem sareng iklan, sareng homestay, salaku sumber panghasilan tambahan.<ref name=H/> == Konstruksi == Ngagunakeun bahan alami anu tiasa dianyari sapertos kai sareng awi, tempat-tempat ieu sering diwangun tanpa nganggo logam kalebet paku. Gantina, liang sareng alur anu tos dipotong dianggo pikeun nyocogkeun unsur-unsur kai hiji sareng anu sanésna, anu sacara efektif ngajantenkeun éta 'imah prefabrikasi'. Sanaos paku parantos diciptakeun sareng di bumi-bumi salajengna jarang dianggo pikeun unsur non-struktural (contona, jandéla atanapi panel), kalenturan struktural mangrupikeun kauntungan anu dihalangan ku paku. Tanpa paku, imah kai bisa dibongkar terus diwangun deui di lokasi anyar.<ref name=H/> Kaseueuran masarakat Malayu kuno di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]] ngajaga hiji bentuk budaya lingkungan anu regenerasi mandiri. == Tingali ogé == {{Commonscat|Malay houses}} * [[Malaysia]] * [[Indonésia]] * [[Brunéi]] * [[Singapura]] * [[Dunya Malayu]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Malayu]] [[Kategori:Brunéi]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Singapura]] 65bfi5csmezyhixjyttbvargdr5l9s4 0 108733 731669 731418 2026-11-07T23:30:52Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 731669 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:About indonesian culture.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Hiji pasangan Malayu [[Riau]] ngarasakeun Gambus tradisional. Panel latar tukang ngagabungkeun palét tilu warna Malayu.]] '''Urang Malayu Indonésia''' ([[Basa Malayu]]/[[Basa Indonésia]]: ''Orang Melayu Indonesia''; [[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|أورڠ ملايو ايندونيسيا}}) nyaéta [[urang Malayu|étnis Malayu]] anu cicing di sakuliah [[Indonésia]]. Aranjeunna salah sahiji masarakat pribumi nagara éta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik|url=http://kesbangpol.riau.go.id/media.php?p=detail_artikel&id=272|access-date=20 Juni 2026|website=kesbangpol.riau.go.id|archive-date=8 Juli 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708112613/http://kesbangpol.riau.go.id/media.php?p=detail_artikel&id=272|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708112613/http://kesbangpol.riau.go.id/media.php?p=detail_artikel&id=272 |date=2022-07-08 }}</ref> [[Basa Indonésia]], basa nasional Indonésia, nyaéta wangun standar basa Malayu Riau.<ref name="Sneddon">Sneddon 2003, ''The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society'', p. 69–70</ref><ref>''Kamus Saku Bahasa Indonesia'', p. 272, PT Mizan Publika, {{ISBN|9789791227834}}</ref> Aya seueur karajaan anu aya patalina sareng urang Malayu Indonésia sareng étnis-étnis sanés di tempat anu ayeuna disebut [[Indonésia]], utamina di pulo [[Kalimantan]] sareng [[Sumatra]]. Di antarana [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]], [[Karajaan Malayu]], [[Dharmasraya]], Kasultanan Deli, Kasultanan Siak Sri Indrapura, Kasultanan Riau-Lingga, Kasultanan Bulungan, Kasultanan Pontianak, jeung Kasultanan Sambas. Sénsus taun 2010 nyatakeun yén aya 8 juta urang Malayu di Indonésia; angka ieu asalna tina klasifikasi urang Malayu di Sumatra Wétan sareng basisir Kalimantan anu diakui ku pamaréntah Indonésia. Klasifikasi ieu béda ti sénsus [[Malaysia]] sareng [[Singapura]] anu ngagolongkeun urang Malayu salaku kategori ras anu langkung lega, anu sajaba ti étnis inti Malayu ogé ngawengku sadaya kelompok étnis Muslim ti kapuloan Indonésia (kalebet urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]]) salaku [[urang Malayu]]. == Tingali ogé == * [[Urang Malayu Malaysia]] * [[Urang Malayu Singapura]] * [[Urang Malayu Brunéi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tautan éksternal == {{Commonscat|Malay people of Indonesia}} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mW_l4fN1EIQ&t Malay dialects of Indonesia] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090304100951/http://melayuonline.com/ MelayuOnline] {{DEFAULTSORT:Malayu}} [[Kategori:Malayu|Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia]] pfewiaq8zme498tvnbhh5mq4zbni02h 0 108735 731670 731419 2026-11-07T23:31:27Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 /* Tingali ogé */ 731670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tarik upih pinang.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Barudak Malayu keur ulin ''Tarik Upih Pinang'', kaulinan tradisional nu ngalibatkeun nyered daun palem.]] '''Urang Malayu Malaysia''' ({{langx|ms|Orang Melayu Malaysia}}; [[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|أورڠ ملايو مليسيا}}}}) nyaéta urang [[Malaysia]] ti [[urang Malayu|étnis Malayu]] anu karuhunna asalna sagemblengna atanapi sabagian ti Dunya Malayu. Sacara umum, aranjeunna tiasa digolongkeun kana dua kategori utama; ''Anak Jati'' (urang Malayu pribumi atanapi Malayu lokal) sareng ''Anak Dagang'' (urang Malayu dagang atanapi Malayu asing).<ref name="MMO">{{cite web|author1=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rosli|author2=Rahmat Mohamad|title=Were the Malays immigrants? |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/what-you-think/article/were-the-malays-immigrants-mohd-hazmi-mohd-rusli-and-rahmat-mohamad#6S4ortxP2ZO8Ts0F.97|website=The Malay Mail Online|access-date=20 Juni 2026|date=5 Juni 2014}}</ref><ref name="Miller">{{harvnb|Miller|Williams|2006|pp=45–46}}</ref> Suku ''Anak Jati'' atawa urang Malayu asli diwangun ku jalma-jalma anu taat kana budaya Malayu asli ti daérah basisir Semenanjung Malaya sareng [[Kalimantan]].<ref name="Miller"/> Di antara kelompok anu kasohor kalebet urang Brunéi, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Sarawak sareng Terengganu. Di sisi séjén, ''Anak Dagang'' atawa urang Malayu asing, diwangun ku turunan imigran ti bagian séjén Kapuloan Malayu anu jadi warga kasultanan Malayu sarta diserep sarta diasimilasi kana budaya Malayu dina waktu anu béda, dibantuan ku kamiripan dina gaya hirup jeung agama anu sarua. Urang Malayu deungeun boga karuhun Aceh, Banjar, Bugis, [[urang Jawa|Jawa]], Mandailing jeung [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] nu asalna ti [[Indonésia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gulrose Karim|1990|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Suad Joseph|Afsaneh Najmabadi|2006|p=436}}</ref> Sababaraha urang Malayu asing ogé tiasa asalna ti bagian sanés di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]], kalebet Chams di Indocina, Malayu Cocos di Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling) Australia ogé Malayu Patani di [[Thailand]] kidul. Aya ogé sajumlah minoritas urang Malayu anu sabagian turunan ti imigran anyar ti seueur nagara sanés anu parantos berasimilasi kana budaya Muslim Malayu. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tingali ogé == {{Commonscat|People of Malaysia of Malay descent}} * [[Basa Malayu]] * [[Urang Malayu]] * [[Urang Malayu Indonésia]] * [[Urang Malayu Brunéi]] * [[Urang Malayu Singapura]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Malayu}} [[Kategori:Malayu|Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia]] gqwlkznx4zwd8g410rwntk5mclzlnan 0 108751 731732 710826 2026-11-08T05:07:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Wangunan | name = Vihara Satya Budhi | native_name = Xie Tian Gong | native_name_lang = | image = Kelenteng Xie Tian Gong 4.jpg | image_size = 250px | alt = | caption = Tina sisi hareup Kelenténg Xie Tian Gao | map_type = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_relief = | map_caption = | location = [[Kota Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]] | latitude = | longitude = | coordinates_region = | coordinates_format = | coordinates_display = | coordinates_footnotes = | religious_affiliation = | rite = | sect = | tradition = [[Kebudayaan Tionghoa]] | festival = <!-- or | festivals = --> | cercle = | sector = | municipality = | district = | territory = | prefecture = | state = | province = | region = [[Jawa Barat]] | country = [[Indonesia]] | administration = | consecration_year = | organisational_status = <!-- or | organizational_status = --> | functional_status = | heritage_designation = | ownership = | governing_body = | leadership = | bhattaraka = | patron = | website = | architect = | architecture_type = [[Kelenteng]] | architecture_style = [[Arsitektur Tiongkok|Tionghoa]] | founded_by = | creator = | funded_by = | general_contractor = | established = 1885 | groundbreaking = | year_completed = | construction_cost = | date_demolished = | facade_direction = | capacity = | length = | width = | width_nave = | interior_area = | height_max = | dome_quantity = | dome_height_outer = | dome_height_inner = | dome_dia_outer = | dome_dia_inner = | minaret_quantity = | minaret_height = | spire_quantity = | spire_height = | site_area = | temple_quantity = | monument_quantity = | shrine_quantity = | inscriptions = | materials = | elevation_m = <!-- or | elevation_ft = --> | elevation_footnotes = | nrhp = | designated = | added = | refnum = | footnotes = }} '''Kelenténg Xie Tian Gao''' atawa '''Vihara Satya Budhi''' nyaéta wangunan kelenténg anu kaasup kana warisan [[cagar budaya]] [[Kota Bandung]]. Kelenténg ieu mangrupakeun salah sahiji wangunan pangkolotna, ayana di Ciroyom, Kacamatan Andir. Ayeuna, Kelenténg Xie Tian Gao langkung dikenal salaku Vihara Satya Budhi. == Sajarah == Pamekaran Kelenténg Xie Tian Gao dimimitian ku datangna masarakat [[Tionghoa]] ka Kota Bandung, jeung rupa-rupa kagiatan anu dilaksanakeun ku masarakatna di handapeun kapamingpinan Tan Hay Hap.<ref name=":0" /> Numutkeun kana prasasti anu kapanggih di jero wangunan éta, dipikanyaho yén ieu kelenténg mimiti diresmikeun dina taun 1885 kalayan ngaran awalna Sheng di Miao. Ngaran ieu engkéna diganti janten Hiap Thian Kiong, atawa dina basa Mandarin, Xie Tian Gong. Sanggeus aya Kaputusan Présidén No. 14 taun 1967, anu eusina ngeunaan larangan kana budaya Tionghoa jeung panggunaan istilah-istilah anu aya hubunganana jeung éta, ngaran Kelenténg diganti ayeuna jadi Vihara Satya Budhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Aurellia|first=Anindyadevi|title=Menyelami Jejak Sejarah di Kelenteng Satya Budhi Bandung|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/budaya/d-7208241/menyelami-jejak-sejarah-di-kelenteng-satya-budhi-bandung|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-06-27}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina taun 1971, hiji wangunan anyar, nyaéta Vihara Samudra Bhakti, diwangun di jero kompleks Satya Buddha di sisi wétan. Tuluy, dina taun 1979 diwangun ogé Vihara Buddha Gaya di sisi kulon.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jangkarpenanews|first=Tim Redaksi|date=2021-02-20|title=Kelenteng Tertua di Bandung Kelenteng Xie Tian Gong|url=https://jangkarpena.com/kelenteng-tertua-di-bandung-kelenteng-xie-tian-gong/|website=Jangkar Pena News|language=id|access-date=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> == Tutumbu luar == * [https://www.satyabudhi.com/en Situs resmi Yayasan Satya Budha] {{commons category|Kelenteng Xie Tian Gong}} [[Kategori:Kelenténg di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Wangunan cagar budaya di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WCB 3.0]] tmahpnuu41fr0a0pjz9kdur8bjwwqrt 0 108755 731764 710845 2026-11-08T07:39:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masjid Agung Kota Cimahi''' atawa '''Masjid Alun-Alun Cimahi''' nyaéta wangunan [[masigit]] atawa masjid gedé anu jadi puser kagiatan spiritual umat [[Islam]] di [[Kota Cimahi]], [[Jawa Kulon]]. Lokasi masjid ieu aya di wewengkon [[Alun-alun|Alun-Alun]] [[Kota Cimahi]], Jalan Kaum, [[Cimahi Tengah, Cimahi|Cimahi Tengah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.detik.com/cerita-perjalanan/d-7254875/masjid-agung-cimahi-eksotisme-makkah-di-jantung-kota|title=Masjid Agung Cimahi Eksotisme Makkah di Jantung Kota|website=detikTravel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403093510/https://travel.detik.com/cerita-perjalanan/d-7254875/masjid-agung-cimahi-eksotisme-makkah-di-jantung-kota|archivedate=2024-04-03}}</ref> Numutkeun kana kategorisasi masjid anu diatur ku Kementerian Agama RI, kusabab masjid ieu aya di ibukota kota/kabupatén, masjid ieu kaasup jenis masjid agung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/macam-macam-masjid-di-indonesia-gBD7|title=Macam-macam Masjid di Indonesia dan Perbedaannya dengan Mushola|last=Sulthoni|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Sajarah == Masjid Agung Kota Cimahi mimiti diwangun luhureun taneuh wakaf RH. M. Nasir atawa Abu Nasir ngaliwatan ahli warisna, Rd. Hj. Halimah Basyah taun 1817 atawa 340 H. Mimitina wangunanna mangrupa wangunan sederhana tina kai jeung awi, hateupna tina genténg, sarta pondasina tina batu, salega 200m². Nepi ka [[Indonésia]] merdika, wangunan masjid ieu henteu loba robah, sarta kungsi dikurilingan ku padumukan warga jeung kantor pakawinan atawa kaum. Nalika éta, status [[Kota Cimahi]] masih mangrupakeun kawedanaan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://cimahikota.go.id/index.php/artikel/detail/1216-sejarah-mesjid-agung-cimahi|title=Sejarah Mesjid Agung Cimahi - Selamat Datang di Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi|website=cimahikota.go.id|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> Dimimitian taun 1960, padumukan warga dipindahkeun tuluy dimimitian taun 1962 wangunan masjid dirombak gedé-gedéan. Dina 1 Juni 1979, masjid ieu tuluy diresmikeun ku Bupati KDH Tk II Bandung, Lily Sumantri.<ref name=":0" /> Numutkeun sértipikat wakaf 14 Oktober 1992 nomor wakaf 1036, lega taneuh nalika éta téh 6.120m². Pangawasan taneuh éta tuluy diserahkeun ka Nadzir Wakaf. Wangunanna tuluy nambahan 1.800m². Rénopasi tuluy dilakukeun, contona ngaluhurkeun aula jeung sékrétariat Déwan Kemakmuran Masjid jadi dua tingkat.<ref name=":0" /> == Arsitéktur == Kiwari, wangunan Masjid Agung Kota Cimahi miboga kesan gaya paduan arsitéktur tradisional [[Indonésia]] jeung saeutik lagam [[Éropa]]. Wangunan masjid ieu miboga hateup tumpang susun tilu jeung témbok anu kandel jeung kokoh. Interior masjid miboga rohangan utama tanpa tiang jeung hateup anu ditahan ku susunan baja. Bagéan ti masjid ieu, nyaéta menara, pendopo, jeung koridor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infocimahi.co/detail/artikel/337/mulai-dari-tahun-1940-hingga-sekarang-kangen-suasana-masjid-agung-cimahi-yang-mana|title=Mulai dari Tahun 1940 hingga Sekarang, Kangen Suasana Masjid Agung Cimahi yang Mana?|website=INFOCIMAHI|language=en|accessdate=2026-06-27}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WCB 3.0]] am83ckbf6acph0cl17wn96q4ijc4m0q 0 108763 731675 710950 2026-11-07T23:38:34Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 731675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Musik Malayu''' ({{lang-ms|Muzik Melayu}}) nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.<ref>Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, & Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. </ref> Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti [[urang Malayu|kelompok étnis Malayu]] sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih. Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]]. Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya. Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era "puncak kajayaan" dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira. == Réferénsi == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malayu}} [[Kategori:Malayu|Musik]] [[Kategori:Musik]] [[Kategori:Malaysia|Musik]] [[Kategori:Indonésia|Musik]] [[Kategori:Brunéi|Musik]] [[Kategori:Singapura|Musik]] b5d7fw42b0105a0lwlth90bsswmd0bh 731677 731675 2026-11-07T23:54:12Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 /* */ 731677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Musik Malayu''' ({{langx|ms|Muzik Melayu}}) nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.<ref>Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, & Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. </ref> Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti [[urang Malayu|kelompok étnis Malayu]] sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih. Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]]. Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya. Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era "puncak kajayaan" dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira. == Réferénsi == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malayu}} [[Kategori:Malayu|Musik]] [[Kategori:Musik]] [[Kategori:Malaysia|Musik]] [[Kategori:Indonésia|Musik]] [[Kategori:Brunéi|Musik]] [[Kategori:Singapura|Musik]] a5lu0vd5foy4indgwv8mj56shg62cm6 0 108870 731775 712852 2026-11-08T08:42:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731775 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Word Cloud NPD.png|jmpl|315x315px|''Narcissistic Personality Disorder'']] '''Narsisisme''' téh mangrupa sipat [[Psikologi|psikologis]] atawa gangguan kapribadian nu dicirian ku rasa mikaasih jeung kagum nu kaleuleuwihi ka diri sorangan, butuh pujian nu teu wajar, sarta kurangna émpati kana perasaan batur. Sacara étimologis (asal usul kecap), ieu istilah diadaptasi ti [[mitologi Yunani Kuno]] ngeunaan saurang pamuda ngaranna Narcissus (Narkissos) nu dikutuk ku déwa sangkan bogoheun kana kalangkangna sorangan dina pantulan cai balong nepi ka manéhna paéh. Dina kontéks [[psikologi klinis]], narsisisme tingkat ékstrim diklasifikasikeun salaku [[Gangguan kapribadian narsistik|Gangguan Kapribadian Narsistik]] (Narcissistic Personality Disorder/NPD), di mana nu ngalamanana ngarasa yén manéhna boga darajat nu jauh leuwih luhur jeung boga hak meunang perlakuan istiméwa ''(privilege)'' dibandingkeun batur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6592602/narsis-adalah-penyebab-ciri-kepribadian-dan-bedanya-dengan-percaya-diri|title=Narsis Adalah: Penyebab, Ciri Kepribadian, dan Bedanya dengan Percaya Diri|last=Qothrunnada|first=Kholida|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260923045101/https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6592602/narsis-adalah-penyebab-ciri-kepribadian-dan-bedanya-dengan-percaya-diri|archivedate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Rusdi|first=Zainnur M.|date=2012|title=PENGARUH NARSISISME PADA PERILAKU KERJA KONTRA PRODUKTIF DENGAN KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL SEBAGAI PEMODERASI|url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/55675?utm_source=gemini}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/narsisme-si-paling-peduli-diri-sendiri-jawab-tts|title=Narsisme: Si Paling Peduli Diri Sendiri, Jawab TTS|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Jalma nu boga kacenderungan narsistik umumna némbongkeun watek kawas arogan (adigung), manipulatif, resep ngaleuleuwihi bakat jeung préstasina, sarta boga obsési kana kakawasaan atawa kageulisan/kakasépan. Hal nu pangdasarna nyaéta ngabédakeun antara narsisisme jeung rasa percaya diri (''self-confidence''). Jalma nu percaya diri boga harga diri nu séhat; maranéhna sadar kana kaleuwihanna tapi angger ngahargaan batur jeung logor dada narima kritik. Sabalikna, saurang narsisis ngawangun égona ku cara ngarendahkeun batur jeung réaktif pisan atawa anti kana kritik demi nutupan perasaan ''insecure'' (rapuhna batin) nu nyumput. Nu matak narik ati, panalungtikan psikologis panganyarna némbongkeun yén jalma narsisis sakapeung bisa dipikawanoh kalawan rada gampang, boh tina ciri fisik tangtu nu dominan (kawas halis mata nu kandel) boh sacara langsung, lantaran nu ngalaman narsisisme tingkat luhur (''grandiose narcissism'') mindeng pisan teu asa-asa (teu canggung) pikeun ngaku sacara togmol yén dirina narsis lamun ditanya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/lifestyle/20260326093042-33-721471/peneliti-temukan-cara-mudah-kenali-orang-narsis-cukup-lihat-ini|title=Peneliti Temukan Cara Mudah Kenali Orang Narsis, Cukup Lihat Ini|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Faktor panyabab == Kabentukna kapribadian narsistik téh mangrupa hasil tina interaksi nu kompléks antara faktor [[génétika]], [[néurobiologis]], jeung lingkungan, pangpangna pangalaman mangsa keur budak. Tina sisi lingkungan, pola asuh kolot nyekel peranan nu penting pisan. Kolot nu kaleuleuwihi minuhan paménta budak (ngamanja), salawasna muji budak sacara kaleuleuwihi tanpa dasar nu réalistis, atawa sabalikna, kolot nu ngantepkeun, tiis, jeung nungtut kasampurnaan sacara ékstrim, boga poténsi ngahudangkeun kabentukna mékanisme pertahanan diri mangrupa narsisisme di budak. Kajian akademis dina widang psikologi ogé nyorot yén validasi sosial nu taya eureunna, ékspéktasi lingkungan, sarta budaya pamér di média sosial di éra modérn milu jadi katalis nu mupuk jeung ngaparahkeun kacenderungan sipat narsistik di individu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/best-seller/narsisme/|title=Pengertian Narsisme & Memahami Fenomena Narsisme Milenial|website=Best Seller Gramedia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Dinamika interpersonal jeung cara nyanghareupanana == Sipat narsisisme mawa pangaruh nu lumayan ngarusak dina dinamika hubungan interpersonal (antarkanca), boh di lingkungan kulawarga, asmara, sosobatan, boh di dunya gawé. Ku lantaran minimna empati, saurang narsisis mindeng ngadominasi komunikasi, nungtut perhatian pinuh, jeung mindeng ngéksploitasi batur demi ngahontal tujuanana sorangan. Campur gaul (interaksi) sacara inténs jeung narsisis bisa nguras pisan émosi jeung méntal. Ku kituna, sangkan bisa bertahan jeung ngawangun hubungan nu harmonis jeung saurang narsisis, para ahli nyarankeun pentingna pikeun ngawangun jeung negakkeun watesan (''boundaries'') nu teges. Salian ti éta, disarankeun pisan sangkan teu gampang kapancing sacara émosional (réaktif) kana provokasi maranéhna, ngahindaran padungdengan (perdebatan) nu teu asup akal, sarta fokus kana kanyataan (réalitas) pikeun nyegah kamanipulasi ku taktik ''gaslighting'' nu mindeng dipaké ku maranéhna.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatmind.id/article/hidup-harmonis-bersama-narsisis|title=Hidup Harmonis Bersama Narsisis {{!}} Greatmind|last=“Goodcommerce”|website=greatmind.id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == n2mn1xbs32us3re501vue0njpnqtwsg 0 109067 731761 730386 2026-11-08T07:08:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Makam Tuanku Imam Bonjol di Minahasa 5.jpg|jmpl|Makam Tuanku Imam Bonjol di Minahasa]] Makam Tuanku Imam Bonjol nyaéta makam Tuanku Imam Bonjol anu perenahna di wewengkon perkebunan Désa Lotta, Kacamatan Pineleng, Kabupatén Minahasa, Provinsi [[Sulawesi Utara]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-8228962/makam-pahlawan-di-tanah-minahasa-jejak-terakhir-tuanku-imam-bonjol-di-lotta|title=Makam Pahlawan di Tanah Minahasa: Jejak Terakhir Tuanku Imam Bonjol di Lotta|last=Suroto|first=Hari|website=detikTravel|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261001012046/https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-8228962/makam-pahlawan-di-tanah-minahasa-jejak-terakhir-tuanku-imam-bonjol-di-lotta|archivedate=2026-10-01}}</ref> Aya hiji wangunan bagonjong anu wangunna nyarupaan imah adat Minangkabau, dicét warna bodas, kalayan ukuran 15 × 7 méter. Wangunan éta ngadeg di luhureun lahan anu legana 75 × 20 méter. Di jerona aya hiji makam anu dilapis ku keramik bodas sarta dikurilingan ku pager tina ranté beusi. Dina batu nisan makam kasebut ditulis, “Peto Syarif Ibnu Pandito Bayanuddin Gelar Tuanku Imam Bonjol, Pahlawan Nasional, lahir dina taun 1774 di Tanjung Bungo, Bonjol, Sumatra Barat.”<ref name=":1" /> Tuanku Imam Bonjol nyaéta salah saurang Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia anu miboga peran penting dina Perang Padri di Sumatra Barat. Anjeunna lahir di Tanjung Bungo, Bonjol, Sumatra Barat, dina taun 1774 sarta pupus nalika diasingkeun di Minahasa dina tanggal 8 Nopémber 1854.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sulut.kemenag.go.id/berita/515472/Berziarah-Ke-Makam-Tuanku-Imam-Bonjol-di-Minahasa|title=Ziarah Ke Makam Tuanku Imam Bonjol di Minahasa|last=Kemenag Sulut|date=23 Januari}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pangwangunan Makam Tuanku Imam Bonjol sagemblengna dibiayaan ku Pamaréntah Daérah Tingkat I Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Peletakan batu munggaran dilaksanakeun ku Gubernur Kepala Daérah Tingkat I Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, H. V. Worang. Wangunan makam dirarancang ku seniman atawa arsiték H. Mokodompit. Makam ieu diresmikeun ku Menteri Dalam Negeri, Amir Mahmud, dina tanggal 15 Maret 1972. == Deskripsi makam == Makam ieu perenahna kira-kira 15 km ti Manado sarta bisa dihontal dina waktu 30-45 menit ti Kota Manado. Wangunan makam ngagunakeun gaya arsitéktur Minangkabau. Makam Tuanku Imam Bonjol perenahna di sisi Walungan Bahu. Anjeunna dimakamkeun dina lahan anu beungeutna leuwih luhur tibatan lahan di sabudeureunana. Tuanku Imam Bonjol pupus dina umur 83 taun, dina tanggal 6 Nopémber 1854. Hal éta dumasar kana arsip Surat Kaputusan Residen Manado anu dikukuhkeun ku Raad van Indië.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tempo.co/hiburan/makam-tuanku-imam-bonjol-destinasi-wisata-sejarah-di-desa-lotta-minahasa-499602|title=Makam Tuanku Imam Bonjol , Destinasi Wisata Sejarah di Desa Lotta Minahasa|date=29 Juni 2021}}</ref> Numutkeun catetan sajarah, dina taun 1833 nepi ka 1837 lumangsung Perang Padri di Sumatra Barat. Tuanku Imam Bonjol ditangkep ku siasat rundingan ku Residen Francais di Palupuh, Agam, dina tanggal 25 Oktober 1837. Anjeunna tuluy diasingkeun ka Cianjur, saméméh dipindahkeun ka Ambon dina taun 1839.<ref name=":1" /> Sanggeus dua taun di Ambon, ku Residen Ambon, Tuanku Imam Bonjol dipindahkeun ka Manado. Mimitina anjeunna ditempatkeun di wewengkon Koka, Karesidenan Manado, tuluy dipindahkeun ka Lotta, Minahasa. Tuanku Imam Bonjol diasingkeun babarengan jeung salah saurang anakna, nyaéta Sutan Saidi, kaponakanana Abdul Wahab, pangawal satiana Bagindo Tan Labiah, sarta Si Gelek atawa Galito, anu kungsi jadi anggota pasukan Sentot Ali Basya, panglima perang Pangeran Diponegoro.<ref name=":2" /> Dina ahir taun 1850, Apolos Minggu, saurang kopral Walanda asal Maluku, ditugaskeun pikeun ngawal Tuanku Imam Bonjol di Lotta. Apolos tuluy nikah jeung Wilhelmina Parengkuan, putri Mayor Parengkuan. Katurunan Apolos Minggu terus miara makam Tuanku Imam Bonjol nepi ka ayeuna.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] gutdi4nh2vjx1bmq4xnpcoart8pbw1k 0 109126 731765 730592 2026-11-08T07:43:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Masjid Muhammad Cheng Ho Balikpapan (07).jpg|jmpl|Masjid Muhammad Cheng Ho Balikpapan]] Masjid Muhammad Cheng Ho Makassar nyaéta masjid anu perenahna di [[Kota Makassar]], [[Sulawesi Selatan]]. Salian ti Makassar, masjid anu ngagunakeun ngaran Muhammad Cheng Ho ogé aya di sababaraha wewengkon séjén, di antarana [[Pulo Jawa]], [[Kalimantan]] jeung [[:id:Sulawesi_Selatan|Palembang]]. Masjid ieu miboga ciri has arsitéktur anu ngahijikeun unsur budaya [[Tionghoa]] jeung budaya lokal. Masjid ieu dipaké minangka tempat ibadah umat Islam. Di Sulawesi Selatan, Masjid Cheng Ho aya di dua lokasi, nyaéta di Kota Makassar anu perenahna di sabudeureun Jalan Tanjung Bunga sarta di [[Kabupatén Gowa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Djuranovik|first=Evelyn|title=Masjid Muhammad Cheng Hoo Makassar: Sejarah, Arsitektur hingga Maknanya|url=https://www.detik.com/sulsel/wisata/d-6909186/masjid-muhammad-cheng-hoo-makassar-sejarah-arsitektur-hingga-maknanya|website=detiksulsel|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-08-30|accessdate=2026-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005015809/https://www.detik.com/sulsel/wisata/d-6909186/masjid-muhammad-cheng-hoo-makassar-sejarah-arsitektur-hingga-maknanya|archivedate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Masjid ieu ngagunakeun rupa-rupa ragam hias jeung ornamen anu ngandung harti sarta simbol anu patali jeung ajén-inajén Islam. Ornamen-ornamen kasebut miboga fungsi pikeun ngahias wangunan masjid. Salah sahiji ciri has Masjid Cheng Ho nyaéta wangun hateupna anu nyarupaan pagoda.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=situju|first=daeng|date=2026-02-28|title=Masjid Cheng Hoo Gowa, Ikon Islam Tionghoa|url=https://kabargowa.com/masjid-cheng-hoo-gowa/|website=Kabar Gowa|language=en-US|access-date=2026-10-05|accessdate=2026-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260516045027/https://kabargowa.com/masjid-cheng-hoo-gowa/|archivedate=2026-05-16}}</ref> == Arsitéktur masjid == [[Gambar:Masjid Cheng Ho Pandaan Pasuruan2.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Masjid Cheng Ho Pandaan Pasuruan]] Hateup wangun pagoda némbongkeun ciri has budaya Tionghoa. Dina bagian tengah hateup aya ornamen pat kwa anu wangunna segi dalapan. Dina tradisi Tionghoa, pat kwa mangrupa simbol anu patali jeung dalapan unsur, nyaéta langit, angin, cai, gunung, bumi, guludug, seuneu, jeung taneuh handap. Ornamen kasebut diwangun ku tilu tingkatan anu ukuranana beuki leutik ka arah luhur.<ref name=":0" /> Pada bagian tengah atap terdapat ornamen ''pat kwa,'' yang berbentuk segi delapan. Dalam tradisi Tionghoa, pat kwa merupakan simbol yang berkaitan dengan delapan unsur, yaitu langit, angin, air, gunung, bumi, guntur, api, dan tanah rendah. Ornamen tersebut terdiri atas tiga tingkatan dengan ukuran yang semakin mengecil pada bagian atas.<ref name=":1" /> Dina katerangan ngeunaan arsitéktur Masjid Muhammad Cheng Ho Makassar, wangun hateup anu bertingkat jeung ornamen pat kwa ogé dikaitkeun jeung konsép tingkat pencerahan manusa sarta tingkat kaimanan dina Islam. Sanajan kitu, katerangan kasebut mangrupa interpretasi simbolis kana unsur arsitéktur sarta perlu dibédakeun tina déskripsi ngeunaan wangun wangunanana.<ref name=":0" /> Masjid Muhammad Cheng Ho ogé ngagunakeun rupa-rupa warna, di antarana beureum, konéng, jeung bodas, anu masing-masing miboga harti simbolis. Warna beureum dina wangunan masjid ngalambangkeun kabagjaan, kagumbiraan, jeung harepan. Warna konéng ngalambangkeun kakuatan jeung kakawasaan, sedengkeun warna bodas ngalambangkeun kasucian.<ref name=":0" /> Salian ti hateup utama, Masjid Muhammad Cheng Hoo di Makassar boga opat hateup leutik nu ngalilingan bagian utama hateup masjid. Masing-masing hateup dilengkapan ku beusi penangkal kilat. Hateup éta ngagunakeun genteng warna hideung kalawan bagian gigirna warna beureum jeung plafon warna bodas. Nu opat hateup leutik ieu boga ukuran nu sarua jeung wangun nu béda ti kubah masjid umumna nu wangunna satengah bunderan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20200125151232-269-468675/masjid-cheng-hoo-persembahan-muslim-tionghoa-untuk-sulsel|title=Masjid Cheng Hoo, Persembahan Muslim Tionghoa untuk Sulsel|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Dina katerangan ngeunaan arsitektur masjid, jumlah opat hateup éta dikaitkeun jeung konsep ''Sulapa Appa''' dina kabudayaan Bugis, nu nuduhkeun kana opat unsur alam, nyaéta seuneu, cai, angin, jeung taneuh. Sakumaha prinsip dina ieu masjid nu ngagabungkeun rupa-rupa budaya.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == [[Category:WikiRempah]] [[Category:WikiRempah Makassar]] cvznot3ddlk9hhcoufagny49qxgz108 0 109503 731671 731458 2026-11-07T23:32:21Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 731671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Malay_wedding.jpg|thumb|300px|Pernikahan Malayu Singapura]] '''Urang Malayu [[Singapura]]''' ({{langx|ms|Orang Melayu Singapura}}, [[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|أورڠ ملايو سيڠاڤورا}}) nyaéta urang Singapura karuhun [[urang Malayu|Malayu]], kaasup anu asalna ti Kapuloan Malayu. Numutkeun sénsus 2020, aranjeunna ngawangun sakitar 13,5% tina penduduk nagara éta, ngajantenkeun aranjeunna kelompok étnis kadua panggedéna di [[Singapura]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of Population 2020{{!}}Population|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf|accessdate=2026-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611051404/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf|archivedate=2022-06-11}}</ref> Dina Konstitusi Singapura, aranjeunna diaku ku pamaréntah salaku masarakat pribumi nagara éta, kalayan [[basa Malayu]] salaku basa nasional sareng [[basa resmi|resmi]] Singapura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racial politics and imperatives and the constitutional special position of the indigenous Malays in a new society: Asserting interests and the non-contestation of rights in Singapore's communitarian constitutionalism |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol_research/2406/ |access-date=2 Nopémber 2026 |website=ink.library.smu.edu.sg}}</ref> Nalika sumpingna pajabat kolonial Inggris Stamford Raffles dina taun 1819, perkiraan populasi urang Malayu di pulo éta sakitar 1.000 urang.<ref name="rahim">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1utb8ZYyUeQC&pg=PA24 |title=Singapore in the Malay World: Building and Breaching Regional Bridges |date=9 Nopémber 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-134-01397-5 |page=24 |author=Lily Zubaidah Rahim}}</ref> Perkiraan séjén nunjukkeun yén nalika Raffles sumping, populasina diwangun ku sakitar 120 urang Malayu, 30 urang Cina, sareng sababaraha suku Orang Laut pribumi lokal.<ref name="rahim"/> Ti abad ka-19 nepi ka [[Perang Dunya II]], urang Malayu umumna nampi perlakuan anu saé, sabab aranjeunna henteu dipindahkeun pikeun digawé sareng gaya hirup tradisionalna seuseueurna henteu kaganggu.<ref name="rahim"/> Nanging, kumargi Inggris meryogikeun kuli{{efn|In some countries, this term, used to describe low-wage labourers, is now considered pejorative in modern usage.}} pikeun ngadukung usaha kolonialna, tingkat imigrasi di antara urang Malayu tetep relatif handap dibandingkeun sareng imigran India sareng Cina. Grup anu terakhir ieu sacara signifikan janten populasi étnis mayoritas dina pertengahan abad ka-19.<ref name="poptrend">{{cite journal |author=Saw Swee-Hock |date=Maret 1969 |title=Population Trends in Singapore, 1819–1967 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=36–49 |doi=10.1017/S0217781100004270 |jstor=20067730}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Urang Malayu Malaysia]] * [[Urang Malayu Brunéi]] * [[Urang Malayu Indonésia]] == Catetan == {{notelist}} == Référensi == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malayu}} [[Kategori:Malayu|Singapura]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura]] hljchgl81n935iqwa47nzw070ak2l4l 0 109517 731672 731421 2026-11-07T23:33:05Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 731672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:AF Mlm Berbedak.jpg|thumb|300px|Panganten Malayu Brunéi nalika upacara pra-kawinan ''Malam Berbedak''. Tradisi ''Malam Bebedak'' unik di Distrik Brunéi-Muara.]] '''Urang Malayu Brunéi''' ({{langx|ms|Orang Melayu Brunei}}, [[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|أورڠ ملايو بروني}}) nyaéta kelompok étnis [[urang Malayu|Malayu]] asli anu cicing di [[Brunéi]], wilayah féderal Labuan, basisir kidul-kulon [[Sabah]] sareng bagian kalér Sarawak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html|title=The Malay of Malaysia|work=Bethany World Prayer Center|year=1997|access-date=2 Nopémber 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html|archive-date=10 Oktober 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/clusters/8101.html|title=The Diaspora Malay|work=Bethany World Prayer Center|year=1997|access-date=2 Nopémber 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718130911/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/clusters/8101.html|archive-date=18 Juli 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Brunei Malay in its various forms can be identified with a nation, an ethnic group and a region.{{sfn|Nicholl|1995|p=241}}{{sfn|Deterding|Athirah|2017|pp=99–108}}|group="notes"}} Urang Malayu Brunéi nyaéta sub-kelompok tina populasi étnis Malayu anu langkung ageung anu aya di bagian sanés [[dunya Malayu]], nyaéta Malaysia Kulon sareng daérah tengah sareng kidul Sarawak, kalebet tanah tatangga sapertos [[Singapura]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Thailand]] kidul, anu gaduh béda anu katingali, khususna dina basa sareng budaya, sanaos sacara étnis aranjeunna silih patali sareng [[Islam]].{{sfn|Wong|2000|pp=1–17}} Sadaya urang Malayu Brunéi anu lahir atanapi cicing di Malaysia Wétan bahkan salami sababaraha generasi sateuacan atanapi saatos dibentukna federasi Malaysia dina taun 1963 ogé dianggap [[urang Malayu Malaysia]] dina sensus nasional sareng aya dina status anu sami sareng urang Malayu Malaysia anu cicing di nagara-nagara bagian Malaysia Kulon sareng bagian tengah sareng kidul Sarawak. Éta ogé didefinisikeun salaku bagian tina klasifikasi ras Bumiputera babarengan salaku subgrup dina populasi étnis Melayu Malaysia sareng Kadazan, Dusun, Orang Ulu, Iban, Portugis Malaka, Murut, Rungus, Paitan (Orang Sungai), Bajau, Suluk, Melanau sareng Siam Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahamonline.miti.gov.my/documents/SENARAI_RUJUKAN_BUMIPUTERA_SPSKB.pdf|title=SENARAI SUKU/KAUM/KETURUNAN YANG DIANGGAP SEBAGAI BUMIPUTERA|trans-title=LIST OF TRIBES/RACE/DESCENTS CONSIDERED AS BUMIPUTERA|language=ms|work=Special Bumiputera Share Allocation, Ministry of Investment, Trade and Industry of Malaysia|page=1|access-date=2 Nopémber 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918231029/https://sahamonline.miti.gov.my/documents/SENARAI_RUJUKAN_BUMIPUTERA_SPSKB.pdf|archive-date=18 Séptémber 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Urang Malayu Malaysia]] * [[Urang Malayu Singapura]] * [[Urang Malayu Indonésia]] == Catetan == {{reflist|group=notes}} == Référensi == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malayu}} [[Kategori:Malayu|Brunéi]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Brunéi]] 812vfsrq068jh1bth7v5eb0uu0wpp0w 3 109534 731739 731556 2026-11-08T05:26:34Z Rafka Aditia 29183 731739 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:2px solid #f3e4f2; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:95%; margin-bottom : 1em; padding: 5px;">'''Bagéa, Bray!''' [[Wikipédia:Wilujeng sumping|Wilujeng sumping]] di komunitas '''[[Wikipédia]]''', hususna Wikipédia édisi [[Basa Sunda]].[[Kategori:Wikipédiawan nu gabung bulan Oktober 2026]] Pikeun pangwanoh ka baraya lianna, mangga eusian kaca [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|pamaké {{PAGENAME}}]] ku sababaraha hal nu peryogi kauninga, utamana ngeunaan widang naon waé nu janten minat sadérék. Pikeun hal-hal nu sipatna téhnis, mangga buka kaca : :*[[Wikipédia:Pitulung|Pitulung]], atanapi mangga tingalan [[Wikipédia:NLD|nu loba ditanyakeun]] (sanajan can lengkep) ngeunaan ramatloka ieu. :*Upami sadérék nembéan di Wikipédia ieu, mangga tingali cara maké di [[Wikipedia:Kursus kilat|Kursus kilat]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Cara nyieun artikel|Cara nyieun artikel]] :*Nanyakeun atawa méré usul ngeunaan Wikipédia ieu di '''''[[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]]'''''. :*Pigunakeun '''[[Wikipédia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]]''' pikeun nyobaan ngédit. Pikeun '''nanda tangan''' dina kaca sawala, siga kaca ieu, ketik &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; (opat kali tanda gelombang/''tilde''). {|width="100%" |align="right"|'''[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|Tidak berbahasa Sunda (don't speak Sundanese)?]]''' |} </div><br/> [[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 7 Nopémber 2026 10.06 (UTC) ltkjf8opom89ehosavcise82ojx3d0d 0 109535 731571 731557 2026-11-07T14:55:32Z Mirani Pramitasari 26631 /* Puskesmas Tamblong */ 731571 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jalan Tamblong''' nyaéta salah sahiji jalan nu miboga sajarah di Bandung anu ngaranna dicokot tina saurang jalma Tionghoa nu ngaranna Tam Long salaku tukang nyieun parabot. Jalan ieu manjang ti tungtung Jalan Sumatra dugi ka Jalan Lengkong Besar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jatimnetwork.com/nusantara/4312703050/kenapa-dinamakan-tamblong-jalan-di-bandung-itu-ternyata-diambil-dari|title=Kenapa Dinamakan Tamblong? Jalan di Bandung Itu Ternyata Diambil dari...|last=Daroini|first=Ike Khasanatut|date=19 Mei 2024|access-date=7 November 2026}}</ref> == Sajarah == Jalan ieu dingaranan Jalan Tamblong dimimitian dina taun 1874, baheulana dingaranan Jalan Akip Prawira Suganda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ayobandung.com/bandung-baheula/7910250825/jadi-mega-proyek-daendels-jalan-di-bandung-ini-diambil-dari-nama-tukang-mebel-begini-sejarahnya?page=2|title=Jadi Mega Proyek Daendels, Jalan di Bandung Ini Diambil dari Nama Tukang Mebel, Begini Sejarahnya|last=Khasanah|first=Uswatun|date=22 September 2023|access-date=7 November 2026}}</ref> == Wangunan di Jalan Tamblong == === Puskesmas Tamblong === Pusat Kaséhatan Masarakat (Puskesmas) ieu diwangun antara taun 1910 jeung 1920, dirancang ku saurang arsiték nu ngaranna Dr. Ir. J.W. Ijzerman. Mimitina, wangunan ieu téh mangrupa tempat cicing saurang padagang Walanda. Harita, jalan éta katelah Jalan Rumah Sakit—atawa ''Oude Hospitalweg'' dina basa Walanda. Wangunan ieu mibanda munara nu nyanghareup ka juru jalan, sedengkeun hateup wangunan utamana ngawangun kawas taméng.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fbm.isbi.ac.id/program-studi/karya-dosen/galeri-cbb-2/puskesmas-tamblong/|title=Puskesmas Tamblong – FAKULTAS BUDAYA DAN MEDIA|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> === Rasa Bakery === Dina zaman baheulana, ieu toko roti téh ngaranna Hazes anu diadegkeun taun 1936. Ayana Hazes harita jadi penanda penting pikeun tradisi nyieun roti jeung kuéh-kuéh klasik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.koran-gala.id/news/58715846592/dari-kuliner-legendaris-hingga-jejak-aktivisme-di-jalan-tamblong-bandung|title=Dari Kuliner Legendaris hingga Jejak Aktivisme di Jalan Tamblong Bandung|last=Gala|first=Tim Koran|date=2 September 2025|access-date=7 November 2026}}</ref> === Masjid Lautze 2 === Masjid ieu miboga desain arsitéktur has gaya Tionghoa, anu didominasi ku warna beureum jeung konéng. Masjid ieu diadegkeun dina taun 1997 sarta aya patalina jeung Masjid Lautze 1 di Jakarta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jabarprov.go.id/berita/bergaya-arsitektur-tionghoa-masjid-lautze-2-pusat-log-in-di-kota-bandung-12778|title=Bergaya Arsitektur Tionghoa, Masjid Lautze 2: Pusat "Log In" di Kota Bandung|last=Bandung|first=Diskominfo|accessdate=7 November 2026}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> r9baxgsu3twn6l59dcctg3e9b8s6u3v 828 109537 731563 2026-11-07T12:14:49Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan 731563 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); -- make a language object for the local language; used here for languages and dates --[[--------------------------< S E T T I N G S >-------------------------------------------------------------- boolean settings used to control various things. these setting located here to make them easy to find ]] -- these settings local to this module only local local_digits_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local_digits'] from MediaWiki; manual fill required else; always false at en.wiki -- these settings exported to other modules local use_identifier_redirects = true; -- when true use redirect name for identifier label links; always true at en.wiki local local_lang_cat_enable = false; -- when true categorizes pages where |language=<local wiki's language>; always false at en.wiki local date_name_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates English month-names to the local-wiki's language month names; always false at en.wiki local date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates Western date digit to the local-wiki's language digits (date_names['local_digits']); always false at en.wiki local enable_sort_keys = true; -- when true module adds namespace sort keys to error and maintenance category links local suppress_archive_today_urls = true; -- when true module suppresses all parameters with an archive.today url and any deprendent parameters --[[--------------------------< U N C A T E G O R I Z E D _ N A M E S P A C E S >------------------------------ List of namespaces identifiers for namespaces that will not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default. For wikis that have a current version of Module:cs1 documentation support, this #invoke will return an unordered list of namespace names and their associated identifiers: {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|uncategorized_namespace_lister|all=<anything>}} ]] local uncategorized_namespaces_t = {[2]=true}; -- init with user namespace id for k, _ in pairs (mw.site.talkNamespaces) do -- add all talk namespace ids uncategorized_namespaces_t[k] = true; end local uncategorized_subpages = {'/[Kk]otrétan', '/[Kk]asus uji', '/[^/]*[Ll]og', '/[Aa]rsip'}; -- list of Lua patterns found in page names of pages we should not categorize --[[ at en.wiki Greek characters are used as sort keys for certain items in a category so that those items are placed at the end of a category page. See Wikipedia:Categorization#Sort_keys. That works well for en.wiki because English is written using the Latn script. This may not work well for other languages. At en.wiki it is desireable to place content from certain namespaces at the end of a category listing so the module adds sort keys to error and maintenance category links when rendering a cs1|2 template on a page in that namespace. i18n: if this does not work well for your language, set <enable_sort_keys> to false. ]] local name_space_sort_keys = { -- sort keys to be used with these namespaces: [4] = 'ω', -- wikipedia; omega [10] = 'τ', -- template; tau [118] = 'Δ', -- draft; delta ['other'] = 'ο', -- all other non-talk namespaces except main (article); omicron } --[[--------------------------< M E S S A G E S >-------------------------------------------------------------- Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] local messages = { ['agency'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is agency ['archived-dead'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti $1 tanggal $2', ['archived-live'] = '$1 ti vérsi aslina tanggal $2', ['archived-missing'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti vérsi asli $1 tanggal $2', ['archived-unfit'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti vérsi asli pada ', ['archived'] = 'Diarsipkeun', ['by'] = 'Ku', -- contributions to authored works: introduction, foreword, afterword ['cartography'] = 'Kartografi ku $1', ['editor'] = 'éd.', ['editors'] = 'éd.', ['edition'] = '(Édisi $1)', ['episode'] = 'Épisode $1', ['et al'] = 'et&nbsp;al.', ['in'] = 'Dina', -- edited works ['inactive'] = 'teu aktip', ['inset'] = 'insét $1', ['interview'] = 'Diwawancara ku $1', ['mismatch'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code> mismatch', -- $1 is year param name; $2 is date param name ['newsgroup'] = '[[Usenet newsgroup|Newsgroup]]:&nbsp;$1', ['notitle'] = 'Tanpa judul', -- for |title=(()) and (in the future) |title=none ['original'] = 'asli', ['origdate'] = ' [$1]', ['published'] = ' (dipublikasikeun $1)', ['retrieved'] = 'Diaksés tanggal $1', ['season'] = 'Musim $1', ['section'] = '§&nbsp;$1', ['sections'] = '§§&nbsp;$1', ['series'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is series ['seriesnum'] = 'Séri $1', ['translated'] = 'Ditarjamahkeun ku $1', ['type'] = ' ($1)', -- for titletype ['written'] = 'Ditulis ku $1', ['vol'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; bold journal style volume is in presentation{} ['vol-no'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, no.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, issue (alternatively insert $1 after $2, but then we'd also have to change capitalization) ['issue'] = '$1 No.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['art'] = '$1 Art.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; for {{cite conference}} only ['vol-art'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, art.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, article-number; for {{cite conference}} only ['j-vol'] = '$1 $2', -- sepc, volume; bold journal volume is in presentation{} ['j-issue'] = ' ($1)', ['j-article-num'] = ' $1', -- TODO: any punctuation here? static text? ['nopp'] = '$1 $2'; -- page(s) without prefix; $1 is sepc ['p-prefix'] = "$1 hlm.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['pp-prefix'] = "$1 hlm.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['j-page(s)'] = ': $1', -- same for page and pages ['sheet'] = '$1 Lembar&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['sheets'] = '$1 Lembar&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['j-sheet'] = ': Lembar&nbsp;$1', ['j-sheets'] = ': Lembar&nbsp;$1', ['language'] = '(Dina basa $1)', ['via'] = " &ndash; via $1", ['event'] = 'Kajadian di', ['minutes'] = 'menit di', -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = ' ', ['help page label'] = ' ', -- categories ['cat wikilink'] = '[[Kategori:$1]]', -- $1 is the category name ['cat wikilink sk'] = '[[Kategori:$1|$2]]', -- $1 is the category name; $2 is namespace sort key [':cat wikilink'] = '[[:Kategori:$1|tumbu]]', -- category name as maintenance message wikilink; $1 is the category name -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Dipanggil kalawan kondisi kasalahan nu teu ditangtukeun', ['unknown_ID_key'] = 'Konci ID teu dipikanyaho: ', -- an ID key in id_handlers not found in ~/Identifiers func_map{} ['unknown_ID_access'] = 'Kata kunci akses ID tidak dikenal: ', -- an ID access keyword in id_handlers not found in keywords_lists['id-access']{} ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Peta argumén teu ditangtukeun pikeun variabel ieu', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'URL kosong kapanggih tapi indikator asal nyaéta nihil atawa kosong', ['warning_msg_e'] = '<span style="color:#d33">Hiji atawa leuwih citakan <code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code> ngabogaan kasalahan</span>; talatah bisa disumputkeun ([[Help:Galat_CS1#Controlling_error_message_display|pitulung]]).'; -- $1 is template link ['warning_msg_m'] = '<span style="color:#3a3">Hiji atawa leuwih citakan <code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code> ngabogaan talatah pamiaraan</span>; talatah bisa disumputkeun ([[Help:Galat_CS1#Controlling_error_message_display|pitulung]]).'; -- $1 is template link } --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N _ C L A S S _ M A P >------------------------------------------ this table maps the value assigned to |CitationClass= in the cs1|2 templates to the canonical template name when the value assigned to |CitationClass= is different from the canonical template name. |CitationClass= values are used as class attributes in the <cite> tag that encloses the citation so these names may not contain spaces while the canonical template name may. These names are used in warning_msg_e and warning_msg_m to create links to the template's documentation when an article is displayed in preview mode. Most cs1|2 template |CitationClass= values at en.wiki match their canonical template names so are not listed here. ]] local citation_class_map_t = { -- TODO: if kept, these and all other config.CitationClass 'names' require some sort of i18n ['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['audio-visual'] = 'AV media', ['AV-media-notes'] = 'AV media notes', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['encyclopaedia'] = 'encyclopedia', ['mailinglist'] = 'mailing list', ['medrxiv'] = 'medRxiv', ['pressrelease'] = 'press release', ['ssrn'] = 'SSRN', ['techreport'] = 'tech report', } --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in name text (author, editor, etc.). The main module uses these to identify and emit the 'etal' message. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. "%[%[ *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%]%]", -- a wikilinked form "%(%( *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%)%)", -- a double-bracketed form (to counter partial removal of ((...)) syntax) "[%(%[] *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *[%)%]]", -- a bracketed form } --[[--------------------------< P R E S E N T A T I O N >------------------------ Fixed presentation markup. Originally part of citation_config.messages it has been moved into its own, more semantically correct place. ]] local presentation = { -- .citation-comment class is specified at Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display ['hidden-error'] = '<span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['hidden-maint'] = '<span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">$1</span>', ['accessdate'] = '<span class="reference-accessdate">$1$2</span>', -- to allow editors to hide accessdate using personal CSS ['bdi'] = '<bdi$1>$2</bdi>', -- bidirectional isolation used with |script-title= and the like ['cite'] = '<cite class="$1">$2</cite>'; -- for use when citation does not have a namelist and |ref= not set so no id="..." attribute ['cite-id'] = '<cite id="$1" class="$2">$3</cite>'; -- for use when when |ref= is set or when citation has a namelist ['format'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">($1)</span>', -- for |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. ['interwiki'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[in $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-language-linked author, editor, etc ['interproj'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[at $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-project-linked author, editor, etc (:d: and :s: supported; :w: ignored) -- various access levels, for |access=, |doi-access=, |arxiv=, ... -- narrow no-break space &#8239; may work better than nowrap CSS. Or not? Browser support? ['ext-link-access-signal'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', -- external link with appropriate lock icon ['free'] = {class='id-lock-free', title='Freely accessible'}, -- classes defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css ['registration'] = {class='id-lock-registration', title='Free registration required'}, ['limited'] = {class='id-lock-limited', title='Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required'}, ['subscription'] = {class='id-lock-subscription', title='Paid subscription required'}, ['interwiki-icon'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', ['class-wikisource'] = 'cs1-ws-icon', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['kern-left'] = '<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>$1', -- spacing to use when title contains leading single or double quote mark ['kern-right'] = '$1<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>', -- spacing to use when title contains trailing single or double quote mark ['nowrap1'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span>', -- for nowrapping an item: <span ...>yyyy-mm-dd</span> ['nowrap2'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span> $2', -- for nowrapping portions of an item: <span ...>dd mmmm</span> yyyy (note white space) ['ocins'] = '<span title="$1" class="Z3988"></span>', ['parameter'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', ['ps_cs1'] = '.'; -- CS1 style postscript (terminal) character ['ps_cs2'] = ''; -- CS2 style postscript (terminal) character (empty string) ['quoted-text'] = '<q>$1</q>', -- for wrapping |quote= content ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['sep_cs1'] = '.', -- CS1 element separator ['sep_cs2'] = ',', -- CS2 separator ['sep_nl'] = ';', -- CS1|2 style name-list separator between names is a semicolon ['sep_nl_and'] = ' and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 2 items ['sep_nl_end'] = '; and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 3+ names ['sep_name'] = ', ', -- CS1|2 style last/first separator is <comma><space> ['sep_nl_vanc'] = ',', -- Vancouver style name-list separator between authors is a comma ['sep_name_vanc'] = ' ', -- Vancouver style last/first separator is a space ['sep_list'] = ', ', -- used for |language= when list has 3+ items except for last sep which uses sep_list_end ['sep_list_pair'] = ' and ', -- used for |language= when list has 2 items ['sep_list_end'] = ', and ', -- used as last list sep for |language= when list has 3+ items ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;''$1''&#93;", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", -- for |trans-title= and |trans-quote= ['vol-bold'] = '$1 <b>$2</b>', -- sepc, volume; for bold journal cites; for other cites ['vol'] in messages{} } --[[--------------------------< A L I A S E S >--------------------------------- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters. Parameter names on the right side in the assignments in this table must have been defined in the Whitelist before they will be recognized as valid parameter names ]] local aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = {'access-date', 'accessdate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArchiveFormat'] = 'archive-format', ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArticleNumber'] = 'article-number', ['ASINTLD'] = 'asin-tld', ['At'] = 'at', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Authors'] = {'people', 'credits'}, ['BookTitle'] = {'book-title', 'booktitle'}, ['Cartography'] = 'cartography', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article', 'section'}, ['ChapterFormat'] = {'chapter-format', 'contribution-format', 'entry-format', 'article-format', 'section-format'}; ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'contribution-url', 'entry-url', 'article-url', 'section-url'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ChapterUrlAccess'] = {'chapter-url-access', 'contribution-url-access', 'entry-url-access', 'article-url-access', 'section-url-access'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Class'] = 'class', -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifier ['Collaboration'] = 'collaboration', ['Conference'] = {'conference', 'event'}, ['ConferenceFormat'] = 'conference-format', ['ConferenceURL'] = 'conference-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Date'] = {'date', 'air-date', 'airdate'}, -- air-date and airdate for cite episode and cite serial only ['Degree'] = 'degree', ['DF'] = 'df', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {'display-authors', 'display-subjects'}, ['DisplayContributors'] = 'display-contributors', ['DisplayEditors'] = 'display-editors', ['DisplayInterviewers'] = 'display-interviewers', ['DisplayTranslators'] = 'display-translators', ['Docket'] = 'docket', ['DoiBroken'] = 'doi-broken-date', ['Edition'] = 'edition', ['Embargo'] = 'pmc-embargo-date', ['Encyclopedia'] = {'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['Episode'] = 'episode', -- cite serial only TODO: make available to cite episode? ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID'}, ['Inset'] = 'inset', ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'lang'}, ['MailingList'] = {'mailing-list', 'mailinglist'}, -- cite mailing list only ['Map'] = 'map', -- cite map only ['MapFormat'] = 'map-format', -- cite map only ['MapURL'] = {'map-url', 'mapurl'}, -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['MapUrlAccess'] = 'map-url-access', -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Mode'] = 'mode', ['NameListStyle'] = 'name-list-style', ['Network'] = 'network', ['Newsgroup'] = 'newsgroup', -- cite newsgroup only ['NoPP'] = {'no-pp', 'nopp'}, ['NoTracking'] = {'no-tracking', 'template-doc-demo'}, ['Number'] = 'number', -- this case only for cite techreport ['OrigDate'] = {'orig-date', 'orig-year', 'origyear'}, ['Others'] = 'others', ['Page'] = {'page', 'p'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Pages'] = {'pages', 'pp'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'website', 'work'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publication-date', 'publicationdate'}, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace'}, ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'institution'}, ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['QuotePage'] = 'quote-page', ['QuotePages'] = 'quote-pages', ['Ref'] = 'ref', ['Scale'] = 'scale', ['ScriptChapter'] = {'script-chapter', 'script-contribution', 'script-entry', 'script-article', 'script-section'}, ['ScriptEncyclopedia'] = {'script-encyclopedia', 'script-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['ScriptMap'] = 'script-map', ['ScriptPeriodical'] = {'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-website', 'script-work'}, ['ScriptQuote'] = 'script-quote', ['ScriptTitle'] = 'script-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Season'] = 'season', ['Sections'] = 'sections', -- cite map only ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesLink'] = {'series-link', 'serieslink'}, ['SeriesNumber'] = {'series-number', 'series-no'}, ['Sheet'] = 'sheet', -- cite map only ['Sheets'] = 'sheets', -- cite map only ['Station'] = 'station', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = 'time-caption', ['Title'] = 'title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleLink'] = {'title-link', 'episode-link', 'episodelink'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleNote'] = {'title-note', 'department'}, ['TitleType'] = {'type', 'medium'}, ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-article', 'trans-chapter', 'trans-contribution', 'trans-entry', 'trans-section'}, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptFormat'] = 'transcript-format', ['TranscriptURL'] = 'transcript-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TransEncyclopedia'] = {'trans-encyclopedia', 'trans-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['TransMap'] = 'trans-map', -- cite map only ['TransPeriodical'] = {'trans-journal', 'trans-magazine', 'trans-newspaper', 'trans-periodical', 'trans-website', 'trans-work'}, ['TransQuote'] = 'trans-quote', ['TransTitle'] = 'trans-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlAccess'] = 'url-access', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlStatus'] = 'url-status', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Vauthors'] = 'vauthors', ['Veditors'] = 'veditors', ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"first#", "author-first#", "author#-first", "author-given#", "author#-given", "subject-first#", "subject#-first", "subject-given#", "subject#-given", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"last#", "author-last#", "author#-last", "author-surname#", "author#-surname", "subject-last#", "subject#-last", "subject-surname#", "subject#-surname", "author#", 'host#', "subject#", "surname#"}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author-link#", "author#-link", "subject-link#", "subject#-link", "authorlink#", "author#link"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author-mask#", "author#-mask", "subject-mask#", "subject#-mask"}, ['ContributorList-First'] = {'contributor-first#', 'contributor#-first', 'contributor-given#', 'contributor#-given'}, ['ContributorList-Last'] = {'contributor-last#', 'contributor#-last', 'contributor-surname#', 'contributor#-surname', 'contributor#'}, ['ContributorList-Link'] = {'contributor-link#', 'contributor#-link'}, ['ContributorList-Mask'] = {'contributor-mask#', 'contributor#-mask'}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor-first#", "editor#-first", "editor-given#", "editor#-given"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor-last#", "editor#-last", "editor-surname#", "editor#-surname", "editor#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor-link#", "editor#-link"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor-mask#", "editor#-mask"}, ['InterviewerList-First'] = {'interviewer-first#', 'interviewer#-first', 'interviewer-given#', 'interviewer#-given'}, ['InterviewerList-Last'] = {'interviewer-last#', 'interviewer#-last', 'interviewer-surname#', 'interviewer#-surname', 'interviewer#'}, ['InterviewerList-Link'] = {'interviewer-link#', 'interviewer#-link'}, ['InterviewerList-Mask'] = {'interviewer-mask#', 'interviewer#-mask'}, ['TranslatorList-First'] = {'translator-first#', 'translator#-first', 'translator-given#', 'translator#-given'}, ['TranslatorList-Last'] = {'translator-last#', 'translator#-last', 'translator-surname#', 'translator#-surname', 'translator#'}, ['TranslatorList-Link'] = {'translator-link#', 'translator#-link'}, ['TranslatorList-Mask'] = {'translator-mask#', 'translator#-mask'}, } --[[--------------------------< D E P E N D E N C I E S _ T >-------------------------------------------------- a table of url-holding parameters upon which other parameters are dependent. this table is used by has_archive_today_url() to suppress parameters that are dependant upon a url-holding parameter that has as a value an archive.today (or alternate tld) url. archive.today is deprecated at en.wiki; see Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Archive.is_RFC_5 ]] local url_dependency_map_t = { -- table of url-holding parameters and the meta-parameters that are dependent on them ['url'] = {'AccessDate', 'ArchiveURL', 'Format', 'UrlAccess'}, ['archive-url'] = {'ArchiveDate', 'ArchiveFormat', 'UrlStatus'}, ['archiveurl'] = {'ArchiveDate', 'ArchiveFormat', 'UrlStatus'}, ['article-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['chapter-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['conference-url'] = {'ConferenceFormat'}, ['contribution-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['entry-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['map-url'] = {'MapFormat', 'MapUrlAccess'}, ['section-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['transcript-url'] = {'TranscriptFormat'}, }; local dependencies_t = {}; -- the table of url-holding parameters and their dependent parameters for url_param, meta_parameters_t in pairs (url_dependency_map_t) do -- sequence of meta-parameters (indexes) into <aliases> table local dependant_params_t = {}; -- collection of parameters that are dependent on this <url_param> for _, meta_parameter in ipairs (meta_parameters_t) do -- for each <aliases> meta-parameter (index) if 'string' == type (aliases[meta_parameter]) then -- for single parameter names (no aliases), <aliases[meta_parameter]> will be a string table.insert (dependant_params_t, aliases[meta_parameter]); -- add to this <url_param>'s dependency sequence else for _, alias in ipairs (aliases[meta_parameter]) do -- for each alias in aliases[meta_parameter] (aliases['AccessDate'] for example) table.insert (dependant_params_t, alias); -- add to this <url_param>'s dependency sequence end end end dependencies_t[url_param] = dependant_params_t; -- add the <url_param> and its dependent parameters end --[[--------------------------< P U N C T _ S K I P >--------------------------- builds a table of parameter names that the extraneous terminal punctuation check should not check. ]] local punct_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'BookTitle', 'Chapter', 'ScriptChapter', 'ScriptTitle', 'Title', 'TransChapter', 'Transcript', 'TransMap', 'TransTitle', -- title-holding parameters 'AuthorList-Mask', 'ContributorList-Mask', 'EditorList-Mask', 'InterviewerList-Mask', 'TranslatorList-Mask', -- name-list mask may have name separators 'PostScript', 'Quote', 'ScriptQuote', 'TransQuote', 'Ref', -- miscellaneous 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- URL-holding parameters } local url_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'ID', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- parameters allowed to hold urls 'Page', 'Pages', 'At', 'QuotePage', 'QuotePages', -- insource locators allowed to hold urls } local function build_skip_table (skip_t, meta_params) for _, meta_param in ipairs (meta_params) do -- for each meta parameter key local params = aliases[meta_param]; -- get the parameter or the table of parameters associated with the meta parameter name if 'string' == type (params) then skip_t[params] = 1; -- just a single parameter else for _, param in ipairs (params) do -- get the parameter name skip_t[param] = 1; -- add the parameter name to the skip table local count; param, count = param:gsub ('#', ''); -- remove enumerator marker from enumerated parameters if 0 ~= count then -- if removed skip_t[param] = 1; -- add param name without enumerator marker end end end end return skip_t; end local punct_skip = {}; local url_skip = {}; --[[--------------------------< S I N G L E - L E T T E R S E C O N D - L E V E L D O M A I N S >---------- this is a list of tlds that are known to have single-letter second-level domain names. This list does not include ccTLDs which are accepted in is_domain_name(). ]] local single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = {'cash', 'company', 'foundation', 'media', 'org', 'today'}; --[[-----------< S P E C I A L C A S E T R A N S L A T I O N S >------------ This table is primarily here to support internationalization. Translations in this table are used, for example, when an error message, category name, etc., is extracted from the English alias key. There may be other cases where this translation table may be useful. ]] local is_Latn = 'A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191'; local special_case_translation = { ['AuthorList'] = 'daptar panulis', -- used to assemble maintenance category names ['ContributorList'] = 'daptar kontributor', -- translation of these names plus translation of the base maintenance category names in maint_cats{} table below ['EditorList'] = 'daptar éditor', -- must match the names of the actual categories ['InterviewerList'] = 'daptar pangwawancara', -- this group or translations used by name_has_ed_markup() and name_has_mult_names() ['TranslatorList'] = 'daptar panarjamah', -- Lua patterns to match pseudo-titles used by InternetArchiveBot and others as placeholder for unknown |title= value ['archived_copy'] = { -- used with CS1 maint: Archive[d] copy as title ['en'] = '^archived?%s+copy$', -- for English; translators: keep this because templates imported from en.wiki ['local'] = '^salinan?%s+arsip$', -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language }, -- Lua patterns to match generic titles; usually created by bots or reference filling tools -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language -- generic titles and patterns in this table should be lowercase only -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic title in your language -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches; 'false' for pattern searches ['generic_titles'] = { ['accept'] = { }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'^wayback%s+machine$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'are you a robot', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'hugedomains', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?no +title[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?euweuh +judul[>}%]%)]?$', false}}, {['en'] = {'page not found', true}, ['local'] = {'kaca teu kapanggih', true}}, {['en'] = {'subscribe to read', true}, ['local'] = {'ngalanggan pikeun maca', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?unknown[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?teu +dipikanyaho[>}%]%)]?$', false}}, {['en'] = {'website is for sale', true}, ['local'] = {'ramatloka dijual', true}}, {['en'] = {'^404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'error[ %-]404', false}, ['local'] = {'kasalahan[ %-]404', false}}, {['en'] = {'internet archive wayback machine', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'log into facebook', true}, ['local'] = {'asup log ka facebook', true}}, {['en'] = {'login • instagram', true}, ['local'] = {'asup log • instagram', true}}, {['en'] = {'redirecting...', true}, ['local'] = {'ngalihkeun...', true}}, {['en'] = {'usurped title', true}, ['local'] = {'gelar nu direbut', true}}, -- added by a GreenC bot {['en'] = {'webcite query result', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'wikiwix\'s cache', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } }, -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches, search string must be lowercase only -- boolean 'false' for pattern searches -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic name in your language ['generic_names'] = { ['accept'] = { {['en'] = {'%[%[[^|]*%(author%) *|[^%]]*%]%]', false}, ['local'] = {'%[%[[^|]*%(panulis%) *|[^%]]*%]%]', false}}, }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'about us', true}, ['local'] = {'ngeunaan arurang', true}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]dvisor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'allmusic', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]uthor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Pp]anulis%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'^[Bb]ureau$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Bb]iro$', false}}, {['en'] = {'business', true}, ['local'] = {'bisnis', true}}, {['en'] = {'cnn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'collaborator', true}, ['local'] = {'kolaborator', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Cc]ompany$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Pp]ausahaan$', false}}, {['en'] = {'contributor', true}, ['local'] = {'kontributor', true}}, {['en'] = {'contact us', true}, ['local'] = {'hubungi arurang', true}}, {['en'] = {'correspondent', true}, ['local'] = {'koréspondén', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Dd]esk$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Mm]éja +[Kk]erja$', false}}, {['en'] = {'directory', true}, ['local'] = {'diréktori', true}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%(%[][%(%[]%s*eds?%.?%s*[%)%]]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[,%.%s]%f[e]eds?%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^eds?[%.,;]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[]%s*[Ee][Dd][Ss]?%.?%s*[%)%]]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]dited%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Dd]iédit%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]ditors?%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Éé]ditor?%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]mail%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Ss]urélék%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'google', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Gg]roup$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Gg]orombolan$', false}}, {['en'] = {'home page', true}, ['local'] = {'beranda', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Ii]nc%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'interviewer', true}, ['local'] = {'pangwawancara', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Ll]imited$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'linkedIn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Nn]ews$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Ww]arta$', false}}, {['en'] = {'[Nn]ews[ %-]?[Rr]oom', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'pinterest', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'policy', true}, ['local'] = {'kawijakan', true}}, {['en'] = {'privacy', true}, ['local'] = {'privasi', true}}, {['en'] = {'reuters', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'translator', true}, ['local'] = {'panarjamah', true}}, {['en'] = {'tumblr', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'twitter', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'site name', true}, ['local'] = {'ngaran loka', true}}, {['en'] = {'statement', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'submitted', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'super.?user', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f['..is_Latn..'][Uu]ser%f[^'..is_Latn..']', false}, ['local'] = {'%f['..is_Latn..'][Pp]amaké%f[^'..is_Latn..']', false}}, {['en'] = {'verfasser', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } } } --[[--------------------------< D A T E _ N A M E S >---------------------------------------------------------- This table of tables lists local language date names and fallback English date names. The code in Date_validation will look first in the local table for valid date names. If date names are not found in the local table, the code will look in the English table. Because citations can be copied to the local wiki from en.wiki, the English is required when the date-name translation function date_name_xlate() is used. In these tables, season numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) Specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. CS1|2 only supports generic seasons. EDTF does support the distinction between north and south hemisphere seasons but CS1|2 has no way to make that distinction. 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) The standard does not address 'named' dates so, for the purposes of CS1|2, Easter and Christmas are defined here as 98 and 99, which should be out of the ISO 8601 (EDTF) range of uses for a while. local_date_names_from_mediawiki is a boolean. When set to: true – module will fetch local month names from MediaWiki for both date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; this will unconditionally overwrite manual translations false – module will *not* fetch local month names from MediaWiki Caveat lector: There is no guarantee that MediaWiki will provide short month names. At your wiki you can test the results of the MediaWiki fetch in the debug console with this command (the result is alpha sorted): =mw.dumpObject (p.date_names['local']) While the module can fetch month names from MediaWiki, it cannot fetch the quarter, season, and named date names from MediaWiki. Those must be translated manually. ]] local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = true; -- when false, manual translation required for date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; overwrites manual translations -- when true, module fetches long and short month names from MediaWiki local date_names = { ['en'] = { -- English ['long'] = {['January'] = 1, ['February'] = 2, ['March'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['June'] = 6, ['July'] = 7, ['August'] = 8, ['September'] = 9, ['October'] = 10, ['November'] = 11, ['December'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Feb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Aug'] = 8, ['Sep'] = 9, ['Oct'] = 10, ['Nov'] = 11, ['Dec'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['First Quarter'] = 33, ['Second Quarter'] = 34, ['Third Quarter'] = 35, ['Fourth Quarter'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Winter'] = 24, ['Spring'] = 21, ['Summer'] = 22, ['Fall'] = 23, ['Autumn'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Easter'] = 98, ['Christmas'] = 99}, }, -- when local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false ['local'] = { -- replace these English date names with the local language equivalents ['long'] = {['Januari'] = 1, ['Pébruari'] = 2, ['Maret'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['Méi'] = 5, ['Juni'] = 6, ['Juli'] = 7, ['Agustus'] = 8, ['Séptémber'] = 9, ['Oktober'] = 10, ['Nopémber'] = 11, ['Désémber'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Péb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['Méi'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Agu'] = 8, ['Sép'] = 9, ['Okt'] = 10, ['Nop'] = 11, ['Dés'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['Kuartal Kahiji'] = 33, ['Kuartal Kadua'] = 34, ['Kuartal Katilu'] = 35, ['Kuartal Kaopat'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Usum Tiris'] = 24, ['Usum Semi'] = 21, ['Usum Panas'] = 22, ['Usum Gugur'] = 23,}, ['named'] = {['Paskah'] = 98, ['Natal'] = 99}, }, ['inv_local_long'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].long where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_short'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].short where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_quarter'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].quarter where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_season'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].season where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_named'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].named where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['local_digits'] = {['0'] = '0', ['1'] = '1', ['2'] = '2', ['3'] = '3', ['4'] = '4', ['5'] = '5', ['6'] = '6', ['7'] = '7', ['8'] = '8', ['9'] = '9'}, -- used to convert local language digits to Western 0-9 ['xlate_digits'] = {}, } if local_date_names_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local month names from MediaWiki is enabled local long_t = {}; local short_t = {}; for i=1, 12 do -- loop 12x and local name = lang_obj:formatDate('F', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get long month name for each i long_t[name] = i; -- save it name = lang_obj:formatDate('M', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get short month name for each i short_t[name] = i; -- save it end date_names['local']['long'] = long_t; -- write the long table – overwrites manual translation date_names['local']['short'] = short_t; -- write the short table – overwrites manual translation end -- create inverted date-name tables for reformatting and/or translation for _, invert_t in pairs {{'long', 'inv_local_long'}, {'short', 'inv_local_short'}, {'quarter', 'inv_local_quarter'}, {'season', 'inv_local_season'}, {'named', 'inv_local_named'}} do for name, i in pairs (date_names['local'][invert_t[1]]) do -- this table is ['name'] = i date_names[invert_t[2]][i] = name; -- invert to get [i] = 'name' for conversions from ymd end end if local_digits_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local digits from MediaWiki is enabled local digits_t = {}; for i=0, 9 do -- loop 10x and digits_t [lang_obj:formatNum (i)] = tostring (i); -- format the loop indexer as local lang table index and assign loop indexer (a string) as the value end date_names['local_digits'] = digits_t; end for ld, ed in pairs (date_names.local_digits) do -- make a digit translation table for simple date translation from en to local language using local_digits table date_names.xlate_digits [ed] = ld; -- en digit becomes index with local digit as the value end local df_template_patterns = { -- table of redirects to {{Use dmy dates}} and {{Use mdy dates}} '{{ *[Uu]se +(dmy) +dates *[|}]', -- 1159k -- sorted by approximate transclusion count '{{ *[Uu]se +(mdy) +dates *[|}]', -- 212k '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) +dates *[|}]', -- 788 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) +dates *[|}]', -- 343 '{{ *([Mm]dy) *[|}]', -- 176 '{{ *[Uu]se *(dmy) *[|}]', -- 156 + 18 '{{ *[Uu]se *(mdy) *[|}]', -- 149 + 11 '{{ *([Dd]my) *[|}]', -- 56 '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) *[|}]', -- 5 '{{ *([Dd]MY) *[|}]', -- 3 '{{ *[Uu]se(mdy)dates *[|}]', -- 1 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) *[|}]', -- 0 '{{ *([Mm]DY) *[|}]', -- 0 } local title_object = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); local content; -- done this way so that unused templates appear in unused-template-reports; self-transcluded makes them look like they are used if 10 ~= title_object.namespace then -- all namespaces except Template content = title_object:getContent() or ''; -- get the content of the article or ''; new pages edited w/ve do not have 'content' until saved; ve does not preview; phab:T221625 end local function get_date_format () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end for _, pattern in ipairs (df_template_patterns) do -- loop through the patterns looking for {{Use dmy dates}} or {{Use mdy dates}} or any of their redirects local start, _, match = content:find(pattern); -- match is the three letters indicating desired date format if match then local use_dates_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *[lsy][sy]?') then -- look for |cs1-dates=publication date length access-/archive-date length return match:lower() .. '-' .. use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *([lsy][sy]?)'); else return match:lower() .. '-all'; -- no |cs1-dates= k/v pair; return value appropriate for use in |df= end end end end --[[-----------------< V O L U M E , I S S U E , P A G E S >------------------ These tables hold cite class values (from the template invocation) and identify those templates that support |volume=, |issue=, and |page(s)= parameters. Cite conference and cite map require further qualification which is handled in the main module. ]] local templates_using_volume = {'citation', 'audio-visual', 'book', 'conference', 'encyclopaedia', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'report', 'techreport', 'thesis'} local templates_using_issue = {'citation', 'conference', 'episode', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'podcast'} local templates_not_using_page = {'audio-visual', 'episode', 'mailinglist', 'newsgroup', 'podcast', 'serial', 'sign', 'speech'} --[[ These tables control when it is appropriate for {{citation}} to render |volume= and/or |issue=. The parameter names in the tables constrain {{citation}} so that its renderings match the renderings of the equivalent cs1 templates. For example, {{cite web}} does not support |volume= so the equivalent {{citation |website=...}} must not support |volume=. ]] local citation_no_volume_t = { -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used 'website', 'mailinglist', 'script-website', } local citation_issue_t = { -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used 'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'work', 'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-work', } --[[ Patterns for finding extra text in |volume=, |issue=, |page=, |pages= ]] local vol_iss_pg_patterns = { good_ppattern = '^P[^%.PpGg]', -- OK to begin with uppercase P: P7 (page 7 of section P), but not p123 (page 123); TODO: this allows 'Pages' which it should not bad_ppatterns = { -- patterns for |page= and |pages= '^[Pp][PpGg]?%.?[ %d]', '^[Pp][Pp]?%.&nbsp;', -- from {{p.}} and {{pp.}} templates '^[Pp]ages?', '^[Pp]gs.?', }, vi_patterns_t = { -- combined to catch volume-like text in |issue= and issue-like text in |volume= '^volumes?', -- volume-like text '^vols?[%.:=]?', '^issues?', --issue-like text '^iss[%.:=]?', '^numbers?', '^nos?%A', -- don't match 'november' or 'nostradamus' '^nr[%.:=]?', '^n[%.:= ]', -- might be a valid issue without separator (space char is sep char here) '^n°', -- 'n' with degree sign (U+00B0) '^№', -- precomposed unicode numero character (U+2116) }, } --[[--------------------------< K E Y W O R D S >------------------------------- These tables hold keywords for those parameters that have defined sets of acceptable keywords. ]] --[[-------------------< K E Y W O R D S T A B L E >-------------------------- this is a list of keywords; each key in the list is associated with a table of synonymous keywords possibly from different languages. for I18N: add local-language keywords to value table; do not change the key. For example, adding the German keyword 'ja': ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y', 'ja'}, Because CS1|2 templates from en.wiki articles are often copied to other local wikis, it is recommended that the English keywords remain in these tables. ]] local keywords = { ['amp'] = {'&', 'amp', 'ampersand'}, -- |name-list-style= ['and'] = {'and', 'serial'}, -- |name-list-style= ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- |no-tracking=, |no-pp= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['afterword'] = {'afterword'}, -- |contribution= ['bot: unknown'] = {'bot: unknown'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['cs1'] = {'cs1'}, -- |mode= ['cs2'] = {'cs2'}, -- |mode= ['dead'] = {'dead', 'deviated'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['dmy'] = {'dmy'}, -- |df= ['dmy-all'] = {'dmy-all'}, -- |df= ['foreword'] = {'foreword'}, -- |contribution= ['free'] = {'free'}, -- |<id>-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['harv'] = {'harv'}, -- |ref=; this no longer supported; is_valid_parameter_value() called with <invert> = true ['introduction'] = {'introduction'}, -- |contribution= ['limited'] = {'limited'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['live'] = {'live'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['mdy'] = {'mdy'}, -- |df= ['mdy-all'] = {'mdy-all'}, -- |df= ['none'] = {'none'}, -- |postscript=, |ref=, |title=, |type= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['off'] = {'off'}, -- |title= (potentially also: |title-link=, |postscript=, |ref=, |type=) ['preface'] = {'preface'}, -- |contribution= ['registration'] = {'registration'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['subscription'] = {'subscription'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['unfit'] = {'unfit'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['usurped'] = {'usurped'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['vanc'] = {'vanc'}, -- |name-list-style= ['ymd'] = {'ymd'}, -- |df= ['ymd-all'] = {'ymd-all'}, -- |df= -- ['yMd'] = {'yMd'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki -- ['yMd-all'] = {'yMd-all'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki } --[[------------------------< X L A T E _ K E Y W O R D S >--------------------- this function builds a list, keywords_xlate{}, of the keywords found in keywords{} where the values from keywords{} become the keys in keywords_xlate{} and the keys from keywords{} become the values in keywords_xlate{}: ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- in keywords{} becomes ['yes'] = 'affirmative', -- in keywords_xlate{} ['true'] = 'affirmative', ['y'] = 'affirmative', the purpose of this function is to act as a translator between a non-English keyword and its English equivalent that may be used in other modules of this suite ]] local function xlate_keywords () local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for k, keywords_t in pairs (keywords) do -- spin through the keywords table for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_t) do -- for each keyword out_table[keyword] = k; -- create an entry in the output table where keyword is the key end end return out_table; end local keywords_xlate = xlate_keywords (); -- the list of translated keywords --[[----------------< M A K E _ K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T >--------------------- this function assembles, for parameter-value validation, the list of keywords appropriate to that parameter. keywords_lists{}, is a table of tables from keywords{} ]] local function make_keywords_list (keywords_lists) local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for _, keyword_list in ipairs (keywords_lists) do -- spin through keywords_lists{} and get a table of keywords for _, keyword in ipairs (keyword_list) do -- spin through keyword_list{} and add each keyword, ... table.insert (out_table, keyword); -- ... as plain text, to the output list end end return out_table; end --[[----------------< K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T S >----------------------------- this is a list of lists of valid keywords for the various parameters in [key]. Generally the keys in this table are the canonical en.wiki parameter names though some are contrived because of use in multiple differently named parameters: ['yes_true_y'], ['id-access']. The function make_keywords_list() extracts the individual keywords from the appropriate list in keywords{}. The lists in this table are used to validate the keyword assignment for the parameters named in this table's keys. ]] local keywords_lists = { ['yes_true_y'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.affirmative}), ['contribution'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.afterword, keywords.foreword, keywords.introduction, keywords.preface}), ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all']}), -- ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all'], keywords.yMd, keywords['yMd-all']}), -- not supported at en.wiki ['mode'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.cs1, keywords.cs2}), ['name-list-style'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.amp, keywords['and'], keywords.vanc}), ['ref'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.harv}), -- inverted check; |ref=harv no longer supported ['url-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.subscription, keywords.limited, keywords.registration}), ['url-status'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dead, keywords.live, keywords.unfit, keywords.usurped, keywords['bot: unknown']}), ['id-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.free}), } --[[--------------------------< C S 1 _ C O N F I G _ G E T >-------------------------------------------------- fetch and validate values from {{cs1 config}} template to fill <global_cs1_config_t> no error messages; when errors are detected, the parameter value from {{cs1 config}} is blanked. Supports all parameters and aliases associated with the metaparameters: DisplayAuthors, DisplayContributors, DisplayEditors, DisplayInterviewers, DisplayTranslators, NameListStyle, and Mode. The DisplayWhatever metaparameters accept numeric values only (|display-authors=etal and the like is not supported). ]] local global_cs1_config_t = {}; -- TODO: add value returned from get_date_format() to this table? local function get_cs1_config () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end local start = content:find('{{ *[Cc][Ss]1 config *[|}]'); -- <start> is offset into <content> when {{cs1 config}} found; nil else if start then local cs1_config_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if not cs1_config_template then return nil; end local params_t = mw.text.split (cs1_config_template:gsub ('^{{%s*', ''):gsub ('%s*}}$', ''), '%s*|%s*'); -- remove '{{' and '}}'; make a sequence of parameter/value pairs (split on the pipe) table.remove (params_t, 1); -- remove the template name because it isn't a parameter/value pair local config_meta_params_t = {'DisplayAuthors', 'DisplayContributors', 'DisplayEditors', 'DisplayInterviewers', 'DisplayTranslators', 'NameListStyle', 'Mode'}; local meta_param_map_t = {}; -- list of accepted parameter names usable in {{cs1 config}} goes here for _, meta_param in ipairs (config_meta_params_t) do -- for i18n using <config_meta_params_t>, map template parameter names to their metaparameter equivalents if 'table' == type (aliases[meta_param]) then -- if <meta_param> is a sequence, for _, param in ipairs (aliases[meta_param]) do -- extract its contents meta_param_map_t[param] = meta_param; -- and add to <meta_param_map_t> end else meta_param_map_t[aliases[meta_param]] = meta_param; -- not a sequence so just add the parameter to <meta_param_map_t> end end local keywords_t = {}; -- map valid keywords to their associate metaparameter; reverse form of <keyword_lists[key] for these metaparameters for _, metaparam_t in ipairs ({{'NameListStyle', 'name-list-style'}, {'Mode', 'mode'}}) do -- only these metaparameter / keywords_lists key pairs for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_lists[metaparam_t[2]]) do -- spin through the list of keywords keywords_t[keyword] = metaparam_t[1]; -- add [keyword] = metaparameter to the map end end for _, param in ipairs (params_t) do -- spin through the {{cs1 config}} parameters and fill <global_cs1_config_t> local k, v = param:match ('([^=]-)%s*=%s*(.+)'); -- <k> is the parameter name; <v> is parameter's assigned value if k then if k:find ('^display') then -- if <k> is one of the |display-<namelist>= parameters if v:match ('%d+') then -- the assigned value must be digits; doesn't accept 'etal' global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the display param and its value to globals table end else if keywords_t[v] == meta_param_map_t[k] then -- keywords_t[v] returns nil or the metaparam name; these must be the same global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the parameter and its value to globals table end end end end end end get_cs1_config (); -- fill <global_cs1_config_t> --[[---------------------< S T R I P M A R K E R S >---------------------------- Common pattern definition location for stripmarkers so that we don't have to go hunting for them if (when) MediaWiki changes their form. ]] local stripmarkers = { ['any'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-(%a+)%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- capture returns name of stripmarker ['math'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-math%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127' -- math stripmarkers used in coins_cleanup() and coins_replace_math_stripmarker() } --[[------------< I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R A C T E R S >--------------------- This table holds non-printing or invisible characters indexed either by name or by Unicode group. Values are decimal representations of UTF-8 codes. The table is organized as a table of tables because the Lua pairs keyword returns table data in an arbitrary order. Here, we want to process the table from top to bottom because the entries at the top of the table are also found in the ranges specified by the entries at the bottom of the table. Also here is a pattern that recognizes stripmarkers that begin and end with the delete characters. The nowiki stripmarker is not an error but some others are because the parameter values that include them become part of the template's metadata before stripmarker replacement. ]] local invisible_defs = { del = '\127', -- used to distinguish between stripmarker and del char zwj = '\226\128\141', -- used with capture because zwj may be allowed } local invisible_chars = { {'replacement', '\239\191\189'}, -- U+FFFD, EF BF BD {'zero width joiner', '('.. invisible_defs.zwj .. ')'}, -- U+200D, E2 80 8D; capture because zwj may be allowed {'zero width space', '\226\128\139'}, -- U+200B, E2 80 8B {'hair space', '\226\128\138'}, -- U+200A, E2 80 8A {'soft hyphen', '\194\173'}, -- U+00AD, C2 AD {'horizontal tab', '\009'}, -- U+0009 (HT), 09 {'line feed', '\010'}, -- U+000A (LF), 0A {'no-break space', '\194\160'}, -- U+00A0 (NBSP), C2 A0 {'carriage return', '\013'}, -- U+000D (CR), 0D {'stripmarker', stripmarkers.any}, -- stripmarker; may or may not be an error; capture returns the stripmaker type {'delete', '('.. invisible_defs.del .. ')'}, -- U+007F (DEL), 7F; must be done after stripmarker test; capture to distinguish isolated del chars not part of stripmarker {'C0 control', '[\000-\008\011\012\014-\031]'}, -- U+0000–U+001F (NULL–US), 00–1F (except HT, LF, CR (09, 0A, 0D)) {'C1 control', '[\194\128-\194\159]'}, -- U+0080–U+009F (XXX–APC), C2 80 – C2 9F -- {'Specials', '[\239\191\185-\239\191\191]'}, -- U+FFF9-U+FFFF, EF BF B9 – EF BF BF -- {'Private use area', '[\238\128\128-\239\163\191]'}, -- U+E000–U+F8FF, EE 80 80 – EF A3 BF -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-A', '[\243\176\128\128-\243\191\191\189]'}, -- U+F0000–U+FFFFD, F3 B0 80 80 – F3 BF BF BD -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-B', '[\244\128\128\128-\244\143\191\189]'}, -- U+100000–U+10FFFD, F4 80 80 80 – F4 8F BF BD } --[[ Indic script makes use of zero width joiner as a character modifier so zwj characters must be left in. This pattern covers all of the unicode characters for these languages: Devanagari 0900–097F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Devanagari extended A8E0–A8FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf Bengali 0980–09FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf Gurmukhi 0A00–0A7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf Gujarati 0A80–0AFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A80.pdf Oriya 0B00–0B7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf Tamil 0B80–0BFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf Telugu 0C00–0C7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C00.pdf Kannada 0C80–0CFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C80.pdf Malayalam 0D00–0D7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf plus the not-necessarily Indic scripts for Sinhala and Burmese: Sinhala 0D80-0DFF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf Myanmar 1000-109F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1000.pdf Myanmar extended A AA60-AA7F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAA60.pdf Myanmar extended B A9E0-A9FF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA9E0.pdf the pattern is used by has_invisible_chars() and coins_cleanup() ]] local indic_script = '[\224\164\128-\224\181\191\224\163\160-\224\183\191\225\128\128-\225\130\159\234\167\160-\234\167\191\234\169\160-\234\169\191]'; -- list of emoji that use a zwj character (U+200D) to combine with another emoji -- from: https://unicode.org/Public/emoji/16.0/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt; version: 16.0; 2024-08-14 -- table created by: [[:en:Module:Make emoji zwj table]] local emoji_t = { -- indexes are decimal forms of the hex values in U+xxxx [8596] = true, -- U+2194 ↔ left right arrow [8597] = true, -- U+2195 ↕ up down arrow [9760] = true, -- U+2620 ☠ skull and crossbones [9792] = true, -- U+2640 ♀ female sign [9794] = true, -- U+2642 ♂ male sign [9877] = true, -- U+2695 ⚕ staff of aesculapius [9878] = true, -- U+2696 ⚖ scales [9895] = true, -- U+26A7 ⚧ male with stroke and male and female sign [9992] = true, -- U+2708 ✈ airplane [10052] = true, -- U+2744 ❄ snowflake [10084] = true, -- U+2764 ❤ heavy black heart [10145] = true, -- U+27A1 ➡ black rightwards arrow [11035] = true, -- U+2B1B ⬛ black large square [127752] = true, -- U+1F308 🌈 rainbow [127787] = true, -- U+1F32B 🌫 fog [127806] = true, -- U+1F33E 🌾 ear of rice [127859] = true, -- U+1F373 🍳 cooking [127868] = true, -- U+1F37C 🍼 baby bottle [127876] = true, -- U+1F384 🎄 christmas tree [127891] = true, -- U+1F393 🎓 graduation cap [127908] = true, -- U+1F3A4 🎤 microphone [127912] = true, -- U+1F3A8 🎨 artist palette [127979] = true, -- U+1F3EB 🏫 school [127981] = true, -- U+1F3ED 🏭 factory [128102] = true, -- U+1F466 👦 boy [128103] = true, -- U+1F467 👧 girl [128104] = true, -- U+1F468 👨 man [128105] = true, -- U+1F469 👩 woman [128139] = true, -- U+1F48B 💋 kiss mark [128165] = true, -- U+1F4A5 💥 collision symbol [128168] = true, -- U+1F4A8 💨 dash symbol [128171] = true, -- U+1F4AB 💫 dizzy symbol [128187] = true, -- U+1F4BB 💻 personal computer [128188] = true, -- U+1F4BC 💼 brief case [128293] = true, -- U+1F525 🔥 fire [128295] = true, -- U+1F527 🔧 wrench [128300] = true, -- U+1F52C 🔬 microscope [128488] = true, -- U+1F5E8 🗨 left speech bubble [128640] = true, -- U+1F680 🚀 rocket [128658] = true, -- U+1F692 🚒 fire engine [129001] = true, -- U+1F7E9 🟩 large green square [129003] = true, -- U+1F7EB 🟫 large brown square [129309] = true, -- U+1F91D 🤝 handshake [129455] = true, -- U+1F9AF 🦯 probing cane [129456] = true, -- U+1F9B0 🦰 emoji component red hair [129457] = true, -- U+1F9B1 🦱 emoji component curly hair [129458] = true, -- U+1F9B2 🦲 emoji component bald [129459] = true, -- U+1F9B3 🦳 emoji component white hair [129466] = true, -- U+1F9BA 🦺 safety vest [129468] = true, -- U+1F9BC 🦼 motorized wheelchair [129469] = true, -- U+1F9BD 🦽 manual wheelchair [129489] = true, -- U+1F9D1 🧑 adult [129490] = true, -- U+1F9D2 🧒 child [129657] = true, -- U+1FA79 🩹 adhesive bandage [129778] = true, -- U+1FAF2 🫲 leftwards hand } --[[----------------------< L A N G U A G E S U P P O R T >------------------- These tables and constants support various language-specific functionality. ]] --local this_wiki_code = mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code local this_wiki_code = lang_obj:getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code if string.match (mw.site.server, 'wikidata') then this_wiki_code = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('int', {'lang'}); -- on Wikidata so use interface language setting instead end local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_code, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to Wikimedia; used for interwiki tests local mw_languages_by_name_t = {}; for k, v in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- build a 'reversed' table name/tag language pairs know to MediaWiki; used for |language= v = mw.ustring.lower (v); -- lowercase for tag fetch; get name's proper case from mw_languages_by_tag_t[<tag>] if mw_languages_by_name_t[v] then -- when name already in the table if 2 == #k or 3 == #k then -- if tag does not have subtags mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- prefer the shortest tag for this name end else -- here when name not in the table mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- so add name and matching tag end end local inter_wiki_map = {}; -- map of interwiki prefixes that are language-code prefixes for k, v in pairs (mw.site.interwikiMap ('local')) do -- spin through the base interwiki map (limited to local) if mw_languages_by_tag_t[v["prefix"]] then -- if the prefix matches a known language tag inter_wiki_map[v["prefix"]] = true; -- add it to our local map end end --[[--------------------< S C R I P T _ L A N G _ C O D E S >------------------- This table is used to hold ISO 639-1 two-character and ISO 639-3 three-character language codes that apply only to |script-title= and |script-chapter= ]] local script_lang_codes = { 'ab', 'am', 'ar', 'az', 'be', 'bg', 'bn', 'bo', 'bs', 'ce', 'chr', 'dv', 'dz', 'el', 'fa', 'grc', 'gu', 'he', 'hi', 'hy', 'ja', 'ka', 'kk', 'km', 'kn', 'ko', 'ku', 'ky', 'lo', 'mk', 'ml', 'mn', 'mni', 'mr', 'my', 'ne', 'or', 'ota', 'pa', 'ps', 'ru', 'sd', 'si', 'sr', 'syc', 'ta', 'te', 'tg', 'th', 'ti', 'tt', 'ug', 'uk', 'ur', 'uz', 'yi', 'yue', 'zh', 'zgh' }; --[[---------------< L A N G U A G E R E M A P P I N G >---------------------- These tables hold language information that is different (correct) from MediaWiki's definitions For each ['<tag>'] = 'language name' in lang_code_remap{} there must be a matching ['language name'] = {'language name', '<tag>'} in lang_name_remap{} lang_tag_remap{}: key is always lowercase ISO 639-1, -2, -3 language tag or a valid lowercase IETF language tag value is properly spelled and capitalized language name associated with <tag> only one language name per <tag>; key/value pair must have matching entry in lang_name_remap{} lang_name_remap{}: key is always lowercase language name value is a table the holds correctly spelled and capitalized language name [1] and associated tag [2] (tag must match a tag key in lang_tag_remap{}) may have multiple keys referring to a common preferred name and tag; For example: ['kolsch'] and ['kölsch'] both refer to 'Kölsch' and 'ksh' ]] local lang_tag_remap = { -- used for |language= and |script-title= / |script-chapter= ['als'] = 'Tosk Albanian', -- MediaWiki returns Alemannisch ['bh'] = 'Bihari', -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bla'] = 'Blackfoot', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['bn'] = 'Bengali', -- MediaWiki returns Bangla ['ca-valencia'] = 'Valencian', -- IETF variant of Catalan ['fkv'] = 'Kven', -- MediaWiki returns Kvensk ['gsw'] = 'Swiss German', ['ilo'] = 'Ilocano', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['ksh'] = 'Kölsch', -- MediaWiki: Colognian; use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['ksh-x-colog'] = 'Colognian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Colognian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['mis-x-ripuar'] = 'Ripuarian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Ripuarian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['nan-tw'] = 'Taiwanese Hokkien', -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese and support en.wiki preferred name ['sr-ec'] = 'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', -- MediaWiki returns српски (ћирилица) ['sr-el'] = 'Serbian (Latin script)', -- MediaWiki returns srpski (latinica) } local lang_name_remap = { -- used for |language=; names require proper capitalization; tags must be lowercase ['alemannic'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- ISO 639-2, -3 alternate for Swiss German; MediaWiki mediawiki returns Alemannic for gsw; en.wiki preferred name ['alemannisch'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- not an ISO or IANA language name; MediaWiki uses 'als' as a subdomain name for Alemannic Wikipedia: als.wikipedia.org ['bangla'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki returns Bangla (the endonym) but we want Bengali (the exonym); here we remap ['bengali'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki doesn't use exonym so here we provide correct language name and 639-1 code ['bhojpuri'] = {'Bhojpuri', 'bho'}, -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bihari'] = {'Bihari', 'bh'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Bihari' with 'Bhojpuri' so 'Bihari' cannot be found ['blackfoot'] = {'Blackfoot', 'bla'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['colognian'] = {'Colognian', 'ksh-x-colog'}, -- MediaWiki preferred name for ksh ['ilocano'] = {'Ilocano', 'ilo'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['kolsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name (use non-diacritical o instead of umlaut ö) ['kölsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['kven'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- Unicode CLDR have decided not to support English language name for these two... ['kvensk'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- ...they say to refer to IANA registry for English names ['ripuarian'] = {'Ripuarian', 'mis-x-ripuar'}, -- group of dialects; no code in MediaWiki or in IANA/ISO 639 ['serbian (cyrillic script)'] = {'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', 'sr-cyrl'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-ec ['serbian (latin script)'] = {'Serbian (Latin script)', 'sr-latn'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-el ['swiss german'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, ['taiwanese hokkien'] = {'Taiwanese Hokkien', 'nan-tw'}, -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese ['tosk albanian'] = {'Tosk Albanian', 'als'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Tosk Albanian' with 'Alemannisch' so 'Tosk Albanian' cannot be found ['valencian'] = {'Valencian', 'ca-valencia'}, -- variant of Catalan; categorizes as Valencian } --[[---------------< P R O P E R T I E S _ C A T E G O R I E S >---------------- Properties categories. These are used for investigating qualities of citations. ]] local prop_cats = { ['foreign-lang-source'] = 'CS1 sumber basa $1 ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is foreign-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code ['foreign-lang-source-2'] = 'CS1 sumber basa asing (ISO 639-2)|$1', -- |language= category; a cat for ISO639-2 languages; $1 is the ISO 639-2 code used as a sort key ['interproj-linked-name'] = 'CS1 ngaran kalawan tutumbu antarproyék|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interproject link; $1 is interproject tag used as a sort key ['interwiki-linked-name'] = 'CS1 ngaran kalawan tutumbu interwiki|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interwiki link; $1 is interwiki tag used as a sort key; yeilds to interproject ['local-lang-source'] = 'CS1 sumber basa $1 ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is local-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code; not emitted when local_lang_cat_enable is false ['location-test'] = 'CS1 uji lokasi', ['long-vol'] = 'CS1: volume bernilai panjang', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |volume= values longer than 4 characters ['script'] = 'CS1 maké aksara basa $1 ($2)', -- |script-title=xx: has matching category; $1 is language name, $2 is language tag ['tracked-param'] = 'CS1 paraméter kalacak: $1', -- $1 is base (enumerators removed) parameter name ['unfit'] = 'CS1: URL teu cocok', -- |url-status=unfit or |url-status=usurped; used to be a maint cat ['vanc-accept'] = 'CS1:Vancouver names with accept markup', -- for |vauthors=/|veditors= with accept-as-written markup ['year-range-abbreviated'] = 'CS1: rentang taun disingget', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |date=, |year= values using YYYY–YY form } --[[-------------------< T I T L E _ T Y P E S >-------------------------------- Here we map a template's CitationClass to TitleType (default values for |type= parameter) ]] local title_types = { ['AV-media-notes'] = 'Media notes', ['document'] = 'Document', ['interview'] = 'Interview', ['mailinglist'] = 'Mailing list', ['map'] = 'Map', ['podcast'] = 'Podcast', ['pressrelease'] = 'Press release', ['report'] = 'Report', ['speech'] = 'Speech', ['techreport'] = 'Technical report', ['thesis'] = 'Thesis', } --[[--------------------------< B U I L D _ K N O W N _ F R E E _ D O I _ R E G I S T R A N T S _ T A B L E >-- build a table of doi registrants known to be free-to-read In a doi, the registrant ID is the series of digits between the '10.' and the first '/': in doi 10.1100/sommat, 1100 is the registrant ID see §3.2.2 DOI prefix of the Doi Handbook p. 43 https://www.doi.org/doi-handbook/DOI_Handbook_Final.pdf#page=43 ]] local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() local registrants_t = {}; for _, v in ipairs ({ '1045', '1074', '1096', '1100', '1155', '1186', '1194', '1371', '1629', '1989', '1999', '2147', '2196', '3285', '3389', '3390', '3748', '3814', '3847', '3897', '4061', '4089', '4103', '4172', '4175', '4230', '4236', '4239', '4240', '4249', '4251', '4252', '4253', '4254', '4291', '4292', '4329', '4330', '4331', '5194', '5210', '5306', '5312', '5313', '5314', '5315', '5316', '5317', '5318', '5319', '5320', '5321', '5334', '5402', '5409', '5410', '5411', '5412', '5492', '5493', '5494', '5495', '5496', '5497', '5498', '5499', '5500', '5501', '5527', '5528', '5662', '6064', '6219', '7167', '7217', '7287', '7482', '7490', '7554', '7717', '7759', '7766', '11131', '11569', '11647', '11648', '12688', '12703', '12715', '12942', '12998', '13105', '14256', '14293', '14303', '15215', '15347', '15412', '15560', '16995', '17645', '18637', '19080', '19173', '20944', '21037', '21468', '21767', '22261', '22323', '22459', '24105', '24196', '24966', '26775', '30845', '32545', '35711', '35712', '35713', '35995', '36648', '37126', '37532', '37871', '47128', '47622', '47959', '52437', '52975', '53288', '54081', '54947', '55667', '55914', '57009', '58647', '59081', }) do registrants_t[v] = true; -- build a k/v table of known free-to-read doi registrants end return registrants_t; end local extended_registrants_t = { -- known free registrants identifiable by the doi suffix incipit ['1002'] = {'aelm', 'leap'}, -- Advanced Electronic Materials, Learned Publishing ['1016'] = {'j.heliyon', 'j.nlp', 'j.proche'}, -- Heliyon, Natural Language Processing, Procedia Chemistry ['1017'] = {'nlp'}, -- Natural Language Processing Journal ['1046'] = {'j.1365-8711', 'j.1365-246x'}, -- MNRAS, GJI ['1093'] = {'mnras', 'mnrasl', 'gji', 'rasti'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI, RASTI ['1099'] = {'acmi', 'mic', '00221287', 'mgen'}, -- Access Microbiology, Microbiology, Journal of General Microbiology, Microbial Genomics ['1111'] = {'j.1365-2966', 'j.1745-3933', 'j.1365-246X'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI ['1210'] = {'jendso','jcemcr'}, -- Journal of the Endocrine Society, JCEM Case Reports ['4171'] = {'dm','mag'}, -- Documenta Mathematica, EMS Magazine ['14231'] = {'ag'}, -- Algebraic Geometry } --[[===================<< E R R O R M E S S A G I N G >>====================== ]] --[[----------< E R R O R M E S S A G E S U P P L I M E N T S >------------- I18N for those messages that are supplemented with additional specific text that describes the reason for the error TODO: merge this with special_case_translations{}? ]] local err_msg_supl = { ['char'] = 'invalid character', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['check'] = 'checksum', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['flag'] = 'flag', -- |archive-url= ['form'] = 'invalid form', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['group'] = 'invalid group id', -- |isbn= ['initials'] = 'initials', -- Vancouver ['invalid language code'] = 'invalid language code', -- |script-<param>= ['journal'] = 'journal', -- |bibcode= ['length'] = 'length', -- |isbn=, |bibcode=, |sbn= ['liveweb'] = 'liveweb', -- |archive-url= ['missing comma'] = 'missing comma', -- Vancouver ['missing prefix'] = 'missing prefix', -- |script-<param>= ['missing title part'] = 'missing title part', -- |script-<param>= ['name'] = 'name', -- Vancouver ['non-Latin char'] = 'non-Latin character', -- Vancouver ['path'] = 'path', -- |archive-url= ['prefix'] = 'invalid prefix', -- |isbn= ['punctuation'] = 'punctuation', -- Vancouver ['save'] = 'save command', -- |archive-url= ['suffix'] = 'suffix', -- Vancouver ['timestamp'] = 'timestamp', -- |archive-url= ['unknown language code'] = 'unknown language code', -- |script-<param>= ['value'] = 'value', -- |bibcode= ['year'] = 'year', -- |bibcode= } --[[--------------< E R R O R _ C O N D I T I O N S >--------------------------- Error condition table. This table has two sections: errors at the top, maintenance at the bottom. Maint 'messaging' does not have a 'message' (message=nil) The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors TODO: rename error_conditions{} to something more generic; create separate error and maint tables inside that? ]] local error_conditions = { err_accessdate_missing_url = { message = ' ', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanggal aksés tanpa URL', hidden = false }, err_apostrophe_markup = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'apostrophe_markup', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: markah', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_missing_url = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_date_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_url_ts_mismatch = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_date_url_ts_mismatch', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_date = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_url = { message = ' ', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'archive_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_arxiv_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'arxiv_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: arXiv', -- same as bad arxiv hidden = false }, err_asintld_missing_asin = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'asintld_missing_asin', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_arxiv = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_arxiv', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: arXiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_asin', category ='Kasalahan CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin_tld = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_asin_tld', category ='Kasalahan CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_bibcode = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_bibcode', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bibcode', hidden = false }, err_bad_biorxiv = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_biorxiv', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bioRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_citeseerx = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_citeseerx', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: citeseerx', hidden = false }, err_bad_date = { message = ' ', -- $1 is a parameter name list anchor = 'bad_date', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanggal', hidden = false }, err_bad_doi = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: DOI', hidden = false }, err_bad_hdl = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_hdl', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: HDL', hidden = false }, err_bad_isbn = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ISBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ismn = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_ismn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ISMN', hidden = false }, err_bad_issn = { message = ' ', -- $1 is 'e' or '' for eissn or issn anchor = 'bad_issn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ISSN', hidden = false }, err_bad_jfm = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_jfm', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: JFM', hidden = false }, err_bad_jstor = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_jstor', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: JSTOR', hidden = false }, err_bad_lccn = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_lccn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: LCCN', hidden = false }, err_bad_medrxiv = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_medrxiv', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: medRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_mr = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_mr', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: MR', hidden = false }, err_bad_oclc = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_oclc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: OCLC', hidden = false }, err_bad_ol = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: OL', hidden = false }, err_bad_osti = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_osti', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: OSTI', hidden = false }, err_bad_paramlink = { -- for |title-link=, |author/editor/translator-link=, |series-link=, |episode-link= message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_paramlink', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tutumbu paraméter', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmc = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_pmc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: PMC', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmid = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_pmid', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: PMID', hidden = false }, err_bad_rfc = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_rfc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: RFC', hidden = false }, err_bad_s2cid = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_s2cid', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: S2CID', hidden = false }, err_bad_sbn = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_sbn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: SBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ssrn = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_ssrn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_bad_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL', hidden = false }, err_bad_usenet_id = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_message_id', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ID talatah', hidden = false }, err_bad_zbl = { message = ' ', anchor = 'bad_zbl', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: Zbl', hidden = false }, err_bare_url_missing_title = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tutumbu atah', hidden = false }, err_biorxiv_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'biorxiv_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bioRxiv', -- same as bad bioRxiv hidden = false }, err_chapter_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'chapter_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bab dipaliré', hidden = false }, err_citation_missing_title = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: judul leungit', hidden = false }, err_citeseerx_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'citeseerx_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: citeseerx', -- same as bad citeseerx hidden = false }, err_cite_web_url = { -- this error applies to cite web and to cite podcast message = ' ', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: butuh URL', hidden = false }, err_class_ignored = { message = ' ', anchor = 'class_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: kelas', hidden = false }, err_contributor_ignored = { message = ' ', anchor = 'contributor_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: kontributor', hidden = false }, err_contributor_missing_required_param = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'contributor_missing_required_param', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: kontributor', hidden = false }, err_deprecated_params = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'deprecated_params', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter nu teu dipaké deui', hidden = false }, err_disp_name = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name; $2 is the assigned value anchor = 'disp_name', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ngaran pidangan', hidden = false, }, err_doibroken_missing_doi = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'doibroken_missing_doi', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: DOI', hidden = false }, err_embargo_missing_pmc = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'embargo_missing_pmc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: PMC embargo', hidden = false }, err_empty_citation = { message = ' ', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: cutatan kosong', hidden = false }, err_etal = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'explicit_et_al', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: pamakéan et al.', hidden = false }, err_extra_text_edition = { message = ' ', anchor = 'extra_text_edition', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: édisi', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_issue = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_issue', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: nomer', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_pages = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_pages', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: kaca', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_volume = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_volume', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: volume', hidden = false, }, err_first_missing_last = { message = ' ', -- $1 is first alias, $2 is matching last alias anchor = 'first_missing_last', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanpa ngaran', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_format_missing_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is format parameter $2 is url parameter anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: format tanpa URL', hidden = false }, err_generic_name = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'generic_name', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ngaran generik', hidden = false, }, err_generic_title = { message = ' ', anchor = 'generic_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: judul generik', hidden = false, }, err_invalid_isbn_date = { message = ' ', anchor = 'invalid_isbn_date', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanggal ISBN', hidden = true }, err_invalid_param_val = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is parameter value anchor = 'invalid_param_val', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: nilai paraméter teu sah', hidden = false }, err_invisible_char = { message = ' ', -- $1 is invisible char $2 is parameter name $3 is position number anchor = 'invisible_char', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: karakter teu katémbong', hidden = false }, err_medrxiv_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'medrxiv_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: medRxiv', -- same as bad medRxiv hidden = false }, err_missing_name = { message = ' ', -- $1 is modified NameList; $2 is enumerator anchor = 'missing_name', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: teu ngabogaan panulis atawa éditor', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_missing_periodical = { message = ' ', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical periodical parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_periodical', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: periode leungit', hidden = false }, err_missing_pipe = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'missing_pipe', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: pipa leungit', hidden = false }, err_missing_publisher = { message = ' ', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical publisher parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_publisher', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: pamedal leungit', hidden = false }, err_numeric_names = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name', anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ngaran dina wangun angka', hidden = false, }, err_param_access_requires_param = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_access_requires_param', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: aksés paraméter', hidden = false }, err_param_has_ext_link = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_ext_link', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tumbu luar', hidden = false }, err_param_has_twl_url = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_twl_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter teu didukung', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = ' ', -- $1 is unknown parameter $2 is suggested parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: parameter teu didukung', hidden = false }, err_periodical_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'periodical_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: periode dipaliré', hidden = false }, err_redundant_parameters = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter leuwihan', hidden = false }, err_script_parameter = { message = ' ', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is script language code or error detail anchor = 'script_parameter', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter aksara', hidden = false }, err_ssrn_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'ssrn_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_text_ignored = { message = ' ', -- $1 is ignored text anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter nu teu dipikanyaho', hidden = false }, err_trans_missing_title = { message = ' ', -- $1 is base parameter name anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: judul teu ditarjamahkeun', hidden = false }, err_param_unknown_empty = { message = ' ', -- $1 is 's' or empty space; $2 is emty unknown param list anchor = 'param_unknown_empty', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter kosong nu teu dipikanyaho', hidden = false }, err_vancouver = { message = ' ', -- $1 is error detail, $2 is the nth name anchor = 'vancouver', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: gaya Vancouver', hidden = false }, err_wikilink_in_url = { message = ' ', -- uses ndash anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: konflik URL–wikilink', -- uses ndash hidden = false }, --[[--------------------------< M A I N T >------------------------------------- maint messages do not have a message (message = nil); otherwise the structure is the same as error messages ]] maint_archived_copy = { message = nil, anchor = 'archived_copy', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Salinan kaarsipkeun salaku judul', hidden = true, }, maint_bibcode = { message = nil, anchor = 'bibcode', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: bibcode', hidden = true, }, maint_location_no_publisher = { -- cite book, conference, encyclopedia; citation as book cite or encyclopedia cite message = nil, anchor = 'location_no_publisher', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Lokasi tanpa pamedal', hidden = true, }, maint_bot_unknown = { message = nil, anchor = 'bot:_unknown', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: BOT: status url asli teu dipikanyaho', hidden = true, }, maint_date_auto_xlated = { -- date auto-translation not supported by en.wiki message = nil, anchor = 'date_auto_xlated', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Tanggal ditarjamahkeun otomatis', hidden = true, }, maint_date_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Format tanggal', hidden = true, }, maint_date_year = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_year', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Tanggal jeung taun', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_ignore', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Kasalahan DOI nu dipaliré', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: DOI nonaktif', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive_dated = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive_dated', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: DOI nonaktif per $2$3$1', -- $1 is year, $2 is month-name or empty string, $3 is space or empty string hidden = true, }, maint_doi_unflagged_free = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_unflagged_free', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: DOI bébas tanpa ditandaan', hidden = true, }, maint_extra_punct = { message = nil, anchor = 'extra_punct', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Tanda baca tambahan', hidden = true, }, maint_id_limit_load_fail = { -- applies to all cs1|2 templates on a page; message = nil, -- maint message (category link) never emitted anchor = 'id_limit_load_fail', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: pamuatan wates ID gagal', hidden = true, }, maint_isbn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_isbn_err', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Kasalahn ISBN nu dipaliré', hidden = true, }, maint_issn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_issn', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Kasalahan ISSN nu dipaliré', hidden = true, }, maint_jfm_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'jfm_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Format JFM', hidden = true, }, maint_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'location', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Lokasi', hidden = true, }, maint_mr_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'mr_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Format MR', hidden = true, }, maint_mult_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'mult_names', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Loba ngaran: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_numeric_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Ngaran numerik: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_others = { message = nil, anchor = 'others', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Nu lian', hidden = true, }, maint_others_avm = { message = nil, anchor = 'others_avm', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Nu lian dina cite AV media (notes)', hidden = true, }, maint_overridden_setting = { message = nil, anchor = 'overridden', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Pangaturan diambil alih', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_embargo = { message = nil, anchor = 'embargo', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Émbargo PMC kadaluwarsa', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'pmc_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Format PMC', hidden = true, }, maint_postscript = { message = nil, anchor = 'postscript', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Postscript', hidden = true, }, maint_publisher_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'publisher_location', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Lokasi pamedal', hidden = true, }, maint_ref_duplicates_default = { message = nil, anchor = 'ref_default', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Ref ngaduplikasi bawaan', hidden = true, }, maint_unknown_lang = { message = nil, anchor = 'unknown_lang', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Basa nu teu dipikanyaho', hidden = true, }, maint_untitled = { message = nil, anchor = 'untitled', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Periode tanpa judul', hidden = true, }, maint_url_status = { message = nil, anchor = 'url_status', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Status URL', hidden = true, }, maint_year= { message = nil, anchor = 'year', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Taun', hidden = true, }, maint_zbl = { message = nil, anchor = 'zbl', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Zbl', hidden = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< I D _ L I M I T S _ D A T A _ T >---------------------------------------------- fetch id limits for certain identifiers from c:Data:CS1/Identifier limits.tab. This source is a json tabular data file maintained at wikipedia commons. Convert the json format to a table of k/v pairs. The values from <id_limits_data_t> are used to set handle.id_limit. From 2025-02-21, MediaWiki is broken. Use this link to edit the tablular data file: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab&action=edit See Phab:T389105 ]] local id_limits_data_t; local id_limits_data_load_fail = false; -- flag; assume that we will be successful when loading json id limit tabular data local use_commons_data = true; -- set to false if your wiki does not have access to mediawiki commons; then, if false == use_commons_data then -- update this table from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab; last update: 2025-02-21 id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = 10450000000, ['OSTI'] = 23010000, ['PMC'] = 11900000, ['PMID'] = 40400000, ['RFC'] = 9300, ['SSRN'] = 5200000, ['S2CID'] = 276000000}; -- this table must be maintained locally else -- here for wikis that do have access to mediawiki commons local load_fail_limit = 99999999999; -- very high number to avoid error messages on load failure id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = load_fail_limit, ['OSTI'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMC'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMID'] = load_fail_limit, ['RFC'] = load_fail_limit, ['SSRN'] = load_fail_limit, ['S2CID'] = load_fail_limit}; if mw.ext.data == nil then id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- safeguard against Lua errors if mw.ext.data is not available for some reason else local tab_data_t = mw.ext.data.get ('CS1/Identifier limits.tab').data; -- attempt to load the json limit data from commons into <tab_data_t> if false == tab_data_t then -- undocumented 'feature': mw.ext.data.get() sometimes returns false id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- set the flag so that Module:Citation/CS1 can create an unannotated maint category else for _, limit_t in ipairs (tab_data_t.data) do -- overwrite default <load_fail_limit> values from the data table in the tabular data id_limits_data_t[limit_t[1]] = limit_t[2]; -- <limit[1]> is identifier; <limit[2]> is upper limit for that identifier end end end end --[[--------------------------< I D _ H A N D L E R S >-------------------------------------------------------- The following contains a list of values for various defined identifiers. For each identifier we specify a variety of information necessary to properly render the identifier in the citation. parameters: a list of parameter aliases for this identifier; first in the list is the canonical form link: Wikipedia article name redirect: a local redirect to a local Wikipedia article name; at en.wiki, 'ISBN (identifier)' is a redirect to 'International Standard Book Number' q: Wikidata q number for the identifier label: the label preceding the identifier; label is linked to a Wikipedia article (in this order): redirect from id_handlers['<id>'].redirect when use_identifier_redirects is true Wikidata-supplied article name for the local wiki from id_handlers['<id>'].q local article name from id_handlers['<id>'].link prefix: the first part of a URL that will be concatenated with a second part which usually contains the identifier suffix: optional third part to be added after the identifier encode: true if URI should be percent-encoded; otherwise false COinS: identifier link or keyword for use in COinS: for identifiers registered at info-uri.info use: info:.... where '...' is the appropriate identifier label for identifiers that have COinS keywords, use the keyword: rft.isbn, rft.issn, rft.eissn for |asin= and |ol=, which require assembly, use the keyword: url for others make a URL using the value in prefix/suffix and #label, use the keyword: pre (not checked; any text other than 'info', 'rft', or 'url' works here) set to nil to leave the identifier out of the COinS separator: character or text between label and the identifier in the rendered citation id_limit: for those identifiers with established limits, this property holds the upper limit access: use this parameter to set the access level for all instances of this identifier. the value must be a valid access level for an identifier (see ['id-access'] in this file). custom_access: to enable custom access level for an identifier, set this parameter to the parameter that should control it (normally 'id-access') ]] local id_handlers = { ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'eprint'}, link = 'arXiv', redirect = 'arXiv', q = 'Q118398', label = 'arXiv', prefix = 'https://arxiv.org/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Nomor Idéntifikasi Standar Amazon', redirect = 'ASIN', q = 'Q1753278', label = 'ASIN', prefix = 'https://www.amazon.', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode'}, link = 'Bibcode', redirect = 'Bibcode', q = 'Q25754', label = 'Bibcode', prefix = 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', custom_access = 'bibcode-access', }, ['BIORXIV'] = { parameters = {'biorxiv'}, link = 'bioRxiv', redirect = 'bioRxiv', q = 'Q19835482', label = 'bioRxiv', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['CITESEERX'] = { parameters = {'citeseerx'}, link = 'CiteSeerX', redirect = 'CiteSeerX', q = 'Q2715061', label = 'CiteSeerX', prefix = 'https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['DOI'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI'}, link = 'Pangidentifikasi Objék Digital', redirect = 'DOI', q = 'Q25670', label = 'doi', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'doi-access', }, ['EISSN'] = { parameters = {'eissn', 'EISSN'}, link = 'Nomor Séri Standar Internasional#ISSN Elektronik', redirect = 'ISSN', q = 'Q46339674', label = 'eISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.eissn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['HDL'] = { parameters = { 'hdl', 'HDL' }, link = 'Handle System', redirect = 'hdl', q = 'Q3126718', label = 'hdl', prefix = 'https://hdl.handle.net/', COinS = 'info:hdl', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'hdl-access', }, ['ISBN'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN'}, link = 'Nomor Buku Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISBN', q = 'Q33057', label = 'ISBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISMN'] = { parameters = {'ismn', 'ISMN'}, link = 'Nomor Musik Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISMN', q = 'Q1666938', label = 'ISMN', prefix = '', -- not currently used; COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'Nomor Séri Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISSN', q = 'Q131276', label = 'ISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', redirect = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', q = '', label = 'JFM', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', redirect = 'JSTOR', q = 'Q1420342', label = 'JSTOR', prefix = 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', custom_access = 'jstor-access', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'lccn', 'LCCN'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', redirect = 'LCCN', q = 'Q620946', label = 'LCCN', prefix = 'https://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'info:lccn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MEDRXIV'] = { parameters = {'medrxiv'}, link = 'medRxiv', redirect = 'medRxiv', q = 'Q58465838', label = 'medRxiv', prefix = 'https://www.medrxiv.org/content/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'mr', 'MR'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', redirect = 'Mathematical Reviews', q = 'Q211172', label = 'MR', prefix = 'https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'oclc', 'OCLC'}, link = 'OCLC', redirect = 'OCLC ', q = 'Q190593', label = 'OCLC', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OCLC or 0, }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', redirect = 'Open Library', q = 'Q1201876', label = 'OL', prefix = 'https://openlibrary.org/', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = true, custom_access = 'ol-access', }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'osti', 'OSTI'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', redirect = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', q = 'Q2015776', label = 'OSTI', prefix = 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OSTI or 0, custom_access = 'osti-access', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'pmc', 'PMC'}, link = 'PubMed Central', redirect = 'PubMed', q = 'Q229883', label = 'PMC', prefix = 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = '', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'pmid', 'PMID'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', redirect = 'PubMed', q = 'Q2082879', label = 'PMID', prefix = 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMID or 0, }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'rfc', 'RFC'}, link = 'Request for Comments', redirect = 'Request for Comments', q = 'Q212971', label = 'RFC', prefix = 'https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.RFC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['SBN'] = { parameters = {'sbn', 'SBN'}, link = 'Standard Book Number', -- redirect to International_Standard_Book_Number#History redirect = 'Standard Book Number', label = 'SBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/0-', -- prefix has leading zero necessary to make 9-digit sbn a 10-digit isbn COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'ssrn', 'SSRN'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', redirect = 'SSRN', q = 'Q7550801', label = 'SSRN', prefix = 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.SSRN or 0, custom_access = 'ssrn-access', }, ['S2CID'] = { parameters = {'s2cid', 'S2CID'}, link = 'Semantic Scholar', redirect = 'S2CID', q = 'Q22908627', label = 'S2CID', prefix = 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.S2CID or 0, custom_access = 's2cid-access', }, ['USENETID'] = { parameters = {'message-id'}, link = 'Usenet', redirect = 'Usenet', q = 'Q193162', label = 'Usenet:', prefix = 'news:', encode = false, COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'zbl', 'ZBL' }, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', redirect = 'Zentralblatt', q = 'Q190269', label = 'Zbl', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >--------------------------------- ]] return { use_identifier_redirects = use_identifier_redirects, -- booleans defined in the settings at the top of this module local_lang_cat_enable = local_lang_cat_enable, date_name_auto_xlate_enable = date_name_auto_xlate_enable, date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = date_digit_auto_xlate_enable, enable_sort_keys = enable_sort_keys, suppress_archive_today_urls = suppress_archive_today_urls, -- tables and variables created when this module is loaded dependencies_t = dependencies_t, -- used to suppress parameters dependent on url-holding parameters holding archive.today urls enum_needs_xlation = '1' ~= date_names.xlate_digits['1'], -- to avoid unnecessary enumerator translation global_df = get_date_format (), -- this line can be replaced with "global_df = 'dmy-all'," to have all dates auto translated to dmy format. global_cs1_config_t = global_cs1_config_t, -- global settings from {{cs1 config}} punct_skip = build_skip_table (punct_skip, punct_meta_params), url_skip = build_skip_table (url_skip, url_meta_params), known_free_doi_registrants_t = build_free_doi_registrants_table(), id_limits_data_load_fail = id_limits_data_load_fail, -- true when commons tabular identifier-limit data fails to load name_space_sort_keys = name_space_sort_keys, aliases = aliases, special_case_translation = special_case_translation, date_names = date_names, err_msg_supl = err_msg_supl, error_conditions = error_conditions, et_al_patterns = et_al_patterns, extended_registrants_t = extended_registrants_t, id_handlers = id_handlers, keywords_lists = keywords_lists, keywords_xlate = keywords_xlate, stripmarkers = stripmarkers, invisible_chars = invisible_chars, invisible_defs = invisible_defs, indic_script = indic_script, emoji_t = emoji_t, messages = messages, presentation = presentation, prop_cats = prop_cats, script_lang_codes = script_lang_codes, lang_tag_remap = lang_tag_remap, lang_name_remap = lang_name_remap, this_wiki_code = this_wiki_code, title_types = title_types, uncategorized_namespaces = uncategorized_namespaces_t, uncategorized_subpages = uncategorized_subpages, templates_using_volume = templates_using_volume, templates_using_issue = templates_using_issue, templates_not_using_page = templates_not_using_page, vol_iss_pg_patterns = vol_iss_pg_patterns, single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t, inter_wiki_map = inter_wiki_map, mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw_languages_by_tag_t, mw_languages_by_name_t = mw_languages_by_name_t, citation_class_map_t = citation_class_map_t, citation_issue_t = citation_issue_t, citation_no_volume_t = citation_no_volume_t, } nw7lvrfsqf6y8393yk8zy33z8ikwoe1 731572 731563 2026-11-07T15:10:45Z Rafka Aditia 29183 731572 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.getContentLanguage(); -- make a language object for the local language; used here for languages and dates --[[--------------------------< S E T T I N G S >-------------------------------------------------------------- boolean settings used to control various things. these setting located here to make them easy to find ]] -- these settings local to this module only local local_digits_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local_digits'] from MediaWiki; manual fill required else; always false at en.wiki -- these settings exported to other modules local use_identifier_redirects = true; -- when true use redirect name for identifier label links; always true at en.wiki local local_lang_cat_enable = false; -- when true categorizes pages where |language=<local wiki's language>; always false at en.wiki local date_name_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates English month-names to the local-wiki's language month names; always false at en.wiki local date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates Western date digit to the local-wiki's language digits (date_names['local_digits']); always false at en.wiki local enable_sort_keys = true; -- when true module adds namespace sort keys to error and maintenance category links local suppress_archive_today_urls = true; -- when true module suppresses all parameters with an archive.today url and any deprendent parameters --[[--------------------------< U N C A T E G O R I Z E D _ N A M E S P A C E S >------------------------------ List of namespaces identifiers for namespaces that will not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default. For wikis that have a current version of Module:cs1 documentation support, this #invoke will return an unordered list of namespace names and their associated identifiers: {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|uncategorized_namespace_lister|all=<anything>}} ]] local uncategorized_namespaces_t = {[2]=true}; -- init with user namespace id for k, _ in pairs (mw.site.talkNamespaces) do -- add all talk namespace ids uncategorized_namespaces_t[k] = true; end local uncategorized_subpages = {'/[Kk]otrétan', '/[Kk]asus uji', '/[^/]*[Ll]og', '/[Aa]rsip'}; -- list of Lua patterns found in page names of pages we should not categorize --[[ at en.wiki Greek characters are used as sort keys for certain items in a category so that those items are placed at the end of a category page. See Wikipedia:Categorization#Sort_keys. That works well for en.wiki because English is written using the Latn script. This may not work well for other languages. At en.wiki it is desireable to place content from certain namespaces at the end of a category listing so the module adds sort keys to error and maintenance category links when rendering a cs1|2 template on a page in that namespace. i18n: if this does not work well for your language, set <enable_sort_keys> to false. ]] local name_space_sort_keys = { -- sort keys to be used with these namespaces: [4] = 'ω', -- wikipedia; omega [10] = 'τ', -- template; tau [118] = 'Δ', -- draft; delta ['other'] = 'ο', -- all other non-talk namespaces except main (article); omicron } --[[--------------------------< M E S S A G E S >-------------------------------------------------------------- Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] local messages = { ['agency'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is agency ['archived-dead'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti $1 tanggal $2', ['archived-live'] = '$1 ti vérsi aslina tanggal $2', ['archived-missing'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti vérsi asli $1 tanggal $2', ['archived-unfit'] = 'Diarsipkeun ti vérsi asli pada ', ['archived'] = 'Diarsipkeun', ['by'] = 'Ku', -- contributions to authored works: introduction, foreword, afterword ['cartography'] = 'Kartografi ku $1', ['editor'] = 'éd.', ['editors'] = 'éd.', ['edition'] = '(Édisi $1)', ['episode'] = 'Épisode $1', ['et al'] = 'et&nbsp;al.', ['in'] = 'Dina', -- edited works ['inactive'] = 'teu aktip', ['inset'] = 'insét $1', ['interview'] = 'Diwawancara ku $1', invisible_1 = '$1 $2', -- $1 stripmarker name; $2 is text from <invisible_chars[1]> invisible_2 = '$1 karakter', -- $1 character name from <invisible_chars[1]> ['mismatch'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code> mismatch', -- $1 is year param name; $2 is date param name ['newsgroup'] = '[[Usenet newsgroup|Newsgroup]]:&nbsp;$1', ['notitle'] = 'Tanpa judul', -- for |title=(()) and (in the future) |title=none ['original'] = 'asli', ['origdate'] = ' [$1]', ['published'] = ' (dipublikasikeun $1)', ['retrieved'] = 'Diaksés tanggal $1', ['season'] = 'Usum $1', ['section'] = '§&nbsp;$1', ['sections'] = '§§&nbsp;$1', ['series'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is series ['seriesnum'] = 'Séri $1', ['translated'] = 'Ditarjamahkeun ku $1', ['type'] = ' ($1)', -- for titletype wikidata = 'Wikidata', -- these used for interwikilinked author/editor/... names wikipedia = 'Wikipédia', wikisource = 'Wikipabukon', ['written'] = 'Ditulis ku $1', ['vol'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; bold journal style volume is in presentation{} ['vol-no'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, no.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, issue (alternatively insert $1 after $2, but then we'd also have to change capitalization) ['issue'] = '$1 No.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['art'] = '$1 Art.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; for {{cite conference}} only ['vol-art'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, art.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, article-number; for {{cite conference}} only ['j-vol'] = '$1 $2', -- sepc, volume; bold journal volume is in presentation{} ['j-issue'] = ' ($1)', ['j-article-num'] = ' $1', -- TODO: any punctuation here? static text? ['nopp'] = '$1 $2'; -- page(s) without prefix; $1 is sepc ['p-prefix'] = "$1 kaca&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['pp-prefix'] = "$1 kaca&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['j-page(s)'] = ': $1', -- same for page and pages ['sheet'] = '$1 Lembar&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['sheets'] = '$1 Lembar&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['j-sheet'] = ': Lembar&nbsp;$1', ['j-sheets'] = ': Lembar&nbsp;$1', ['language'] = '(dina basa $1)', ['via'] = " &ndash; via $1", ['event'] = 'Kajadian di', ['minutes'] = 'menit di $1', -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = 'Pitulung:Kasalahan CS1', ['help page label'] = 'pitulung', -- categories ['cat wikilink'] = '[[Kategori:$1]]', -- $1 is the category name ['cat wikilink sk'] = '[[Kategori:$1|$2]]', -- $1 is the category name; $2 is namespace sort key [':cat wikilink'] = '[[:Kategori:$1|tumbu]]', -- category name as maintenance message wikilink; $1 is the category name -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Dipanggil kalawan kondisi kasalahan nu teu ditangtukeun', ['unknown_ID_key'] = 'Konci ID teu dipikanyaho: ', -- an ID key in id_handlers not found in ~/Identifiers func_map{} ['unknown_ID_access'] = 'Kata kunci akses ID tidak dikenal: ', -- an ID access keyword in id_handlers not found in keywords_lists['id-access']{} ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Peta argumén teu ditangtukeun pikeun variabel ieu', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'URL kosong kapanggih tapi indikator asal nyaéta nihil atawa kosong', ['warning_msg_e'] = '<span style="color:#d33"><code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code>: [[#$2|réferénsi]] ieu ngabogaan kasalahan</span>; talatah bisa disumputkeun ([[Pitulung:Kasalahan_CS1#Ngatur_pidangan_talatah_kasalahan|pitulung]]).'; -- $1 is template link ['warning_msg_m'] = '<span style="color:#085"><code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code>: [[#$2|réferénsi]] ieu ngabogaan talatah pamiaraan</span>; talatah bisa disumputkeun ([[Pitulung:Kasalahan_CS1#Ngatur_pidangan_talatah_kasalahan|pitulung]]).'; -- $1 is template link } --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N _ C L A S S _ M A P >------------------------------------------ this table maps the value assigned to |CitationClass= in the cs1|2 templates to the canonical template name when the value assigned to |CitationClass= is different from the canonical template name. |CitationClass= values are used as class attributes in the <cite> tag that encloses the citation so these names may not contain spaces while the canonical template name may. These names are used in warning_msg_e and warning_msg_m to create links to the template's documentation when an article is displayed in preview mode. Most cs1|2 template |CitationClass= values at en.wiki match their canonical template names so are not listed here. ]] local citation_class_map_t = { -- TODO: in Module:Cite/config write a function to use this table arxiv = 'cite arXiv', -- as the source for known_templates_t and citation_classes_t ['audio-visual'] = 'cite AV media', ['AV-media-notes'] = 'cite AV media notes', biorxiv = 'cite bioRxiv', book = 'cite book', buku = 'kutip buku', citation = 'citation', citeseerx = 'cite CiteSeerX', conference = 'cite conference', document = 'cite document', encyclopaedia = 'cite encyclopedia', ensiklopedia = 'kutip ensiklopedia', episode = 'cite episode', interview = 'cite interview', wawancara = 'kutip wawancara', journal = 'cite journal', jurnal = 'kutip jurnal', magazine = 'cite magazine', majalah = 'kutip majalah', mailinglist = 'cite mailing list', map = 'cite map', peta = 'kutip peta', medrxiv = 'cite medRxiv', news = 'cite news', berita = 'kutip berita', newsgroup = 'cite newsgroup', podcast = 'cite podcast', pressrelease = 'cite press release', rilispers = 'kutip rilis pers', report = 'cite report', laporan = 'kutip laporan', serial = 'cite serial', sign = 'cite sign', speech = 'cite speech', pidato = 'kutip pidato', ssrn = 'cite SSRN', techreport = 'cite tech report', thesis = 'cite thesis', tesis = 'kutip tesis', web = 'cite web', situs = 'kutip web', } --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in name text (author, editor, etc.). The main module uses these to identify and emit the 'etal' message. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. "%[%[ *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%]%]", -- a wikilinked form "%(%( *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%)%)", -- a double-bracketed form (to counter partial removal of ((...)) syntax) "[%(%[] *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *[%)%]]", -- a bracketed form } --[[--------------------------< P R E S E N T A T I O N >------------------------ Fixed presentation markup. Originally part of citation_config.messages it has been moved into its own, more semantically correct place. ]] local presentation = { -- .citation-comment class is specified at Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display ['hidden-error'] = '<span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['hidden-maint'] = '<span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">$1</span>', ['accessdate'] = '<span class="reference-accessdate">$1$2</span>', -- to allow editors to hide accessdate using personal CSS ['bdi'] = '<bdi$1>$2</bdi>', -- bidirectional isolation used with |script-title= and the like ['cite'] = '<cite class="$1">$2</cite>'; -- for use when citation does not have a namelist and |ref= not set so no id="..." attribute ['cite-id'] = '<cite id="$1" class="$2">$3</cite>'; -- for use when when |ref= is set or when citation has a namelist ['format'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">($1)</span>', -- for |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. ['interwiki'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[in $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-language-linked author, editor, etc ['interproj'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[at $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-project-linked author, editor, etc (:d: and :s: supported; :w: ignored) -- various access levels, for |access=, |doi-access=, |arxiv=, ... -- narrow no-break space &#8239; may work better than nowrap CSS. Or not? Browser support? ['ext-link-access-signal'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', -- external link with appropriate lock icon ['free'] = {class='id-lock-free', title='Freely accessible'}, -- classes defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css ['registration'] = {class='id-lock-registration', title='Free registration required'}, ['limited'] = {class='id-lock-limited', title='Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required'}, ['subscription'] = {class='id-lock-subscription', title='Paid subscription required'}, ['interwiki-icon'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', ['class-wikisource'] = 'cs1-ws-icon', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['kern-left'] = '<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>$1', -- spacing to use when title contains leading single or double quote mark ['kern-right'] = '$1<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>', -- spacing to use when title contains trailing single or double quote mark ['nowrap1'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span>', -- for nowrapping an item: <span ...>yyyy-mm-dd</span> ['nowrap2'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span> $2', -- for nowrapping portions of an item: <span ...>dd mmmm</span> yyyy (note white space) ['ocins'] = '<span title="$1" class="Z3988"></span>', ['parameter'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', ['ps_cs1'] = '.'; -- CS1 style postscript (terminal) character ['ps_cs2'] = ''; -- CS2 style postscript (terminal) character (empty string) ['quoted-text'] = '<q>$1</q>', -- for wrapping |quote= content ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['sep_cs1'] = '.', -- CS1 element separator ['sep_cs2'] = ',', -- CS2 separator ['sep_nl'] = ';', -- CS1|2 style name-list separator between names is a semicolon ['sep_nl_and'] = ' and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 2 items ['sep_nl_end'] = '; and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 3+ names ['sep_name'] = ', ', -- CS1|2 style last/first separator is <comma><space> ['sep_nl_vanc'] = ',', -- Vancouver style name-list separator between authors is a comma ['sep_name_vanc'] = ' ', -- Vancouver style last/first separator is a space ['sep_list'] = ', ', -- used for |language= when list has 3+ items except for last sep which uses sep_list_end ['sep_list_pair'] = ' and ', -- used for |language= when list has 2 items ['sep_list_end'] = ', and ', -- used as last list sep for |language= when list has 3+ items ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;''$1''&#93;", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", -- for |trans-title= and |trans-quote= ['vol-bold'] = '$1 <b>$2</b>', -- sepc, volume; for bold journal cites; for other cites ['vol'] in messages{} } --[[--------------------------< A L I A S E S >--------------------------------- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters. Parameter names on the right side in the assignments in this table must have been defined in the Whitelist before they will be recognized as valid parameter names ]] local aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = {'access-date', 'accessdate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArchiveFormat'] = 'archive-format', ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArticleNumber'] = 'article-number', ['ASINTLD'] = 'asin-tld', ['At'] = 'at', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Authors'] = {'people', 'credits'}, ['BookTitle'] = {'book-title', 'booktitle'}, ['Cartography'] = 'cartography', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article', 'section'}, ['ChapterFormat'] = {'chapter-format', 'contribution-format', 'entry-format', 'article-format', 'section-format'}; ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'contribution-url', 'entry-url', 'article-url', 'section-url'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ChapterUrlAccess'] = {'chapter-url-access', 'contribution-url-access', 'entry-url-access', 'article-url-access', 'section-url-access'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Class'] = 'class', -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifier ['Collaboration'] = 'collaboration', ['Conference'] = {'conference', 'event'}, ['ConferenceFormat'] = 'conference-format', ['ConferenceURL'] = 'conference-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Date'] = {'date', 'air-date', 'airdate'}, -- air-date and airdate for cite episode and cite serial only ['Degree'] = 'degree', ['DF'] = 'df', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {'display-authors', 'display-subjects'}, ['DisplayContributors'] = 'display-contributors', ['DisplayEditors'] = 'display-editors', ['DisplayInterviewers'] = 'display-interviewers', ['DisplayTranslators'] = 'display-translators', ['Docket'] = 'docket', ['DoiBroken'] = 'doi-broken-date', ['Edition'] = 'edition', ['Embargo'] = 'pmc-embargo-date', ['Encyclopedia'] = {'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['Episode'] = 'episode', -- cite serial only TODO: make available to cite episode? ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID'}, ['Inset'] = 'inset', ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'lang'}, ['MailingList'] = {'mailing-list', 'mailinglist'}, -- cite mailing list only ['Map'] = 'map', -- cite map only ['MapFormat'] = 'map-format', -- cite map only ['MapURL'] = {'map-url', 'mapurl'}, -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['MapUrlAccess'] = 'map-url-access', -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Mode'] = 'mode', ['NameListStyle'] = 'name-list-style', ['Network'] = 'network', ['Newsgroup'] = 'newsgroup', -- cite newsgroup only ['NoPP'] = {'no-pp', 'nopp'}, ['NoTracking'] = {'no-tracking', 'template-doc-demo'}, ['Number'] = 'number', -- this case only for cite techreport ['OrigDate'] = {'orig-date', 'orig-year', 'origyear'}, ['Others'] = 'others', ['Page'] = {'page', 'p'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Pages'] = {'pages', 'pp'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'website', 'work'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publication-date', 'publicationdate'}, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace'}, ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'institution'}, ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['QuotePage'] = 'quote-page', ['QuotePages'] = 'quote-pages', ['Ref'] = 'ref', ['Scale'] = 'scale', ['ScriptChapter'] = {'script-chapter', 'script-contribution', 'script-entry', 'script-article', 'script-section'}, ['ScriptEncyclopedia'] = {'script-encyclopedia', 'script-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['ScriptMap'] = 'script-map', ['ScriptPeriodical'] = {'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-website', 'script-work'}, ['ScriptQuote'] = 'script-quote', ['ScriptTitle'] = 'script-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Season'] = 'season', ['Sections'] = 'sections', -- cite map only ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesLink'] = {'series-link', 'serieslink'}, ['SeriesNumber'] = {'series-number', 'series-no'}, ['Sheet'] = 'sheet', -- cite map only ['Sheets'] = 'sheets', -- cite map only ['Station'] = 'station', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = 'time-caption', ['Title'] = 'title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleLink'] = {'title-link', 'episode-link', 'episodelink'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleNote'] = {'title-note', 'department'}, ['TitleType'] = {'type', 'medium'}, ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-article', 'trans-chapter', 'trans-contribution', 'trans-entry', 'trans-section'}, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptFormat'] = 'transcript-format', ['TranscriptURL'] = 'transcript-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TransEncyclopedia'] = {'trans-encyclopedia', 'trans-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['TransMap'] = 'trans-map', -- cite map only ['TransPeriodical'] = {'trans-journal', 'trans-magazine', 'trans-newspaper', 'trans-periodical', 'trans-website', 'trans-work'}, ['TransQuote'] = 'trans-quote', ['TransTitle'] = 'trans-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlAccess'] = 'url-access', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlStatus'] = 'url-status', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Vauthors'] = 'vauthors', ['Veditors'] = 'veditors', ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"first#", "author-first#", "author#-first", "author-given#", "author#-given", "subject-first#", "subject#-first", "subject-given#", "subject#-given", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"last#", "author-last#", "author#-last", "author-surname#", "author#-surname", "subject-last#", "subject#-last", "subject-surname#", "subject#-surname", "author#", 'host#', "subject#", "surname#"}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author-link#", "author#-link", "subject-link#", "subject#-link", "authorlink#", "author#link"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author-mask#", "author#-mask", "subject-mask#", "subject#-mask"}, ['ContributorList-First'] = {'contributor-first#', 'contributor#-first', 'contributor-given#', 'contributor#-given'}, ['ContributorList-Last'] = {'contributor-last#', 'contributor#-last', 'contributor-surname#', 'contributor#-surname', 'contributor#'}, ['ContributorList-Link'] = {'contributor-link#', 'contributor#-link'}, ['ContributorList-Mask'] = {'contributor-mask#', 'contributor#-mask'}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor-first#", "editor#-first", "editor-given#", "editor#-given"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor-last#", "editor#-last", "editor-surname#", "editor#-surname", "editor#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor-link#", "editor#-link"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor-mask#", "editor#-mask"}, ['InterviewerList-First'] = {'interviewer-first#', 'interviewer#-first', 'interviewer-given#', 'interviewer#-given'}, ['InterviewerList-Last'] = {'interviewer-last#', 'interviewer#-last', 'interviewer-surname#', 'interviewer#-surname', 'interviewer#'}, ['InterviewerList-Link'] = {'interviewer-link#', 'interviewer#-link'}, ['InterviewerList-Mask'] = {'interviewer-mask#', 'interviewer#-mask'}, ['TranslatorList-First'] = {'translator-first#', 'translator#-first', 'translator-given#', 'translator#-given'}, ['TranslatorList-Last'] = {'translator-last#', 'translator#-last', 'translator-surname#', 'translator#-surname', 'translator#'}, ['TranslatorList-Link'] = {'translator-link#', 'translator#-link'}, ['TranslatorList-Mask'] = {'translator-mask#', 'translator#-mask'}, } --[[--------------------------< D E P E N D E N C I E S _ T >-------------------------------------------------- a table of url-holding parameters upon which other parameters are dependent. this table is used by has_archive_today_url() to suppress parameters that are dependant upon a url-holding parameter that has as a value an archive.today (or alternate tld) url. archive.today is deprecated at en.wiki; see Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Archive.is_RFC_5 ]] local url_dependency_map_t = { -- table of url-holding parameters and the meta-parameters that are dependent on them ['url'] = {'AccessDate', 'ArchiveURL', 'Format', 'UrlAccess'}, ['archive-url'] = {'ArchiveDate', 'ArchiveFormat', 'UrlStatus'}, ['archiveurl'] = {'ArchiveDate', 'ArchiveFormat', 'UrlStatus'}, ['article-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['chapter-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['conference-url'] = {'ConferenceFormat'}, ['contribution-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['entry-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['map-url'] = {'MapFormat', 'MapUrlAccess'}, ['section-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['transcript-url'] = {'TranscriptFormat'}, }; local dependencies_t = {}; -- the table of url-holding parameters and their dependent parameters for url_param, meta_parameters_t in pairs (url_dependency_map_t) do -- sequence of meta-parameters (indexes) into <aliases> table local dependant_params_t = {}; -- collection of parameters that are dependent on this <url_param> for _, meta_parameter in ipairs (meta_parameters_t) do -- for each <aliases> meta-parameter (index) if 'string' == type (aliases[meta_parameter]) then -- for single parameter names (no aliases), <aliases[meta_parameter]> will be a string table.insert (dependant_params_t, aliases[meta_parameter]); -- add to this <url_param>'s dependency sequence else for _, alias in ipairs (aliases[meta_parameter]) do -- for each alias in aliases[meta_parameter] (aliases['AccessDate'] for example) table.insert (dependant_params_t, alias); -- add to this <url_param>'s dependency sequence end end end dependencies_t[url_param] = dependant_params_t; -- add the <url_param> and its dependent parameters end --[[--------------------------< P U N C T _ S K I P >--------------------------- builds a table of parameter names that the extraneous terminal punctuation check should not check. ]] local punct_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'BookTitle', 'Chapter', 'ScriptChapter', 'ScriptTitle', 'Title', 'TransChapter', 'Transcript', 'TransMap', 'TransTitle', -- title-holding parameters 'AuthorList-Mask', 'ContributorList-Mask', 'EditorList-Mask', 'InterviewerList-Mask', 'TranslatorList-Mask', -- name-list mask may have name separators 'PostScript', 'Quote', 'ScriptQuote', 'TransQuote', 'Ref', -- miscellaneous 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- URL-holding parameters } local url_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'ID', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- parameters allowed to hold urls 'Page', 'Pages', 'At', 'QuotePage', 'QuotePages', -- insource locators allowed to hold urls } local function build_skip_table (skip_t, meta_params) for _, meta_param in ipairs (meta_params) do -- for each meta parameter key local params = aliases[meta_param]; -- get the parameter or the table of parameters associated with the meta parameter name if 'string' == type (params) then skip_t[params] = 1; -- just a single parameter else for _, param in ipairs (params) do -- get the parameter name skip_t[param] = 1; -- add the parameter name to the skip table local count; param, count = param:gsub ('#', ''); -- remove enumerator marker from enumerated parameters if 0 ~= count then -- if removed skip_t[param] = 1; -- add param name without enumerator marker end end end end return skip_t; end local punct_skip = {}; local url_skip = {}; --[[--------------------------< S I N G L E - L E T T E R S E C O N D - L E V E L D O M A I N S >---------- this is a list of tlds that are known to have single-letter second-level domain names. This list does not include ccTLDs which are accepted in is_domain_name(). ]] local single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = {'cash', 'company', 'foundation', 'media', 'org', 'today'}; --[[-----------< S P E C I A L C A S E T R A N S L A T I O N S >------------ This table is primarily here to support internationalization. Translations in this table are used, for example, when an error message, category name, etc., is extracted from the English alias key. There may be other cases where this translation table may be useful. ]] local is_Latn = 'A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191'; local special_case_translation = { author = 'penulis', editor = 'penyunting', name_list_params = 'parameter daftar nama $1', -- $1 is 'author' or 'editor'; used with err_redundant_parameters ['AuthorList'] = 'daptar panulis', -- used to assemble maintenance category names ['ContributorList'] = 'daptar kontributor', -- translation of these names plus translation of the base maintenance category names in maint_cats{} table below ['EditorList'] = 'daptar éditor', -- must match the names of the actual categories ['InterviewerList'] = 'daptar pangwawancara', -- this group or translations used by name_has_ed_markup() and name_has_mult_names() ['TranslatorList'] = 'daptar panarjamah', -- Lua patterns to match pseudo-titles used by InternetArchiveBot and others as placeholder for unknown |title= value ['archived_copy'] = { -- used with CS1 maint: Archive[d] copy as title ['en'] = '^archived?%s+copy$', -- for English; translators: keep this because templates imported from en.wiki ['local'] = '^salinan?%s+arsip$', -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language }, -- Lua patterns to match generic titles; usually created by bots or reference filling tools -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language -- generic titles and patterns in this table should be lowercase only -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic title in your language -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches; 'false' for pattern searches ['generic_titles'] = { ['accept'] = { }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'^wayback%s+machine$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'are you a robot', true}, ['local'] = {'ari anjeun téh robot', true}}, {['en'] = {'hugedomains', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?no +title[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?euweuh +judul[>}%]%)]?$', false}}, {['en'] = {'page not found', true}, ['local'] = {'kaca teu kapanggih', true}}, {['en'] = {'subscribe to read', true}, ['local'] = {'ngalanggan pikeun maca', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?unknown[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?teu +dipikanyaho[>}%]%)]?$', false}}, {['en'] = {'website is for sale', true}, ['local'] = {'ramatloka dijual', true}}, {['en'] = {'^404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'error[ %-]404', false}, ['local'] = {'kasalahan[ %-]404', false}}, {['en'] = {'internet archive wayback machine', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'log into facebook', true}, ['local'] = {'asup log ka facebook', true}}, {['en'] = {'login • instagram', true}, ['local'] = {'asup log • instagram', true}}, {['en'] = {'redirecting...', true}, ['local'] = {'ngalihkeun...', true}}, {['en'] = {'usurped title', true}, ['local'] = {'gelar nu direbut', true}}, -- added by a GreenC bot {['en'] = {'webcite query result', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'wikiwix\'s cache', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'bot verification', true}, ['local'] = {'vérifikasi bot', true}}, } }, -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches, search string must be lowercase only -- boolean 'false' for pattern searches -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic name in your language ['generic_names'] = { ['accept'] = { {['en'] = {'%[%[[^|]*%(author%) *|[^%]]*%]%]', false}, ['local'] = {'%[%[[^|]*%(panulis%) *|[^%]]*%]%]', false}}, }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'about us', true}, ['local'] = {'ngeunaan arurang', true}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]dvisor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Pp]anaséhat%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'allmusic', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]uthor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Pp]anulis%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'^[Bb]ureau$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Bb]iro$', false}}, {['en'] = {'business', true}, ['local'] = {'bisnis', true}}, {['en'] = {'cnn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'collaborator', true}, ['local'] = {'kolaborator', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Cc]ompany$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Pp]ausahaan$', false}}, {['en'] = {'contributor', true}, ['local'] = {'kontributor', true}}, {['en'] = {'contact us', true}, ['local'] = {'hubungi arurang', true}}, {['en'] = {'correspondent', true}, ['local'] = {'koréspondén', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Dd]esk$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Mm]éja +[Kk]erja$', false}}, {['en'] = {'directory', true}, ['local'] = {'diréktori', true}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%(%[][%(%[]%s*eds?%.?%s*[%)%]]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[,%.%s]%f[e]eds?%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^eds?[%.,;]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[]%s*[Ee][Dd][Ss]?%.?%s*[%)%]]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]dited%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Dd]iédit%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]ditors?%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Éé]ditor?%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]mail%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = {'%f[%a][Ss]urélék%f[%A]', false}}, {['en'] = {'facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'google', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Gg]roup$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Gg]orombolan$', false}}, {['en'] = {'home page', true}, ['local'] = {'kaca utama', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Ii]nc%.?$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Pp][Tt]%.?$', false}}, {['en'] = {'instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'interviewer', true}, ['local'] = {'pangwawancara', true}}, {['en'] = {'^[Ll]imited$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Tt]bk%.?$', false}}, {['en'] = {'linkedIn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Nn]ews$', false}, ['local'] = {'^[Ww]arta$', false}}, {['en'] = {'[Nn]ews[ %-]?[Rr]oom', false}, ['local'] = {'[Rr]ohangan[ %-]?[Ww]arta', false}}, {['en'] = {'pinterest', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'policy', true}, ['local'] = {'kawijakan', true}}, {['en'] = {'privacy', true}, ['local'] = {'privasi', true}}, {['en'] = {'reuters', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'translator', true}, ['local'] = {'panarjamah', true}}, {['en'] = {'tumblr', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'twitter', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'site name', true}, ['local'] = {'ngaran loka', true}}, {['en'] = {'statement', true}, ['local'] = {'kedalan', true}}, {['en'] = {'submitted', true}, ['local'] = {'dipedalkeun', true}}, {['en'] = {'super.?user', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f['..is_Latn..'][Uu]ser%f[^'..is_Latn..']', false}, ['local'] = {'%f['..is_Latn..'][Pp]amaké%f[^'..is_Latn..']', false}}, {['en'] = {'updated', true}, ['local'] = {'dianyarkeun', true}}, {['en'] = {'verfasser', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } } } --[[--------------------------< D A T E _ N A M E S >---------------------------------------------------------- This table of tables lists local language date names and fallback English date names. The code in Date_validation will look first in the local table for valid date names. If date names are not found in the local table, the code will look in the English table. Because citations can be copied to the local wiki from en.wiki, the English is required when the date-name translation function date_name_xlate() is used. In these tables, season numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) Specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. CS1|2 only supports generic seasons. EDTF does support the distinction between north and south hemisphere seasons but CS1|2 has no way to make that distinction. 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) The standard does not address 'named' dates so, for the purposes of CS1|2, Easter and Christmas are defined here as 98 and 99, which should be out of the ISO 8601 (EDTF) range of uses for a while. local_date_names_from_mediawiki is a boolean. When set to: true – module will fetch local month names from MediaWiki for both date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; this will unconditionally overwrite manual translations false – module will *not* fetch local month names from MediaWiki Caveat lector: There is no guarantee that MediaWiki will provide short month names. At your wiki you can test the results of the MediaWiki fetch in the debug console with this command (the result is alpha sorted): =mw.dumpObject (p.date_names['local']) While the module can fetch month names from MediaWiki, it cannot fetch the quarter, season, and named date names from MediaWiki. Those must be translated manually. ]] local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = true; -- when false, manual translation required for date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; overwrites manual translations -- when true, module fetches long and short month names from MediaWiki local date_names = { ['en'] = { -- English ['long'] = {['January'] = 1, ['February'] = 2, ['March'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['June'] = 6, ['July'] = 7, ['August'] = 8, ['September'] = 9, ['October'] = 10, ['November'] = 11, ['December'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Feb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Aug'] = 8, ['Sep'] = 9, ['Oct'] = 10, ['Nov'] = 11, ['Dec'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['First Quarter'] = 33, ['Second Quarter'] = 34, ['Third Quarter'] = 35, ['Fourth Quarter'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Winter'] = 24, ['Spring'] = 21, ['Summer'] = 22, ['Fall'] = 23, ['Autumn'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Easter'] = 98, ['Christmas'] = 99}, }, -- when local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false ['local'] = { -- replace these English date names with the local language equivalents ['long'] = {['Januari'] = 1, ['Pébruari'] = 2, ['Maret'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['Méi'] = 5, ['Juni'] = 6, ['Juli'] = 7, ['Agustus'] = 8, ['Séptémber'] = 9, ['Oktober'] = 10, ['Nopémber'] = 11, ['Désémber'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Péb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['Méi'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Agt'] = 8, ['Agu'] = 8, ['Sép'] = 9, ['Okt'] = 10, ['Nop'] = 11, ['Dés'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['Kuartal Kahiji'] = 33, ['Kuartal Kadua'] = 34, ['Kuartal Katilu'] = 35, ['Kuartal Kaopat'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Usum tiris'] = 24, ['Usum zemi'] = 21, ['Usum panas'] = 22, ['Usum gugur'] = 23,}, ['named'] = {['Paskah'] = 98, ['Natal'] = 99}, }, ['inv_local_long'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].long where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_short'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].short where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_quarter'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].quarter where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_season'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].season where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_named'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].named where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['local_digits'] = {['0'] = '0', ['1'] = '1', ['2'] = '2', ['3'] = '3', ['4'] = '4', ['5'] = '5', ['6'] = '6', ['7'] = '7', ['8'] = '8', ['9'] = '9'}, -- used to convert local language digits to Western 0-9 ['xlate_digits'] = {}, } if local_date_names_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local month names from MediaWiki is enabled local long_t = {}; local short_t = {}; for i=1, 12 do -- loop 12x and local name = lang_obj:formatDate('F', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get long month name for each i long_t[name] = i; -- save it name = lang_obj:formatDate('M', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get short month name for each i short_t[name] = i; -- save it end date_names['local']['long'] = long_t; -- write the long table – overwrites manual translation date_names['local']['short'] = short_t; -- write the short table – overwrites manual translation end -- create inverted date-name tables for reformatting and/or translation for _, invert_t in pairs {{'long', 'inv_local_long'}, {'short', 'inv_local_short'}, {'quarter', 'inv_local_quarter'}, {'season', 'inv_local_season'}, {'named', 'inv_local_named'}} do for name, i in pairs (date_names['local'][invert_t[1]]) do -- this table is ['name'] = i date_names[invert_t[2]][i] = name; -- invert to get [i] = 'name' for conversions from ymd end end if local_digits_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local digits from MediaWiki is enabled local digits_t = {}; for i=0, 9 do -- loop 10x and digits_t [lang_obj:formatNum (i)] = tostring (i); -- format the loop indexer as local lang table index and assign loop indexer (a string) as the value end date_names['local_digits'] = digits_t; end for ld, ed in pairs (date_names.local_digits) do -- make a digit translation table for simple date translation from en to local language using local_digits table date_names.xlate_digits [ed] = ld; -- en digit becomes index with local digit as the value end local df_template_patterns = { -- table of redirects to {{Use dmy dates}} and {{Use mdy dates}} '{{ *[Uu]se +(dmy) +dates *[|}]', -- 1159k -- sorted by approximate transclusion count '{{ *[Uu]se +(mdy) +dates *[|}]', -- 212k '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) +dates *[|}]', -- 788 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) +dates *[|}]', -- 343 '{{ *([Mm]dy) *[|}]', -- 176 '{{ *[Uu]se *(dmy) *[|}]', -- 156 + 18 '{{ *[Uu]se *(mdy) *[|}]', -- 149 + 11 '{{ *([Dd]my) *[|}]', -- 56 '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) *[|}]', -- 5 '{{ *([Dd]MY) *[|}]', -- 3 '{{ *[Uu]se(mdy)dates *[|}]', -- 1 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) *[|}]', -- 0 '{{ *([Mm]DY) *[|}]', -- 0 } local title_object = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); local content; -- done this way so that unused templates appear in unused-template-reports; self-transcluded makes them look like they are used if 10 ~= title_object.namespace then -- all namespaces except Template content = title_object:getContent() or ''; -- get the content of the article or ''; new pages edited w/ve do not have 'content' until saved; ve does not preview; phab:T221625 end local function get_date_format () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end for _, pattern in ipairs (df_template_patterns) do -- loop through the patterns looking for {{Use dmy dates}} or {{Use mdy dates}} or any of their redirects local start, _, match = content:find(pattern); -- match is the three letters indicating desired date format if match then local use_dates_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *[lsy][sy]?') then -- look for |cs1-dates=publication date length access-/archive-date length return match:lower() .. '-' .. use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *([lsy][sy]?)'); else return match:lower() .. '-all'; -- no |cs1-dates= k/v pair; return value appropriate for use in |df= end end end end --[[-----------------< V O L U M E , I S S U E , P A G E S >------------------ These tables hold cite class values (from the template invocation) and identify those templates that support |volume=, |issue=, and |page(s)= parameters. Cite conference and cite map require further qualification which is handled in the main module. ]] local templates_using_volume = {'citation', 'audio-visual', 'book', 'conference', 'encyclopaedia', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'report', 'techreport', 'thesis'} local templates_using_issue = {'citation', 'conference', 'episode', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'podcast'} local templates_not_using_page = {'audio-visual', 'episode', 'mailinglist', 'newsgroup', 'podcast', 'serial', 'sign', 'speech'} --[[ These tables control when it is appropriate for {{citation}} to render |volume= and/or |issue=. The parameter names in the tables constrain {{citation}} so that its renderings match the renderings of the equivalent cs1 templates. For example, {{cite web}} does not support |volume= so the equivalent {{citation |website=...}} must not support |volume=. ]] local citation_no_volume_t = { -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used 'website', 'mailinglist', 'script-website', } local citation_issue_t = { -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used 'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'work', 'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-work', } --[[ Patterns for finding extra text in |volume=, |issue=, |page=, |pages= ]] local vol_iss_pg_patterns = { good_ppattern = '^P[^%.PpGg]', -- OK to begin with uppercase P: P7 (page 7 of section P), but not p123 (page 123); TODO: this allows 'Pages' which it should not bad_ppatterns = { -- patterns for |page= and |pages= '^[Pp][PpGg]?%.?[ %d]', '^[Pp][Pp]?%.&nbsp;', -- from {{p.}} and {{pp.}} templates '^[Pp]ages?', '^[Pp]gs.?', }, vi_patterns_t = { -- combined to catch volume-like text in |issue= and issue-like text in |volume= '^volumes?', -- volume-like text '^vols?[%.:=]?', '^issues?', --issue-like text '^iss[%.:=]?', '^numbers?', '^nos?%A', -- don't match 'november' or 'nostradamus' '^nr[%.:=]?', '^n[%.:= ]', -- might be a valid issue without separator (space char is sep char here) '^n°', -- 'n' with degree sign (U+00B0) '^№', -- precomposed unicode numero character (U+2116) }, } --[[--------------------------< K E Y W O R D S >------------------------------- These tables hold keywords for those parameters that have defined sets of acceptable keywords. ]] --[[-------------------< K E Y W O R D S T A B L E >-------------------------- this is a list of keywords; each key in the list is associated with a table of synonymous keywords possibly from different languages. for I18N: add local-language keywords to value table; do not change the key. For example, adding the German keyword 'ja': ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y', 'ja'}, Because CS1|2 templates from en.wiki articles are often copied to other local wikis, it is recommended that the English keywords remain in these tables. ]] local keywords = { ['amp'] = {'&', 'amp', 'ampersand'}, -- |name-list-style= ['and'] = {'and', 'serial'}, -- |name-list-style= ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- |no-tracking=, |no-pp= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['afterword'] = {'afterword'}, -- |contribution= ['bot: unknown'] = {'bot: unknown'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['cs1'] = {'cs1'}, -- |mode= ['cs2'] = {'cs2'}, -- |mode= ['dead'] = {'dead', 'deviated'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['dmy'] = {'dmy'}, -- |df= ['dmy-all'] = {'dmy-all'}, -- |df= etal = {'etal'}, -- |display-authors=, etc ['foreword'] = {'foreword'}, -- |contribution= ['free'] = {'free'}, -- |<id>-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['harv'] = {'harv'}, -- |ref=; this no longer supported; is_valid_parameter_value() called with <invert> = true ['introduction'] = {'introduction'}, -- |contribution= ['limited'] = {'limited'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['live'] = {'live'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['mdy'] = {'mdy'}, -- |df= ['mdy-all'] = {'mdy-all'}, -- |df= ['none'] = {'none'}, -- |postscript=, |ref=, |title=, |type= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['off'] = {'off'}, -- |title= (potentially also: |title-link=, |postscript=, |ref=, |type=) ['preface'] = {'preface'}, -- |contribution= ['registration'] = {'registration'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['subscription'] = {'subscription'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['unfit'] = {'unfit'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['usurped'] = {'usurped'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['vanc'] = {'vanc'}, -- |name-list-style= ['ymd'] = {'ymd'}, -- |df= ['ymd-all'] = {'ymd-all'}, -- |df= -- ['yMd'] = {'yMd'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki -- ['yMd-all'] = {'yMd-all'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki } --[[------------------------< X L A T E _ K E Y W O R D S >--------------------- this function builds a list, keywords_xlate{}, of the keywords found in keywords{} where the values from keywords{} become the keys in keywords_xlate{} and the keys from keywords{} become the values in keywords_xlate{}: ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- in keywords{} becomes ['yes'] = 'affirmative', -- in keywords_xlate{} ['true'] = 'affirmative', ['y'] = 'affirmative', the purpose of this function is to act as a translator between a non-English keyword and its English equivalent that may be used in other modules of this suite ]] local function xlate_keywords () local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for k, keywords_t in pairs (keywords) do -- spin through the keywords table for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_t) do -- for each keyword out_table[keyword] = k; -- create an entry in the output table where keyword is the key end end return out_table; end local keywords_xlate = xlate_keywords (); -- the list of translated keywords --[[----------------< M A K E _ K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T >--------------------- this function assembles, for parameter-value validation, the list of keywords appropriate to that parameter. keywords_lists{}, is a table of tables from keywords{} ]] local function make_keywords_list (keywords_lists) local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for _, keyword_list in ipairs (keywords_lists) do -- spin through keywords_lists{} and get a table of keywords for _, keyword in ipairs (keyword_list) do -- spin through keyword_list{} and add each keyword, ... table.insert (out_table, keyword); -- ... as plain text, to the output list end end return out_table; end --[[----------------< K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T S >----------------------------- this is a list of lists of valid keywords for the various parameters in [key]. Generally the keys in this table are the canonical en.wiki parameter names though some are contrived because of use in multiple differently named parameters: ['yes_true_y'], ['id-access']. The function make_keywords_list() extracts the individual keywords from the appropriate list in keywords{}. The lists in this table are used to validate the keyword assignment for the parameters named in this table's keys. ]] local keywords_lists = { ['yes_true_y'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.affirmative}), ['contribution'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.afterword, keywords.foreword, keywords.introduction, keywords.preface}), ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all']}), -- ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all'], keywords.yMd, keywords['yMd-all']}), -- not supported at en.wiki ['mode'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.cs1, keywords.cs2}), ['name-list-style'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.amp, keywords['and'], keywords.vanc}), ['ref'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.harv}), -- inverted check; |ref=harv no longer supported ['url-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.subscription, keywords.limited, keywords.registration}), ['url-status'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dead, keywords.live, keywords.unfit, keywords.usurped, keywords['bot: unknown']}), ['id-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.free}), } --[[--------------------------< C S 1 _ C O N F I G _ G E T >-------------------------------------------------- fetch and validate values from {{cs1 config}} template to fill <global_cs1_config_t> no error messages; when errors are detected, the parameter value from {{cs1 config}} is blanked. Supports all parameters and aliases associated with the metaparameters: DisplayAuthors, DisplayContributors, DisplayEditors, DisplayInterviewers, DisplayTranslators, NameListStyle, and Mode. The DisplayWhatever metaparameters accept numeric values only (|display-authors=etal and the like is not supported). ]] local global_cs1_config_t = {}; -- TODO: add value returned from get_date_format() to this table? local function get_cs1_config () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end local start = content:find('{{ *[Cc][Ss]1 config *[|}]'); -- <start> is offset into <content> when {{cs1 config}} found; nil else if start then local cs1_config_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if not cs1_config_template then return nil; end local params_t = mw.text.split (cs1_config_template:gsub ('^{{%s*', ''):gsub ('%s*}}$', ''), '%s*|%s*'); -- remove '{{' and '}}'; make a sequence of parameter/value pairs (split on the pipe) table.remove (params_t, 1); -- remove the template name because it isn't a parameter/value pair local config_meta_params_t = {'DisplayAuthors', 'DisplayContributors', 'DisplayEditors', 'DisplayInterviewers', 'DisplayTranslators', 'NameListStyle', 'Mode'}; local meta_param_map_t = {}; -- list of accepted parameter names usable in {{cs1 config}} goes here for _, meta_param in ipairs (config_meta_params_t) do -- for i18n using <config_meta_params_t>, map template parameter names to their metaparameter equivalents if 'table' == type (aliases[meta_param]) then -- if <meta_param> is a sequence, for _, param in ipairs (aliases[meta_param]) do -- extract its contents meta_param_map_t[param] = meta_param; -- and add to <meta_param_map_t> end else meta_param_map_t[aliases[meta_param]] = meta_param; -- not a sequence so just add the parameter to <meta_param_map_t> end end local keywords_t = {}; -- map valid keywords to their associate metaparameter; reverse form of <keyword_lists[key] for these metaparameters for _, metaparam_t in ipairs ({{'NameListStyle', 'name-list-style'}, {'Mode', 'mode'}}) do -- only these metaparameter / keywords_lists key pairs for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_lists[metaparam_t[2]]) do -- spin through the list of keywords keywords_t[keyword] = metaparam_t[1]; -- add [keyword] = metaparameter to the map end end for _, param in ipairs (params_t) do -- spin through the {{cs1 config}} parameters and fill <global_cs1_config_t> local k, v = param:match ('([^=]-)%s*=%s*(.+)'); -- <k> is the parameter name; <v> is parameter's assigned value if k then if k:find ('^display') then -- if <k> is one of the |display-<namelist>= parameters if v:match ('%d+') then -- the assigned value must be digits; doesn't accept 'etal' global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the display param and its value to globals table end else if keywords_t[v] == meta_param_map_t[k] then -- keywords_t[v] returns nil or the metaparam name; these must be the same global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the parameter and its value to globals table end end end end end end get_cs1_config (); -- fill <global_cs1_config_t> --[[---------------------< S T R I P M A R K E R S >---------------------------- Common pattern definition location for stripmarkers so that we don't have to go hunting for them if (when) MediaWiki changes their form. ]] local stripmarkers = { ['any'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-(%a+)%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- capture returns name of stripmarker ['math'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-math%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127' -- math stripmarkers used in coins_cleanup() and coins_replace_math_stripmarker() } --[[------------< I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R A C T E R S >--------------------- This table holds non-printing or invisible characters indexed either by name or by Unicode group. Values are decimal representations of UTF-8 codes. The table is organized as a table of tables because the Lua pairs keyword returns table data in an arbitrary order. Here, we want to process the table from top to bottom because the entries at the top of the table are also found in the ranges specified by the entries at the bottom of the table. Also here is a pattern that recognizes stripmarkers that begin and end with the delete characters. The nowiki stripmarker is not an error but some others are because the parameter values that include them become part of the template's metadata before stripmarker replacement. ]] local invisible_defs = { del = '\127', -- used to distinguish between stripmarker and del char zwj = '\226\128\141', -- used with capture because zwj may be allowed } local invisible_chars = { {'replacement', '\239\191\189'}, -- U+FFFD, EF BF BD {'zero width joiner', '('.. invisible_defs.zwj .. ')'}, -- U+200D, E2 80 8D; capture because zwj may be allowed {'zero width space', '\226\128\139'}, -- U+200B, E2 80 8B {'hair space', '\226\128\138'}, -- U+200A, E2 80 8A {'soft hyphen', '\194\173'}, -- U+00AD, C2 AD {'horizontal tab', '\009'}, -- U+0009 (HT), 09 {'line feed', '\010'}, -- U+000A (LF), 0A {'no-break space', '\194\160'}, -- U+00A0 (NBSP), C2 A0 {'carriage return', '\013'}, -- U+000D (CR), 0D {'stripmarker', stripmarkers.any}, -- stripmarker; may or may not be an error; capture returns the stripmaker type {'delete', '('.. invisible_defs.del .. ')'}, -- U+007F (DEL), 7F; must be done after stripmarker test; capture to distinguish isolated del chars not part of stripmarker {'C0 control', '[\000-\008\011\012\014-\031]'}, -- U+0000–U+001F (NULL–US), 00–1F (except HT, LF, CR (09, 0A, 0D)) {'C1 control', '[\194\128-\194\159]'}, -- U+0080–U+009F (XXX–APC), C2 80 – C2 9F -- {'Specials', '[\239\191\185-\239\191\191]'}, -- U+FFF9-U+FFFF, EF BF B9 – EF BF BF -- {'Private use area', '[\238\128\128-\239\163\191]'}, -- U+E000–U+F8FF, EE 80 80 – EF A3 BF -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-A', '[\243\176\128\128-\243\191\191\189]'}, -- U+F0000–U+FFFFD, F3 B0 80 80 – F3 BF BF BD -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-B', '[\244\128\128\128-\244\143\191\189]'}, -- U+100000–U+10FFFD, F4 80 80 80 – F4 8F BF BD } --[[ Indic script makes use of zero width joiner as a character modifier so zwj characters must be left in. This pattern covers all of the unicode characters for these languages: Devanagari 0900–097F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Devanagari extended A8E0–A8FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf Bengali 0980–09FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf Gurmukhi 0A00–0A7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf Gujarati 0A80–0AFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A80.pdf Oriya 0B00–0B7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf Tamil 0B80–0BFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf Telugu 0C00–0C7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C00.pdf Kannada 0C80–0CFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C80.pdf Malayalam 0D00–0D7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf plus the not-necessarily Indic scripts for Sinhala and Burmese: Sinhala 0D80-0DFF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf Myanmar 1000-109F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1000.pdf Myanmar extended A AA60-AA7F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAA60.pdf Myanmar extended B A9E0-A9FF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA9E0.pdf the pattern is used by has_invisible_chars() and coins_cleanup() ]] local indic_script = '[\224\164\128-\224\181\191\224\163\160-\224\183\191\225\128\128-\225\130\159\234\167\160-\234\167\191\234\169\160-\234\169\191]'; -- list of emoji that use a zwj character (U+200D) to combine with another emoji -- from: https://unicode.org/Public/emoji/16.0/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt; version: 16.0; 2024-08-14 -- table created by: [[:en:Module:Make emoji zwj table]] local emoji_t = { -- indexes are decimal forms of the hex values in U+xxxx [8596] = true, -- U+2194 ↔ left right arrow [8597] = true, -- U+2195 ↕ up down arrow [9760] = true, -- U+2620 ☠ skull and crossbones [9792] = true, -- U+2640 ♀ female sign [9794] = true, -- U+2642 ♂ male sign [9877] = true, -- U+2695 ⚕ staff of aesculapius [9878] = true, -- U+2696 ⚖ scales [9895] = true, -- U+26A7 ⚧ male with stroke and male and female sign [9992] = true, -- U+2708 ✈ airplane [10052] = true, -- U+2744 ❄ snowflake [10084] = true, -- U+2764 ❤ heavy black heart [10145] = true, -- U+27A1 ➡ black rightwards arrow [11035] = true, -- U+2B1B ⬛ black large square [127752] = true, -- U+1F308 🌈 rainbow [127787] = true, -- U+1F32B 🌫 fog [127806] = true, -- U+1F33E 🌾 ear of rice [127859] = true, -- U+1F373 🍳 cooking [127868] = true, -- U+1F37C 🍼 baby bottle [127876] = true, -- U+1F384 🎄 christmas tree [127891] = true, -- U+1F393 🎓 graduation cap [127908] = true, -- U+1F3A4 🎤 microphone [127912] = true, -- U+1F3A8 🎨 artist palette [127979] = true, -- U+1F3EB 🏫 school [127981] = true, -- U+1F3ED 🏭 factory [128048] = true, -- U+1F430 🐰 rabbit face [128102] = true, -- U+1F466 👦 boy [128103] = true, -- U+1F467 👧 girl [128104] = true, -- U+1F468 👨 man [128105] = true, -- U+1F469 👩 woman [128139] = true, -- U+1F48B 💋 kiss mark [128165] = true, -- U+1F4A5 💥 collision symbol [128168] = true, -- U+1F4A8 💨 dash symbol [128171] = true, -- U+1F4AB 💫 dizzy symbol [128187] = true, -- U+1F4BB 💻 personal computer [128188] = true, -- U+1F4BC 💼 brief case [128293] = true, -- U+1F525 🔥 fire [128295] = true, -- U+1F527 🔧 wrench [128300] = true, -- U+1F52C 🔬 microscope [128488] = true, -- U+1F5E8 🗨 left speech bubble [128640] = true, -- U+1F680 🚀 rocket [128658] = true, -- U+1F692 🚒 fire engine [129001] = true, -- U+1F7E9 🟩 large green square [129003] = true, -- U+1F7EB 🟫 large brown square [129309] = true, -- U+1F91D 🤝 handshake [129455] = true, -- U+1F9AF 🦯 probing cane [129456] = true, -- U+1F9B0 🦰 emoji component red hair [129457] = true, -- U+1F9B1 🦱 emoji component curly hair [129458] = true, -- U+1F9B2 🦲 emoji component bald [129459] = true, -- U+1F9B3 🦳 emoji component white hair [129466] = true, -- U+1F9BA 🦺 safety vest [129468] = true, -- U+1F9BC 🦼 motorized wheelchair [129469] = true, -- U+1F9BD 🦽 manual wheelchair [129489] = true, -- U+1F9D1 🧑 adult [129490] = true, -- U+1F9D2 🧒 child [129648] = true, -- U+1FA70 🩰 ballet shoes [129657] = true, -- U+1FA79 🩹 adhesive bandage [129775] = true, -- U+1FAEF 🫯 fight cloud [129778] = true, -- U+1FAF2 🫲 leftwards hand } --[[----------------------< L A N G U A G E S U P P O R T >------------------- These tables and constants support various language-specific functionality. ]] --local this_wiki_code = mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code local this_wiki_code = lang_obj:getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code if string.match (mw.site.server, 'wikidata') then this_wiki_code = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('int', {'lang'}); -- on Wikidata so use interface language setting instead end local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_code, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to Wikimedia; used for interwiki tests local mw_languages_by_name_t = {}; for k, v in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- build a 'reversed' table name/tag language pairs know to MediaWiki; used for |language= v = mw.ustring.lower (v); -- lowercase for tag fetch; get name's proper case from mw_languages_by_tag_t[<tag>] if mw_languages_by_name_t[v] then -- when name already in the table if 2 == #k or 3 == #k then -- if tag does not have subtags mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- prefer the shortest tag for this name end else -- here when name not in the table mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- so add name and matching tag end end local inter_wiki_map = {}; -- map of interwiki prefixes that are language-code prefixes for k, v in pairs (mw.site.interwikiMap ('local')) do -- spin through the base interwiki map (limited to local) if mw_languages_by_tag_t[v["prefix"]] then -- if the prefix matches a known language tag inter_wiki_map[v["prefix"]] = true; -- add it to our local map end end --[[--------------------< S C R I P T _ L A N G _ C O D E S >------------------- This table is used to hold ISO 639-1 two-character and ISO 639-3 three-character language codes that apply only to |script-title= and |script-chapter= ]] local script_lang_codes = { 'ab', 'am', 'ar', 'as', 'az', 'be', 'bg', 'bn', 'bo', 'bs', 'ce', 'chr', 'cu', 'dv', 'dz', 'el', 'fa', 'grc', 'gu', 'he', 'hi', 'hy', 'ja', 'ka', 'kaa', 'kk', 'km', 'kn', 'ko', 'ku', 'ky', 'lo', 'mk', 'ml', 'mn', 'mni', 'mr', 'my', 'ne', 'or', 'ota', 'pa', 'ps', 'ru', 'sd', 'si', 'sr', 'syc', 'ta', 'te', 'tg', 'th', 'ti', 'tkr', 'tt', 'ug', 'uk', 'ur', 'uz', 'yi', 'yue', 'zh', 'zgh' }; --[[---------------< L A N G U A G E R E M A P P I N G >---------------------- These tables hold language information that is different (correct) from MediaWiki's definitions For each ['<tag>'] = 'language name' in lang_code_remap{} there must be a matching ['language name'] = {'language name', '<tag>'} in lang_name_remap{} lang_tag_remap{}: key is always lowercase ISO 639-1, -2, -3 language tag or a valid lowercase IETF language tag value is properly spelled and capitalized language name associated with <tag> only one language name per <tag>; key/value pair must have matching entry in lang_name_remap{} lang_name_remap{}: key is always lowercase language name value is a table the holds correctly spelled and capitalized language name [1] and associated tag [2] (tag must match a tag key in lang_tag_remap{}) may have multiple keys referring to a common preferred name and tag; For example: ['kolsch'] and ['kölsch'] both refer to 'Kölsch' and 'ksh' ]] local lang_tag_remap = { -- used for |language= and |script-title= / |script-chapter= ['als'] = 'Albania Tosk', -- MediaWiki returns Alemannisch ['bh'] = 'Bihari', -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bla'] = 'Blackfoot', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['bn'] = 'Béngali', -- MediaWiki returns Bangla ['ca-valencia'] = 'Valénsia', -- IETF variant of Catalan ['fkv'] = 'Kven', -- MediaWiki returns Kvensk ['gsw'] = 'Jérman Suis', ['ilo'] = 'Ilocano', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['ksh'] = 'Kölsch', -- MediaWiki: Colognian; use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['ksh-x-colog'] = 'Colognian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Colognian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['mis-x-ripuar'] = 'Ripuarian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Ripuarian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['nan-tw'] = 'Hokkien Taiwan', -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese and support en.wiki preferred name ['sr-ec'] = 'Sérbia (aksara Kiril)', -- MediaWiki returns српски (ћирилица) ['sr-el'] = 'Sérbia (aksara Latén)', -- MediaWiki returns srpski (latinica) } local lang_name_remap = { -- used for |language=; names require proper capitalization; tags must be lowercase ['alemannic'] = {'Jérman Suis', 'gsw'}, -- ISO 639-2, -3 alternate for Swiss German; MediaWiki mediawiki returns Alemannic for gsw; en.wiki preferred name ['alemannisch'] = {'Jérman Suis', 'gsw'}, -- not an ISO or IANA language name; MediaWiki uses 'als' as a subdomain name for Alemannic Wikipedia: als.wikipedia.org ['bangla'] = {'Béngali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki returns Bangla (the endonym) but we want Bengali (the exonym); here we remap ['bengali'] = {'Béngali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki doesn't use exonym so here we provide correct language name and 639-1 code ['bhojpuri'] = {'Bhojpuri', 'bho'}, -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bihari'] = {'Bihari', 'bh'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Bihari' with 'Bhojpuri' so 'Bihari' cannot be found ['blackfoot'] = {'Blackfoot', 'bla'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['colognian'] = {'Colognian', 'ksh-x-colog'}, -- MediaWiki preferred name for ksh ['ilocano'] = {'Ilocano', 'ilo'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['kolsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name (use non-diacritical o instead of umlaut ö) ['kölsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['kven'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- Unicode CLDR have decided not to support English language name for these two... ['kvensk'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- ...they say to refer to IANA registry for English names ['ripuarian'] = {'Ripuarian', 'mis-x-ripuar'}, -- group of dialects; no code in MediaWiki or in IANA/ISO 639 ['serbian (cyrillic script)'] = {'Sérbia (aksara Kiril)', 'sr-cyrl'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-ec ['serbian (latin script)'] = {'Sérbia (aksara Latén)', 'sr-latn'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-el ['swiss german'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, ['taiwanese hokkien'] = {'Hokkien Taiwan', 'nan-tw'}, -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese ['tosk albanian'] = {'Albania Tosk', 'als'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Tosk Albanian' with 'Alemannisch' so 'Tosk Albanian' cannot be found ['valencian'] = {'Valénsia', 'ca-valencia'}, -- variant of Catalan; categorizes as Valencian } --[[---------------< P R O P E R T I E S _ C A T E G O R I E S >---------------- Properties categories. These are used for investigating qualities of citations. ]] local prop_cats = { ['foreign-lang-source'] = 'CS1 sumber basa $1 ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is foreign-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code ['foreign-lang-source-2'] = 'CS1 sumber basa asing (ISO 639-2)|$1', -- |language= category; a cat for ISO639-2 languages; $1 is the ISO 639-2 code used as a sort key ['interproj-linked-name'] = 'CS1 ngaran kalawan tutumbu antarproyék|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interproject link; $1 is interproject tag used as a sort key ['interwiki-linked-name'] = 'CS1 ngaran kalawan tutumbu interwiki|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interwiki link; $1 is interwiki tag used as a sort key; yeilds to interproject ['local-lang-source'] = 'CS1 sumber basa $1 ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is local-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code; not emitted when local_lang_cat_enable is false ['location-test'] = 'CS1 uji lokasi', ['long-vol'] = 'CS1: volume bernilai panjang', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |volume= values longer than 4 characters ['script'] = 'CS1 maké aksara basa $1 ($2)', -- |script-title=xx: has matching category; $1 is language name, $2 is language tag ['tracked-param'] = 'CS1 paraméter kalacak: $1', -- $1 is base (enumerators removed) parameter name ['unfit'] = 'CS1: URL teu cocok', -- |url-status=unfit or |url-status=usurped; used to be a maint cat ['vanc-accept'] = 'CS1:Vancouver names with accept markup', -- for |vauthors=/|veditors= with accept-as-written markup ['year-range-abbreviated'] = 'CS1: rentang taun disingget', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |date=, |year= values using YYYY–YY form } --[[-------------------< T I T L E _ T Y P E S >-------------------------------- Here we map a template's CitationClass to TitleType (default values for |type= parameter) ]] local title_types = { ['AV-media-notes'] = 'Catetan média', ['document'] = 'Dokumén', ['interview'] = 'Wawancara', ['mailinglist'] = 'Milis', ['map'] = 'Peta', ['podcast'] = 'Siniar', ['pressrelease'] = 'Rilis pérs', ['report'] = 'Laporan', ['speech'] = 'Pidato', ['techreport'] = 'Laporan téhnis', ['thesis'] = 'Tésis', } --[[--------------------------< B U I L D _ K N O W N _ F R E E _ D O I _ R E G I S T R A N T S _ T A B L E >-- build a table of doi registrants known to be free-to-read In a doi, the registrant ID is the series of digits between the '10.' and the first '/': in doi 10.1100/sommat, 1100 is the registrant ID see §3.2.2 DOI prefix of the Doi Handbook p. 43 https://www.doi.org/doi-handbook/DOI_Handbook_Final.pdf#page=43 ]] local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() local registrants_t = {}; for _, v in ipairs ({ '1045', '1074', '1096', '1100', '1155', '1186', '1194', '1371', '1613', '1629', '1989', '1999', '2147', '2196', '3114', '3285', '3389', '3390', '3767', '3906', '3748', '3814', '3847', '3897', '4061', '4089', '4103', '4172', '4175', '4230', '4236', '4239', '4240', '4249', '4251', '4252', '4253', '4254', '4291', '4292', '4312', '4329', '4330', '4331', '5074', '5086', '5194', '5210', '5306', '5312', '5313', '5314', '5315', '5316', '5317', '5318', '5319', '5320', '5321', '5334', '5402', '5409', '5410', '5411', '5412', '5492', '5493', '5494', '5495', '5496', '5497', '5498', '5499', '5500', '5501', '5527', '5528', '5662', '6064', '6219', '7167', '7217', '7287', '7482', '7490', '7554', '7717', '7759', '7766', '9778', '11131', '11569', '11647', '11648', '12688', '12703', '12715', '12942', '12998', '13105', '14256', '14293', '14303', '14502', '14720', '15215', '15227', '15292', '15458', '15347', '15412', '15560', '16995', '17573', '17645', '18553', '18637', '18757', '19080', '19173', '20419', '20944', '21037', '21105', '21468', '21767', '21425', '22261', '22323', '22459', '24105', '24196', '24404', '24413', '24966', '26529', '26614', '26775', '26873', '30845', '32545', '34291', '34641', '35711', '35712', '35713', '35995', '36648', '37126', '37532', '37871', '47128', '47622', '47959', '48438', '51741', '51746', '51935', '51936', '51937', '51938', '51939', '51940', '52165', '52437', '52975', '53288', '53347', '54081', '54947', '55295', '55667', '55741', '55914', '57009', '58647', '58782', '59081', '59490', '61375', '66183', '70587', }) do registrants_t[v] = true; -- build a k/v table of known free-to-read doi registrants end return registrants_t; end local extended_registrants_t = { -- doi suffix incipits are evaluated as lua patterns ['1001'] = {'jamanetworkopen'}, -- JAMA Network Open ['1002'] = {'1878-0261', '2056-4538', '2211-5463', '2475-8876', '2688-8319', 'aaai%.', 'aac2%.', 'ache%.', 'acm2%.', 'acn3%.', 'acr2%.', 'admi%.', 'adpr%.', 'adrr%.', 'adsr%.', 'advs%.', 'ael2%.', 'aelm%.', 'aesr%.', 'aff2%.', 'agf2%.', 'agg2%.', 'agm2%.', 'ags3%.', 'agt2%.', 'aidi%.', 'ail2%.', 'aisy%.', 'aiv2%.', 'alz%.', 'ame2%.', 'ams2%.', 'anbr%.', 'ansa%.', 'apj%.', 'app5%.', 'aps3%.', 'apxr%.', 'aro2%.', 'ars2%.', 'asl2%.', 'atn2%.', 'bco2%.', 'bes2%.', 'bmm2%.', 'bod2%.', 'brb3%.', 'brh2%.', 'brx2%.', 'bsa3%.', 'bte2%.', 'btm2%.', 'cai2%.', 'cam4%.', 'cbh2%.', 'ccr3%.', 'ccs3%.', 'cdt3%.', 'celc%.', 'cep4%.', 'ces2%.', 'cesm%.', 'ceur%.', 'cey2%.', 'cfch%.', 'cfp2%.', 'cin4%.', 'clc%.', 'clem%.', 'cli2%.', 'clt2%.', 'cmt2%.', 'cmtd%.', 'cnl2%.', 'cnr2%.', 'cns%.', 'cns3%.', 'cnx2%.', 'cre2%.', 'csc3%.', 'cso2%.', 'ctd2%.', 'cti2%.', 'ctm2%.', 'dad2%.', 'deo2%.', 'dep2%.', 'dni2%.', 'dro2%.', 'dug2%.', 'dvr2%.', 'eas2%.', 'ece2%.', 'ece3%.', 'ecog%.', 'ecs2%.', 'edm2%.', 'edn3%.', 'eem2%.', 'eer3%.', 'efd2%.', 'ejsc%.', 'elsa%.', 'elt2%.', 'eng2%.', 'eom2%.', 'epi4%.', 'epr2%.', 'ese3%.', 'exp%.', 'fbe2%.', 'fci2%.', 'fer3%.', 'fes3%.', 'fft2%.', 'fhu2%.', 'fle2%.', 'flm2%.', 'fob2%.', 'fpf2%.', 'fsh3%.', 'fsn3%.', 'gcb4%.', 'gch2%.', 'gdj3%.', 'geo2%.', 'ggn2%.', 'gin2%.', 'glr2%.', 'gps3%.', 'gtm2%.', 'hbm%.', 'hcs2%.', 'hem3%.', 'hkj2%.', 'hsr2%.', 'ibra%.', 'idm2%.', 'ifm2%.', 'iid3%.', 'iju5%.', 'ila2%.', 'imed%.', 'imm3%.', 'imo2%.', 'imt2%.', 'inc2%.', 'inc3%.', 'inf2%.', 'inm3%.', 'inmd%.', 'ird3%.', 'ise3%.', 'jaa2%.', 'jav%.', 'jbt%.', 'jcc5%.', 'jcla%.', 'jcsm%.', 'jcv2%.', 'jeo2%.', 'jev2%.', 'jex2%.', 'jfa2%.', 'jgf2%.', 'jgh3%.', 'jha2%.', 'jia2%.', 'jmd2%.', 'jmrs%.', 'joa3%.', 'jpr3%.', 'jsf2%.', 'jsp2%.', 'jvc2%.', 'kjm2%.', 'kot2%.', 'lci2%.', 'ldr%.', 'leap%.', 'leg3%.', 'lim2%.', 'lio2%.', 'loe2%.', 'lol2%.', 'lrh2%.', 'mame%.', 'mba2%.', 'mbo3%.', 'mco2%.', 'mdb2%.', 'mdr2%.', 'med4%.', 'mef2%.', 'met%.', 'metm%.', 'mgea%.', 'mgg3%.', 'mhs2%.', 'mlf2%.', 'mmr3%.', 'moda%.', 'mog2%.', 'mpr%.', 'mps2%.', 'msd2%.', 'nam2%.', 'nano%.', 'nap2%.', 'neo2%.', 'nep3%.', 'njb%.', 'nop2%.', 'npp2%.', 'npr2%.', 'ntls%.', 'open%.', 'orm2%.', 'osp4%.', 'oto2%.', 'pan3%.', 'pchj%.', 'pcn5%.', 'pdi3%.', 'ped4%.', 'pei3%.', 'pfm2%.', 'pgr2%.', 'phmt%.', 'pld3%.', 'pls2%.', 'pmf2%.', 'pne2%.', 'pnp%.', 'poh2%.', 'ppj2%.', 'ppp3%.', 'prm2%.', 'pro6%.', 'prp2%.', 'psp4%.', 'puh2%.', 'pul2%.', 'qub2%.', 'rai2%.', 'rar2%.', 'rco2%.', 'rcr2%.', 'rfc2%.', 'rmb2%.', 'rpm2%.', 'rse2%.', 'rvr2%.', 'sae2%.', 'sen2%.', 'sfp2%.', 'smb2%.', 'smm2%.', 'smmd%.', 'smo2%.', 'smsc%.', 'sst2%.', 'sst3%.', 'sstr%.', 'sus2%.', 'tch2%.', 'tcr4%.', 'tpg2%.', 'trc2%.', 'tre%.', 'uar2%.', 'ueg2%.', 'uro2%.', 'viw2%.', 'vms3%.', 'vro2%.', 'vzj2%.', 'we%.', 'wjo2%.', 'wlb3%.', 'wll2%.', 'wsb%.'}, -- Elsevier journals https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:DreamRimmer&oldid=1364310578#Wikipedia:Bot_requests/Archive_88#Web_scrapping_v2 ['1016'] = {'j%.aace', 'j%.aed', 'j%.aiopen', 'j%.animal', 'j%.apsb', 'j%.addicn', -- AACE Endocrinology and Diabetes, AACE Endocrinology and Diabetes, AI Open, Animal, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, Addiction Neuroscience 'j%.abrep', 'j%.fob', 'j%.gpb', 'j%.heliyon', 'j%.mucimm%.', 'j%.nlp', 'j%.patter', 'j%.proche', -- Addictive Behaviors Reports, FEBS Open Bio, Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics after 2015, Heliyon, Mucosal Immunology, Natural Language Processing, Patterns, Procedia Chemistry 'j%.vgie', 'S1672-0229', 'S1933-0219'}, -- VideoGIE, Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics before 2015, Mucosal Immunology ['1017'] = {'apj%.', 'nlp', 'mdh', 'S15574660'}, -- Natural Language Processing Journal, Medical History, Asia Pacific Journal ['1021'] = {'acscentsci', 'acsomega'}, -- ACS Central Science, ACS Omega ['1029'] = {'2025cn', '2025csj', '2025ea', '2025gc', '2025gh', '2025ms', '2025sw', '2025wr', '2026ef', '2026gl', '2026jh', 'aga2.70129'}, -- Elsevier journals https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:DreamRimmer&oldid=1364310578#Wikipedia:Bot_requests/Archive_88#Web_scrapping_v2 ['1038'] = {'41541%.', '43246%.', 'asiamat%.', 'boneres%.', 'cddis%.', 'cddiscovery%.', 'celldisc%.', 'mi%.', 'nutd%.', 'oncsis%.', 's40494', 's41377', 's41392', 's41396', 's41398', 's41405', 's41407', 's41408', 's41439', 's41467', 's41514', 's41522', 's41523', 's41524', 's41525', 's41526', 's41528', 's41529', 's41531', 's41533', 's41534', 's41535', 's41536', 's41537', 's41538', 's41539', 's41540', 's41545', 's41598', 's41612', 's41698', 's41699', 's41746', 's42003', 's42004', 's42005', 's42949', 's43247', 's43705', 's43856', 's44168', 's44172', 's44182', 's44183', 's44184', 's44185', 's44259', 's44260', 's44264', 's44271', 's44276', 's44294', 's44296', 's44298', 's44303', 's44304', 's44306', 's44310', 's44323', 's44324', 's44325', 's44328', 's44333', 's44334', 's44335', 's44341', 's44355', 's44383', 's44384', 's44385', 's44386', 's44387', 's44400', 's44401', 's44406', 's44407', 's44431', 's44432', 's44433', 's44434', 's44435', 's44440', 's44453', 's44454', 's44455', 's44456', 's44458', 's44459', 's44482', 's44484', 's44485', 's44488', 's44513', 's44528', 'sdata%.'}, -- Nature journals (npj series, Communications series, and many others, see https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:DreamRimmer&diff=prev&oldid=1368822567 and https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:DreamRimmer&diff=next&oldid=1368822567) ['1046'] = {'j%.1365-8711', 'j%.1365-246x'}, -- MNRAS, GJI ['1049'] = {'aie2%.', 'blc2%.', 'bme2', 'bsb2%.', 'ccs2%.', 'cds2', 'cdt2', 'cim2%.', 'cit2%.', 'cmu2%.', 'cps2%.', 'csy2%.', 'cth2%.', 'cvi2%.', 'dgt2%.', 'ein2%.', 'ell2%.', 'elp2%.', 'els2', 'ema3%.', 'enb2%.', 'enc2%.', 'esi2%.', 'gtd2%.', 'htl2%.', 'hve2%.', 'ipr2%.', 'ise2', 'itr2%.', 'mia2%.', 'mna2%.', 'nbt2', 'nde2%.', 'ntw2%.', 'ote2%.', 'pel2%.', 'qtc2%.', 'rpg2%.', 'rsn2%.', 'ses2%.', 'sfw2', 'sil2', 'smc2%.', 'smt2%.', 'stg2%.', 'syb2%.', 'tje2%.', 'wss2%.'}, -- Elsevier journals https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:DreamRimmer&oldid=1364310578#Wikipedia:Bot_requests/Archive_88#Web_scrapping_v2 ['1051'] = {'parasite'}, -- Parasite ['1057'] = {'s41599'}, -- Humanities and Social Sciences Communications ['1093'] = {'mnras', 'mnrasl', 'gji', 'pnasnexus', 'rasti', 'ismeco', 'ismejo'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI, PNAS Nexus, RASTI, ISME Communications, ISME Journal ['1096'] = {'fba%.'}, -- FASEB BioAdvances ['1098'] = {'rsbm', 'rsob', 'rsos'}, -- Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Open Biology, Royal Society Open Science ['1099'] = {'acmi', 'mic', '00221287', 'mgen'}, -- Access Microbiology, Microbiology, Journal of General Microbiology, Microbial Genomics ['1107'] = {'S20569890', 'S20522525', 'S16005775', 'S24143146'}, -- Acta Crystallographica E, IUCrJ, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, IUCrData ['1109'] = {'access', 'oa', 'oj'}, -- IEEE Access, IEEE Open Access..., IEEE Open Journal... ['1111'] = {'1365-2435', '1442-1984', '1751-7915', '1753-0407', '1755-0998', '1758-2229', '1759-7714', '2041-210x', 'j%.1365-2966', 'j%.1745-3933', 'j%.1365-246X','acel%.', 'adb%.', 'anec%.', 'aogs%.', 'bor%.', 'bpa%.', 'cas%.', 'con4%.', 'cpr%.', 'crj%.', 'csp2%.', 'cts%.', 'ddi%.', 'ejed%.', 'ene%.', 'eva%.', 'gbb%.', 'gcbb%.', 'hex%.', 'irv%.', 'iwj%.', 'jch%.', 'jcmm%.', 'jdi%.', 'jfr3%.', 'jocd%.', 'jwas%.', 'mcn%.', 'mpp%.', 'myc%.', 'nrm%.', 'os%.', 'pbi%.', 'srt%.'}, -- Elsevier journals https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:DreamRimmer&oldid=1364310578#Wikipedia:Bot_requests/Archive_88#Web_scrapping_v2 ['1112'] = {'tlm3%.'}, -- Transactions of the London Mathematical Society ['1113'] = {'ep'}, -- Experimental Physiology ['1128'] = {'asmcr', 'jmbe', 'mbio', 'mra', 'spectrum', 'msphere', 'msystems'}, --ASM Case Reports, Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, mBio, Microbiology Resource Announcements, Microbiology Spectrum, mSphere, mSystems ['1136'] = {'bmjopen'}, -- BMJ Open ['1140'] = {'epjconf'}, -- EPJ Web of Conferences ['1161'] = {'jaha%.'}, ['1176'] = {'appi%.prcp%.'}, ['1192'] = {'bjo'}, -- BJPsych Open ['1210'] = {'jendso','jcemcr'}, -- Journal of the Endocrine Society, JCEM Case Reports ['1215'] = {'21573689', '21573698'}, -- L&O Fluids ['1257'] = {'jep'}, -- Journal of Economic Perspectives ['1590'] = {'0102-3306'}, -- Acta Botanica Brasilica ['2903'] = {'j%.efsa%.'}, ['3322'] = {'caac%.'}, ['3982'] = {'qw', 'te'}, ['4171'] = {'dm','mag'}, -- Documenta Mathematica, EMS Magazine ['4319'] = {'lo%.', 'lol%.', 'lom%.'}, -- L&O, L&O e-Lectures, L&O Methods ['5852'] = {'ejt'}, -- European Journal of Taxonomy ['7155'] = {'jgaa'}, -- Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications ['7758'] = {'rsf'}, -- RSJ Journal ['11158'] = {'saasp'}, -- Systematic and Applied Acarology Special Publications ['11646'] = {'megataxa', 'mesozoic'}, -- Megataxa, Mesozoic ['14231'] = {'ag'}, -- Algebraic Geometry ['14814'] = {'phy2%.'}, ['15302'] = {'vr%.'}, ['15446'] = {'abc'}, -- Acta Biológica Colombiana ['17239'] = {'jowr'}, -- Journal of Writing Research ['22073'] = {'pja'}, -- Persian Journal of Acarology ['24310'] = {'abm'}, -- Acta Botanica Malacitana ['24425'] = {'agp'}, -- Acta Geologica Polonica ['35249'] = {'rche'}, -- Revista Chilena de Entomología ['37520'] = {'fi'}, -- Fossil Imprint ['53562'] = {'ajcb'} -- Asian Journal of Conservation Biology } --[[===================<< E R R O R M E S S A G I N G >>====================== ]] --[[----------< E R R O R M E S S A G E S U P P L I M E N T S >------------- I18N for those messages that are supplemented with additional specific text that describes the reason for the error TODO: merge this with special_case_translations{}? ]] local err_msg_supl = { ['char'] = 'karakter teu sah', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['check'] = 'checksum', -- |isbn=, |sbn= empty_str = '(string kosong)', -- empty unknown parameter check when cite has |= ['flag'] = 'penanda', -- |archive-url= ['form'] = 'bentuk teu sah', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['group'] = 'ID grup teu sah', -- |isbn= ['initials'] = 'inisial', -- Vancouver ['invalid language code'] = 'kode basa teu sah', -- |script-<param>= ['journal'] = 'jurnal', -- |bibcode= ['length'] = 'panjang', -- |isbn=, |bibcode=, |sbn= ['liveweb'] = 'web langsung', -- |archive-url= ['missing comma'] = 'euweuh koma', -- Vancouver ['missing prefix'] = 'euweuh awalan', -- |script-<param>= ['missing title part'] = 'euweuh bagéan judul', -- |script-<param>= ['name'] = 'ngaran', -- Vancouver ['non-Latin char'] = 'karakter non-Latin', -- Vancouver ['path'] = 'jalur', -- |archive-url= ['prefix'] = 'mimiti teu sah', -- |isbn= ['punctuation'] = 'tanda baca', -- Vancouver ['save'] = 'paréntah simpen', -- |archive-url= ['suffix'] = 'tungtung', -- Vancouver ['timestamp'] = 'stémpel mangsa', -- |archive-url= ['unknown language code'] = 'kode basa nu teu dipikanyaho', -- |script-<param>= ['value'] = 'nilai', -- |bibcode= ['year'] = 'taun', -- |bibcode= } --[[--------------< E R R O R _ C O N D I T I O N S >--------------------------- Error condition table. This table has two sections: errors at the top, maintenance at the bottom. Maint 'messaging' does not have a 'message' (message=nil) The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors TODO: rename error_conditions{} to something more generic; create separate error and maint tables inside that? ]] local error_conditions = { err_accessdate_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;access-date=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanggal aksés tanpa URL', hidden = false }, err_apostrophe_markup = { message = 'Markah déngdék atawa kandel teu diidinan dina: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'apostrophe_markup', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: markah', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_date_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_url_ts_mismatch = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> stémpel mangsa teu cocog; disarankeun $1', anchor = 'archive_date_url_ts_mismatch', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_date = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_archive_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> teu sah: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'archive_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL arsipan', hidden = false }, err_arxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;arxiv=</code> diperlukeun', anchor = 'arxiv_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: arXiv', -- same as bad arxiv hidden = false }, err_asintld_missing_asin = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'asintld_missing_asin', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_arxiv = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;arxiv=</code>', anchor = 'bad_arxiv', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: arXiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin=</code>', anchor = 'bad_asin', category ='Kasalahan CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin_tld = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin-tld=</code>', anchor = 'bad_asin_tld', category ='Kasalahan CS1: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_bibcode = { message = 'Pariksa <code class="cs1-code">&#124;bibcode=</code> $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_bibcode', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bibcode', hidden = false }, err_bad_biorxiv = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;biorxiv=</code>', anchor = 'bad_biorxiv', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bioRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_citeseerx = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;citeseerx=</code>', anchor = 'bad_citeseerx', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: citeseerx', hidden = false }, err_bad_date = { message = 'Pariksa nilai tanggal dina: $1', -- $1 is a parameter name list anchor = 'bad_date', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanggal', hidden = false }, err_bad_doi = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;doi=</code>', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: DOI', hidden = false }, err_bad_hdl = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;hdl=</code>', anchor = 'bad_hdl', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: HDL', hidden = false }, err_bad_isbn = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;isbn=</code>: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ISBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ismn = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ismn=</code>', anchor = 'bad_ismn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ISMN', hidden = false }, err_bad_issn = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;issn=</code>', -- $1 is 'e' or '' for eissn or issn anchor = 'bad_issn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ISSN', hidden = false }, err_bad_jfm = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;jfm=</code>', anchor = 'bad_jfm', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: JFM', hidden = false }, err_bad_jstor = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;jstor=</code>', anchor = 'bad_jstor', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: JSTOR', hidden = false }, err_bad_lccn = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;lccn=</code>', anchor = 'bad_lccn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: LCCN', hidden = false }, err_bad_medrxiv = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;medrxif=</code>', anchor = 'bad_medrxiv', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: medRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_mr = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;mr=</code>', anchor = 'bad_mr', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: MR', hidden = false }, err_bad_oclc = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;oclc=</code>', anchor = 'bad_oclc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: OCLC', hidden = false }, err_bad_ol = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ol=</code>', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: OL', hidden = false }, err_bad_osti = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;osti=</code>', anchor = 'bad_osti', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: OSTI', hidden = false }, err_bad_paramlink = { -- for |title-link=, |author/editor/translator-link=, |series-link=, |episode-link= message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_paramlink', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tutumbu paraméter', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmc = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmc=</code>', anchor = 'bad_pmc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: PMC', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmid = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmid=</code>', anchor = 'bad_pmid', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: PMID', hidden = false }, err_bad_rfc = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;rfc=</code>', anchor = 'bad_rfc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: RFC', hidden = false }, err_bad_s2cid = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;s2cid=</code>', anchor = 'bad_s2cid', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: S2CID', hidden = false }, err_bad_sbn = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;sbn=</code>: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_sbn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: SBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ssrn = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ssrn=</code>', anchor = 'bad_ssrn', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_bad_url = { message = 'Pariksa nilai $1', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL', hidden = false }, err_bad_usenet_id = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;message-id=</code>', anchor = 'bad_message_id', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ID talatah', hidden = false }, err_bad_zbl = { message = 'Pariksa nilai <code class="cs1-code">&#124;zbl=</code>', anchor = 'bad_zbl', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: Zbl', hidden = false }, err_bare_url_missing_title = { message = '$1 teu ngabogaan judul', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tutumbu atah', hidden = false }, err_biorxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;biorxiv=</code> diperlukeun', anchor = 'biorxiv_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bioRxiv', -- same as bad bioRxiv hidden = false }, err_chapter_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> teu dipaliré', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'chapter_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: bab teu dipaliré', hidden = false }, err_citation_missing_title = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> euweuhan atawa kosong', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: judul leungit', hidden = false }, err_citeseerx_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;citeseerx=</code> diperlukeun', anchor = 'citeseerx_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: citeseerx', -- same as bad citeseerx hidden = false }, err_cite_web_url = { -- this error applies to cite web and to cite podcast message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> euweuhan atawa kosong', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: butuh URL', hidden = false }, err_class_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;class=</code> teu dipaliré', anchor = 'class_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: kelas', hidden = false }, err_contributor_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;contributor=</code> teu dipaliré', anchor = 'contributor_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: kontributor', hidden = false }, err_contributor_missing_required_param = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;contributor=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'contributor_missing_required_param', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: kontributor', hidden = false }, err_deprecated_params = { message = 'Cutatan maké paraméter nu teu dipaké deui <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'deprecated_params', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter nu teu dipaké deui', hidden = false }, err_disp_name = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=$2</code> teu sah', -- $1 is parameter name; $2 is the assigned value anchor = 'disp_name', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ngaran pidangan', hidden = false, }, err_doibroken_missing_doi = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;doi=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'doibroken_missing_doi', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: DOI', hidden = false }, err_embargo_missing_pmc = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmc=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'embargo_missing_pmc', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: PMC embargo', hidden = false }, err_empty_citation = { message = 'Cutatan kosong', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: cutatan kosong', hidden = false }, err_etal = { message = 'Pamakéan et al. sacara éksplisit dina: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'explicit_et_al', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: pamakéan et al.', hidden = false }, err_extra_text_edition = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;edition=</code> ngabogaan téks tambahan', anchor = 'extra_text_edition', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: édisi', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_issue = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ngabogaan téks tambahan', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_issue', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: nomer', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_pages = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ngabogaan téks tambahan', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_pages', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: kaca', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_volume = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ngabogaan téks tambahan', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_volume', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: téks tambahan: volume', hidden = false, }, err_first_missing_last = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> teu ngabogaan <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is first alias, $2 is matching last alias anchor = 'first_missing_last', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanpa ngaran', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_format_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is format parameter $2 is url parameter anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: format tanpa URL', hidden = false }, err_generic_name = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ngabogaan ngaran génerik', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'generic_name', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ngaran génerik', hidden = false, }, err_generic_title = { message = 'Cutatan maké judul génerik', anchor = 'generic_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: judul génerik', hidden = false, }, err_invalid_isbn_date = { message = 'ISBN / Tanggal teu cocog', anchor = 'invalid_isbn_date', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tanggal ISBN', hidden = true }, err_invalid_param_val = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=$2</code> teu sah', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is parameter value anchor = 'invalid_param_val', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: nilai paraméter teu sah', hidden = false }, err_invisible_char = { message = '$1 dina $2 di posisi $3', -- $1 is invisible char $2 is parameter name $3 is position number anchor = 'invisible_char', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: karakter teu katémbong', hidden = false }, err_medrxiv_missing = { message = ' ', anchor = 'medrxiv_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: medRxiv', -- same as bad medRxiv hidden = false }, err_missing_name = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1$2=</code> euweuhan', -- $1 is modified NameList; $2 is enumerator anchor = 'missing_name', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: teu ngabogaan panulis atawa éditor', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_missing_periodical = { message = 'Cutatan $1 merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical periodical parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_periodical', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: periode leungit', hidden = false }, err_missing_pipe = { message = 'Pamisah pipa euweuh dina: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'missing_pipe', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: pipa leungit', hidden = false }, err_missing_publisher = { message = 'Cutatan $1 merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical publisher parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_publisher', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: pamedal leungit', hidden = false }, err_numeric_names = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ngabogaan ngaran dina wangun angka', -- $1 is parameter name', anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: ngaran dina wangun angka', hidden = false, }, err_param_access_requires_param = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1-access=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_access_requires_param', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: aksés paraméter', hidden = false }, err_param_has_ext_link = { message = 'Tumbu luar dina <code class="cs1-code">$1</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_ext_link', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: tumbu luar', hidden = false }, err_param_has_twl_url = { message = 'Tumbu Wikipedia Library dina <code class="cs1-code">$1</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_twl_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored = { message = 'Paraméter teu dipikanyaho <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> teu dipaliré', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter teu karojong', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = 'Paraméter teu dipikanyaho <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> teu dipaliré (disarankeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>)', -- $1 is unknown parameter $2 is suggested parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter teu karojong', hidden = false }, err_periodical_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> teu dipaliré', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'periodical_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: période teu dipaliré', hidden = false }, err_redundant_parameters = { message = '$1 ditangtukeun leuwih ti sakali', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter leuwihan', hidden = false }, err_script_parameter = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> teu sah: $2', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is script language code or error detail anchor = 'script_parameter', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter aksara', hidden = false }, err_ssrn_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;ssrn=</code> diperlukeun', anchor = 'ssrn_missing', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_text_ignored = { message = 'Téks "$1" teu dipaliré', -- $1 is ignored text anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter nu teu dipikanyaho', hidden = false }, err_trans_missing_title = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;trans-$1=</code> merlukeun <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> atawa <code class="cs1-code">&#124;script-$1=</code>', -- $1 is base parameter name anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: judul teu ditarjamahkeun', hidden = false }, err_param_unknown_empty = { message = 'Cutatan ngabogaan paraméter teu dipikanyaho nu kosong$1: $2', -- $1 is 's' or empty space; $2 is emty unknown param list anchor = 'param_unknown_empty', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: paraméter kosong nu teu dipikanyaho', hidden = false }, err_vancouver = { message = 'Kasalahan gaya Vancouver: $1 dina ngaran $2', -- $1 is error detail, $2 is the nth name anchor = 'vancouver', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: gaya Vancouver', hidden = false }, err_wikilink_in_url = { message = 'URL–wikilink teu saluyu', -- uses ndash anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'Kasalahan CS1: URL–wikilink teu saluyu', -- uses ndash hidden = false }, --[[--------------------------< M A I N T >------------------------------------- maint messages do not have a message (message = nil); otherwise the structure is the same as error messages ]] maint_archive_origin = { message = nil, anchor = 'archive_origin', category = 'Pemeliharaan CS1: asal arsip', hidden = true, }, maint_archived_copy = { message = nil, anchor = 'archived_copy', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: salinan kaarsip salaku judul', hidden = true, }, maint_bibcode = { message = nil, anchor = 'bibcode', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: bibcode', hidden = true, }, maint_location_no_publisher = { -- cite book, conference, encyclopedia; citation as book cite or encyclopedia cite message = nil, anchor = 'location_no_publisher', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: lokasi tanpa pamedal', hidden = true, }, maint_bot_unknown = { message = nil, anchor = 'bot:_unknown', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: bot: status url asli teu dipikanyaho', hidden = true, }, maint_date_auto_xlated = { -- date auto-translation not supported by en.wiki message = nil, anchor = 'date_auto_xlated', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: tanggal ditarjamahkeun otomatis', hidden = true, }, maint_date_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: format tanggal', hidden = true, }, maint_date_year = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_year', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: tanggal jeung taun', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_ignore', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: kasalahan DOI nu teu dipaliré', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: DOI nonaktif', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive_dated = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive_dated', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: DOI nonaktif per $2$3$1', -- $1 is year, $2 is month-name or empty string, $3 is space or empty string hidden = true, }, maint_doi_unflagged_free = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_unflagged_free', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: DOI bébas tanpa ditandaan', hidden = true, }, maint_extra_punct = { message = nil, anchor = 'extra_punct', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: tanda baca tambahan', hidden = true, }, maint_id_limit_load_fail = { -- applies to all cs1|2 templates on a page; message = nil, -- maint message (category link) never emitted anchor = 'id_limit_load_fail', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: pamuatan wates ID gagal', hidden = true, }, maint_isbn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_isbn_err', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: kasalahn ISBN nu teu dipaliré', hidden = true, }, maint_issn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_issn', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: kasalahan ISSN nu teu dipaliré', hidden = true, }, maint_jfm_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'jfm_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: format JFM', hidden = true, }, maint_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'location', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: lokasi', hidden = true, }, maint_mr_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'mr_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: format MR', hidden = true, }, maint_mult_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'mult_names', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: loba ngaran: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_numeric_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: ngaran numerik: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_others = { message = nil, anchor = 'others', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: nu lian', hidden = true, }, maint_others_avm = { message = nil, anchor = 'others_avm', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: nu lian dina cite AV media (notes)', hidden = true, }, maint_overridden_setting = { message = nil, anchor = 'overridden', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: pangaturan diambil alih', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_embargo = { message = nil, anchor = 'embargo', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: émbargo PMC kadaluwarsa', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'pmc_format', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: format PMC', hidden = true, }, maint_postscript = { message = nil, anchor = 'postscript', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: postscript', hidden = true, }, maint_publisher_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'publisher_location', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: lokasi pamedal', hidden = true, }, maint_ref_duplicates_default = { message = nil, anchor = 'ref_default', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: ref ngaduplikasi bawaan', hidden = true, }, maint_unknown_lang = { message = nil, anchor = 'unknown_lang', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: basa nu teu dipikanyaho', hidden = true, }, maint_untitled = { message = nil, anchor = 'untitled', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: periode tanpa judul', hidden = true, }, maint_url_status = { message = nil, anchor = 'url_status', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: status URL', hidden = true, }, maint_year= { message = nil, anchor = 'year', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: taun', hidden = true, }, maint_zbl = { message = nil, anchor = 'zbl', category = 'Pamiaraan CS1: Zbl', hidden = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< I D _ L I M I T S _ D A T A _ T >---------------------------------------------- fetch id limits for certain identifiers from c:Data:CS1/Identifier limits.tab. This source is a json tabular data file maintained at wikipedia commons. Convert the json format to a table of k/v pairs. The values from <id_limits_data_t> are used to set handle.id_limit. From 2025-02-21, MediaWiki is broken. Use this link to edit the tablular data file: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab&action=edit See Phab:T389105 ]] local id_limits_data_t; local id_limits_data_load_fail = false; -- flag; assume that we will be successful when loading json id limit tabular data local use_commons_data = true; -- set to false if your wiki does not have access to mediawiki commons; then, if false == use_commons_data then -- update this table from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab; last update: 2025-02-21 id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = 11160000000, ['OSTI'] = 23010000, ['PMC'] = 13500000, ['PMID'] = 42900000, ['RFC'] = 9300, ['SSRN'] = 7500000, ['S2CID'] = 290000000}; -- this table must be maintained locally else -- here for wikis that do have access to mediawiki commons local load_fail_limit = 99999999999; -- very high number to avoid error messages on load failure id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = load_fail_limit, ['OSTI'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMC'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMID'] = load_fail_limit, ['RFC'] = load_fail_limit, ['SSRN'] = load_fail_limit, ['S2CID'] = load_fail_limit}; if mw.ext.data == nil then id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- safeguard against Lua errors if mw.ext.data is not available for some reason else local tab_data_t = mw.ext.data.get ('CS1/Identifier limits.tab').data; -- attempt to load the json limit data from commons into <tab_data_t> if false == tab_data_t then -- undocumented 'feature': mw.ext.data.get() sometimes returns false id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- set the flag so that Module:Citation/CS1 can create an unannotated maint category else for _, limit_t in ipairs (tab_data_t.data) do -- overwrite default <load_fail_limit> values from the data table in the tabular data id_limits_data_t[limit_t[1]] = limit_t[2]; -- <limit[1]> is identifier; <limit[2]> is upper limit for that identifier end end end end --[[--------------------------< I D _ H A N D L E R S >-------------------------------------------------------- The following contains a list of values for various defined identifiers. For each identifier we specify a variety of information necessary to properly render the identifier in the citation. parameters: a list of parameter aliases for this identifier; first in the list is the canonical form link: Wikipedia article name redirect: a local redirect to a local Wikipedia article name; at en.wiki, 'ISBN (identifier)' is a redirect to 'International Standard Book Number' q: Wikidata q number for the identifier label: the label preceding the identifier; label is linked to a Wikipedia article (in this order): redirect from id_handlers['<id>'].redirect when use_identifier_redirects is true Wikidata-supplied article name for the local wiki from id_handlers['<id>'].q local article name from id_handlers['<id>'].link prefix: the first part of a URL that will be concatenated with a second part which usually contains the identifier suffix: optional third part to be added after the identifier encode: true if URI should be percent-encoded; otherwise false COinS: identifier link or keyword for use in COinS: for identifiers registered at info-uri.info use: info:.... where '...' is the appropriate identifier label for identifiers that have COinS keywords, use the keyword: rft.isbn, rft.issn, rft.eissn for |asin= and |ol=, which require assembly, use the keyword: url for others make a URL using the value in prefix/suffix and #label, use the keyword: pre (not checked; any text other than 'info', 'rft', or 'url' works here) set to nil to leave the identifier out of the COinS separator: character or text between label and the identifier in the rendered citation id_limit: for those identifiers with established limits, this property holds the upper limit access: use this parameter to set the access level for all instances of this identifier. the value must be a valid access level for an identifier (see ['id-access'] in this file). custom_access: to enable custom access level for an identifier, set this parameter to the parameter that should control it (normally 'id-access') ]] local id_handlers = { ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'eprint'}, link = 'arXiv', redirect = 'arXiv', q = 'Q118398', label = 'arXiv', prefix = 'https://arxiv.org/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Nomor Idéntifikasi Standar Amazon', redirect = 'ASIN', q = 'Q1753278', label = 'ASIN', prefix = 'https://www.amazon.', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode'}, link = 'Bibcode', redirect = 'Bibcode', q = 'Q25754', label = 'Bibcode', prefix = 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', custom_access = 'bibcode-access', }, ['BIORXIV'] = { parameters = {'biorxiv'}, link = 'bioRxiv', redirect = 'bioRxiv', q = 'Q19835482', label = 'bioRxiv', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['CITESEERX'] = { parameters = {'citeseerx'}, link = 'CiteSeerX', redirect = 'CiteSeerX', q = 'Q2715061', label = 'CiteSeerX', prefix = 'https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['DOI'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI'}, link = 'Pangidentifikasi Objék Digital', redirect = 'DOI', q = 'Q25670', label = 'doi', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'doi-access', }, ['EISSN'] = { parameters = {'eissn', 'EISSN'}, link = 'Nomor Séri Standar Internasional#ISSN Elektronik', redirect = 'ISSN', q = 'Q46339674', label = 'eISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.eissn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['HDL'] = { parameters = { 'hdl', 'HDL' }, link = 'Handle System', redirect = 'hdl', q = 'Q3126718', label = 'hdl', prefix = 'https://hdl.handle.net/', COinS = 'info:hdl', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'hdl-access', }, ['ISBN'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN'}, link = 'Nomor Buku Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISBN', q = 'Q33057', label = 'ISBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISMN'] = { parameters = {'ismn', 'ISMN'}, link = 'Nomor Musik Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISMN', q = 'Q1666938', label = 'ISMN', prefix = '', -- not currently used; COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'Nomor Séri Standar Internasional', redirect = 'ISSN', q = 'Q131276', label = 'ISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', redirect = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', q = '', label = 'JFM', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', redirect = 'JSTOR', q = 'Q1420342', label = 'JSTOR', prefix = 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', custom_access = 'jstor-access', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'lccn', 'LCCN'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', redirect = 'LCCN', q = 'Q620946', label = 'LCCN', prefix = 'https://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'info:lccn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MEDRXIV'] = { parameters = {'medrxiv'}, link = 'medRxiv', redirect = 'medRxiv', q = 'Q58465838', label = 'medRxiv', prefix = 'https://www.medrxiv.org/content/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'mr', 'MR'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', redirect = 'Mathematical Reviews', q = 'Q211172', label = 'MR', prefix = 'https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'oclc', 'OCLC'}, link = 'OCLC', redirect = 'OCLC ', q = 'Q190593', label = 'OCLC', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OCLC or 0, }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', redirect = 'Open Library', q = 'Q1201876', label = 'OL', prefix = 'https://openlibrary.org/', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = true, custom_access = 'ol-access', }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'osti', 'OSTI'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', redirect = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', q = 'Q2015776', label = 'OSTI', prefix = 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OSTI or 0, custom_access = 'osti-access', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'pmc', 'PMC'}, link = 'PubMed Central', redirect = 'PubMed', q = 'Q229883', label = 'PMC', prefix = 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = '', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'pmid', 'PMID'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', redirect = 'PubMed', q = 'Q2082879', label = 'PMID', prefix = 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMID or 0, }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'rfc', 'RFC'}, link = 'Request for Comments', redirect = 'Request for Comments', q = 'Q212971', label = 'RFC', prefix = 'https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.RFC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['SBN'] = { parameters = {'sbn', 'SBN'}, link = 'Standard Book Number', -- redirect to International_Standard_Book_Number#History redirect = 'Standard Book Number', label = 'SBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/0-', -- prefix has leading zero necessary to make 9-digit sbn a 10-digit isbn COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'ssrn', 'SSRN'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', redirect = 'SSRN', q = 'Q7550801', label = 'SSRN', prefix = 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.SSRN or 0, custom_access = 'ssrn-access', }, ['S2CID'] = { parameters = {'s2cid', 'S2CID'}, link = 'Semantic Scholar', redirect = 'S2CID', q = 'Q22908627', label = 'S2CID', prefix = 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.S2CID or 0, custom_access = 's2cid-access', }, ['USENETID'] = { parameters = {'message-id'}, link = 'Usenet', redirect = 'Usenet', q = 'Q193162', label = 'Usenet:', prefix = 'news:', encode = false, COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'zbl', 'ZBL' }, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', redirect = 'Zentralblatt', q = 'Q190269', label = 'Zbl', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >--------------------------------- ]] return { use_identifier_redirects = use_identifier_redirects, -- booleans defined in the settings at the top of this module local_lang_cat_enable = local_lang_cat_enable, date_name_auto_xlate_enable = date_name_auto_xlate_enable, date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = date_digit_auto_xlate_enable, enable_sort_keys = enable_sort_keys, suppress_archive_today_urls = suppress_archive_today_urls, -- tables and variables created when this module is loaded dependencies_t = dependencies_t, -- used to suppress parameters dependent on url-holding parameters holding archive.today urls enum_needs_xlation = '1' ~= date_names.xlate_digits['1'], -- to avoid unnecessary enumerator translation global_df = get_date_format (), -- this line can be replaced with "global_df = 'dmy-all'," to have all dates auto translated to dmy format. global_cs1_config_t = global_cs1_config_t, -- global settings from {{cs1 config}} punct_skip = build_skip_table (punct_skip, punct_meta_params), url_skip = build_skip_table (url_skip, url_meta_params), known_free_doi_registrants_t = build_free_doi_registrants_table(), id_limits_data_load_fail = id_limits_data_load_fail, -- true when commons tabular identifier-limit data fails to load name_space_sort_keys = name_space_sort_keys, aliases = aliases, special_case_translation = special_case_translation, date_names = date_names, err_msg_supl = err_msg_supl, error_conditions = error_conditions, et_al_patterns = et_al_patterns, extended_registrants_t = extended_registrants_t, id_handlers = id_handlers, keywords_lists = keywords_lists, keywords_xlate = keywords_xlate, stripmarkers = stripmarkers, invisible_chars = invisible_chars, invisible_defs = invisible_defs, indic_script = indic_script, emoji_t = emoji_t, messages = messages, presentation = presentation, prop_cats = prop_cats, script_lang_codes = script_lang_codes, lang_tag_remap = lang_tag_remap, lang_name_remap = lang_name_remap, this_wiki_code = this_wiki_code, title_types = title_types, uncategorized_namespaces = uncategorized_namespaces_t, uncategorized_subpages = uncategorized_subpages, templates_using_volume = templates_using_volume, templates_using_issue = templates_using_issue, templates_not_using_page = templates_not_using_page, vol_iss_pg_patterns = vol_iss_pg_patterns, single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t, inter_wiki_map = inter_wiki_map, mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw_languages_by_tag_t, mw_languages_by_name_t = mw_languages_by_name_t, citation_class_map_t = citation_class_map_t, citation_issue_t = citation_issue_t, citation_no_volume_t = citation_no_volume_t, } fybhazevaagzddsr35nttrucol6r4w1 10 109538 731564 2026-11-07T12:26:48Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 731564 wikitext text/x-wiki &#124;<noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage --> </noinclude> micu4fw57ee8p2gvxtdpsm633qgg63p 828 109539 731565 2026-11-07T12:40:21Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Subkaca dokuméntasi anyar 731565 wikitext text/x-wiki <section begin=header />{{sandbox other|| {{#switch:{{FULLPAGENAME}} |Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions={{high-use |article-space=yes |no-percent=yes}} |#default={{high-risk |article-space=yes |no-percent=yes}} }} {{Module rating|p}} {{cascade-protected template|page=module}} {{Transwiki guide|Module:Citation/CS1/doc/Importing the Module:Citation/CS1 suite to your wiki}} {{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Module:Citation/CS1|{{Uses TemplateStyles|Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css}}}}}}<!-- if pagename does not contain sandbox --><section end=header /> This module and associated sub-modules support the {{cs1}} and {{cs2}} citation templates. In general, it is not intended to be called directly, but is called by one of the core CS1 and CS2 templates. <section begin=module_components_table /> These files comprise the module support for CS1|2 citation templates: {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+CS1 {{pipe}} CS2 modules |- !colspan="2"|live!!colspan="2"|kotrétan!!diff!!description |- | rowspan="8"| [[File:Full-protection-shackle.svg|20px|alt=Gold padlock|link=|sysop]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1/kotrétan]] || {{Plain link|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/kotrétan&action=edit|name=[édit<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} ||[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ComparePages?page1=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1&rev1=&page2=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2Fkotrétan&rev2=&action=&diffonly=&unhide= diff]|| Rendering and support functions |- | [[Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration/kotrétan]] || {{Plain link|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration/kotrétan&action=edit|name=[édit<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} ||[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ComparePages?page1=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FConfiguration&rev1=&page2=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FConfiguration%2Fkotrétan&rev2=&action=&diffonly=&unhide= diff]|| Translation tables; error and identifier handlers |- | [[Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist/kotrétan]] || {{Plain link|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist/kotrétan&action=edit|name=[édit<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} ||[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ComparePages?page1=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FWhitelist&rev1=&page2=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FWhitelist%2Fkotrétan&rev2=&action=&diffonly=&unhide= diff]|| List of active and deprecated CS1{{pipe}}2 parameters |- | [[Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation/kotrétan]] || {{Plain link|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation/kotrétan&action=edit|name=[édit<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} ||[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ComparePages?page1=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FDate+validation&rev1=&page2=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FDate+validation%2Fkotrétan&rev2=&action=&diffonly=&unhide= diff] || Date format validation functions |- | [[Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers/kotrétan]] || {{Plain link|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers/kotrétan&action=edit|name=[édit<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} ||[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ComparePages?page1=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FIdentifiers&rev1=&page2=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FIdentifiers%2Fkotrétan&rev2=&action=&diffonly=&unhide= diff]|| Functions that support the named identifiers (ISBN, DOI, PMID, etc.) |- | [[Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities/kotrétan]] || {{Plain link|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities/kotrétan&action=edit|name=[édit<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} ||[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ComparePages?page1=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FUtilities&rev1=&page2=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FUtilities%2Fkotrétan&rev2=&action=&diffonly=&unhide= diff]|| Common functions and tables |- | [[Module:Citation/CS1/COinS]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1/COinS/kotrétan]] || {{Plain link|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS/kotrétan&action=edit|name=[édit<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} ||[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ComparePages?page1=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FCOinS&rev1=&page2=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FCOinS%2Fkotrétan&rev2=&action=&diffonly=&unhide= diff]|| Functions that render a CS1{{pipe}}2 template's metadata |- | [[Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1/kotrétan/styles.css]] || {{Plain link|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/kotrétan/styles.css&action=edit|name=[édit<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} ||[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ComparePages?page1=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2Fstyles.css&rev1=&page2=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2Fkotrétan%2Fstyles.css&rev2=&action=&diffonly=&unhide= diff]|| [[CSS]] styles applied to the CS1{{pipe}}2 templates |- | [[File:Template-protection-shackle.svg|20px|alt=Silver padlock|link=|auto confirmed]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions]] || [[Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions/kotrétan]] || {{Plain link|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions/kotrétan&action=edit|name=[édit<nowiki>]</nowiki>}} ||[https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ComparePages?page1=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FSuggestions&rev1=&page2=Module%3ACitation%2FCS1%2FSuggestions%2Fkotrétan&rev2=&action=&diffonly=&unhide= diff]|| List that maps common erroneous parameter names to valid parameter names |} <section end=module_components_table /> Other documentation: * [[Module talk:Citation/CS1/Feature requests]] * [[Module talk:Citation/CS1/COinS]] * [[Module:Cs1 documentation support]] – a set of functions (some experimental) that extract information from the module suite for the purpose of documenting CS1|2 ** [[Module:Citation/CS1/doc/Category list]] – lists of category names taken directly from [[Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration]] and [[Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration/kotrétan]] kasus uji *[[Module:Citation/CS1/kasus uji]] ([[Module talk:Citation/CS1/kasus uji|jalankeun]]) *[[Module:Citation/CS1/kasus uji/errors]] ([[Module talk:Citation/CS1/kasus uji/errors|jalankeun]]) – error and maintenance messaging *[[Module:Citation/CS1/kasus uji/dates]] ([[Module talk:Citation/CS1/kasus uji/dates|jalankeun]]) – date validation *[[Module:Citation/CS1/kasus uji/identifiers]] ([[Module talk:Citation/CS1/kasus uji/identifiers|jalankeun]]) – identifiers *[[Module:Citation/CS1/kasus uji/anchor]] ([[Module talk:Citation/CS1/kasus uji/anchor|jalankeun]]) – CITEREF anchors <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| {{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Module:CS1|{{Rcat shell|{{R to subpage}} {{R from shortcut}}}}}} [[Kategori:Modul nu nambahkeun kategori panglacak]] {{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Identifiers|[[Kategori:Modul nu maké data ti Wikidata]]}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>[[Kategori:Kaca dokuméntasi modul]]</noinclude> 9mo0pd1bahxpczy9ekqla3tvlyyb98e 828 109540 731566 2026-11-07T12:40:46Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Subkaca dokuméntasi anyar 731566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#lst:Module:Citation/CS1/doc|header}} This configuration file contains various data that controls the functioning of [[Module:Citation/CS1]] and hence the way that Lua-based citations are generated. It has several sections among which are: # translation tables that contain most of the literal strings that may be included in Lua-based citation. If editors are copying this Module to another wiki using a language other than English, then they should translate each of these values into that language. # a list of error conditions specifying what text to display, what category to include (if any), and what help page section to refer to when errors are detected # a list of ID handlers specifying the recognized document IDs, such as ISBN, DOI, etc., and how to format them. The upper limits for certain identifiers are hosted at [[c:Data:CS1/Identifier limits.tab]]. {{#lst:Module:Citation/CS1/doc|module_components_table}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|kotrétan | | <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Modules that check for strip markers]] }}</includeonly> <noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> de2tzaojdnh4ju5p94arf66r8ljp481 731567 731566 2026-11-07T12:42:58Z Rafka Aditia 29183 731567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#lst:Module:Citation/CS1/doc|header}} This configuration file contains various data that controls the functioning of [[Module:Citation/CS1]] and hence the way that Lua-based citations are generated. It has several sections among which are: # translation tables that contain most of the literal strings that may be included in Lua-based citation. If editors are copying this Module to another wiki using a language other than English, then they should translate each of these values into that language. # a list of error conditions specifying what text to display, what category to include (if any), and what help page section to refer to when errors are detected # a list of ID handlers specifying the recognized document IDs, such as ISBN, DOI, etc., and how to format them. The upper limits for certain identifiers are hosted at [[c:Data:CS1/Identifier limits.tab]]. {{#lst:Module:Citation/CS1/doc|module_components_table}} <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|kotrétan | | <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Kategori:Modules that check for strip markers]] }}</includeonly> <noinclude> [[Kategori:Kaca dokuméntasi modul]] </noinclude> 40ad7iph45afmrbnq2d3ljsvnouoik2 828 109541 731568 2026-11-07T12:44:42Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan 731568 Scribunto text/plain require ('strict'); --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- each of these counts against the Lua upvalue limit ]] local validation; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation local utilities; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local z = {}; -- table of tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local identifiers; -- functions and tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers local metadata; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/COinS local cfg = {}; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration local whitelist = {}; -- table of tables listing valid template parameter names; defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist --[[------------------< P A G E S C O P E V A R I A B L E S >--------------- declare variables here that have page-wide scope that are not brought in from other modules; that are created here and used here ]] local added_deprecated_cat; -- boolean flag so that the category is added only once local added_vanc_errs; -- boolean flag so we only emit one Vancouver error / category local added_generic_name_errs; -- boolean flag so we only emit one generic name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered local added_numeric_name_errs; -- boolean flag so we only emit one numeric name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered local added_numeric_name_maint; -- boolean flag so we only emit one numeric name maint category and stop testing names once a category has been emitted local is_preview_mode; -- true when article is in preview mode; false when using 'Preview page with this template' (previewing the module) local is_sandbox; -- true when using sandbox modules to render citation local url_was_archive_today; -- boolean flag set to true when has_archive_today_url() has unset |url= because it held a deprecated archive.today url --[[--------------------------< F I R S T _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------ Locates and returns the first set value in a table of values where the order established in the table, left-to-right (or top-to-bottom), is the order in which the values are evaluated. Returns nil if none are set. This version replaces the original 'for _, val in pairs do' and a similar version that used ipairs. With the pairs version the order of evaluation could not be guaranteed. With the ipairs version, a nil value would terminate the for-loop before it reached the actual end of the list. ]] local function first_set (list, count) local i = 1; while i <= count do -- loop through all items in list if utilities.is_set( list[i] ) then return list[i]; -- return the first set list member end i = i + 1; -- point to next end end --[[--------------------------< A D D _ V A N C _ E R R O R >---------------------------------------------------- Adds a single Vancouver system error message to the template's output regardless of how many error actually exist. To prevent duplication, added_vanc_errs is nil until an error message is emitted. added_vanc_errs is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above ]] local function add_vanc_error (source, position) if added_vanc_errs then return end added_vanc_errs = true; -- note that we've added this category utilities.set_message ('err_vancouver', {source, position}); end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S C H E M E >------------------------------------------------------------ does this thing that purports to be a URI scheme seem to be a valid scheme? The scheme is checked to see if it is in agreement with http://tools.ietf.org/html/std66#section-3.1 which says: Scheme names consist of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-"). returns true if it does, else false ]] local function is_scheme (scheme) return scheme and scheme:match ('^%a[%a%d%+%.%-]*:'); -- true if scheme is set and matches the pattern end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ D O M A I N _ N A M E >-------------------------------------------------- Does this thing that purports to be a domain name seem to be a valid domain name? Syntax defined here: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034#section-3.5 BNF defined here: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234 Single character names are generally reserved; see https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dnsind-iana-dns-01#page-15; see also [[Single-letter second-level domain]] list of TLDs: https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db RFC 952 (modified by RFC 1123) requires the first and last character of a hostname to be a letter or a digit (see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc952 §GRAMMATICAL HOST TABLE SPECIFICATION §§B. Lexical grammar <name>; see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123#section-2). Between the first and last characters the name may use letters, digits, and the hyphen. Also allowed are IPv4 addresses. IPv6 not supported domain is expected to be stripped of any path so that the last character in the last character of the TLD. tld is two or more alpha characters. Any preceding '//' (from splitting a URL with a scheme) will be stripped here. Perhaps not necessary but retained in case it is necessary for IPv4 dot decimal. There are several tests: the first character of the whole domain name including subdomains must be a letter or a digit internationalized domain name (ASCII characters with .xn-- ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) prefix xn-- in the TLD) see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490 single-letter/digit second-level domains in the .org, .cash, and .today TLDs q, x, and z SL domains in the .com TLD i and q SL domains in the .net TLD single-letter SL domains in the ccTLDs (where the ccTLD is two letters) two-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters) three-plus-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters) IPv4 dot-decimal address format; TLD not allowed returns true if domain appears to be a proper name and TLD or IPv4 address, else false ]=] local function is_domain_name (domain) if not domain then return false; -- if not set, abandon end domain = domain:gsub ('^//', ''); -- strip '//' from domain name if present; done here so we only have to do it once local sl_domain = domain:match ('[^%.]+') or domain; -- test the second level domain name if not (sl_domain:match ('^%w') and sl_domain:match ('%w$') and -- first and last characters must be letter or digit sl_domain:match ('^[%w%-]+$')) then -- all other characters must be letters, digits, or hyphen-minus return false; end if domain:match ('^%a+:') then -- hack to detect things that look like s:Page:Title where Page: is namespace at Wikisource return false; end local patterns = { -- patterns that look like URLs '%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.%a%a+$', -- three or more character hostname.hostname or hostname.tld '%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.xn%-%-[%w]+$', -- internationalized domain name with ACE prefix '%f[%a][qxz]%.com$', -- assigned one character .com hostname (x.com times out 2015-12-10) '%f[%a][iq]%.net$', -- assigned one character .net hostname (q.net registered but not active 2015-12-10) '%f[%w][%w]%.%a%a$', -- one character hostname and ccTLD (2 chars) '%f[%w][%w][%w]%.%a%a+$', -- two character hostname and TLD '^%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?', -- IPv4 address '[%a%d]+%:?' -- IPv6 address } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through the patterns list if domain:match (pattern) then return true; -- if a match then we think that this thing that purports to be a URL is a URL end end for _, d in ipairs (cfg.single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t) do -- look for single letter second level domain names for these top level domains if domain:match ('%f[%w][%w]%.' .. d) then return true end end return false; -- no matches, we don't know what this thing is end --[[--------------------------< I S _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------------ returns true if the scheme and domain parts of a URL appear to be a valid URL; else false. This function is the last step in the validation process. This function is separate because there are cases that are not covered by split_url(), for example is_parameter_ext_wikilink() which is looking for bracketted external wikilinks. ]] local function is_url (scheme, domain) if utilities.is_set (scheme) then -- if scheme is set check it and domain return is_scheme (scheme) and is_domain_name (domain); else return is_domain_name (domain); -- scheme not set when URL is protocol-relative end end --[[--------------------------< S P L I T _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ Split a URL into a scheme, authority indicator, and domain. First remove Fully Qualified Domain Name terminator (a dot following TLD) (if any) and any path(/), query(?) or fragment(#). If protocol-relative URL, return nil scheme and domain else return nil for both scheme and domain. When not protocol-relative, get scheme, authority indicator, and domain. If there is an authority indicator (one or more '/' characters immediately following the scheme's colon), make sure that there are only 2. Any URL that does not have news: scheme must have authority indicator (//). TODO: are there other common schemes like news: that don't use authority indicator? Strip off any port and path; ]] local function split_url (url_str) local scheme, authority, domain; url_str = url_str:gsub ('([%a%d])%.?[/%?#].*$', '%1'); -- strip FQDN terminator and path(/), query(?), fragment (#) (the capture prevents false replacement of '//') if url_str:match ('^//%S*') then -- if there is what appears to be a protocol-relative URL domain = url_str:match ('^//(%S*)') elseif url_str:match ('%S-:/*%S+') then -- if there is what appears to be a scheme, optional authority indicator, and domain name scheme, authority, domain = url_str:match ('(%S-:)(/*)(%S+)'); -- extract the scheme, authority indicator, and domain portions if utilities.is_set (authority) then authority = authority:gsub ('//', '', 1); -- replace place 1 pair of '/' with nothing; if utilities.is_set(authority) then -- if anything left (1 or 3+ '/' where authority should be) then return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message end else if not scheme:match ('^news:') then -- except for news:..., MediaWiki won't link URLs that do not have authority indicator; TODO: a better way to do this test? return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message end end domain = domain:gsub ('(%a):%d+', '%1'); -- strip port number if present end return scheme, domain; end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ P A R A M _ O K >--------------------------------------------------- checks the content of |title-link=, |series-link=, |author-link=, etc. for properly formatted content: no wikilinks, no URLs Link parameters are to hold the title of a Wikipedia article, so none of the WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS are allowed: # < > [ ] | { } _ except the underscore which is used as a space in wiki URLs and # which is used for section links returns false when the value contains any of these characters. When there are no illegal characters, this function returns TRUE if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is ok); else false when value appears to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is NOT ok). ]] local function link_param_ok (value) local scheme, domain; if value:find ('[<>%[%]|{}]') then -- if any prohibited characters return false; end scheme, domain = split_url (value); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; return not is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ T I T L E _ O K >--------------------------------------------------- Use link_param_ok() to validate |<param>-link= value and its matching |<title>= value. |<title>= may be wiki-linked but not when |<param>-link= has a value. This function emits an error message when that condition exists check <link> for inter-language interwiki-link prefix. prefix must be a MediaWiki-recognized language code and must begin with a colon. ]] local function link_title_ok (link, lorig, title, torig) local orig; if utilities.is_set (link) then -- don't bother if <param>-link doesn't have a value if not link_param_ok (link) then -- check |<param>-link= markup orig = lorig; -- identify the failing link parameter elseif title:find ('%[%[') then -- check |title= for wikilink markup orig = torig; -- identify the failing |title= parameter elseif link:match ('^%a+:') then -- if the link is what looks like an interwiki local prefix = link:match ('^(%a+):'):lower(); -- get the interwiki prefix if cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix] then -- if prefix is in the map, must have preceding colon orig = lorig; -- flag as error end end end if utilities.is_set (orig) then link = ''; -- unset utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', orig); -- URL or wikilink in |title= with |title-link=; end return link; -- link if ok, empty string else end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether a URL string appears to be valid. First we test for space characters. If any are found, return false. Then split the URL into scheme and domain portions, or for protocol-relative (//example.com) URLs, just the domain. Use is_url() to validate the two portions of the URL. If both are valid, or for protocol-relative if domain is valid, return true, else false. Because it is different from a standard URL, and because this module used external_link() to make external links that work for standard and news: links, we validate newsgroup names here. The specification for a newsgroup name is at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5536#section-3.1.4 ]] local function check_url( url_str ) if nil == url_str:match ("^%S+$") then -- if there are any spaces in |url=value it can't be a proper URL return false; end local scheme, domain; scheme, domain = split_url (url_str); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; if 'news:' == scheme then -- special case for newsgroups return domain:match('^[%a%d%+%-_]+%.[%a%d%+%-_%.]*[%a%d%+%-_]$'); end return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ P A R A M E T E R _ E X T _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------- Return true if a parameter value has a string that begins and ends with square brackets [ and ] and the first non-space characters following the opening bracket appear to be a URL. The test will also find external wikilinks that use protocol-relative URLs. Also finds bare URLs. The frontier pattern prevents a match on interwiki-links which are similar to scheme:path URLs. The tests that find bracketed URLs are required because the parameters that call this test (currently |title=, |chapter=, |work=, and |publisher=) may have wikilinks and there are articles or redirects like '//Hus' so, while uncommon, |title=[[//Hus]] is possible as might be [[en://Hus]]. ]=] local function is_parameter_ext_wikilink (value) local scheme, domain; if value:match ('%f[%[]%[%a%S*:%S+.*%]') then -- if ext. wikilink with scheme and domain: [xxxx://yyyyy.zzz] scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(%a%S*:%S+).*%]')); elseif value:match ('%f[%[]%[//%S+.*%]') then -- if protocol-relative ext. wikilink: [//yyyyy.zzz] scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(//%S+).*%]')); elseif value:match ('%a%S*:%S+') then -- if bare URL with scheme; may have leading or trailing plain text scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(%a%S*:%S+)')); elseif value:match ('^//%S+') or value:match ('%s//%S+') then -- if protocol-relative bare URL: //yyyyy.zzz; authority indicator (//) must be be preceded nothing or by whitespace scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(//%S+)')); -- what is left should be the domain else return false; -- didn't find anything that is obviously a URL end return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL end --[[--------------------------< I S _ A R C H I V E _ T O D A Y _ U R L >-------------------------------------- archive.today (and .ph, .is, .md, .li, .fo, .vn) are deprecated. See Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Archive.is_RFC_5 (Special:Permalink/1339352976) <val> is a string that may or may not be a url ]] local function is_archive_today_url (val) if is_parameter_ext_wikilink (val) then -- is <val> a url? local tld = val:match ('archive%.(%l+)/'); -- get the tld; real archive.today urls have a '/' after the tld return tld and cfg.archive_today_tlds_t[tld]; -- return true if <tld> is one of the archive.today tlds; nil else end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ A R C H I V E _ T O D A Y _ U R L >------------------------------------ blank any parameter that holds one of the archive.today tlds (.today, .ph, .is, .md, .li, .fo, .vn) and also blank parameters that are dependent on the offending parameter. input <cite_args_t> is a table of all of this template's parameters This function modifies <cite_args_t> when |url= or its alias |URL= hold an archive.today url, this function sets the flag <url_was_archive_today> which is used later to suppress the missing url error message from {{citation}} when it has |website=<summat> or from the templates {{cite web}}, {{cite podcast}}, {{cite mailing list}} which all require a url. returns nothing ]] local function has_archive_today_url (cite_args_t) local unset_params_t = {}; -- to hold a sequence of parameters to unset from cite_args_t for p, v in pairs (cite_args_t) do -- look at each parameter in the template if is_archive_today_url (v:lower()) then -- if it has a parameter with an archive.today url table.insert (unset_params_t, p); -- add the url-holding parameter name to our list of parameters to unset (may or may not be a legitimate url parameter) if 'url' == p:lower() then -- if this parameter is |url= or |URL= url_was_archive_today = true; -- set a flag so that cite web / podcast / mailinglist don't emit a missing url error message end if p:match ('archive%-?url') and ('usurped' == cite_args_t['url-status'] or 'unfit' == cite_args_t['url-status']) then -- if |archive-url=archive.today and |url-status=unfit/usurped url_was_archive_today = true; -- set a flag so that cite web / podcast / mailinglist don't emit a missing url error message table.insert (unset_params_t, 'url'); -- add the url parameter name to our list of parameters to unset (may or may not be a legitimate url parameter) table.insert (unset_params_t, 'URL'); -- this one because both are possible end if cfg.dependencies_t[p] then -- if this url-holding parameter (<p>) has dependencies for _, dependent in ipairs (cfg.dependencies_t[p]) do -- loop through the url-holding parameter's dependency sequence table.insert (unset_params_t, dependent); -- add dependent parameter to the list to be unset end end end end if 0 < #unset_params_t then -- when there are parameters to unset if not is_preview_mode then -- when in preview mode do not suppress any parameters for _, unset_param in ipairs (unset_params_t) do -- loop through the sequence cite_args_t[unset_param] = nil; -- and unset the url-holding parameter and its dependent parameters to avoid parameter-requires-other-parameter errors end end utilities.set_message ('maint_deprecated_archive'); -- add a maintenance message end end --[[-------------------------< C H E C K _ F O R _ U R L >----------------------------------------------------- loop through a list of parameters and their values. Look at the value and if it has an external link, emit an error message. ]] local function check_for_url (parameter_list, error_list) for k, v in pairs (parameter_list) do -- for each parameter in the list if is_parameter_ext_wikilink (v) then -- look at the value; if there is a URL add an error message table.insert (error_list, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); end end end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ F O R _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------ Escape sequences for content that will be used for URL descriptions ]] local function safe_for_url( str ) if str:match( "%[%[.-%]%]" ) ~= nil then utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url', {}); end return str:gsub( '[%[%]\n]', { ['['] = '&#91;', [']'] = '&#93;', ['\n'] = ' ' } ); end --[[--------------------------< E X T E R N A L _ L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Format an external link with error checking ]] local function external_link (URL, label, source, access) local domain; local path; local base_url; if not utilities.is_set (label) then label = URL; if utilities.is_set (source) then utilities.set_message ('err_bare_url_missing_title', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); else error (cfg.messages["bare_url_no_origin"]); -- programmer error; valid parameter name does not have matching meta-parameter end end if not check_url (URL) then utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); end domain, path = URL:match ('^([/%.%-%+:%a%d]+)([/%?#].*)$'); -- split the URL into scheme plus domain and path if path then -- if there is a path portion path = path:gsub ('[%[%]]', {['['] = '%5b', [']'] = '%5d'}); -- replace '[' and ']' with their percent-encoded values URL = table.concat ({domain, path}); -- and reassemble end base_url = table.concat ({ "[", URL, " ", safe_for_url (label), "]" }); -- assemble a wiki-markup URL if utilities.is_set (access) then -- access level (subscription, registration, limited) base_url = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ext-link-access-signal'], {cfg.presentation[access].class, cfg.presentation[access].title, base_url}); -- add the appropriate icon end return base_url; end --[[--------------------------< D E P R E C A T E D _ P A R A M E T E R >-------------------------------------- Categorize and emit an error message when the citation contains one or more deprecated parameters. The function includes the offending parameter name to the error message. Only one error message is emitted regardless of the number of deprecated parameters in the citation. added_deprecated_cat is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above ]] local function deprecated_parameter(name) if not added_deprecated_cat then added_deprecated_cat = true; -- note that we've added this category utilities.set_message ('err_deprecated_params', {name}); -- add error message end end --[=[-------------------------< K E R N _ Q U O T E S >-------------------------------------------------------- Apply kerning to open the space between the quote mark provided by the module and a leading or trailing quote mark contained in a |title= or |chapter= parameter's value. This function will positive kern either single or double quotes: "'Unkerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks'" " 'Kerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks' " (in real life the kerning isn't as wide as this example) Double single quotes (italic or bold wiki-markup) are not kerned. Replaces Unicode quote marks in plain text or in the label portion of a [[L|D]] style wikilink with typewriter quote marks regardless of the need for kerning. Unicode quote marks are not replaced in simple [[D]] wikilinks. Call this function for chapter titles, for website titles, etc.; not for book titles. ]=] local function kern_quotes (str) local wl_type, label, link; wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]] if 1 == wl_type then -- [[D]] simple wikilink with or without quote marks if mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- leading and trailing quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str); str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str); elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+%]%]') then -- leading quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str); elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[.+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- trailing quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str); end else -- plain text or [[L|D]]; text in label variable label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[“”]', '\"'); -- replace “” (U+201C & U+201D) with " (typewriter double quote mark) label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[‘’]', '\''); -- replace ‘’ (U+2018 & U+2019) with ' (typewriter single quote mark) local cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^([\"\'][^\'].+)"); -- match leading double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup) if utilities.is_set (cap) then label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], cap); end cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^(.+[^\'][\"\'])$") -- match trailing double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup) if utilities.is_set (cap) then label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], cap); end if 2 == wl_type then str = utilities.make_wikilink (link, label); -- reassemble the wikilink else str = label; end end return str; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ S C R I P T _ V A L U E >---------------------------------------- |script-title= holds title parameters that are not written in Latin-based scripts: Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, etc. These scripts should not be italicized and may be written right-to-left. The value supplied by |script-title= is concatenated onto Title after Title has been wrapped in italic markup. Regardless of language, all values provided by |script-title= are wrapped in <bdi>...</bdi> tags to isolate RTL languages from the English left to right. |script-title= provides a unique feature. The value in |script-title= may be prefixed with a two-character ISO 639-1 language code and a colon: |script-title=ja:*** *** (where * represents a Japanese character) Spaces between the two-character code and the colon and the colon and the first script character are allowed: |script-title=ja : *** *** |script-title=ja: *** *** |script-title=ja :*** *** Spaces preceding the prefix are allowed: |script-title = ja:*** *** The prefix is checked for validity. If it is a valid ISO 639-1 language code, the lang attribute (lang="ja") is added to the <bdi> tag so that browsers can know the language the tag contains. This may help the browser render the script more correctly. If the prefix is invalid, the lang attribute is not added. At this time there is no error message for this condition. Supports |script-title=, |script-chapter=, |script-<periodical>= ]] local function format_script_value (script_value, script_param) local lang=''; -- initialize to empty string local name; if script_value:match('^%l%l%l?%s*:') then -- if first 3 or 4 non-space characters are script language prefix lang = script_value:match('^(%l%l%l?)%s*:%s*%S.*'); -- get the language prefix or nil if there is no script if not utilities.is_set (lang) then utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing title part']}); -- prefix without 'title'; add error message return ''; -- script_value was just the prefix so return empty string end -- if we get this far we have prefix and script name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[lang] or mw.language.fetchLanguageName( lang, cfg.this_wiki_code ); -- get language name so that we can use it to categorize if utilities.is_set (name) then -- is prefix a proper ISO 639-1 language code? script_value = script_value:gsub ('^%l+%s*:%s*', ''); -- strip prefix from script -- is prefix one of these language codes? if utilities.in_array (lang, cfg.script_lang_codes) then utilities.add_prop_cat ('script', {name, lang}) else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['unknown language code']}); -- unknown script-language; add error message end lang = ' lang="' .. lang .. '" '; -- convert prefix into a lang attribute else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['invalid language code']}); -- invalid language code; add error message lang = ''; -- invalid so set lang to empty string end else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing prefix']}); -- no language code prefix; add error message end script_value = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['bdi'], {lang, script_value}); -- isolate in case script is RTL return script_value; end --[[--------------------------< S C R I P T _ C O N C A T E N A T E >------------------------------------------ Initially for |title= and |script-title=, this function concatenates those two parameter values after the script value has been wrapped in <bdi> tags. ]] local function script_concatenate (title, script, script_param) if utilities.is_set (script) then script = format_script_value (script, script_param); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; returns empty string on error if utilities.is_set (script) then title = title .. ' ' .. script; -- concatenate title and script title end end return title; end --[[--------------------------< W R A P _ M S G >-------------------------------------------------------------- Applies additional message text to various parameter values. Supplied string is wrapped using a message_list configuration taking one argument. Supports lower case text for {{citation}} templates. Additional text taken from citation_config.messages - the reason this function is similar to but separate from wrap_style(). ]] local function wrap_msg (key, str, lower) if not utilities.is_set ( str ) then return ""; end if true == lower then local msg; msg = cfg.messages[key]:lower(); -- set the message to lower case before return utilities.substitute ( msg, str ); -- including template text else return utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages[key], str ); end end --[[----------------< W I K I S O U R C E _ U R L _ M A K E >------------------- Makes a Wikisource URL from Wikisource interwiki-link. Returns the URL and appropriate label; nil else. str is the value assigned to |chapter= (or aliases) or |title= or |title-link= ]] local function wikisource_url_make (str) local wl_type, D, L; local ws_url, ws_label; local wikisource_prefix = table.concat ({'https://', cfg.this_wiki_code, '.wikisource.org/wiki/'}); wl_type, D, L = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is 0 (not a wikilink), 1 (simple wikilink), 2 (complex wikilink) if 0 == wl_type then -- not a wikilink; might be from |title-link= str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title }); ws_label = str; -- label for the URL end elseif 1 == wl_type then -- simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article]] str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title }); ws_label = str; -- label for the URL end elseif 2 == wl_type then -- non-so-simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article|displayed text]] ([[L|D]]) str = L:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or L:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_label = D; -- get ws article name from display portion of interwiki link ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title without namespace from link portion of wikilink }); end end if ws_url then ws_url = mw.uri.encode (ws_url, 'WIKI'); -- make a usable URL ws_url = ws_url:gsub ('%%23', '#'); -- undo percent-encoding of fragment marker end return ws_url, ws_label, L or D; -- return proper URL or nil and a label or nil end --[[----------------< F O R M A T _ P E R I O D I C A L >----------------------- Format the three periodical parameters: |script-<periodical>=, |<periodical>=, and |trans-<periodical>= into a single Periodical meta-parameter. ]] local function format_periodical (script_periodical, script_periodical_source, periodical, trans_periodical) if not utilities.is_set (periodical) then periodical = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', periodical); -- style end periodical = script_concatenate (periodical, script_periodical, script_periodical_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped if utilities.is_set (trans_periodical) then trans_periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', trans_periodical); if utilities.is_set (periodical) then periodical = periodical .. ' ' .. trans_periodical; else -- here when trans-periodical without periodical or script-periodical periodical = trans_periodical; utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'periodical'}); end end return periodical; end --[[------------------< F O R M A T _ C H A P T E R _ T I T L E >--------------- Format the four chapter parameters: |script-chapter=, |chapter=, |trans-chapter=, and |chapter-url= into a single chapter meta- parameter (chapter_url_source used for error messages). ]] local function format_chapter_title (script_chapter, script_chapter_source, chapter, trans_chapter, trans_chapter_source, chapter_url, chapter_url_source, no_quotes, access) local ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (chapter); -- make a wikisource URL and label from a wikisource interwiki link if ws_url then ws_label = ws_label:gsub ('_', ' '); -- replace underscore separators with space characters chapter = ws_label; end if not utilities.is_set (chapter) then chapter = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else if false == no_quotes then chapter = kern_quotes (chapter); -- if necessary, separate chapter title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', chapter); end end chapter = script_concatenate (chapter, script_chapter, script_chapter_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped if utilities.is_set (chapter_url) then chapter = external_link (chapter_url, chapter, chapter_url_source, access); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate elseif ws_url then chapter = external_link (ws_url, chapter .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in chapter'); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate; space char to move icon away from chap text; TODO: better way to do this? chapter = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, chapter}); end if utilities.is_set (trans_chapter) then trans_chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_chapter); if utilities.is_set (chapter) then chapter = chapter .. ' ' .. trans_chapter; else -- here when trans_chapter without chapter or script-chapter chapter = trans_chapter; utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {trans_chapter_source:match ('trans%-?(.+)')}); -- when no chapter, get matching name from trans-<param> end end return chapter; end --[[----------------< H A S _ I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R S >------------------- This function searches a parameter's value for non-printable or invisible characters. The search stops at the first match. This function will detect the visible replacement character when it is part of the Wikisource. Detects but ignores nowiki and math stripmarkers. Also detects other named stripmarkers (gallery, math, pre, ref) and identifies them with a slightly different error message. See also coins_cleanup(). Output of this function is an error message that identifies the character or the Unicode group, or the stripmarker that was detected along with its position (or, for multi-byte characters, the position of its first byte) in the parameter value. ]] local function has_invisible_chars (param, v) local position; -- position of invisible char or starting position of stripmarker local capture; -- used by stripmarker detection to hold name of the stripmarker local stripmarker; -- boolean set true when a stripmarker is found capture = string.match (v, '[%w%p ]*'); -- test for values that are simple ASCII text and bypass other tests if true if capture == v then -- if same there are no Unicode characters return; end for _, invisible_char in ipairs (cfg.invisible_chars) do local char_name = invisible_char[1]; -- the character or group name local pattern = invisible_char[2]; -- the pattern used to find it position, _, capture = mw.ustring.find (v, pattern); -- see if the parameter value contains characters that match the pattern if position and (cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then -- if we found a zero-width joiner character if mw.ustring.find (v, cfg.indic_script) then -- it's ok if one of the Indic scripts position = nil; -- unset position elseif cfg.emoji_t[mw.ustring.codepoint (v, position+1)] then -- is zwj followed by a character listed in emoji{}? position = nil; -- unset position end end if position then if 'nowiki' == capture or 'math' == capture or -- nowiki and math stripmarkers (not an error condition) ('templatestyles' == capture and utilities.in_array (param, {'id', 'quote'})) then -- templatestyles stripmarker allowed in these parameters stripmarker = true; -- set a flag elseif true == stripmarker and cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture then -- because stripmakers begin and end with the delete char, assume that we've found one end of a stripmarker position = nil; -- unset; for now, ignore linter warning else local err_msg; if capture and not (cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture or cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then err_msg = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.invisible_1, {capture, char_name}); -- <capture> here is stripmarker name else err_msg = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.invisible_2, char_name); end utilities.set_message ('err_invisible_char', {err_msg, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param), position}); -- add error message return; -- and done with this parameter end end end end --[[-------------------< A R G U M E N T _ W R A P P E R >---------------------- Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to single internal variable. ]] local function argument_wrapper ( args ) local origin = {}; return setmetatable({ ORIGIN = function ( self, k ) local dummy = self[k]; -- force the variable to be loaded; for now, ignore linter warning return origin[k]; end }, { __index = function ( tbl, k ) if origin[k] ~= nil then return nil; end local v; local list = cfg.aliases[k]; if type( list ) == 'table' then v, origin[k] = utilities.select_one ( args, list, 'err_redundant_parameters' ); if origin[k] == nil then origin[k] = ''; -- Empty string, not nil end elseif list ~= nil then v, origin[k] = args[list], list; else -- maybe let through instead of raising an error? -- v, origin[k] = args[k], k; error( cfg.messages['unknown_argument_map'] .. ': ' .. k); end -- Empty strings, not nil; if v == nil then v = ''; origin[k] = ''; end -- tbl = rawset( tbl, k, v ); rawset( tbl, k, v ); return v; end, }); end --[[--------------------------< N O W R A P _ D A T E >------------------------- When date is YYYY-MM-DD format wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>YYYY-MM-DD</span>. When date is DD MMMM YYYY or is MMMM DD, YYYY then wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>DD MMMM</span> YYYY or <span ...>MMMM DD,</span> YYYY DOES NOT yet support MMMM YYYY or any of the date ranges. ]] local function nowrap_date (date) local cap; local cap2; if date:match("^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$") then date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap1'], date); elseif date:match("^%a+%s*%d%d?,%s+%d%d%d%d$") or date:match ("^%d%d?%s*%a+%s+%d%d%d%d$") then cap, cap2 = string.match (date, "^(.*)%s+(%d%d%d%d)$"); date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap2'], {cap, cap2}); end return date; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ T I T L E T Y P E >--------------------- This function sets default title types (equivalent to the citation including |type=<default value>) for those templates that have defaults. Also handles the special case where it is desirable to omit the title type from the rendered citation (|type=none). ]] local function set_titletype (cite_class, title_type) if utilities.is_set (title_type) then if 'none' == cfg.keywords_xlate[title_type] then title_type = ''; -- if |type=none then type parameter not displayed end return title_type; -- if |type= has been set to any other value use that value end return cfg.title_types [cite_class] or ''; -- set template's default title type; else empty string for concatenation end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ J O I N >----------------------------- Joins a sequence of strings together while checking for duplicate separation characters. ]] local function safe_join( tbl, duplicate_char ) local f = {}; -- create a function table appropriate to type of 'duplicate character' if 1 == #duplicate_char then -- for single byte ASCII characters use the string library functions f.gsub = string.gsub f.match = string.match f.sub = string.sub else -- for multi-byte characters use the ustring library functions f.gsub = mw.ustring.gsub f.match = mw.ustring.match f.sub = mw.ustring.sub end local str = ''; -- the output string for _, value in ipairs( tbl ) do if value == nil then value = ''; end if str == '' then -- if output string is empty str = value; -- assign value to it (first time through the loop) elseif value ~= '' then local comp; -- what does 'comp' mean? if value:sub(1, 1) == '<' then -- special case of values enclosed in spans and other markup. comp = value:gsub( "%b<>", "" ); -- remove HTML markup (<span>string</span> -> string) else comp = value; end -- typically duplicate_char is sepc if f.sub(comp, 1, 1) == duplicate_char then -- is first character same as duplicate_char? why test first character? -- Because individual string segments often (always?) begin with terminal punct for the -- preceding segment: 'First element' .. 'sepc next element' .. etc.? local trim = false; local end_chr = f.sub(str, -1, -1); -- get the last character of the output string -- str = str .. "<HERE(enchr=" .. end_chr .. ")" -- debug stuff? if end_chr == duplicate_char then -- if same as separator str = f.sub(str, 1, -2); -- remove it elseif end_chr == "'" then -- if it might be wiki-markup if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "''" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc'' str = f.sub(str, 1, -4) .. "''"; -- remove them and add back '' elseif f.sub(str, -5, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]''" then -- if last five chars of str are sepc]]'' trim = true; -- why? why do this and next differently from previous? elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]''" then -- if last four chars of str are sepc]'' trim = true; -- same question end elseif end_chr == "]" then -- if it might be wiki-markup if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc]] wikilink trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. '"]' then -- if last three chars of str are sepc"] quoted external link trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]" then -- if last two chars of str are sepc] external link trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "'']" then -- normal case when |url=something & |title=Title. trim = true; end elseif end_chr == " " then -- if last char of output string is a space if f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. " " then -- if last two chars of str are <sepc><space> str = f.sub(str, 1, -3); -- remove them both end end if trim then if value ~= comp then -- value does not equal comp when value contains HTML markup local dup2 = duplicate_char; if f.match(dup2, "%A" ) then dup2 = "%" .. dup2; end -- if duplicate_char not a letter then escape it value = f.gsub(value, "(%b<>)" .. dup2, "%1", 1 ) -- remove duplicate_char if it follows HTML markup else value = f.sub(value, 2, -1 ); -- remove duplicate_char when it is first character end end end str = str .. value; -- add it to the output string end end return str; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S U F F I X >----------------------------- returns true if suffix is properly formed Jr, Sr, or ordinal in the range 1–9. Puncutation not allowed. ]] local function is_suffix (suffix) if utilities.in_array (suffix, {'Jr', 'Sr', 'Jnr', 'Snr', '1st', '2nd', '3rd'}) or suffix:match ('^%dth$') then return true; end return false; end --[[--------------------< I S _ G O O D _ V A N C _ N A M E >------------------- For Vancouver style, author/editor names are supposed to be rendered in Latin (read ASCII) characters. When a name uses characters that contain diacritical marks, those characters are to be converted to the corresponding Latin character. When a name is written using a non-Latin alphabet or logogram, that name is to be transliterated into Latin characters. The module doesn't do this so editors may/must. This test allows |first= and |last= names to contain any of the letters defined in the four Unicode Latin character sets [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf C0 Controls and Basic Latin] 0041–005A, 0061–007A [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] 00C0–00D6, 00D8–00F6, 00F8–00FF [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf Latin Extended-A] 0100–017F [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf Latin Extended-B] 0180–01BF, 01C4–024F |lastn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, and apostrophes. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/) |firstn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, apostrophes, and periods This original test: if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿDŽ-ɏ%-%s%']*$") or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿDŽ-ɏ%-%s%'%.]+[2-6%a]*$") then was written outside of the code editor and pasted here because the code editor gets confused between character insertion point and cursor position. The test has been rewritten to use decimal character escape sequence for the individual bytes of the Unicode characters so that it is not necessary to use an external editor to maintain this code. \195\128-\195\150 – À-Ö (U+00C0–U+00D6 – C0 controls) \195\152-\195\182 – Ø-ö (U+00D8-U+00F6 – C0 controls) \195\184-\198\191 – ø-ƿ (U+00F8-U+01BF – C0 controls, Latin extended A & B) \199\132-\201\143 – DŽ-ɏ (U+01C4-U+024F – Latin extended B) ]] local function is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, position) if not suffix then if first:find ('[,%s]') then -- when there is a space or comma, might be first name/initials + generational suffix first = first:match ('(.-)[,%s]+'); -- get name/initials suffix = first:match ('[,%s]+(.+)$'); -- get generational suffix end end if utilities.is_set (suffix) then if not is_suffix (suffix) then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); return false; -- not a name with an appropriate suffix end end if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191%-%s%']*$") or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191%-%s%'%.]*$") then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['non-Latin char'], position); return false; -- not a string of Latin characters; Vancouver requires Romanization end; return true; end --[[--------------------------< R E D U C E _ T O _ I N I T I A L S >------------------------------------------ Attempts to convert names to initials in support of |name-list-style=vanc. Names in |firstn= may be separated by spaces or hyphens, or for initials, a period. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35062/. Vancouver style requires family rank designations (Jr, II, III, etc.) to be rendered as Jr, 2nd, 3rd, etc. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35085/. This code only accepts and understands generational suffix in the Vancouver format because Roman numerals look like, and can be mistaken for, initials. This function uses ustring functions because firstname initials may be any of the Unicode Latin characters accepted by is_good_vanc_name (). ]] local function reduce_to_initials (first, position) if first:find (',', 1, true) then return first; -- commas not allowed; abandon end local name, suffix = mw.ustring.match (first, "^(%u+) ([%dJS][%drndth]+)$"); if not name then -- if not initials and a suffix name = mw.ustring.match (first, "^(%u+)$"); -- is it just initials? end if name then -- if first is initials with or without suffix if 3 > mw.ustring.len (name) then -- if one or two initials if suffix then -- if there is a suffix if is_suffix (suffix) then -- is it legitimate? return first; -- one or two initials and a valid suffix so nothing to do else add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); -- one or two initials with invalid suffix so error message return first; -- and return first unmolested end else return first; -- one or two initials without suffix; nothing to do end end end -- if here then name has 3 or more uppercase letters so treat them as a word local initials_t = {}; -- table to hold initials local i = 1; -- counter for number of initials local names_t = mw.text.split (first, '[%s%-]+'); -- split into a sequence of names and possible suffix while names_t[i] do -- loop through the sequence if 1 < i and names_t[i]:match ('[%dJS][%drndth]+%.?$') then -- if not the first name, and looks like a suffix (may have trailing dot) names_t[i] = names_t[i]:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove terminal dot if present if is_suffix (names_t[i]) then -- if a legitimate suffix table.insert (initials_t, ' ' .. names_t[i]); -- add a separator space, insert at end of initials sequence break; -- and done because suffix must fall at the end of a name end -- no error message if not a suffix; possibly because of Romanization end if 3 > i then table.insert (initials_t, mw.ustring.sub (names_t[i], 1, 1)); -- insert the initial at end of initials sequence end i = i + 1; -- bump the counter end return table.concat (initials_t); -- Vancouver format does not include spaces. end --[[--------------------------< I N T E R W I K I _ P R E F I X E N _ G E T >---------------------------------- extract interwiki prefixen from <value>. Returns two one or two values: false – no prefixen nil – prefix exists but not recognized project prefix, language prefix – when value has either of: :<project>:<language>:<article> :<language>:<project>:<article> project prefix, nil – when <value> has only a known single-letter prefix nil, language prefix – when <value> has only a known language prefix accepts single-letter project prefixen: 'd' (wikidata), 's' (wikisource), and 'w' (wikipedia) prefixes; at this writing, the other single-letter prefixen (b (wikibook), c (commons), m (meta), n (wikinews), q (wikiquote), and v (wikiversity)) are not supported. ]] local function interwiki_prefixen_get (value, is_link) if not value:find (':%l+:') then -- if no prefix return false; -- abandon; boolean here to distinguish from nil fail returns later end local prefix_patterns_linked_t = { -- sequence of valid interwiki and inter project prefixen '^%[%[:([dsw]):(%l%l+):', -- wikilinked; project and language prefixes '^%[%[:(%l%l+):([dsw]):', -- wikilinked; language and project prefixes '^%[%[:([dsw]):', -- wikilinked; project prefix '^%[%[:(%l%l+):', -- wikilinked; language prefix } local prefix_patterns_unlinked_t = { -- sequence of valid interwiki and inter project prefixen '^:([dsw]):(%l%l+):', -- project and language prefixes '^:(%l%l+):([dsw]):', -- language and project prefixes '^:([dsw]):', -- project prefix '^:(%l%l+):', -- language prefix } local cap1, cap2; for _, pattern in ipairs ((is_link and prefix_patterns_linked_t) or prefix_patterns_unlinked_t) do cap1, cap2 = value:match (pattern); if cap1 then break; -- found a match so stop looking end end if cap1 and cap2 then -- when both then :project:language: or :language:project: (both forms allowed) if 1 == #cap1 then -- length == 1 then :project:language: if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap2] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map? return cap1, cap2; -- return interwiki project and interwiki language end else -- here when :language:project: if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap1] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map? return cap2, cap1; -- return interwiki project and interwiki language end end return nil; -- unknown interwiki language elseif not (cap1 or cap2) then -- both are nil? return nil; -- we got something that looks like a project prefix but isn't; return fail elseif 1 == #cap1 then -- here when one capture return cap1, nil; -- length is 1 so return project, nil language else -- here when one capture and its length it more than 1 if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap1] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map? return nil, cap1; -- return nil project, language end end end --[[--------------------------< L I S T _ P E O P L E >-------------------------- Formats a list of people (authors, contributors, editors, interviewers, translators) names in the list will be linked when |<name>-link= has a value |<name>-mask- does NOT have a value; masked names are presumed to have been rendered previously so should have been linked there when |<name>-mask=0, the associated name is not rendered ]] local function list_people (control, people, etal) local sep; local namesep; local format = control.format; local maximum = control.maximum; local name_list = {}; if 'vanc' == format then -- Vancouver-like name styling? sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl_vanc']; -- name-list separator between names is a comma namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name_vanc']; -- last/first separator is a space else sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl']; -- name-list separator between names is a semicolon namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name']; -- last/first separator is <comma><space> end if sep:sub (-1, -1) ~= " " then sep = sep .. " " end if utilities.is_set (maximum) and maximum < 1 then return "", 0; end -- returned 0 is for EditorCount; not used for other names for i, person in ipairs (people) do if utilities.is_set (person.last) then local mask = person.mask; local one; local sep_one = sep; if utilities.is_set (maximum) and i > maximum then etal = true; break; end if mask then local n = tonumber (mask); -- convert to a number if it can be converted; nil else if n then one = 0 ~= n and string.rep("&mdash;", n) or nil; -- make a string of (n > 0) mdashes, nil else, to replace name person.link = nil; -- don't create link to name if name is replaces with mdash string or has been set nil else one = mask; -- replace name with mask text (must include name-list separator) sep_one = " "; -- modify name-list separator end else one = person.last; -- get surname local first = person.first -- get given name if utilities.is_set (first) then if ("vanc" == format) then -- if Vancouver format one = one:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove periods from surnames (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/) if not person.corporate and is_good_vanc_name (one, first, nil, i) then -- and name is all Latin characters; corporate authors not tested first = reduce_to_initials (first, i); -- attempt to convert first name(s) to initials end end one = one .. namesep .. first; end end if utilities.is_set (person.link) then one = utilities.make_wikilink (person.link, one); -- link author/editor end if one then -- if <one> has a value (name, mdash replacement, or mask text replacement) local proj, tag = interwiki_prefixen_get (one, true); -- get the interwiki prefixen if present if 'w' == proj and ('Wikipedia' == mw.site.namespaces.Project['name']) then proj = nil; -- for stuff like :w:de:<article>, :w is unnecessary TODO: maint cat? end if proj then local proj_name = ({['d'] = cfg.messages.wikidata, ['s'] = cfg.messages.wikisource, ['w'] = cfg.messages.wikipedia})[proj]; -- :w (wikipedia) for linking from a non-wikipedia project if proj_name then one = one .. utilities.wrap_style ('interproj', proj_name); -- add resized leading space, brackets, static text, language name utilities.add_prop_cat ('interproj-linked-name', proj); -- categorize it; <proj> is sort key tag = nil; -- unset; don't do both project and language end end if tag == cfg.this_wiki_code then tag = nil; -- stuff like :en:<article> at en.wiki is pointless TODO: maint cat? end if tag then local lang = cfg.lang_tag_remap[tag] or cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag]; if lang then -- error messaging done in extract_names() where we know parameter names one = one .. utilities.wrap_style ('interwiki', lang); -- add resized leading space, brackets, static text, language name utilities.add_prop_cat ('interwiki-linked-name', tag); -- categorize it; <tag> is sort key end end table.insert (name_list, one); -- add it to the list of names table.insert (name_list, sep_one); -- add the proper name-list separator end end end local count = #name_list / 2; -- (number of names + number of separators) divided by 2 if 0 < count then if 1 < count and not etal then if 'amp' == format then name_list[#name_list-2] = " & "; -- replace last separator with ampersand text elseif 'and' == format then if 2 == count then name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_and; -- replace last separator with 'and' text else name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_end; -- replace last separator with '(sep) and' text end end end name_list[#name_list] = nil; -- erase the last separator end local result = table.concat (name_list); -- construct list if etal and utilities.is_set (result) then -- etal may be set by |display-authors=etal but we might not have a last-first list result = result .. sep .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- we've got a last-first list and etal so add et al. end return result, count; -- return name-list string and count of number of names (count used for editor names only) end --[[--------------------< M A K E _ C I T E R E F _ I D >----------------------- Generates a CITEREF anchor ID if we have at least one name or a date. Otherwise returns an empty string. namelist is one of the contributor-, author-, or editor-name lists chosen in that order. year is Year or anchor_year. ]] local function make_citeref_id (namelist, year) local names={}; -- a table for the one to four names and year for i,v in ipairs (namelist) do -- loop through the list and take up to the first four last names names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end -- if four then done end table.insert (names, year); -- add the year at the end local id = table.concat(names); -- concatenate names and year for CITEREF id if utilities.is_set (id) then -- if concatenation is not an empty string return "CITEREF" .. id; -- add the CITEREF portion else return ''; -- return an empty string; no reason to include CITEREF id in this citation end end --[[--------------------------< C I T E _ C L A S S _A T T R I B U T E _M A K E >------------------------------ construct <cite> tag class attribute for this citation. <cite_class> – config.CitationClass from calling template <mode> – value from |mode= parameter ]] local function cite_class_attribute_make (cite_class, mode) local class_t = {}; table.insert (class_t, 'citation'); -- required for blue highlight if 'citation' ~= cite_class then table.insert (class_t, cite_class); -- identify this template for user css table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs1'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript else table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs2'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript end for _, prop_key in ipairs (z.prop_keys_t) do table.insert (class_t, prop_key); -- identify various properties for user css or javascript end return table.concat (class_t, ' '); -- make a big string and done end --[[---------------------< N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L >-------------------------- Evaluates the content of name parameters (author, editor, etc.) for variations on the theme of et al. If found, the et al. is removed, a flag is set to true and the function returns the modified name and the flag. This function never sets the flag to false but returns its previous state because it may have been set by previous passes through this function or by the associated |display-<names>=etal parameter ]] local function name_has_etal (name, etal, nocat, param) if utilities.is_set (name) then -- name can be nil in which case just return local patterns = cfg.et_al_patterns; -- get patterns from configuration for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through all of the patterns if name:match (pattern) then -- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name name = name:gsub (pattern, ''); -- remove the offending text etal = true; -- set flag (may have been set previously here or by |display-<names>=etal) if not nocat then -- no categorization for |vauthors= utilities.set_message ('err_etal', {param}); -- and set an error if not added end end end end return name, etal; end --[[---------------------< N A M E _ I S _ N U M E R I C >---------------------- Add an error message and category when <name> parameter value does not contain letters. Add a maintenance category when <name> parameter value has numeric characters mixed with characters that are not numeric characters; could be letters and/or punctuation characters. This function will only emit one error and one maint message for the current template. Does not emit both error and maint messages/categories for the same parameter value. returns nothing ]] local function name_is_numeric (name, name_alias, list_name) local patterns = { '^%D+%d', -- <name> must have digits preceded by other characters '^%D*%d+%D+', -- <name> must have digits followed by other characters } if not added_numeric_name_errs and mw.ustring.match (name, '^[%A]+$') then -- if we have not already set an error message and <name> does not have any alpha characters utilities.set_message ('err_numeric_names', name_alias); -- add an error message added_numeric_name_errs = true; -- set the flag so we emit only one error message return; -- when here no point in further testing; abandon end if not added_numeric_name_maint then -- if we have already set a maint message for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through list of patterns if mw.ustring.match (name, pattern) then -- digits preceded or followed by anything but digits; %D+ includes punctuation utilities.set_message ('maint_numeric_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint cat for this template added_numeric_name_maint = true; -- set the flag so we emit only one maint message return; -- when here no point in further testing; abandon end end end end --[[-----------------< N A M E _ H A S _ M U L T _ N A M E S >------------------ Evaluates the content of last/surname (authors etc.) parameters for multiple names. Multiple names are indicated if there is more than one comma or any "unescaped" semicolons. Escaped semicolons are ones used as part of selected HTML entities. If the condition is met, the function adds the multiple name maintenance category. Same test for first except that commas should not appear in given names (MOS:JR says that the generational suffix does not take a separator character). Titles, degrees, postnominals, affiliations, all normally comma separated don't belong in a citation. <name> – name parameter value <list_name> – AuthorList, EditorList, etc <limit> – number of allowed commas; 1 (default) for surnames; 0 for given names returns nothing ]] local function name_has_mult_names (name, list_name, limit) local _, commas, semicolons, nbsps; limit = limit and limit or 1; if utilities.is_set (name) then _, commas = name:gsub (',', ''); -- count the number of commas _, semicolons = name:gsub (';', ''); -- count the number of semicolons -- nbsps probably should be its own separate count rather than merged in -- some way with semicolons because Lua patterns do not support the -- grouping operator that regex does, which means there is no way to add -- more entities to escape except by adding more counts with the new -- entities _, nbsps = name:gsub ('&nbsp;',''); -- count nbsps -- There is exactly 1 semicolon per &nbsp; entity, so subtract nbsps -- from semicolons to 'escape' them. If additional entities are added, -- they also can be subtracted. if limit < commas or 0 < (semicolons - nbsps) then utilities.set_message ('maint_mult_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint message end end end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ G E N E R I C >---------------------------------------------------------- Compares values assigned to various parameters according to the string provided as <item> in the function call. <item> can have on of two values: 'generic_names' – for name-holding parameters: |last=, |first=, |editor-last=, etc 'generic_titles' – for |title= There are two types of generic tests. The 'accept' tests look for a pattern that should not be rejected by the 'reject' test. For example, |author=[[John Smith (author)|Smith, John]] would be rejected by the 'author' reject test. But piped wikilinks with 'author' disambiguation should not be rejected so the 'accept' test prevents that from happening. Accept tests are always performed before reject tests. Each of the 'accept' and 'reject' sequence tables hold tables for en.wiki (['en']) and local.wiki (['local']) that each can hold a test sequence table The sequence table holds, at index [1], a test pattern, and, at index [2], a boolean control value. The control value tells string.find() or mw.ustring.find() to do plain-text search (true) or a pattern search (false). The intent of all this complexity is to make these searches as fast as possible so that we don't run out of processing time on very large articles. Returns true when a reject test finds the pattern or string false when an accept test finds the pattern or string nil else ]=] local function is_generic (item, value) local str_lower = { -- use string.lower() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.lower() or local.wiki (['local']) ['en'] = string.lower, ['local'] = mw.ustring.lower, } local str_find = { -- use string.find() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.find() or local.wiki (['local']) ['en'] = string.find, ['local'] = mw.ustring.find, } local function test (val, test_t, wiki) -- local function to do the testing; <wiki> selects lower() and find() functions val = test_t[2] and str_lower[wiki](value) or val; -- when <test_t[2]> set to 'true', plaintext search using lowercase value return str_find[wiki] (val, test_t[1], 1, test_t[2]); -- return nil when not found or matched end local test_types_t = {'accept', 'reject'}; -- test accept patterns first, then reject patterns local wikis_t = {'en', 'local'}; -- do tests for each of these keys; en.wiki first, local.wiki second for _, test_type in ipairs (test_types_t) do -- for each test type for _, generic_value in pairs (cfg.special_case_translation[item][test_type]) do -- spin through the list of generic value fragments to accept or reject for _, wiki in ipairs (wikis_t) do if generic_value[wiki] then if test (value, generic_value[wiki], wiki) then -- go do the test return ('reject' == test_type); -- param value rejected, return true; false else end end end end end end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ I S _ G E N E R I C >------------------------------------------------ calls is_generic() to determine if <name> is a 'generic name' listed in cfg.generic_names; <name_alias> is the parameter name used in error messaging ]] local function name_is_generic (name, name_alias) if not added_generic_name_errs and is_generic ('generic_names', name) then utilities.set_message ('err_generic_name', name_alias); -- set an error message added_generic_name_errs = true; end end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ C H E C K S >-------------------------------------------------------- This function calls various name checking functions used to validate the content of the various name-holding parameters. ]] local function name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias) local accept_name; if utilities.is_set (last) then last, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (last); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <last> if not accept_name then -- <last> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup name_has_mult_names (last, list_name); -- check for multiple names in the parameter name_is_numeric (last, last_alias, list_name); -- check for names that have no letters or are a mix of digits and other characters name_is_generic (last, last_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list end end if utilities.is_set (first) then first, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (first); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <first> if not accept_name then -- <first> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup name_has_mult_names (first, list_name, 0); -- check for multiple names in the parameter; 0 is number of allowed commas in a given name name_is_numeric (first, first_alias, list_name); -- check for names that have no letters or are a mix of digits and other characters name_is_generic (first, first_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list end local wl_type, D = utilities.is_wikilink (first); if 0 ~= wl_type then first = D; utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', first_alias); end end return last, first; -- done end --[[----------------------< E X T R A C T _ N A M E S >------------------------- Gets name list from the input arguments Searches through args in sequential order to find |lastn= and |firstn= parameters (or their aliases), and their matching link and mask parameters. Stops searching when both |lastn= and |firstn= are not found in args after two sequential attempts: found |last1=, |last2=, and |last3= but doesn't find |last4= and |last5= then the search is done. This function emits an error message when there is a |firstn= without a matching |lastn=. When there are 'holes' in the list of last names, |last1= and |last3= are present but |last2= is missing, an error message is emitted. |lastn= is not required to have a matching |firstn=. When an author or editor parameter contains some form of 'et al.', the 'et al.' is stripped from the parameter and a flag (etal) returned that will cause list_people() to add the static 'et al.' text from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration. This keeps 'et al.' out of the template's metadata. When this occurs, an error is emitted. ]] local function extract_names(args, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names local last; -- individual name components local first; local link; local mask; local i = 1; -- loop counter/indexer local n = 1; -- output table indexer local count = 0; -- used to count the number of times we haven't found a |last= (or alias for authors, |editor-last or alias for editors) local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. in an author parameter local last_alias, first_alias, link_alias; -- selected parameter aliases used in error messaging while true do last, last_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); -- search through args for name components beginning at 1 first, first_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); link, link_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); if last then -- error check |lastn= alias for unknown interwiki link prefix; done here because this is where we have the parameter name local project, language = interwiki_prefixen_get (last, true); -- true because we expect interwiki links in |lastn= to be wikilinked if nil == project and nil == language then -- when both are nil utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', last_alias); -- not known, emit an error message -- TODO: err_bad_interwiki? last = utilities.remove_wiki_link (last); -- remove wikilink markup; show display value only end end if link then -- error check |linkn= alias for unknown interwiki link prefix local project, language = interwiki_prefixen_get (link, false); -- false because wiki links in |author-linkn= is an error if nil == project and nil == language then -- when both are nil utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', link_alias); -- not known, emit an error message -- TODO: err_bad_interwiki? link = nil; -- unset so we don't link link_alias = nil; end end last, etal = name_has_etal (last, etal, false, last_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al. first, etal = name_has_etal (first, etal, false, first_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al. last, first = name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias); -- multiple names, extraneous annotation, etc. checks if first and not last then -- if there is a firstn without a matching lastn local alias = first_alias:find ('given', 1, true) and 'given' or 'first'; -- get first or given form of the alias utilities.set_message ('err_first_missing_last', { first_alias, -- param name of alias missing its mate first_alias:gsub (alias, {['first'] = 'last', ['given'] = 'surname'}), -- make param name appropriate to the alias form }); -- add this error message elseif not first and not last then -- if both firstn and lastn aren't found, are we done? count = count + 1; -- number of times we haven't found last and first if 2 <= count then -- two missing names and we give up break; -- normal exit or there is a two-name hole in the list; can't tell which end else -- we have last with or without a first link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, last, last_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup if first then link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, first, first_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup end names[n] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = false}; -- add this name to our names list (corporate for |vauthors= only) n = n + 1; -- point to next location in the names table if 1 == count then -- if the previous name was missing utilities.set_message ('err_missing_name', {list_name:match ("(%w+)List"):lower(), i - 1}); -- add this error message end count = 0; -- reset the counter, we're looking for two consecutive missing names end i = i + 1; -- point to next args location end return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names and the etal flag end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ T A G _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------ attempt to decode |language=<lang_param> and return language name and matching tag; nil else. This function looks for: <lang_param> as a tag in cfg.lang_tag_remap{} <lang_param> as a name in cfg.lang_name_remap{} <lang_param> as a name in cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t <lang_param> as a tag in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t when those fail, presume that <lang_param> is an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki does not recognize. Strip all script, region, variant, whatever subtags from <lang_param> to leave just a two or three character language tag and look for the new <lang_param> in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t{} on success, returns name (in properly capitalized form) and matching tag (in lowercase); on failure returns nil ]] local function name_tag_get (lang_param) local lang_param_lc = mw.ustring.lower (lang_param); -- use lowercase as an index into the various tables local name; local tag; name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[lang_param_lc]; -- assume <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get remapped language name if name then -- when <name>, <lang_param> is a tag for a remapped language name if cfg.lang_name_remap[name:lower()][2] ~= lang_param_lc then utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang'); -- add maint category if not already added return name, cfg.lang_name_remap[name:lower()][2]; -- so return name and tag from lang_name_remap[name]; special case to xlate sr-ec and sr-el to sr-cyrl and sr-latn end return name, lang_param_lc; -- so return <name> from remap and <lang_param_lc> end tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- still assuming that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; strip script, region, variant subtags name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[tag]; -- attempt to get remapped language name with language subtag only if name then -- when <name>, <tag> is a tag for a remapped language name return name, tag; -- so return <name> from remap and <tag> end if cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc] then -- not a remapped tag, assume <lang_param_lc> is a name; attempt to get remapped language tag return cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][1], cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][2]; -- for this <lang_param_lc>, return a (possibly) new name and appropriate tag end name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get its matching language name if name then return name, lang_param_lc; -- <lang_param_lc> is a tag so return it and <name> end tag = cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a language name; attempt to get its matching tag if tag then return cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag], tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is a name so return the name from the table and <tag> end tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- is <lang_param_lc> an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki doesn't recognize? <tag> gets the language subtag; nil else if tag then name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag]; -- attempt to get a language name using the shortened <tag> if name then return name, tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is an unrecognized IETF-like tag so return <name> and language subtag end end end --[[-------------------< L A N G U A G E _ P A R A M E T E R >------------------ Gets language name from a provided two- or three-character ISO 639 code. If a code is recognized by MediaWiki, use the returned name; if not, then use the value that was provided with the language parameter. When |language= contains a recognized language (either code or name), the page is assigned to the category for that code: Category:Norwegian-language sources (no). For valid three-character code languages, the page is assigned to the single category for '639-2' codes: Category:CS1 ISO 639-2 language sources. Languages that are the same as the local wiki are not categorized. MediaWiki does not recognize three-character equivalents of two-character codes: code 'ar' is recognized but code 'ara' is not. This function supports multiple languages in the form |language=nb, French, th where the language names or codes are separated from each other by commas with optional space characters. ]] local function language_parameter (lang) local tag; -- some form of IETF-like language tag; language subtag with optional region, sript, vatiant, etc subtags local lang_subtag; -- ve populates |language= with mostly unecessary region subtags that MediaWiki does not recognize; this is the base language subtag local name; -- the language name local language_list = {}; -- table of language names to be rendered local names_t = mw.text.split (lang, '%s*,%s*'); -- names should be a comma separated list for _, lang in ipairs (names_t) do -- reuse lang here because we don't yet know if lang is a language name or a language tag; for now, ignore linter warning name, tag = name_tag_get (lang); -- attempt to get name/tag pair for <lang>; <name> has proper capitalization; <tag> is lowercase if utilities.is_set (tag) then lang_subtag = tag:gsub ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*', '%1'); -- for categorization, strip any IETF-like tags from language tag if cfg.this_wiki_code ~= lang_subtag then -- when the language is not the same as this wiki's language if 2 == lang_subtag:len() then -- and is a two-character tag utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source', {name, tag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it; tag appended to allow for multiple language categorization else -- or is a recognized language (but has a three-character tag) utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source-2', {lang_subtag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it differently TODO: support multiple three-character tag categories per cs1|2 template? end elseif cfg.local_lang_cat_enable then -- when the language and this wiki's language are the same and categorization is enabled utilities.add_prop_cat ('local-lang-source', {name, lang_subtag}); -- categorize it end else name = lang; -- return whatever <lang> has so that we show something utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang'); -- add maint category if not already added end table.insert (language_list, name); end name = utilities.make_sep_list (#language_list, language_list); if (1 == #language_list) and (lang_subtag == cfg.this_wiki_code) then -- when only one language, find lang name in this wiki lang name; for |language=en-us, 'English' in 'American English' return ''; -- if one language and that language is this wiki's return an empty string (no annotation) end return (" " .. wrap_msg ('language', name)); -- otherwise wrap with '(in ...)' --[[ TODO: should only return blank or name rather than full list so we can clean up the bunched parenthetical elements Language, Type, Format ]] end --[[-----------------------< S E T _ C S _ S T Y L E >-------------------------- Gets the default CS style configuration for the given mode. Returns default separator and either postscript as passed in or the default. In CS1, the default postscript and separator are '.'. In CS2, the default postscript is the empty string and the default separator is ','. ]] local function set_cs_style (postscript, mode) if utilities.is_set(postscript) then -- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs1 postscript -- we catch the opposite case for cs2 in set_style if mode == 'cs1' and postscript == cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode] then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript'); end else postscript = cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode]; end return cfg.presentation['sep_' .. mode], postscript; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S T Y L E >----------------------------- Sets the separator and postscript styles. Checks the |mode= first and the #invoke CitationClass second. Removes the postscript if postscript == none. ]] local function set_style (mode, postscript, cite_class) local sep; if 'cs2' == mode then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2'); elseif 'cs1' == mode then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1'); elseif 'citation' == cite_class then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2'); else sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1'); end if cfg.keywords_xlate[postscript:lower()] == 'none' then -- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs2 postscript -- we catch the opposite case for cs1 in set_cs_style if 'cs2' == mode or ('cs1' ~= mode and 'citation' == cite_class) then -- {{citation |title=Title |mode=cs1 |postscript=none}} should not emit maint message utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript'); end postscript = ''; end return sep, postscript end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ P D F >----------------------------------- Determines if a URL has the file extension that is one of the PDF file extensions used by [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] when applying the PDF icon to external links. returns true if file extension is one of the recognized extensions, else false ]=] local function is_pdf (url) return url:match ('%.pdf$') or url:match ('%.PDF$') or url:match ('%.pdf[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF&#035') or url:match ('%.pdf&#035'); end --[[--------------------------< S T Y L E _ F O R M A T >----------------------- Applies CSS style to |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. Also emits an error message if the format parameter does not have a matching URL parameter. If the format parameter is not set and the URL contains a file extension that is recognized as a PDF document by MediaWiki's commons.css, this code will set the format parameter to (PDF) with the appropriate styling. ]] local function style_format (format, url, fmt_param, url_param) if utilities.is_set (format) then format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', format); -- add leading space, parentheses, resize if not utilities.is_set (url) then utilities.set_message ('err_format_missing_url', {fmt_param, url_param}); -- add an error message end elseif is_pdf (url) then -- format is not set so if URL is a PDF file then format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', 'PDF'); -- set format to PDF else format = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end return format; end --[[---------------------< G E T _ D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S >------------------ Returns a number that defines the number of names displayed for author and editor name lists and a Boolean flag to indicate when et al. should be appended to the name list. When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is a number greater than or equal to zero, return the number and the previous state of the 'etal' flag (false by default but may have been set to true if the name list contains some variant of the text 'et al.'). When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is the keyword 'etal', return a number that is one greater than the number of authors in the list and set the 'etal' flag true. This will cause the list_people() to display all of the names in the name list followed by 'et al.' In all other cases, returns nil and the previous state of the 'etal' flag. inputs: max: A['DisplayAuthors'] or A['DisplayEditors'], etc; a number or some flavor of etal count: #a or #e list_name: 'authors' or 'editors' etal: author_etal or editor_etal This function sets an error message when |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of names but not when <max> comes from {{cs1 config}} global settings. When using global settings, <param> is set to the keyword 'cs1 config' which is used to supress the normal error. Error is suppressed because it is to be expected that some citations in an article will have the same or fewer names that the limit specified in {{cs1 config}}. ]] local function get_display_names (max, count, etal, param) if utilities.is_set (max) then if 'etal' == cfg.keywords_xlate[max:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '')] then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings max = count + 1; -- number of authors + 1 so display all author name plus et al. etal = true; -- overrides value set by extract_names() elseif max:match ('^%d+$') then -- if is a string of numbers max = tonumber (max); -- make it a number if (max >= count) and ('cs1 config' ~= param) then -- error when local |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of names; not an error when using global setting utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message max = nil; end else -- not a valid keyword or number utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message max = nil; -- unset; as if |display-xxxxors= had not been set end end return max, etal; end --[[----------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ P A G E _ C H E C K >--------------- Adds error if |page=, |pages=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages= has what appears to be some form of p. or pp. abbreviation in the first characters of the parameter content. check page for extraneous p, p., pp, pp., pg, pg. at start of parameter value: good pattern: '^P[^%.P%l]' matches when page begins PX or P# but not Px where x and X are letters and # is a digit bad pattern: '^[Pp][PpGg]' matches when page begins pp, pP, Pp, PP, pg, pG, Pg, PG ]] local function extra_text_in_page_check (val, name) if not val:match (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.good_ppattern) then for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.bad_ppatterns) do -- spin through the selected sequence table of patterns if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_pages', name); -- add error message return; -- and done end end end end --[[--------------------------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ V O L _ I S S _ C H E C K >------------------------ Adds error if |volume= or |issue= has what appears to be some form of redundant 'type' indicator. Applies to both; this function looks for issue text in both |issue= and |volume= and looks for volume-like text in |voluem= and |issue=. For |volume=: 'V.', or 'Vol.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations or 'Volume' in the first characters of the parameter content (all case insensitive). 'V' and 'v' (without the dot) are presumed to be roman numerals so are allowed. For |issue=: 'No.', 'I.', 'Iss.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations, or 'Issue' in the first characters of the parameter content (all case insensitive); numero styling: 'n°' with degree sign U+00B0, and № precomposed numero sign U+2116. Single character values ('v', 'i', 'n') allowed when not followed by separator character ('.', ':', '=', or whitespace character) – param values are trimmed of whitespace by MediaWiki before delivered to the module. <val> is |volume= or |issue= parameter value <name> is |volume= or |issue= parameter name for error message <selector> is 'v' for |volume=, 'i' for |issue= sets error message on failure; returns nothing ]] local function extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (val, name, selector) if not utilities.is_set (val) then return; end local handler = 'v' == selector and 'err_extra_text_volume' or 'err_extra_text_issue'; local accept_val; -- for now, ignore linter warning val, accept_val = utilities.has_accept_as_written (val); --if accept_val then -- if uncomment this, |volume=((vol. 1)) suppresses error -- return; --end --val = mw.text.unstripNoWiki (val); -- if uncomment this, |volume=<nowiki>vol. 1</nowiki> shows error val = val:lower(); -- force parameter value to lower case for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.vi_patterns_t) do -- spin through the sequence table of patterns if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so utilities.set_message (handler, name); -- add error message return; -- and done end end end --[=[-------------------------< G E T _ V _ N A M E _ T A B L E >---------------------------------------------- split apart a |vauthors= or |veditors= parameter. This function allows for corporate names, wrapped in doubled parentheses to also have commas; in the old version of the code, the doubled parentheses were included in the rendered citation and in the metadata. Individual author names may be wikilinked |vauthors=Jones AB, [[E. B. White|White EB]], ((Black, Brown, and Co.)) ]=] local function get_v_name_table (vparam, output_table, output_link_table) local _, accept = utilities.has_accept_as_written (vparam); if accept then utilities.add_prop_cat ('vanc-accept'); -- add properties category end local name_table = mw.text.split(vparam, "%s*,%s*"); -- names are separated by commas local wl_type, label, link; -- wl_type not used here; just a placeholder local i = 1; while name_table[i] do if name_table[i]:match ('^%(%(.*[^%)][^%)]$') then -- first segment of corporate with one or more commas; this segment has the opening doubled parentheses local name = name_table[i]; i = i + 1; -- bump indexer to next segment while name_table[i] do name = name .. ', ' .. name_table[i]; -- concatenate with previous segments if name_table[i]:match ('^.*%)%)$') then -- if this table member has the closing doubled parentheses break; -- and done reassembling so end i = i + 1; -- bump indexer end table.insert (output_table, name); -- and add corporate name to the output table table.insert (output_link_table, ''); -- no wikilink else wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (name_table[i]); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]] table.insert (output_table, label); -- add this name if 1 == wl_type then table.insert (output_link_table, label); -- simple wikilink [[D]] else table.insert (output_link_table, link); -- no wikilink or [[L|D]]; add this link if there is one, else empty string end end i = i + 1; end return output_table; end --[[--------------------------< P A R S E _ V A U T H O R S _ V E D I T O R S >-------------------------------- This function extracts author / editor names from |vauthors= or |veditors= and finds matching |xxxxor-maskn= and |xxxxor-linkn= in args. It then returns a table of assembled names just as extract_names() does. Author / editor names in |vauthors= or |veditors= must be in Vancouver system style. Corporate or institutional names may sometimes be required and because such names will often fail the is_good_vanc_name() and other format compliance tests, are wrapped in doubled parentheses ((corporate name)) to suppress the format tests. Supports generational suffixes Jr, 2nd, 3rd, 4th–6th. This function sets the Vancouver error when a required comma is missing and when there is a space between an author's initials. ]] local function parse_vauthors_veditors (args, vparam, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names assembled from |vauthors=, |author-maskn=, |author-linkn= local v_name_table = {}; local v_link_table = {}; -- when name is wikilinked, targets go in this table local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. vauthors parameter local last, first, link, mask, suffix; local corporate = false; vparam, etal = name_has_etal (vparam, etal, true); -- find and remove variations on et al. do not categorize (do it here because et al. might have a period) v_name_table = get_v_name_table (vparam, v_name_table, v_link_table); -- names are separated by commas for i, v_name in ipairs(v_name_table) do first = ''; -- set to empty string for concatenation and because it may have been set for previous author/editor local accept_name; v_name, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (v_name); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <v_name> if accept_name then last = v_name; corporate = true; -- flag used in list_people() elseif string.find(v_name, "%s") then if v_name:find('[;%.]') then -- look for commonly occurring punctuation characters; add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.punctuation, i); end local lastfirst_t = mw.text.split(v_name, "%s+"); first = table.remove (lastfirst_t); -- removes and returns value of last element in table which should be initials or generational suffix if not mw.ustring.match (first, '^%u+$') then -- mw.ustring here so that later we will catch non-Latin characters suffix = first; -- not initials so assume that whatever we got is a generational suffix first = table.remove (lastfirst_t); -- get what should be the initials from the table end last = table.concat (lastfirst_t, ' '); -- returns a string that is the concatenation of all other names that are not initials and generational suffix if not utilities.is_set (last) then first = ''; -- unset last = v_name; -- last empty because something wrong with first add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.name, i); end if mw.ustring.match (last, '%a+%s+%u+%s+%a+') then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['missing comma'], i); -- matches last II last; the case when a comma is missing end if mw.ustring.match (v_name, ' %u %u$') then -- this test is in the wrong place TODO: move or replace with a more appropriate test add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- matches a space between two initials end else last = v_name; -- last name or single corporate name? Doesn't support multiword corporate names? do we need this? end if utilities.is_set (first) then if not mw.ustring.match (first, "^%u?%u$") then -- first shall contain one or two upper-case letters, nothing else add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- too many initials; mixed case initials (which may be ok Romanization); hyphenated initials end is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, i); -- check first and last before restoring the suffix which may have a non-Latin digit if utilities.is_set (suffix) then first = first .. ' ' .. suffix; -- if there was a suffix concatenate with the initials suffix = ''; -- unset so we don't add this suffix to all subsequent names end else if not corporate then is_good_vanc_name (last, '', nil, i); end end link = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ) or v_link_table[i]; mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); names[i] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = corporate}; -- add this assembled name to our names list end return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names end --[[--------------------------< S E L E C T _ A U T H O R _ E D I T O R _ S O U R C E >------------------------ Select one of |authors=, |authorn= / |lastn / firstn=, or |vauthors= as the source of the author name list or select one of |editorn= / editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= or |veditors= as the source of the editor name list. Only one of these appropriate three will be used. The hierarchy is: |authorn= (and aliases) highest and |authors= lowest; |editorn= (and aliases) highest and |veditors= lowest (support for |editors= withdrawn) When looking for |authorn= / |editorn= parameters, test |xxxxor1= and |xxxxor2= (and all of their aliases); stops after the second test which mimicks the test used in extract_names() when looking for a hole in the author name list. There may be a better way to do this, I just haven't discovered what that way is. Emits an error message when more than one xxxxor name source is provided. In this function, vxxxxors = vauthors or veditors; xxxxors = authors as appropriate. ]] local function select_author_editor_source (vxxxxors, xxxxors, args, list_name) local lastfirst = false; if utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 1 ) or -- do this twice in case we have a |first1= without a |last1=; this ... utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 1 ) or -- ... also catches the case where |first= is used with |vauthors= utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 2 ) or utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 2 ) then lastfirst = true; end if (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and true == lastfirst) or -- these are the three error conditions (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) or (true == lastfirst and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) then utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', utilities.substitute (cfg.special_case_translation.name_list_params, ('AuthorList' == list_name) and cfg.special_case_translation.author or cfg.special_case_translation.editor)); -- add error message end if true == lastfirst then return 1 end; -- return a number indicating which author name source to use if utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) then return 2 end; if utilities.is_set (xxxxors) then return 3 end; return 1; -- no authors so return 1; this allows missing author name test to run in case there is a first without last end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ P A R A M E T E R _ V A L U E >------------------------------ This function is used to validate a parameter's assigned value for those parameters that have only a limited number of allowable values (yes, y, true, live, dead, etc.). When the parameter value has not been assigned a value (missing or empty in the source template) the function returns the value specified by ret_val. If the parameter value is one of the list of allowed values returns the translated value; else, emits an error message and returns the value specified by ret_val. TODO: explain <invert> ]] local function is_valid_parameter_value (value, name, possible, ret_val, invert) if not utilities.is_set (value) then return ret_val; -- an empty parameter is ok end if (not invert and utilities.in_array (value, possible)) then -- normal; <value> is in <possible> table return cfg.keywords_xlate[value]; -- return translation of parameter keyword elseif invert and not utilities.in_array (value, possible) then -- invert; <value> is not in <possible> table return value; -- return <value> as it is else utilities.set_message ('err_invalid_param_val', {name, value}); -- not an allowed value so add error message return ret_val; end end --[[--------------------------< T E R M I N A T E _ N A M E _ L I S T >---------------------------------------- This function terminates a name list (author, contributor, editor) with a separator character (sepc) and a space when the last character is not a sepc character or when the last three characters are not sepc followed by two closing square brackets (close of a wikilink). When either of these is true, the name_list is terminated with a single space character. ]] local function terminate_name_list (name_list, sepc) if (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. '. ') then -- if already properly terminated return name_list; -- just return the name list elseif (string.sub (name_list, -1, -1) == sepc) or (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. ']]') then -- if last name in list ends with sepc char return name_list .. " "; -- don't add another else return name_list .. sepc .. ' '; -- otherwise terminate the name list end end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ V O L U M E _ I S S U E >----------------------------------------- returns the concatenation of the formatted volume and issue (or journal article number) parameters as a single string; or formatted volume or formatted issue, or an empty string if neither are set. ]] local function format_volume_issue (volume, issue, article, cite_class, origin, sepc, lower) if not utilities.is_set (volume) and not utilities.is_set (issue) and not utilities.is_set (article) then return ''; end -- same condition as in format_pages_sheets() local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin); local is_numeric_vol = volume and (volume:match ('^[MDCLXVI]+$') or volume:match ('^%d+$')); -- is only uppercase roman numerals or only digits? local is_long_vol = volume and (4 < mw.ustring.len(volume)); -- is |volume= value longer than 4 characters? if volume and (not is_numeric_vol and is_long_vol) then -- when not all digits or Roman numerals, is |volume= longer than 4 characters? utilities.add_prop_cat ('long-vol'); -- yes, add properties cat end if is_journal then -- journal-style formatting local vol = ''; if utilities.is_set (volume) then if is_numeric_vol then -- |volume= value all digits or all uppercase Roman numerals? vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, volume}); -- render in bold face elseif is_long_vol then -- not all digits or Roman numerals; longer than 4 characters? vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-vol'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- not bold else -- four or fewer characters vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- bold end end vol = vol .. (utilities.is_set (issue) and utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-issue'], issue) or '') vol = vol .. (utilities.is_set (article) and utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-article-num'], article) or '') return vol; end if 'podcast' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end if 'conference' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (article) then -- |article-number= supported only in journal and conference cites if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (article) then -- both volume and article number return wrap_msg ('vol-art', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), article}, lower); elseif utilities.is_set (article) then -- article number alone; when volume alone, handled below return wrap_msg ('art', {sepc, article}, lower); end end -- all other types of citation if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('vol-no', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), issue}, lower); elseif utilities.is_set (volume) then return wrap_msg ('vol', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}, lower); else return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ P A G E S _ S H E E T S >----------------------------------------- adds static text to one of |page(s)= or |sheet(s)= values and returns it with all of the others set to empty strings. The return order is: page, pages, sheet, sheets Singular has priority over plural when both are provided. ]] local function format_pages_sheets (page, pages, sheet, sheets, cite_class, origin, sepc, nopp, lower) if 'map' == cite_class then -- only cite map supports sheet(s) as in-source locators if utilities.is_set (sheet) then if 'journal' == origin then return '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheet', sheet, lower), ''; else return '', '', wrap_msg ('sheet', {sepc, sheet}, lower), ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (sheets) then if 'journal' == origin then return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheets', sheets, lower); else return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('sheets', {sepc, sheets}, lower); end end end local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin); if utilities.is_set (page) then if is_journal then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], page), '', '', ''; elseif not nopp then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, page}), '', '', ''; else return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, page}), '', '', ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then if is_journal then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], pages), '', '', ''; elseif tonumber(pages) ~= nil and not nopp then -- if pages is only digits, assume a single page number return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; elseif not nopp then return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; else return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; end end return '', '', '', ''; -- return empty strings end --[[--------------------------< I N S O U R C E _ L O C _ G E T >---------------------------------------------- returns one of the in-source locators: page, pages, or at. If any of these are interwiki links to Wikisource, returns the label portion of the interwiki-link as plain text for use in COinS. This COinS thing is done because here we convert an interwiki-link to an external link and add an icon span around that; get_coins_pages() doesn't know about the span. TODO: should it? TODO: add support for sheet and sheets?; streamline; TODO: make it so that this function returns only one of the three as the single in-source (the return value assigned to a new name)? ]] local function insource_loc_get (page, page_orig, pages, pages_orig, at) local ws_url, ws_label, coins_pages, L; -- for Wikisource interwiki-links; TODO: this corrupts page metadata (span remains in place after cleanup; fix there?) if utilities.is_set (page) then if utilities.is_set (pages) or utilities.is_set (at) then pages = ''; -- unset the others at = ''; end extra_text_in_page_check (page, page_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (page); -- make ws URL from |page= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then page = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in page'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? page = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, page}); coins_pages = ws_label; end elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then if utilities.is_set (at) then at = ''; -- unset end extra_text_in_page_check (pages, pages_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (pages); -- make ws URL from |pages= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then pages = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in pages'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? pages = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, pages}); coins_pages = ws_label; end elseif utilities.is_set (at) then ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (at); -- make ws URL from |at= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then at = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in at'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? at = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, at}); coins_pages = ws_label; end end return page, pages, at, coins_pages; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ U N I Q U E _ A R C H I V E _ U R L >------------------------------------ add error message when |archive-url= value is same as |url= or chapter-url= (or alias...) value ]] local function is_unique_archive_url (archive, url, c_url, source, date) if utilities.is_set (archive) then if archive == url or archive == c_url then utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); -- add error message return '', ''; -- unset |archive-url= and |archive-date= because same as |url= or |chapter-url= end end return archive, date; end --[=[-------------------------< A R C H I V E _ U R L _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------- Check archive.org URLs to make sure they at least look like they are pointing at valid archives and not to the save snapshot URL or to calendar pages. When the archive URL is 'https://web.archive.org/save/' (or http://...) archive.org saves a snapshot of the target page in the URL. That is something that Wikipedia should not allow unwitting readers to do. When the archive.org URL does not have a complete timestamp, archive.org chooses a snapshot according to its own algorithm or provides a calendar 'search' result. [[WP:ELNO]] discourages links to search results. This function looks at the value assigned to |archive-url= and returns empty strings for |archive-url= and |archive-date= and an error message when: |archive-url= holds an archive.org save command URL |archive-url= is an archive.org URL that does not have a complete timestamp (YYYYMMDDhhmmss 14 digits) in the correct place otherwise returns |archive-url= and |archive-date= There are two mostly compatible archive.org URLs: //web.archive.org/<timestamp>... -- the old form //web.archive.org/web/<timestamp>... -- the new form The old form does not support or map to the new form when it contains a display flag. There are four identified flags ('id_', 'js_', 'cs_', 'im_') but since archive.org ignores others following the same form (two letters and an underscore) we don't check for these specific flags but we do check the form. This function supports a preview mode. When the article is rendered in preview mode, this function may return a modified archive URL: for save command errors, return undated wildcard (/*/) for timestamp errors when the timestamp has a wildcard, return the URL unmodified for timestamp errors when the timestamp does not have a wildcard, return with timestamp limited to six digits plus wildcard (/yyyymm*/) A secondary function is to return an archive-url timestamp from those archive urls that have them. The timestamp is used by validation.archive_date_check() to see if the value in |archive-date= matches the timestamp in the archive url. ]=] local function archive_url_check (url, date) local err_msg; -- start with the error message empty local path, timestamp, flag; -- portions of the archive.org URL local function is_ts_date_valid (ts, origin_date) -- local function to validate archive url taimestamp date; time ignored local y, m, d = ts:match ('(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)'); -- split into parts if y and validation.is_valid_date (y, m, d) and (tonumber (y) >= 1996) then return true, tonumber (y) >= origin_date; -- <origin_date> is 1996 for archive.org end end if (not url:match('//web%.archive%.org/')) and (not url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/')) then -- also deprecated liveweb Wayback machine URL return url, date; -- not an archive.org archive, return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end if url:match('//web%.archive%.org/save/') then -- if a save command URL, we don't want to allow saving of the target page err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.save; url = url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org)/save/', '%1/*/', 1); -- for preview mode: modify ArchiveURL elseif url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/') then err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.liveweb; else path, timestamp, flag = url:match('//web%.archive%.org/([^%d]*)(%d+)([^/]*)/'); -- split out some of the URL parts for evaluation if not path then -- malformed in some way; pattern did not match err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; elseif 14 ~= timestamp:len() then -- path and flag optional, must have 14-digit timestamp here err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; if '*' ~= flag then local replacement = timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d%d%d') or timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d'); -- get the first 6 (YYYYMM) or first 4 digits (YYYY) if replacement then -- nil if there aren't at least 4 digits (year) replacement = replacement .. string.rep ('0', 14 - replacement:len()); -- year or yearmo (4 or 6 digits) zero-fill to make 14-digit timestamp url=url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org/[^%d]*)%d[^/]*', '%1' .. replacement .. '*', 1) -- for preview, modify ts to 14 digits plus splat for calendar display end end elseif not is_ts_date_valid (timestamp, 1996) then -- is ymd portion of timestamp a valid date? err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; timestamp = nil; -- unset because invalid elseif utilities.is_set (path) and 'web/' ~= path then -- older archive URLs do not have the extra 'web/' path element err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.path; elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not utilities.is_set (path) then -- flag not allowed with the old form URL (without the 'web/' path element) err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag; elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not flag:match ('%a%a_') then -- flag if present must be two alpha characters and underscore (requires 'web/' path element) err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag; else return url, date, timestamp; -- return ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, and timestamp from |archive-url= end end -- if here, something not right so utilities.set_message ('err_archive_url', {err_msg}); -- add error message and if is_preview_mode then return url, date, timestamp; -- preview mode so return ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, and timestamp from |archive-url= else return '', ''; -- return empty strings for ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end end --[[--------------------------< P L A C E _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------------------- check |place=, |publication-place=, |location= to see if these params include digits. This function added because many editors misuse location to specify the in-source location (|page(s)= and |at= are supposed to do that) returns the original parameter value without modification; added maint cat when parameter value contains digits ]] local function place_check (param_val) if not utilities.is_set (param_val) then -- parameter empty or omitted return param_val; -- return that empty state end if mw.ustring.find (param_val, '%d') then -- not empty, are there digits in the parameter value utilities.set_message ('maint_location'); -- yep, add maint cat end return param_val; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< I S _ A R C H I V E D _ C O P Y >---------------------------------------------- compares |title= to 'Archived copy' (placeholder added by bots that can't find proper title); if matches, return true; nil else ]] local function is_archived_copy (title) title = mw.ustring.lower(title); -- switch title to lower case if title:find (cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy.en) then -- if title is 'Archived copy' return true; elseif cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local'] then if mw.ustring.find (title, cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local']) then -- mw.ustring() because might not be Latin script return true; end end end --[[--------------------------< D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S _ S E L E C T >-------------------------------------- for any of the |display-authors=, |display-editors=, etc parameters, select either the local or global setting. When both are present, look at <local_display_names> value. When the value is some sort of 'et al.'string, special handling is required. When {{cs1 config}} has |display-<namelist>= AND this template has |display-<namelist>=etal AND: the number of names specified by <number_of_names> is: greater than the number specified in the global |display-<namelist>= parameter (<global_display_names>) use global |display-<namelist>= parameter value set overridden maint category less than or equal to the number specified in the global |display-<namelist>= parameter use local |display-<namelist>= parameter value The purpose of this function is to prevent categorizing a template that has fewer names than the global setting to keep the etal annotation specified by <local_display_names>. ]] local function display_names_select (global_display_names, local_display_names, param_name, number_of_names) if global_display_names and utilities.is_set (local_display_names) then -- when both if 'etal' == local_display_names:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '') then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings number_of_names = tonumber (number_of_names); -- convert these to numbers for comparison local global_display_names_num = tonumber (global_display_names); -- <global_display_names> not set when parameter value is not digits if number_of_names > global_display_names_num then -- template has more names than global config allows to be displayed? utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message because global is overriding local |display-<namelist>=etal return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names()) else return local_display_names, param_name; -- return local because fewer names so let <local_display_names> control end end -- here when <global_display_names> and <local_display_names> both numbers; <global_display_names> controls utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names()) end -- here when only one of <global_display_names> or <local_display_names> set if global_display_names then return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names()) else return local_display_names, param_name; -- return local end end --[[--------------------------< M O D E _ S E T >-------------------------------------------------------------- fetch global mode setting from {{cs1 config}} (if present) or from |mode= (if present); global setting overrides local |mode= parameter value. When both are present, emit maintenance message ]] local function mode_set (Mode, Mode_origin) local mode; if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'] then -- global setting in {{cs1 config}}; nil when empty or assigned value invalid mode = is_valid_parameter_value (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'], 'cs1 config: mode', cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], ''); -- error messaging 'param' here is a hoax else mode = is_valid_parameter_value (Mode, Mode_origin, cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], ''); end if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'] and utilities.is_set (Mode) then -- when template has |mode=<something> which global setting has overridden utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message end return mode; end --[[--------------------------< Q U O T E _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------------------- create quotation from |quote=, |trans-quote=, and/or script-quote= with or without |quote-page= or |quote-pages= when any of those three quote parameters are set, this function unsets <PostScript>. When none of those parameters are set, |quote-page= and |quote-pages= are unset to nil so that they are not included in the template's metadata ]] local function quote_make (quote, trans_quote, script_quote, quote_page, quote_pages, nopp, sepc, postscript) if utilities.is_set (quote) or utilities.is_set (trans_quote) or utilities.is_set (script_quote) then if utilities.is_set (quote) then if quote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and quote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of quote are quote marks quote = quote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off end end quote = kern_quotes (quote); -- kern if needed quote = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-text', quote ); -- wrap in <q>...</q> tags if utilities.is_set (script_quote) then quote = script_concatenate (quote, script_quote, 'script-quote'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after quote is wrapped end if utilities.is_set (trans_quote) then if trans_quote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and trans_quote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of |trans-quote are quote marks trans_quote = trans_quote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off end quote = quote .. " " .. utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_quote ); end if utilities.is_set (quote_page) or utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then -- add page prefix local quote_prefix = ''; if utilities.is_set (quote_page) then extra_text_in_page_check (quote_page, 'quote-page'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. if not nopp then quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, quote_page}); else quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, quote_page}); end elseif utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then extra_text_in_page_check (quote_pages, 'quote-pages'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-pages= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. if tonumber(quote_pages) ~= nil and not nopp then -- if only digits, assume single page quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, quote_pages}); elseif not nopp then quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, quote_pages}); else quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, quote_pages}); end end quote = quote_prefix .. ": " .. quote; else quote = sepc .. " " .. quote; end postscript = ""; -- cs1|2 does not supply terminal punctuation when |quote= is set elseif utilities.is_set (quote_page) or utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then quote_page = nil; -- unset; these require |quote=; TODO: error message? quote_pages = nil; end return quote, quote_page, quote_pages, postscript; end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ P U B L I S H E R _ N A M E >-------------------------------------- look for variations of '<text>: <text>' that might be '<location>: <publisher>' in |publisher= parameter value. when found, emit a maintenance message; return nil else <publisher> is the value assigned to |publisher= or |institution= ]] local function check_publisher_name (publisher) local patterns_t = { '^[%w%s]+%s*:%s*[%w%s]+$', -- plain text <location>: <publisher> '^%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+%s*:%s*[%w%s]+$', -- partially wikilinked [[<location>]]: <publisher> '^[%w%s]+%s*:%s*%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+$', -- partially wikilinked <location>: [[<publisher>]] '^%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+%s*:%s*%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+$', -- wikilinked [[<location>]]: [[<publisher>]] } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns_t) do -- spin through the patterns_t sequence if mw.ustring.match (publisher, pattern) then -- does this pattern match? utilities.set_message ('maint_publisher_location'); -- set a maint message return; -- and done end end end --[[--------------------------< I S _ P A G E _ A R T _ N U M >------------------------------------------------ compare the trailing (rightmost) characters of the |doi= value against the whole value assigned to |page(s)=. return boolean true when: |page(s)= has exactly 8 digits and a dot between the fourth and fifth digits matches the trailing 9 characters of the |doi= value: |page=12345678 → |page=1234.5678 matches |doi=10.xxxx/yyyy1234.5678 |page(s)= is 5 or more characters and matches |doi= values's trailing characters |page(s)= begins with a lowercase 'e' and |page(s)= without the 'e' matches |doi= values's trailing characters: |page=e12345 → |page=12345 matches |doi=10.xxxx/yyyy12345 |page(s)= begins with a uppercase 'CD' followed by (typically) six digits matches |doi= values that ends with 'CDxxxxxx.pubx' (where 'x' is any single digit) return nil when |page(s)= values: are ranges separated by underscore, hyphen, emdash, endash, figure dash, or minus character are comma- or semicolon-separated lists of pages have external urls (has text 'http') are digit-only values less than 10000 do not match |doi= values's trailing characters ]] local function is_page_art_num (page, doi) if not (utilities.is_set (page) and utilities.is_set (doi)) then -- both required return; -- abandon; nothing to do end if page:match ('[,;_−–—‒%-]') then -- when |page(s)= might be a page range or a separated list of pages return; -- abandon end page = page:lower(); -- because doi names are case insensitive doi = doi:lower(); -- force these to lowercase for testing if page:match ('http') then -- when |page(s)= appears to hold a url return; -- abandon end if tonumber (page) then -- is |page(s)= digits only if 10000 > tonumber (page) then -- when |page(s)= less than 10000 return; -- abandon end if doi:match (page .. '$') then -- digits only page number match the last digits in |doi=? return true; end if 8 == page:len() then -- special case when |page(s)= is exactly 8 digits local dot_page = page:gsub ('(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d%d%d)', '%1.%2'); -- make a |page=xxxx.yyyy version commonly used in |doi= if doi:match (dot_page .. '$') then -- 8-digit dotted page number match the last characters in |doi=? return true; end end else -- here when |page(s)= is alpha-numeric if 4 < page:len() then -- when |page(s)= is five or more characters if doi:match (page .. '$') then -- alpha-numeric page match the last characters in |doi=? return true; end local epage = page:match ('^e([%w]+)$'); -- if first character of |page= is 'e', remove it if epage and doi:match (epage .. '$') then -- page number match the last characters in |doi=? return true; end local cdpage = page:match ('^cd%d+$'); -- if first characters of |page= are 'CD' and last characters are digits (typically 6 digits) if cdpage and doi:match (cdpage .. '%.pub%d$') then -- page number matches doi 'CDxxxxxx.pubx' where 'x' is a digit return true; end end end end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N 0 >------------------------------------------------------------ This is the main function doing the majority of the citation formatting. ]] local function citation0( config, args ) --[[ Load Input Parameters The argument_wrapper facilitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable. ]] local A = argument_wrapper ( args ); -- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments. Different citation templates -- define different field names for the same underlying things. local author_etal; local a = {}; -- authors list from |lastn= / |firstn= pairs or |vauthors= local Authors; local NameListStyle; if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'] then -- global setting in {{cs1 config}} overrides local |name-list-style= parameter value; nil when empty or assigned value invalid NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'], 'cs1 config: name-list-style', cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], ''); -- error messaging 'param' here is a hoax else NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NameListStyle'], A:ORIGIN('NameListStyle'), cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], ''); end if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'] and utilities.is_set (A['NameListStyle']) then -- when template has |name-list-style=<something> which global setting has overridden utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message end local Collaboration = A['Collaboration']; do -- to limit scope of selected local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Vauthors'], A['Authors'], args, 'AuthorList'); if 1 == selected then a, author_etal = extract_names (args, 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |authorn= / |lastn= / |firstn=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn= elseif 2 == selected then NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be a, author_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, A['Vauthors'], 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |vauthors=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn= elseif 3 == selected then Authors = A['Authors']; -- use content of |people= or |credits=; |authors= is deprecated; TODO: constrain |people= and |credits= to cite av media, episode, serial? end if utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then author_etal = true; -- so that |display-authors=etal not required end end local editor_etal; local e = {}; -- editors list from |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= pairs or |veditors= do -- to limit scope of selected local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Veditors'], nil, args, 'EditorList'); -- support for |editors= withdrawn if 1 == selected then e, editor_etal = extract_names (args, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |editorn= / |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn= elseif 2 == selected then NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be e, editor_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, args.veditors, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |veditors=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn= end end local Chapter = A['Chapter']; -- done here so that we have access to |contribution= from |chapter= and |script-chapter= aliases local Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter'); local ScriptChapter = A['ScriptChapter']; local ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptChapter'); local Contribution; -- because contribution is required for contributor(s) if 'contribution' == Chapter_origin then -- is there a |contribution= parameter? Contribution = Chapter; -- get the name of the contribution elseif 'script-contribution' == ScriptChapter_origin then -- no, so is there a |script-contribution= parameter? Contribution = ScriptChapter; -- get the name of the contribution end local c = {}; -- contributors list from |contributor-lastn= / contributor-firstn= pairs if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (A['Periodical']) then -- |contributor= and |contribution= only supported in book cites c = extract_names (args, 'ContributorList'); -- fetch contributor list from |contributorn= / |contributor-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn= if 0 < #c then if not utilities.is_set (Contribution) then -- |contributor= requires |contribution= utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'contribution'); -- add missing contribution error message c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later end if 0 == #a then -- |contributor= requires |author= utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'author'); -- add missing author error message c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later end end else -- if not a book cite if utilities.select_one (args, cfg.aliases['ContributorList-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', 1 ) then -- are there contributor name list parameters? utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_ignored'); -- add contributor ignored error message end Contribution = nil; -- unset end local Title = A['Title']; local TitleLink = A['TitleLink']; local auto_select = ''; -- default is auto local accept_link; TitleLink, accept_link = utilities.has_accept_as_written (TitleLink, true); -- test for accept-this-as-written markup if (not accept_link) and utilities.in_array (TitleLink, {'none', 'pmc', 'doi'}) then -- check for special keywords auto_select = TitleLink; -- remember selection for later TitleLink = ''; -- treat as if |title-link= would have been empty end TitleLink = link_title_ok (TitleLink, A:ORIGIN ('TitleLink'), Title, 'title'); -- check for wiki-markup in |title-link= or wiki-markup in |title= when |title-link= is set local Section = ''; -- {{cite map}} only; preset to empty string for concatenation if not used if 'map' == config.CitationClass and 'section' == Chapter_origin then Section = A['Chapter']; -- get |section= from |chapter= alias list; |chapter= and the other aliases not supported in {{cite map}} Chapter = ''; -- unset for now; will be reset later from |map= if present end local Periodical = A['Periodical']; local Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('Periodical'); local ScriptPeriodical = A['ScriptPeriodical']; local ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptPeriodical'); local TransPeriodical = A['TransPeriodical']; local TransPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransPeriodical'); if (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'book', 'encyclopaedia'}) and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical))) then local param; if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- get a parameter name from one of these periodical related meta-parameters Periodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters param = Periodical_origin -- get parameter name for error messaging elseif utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical) then TransPeriodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters param = TransPeriodical_origin; -- get parameter name for error messaging elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then ScriptPeriodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters param = ScriptPeriodical_origin; -- get parameter name for error messaging end if utilities.is_set (param) then -- if we found one utilities.set_message ('err_periodical_ignored', {param}); -- emit an error message end end if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then local i; Periodical, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated if i then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {Periodical_origin}); end end if 'mailinglist' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for {{cite mailing list}} if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (A ['MailingList']) then -- both set emit an error TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Periodical_origin) .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'mailinglist')}); end Periodical = A ['MailingList']; -- error or no, set Periodical to |mailinglist= value because this template is {{cite mailing list}} Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('MailingList'); end -- web and news not tested for now because of -- Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Is_there_a_semi-automated_tool_that_could_fix_these_annoying_"Cite_Web"_errors? if not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) then -- 'periodical' templates require periodical parameter -- local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine', ['news'] = 'newspaper', ['web'] = 'website'}; -- for error message local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine'}; -- for error message if p[config.CitationClass] then utilities.set_message ('err_missing_periodical', {config.CitationClass, p[config.CitationClass]}); end end local Volume; if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then if not utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_no_volume_t) then -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals' end elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then if 'script-website' ~= ScriptPeriodical_origin then -- {{citation}} does not render volume for |script-website= Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals' end else Volume = A['Volume']; -- and does for non-'periodical' cites end elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_volume) then -- render |volume= for cs1 according to the configuration settings Volume = A['Volume']; end extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Volume, A:ORIGIN ('Volume'), 'v'); local Issue; if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_issue_t) then -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used Issue = A['Issue']; end elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_issue) then -- conference & map books do not support issue; {{citation}} listed here because included in settings table if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'conference', 'map', 'citation'}) and not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical))) then Issue = A['Issue']; end end local ArticleNumber; if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'conference'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Periodical) and 'journal' == Periodical_origin) then ArticleNumber = A['ArticleNumber']; end extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Issue, A:ORIGIN ('Issue'), 'i'); Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (Issue); local Page; local Pages; local At; local QuotePage; local QuotePages; if not utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_not_using_page) then -- TODO: rewrite to emit ignored parameter error message? Page = A['Page']; Pages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Pages']); At = A['At']; QuotePage = A['QuotePage']; QuotePages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['QuotePages']); end local NoPP = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoPP'], A:ORIGIN('NoPP'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil); local Mode = mode_set (A['Mode'], A:ORIGIN('Mode')); -- separator character and postscript local sepc, PostScript = set_style (Mode:lower(), A['PostScript'], config.CitationClass); local Quote; Quote, QuotePage, QuotePages, PostScript = quote_make (A['Quote'], A['TransQuote'], A['ScriptQuote'], QuotePage, QuotePages, NoPP, sepc, PostScript); local Edition = A['Edition']; local PublicationPlace = place_check (A['PublicationPlace'], A:ORIGIN('PublicationPlace')); local Place = place_check (A['Place'], A:ORIGIN('Place')); local PublisherName = A['PublisherName']; local PublisherName_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublisherName'); if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) and (cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] ~= PublisherName) then local i; PublisherName, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (PublisherName); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated; publisher is never italicized if i and (0 < i) then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {PublisherName_origin}); end end if ('document' == config.CitationClass) and not utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then utilities.set_message ('err_missing_publisher', {config.CitationClass, 'publisher'}); end local Newsgroup = A['Newsgroup']; -- TODO: strip apostrophe markup? local Newsgroup_origin = A:ORIGIN('Newsgroup'); if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) and (cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] ~= PublisherName) then -- general use parameter |publisher= not allowed in cite newsgroup utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {PublisherName_origin}); end PublisherName = nil; -- ensure that this parameter is unset for the time being; will be used again after COinS end if 'book' == config.CitationClass or 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and not utilities.is_set (Periodical)) then local accept; PublisherName, accept = utilities.has_accept_as_written (PublisherName); -- check for and remove accept-as-written markup from |publisher= wrapped if not accept then -- when no accept-as-written markup check_publisher_name (PublisherName); -- emit maint message when |publisher= might be prefixed with publisher's location end end local URL = A['URL']; -- TODO: better way to do this for URL, ChapterURL, and MapURL? local UrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('UrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (URL) and utilities.is_set (UrlAccess) then UrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', 'url'); end local ChapterURL = A['ChapterURL']; local ChapterUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['ChapterUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (ChapterUrlAccess) then ChapterUrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'):gsub ('%-access', '')}); end local MapUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['MapUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('MapUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (A['MapURL']) and utilities.is_set (MapUrlAccess) then MapUrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {'map-url'}); end local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); -- also used for COinS and for language local no_tracking_cats = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoTracking'], A:ORIGIN('NoTracking'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil); -- check this page to see if it is in one of the namespaces that cs1 is not supposed to add to the error categories if not utilities.is_set (no_tracking_cats) then -- ignore if we are already not going to categorize this page if cfg.uncategorized_namespaces[this_page.namespace] then -- is this page's namespace id one of the uncategorized namespace ids? no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats end for _, v in ipairs (cfg.uncategorized_subpages) do -- cycle through page name patterns if this_page.text:match (v) then -- test page name against each pattern no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats break; -- bail out if one is found end end end -- check for extra |page=, |pages= or |at= parameters. (also sheet and sheets while we're at it) utilities.select_one (args, {'page', 'p', 'pp', 'pages', 'at', 'sheet', 'sheets'}, 'err_redundant_parameters'); -- this is a dummy call simply to get the error message and category local coins_pages; Page, Pages, At, coins_pages = insource_loc_get (Page, A:ORIGIN('Page'), Pages, A:ORIGIN('Pages'), At); if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- both |publication-place= and |place= (|location=) allowed if different utilities.add_prop_cat ('location-test'); -- add property cat to evaluate how often PublicationPlace and Place are used together if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; -- unset; don't need both if they are the same end elseif not utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- when only |place= (|location=) is set ... PublicationPlace = Place; -- promote |place= (|location=) to |publication-place end if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end -- don't need both if they are the same local URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('URL'); -- get name of parameter that holds URL local ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ChapterURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ChapterURL -- local ScriptChapter = A['ScriptChapter']; -- local ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptChapter'); local Format = A['Format']; local ChapterFormat = A['ChapterFormat']; local TransChapter = A['TransChapter']; local TransChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter'); local TransTitle = A['TransTitle']; local ScriptTitle = A['ScriptTitle']; --[[ Parameter remapping for cite encyclopedia: When the citation has these parameters: |encyclopedia= and |title= then map |title= to |article= and |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering |encyclopedia= and |article= then map |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering |trans-title= maps to |trans-chapter= when |title= is re-mapped |url= maps to |chapter-url= when |title= is remapped All other combinations of |encyclopedia=, |title=, and |article= are not modified ]] local Encyclopedia = A['Encyclopedia']; -- used as a flag by this module and by ~/COinS local ScriptEncyclopedia = A['ScriptEncyclopedia']; local TransEncyclopedia = A['TransEncyclopedia']; if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) or utilities.is_set (ScriptEncyclopedia) then -- emit error message when Encyclopedia set but template is other than {{cite encyclopedia}} or {{citation}} if 'encyclopaedia' ~= config.CitationClass and 'citation' ~= config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia')}); else utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('ScriptEncyclopedia')}); end Encyclopedia = nil; -- unset these because not supported by this template ScriptEncyclopedia = nil; TransEncyclopedia = nil; end elseif utilities.is_set (TransEncyclopedia) then utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'encyclopedia'}); end if ('encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then -- when both parameters set emit an error message; {{citation}} only; Periodical not allowed in {{cite encyclopedia}} utilities.set_message ('err_periodical_ignored', {Periodical_origin}); end if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) or utilities.is_set (ScriptEncyclopedia) then Periodical = Encyclopedia; -- error or no, set Periodical to Encyclopedia for rendering; {{citation}} could (not legitimately) have both; use Encyclopedia Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia'); ScriptPeriodical = ScriptEncyclopedia; ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptEncyclopedia'); if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then if not utilities.is_set (Chapter) then Chapter = Title; -- |encyclopedia= and |title= are set so map |title= params to |article= params for rendering ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle') TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURL = URL; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterFormat = Format; if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (TitleLink) then Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Chapter); end Title = Periodical; -- now map |encyclopedia= params to |title= params for rendering ScriptTitle = ScriptPeriodical or ''; TransTitle = TransEncyclopedia or ''; Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset ScriptPeriodical = ''; URL = ''; Format = ''; TitleLink = ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (Chapter) or utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then -- |title= not set Title = Periodical; -- |encyclopedia= set and |article= set so map |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering ScriptTitle = ScriptPeriodical or ''; TransTitle = TransEncyclopedia or ''; Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset ScriptPeriodical = ''; end end end -- special case for cite techreport. local ID = A['ID']; if (config.CitationClass == "techreport") then -- special case for cite techreport if utilities.is_set (A['Number']) then -- cite techreport uses 'number', which other citations alias to 'issue' if not utilities.is_set (ID) then -- can we use ID for the "number"? ID = A['Number']; -- yes, use it else -- ID has a value so emit error message utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'id') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'number')}); end end end -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}}, before generation of COinS data. local ChapterLink -- = A['ChapterLink']; -- deprecated as a parameter but still used internally by cite episode local Conference = A['Conference']; local BookTitle = A['BookTitle']; local TransTitle_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransTitle'); if 'conference' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (BookTitle) then Chapter = Title; Chapter_origin = 'title'; -- ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- |chapter-link= is deprecated ChapterURL = URL; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; URL_origin = ''; ChapterFormat = Format; TransChapter = TransTitle; TransChapter_origin = TransTitle_origin; Title = BookTitle; Format = ''; -- TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; URL = ''; end elseif 'speech' ~= config.CitationClass then Conference = ''; -- not cite conference or cite speech so make sure this is empty string end local cs2_lower = function (text) -- if mode is cs2, use lower case if (sepc ~= '.') then return text:lower(); end return text; end local use_lowercase = ( sepc == ',' ); -- controls capitalization of certain static text -- cite map oddities local Cartography = ""; local Scale = ""; local Sheet = A['Sheet'] or ''; local Sheets = A['Sheets'] or ''; if config.CitationClass == "map" then if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'map') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Chapter_origin)}); -- add error message end Chapter = A['Map']; Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('Map'); -- for now, ignore linter warning ChapterURL = A['MapURL']; ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('MapURL'); TransChapter = A['TransMap']; ScriptChapter = A['ScriptMap'] ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptMap') ChapterUrlAccess = MapUrlAccess; ChapterFormat = A['MapFormat']; Cartography = A['Cartography']; if utilities.is_set ( Cartography ) then Cartography = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('cartography', Cartography, use_lowercase); end Scale = A['Scale']; if utilities.is_set ( Scale ) then Scale = sepc .. " " .. Scale; end end -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite episode}} and {{cite serial}}, before generation of COinS data. local Series = A['Series']; if 'episode' == config.CitationClass or 'serial' == config.CitationClass then local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink']; SeriesLink = link_title_ok (SeriesLink, A:ORIGIN ('SeriesLink'), Series, 'series'); -- check for wiki-markup in |series-link= or wiki-markup in |series= when |series-link= is set local Network = A['Network']; local Station = A['Station']; local s, n = {}, {}; -- do common parameters first if utilities.is_set (Network) then table.insert(n, Network); end if utilities.is_set (Station) then table.insert(n, Station); end ID = table.concat(n, sepc .. ' '); if 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- handle the oddities that are strictly {{cite episode}} local Season = A['Season']; local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber']; if utilities.is_set (Season) and utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then -- these are mutually exclusive so if both are set TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'season') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'seriesno')}); -- add error message SeriesNumber = ''; -- unset; prefer |season= over |seriesno= end -- assemble a table of parts concatenated later into Series if utilities.is_set (Season) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('season', Season, use_lowercase)); end if utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('seriesnum', SeriesNumber, use_lowercase)); end if utilities.is_set (Issue) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('episode', Issue, use_lowercase)); end Issue = ''; -- unset because this is not a unique parameter Chapter = Title; -- promote title parameters to chapter ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle'); ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- alias |episode-link= TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURL = URL; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; ChapterFormat = Format; Title = Series; -- promote series to title TitleLink = SeriesLink; Series = table.concat(s, sepc .. ' '); -- this is concatenation of season, seriesno, episode number if utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- link but not URL Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Chapter); elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if both are set, URL links episode; Series = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Series); end URL = ''; -- unset TransTitle = ''; ScriptTitle = ''; Format = ''; else -- now oddities that are cite serial Issue = ''; -- unset because this parameter no longer supported by the citation/core version of cite serial Chapter = A['Episode']; -- TODO: make |episode= available to cite episode someday? if utilities.is_set (Series) and utilities.is_set (SeriesLink) then Series = utilities.make_wikilink (SeriesLink, Series); end Series = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Series); -- series is italicized end end -- end of {{cite episode}} stuff -- handle type parameter for those CS1 citations that have default values local TitleType = A['TitleType']; local Degree = A['Degree']; if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'AV-media-notes', 'document', 'interview', 'mailinglist', 'map', 'podcast', 'pressrelease', 'report', 'speech', 'techreport', 'thesis'}) then TitleType = set_titletype (config.CitationClass, TitleType); if utilities.is_set (Degree) and "Thesis" == TitleType then -- special case for cite thesis TitleType = Degree .. ' ' .. cfg.title_types ['thesis']:lower(); end end if utilities.is_set (TitleType) then -- if type parameter is specified TitleType = utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['type'], TitleType); -- display it in parentheses -- TODO: Hack on TitleType to fix bunched parentheses problem end -- legacy: promote PublicationDate to Date if neither Date nor Year are set. local Date = A['Date']; local Date_origin; -- to hold the name of parameter promoted to Date; required for date error messaging local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate']; local Year = A['Year']; if utilities.is_set (Year) then validation.year_check (Year); -- returns nothing; emits maint message when |year= doesn't hold a 'year' value end if not utilities.is_set (Date) then Date = Year; -- promote Year to Date Year = nil; -- make nil so Year as empty string isn't used for CITEREF if not utilities.is_set (Date) and utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then -- use PublicationDate when |date= and |year= are not set Date = PublicationDate; -- promote PublicationDate to Date PublicationDate = ''; -- unset, no longer needed Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublicationDate'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter else Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Year'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter end else Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Date'); -- not a promotion; name required for error messaging end if PublicationDate == Date then PublicationDate = ''; end -- if PublicationDate is same as Date, don't display in rendered citation --[[ Go test all of the date-holding parameters for valid MOS:DATE format and make sure that dates are real dates. This must be done before we do COinS because here is where we get the date used in the metadata. Date validation supporting code is in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation ]] local DF = is_valid_parameter_value (A['DF'], A:ORIGIN('DF'), cfg.keywords_lists['df'], ''); if not utilities.is_set (DF) then DF = cfg.global_df; -- local |df= if present overrides global df set by {{use xxx date}} template end local ArchiveURL; local ArchiveDate; local ArchiveFormat = A['ArchiveFormat']; local archive_url_timestamp; -- timestamp from wayback machine url ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, archive_url_timestamp = archive_url_check (A['ArchiveURL'], A['ArchiveDate']) ArchiveFormat = style_format (ArchiveFormat, ArchiveURL, 'archive-format', 'archive-url'); ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate = is_unique_archive_url (ArchiveURL, URL, ChapterURL, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), ArchiveDate); -- add error message when URL or ChapterURL == ArchiveURL local AccessDate = A['AccessDate']; local COinS_date = {}; -- holds date info extracted from |date= for the COinS metadata by Module:Date verification local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken']; local Embargo = A['Embargo']; local anchor_year; -- used in the CITEREF identifier do -- create defined block to contain local variables date_parameters_list, mismatch local date_parameters_list = { -- AirDate has been promoted to Date so not necessary to check it ['access-date'] = {val = AccessDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('AccessDate')}, ['archive-date'] = {val = ArchiveDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('ArchiveDate')}, ['date'] = {val = Date, name = Date_origin}, ['doi-broken-date'] = {val = DoiBroken, name = A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')}, ['pmc-embargo-date'] = {val = Embargo, name = A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')}, ['publication-date'] = {val = PublicationDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('PublicationDate')}, ['year'] = {val = Year, name = A:ORIGIN ('Year')}, }; local error_list = {}; anchor_year, Embargo = validation.dates(date_parameters_list, COinS_date, error_list); if utilities.is_set (Year) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- both |date= and |year= not normally needed; validation.year_date_check (Year, A:ORIGIN ('Year'), Date, A:ORIGIN ('Date'), error_list); end if 0 == #error_list then -- error free dates only; 0 when error_list is empty local modified = false; -- flag if utilities.is_set (DF) then -- if we need to reformat dates modified = validation.reformat_dates (date_parameters_list, DF); -- reformat to DF format, use long month names if appropriate end if true == validation.date_hyphen_to_dash (date_parameters_list) then -- convert hyphens to dashes where appropriate modified = true; utilities.set_message ('maint_date_format'); -- hyphens were converted so add maint category end -- for those wikis that can and want to have English date names translated to the local language; not supported at en.wiki if cfg.date_name_auto_xlate_enable and validation.date_name_xlate (date_parameters_list, cfg.date_digit_auto_xlate_enable ) then utilities.set_message ('maint_date_auto_xlated'); -- add maint cat modified = true; end if modified then -- if the date_parameters_list values were modified AccessDate = date_parameters_list['access-date'].val; -- overwrite date holding parameters with modified values ArchiveDate = date_parameters_list['archive-date'].val; Date = date_parameters_list['date'].val; DoiBroken = date_parameters_list['doi-broken-date'].val; PublicationDate = date_parameters_list['publication-date'].val; end if archive_url_timestamp and utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then validation.archive_date_check (ArchiveDate, archive_url_timestamp, DF); -- does YYYYMMDD in archive_url_timestamp match date in ArchiveDate end else utilities.set_message ('err_bad_date', {utilities.make_sep_list (#error_list, error_list)}); -- add this error message end end -- end of do if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'book', 'encyclopaedia'}) or -- {{cite book}}, {{cite encyclopedia}}; TODO: {{cite conference}} and others? ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or -- {{citation}} as an encylopedia citation ('citation' == config.CitationClass and not utilities.is_set (Periodical)) then -- {{citation}} as a book citation if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then if not utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then local date = COinS_date.rftdate and tonumber (COinS_date.rftdate:match ('%d%d%d%d')); -- get year portion of COinS date (because in Arabic numerals); convert string to number if date and (1850 <= date) then -- location has no publisher; if date is 1850 or later utilities.set_message ('maint_location_no_publisher'); -- add maint cat end else -- PublisherName has a value if cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] == PublisherName then -- if that value is 'none' (only for book and encyclopedia citations) PublisherName = ''; -- unset end end end end local ID_list_t; -- sequence table of rendered identifiers local ID_list_coins_t; -- table of identifiers and their values from args; key is same as cfg.id_handlers's key local Class = A['Class']; -- arxiv class identifier local ID_support = { {A['ASINTLD'], 'ASIN', 'err_asintld_missing_asin', A:ORIGIN ('ASINTLD')}, {DoiBroken, 'DOI', 'err_doibroken_missing_doi', A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')}, {Embargo, 'PMC', 'err_embargo_missing_pmc', A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')}, } ID_list_t, ID_list_coins_t = identifiers.identifier_lists_get (args, { DoiBroken = DoiBroken, -- for |doi= ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD'], -- for |asin= Embargo = Embargo, -- for |pmc= Class = Class, -- for |arxiv= CitationClass = config.CitationClass, -- for |arxiv= Year=anchor_year, -- for |isbn= }, ID_support); for _, id in ipairs (ID_list_t) do -- search through the ID_list_t sequence looking for an ISBN identifier string if id:find ('ISBN', 3, true) then -- plain find, start at index 3 ([[ISBN) if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then -- catch ve/citoid malformed book cites in {{citation}} templates if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- when a |work= alias is set utilities.set_message ('maint_work_isbn'); -- add maint cat break; -- and abandon end elseif ({['journal'] = true, ['magazine'] = true, ['news'] = true, ['web'] = true})[config.CitationClass] then utilities.set_message ('maint_periodical_has_isbn'); -- add maint cat break; -- and abandon end end end -- if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then -- catch ve/citoid malformed book cites in {{citation}} templates -- for _, id in ipairs (ID_list_t) do -- search through the ID_list_t sequence looking for an ISBN identifier string -- if id:find ('ISBN', 3, true) then -- plain find, start at index 3 ([[ISBN) -- if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- when a |work= alias is set -- utilities.set_message ('maint_work_isbn'); -- add maint cat -- end -- end -- end -- end -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite medrxiv}}, {{cite ssrn}}, before generation of COinS data. if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- |arxiv= or |eprint= required for cite arxiv; |biorxiv=, |citeseerx=, |medrxiv=, |ssrn= required for their templates if not (args[cfg.id_handlers[config.CitationClass:upper()].parameters[1]] or -- can't use ID_list_coins_t k/v table here because invalid parameters omitted args[cfg.id_handlers[config.CitationClass:upper()].parameters[2]]) then -- which causes unexpected parameter missing error message utilities.set_message ('err_' .. config.CitationClass .. '_missing'); -- add error message end Periodical = ({['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['medrxiv'] = 'medRxiv', ['ssrn'] = 'Social Science Research Network'})[config.CitationClass]; end -- Link the title of the work if no |url= was provided, but we have a |pmc= or a |doi= with |doi-access=free if config.CitationClass == "journal" and not utilities.is_set (URL) and not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) then -- TODO: remove 'none' once existing citations have been switched to 'off', so 'none' can be used as token for "no title" instead if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[auto_select] then -- if auto-linking not disabled if identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select] then -- manual selection URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select]; -- set URL to be the same as identifier's external link URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers[auto_select:upper()].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc'] then -- auto-select PMC URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc']; -- set URL to be the same as the PMC external link if not embargoed URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi'] then -- auto-select DOI URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi']; URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['DOI'].parameters[1]; end end if utilities.is_set (URL) then -- set when using an identifier-created URL if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then -- |access-date= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url= utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); -- add an error message AccessDate = ''; -- unset end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then -- |archive-url= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url= utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); -- add an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- unset end end end -- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use. We can use that fact. -- Test if citation has no title if not utilities.is_set (Title) and not utilities.is_set (TransTitle) and not utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then -- has special case for cite episode utilities.set_message ('err_citation_missing_title', {'episode' == config.CitationClass and 'series' or 'title'}); end if utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) and utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'citation'}) and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and ('journal' == Periodical_origin or 'script-journal' == ScriptPeriodical_origin) then -- special case for journal cites Title = ''; -- set title to empty string utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat end if 'journal' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Periodical) and 'journal' == Periodical_origin) then if is_page_art_num (((utilities.is_set (Page) and Page) or (utilities.is_set (Pages) and Pages)) or nil, ID_list_coins_t['DOI']) then -- does |page(s)= look like it holds an article number utilities.set_message ('maint_page_art_num'); -- add maint cat end end -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) for automated parsing of citation information. -- handle the oddity that is cite encyclopedia and {{citation |encyclopedia=something}}. Here we presume that -- when Periodical, Title, and Chapter are all set, then Periodical is the book (encyclopedia) title, Title -- is the article title, and Chapter is a section within the article. So, we remap local coins_chapter = Chapter; -- default assuming that remapping not required local coins_title = Title; -- et tu if 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and utilities.is_set (Title) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if all are used then coins_chapter = Title; -- remap coins_title = Periodical; end end local coins_author = a; -- default for coins rft.au if 0 < #c then -- but if contributor list coins_author = c; -- use that instead end -- this is the function call to COinS() local OCinSoutput = metadata.COinS({ ['Periodical'] = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical), -- no markup in the metadata ['Encyclopedia'] = Encyclopedia, -- just a flag; content ignored by ~/COinS ['Chapter'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_chapter, ScriptChapter), -- Chapter and ScriptChapter stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup ['Degree'] = Degree; -- cite thesis only ['Title'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_title, ScriptTitle), -- Title and ScriptTitle stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup ['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace, ['Date'] = COinS_date.rftdate, -- COinS_date.* has correctly formatted date values if Date is valid; ['Season'] = COinS_date.rftssn, ['Quarter'] = COinS_date.rftquarter, ['Chron'] = COinS_date.rftchron, ['Series'] = Series, ['Volume'] = Volume, ['Issue'] = Issue, ['ArticleNumber'] = ArticleNumber, ['Pages'] = coins_pages or metadata.get_coins_pages (first_set ({Sheet, Sheets, Page, Pages, At, QuotePage, QuotePages}, 7)), -- pages stripped of external links ['Edition'] = Edition, ['PublisherName'] = PublisherName or Newsgroup, -- any apostrophe markup already removed from PublisherName ['URL'] = first_set ({ChapterURL, URL}, 2), ['Authors'] = coins_author, ['ID_list'] = ID_list_coins_t, ['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText, }, config.CitationClass); -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite medrxiv}}, and {{cite ssrn}} AFTER generation of COinS data. if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- we have set rft.jtitle in COinS to arXiv, bioRxiv, CiteSeerX, medRxiv, or ssrn now unset so it isn't displayed Periodical = ''; -- periodical not allowed in these templates; if article has been published, use cite journal end -- special case for cite newsgroup. Do this after COinS because we are modifying Publishername to include some static text if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Newsgroup) then PublisherName = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['newsgroup'], external_link( 'news:' .. Newsgroup, Newsgroup, Newsgroup_origin, nil )); end local Editors; local EditorCount; -- used only for choosing {ed.) or (eds.) annotation at end of editor name-list local Contributors; -- assembled contributors name list local contributor_etal = nil; -- must be intentionally initialized local Translators; -- assembled translators name list local translator_etal = nil; -- must be intentionally initialized local t = extract_names (args, 'TranslatorList'); -- fetch translator list from |translatorn= / |translator-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn= local Interviewers; local interviewers_list = extract_names (args, 'InterviewerList'); -- process preferred interviewers parameters local interviewer_etal = nil; -- must be intentionally initialized -- Now perform various field substitutions. -- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the -- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil. do local last_first_list; local control = { format = NameListStyle, -- empty string, '&', 'amp', 'and', or 'vanc' maximum = nil, -- as if display-authors or display-editors not set mode = Mode }; do -- do editor name list first because the now unsupported coauthors used to modify control table local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayEditors'], A['DisplayEditors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayEditors'), #e); control.maximum, editor_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #e, editor_etal, param); Editors, EditorCount = list_people (control, e, editor_etal); if 1 == EditorCount and (true == editor_etal or 1 < #e) then -- only one editor displayed but includes etal then EditorCount = 2; -- spoof to display (eds.) annotation end end do -- now do interviewers local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayInterviewers'], A['DisplayInterviewers'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayInterviewers'), #interviewers_list); control.maximum, interviewer_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #interviewers_list, interviewer_etal, param); Interviewers = list_people (control, interviewers_list, interviewer_etal); end do -- now do translators local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayTranslators'], A['DisplayTranslators'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayTranslators'), #t); control.maximum, translator_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #t, translator_etal, param); Translators = list_people (control, t, translator_etal); end do -- now do contributors local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayContributors'], A['DisplayContributors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayContributors'), #c); control.maximum, contributor_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #c, contributor_etal, param); Contributors = list_people (control, c, contributor_etal); end do -- now do authors local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayAuthors'], A['DisplayAuthors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayAuthors'), #a, author_etal); control.maximum, author_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #a, author_etal, param); last_first_list = list_people (control, a, author_etal); if utilities.is_set (Authors) then Authors, author_etal = name_has_etal (Authors, author_etal, false, 'authors'); -- find and remove variations on et al. if author_etal then Authors = Authors .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- add et al. to authors parameter end else Authors = last_first_list; -- either an author name list or an empty string end end -- end of do if utilities.is_set (Authors) and utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then Authors = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['collaboration'], {Authors, Collaboration}); -- add collaboration after et al. end end local ConferenceFormat = A['ConferenceFormat']; local ConferenceURL = A['ConferenceURL']; ConferenceFormat = style_format (ConferenceFormat, ConferenceURL, 'conference-format', 'conference-url'); Format = style_format (Format, URL, 'format', 'url'); -- special case for chapter format so no error message or cat when chapter not supported if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia))) then ChapterFormat = style_format (ChapterFormat, ChapterURL, 'chapter-format', 'chapter-url'); end if not utilities.is_set (URL) then if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"web", "podcast", "mailinglist"}) or -- |url= required for {{cite web}}, {{cite podcast}}, and {{cite mailing list}} ('citation' == config.CitationClass and ('website' == Periodical_origin or 'script-website' == ScriptPeriodical_origin)) then -- and required for {{citation}} with |website= or |script-website= if not url_was_archive_today then -- is <URL> empty/missing because it was a deprecated archive.today url utilities.set_message ('err_cite_web_url'); -- no; emit an error message for an empty/ missing |url= end end -- do we have |accessdate= without either |url= or |chapter-url=? if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- ChapterURL may be set when URL is not set; utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); AccessDate = ''; end end local UrlStatus = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlStatus'], A:ORIGIN('UrlStatus'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-status'], ''); local OriginalURL local OriginalURL_origin local OriginalFormat local OriginalAccess; UrlStatus = UrlStatus:lower(); -- used later when assembling archived text if utilities.is_set ( ArchiveURL ) then if utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if chapter-url= is set apply archive url to it OriginalURL = ChapterURL; -- save copy of source chapter's url for archive text OriginalURL_origin = ChapterURL_origin; -- name of |chapter-url= parameter for error messages OriginalFormat = ChapterFormat; -- and original |chapter-format= if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then ChapterURL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of |archive-url= parameter for error messages ChapterFormat = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format ChapterUrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs end elseif utilities.is_set (URL) then OriginalURL = URL; -- save copy of original source URL OriginalURL_origin = URL_origin; -- name of URL parameter for error messages OriginalFormat = Format; -- and original |format= OriginalAccess = UrlAccess; if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then -- if URL set then |archive-url= applies to it URL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of archive URL parameter for error messages Format = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format UrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs end end elseif utilities.is_set (UrlStatus) then -- if |url-status= is set when |archive-url= is not set utilities.set_message ('maint_url_status'); -- add maint cat end if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or -- if any of the 'periodical' cites except encyclopedia ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then local chap_param; if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- get a parameter name from one of these chapter related meta-parameters chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter') elseif utilities.is_set (TransChapter) then chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter') elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterURL') elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then chap_param = ScriptChapter_origin; else utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterFormat') end if utilities.is_set (chap_param) then -- if we found one utilities.set_message ('err_chapter_ignored', {chap_param}); -- add error message Chapter = ''; -- and set them to empty string to be safe with concatenation TransChapter = ''; -- for now, ignore linter warnings ChapterURL = ''; ScriptChapter = ''; ChapterFormat = ''; end else -- otherwise, format chapter / article title local no_quotes = false; -- default assume that we will be quoting the chapter parameter value if utilities.is_set (Contribution) and 0 < #c then -- if this is a contribution with contributor(s) if utilities.in_array (Contribution:lower(), cfg.keywords_lists.contribution) then -- and a generic contribution title no_quotes = true; -- then render it unquoted end end Chapter = format_chapter_title (ScriptChapter, ScriptChapter_origin, Chapter, TransChapter, TransChapter_origin, ChapterURL, ChapterURL_origin, no_quotes, ChapterUrlAccess); -- Contribution is also in Chapter if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then Chapter = Chapter .. ChapterFormat ; if 'map' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (TitleType) then Chapter = Chapter .. ' ' .. TitleType; -- map annotation here; not after title end Chapter = Chapter .. sepc .. ' '; elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) then -- |chapter= not set but |chapter-format= is so ... Chapter = ChapterFormat .. sepc .. ' '; -- ... ChapterFormat has error message, we want to see it end end -- Format main title local plain_title = false; local accept_title; Title, accept_title = utilities.has_accept_as_written (Title, true); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <Title> if accept_title and ('' == Title) then -- only support forced empty for now "(())" Title = cfg.messages['notitle']; -- replace by predefined "No title" message -- TODO: utilities.set_message ( 'err_redundant_parameters', ...); -- issue proper error message instead of muting ScriptTitle = ''; -- just mute for now TransTitle = ''; -- just mute for now plain_title = true; -- suppress text decoration for descriptive title utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat end if not accept_title then -- <Title> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup if '...' == Title:sub (-3) then -- if ellipsis is the last three characters of |title= Title = Title:gsub ('(%.%.%.)%.+$', '%1'); -- limit the number of dots to three elseif not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%.%s*%a%.$') and -- end of title is not a 'dot-(optional space-)letter-dot' initialism ... not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%s+%a%.$') then -- ...and not a 'space-letter-dot' initial (''Allium canadense'' L.) Title = mw.ustring.gsub(Title, '%' .. sepc .. '$', ''); -- remove any trailing separator character; sepc and ms.ustring() here for languages that use multibyte separator characters end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) and is_archived_copy (Title) then utilities.set_message ('maint_archived_copy'); -- add maintenance category before we modify the content of Title end if is_generic ('generic_titles', Title) then utilities.set_message ('err_generic_title'); -- set an error message end end if (not plain_title) and (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'document', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'mailinglist', 'interview', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or ('map' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)))) then -- special case for cite map when the map is in a periodical treat as an article Title = kern_quotes (Title); -- if necessary, separate title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks Title = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', Title); Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); elseif plain_title or ('report' == config.CitationClass) then -- no styling for cite report and descriptive titles (otherwise same as above) Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); -- for cite report, use this form for trans-title else Title = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Title); Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', TransTitle); end if utilities.is_set (TransTitle) then if utilities.is_set (Title) then TransTitle = " " .. TransTitle; else utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'title'}); end end if utilities.is_set (Title) then -- TODO: is this the right place to be making Wikisource URLs? if utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url'); -- set an error message because we can't have both TitleLink = ''; -- unset end if not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then Title = external_link (URL, Title, URL_origin, UrlAccess) .. TransTitle .. Format; URL = ''; -- unset these because no longer needed Format = ''; -- for now, ignore linter warning elseif utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.is_set (URL) then local ws_url; ws_url = wikisource_url_make (TitleLink); -- ignore ws_label return; not used here if ws_url then Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in title-link'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this? Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], TitleLink, Title}); Title = Title .. TransTitle; else Title = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Title) .. TransTitle; end else local ws_url, ws_label, L; -- Title has italic or quote markup by the time we get here which causes is_wikilink() to return 0 (not a wikilink) ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (Title:gsub('^[\'"]*(.-)[\'"]*$', '%1')); -- make ws URL from |title= interwiki link (strip italic or quote markup); link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then Title = Title:gsub ('%b[]', ws_label); -- replace interwiki link with ws_label to retain markup Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in title'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this? Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, Title}); Title = Title .. TransTitle; else Title = Title .. TransTitle; end end else Title = TransTitle; end if utilities.is_set (Place) then Place = " " .. wrap_msg ('written', Place, use_lowercase) .. sepc .. " "; end local ConferenceURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ConferenceURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ConferenceURL if utilities.is_set (Conference) then if utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then Conference = external_link( ConferenceURL, Conference, ConferenceURL_origin, nil ); end Conference = sepc .. " " .. Conference .. ConferenceFormat; elseif utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then Conference = sepc .. " " .. external_link( ConferenceURL, nil, ConferenceURL_origin, nil ); end local Position = ''; if not utilities.is_set (Position) then local Minutes = A['Minutes']; local Time = A['Time']; if utilities.is_set (Minutes) then if utilities.is_set (Time) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'minutes') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'time')}); end Position = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.minutes, Minutes); else if utilities.is_set (Time) then local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption'] if not utilities.is_set (TimeCaption) then TimeCaption = cs2_lower(cfg.messages['event']); end Position = " " .. TimeCaption .. " " .. Time; end end else Position = " " .. Position; At = ''; end Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets = format_pages_sheets (Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, NoPP, use_lowercase); At = utilities.is_set (At) and (sepc .. " " .. At) or ""; Position = utilities.is_set (Position) and (sepc .. " " .. Position) or ""; if config.CitationClass == 'map' then local Sections = A['Sections']; -- Section (singular) is an alias of Chapter so set earlier local Inset = A['Inset']; if utilities.is_set ( Inset ) then Inset = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('inset', Inset, use_lowercase); end if utilities.is_set ( Sections ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('sections', Sections, use_lowercase); elseif utilities.is_set ( Section ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('section', Section, use_lowercase); end At = At .. Inset .. Section; end local Others = A['Others']; if utilities.is_set (Others) and 0 == #a and 0 == #e then -- add maint cat when |others= has value and used without |author=, |editor= if config.CitationClass == "AV-media-notes" or config.CitationClass == "audio-visual" then -- special maint for AV/M which has a lot of 'false' positives right now utilities.set_message ('maint_others_avm') else utilities.set_message ('maint_others'); end end Others = utilities.is_set (Others) and (sepc .. " " .. Others) or ""; if utilities.is_set (Translators) then Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('translated', Translators, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc); end if utilities.is_set (Interviewers) then Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('interview', Interviewers, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc); end local TitleNote = A['TitleNote']; TitleNote = utilities.is_set (TitleNote) and (sepc .. " " .. TitleNote) or ""; if utilities.is_set (Edition) then if Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]d%n?%.?$') or Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]dition$') then -- Ed, ed, Ed., ed., Edn, edn, Edn., edn. utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_edition'); -- add error message end Edition = " " .. wrap_msg ('edition', Edition); else Edition = ''; end Series = utilities.is_set (Series) and wrap_msg ('series', {sepc, Series}) or ""; -- not the same as SeriesNum local Agency = A['Agency'] or ''; -- |agency= is supported by {{cite magazine}}, {{cite news}}, {{cite press release}}, {{cite web}}, and certain {{citation}} templates if utilities.is_set (Agency) then -- this testing done here because {{citation}} supports 'news' citations if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'magazine', 'news', 'pressrelease', 'web'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, {"magazine", "newspaper", "work"})) then Agency = wrap_msg ('agency', {sepc, Agency}); -- format for rendering else Agency = ''; -- unset; not supported utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {'agency'}); -- add error message end end Volume = format_volume_issue (Volume, Issue, ArticleNumber, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, use_lowercase); if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then local retrv_text = " " .. cfg.messages['retrieved']; AccessDate = nowrap_date (AccessDate); -- wrap in nowrap span if date in appropriate format retrv_text = cs2_lower(retrv_text); -- if mode is cs2, lower case AccessDate = utilities.substitute (retrv_text, AccessDate); -- add retrieved text AccessDate = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['accessdate'], {sepc, AccessDate}); -- allow editors to hide accessdates end if utilities.is_set (ID) then ID = sepc .. " " .. ID; end local Docket = A['Docket']; if "thesis" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then ID = sepc .. " Docket " .. Docket .. ID; end if "report" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then -- for cite report when |docket= is set ID = sepc .. ' ' .. Docket; -- overwrite ID even if |id= is set end if utilities.is_set (URL) then URL = " " .. external_link( URL, nil, URL_origin, UrlAccess ); end -- We check length of PostScript here because it will have been nuked by -- the quote parameters. We'd otherwise emit a message even if there wasn't -- a displayed postscript. -- TODO: Should the max size (1) be configurable? -- TODO: Should we check a specific pattern? if utilities.is_set(PostScript) and mw.ustring.len(PostScript) > 1 then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript') end local Archived; if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then if not utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then -- ArchiveURL set but ArchiveDate not set utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_date'); -- emit an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- empty string for concatenation ArchiveDate = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end else if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then -- ArchiveURL not set but ArchiveDate is set utilities.set_message ('err_archive_date_missing_url'); -- emit an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- empty string for concatenation ArchiveDate = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then if "live" == UrlStatus then if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['archived-live'], { external_link( ArchiveURL, cs2_lower(cfg.messages['archived']), A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), nil) .. ArchiveFormat, ArchiveDate } ); else Archived = ''; end if not utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end elseif utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead', 'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown' if utilities.in_array (UrlStatus, {'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown'}) then Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cs2_lower(cfg.messages['archived-unfit']), ArchiveDate); if 'bot: unknown' == UrlStatus then utilities.set_message ('maint_bot_unknown'); -- and add a category if not already added else utilities.add_prop_cat ('unfit'); -- and add a category if not already added end else -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead' if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cs2_lower(cfg.messages['archived-dead']), { external_link( OriginalURL, cfg.messages['original'], OriginalURL_origin, OriginalAccess ) .. OriginalFormat, ArchiveDate } ); else Archived = ''; -- unset for concatenation end end else -- OriginalUrl not set utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end elseif utilities.is_set (ArchiveFormat) then Archived = ArchiveFormat; -- if set and ArchiveURL not set ArchiveFormat has error message else Archived = ''; end local TranscriptURL = A['TranscriptURL'] local TranscriptFormat = A['TranscriptFormat']; TranscriptFormat = style_format (TranscriptFormat, TranscriptURL, 'transcript-format', 'transcripturl'); local Transcript = A['Transcript']; local TranscriptURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('TranscriptURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds TranscriptURL if utilities.is_set (Transcript) then if utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, Transcript, TranscriptURL_origin, nil ); end Transcript = sepc .. ' ' .. Transcript .. TranscriptFormat; elseif utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, nil, TranscriptURL_origin, nil ); end local Publisher; if utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then PublicationDate = wrap_msg ('published', PublicationDate); end if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; end elseif utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then Publisher= sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = PublicationDate; end -- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last. if (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical)) then if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (TitleNote) then Periodical = sepc .. " " .. format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin); else Periodical = format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin); end end local Language = A['Language']; if utilities.is_set (Language) then Language = language_parameter (Language); -- format, categories, name from ISO639-1, etc. else Language=''; -- language not specified so make sure this is an empty string; --[[ TODO: need to extract the wrap_msg from language_parameter so that we can solve parentheses bunching problem with Format/Language/TitleType ]] end --[[ Handle the oddity that is cite speech. This code overrides whatever may be the value assigned to TitleNote (through |department=) and forces it to be " (Speech)" so that the annotation directly follows the |title= parameter value in the citation rather than the |event= parameter value (if provided). ]] if "speech" == config.CitationClass then -- cite speech only TitleNote = TitleType; -- move TitleType to TitleNote so that it renders ahead of |event= TitleType = ''; -- and unset if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if Periodical, perhaps because of an included |website= or |journal= parameter if utilities.is_set (Conference) then -- and if |event= is set Conference = Conference .. sepc .. " "; -- then add appropriate punctuation to the end of the Conference variable before rendering end end end -- Piece all bits together at last. Here, all should be non-nil. -- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA -- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over. local tcommon; local tcommon2; -- used for book cite when |contributor= is set local pgtext = Position .. Sheet .. Sheets .. Page .. Pages .. At; if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- special cases for book cites if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- when we are citing foreword, preface, introduction, etc. tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote}, sepc); -- author and other stuff will come after this and before tcommon2 tcommon2 = safe_join ({TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher}, sepc); else tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher}, sepc); end elseif 'map' == config.CitationClass then -- special cases for cite map if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- map in a book; TitleType is part of Chapter tcommon = safe_join ({Title, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc); elseif utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- map in a periodical tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleType, Periodical, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc); else -- a sheet or stand-alone map tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleType, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher}, sepc); end elseif 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite episode tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher}, sepc); else -- all other CS1 templates tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc); end if #ID_list_t > 0 then ID_list_t = safe_join( { sepc .. " ", table.concat( ID_list_t, sepc .. " " ), ID }, sepc ); else ID_list_t = ID; end local Via = A['Via']; Via = utilities.is_set (Via) and wrap_msg ('via', Via) or ''; local idcommon; if 'audio-visual' == config.CitationClass or 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite AV media & cite episode position transcript idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list_t, URL, Archived, Transcript, AccessDate, Via, Quote }, sepc ); else idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list_t, URL, Archived, AccessDate, Via, Quote }, sepc ); end local text; -- local pgtext = Position .. Sheet .. Sheets .. Page .. Pages .. At; local OrigDate = A['OrigDate']; OrigDate = utilities.is_set (OrigDate) and wrap_msg ('origdate', OrigDate) or ''; if utilities.is_set (Date) then if utilities.is_set (Authors) or utilities.is_set (Editors) then -- date follows authors or editors when authors not set Date = " (" .. Date .. ")" .. OrigDate .. sepc .. " "; -- in parentheses else -- neither of authors and editors set if (string.sub(tcommon, -1, -1) == sepc) then -- if the last character of tcommon is sepc Date = " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date does not begin with sepc else Date = sepc .. " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date begins with sepc end end end if utilities.is_set (Authors) then if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Authors termination Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- when no date, terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if utilities.is_set (Editors) then local in_text = ''; local post_text; if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and 0 == #c then in_text = cfg.messages['in'] .. ' '; in_text = cs2_lower(in_text); -- lowercase for cs2 end if EditorCount <= 1 then post_text = ' (' .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ')'; -- be consistent with no-author, no-date case else post_text = ' (' .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ')'; end Editors = terminate_name_list (in_text .. Editors .. post_text, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- book cite and we're citing the intro, preface, etc. local by_text = sepc .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['by'] .. ' '; by_text = cs2_lower(by_text); -- lowercase for cs2 Authors = by_text .. Authors; -- author follows title so tweak it here if utilities.is_set (Editors) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- when Editors make sure that Authors gets terminated Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Contributors termination Contributors = terminate_name_list (Contributors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end text = safe_join( {Contributors, Date, Chapter, tcommon, Authors, Place, Editors, tcommon2, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc ); else text = safe_join( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc ); end elseif utilities.is_set (Editors) then if utilities.is_set (Date) then if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. cfg.presentation['sep_name'] .. cfg.messages['editor']; else Editors = Editors .. cfg.presentation['sep_name'] .. cfg.messages['editors']; end else if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " else Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " end end text = safe_join( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); else if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"journal", "citation"}) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, Date, idcommon}, sepc ); else text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); end end if utilities.is_set (PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then text = safe_join( {text, sepc}, sepc ); -- Deals with italics, spaces, etc. if '.' == sepc then -- remove final seperator if present text = text:gsub ('%' .. sepc .. '$', ''); -- dot must be escaped here else text = mw.ustring.gsub (text, sepc .. '$', ''); -- using ustring for non-dot sepc (likely a non-Latin character) end end text = safe_join( {text, PostScript}, sepc ); -- Now enclose the whole thing in a <cite> element local options_t = {}; options_t.class = cite_class_attribute_make (config.CitationClass, Mode); local Ref = is_valid_parameter_value (A['Ref'], A:ORIGIN('Ref'), cfg.keywords_lists['ref'], nil, true); -- nil when |ref=harv; A['Ref'] else if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[(Ref and Ref:lower()) or ''] then local namelist_t = {}; -- holds selected contributor, author, editor name list local year = first_set ({Year, anchor_year}, 2); -- Year first for legacy citations and for YMD dates that require disambiguation if #c > 0 then -- if there is a contributor list namelist_t = c; -- select it elseif #a > 0 then -- or an author list namelist_t = a; elseif #e > 0 then -- or an editor list namelist_t = e; end local citeref_id; if #namelist_t > 0 then -- if there are names in namelist_t citeref_id = make_citeref_id (namelist_t, year); -- go make the CITEREF anchor if mw.uri.anchorEncode (citeref_id) == ((Ref and mw.uri.anchorEncode (Ref)) or '') then -- Ref may already be encoded (by {{sfnref}}) so citeref_id must be encoded before comparison utilities.set_message ('maint_ref_duplicates_default'); end else citeref_id = ''; -- unset end options_t.id = Ref or citeref_id; end if string.len (text:gsub('%b<>', '')) <= 2 then -- remove html and html-like tags; then get length of what remains; z.error_cats_t = {}; -- blank the categories list z.error_msgs_t = {}; -- blank the error messages list OCinSoutput = nil; -- blank the metadata string text = ''; -- blank the the citation utilities.set_message ('err_empty_citation'); -- set empty citation message and category end local render_t = {}; -- here we collect the final bits for concatenation into the rendered citation if is_preview_mode and (0 ~= #z.error_msgs_t or 0 ~= #z.maint_cats_t) then -- when in preview mode if not utilities.is_set (options_t.id) then -- and when this template has not created an anchor ID math.randomseed (tonumber (mw.getLanguage ('en'):formatDate ('U')) * 10000 + os.clock() * 10000); options_t.id = 'CITEREF_temp_preview_id_' .. math.random (100000, 999999); -- create temporary anchor ID for preview mode end end if utilities.is_set (options_t.id) then -- here we wrap the rendered citation in <cite ...>...</cite> tags options_t.id = mw.uri.anchorEncode(options_t.id); -- do this here; also used when adding preview warning messages table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite-id'], {options_t.id, mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref= is set or when there is a namelist else table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite'], {mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref=none or when namelist_t empty and |ref= is missing or is empty end if OCinSoutput then -- blanked when citation is 'empty' so don't bother to add boilerplate metadata span table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ocins'], OCinSoutput)); -- format and append metadata to the citation end local template_name = cfg.citation_class_map_t[config.CitationClass]; local template_link = '[[Template:' .. template_name .. '|' .. template_name .. ']]'; local msg_prefix = '<code class="cs1-code">{{' .. template_link .. '}}</code>: '; if 0 ~= #z.error_msgs_t then mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_e, {template_link, options_t.id})); table.insert (render_t, ' '); -- insert a space between citation and its error messages table.sort (z.error_msgs_t); -- sort the error messages list; sorting includes wrapping <span> and <code> tags; hidden-error sorts ahead of visible-error local hidden = true; -- presume that the only error messages emited by this template are hidden for _, v in ipairs (z.error_msgs_t) do -- spin through the list of error messages if v:find ('cs1-visible-error', 1, true) then -- look for the visible error class name hidden = false; -- found one; so don't hide the error message prefix break; -- and done because no need to look further end end z.error_msgs_t[1] = table.concat ({utilities.error_comment (msg_prefix, hidden), z.error_msgs_t[1]}); -- add error message prefix to first error message to prevent extraneous punctuation table.insert (render_t, table.concat (z.error_msgs_t, '; ')); -- make a big string of error messages and add it to the rendering end if 0 ~= #z.maint_cats_t then mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_m, {template_link, options_t.id})); table.sort (z.maint_cats_t); -- sort the maintenance messages list local maint_msgs_t = {}; -- here we collect all of the maint messages if 0 == #z.error_msgs_t then -- if no error messages table.insert (maint_msgs_t, msg_prefix); -- insert message prefix in maint message livery end for _, v in ipairs( z.maint_cats_t ) do -- append maintenance categories table.insert (maint_msgs_t, -- assemble new maint message and add it to the maint_msgs_t table table.concat ({v, ' (', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[':cat wikilink'], v), ')'}) ); end table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['hidden-maint'], table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ' '))); -- wrap the group of maint messages with proper presentation and save end if not no_tracking_cats then local sort_key; local cat_wikilink = 'cat wikilink'; if cfg.enable_sort_keys then -- when namespace sort keys enabled local namespace_number = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- get namespace number for this wikitext sort_key = (0 ~= namespace_number and (cfg.name_space_sort_keys[namespace_number] or cfg.name_space_sort_keys.other)) or nil; -- get sort key character; nil for mainspace cat_wikilink = (not sort_key and 'cat wikilink') or 'cat wikilink sk'; -- make <cfg.messages> key end for _, v in ipairs (z.error_cats_t) do -- append error categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[cat_wikilink], {v, sort_key})); end if cfg.id_limits_data_load_fail then -- boolean true when load failed utilities.set_message ('maint_id_limit_load_fail'); -- done here because this maint cat emits no message end for _, v in ipairs (z.maint_cats_t) do -- append maintenance categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[cat_wikilink], {v, sort_key})); end for _, v in ipairs (z.prop_cats_t) do -- append properties categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v)); -- no sort keys end end return table.concat (render_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Looks for a parameter's name in one of several whitelists. Parameters in the whitelist can have three values: true - active, supported parameters false - deprecated, supported parameters nil - unsupported parameters ]] local function validate (name, cite_class, empty) local enum_name; -- parameter name with enumerator (if any) replaced with '#' local state; local function state_test () -- local function to do testing of state values; operates on the upvalues <state> and <name> if true == state then return true; end -- valid actively supported parameter if false == state then if empty then return nil; end -- empty deprecated parameters are treated as unknowns deprecated_parameter (name); -- parameter is deprecated but still supported return true; end if 'tracked' == state then local base_name = name:gsub ('%d', ''); -- strip enumerators from parameter names that have them to get the base name utilities.add_prop_cat ('tracked-param', {base_name}, base_name); -- add a properties category; <base_name> modifies <key> return true; end return nil; end if 'string' ~= type (name) or name:find ('#') then -- # is a cs1|2 reserved character so parameters with # not permitted; positional params are 'number' type; not supported return nil; end -- replace enumerator digit(s) with # (|last25= becomes |last#=) (mw.ustring because non-Western 'local' digits) enum_name = mw.ustring.gsub (name, '%d+$', '#'); -- where enumerator is last charaters in parameter name (these to protect |s2cid=) enum_name = mw.ustring.gsub (enum_name, '%d+([%-l])', '#%1'); -- where enumerator is in the middle of the parameter name; |author#link= is the oddity if 'document' == cite_class then -- special case for {{cite document}} state = whitelist.document_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters if true == state_test () then return true; end return false; end if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- limited parameter sets allowed for these templates state = whitelist.limited_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters if true == state_test () then return true; end state = whitelist.preprint_arguments_t[cite_class][name]; -- look in the parameter-list for the template identified by cite_class if true == state_test () then return true; end return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil end -- end limited parameter-set templates if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.unique_param_template_list_t) then -- template-specific parameters for templates that accept parameters from the basic argument list state = whitelist.unique_arguments_t[cite_class][name]; -- look in the template-specific parameter-lists for the template identified by cite_class if true == state_test () then return true; end end -- if here, fall into general validation state = whitelist.common_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- all other templates; all normal parameters allowed; this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters if true == state_test () then return true; end return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil end --[=[-------------------------< I N T E R _ W I K I _ C H E C K >---------------------------------------------- check <value> for inter-language interwiki-link markup. <prefix> must be a MediaWiki-recognized language code. when these values have the form (without leading colon): [[<prefix>:link|label]] return label as plain-text [[<prefix>:link]] return <prefix>:link as plain-text return value as is else ]=] local function inter_wiki_check (parameter, value) local prefix = value:match ('%[%[(%a+):'); -- get an interwiki prefix if one exists local _; if prefix and cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix:lower()] then -- if prefix is in the map, needs preceding colon so utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', parameter); -- emit an error message _, value, _ = utilities.is_wikilink (value); -- extract label portion from wikilink end return value; end --[[--------------------------< M I S S I N G _ P I P E _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------ Look at the contents of a parameter. If the content has a string of characters and digits followed by an equal sign, compare the alphanumeric string to the list of cs1|2 parameters. If found, then the string is possibly a parameter that is missing its pipe. There are two tests made: {{cite ... |title=Title access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has a value and whitespace separates that value from the missing pipe parameter name {{cite ... |title=access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has no value (whitespace after the first = is trimmed by MediaWiki) cs1|2 shares some parameter names with XML/HTML attributes: class=, title=, etc. To prevent false positives XML/HTML tags are removed before the search. If a missing pipe is detected, this function adds the missing pipe maintenance category. ]] local function missing_pipe_check (parameter, value) local capture; value = value:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove XML/HTML tags because attributes: class=, title=, etc. capture = value:match ('%s+(%a[%w%-]+)%s*=') or value:match ('^(%a[%w%-]+)%s*='); -- find and categorize parameters with possible missing pipes if capture and validate (capture) then -- if the capture is a valid parameter name utilities.set_message ('err_missing_pipe', parameter); end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ P U N C T >-------------------------------------- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in most parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked ]] local function has_extraneous_punc (param, value) if 'number' == type (param) then return; end param = param:gsub ('%d+', '#'); -- enumerated name-list mask params allow terminal punct; normalize if cfg.punct_skip[param] then return; -- parameter name found in the skip table so done end if value:match ('[,;:]$') then utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat end if value:match ('^=') then -- sometimes an extraneous '=' character appears ... utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ T W L _ U R L >-------------------------------------------------------- look for The Wikipedia Library urls in url-holding parameters. TWL urls are accessible only for readers who are active extended confirmed Wikipedia editors. This function sets an error message when such urls are discovered and when appropriate, sets the |<param>-url-access=subscription. returns nothing. looks for: '.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org' ]] local function has_twl_url (url_params_t, cite_args_t) local url_error_t = {}; -- sequence of url-holding parameters that have a TWL url for param, value in pairs (url_params_t) do if value:find ('%.wikipedialibrary%.idm%.oclc%.org') then -- has the TWL base url? table.insert (url_error_t, param); -- add parameter name to the error list end end if 0 ~= #url_error_t then -- non-zero when there are errors table.sort (url_error_t); -- sor for error messaging for i, param in ipairs (url_error_t) do if cfg.url_access_map_t[param] then -- if <param> has a matching -access parameter cite_args_t[cfg.url_access_map_t[param]] = cfg.keywords_xlate.subscription; -- set |<param>-url-access=subscription end url_error_t[i] = utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param); -- make the parameter pretty for error message end utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_twl_url', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)}); -- add this error message end end --[[--------------------------< M I S C _ U R L _ D E T E C T >------------------------------------------------ look for miscellaneous urls that might be converted to, or are duplicates of, identifiers. ]] local misc_url_patterns_t = { 'idm%.oclc%.org', -- but not wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org; has_twl_url() 'https?://citeseerx?%.ist%.psu%.edu/', -- simplified so we catch all citeseer and citeseerx urls except ~/document/... (the 'new' form) } local ignore_patterns_t = { 'wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org', -- handled by has_twl_url() 'https?://citeseerx?%.ist%.psu%.edu/document', -- 'new'-form citeseerx urls that mostly work; ignore for now } local function misc_url_detect (url_params_t) local ignore_flag = false; for _, value in pairs (url_params_t) do for _, ignore_pattern in ipairs (ignore_patterns_t) do if value:find (ignore_pattern) then -- matches this ignore_pattern? ignore_flag = true; -- found a pattern to ignore break; -- end end if not ignore_flag then -- if ignore_flag is set then don't bother to test this url <value> for _, misc_pattern in ipairs (misc_url_patterns_t) do if value:find (misc_pattern) then -- matches this misc_pattern? utilities.set_message ('maint_misc_url'); -- found one; set the message return; -- and done; no need to test other <value>s end end end ignore_flag = false; -- reset end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ U R L >------------------------------------------ look for extraneous url parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked ]] local function has_extraneous_url (non_url_param_t) local url_error_t = {}; check_for_url (non_url_param_t, url_error_t); -- extraneous url check if 0 ~= #url_error_t then -- non-zero when there are errors table.sort (url_error_t); utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_ext_link', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)}); -- add this error message end end --[[--------------------------< _ C I T A T I O N >------------------------------------------------------------ Module entry point frame – from template call (citation()); may be nil when called from another module args_t – table of all cs1|2 parameters in the template (the parent frame) config_t – table of template-supplied parameter (the #invoke frame) ]] local function _citation (frame, args_t, config_t) -- save a copy in case we need to display an error message in preview mode if not frame then frame = mw.getCurrentFrame(); -- if called from another module, get a frame for frame-provided functions end -- i18n: set the name that your wiki uses to identify sandbox subpages from sandbox template invoke (or can be set here) local sandbox = ((config_t.SandboxPath and '' ~= config_t.SandboxPath) and config_t.SandboxPath) or '/sandbox'; -- sandbox path from {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|citation|SandboxPath=/...}} is_sandbox = nil ~= string.find (frame:getTitle(), sandbox, 1, true); -- is this invoke the sandbox module? sandbox = is_sandbox and sandbox or ''; -- use i18n sandbox to load sandbox modules when this module is the sandox; live modules else cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' .. sandbox); -- load sandbox versions of support modules when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live modules else whitelist = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist' .. sandbox); utilities = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities' .. sandbox); validation = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation' .. sandbox); identifiers = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers' .. sandbox); metadata = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' .. sandbox); utilities.set_selected_modules (cfg); -- so that functions in Utilities can see the selected cfg tables identifiers.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Identifiers can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module validation.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Date validataion can see selected cfg tables and the selected Utilities module metadata.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in COinS can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module z = utilities.z; -- table of error and category tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local cite_args_t = {}; -- because args_t is the parent (template) frame args (which cannot be modified); params and their values will be placed here is_preview_mode = not utilities.is_set (frame:preprocess ('{{REVISIONID}}')); local suggestions = {}; -- table where we store suggestions if we need to loadData them local error_text; -- used as a flag local capture; -- the single supported capture when matching unknown parameters using patterns local empty_unknowns = {}; -- sequence table to hold empty unknown params for error message listing for k, v in pairs (args_t) do -- get parameters from the parent (template) frame v = mw.ustring.gsub (v, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'); -- trim leading/trailing whitespace; when v is only whitespace, becomes empty string if v ~= '' then if cfg.enum_needs_xlation and 'string' == type (k) then -- for wikis that set date_names['local_digits'] to non-western digits k = mw.ustring.gsub (k, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits); -- translate 'local' digits enumerators to Western 0-9 end if not validate( k, config_t.CitationClass ) then if type (k) ~= 'string' then -- exclude empty numbered parameters if v:match("%S+") ~= nil then error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_text_ignored', {v}); end elseif validate (k:lower(), config_t.CitationClass) then error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()}); -- suggest the lowercase version of the parameter else if nil == suggestions.suggestions then -- if this table is nil then we need to load it suggestions = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' .. sandbox); --load sandbox version of suggestion module when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live module else end for pattern, param in pairs (suggestions.patterns) do -- loop through the patterns to see if we can suggest a proper parameter capture = k:match (pattern); -- the whole match if no capture in pattern else the capture if a match if capture then -- if the pattern matches param = utilities.substitute (param, capture); -- add the capture to the suggested parameter (typically the enumerator) if validate (param, config_t.CitationClass) then -- validate the suggestion to make sure that the suggestion is supported by this template (necessary for limited parameter lists) error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, param}); -- set the suggestion error message else error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); -- suggested param not supported by this template v = ''; -- unset end end end if not utilities.is_set (error_text) then -- couldn't match with a pattern, is there an explicit suggestion? if (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ] ~= nil) and validate (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ], config_t.CitationClass) then utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ]}); else utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); v = ''; -- unset value assigned to unrecognized parameters (this for the limited parameter lists) end end end end cite_args_t[k] = v; -- save this parameter and its value elseif not utilities.is_set (v) then -- for empty parameters if not validate (k, config_t.CitationClass, true) then -- is this empty parameter a valid parameter k = ('' == k) and cfg.err_msg_supl.empty_str or k; -- when k is empty string (or was space(s) trimmed to empty string), replace with descriptive text table.insert (empty_unknowns, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); -- format for error message and add to the list end end end if 0 ~= #empty_unknowns then -- create empty unknown error message utilities.set_message ('err_param_unknown_empty', { 1 == #empty_unknowns and '' or 's', utilities.make_sep_list (#empty_unknowns, empty_unknowns) }); end local non_url_param_t = {}; -- table of parameters and values that are not url-holding parameters local url_param_t = {}; -- table of url-holding paramters and their values for k, v in pairs (cite_args_t) do if 'string' == type (k) then -- don't evaluate positional parameters has_invisible_chars (k, v); -- look for invisible characters end has_extraneous_punc (k, v); -- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in parameter values missing_pipe_check (k, v); -- do we think that there is a parameter that is missing a pipe? cite_args_t[k] = inter_wiki_check (k, v); -- when language interwiki-linked parameter missing leading colon replace with wiki-link label if 'string' == type (k) then -- when parameter k is not positional if not cfg.url_skip[k] then -- and not in url skip table non_url_param_t[k] = v; -- make a parameter/value list for extraneous url check else -- and is in url skip table (a url-holding parameter) url_param_t[k] = v; -- make a parameter/value list to check for values that are The Wikipedia Library url end end end if cfg.suppress_archive_today_urls then has_archive_today_url (cite_args_t); -- look for and suppress archive.today urls and dependent parameters for all templates end has_extraneous_url (non_url_param_t); -- look for url in parameter values where a url does not belong has_twl_url (url_param_t, cite_args_t); -- look for url-holding parameters that hold a The Wikipedia Library url misc_url_detect (url_param_t); -- look for url-holding parameters that hold certain miscellaneous urls return table.concat ({ frame:extensionTag ('templatestyles', '', {src='Module:Citation/CS1' .. sandbox .. '/styles.css'}), citation0 (config_t, cite_args_t) }); end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N >-------------------------------------------------------------- Template entry point ]] local function citation (frame) local config_t = {}; -- table to store parameters from the module {{#invoke:}} local args_t = frame:getParent().args; -- get template's preset parameters for k, v in pairs (frame.args) do -- get parameters from the {{#invoke}} frame config_t[k] = v; -- args_t[k] = v; -- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}}; skips parameter validation; TODO: keep? end return _citation (frame, args_t, config_t) end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { citation = citation, -- template entry point _citation = _citation, -- module entry point } mzkfjlhyhvftcb93lj0ik7zu7t1myhw 2 109542 731574 2026-11-07T16:37:09Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 Nyieun kaca anyar <nowiki>{{#babel:plain=1|su-0}}</nowiki> 731574 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{{#babel:plain=1|su-0}}</nowiki> 52wi54p04glv4ptat1au1ynhbdnzka5 731575 731574 2026-11-07T16:38:08Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 37508 731575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:plain=1|su-0}} liavfflg3llk05e3jovr1a643o4mcnr 0 109543 731648 2026-11-07T22:54:43Z Syahira Rizkia 27597 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Gunung Sumbing''' mangrupakeun salah sahiji gunung api tipe [[stratovulkano]] nu ngajulang megah di wewengkon Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gearberg.com/gunung/info-gunung/1013/gunung-sumbing|title=Aplikasi Booking Gunung Online - Gearberg|website=www.gearberg.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ku élévasi puncak nu nepi ka katinggian kira-kira 3.371 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), ieu gunung dinobatkeun jadi... 731648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunung Sumbing''' mangrupakeun salah sahiji gunung api tipe [[stratovulkano]] nu ngajulang megah di wewengkon Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gearberg.com/gunung/info-gunung/1013/gunung-sumbing|title=Aplikasi Booking Gunung Online - Gearberg|website=www.gearberg.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ku élévasi puncak nu nepi ka katinggian kira-kira 3.371 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), ieu gunung dinobatkeun jadi gunung pangjangkungna katilu di [[Pulo Jawa]], perenahna di handapeun [[Gunung Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Slamet]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muncak.id/jalur-pendakian/gunung-sumbing-via-garung|title=Jalur Pendakian Sumbing via Garung|website=muncak.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Sacara administratif, amparan kawasan lamping jeung suku Gunung Sumbing ngawengku tilu wewengkon kabupatén, nyaéta [[Kabupatén Magelang]], [[Kabupatén Temanggung]], jeung [[Kabupatén Wonosobo]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id/id/artikel/menapakkan-kaki-di-puncak-sejati-gunung-sumbing-via-desa-butuh-magelang|title=Pariwisata Provinsi Jawa Tengah {{!}} Artikel {{!}} Menapakkan Kaki Di Puncak Sejati Gunung Sumbing Via Desa Butuh, Magelang|last=digsa.id|website=visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Gunung Sumbing nangtung pagigir-gigir jeung [[Gunung Sindoro]], nyiptakeun bentang alam nu matak kataji nu dipikawanoh salaku "gunung kembar" kawas pasangan [[Gunung Merapi]] jeung [[Gunung Merbabu]]. Sela (celah) pamisah antara Gunung Sumbing jeung Gunung Sindoro ieu diliwatan ku aksés jalan provinsi nu nyambungkeun kota Temanggung jeung Wonosobo nu kawentar ku jujuluk Kledung Pass.<ref name=":1" /> == Sumber rujukan == artcrwa4wr6rny4prgigpkr7ph9ij7l 731650 731648 2026-11-07T22:59:51Z Syahira Rizkia 27597 731650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunung Sumbing''' mangrupakeun salah sahiji gunung api tipe [[stratovulkano]] nu ngajulang megah di wewengkon Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gearberg.com/gunung/info-gunung/1013/gunung-sumbing|title=Aplikasi Booking Gunung Online - Gearberg|website=www.gearberg.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ku élévasi puncak nu nepi ka katinggian kira-kira 3.371 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), ieu gunung dinobatkeun jadi gunung pangjangkungna katilu di [[Pulo Jawa]], perenahna di handapeun [[Gunung Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Slamet]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muncak.id/jalur-pendakian/gunung-sumbing-via-garung|title=Jalur Pendakian Sumbing via Garung|website=muncak.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Sacara administratif, amparan kawasan lamping jeung suku Gunung Sumbing ngawengku tilu wewengkon kabupatén, nyaéta [[Kabupatén Magelang]], [[Kabupatén Temanggung]], jeung [[Kabupatén Wonosobo]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id/id/artikel/menapakkan-kaki-di-puncak-sejati-gunung-sumbing-via-desa-butuh-magelang|title=Pariwisata Provinsi Jawa Tengah {{!}} Artikel {{!}} Menapakkan Kaki Di Puncak Sejati Gunung Sumbing Via Desa Butuh, Magelang|last=digsa.id|website=visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Gunung Sumbing nangtung pagigir-gigir jeung [[Gunung Sindoro]], nyiptakeun bentang alam nu matak kataji nu dipikawanoh salaku "gunung kembar" kawas pasangan [[Gunung Merapi]] jeung [[Gunung Merbabu]]. Sela (celah) pamisah antara Gunung Sumbing jeung Gunung Sindoro ieu diliwatan ku aksés jalan provinsi nu nyambungkeun kota Temanggung jeung Wonosobo nu kawentar ku jujuluk Kledung Pass.<ref name=":1" /> == Asal usul ngaran jeung ajén sajarah == Ngaran "Sumbing" diyakinkeun asalna tina carita rahayat jeung legénda satempat. Aya nu nyebutkeun ngaranna dicokot tina gabungan kecap "sam" nu hartina cai jeung "bing" nu hartina asin (Cai Asin), ieu hal mindeng dikaitkeun jeung ayana sumber cai panas di lamping éta gunung nu cenah ngandung kadar uyah nu luhur.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merapiadventure.com/news313-sejarah-gunung-sumbing-lengkap-dan-asal-usul-nama-sumbing.html|title=Sejarah Gunung Sumbing Lengkap dan Asal Usul Nama Sumbing|website=www.merapiadventure.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ditilik tina lacak sajarah, Gunung Sumbing kungsi jadi bagian integral tina lanskap wewengkon kakawasaan Karajaan Mataram Kuno. Puncak jeung lampingna ti jaman baheula geus dimangpaatkeun salaku lokasi tapa (semedi) nu disucikeun ku kaom patapa [[Hindu]] jeung [[Buddha]]. Contona, dina jalur nu tangtu aya makam atawa patilasan inohong kawas [[Ki Ageng Makukuhan]] (inohong panyebar agama [[Islam]]) di mana dina "Malam Selikuran" bulan Romadon warga sabudeureunna mindeng nanjak pikeun ngalaksanakeun tradisi jarah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banaran-tembarak.temanggungkab.go.id/frontend/wisata_read/34|title=Desa Banaran|website=banaran-tembarak.temanggungkab.go.id|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Di éra nu leuwih modérn, suku Gunung Sumbing ogé jadi saksi sajarah pergerakan nasional basa bituna Palagan Ambarawa dina taun 1947 mangsa tarékah ngusir pasukan [[Walanda]].<ref name=":2" /> == Sumber rujukan == kidyy2aodtywlv2nfvjpby3peryints 731651 731650 2026-11-07T23:04:32Z Syahira Rizkia 27597 731651 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunung Sumbing''' mangrupakeun salah sahiji gunung api tipe [[stratovulkano]] nu ngajulang megah di wewengkon Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gearberg.com/gunung/info-gunung/1013/gunung-sumbing|title=Aplikasi Booking Gunung Online - Gearberg|website=www.gearberg.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ku élévasi puncak nu nepi ka katinggian kira-kira 3.371 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), ieu gunung dinobatkeun jadi gunung pangjangkungna katilu di [[Pulo Jawa]], perenahna di handapeun [[Gunung Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Slamet]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muncak.id/jalur-pendakian/gunung-sumbing-via-garung|title=Jalur Pendakian Sumbing via Garung|website=muncak.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Sacara administratif, amparan kawasan lamping jeung suku Gunung Sumbing ngawengku tilu wewengkon kabupatén, nyaéta [[Kabupatén Magelang]], [[Kabupatén Temanggung]], jeung [[Kabupatén Wonosobo]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id/id/artikel/menapakkan-kaki-di-puncak-sejati-gunung-sumbing-via-desa-butuh-magelang|title=Pariwisata Provinsi Jawa Tengah {{!}} Artikel {{!}} Menapakkan Kaki Di Puncak Sejati Gunung Sumbing Via Desa Butuh, Magelang|last=digsa.id|website=visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Gunung Sumbing nangtung pagigir-gigir jeung [[Gunung Sindoro]], nyiptakeun bentang alam nu matak kataji nu dipikawanoh salaku "gunung kembar" kawas pasangan [[Gunung Merapi]] jeung [[Gunung Merbabu]]. Sela (celah) pamisah antara Gunung Sumbing jeung Gunung Sindoro ieu diliwatan ku aksés jalan provinsi nu nyambungkeun kota Temanggung jeung Wonosobo nu kawentar ku jujuluk Kledung Pass.<ref name=":1" /> == Asal usul ngaran jeung ajén sajarah == Ngaran "Sumbing" diyakinkeun asalna tina carita rahayat jeung legénda satempat. Aya nu nyebutkeun ngaranna dicokot tina gabungan kecap "sam" nu hartina cai jeung "bing" nu hartina asin (Cai Asin), ieu hal mindeng dikaitkeun jeung ayana sumber cai panas di lamping éta gunung nu cenah ngandung kadar uyah nu luhur.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merapiadventure.com/news313-sejarah-gunung-sumbing-lengkap-dan-asal-usul-nama-sumbing.html|title=Sejarah Gunung Sumbing Lengkap dan Asal Usul Nama Sumbing|website=www.merapiadventure.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ditilik tina lacak sajarah, Gunung Sumbing kungsi jadi bagian integral tina lanskap wewengkon kakawasaan Karajaan Mataram Kuno. Puncak jeung lampingna ti jaman baheula geus dimangpaatkeun salaku lokasi tapa (semedi) nu disucikeun ku kaom patapa [[Hindu]] jeung [[Buddha]]. Contona, dina jalur nu tangtu aya makam atawa patilasan inohong kawas [[Ki Ageng Makukuhan]] (inohong panyebar agama [[Islam]]) di mana dina "Malam Selikuran" bulan Romadon warga sabudeureunna mindeng nanjak pikeun ngalaksanakeun tradisi jarah.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://banaran-tembarak.temanggungkab.go.id/frontend/wisata_read/34|title=Desa Banaran|website=banaran-tembarak.temanggungkab.go.id|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Di éra nu leuwih modérn, suku Gunung Sumbing ogé jadi saksi sajarah pergerakan nasional basa bituna Palagan Ambarawa dina taun 1947 mangsa tarékah ngusir pasukan [[Walanda]].<ref name=":2" /> == Karakteristik fisik jeung kabeungharan hayati == Bentang alam Gunung Sumbing didominasi ku [[leuweung hujan tropis]], [[leuweung pinus]], nepi ka [[sabana pagunungan]] nu masih kajaga kalestarianna. Ieu ékosistem jadi habitat penting pikeun rupa-rupa sato, kawas [[mencek]] (kijang), [[Careuh galing|careuh cai]], nepi ka rupa-rupa serangga éndémik.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Di aréa puncak, aya kawah nu ngawangun amparan sabana nu lega nu mindeng disebut Segoro Banjaran.<ref name=":2" /> Ieu gunung boga tilu ngaran puncak, nyaéta Puncak Buntu, Puncak Selo Konten, jeung nu pangutamana sakaligus jadi titik pangjangkungna nyaéta Puncak Sejati.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Pamandangan lautan méga nu matak kataji jeung siluét gunung-gunung séjén di Jawa Tengah kawas Sindoro, Merbabu, Andong, Merapi, nepi ka Lawu bisa diilikan kalawan jelas ti ieu puncak.<ref name=":3" /> == Sumber rujukan == 5ycy4rqtd0titx2i7n9loyo3qm9w3bc 731653 731651 2026-11-07T23:10:53Z Syahira Rizkia 27597 731653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunung Sumbing''' mangrupakeun salah sahiji gunung api tipe [[stratovulkano]] nu ngajulang megah di wewengkon Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gearberg.com/gunung/info-gunung/1013/gunung-sumbing|title=Aplikasi Booking Gunung Online - Gearberg|website=www.gearberg.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ku élévasi puncak nu nepi ka katinggian kira-kira 3.371 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), ieu gunung dinobatkeun jadi gunung pangjangkungna katilu di [[Pulo Jawa]], perenahna di handapeun [[Gunung Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Slamet]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muncak.id/jalur-pendakian/gunung-sumbing-via-garung|title=Jalur Pendakian Sumbing via Garung|website=muncak.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Sacara administratif, amparan kawasan lamping jeung suku Gunung Sumbing ngawengku tilu wewengkon kabupatén, nyaéta [[Kabupatén Magelang]], [[Kabupatén Temanggung]], jeung [[Kabupatén Wonosobo]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id/id/artikel/menapakkan-kaki-di-puncak-sejati-gunung-sumbing-via-desa-butuh-magelang|title=Pariwisata Provinsi Jawa Tengah {{!}} Artikel {{!}} Menapakkan Kaki Di Puncak Sejati Gunung Sumbing Via Desa Butuh, Magelang|last=digsa.id|website=visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Gunung Sumbing nangtung pagigir-gigir jeung [[Gunung Sindoro]], nyiptakeun bentang alam nu matak kataji nu dipikawanoh salaku "gunung kembar" kawas pasangan [[Gunung Merapi]] jeung [[Gunung Merbabu]]. Sela (celah) pamisah antara Gunung Sumbing jeung Gunung Sindoro ieu diliwatan ku aksés jalan provinsi nu nyambungkeun kota Temanggung jeung Wonosobo nu kawentar ku jujuluk Kledung Pass.<ref name=":1" /> == Asal usul ngaran jeung ajén sajarah == Ngaran "Sumbing" diyakinkeun asalna tina carita rahayat jeung legénda satempat. Aya nu nyebutkeun ngaranna dicokot tina gabungan kecap "sam" nu hartina cai jeung "bing" nu hartina asin (Cai Asin), ieu hal mindeng dikaitkeun jeung ayana sumber cai panas di lamping éta gunung nu cenah ngandung kadar uyah nu luhur.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merapiadventure.com/news313-sejarah-gunung-sumbing-lengkap-dan-asal-usul-nama-sumbing.html|title=Sejarah Gunung Sumbing Lengkap dan Asal Usul Nama Sumbing|website=www.merapiadventure.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ditilik tina lacak sajarah, Gunung Sumbing kungsi jadi bagian integral tina lanskap wewengkon kakawasaan Karajaan Mataram Kuno. Puncak jeung lampingna ti jaman baheula geus dimangpaatkeun salaku lokasi tapa (semedi) nu disucikeun ku kaom patapa [[Hindu]] jeung [[Buddha]]. Contona, dina jalur nu tangtu aya makam atawa patilasan inohong kawas [[Ki Ageng Makukuhan]] (inohong panyebar agama [[Islam]]) di mana dina "Malam Selikuran" bulan Romadon warga sabudeureunna mindeng nanjak pikeun ngalaksanakeun tradisi jarah.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://banaran-tembarak.temanggungkab.go.id/frontend/wisata_read/34|title=Desa Banaran|website=banaran-tembarak.temanggungkab.go.id|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Di éra nu leuwih modérn, suku Gunung Sumbing ogé jadi saksi sajarah pergerakan nasional basa bituna Palagan Ambarawa dina taun 1947 mangsa tarékah ngusir pasukan [[Walanda]].<ref name=":2" /> == Karakteristik fisik jeung kabeungharan hayati == Bentang alam Gunung Sumbing didominasi ku [[leuweung hujan tropis]], [[leuweung pinus]], nepi ka [[sabana pagunungan]] nu masih kajaga kalestarianna. Ieu ékosistem jadi habitat penting pikeun rupa-rupa sato, kawas [[mencek]] (kijang), [[Careuh galing|careuh cai]], nepi ka rupa-rupa serangga éndémik.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Di aréa puncak, aya kawah nu ngawangun amparan sabana nu lega nu mindeng disebut Segoro Banjaran.<ref name=":2" /> Ieu gunung boga tilu ngaran puncak, nyaéta Puncak Buntu, Puncak Selo Konten, jeung nu pangutamana sakaligus jadi titik pangjangkungna nyaéta Puncak Sejati.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Pamandangan lautan méga nu matak kataji jeung siluét gunung-gunung séjén di Jawa Tengah kawas Sindoro, Merbabu, Andong, Merapi, nepi ka Lawu bisa diilikan kalawan jelas ti ieu puncak.<ref name=":3" /> == Jalur pandakian == Nanjak ka Gunung Sumbing jadi salah sahiji wisata minat husus atawa petualangan alam nu nangtang pisan jeung populér.<ref name=":2" /> Aya lima nepi ka genep jalur pandakian utama, ku karakteristik nu rupa-rupa: === Via Garung (Wonosobo) === Perenahna di ''basecamp'' nu katinggianna kira-kira 1.500 mdpl, ieu jalur téh nu pangpopulérna jeung ramé (pangpangna rute muru Pos 3 nu aya sumber cai) lantaran aksés transportasina gampang jeung némbongkeun lanskap kebon bako. === Via Dusun Butuh (Magelang) === Jalur nu dimimitian ti désa nu boga jujuluk "Népal van Java" alatan kontur perumahanna di lamping pasir ieu diklaim salaku rute pangancangna pikeun langsung muru ka Puncak Sejati. Jalurna condong lungkawing (curam) jeung terus nanjak netek. === Via Banaran (Temanggung) === Jalur nu idéntik jeung modifikasi anak tangga ékstrém hasil tata kelola warga (dilandi Jalur Éskalator atawa Jalur Mbah Subari). Ieu jalur brasna ka arah patilasan jeung kawah saméméh nepi ka Puncak Rajawali. === Via Cepit (Parakan, Temanggung) === Jalur nu leuwih tradisional jeung minim fasilitas turis, cocog pikeun pandaki nu néangan katengtreman alam. Pandakian ka Gunung Sumbing kabeungkeut ku aturan nu ketat. Forum Pangurus (Pengelola) Gunung Sumbing nerapkeun sanksi denda nu lumayan gedé (nepi ka leuwih ti sajuta rupiah) pikeun pandaki nu ngalanggar aturan dasar kawas mawa tisu baseuh, alat musik portabel (''music box''), kembang api/mercon, inuman keras, vandalismeu (ngacorét-corét babatuan), teu mawa turun runtahna, atawa nuar tangkal jeung nirun seuneu.<ref name=":1" /> == Sumber rujukan == pyxa1scglrg8m4yj3yckqvnjvtlsras 14 109544 731661 2026-11-07T23:22:57Z ~2026-59001-96 37737 /* */ 731661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Brunéi]] [[Kategori:Singapura]] e7klql0y653up5prp2728s6ho9mfvip 0 109545 731662 2026-11-07T23:24:16Z Syahira Rizkia 27597 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Gunung Sindoro''' (mindeng ogé disebut Sindara atawa Sundoro) mangruakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe [[stratovulkano]] nu ngajulang megah di Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/wisata/d-6913544/mengenal-gunung-sindoro-daya-tarik-dan-lokasinya|title=Mengenal Gunung Sindoro, Daya Tarik, dan Lokasinya|last=Khairally|first=Elmy Tasya|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ku katinggia... 731662 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunung Sindoro''' (mindeng ogé disebut Sindara atawa Sundoro) mangruakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe [[stratovulkano]] nu ngajulang megah di Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/wisata/d-6913544/mengenal-gunung-sindoro-daya-tarik-dan-lokasinya|title=Mengenal Gunung Sindoro, Daya Tarik, dan Lokasinya|last=Khairally|first=Elmy Tasya|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ku katinggian nu kacatet antara 3.136 nepi ka 3.153 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Sindoro mangrupa salah sahiji gunung pangjangkungna di Jawa Tengah (pangjangkungna katilu sanggeus [[Gunung Semeru|Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Slamet|Slamet]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gunungbagging.com/sindoro/|title=Gunung Sindoro {{!}} Gunung Bagging|last=Dan|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Sacara administratif, amparan daratan jeung lamping ieu gunung ngampar di dua wewengkon kabupatén, nyaéta [[Kabupatén Temanggung]] jeung [[Kabupatén Wonosobo]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merapiadventure.com/news312-sejarah-gunung-sindoro-lengkap-asal-usul-dan-penjelajahannya.html|title=Sejarah Gunung Sindoro Lengkap Asal Usul dan Penjelajahannya|website=www.merapiadventure.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Gunung Sindoro nangtung pagigir-gigir jeung [[Gunung Sumbing]], nu dipisahkeun ku sela (celah) jalan provinsi Kledung Pass; lantaran wangun aseupanna (kerucutna) nu nyarupaan pisan hiji jeung nu séjénna, duanana napel ku jujuluk "gunung kembar". == Sumber rujukan == dd0amw1q7u0ee4ibqfsvcmr97tvjxh7 731668 731662 2026-11-07T23:28:40Z Syahira Rizkia 27597 731668 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunung Sindoro''' (mindeng ogé disebut Sindara atawa Sundoro) mangruakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe [[stratovulkano]] nu ngajulang megah di Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/wisata/d-6913544/mengenal-gunung-sindoro-daya-tarik-dan-lokasinya|title=Mengenal Gunung Sindoro, Daya Tarik, dan Lokasinya|last=Khairally|first=Elmy Tasya|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ku katinggian nu kacatet antara 3.136 nepi ka 3.153 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Sindoro mangrupa salah sahiji gunung pangjangkungna di Jawa Tengah (pangjangkungna katilu sanggeus [[Gunung Semeru|Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Slamet|Slamet]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gunungbagging.com/sindoro/|title=Gunung Sindoro {{!}} Gunung Bagging|last=Dan|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Sacara administratif, amparan daratan jeung lamping ieu gunung ngampar di dua wewengkon kabupatén, nyaéta [[Kabupatén Temanggung]] jeung [[Kabupatén Wonosobo]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merapiadventure.com/news312-sejarah-gunung-sindoro-lengkap-asal-usul-dan-penjelajahannya.html|title=Sejarah Gunung Sindoro Lengkap Asal Usul dan Penjelajahannya|website=www.merapiadventure.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Gunung Sindoro nangtung pagigir-gigir jeung [[Gunung Sumbing]], nu dipisahkeun ku sela (celah) jalan provinsi Kledung Pass; lantaran wangun aseupanna (kerucutna) nu nyarupaan pisan hiji jeung nu séjénna, duanana napel ku jujuluk "gunung kembar". == Asal usul ngaran == Ngaran "Sindoro" boga akar historis jeung kabasaan nu unik. Dumasar kana étimologi basa Jawa, ieu ngaran diyakinkeun asalna tina kecap ''senduro'' nu hartina "tunggal" ngarujuk kana wangun aseupan (kerucut) puncakna nu ngajulang jeung katémbong nangtung sorangan. Salian ti éta, aya vérsi séjén nu nyebutkeun yén ngaranna téh boga akar tina kosa kecap basa Sansakerta nu ngandung harti "suci" atawa "bersih".<ref name=":2" /> Dina catetan sajarah, kawasan Gunung Sindoro mimiti diulik sacara ilmiah dina abad ka-19 di éra kolonial Hindia Walanda. Dina taun 1847, saurang naturalis kawentar nu ngaranna [[Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn]] napakkeun sukuna di ieu gunung pikeun nalungtik sacara éksténsif kabeungharan flora jeung fauna satempat. Asup ka mangsa pergerakan nasional, lamping-lamping leuweung Sindoro nu leubeut jeung topografina nu stratégis difungsikeun salaku titik konsolidasi jeung lokasi panyumputan nu aman pikeun para pajoang kamerdékaan tina pantoan panjajah Walanda. Aktivitas wisata pandakian modérn di ieu gunung satuluyna mimiti populér basa Pamaréntah Kabupatén Temanggung ngarasmikeun ruteu pandakian ka puncakna dina ahir dékade 1980-an.<ref name=":2" /> == Sumber rujukan == 5foh6q21bwter8aeoextvloxoni1045 731673 731668 2026-11-07T23:34:05Z Syahira Rizkia 27597 731673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunung Sindoro''' (mindeng ogé disebut Sindara atawa Sundoro) mangruakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe [[stratovulkano]] nu ngajulang megah di Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/wisata/d-6913544/mengenal-gunung-sindoro-daya-tarik-dan-lokasinya|title=Mengenal Gunung Sindoro, Daya Tarik, dan Lokasinya|last=Khairally|first=Elmy Tasya|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Ku katinggian nu kacatet antara 3.136 nepi ka 3.153 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Sindoro mangrupa salah sahiji gunung pangjangkungna di Jawa Tengah (pangjangkungna katilu sanggeus [[Gunung Semeru|Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Slamet|Slamet]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gunungbagging.com/sindoro/|title=Gunung Sindoro {{!}} Gunung Bagging|last=Dan|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Sacara administratif, amparan daratan jeung lamping ieu gunung ngampar di dua wewengkon kabupatén, nyaéta [[Kabupatén Temanggung]] jeung [[Kabupatén Wonosobo]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merapiadventure.com/news312-sejarah-gunung-sindoro-lengkap-asal-usul-dan-penjelajahannya.html|title=Sejarah Gunung Sindoro Lengkap Asal Usul dan Penjelajahannya|website=www.merapiadventure.com|accessdate=2026-11-07}}</ref> Gunung Sindoro nangtung pagigir-gigir jeung [[Gunung Sumbing]], nu dipisahkeun ku sela (celah) jalan provinsi Kledung Pass; lantaran wangun aseupanna (kerucutna) nu nyarupaan pisan hiji jeung nu séjénna, duanana napel ku jujuluk "gunung kembar". == Asal usul ngaran == Ngaran "Sindoro" boga akar historis jeung kabasaan nu unik. Dumasar kana étimologi basa Jawa, ieu ngaran diyakinkeun asalna tina kecap ''senduro'' nu hartina "tunggal" ngarujuk kana wangun aseupan (kerucut) puncakna nu ngajulang jeung katémbong nangtung sorangan. Salian ti éta, aya vérsi séjén nu nyebutkeun yén ngaranna téh boga akar tina kosa kecap basa Sansakerta nu ngandung harti "suci" atawa "bersih".<ref name=":2" /> Dina catetan sajarah, kawasan Gunung Sindoro mimiti diulik sacara ilmiah dina abad ka-19 di éra kolonial Hindia Walanda. Dina taun 1847, saurang naturalis kawentar nu ngaranna [[Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn]] napakkeun sukuna di ieu gunung pikeun nalungtik sacara éksténsif kabeungharan flora jeung fauna satempat. Asup ka mangsa pergerakan nasional, lamping-lamping leuweung Sindoro nu leubeut jeung topografina nu stratégis difungsikeun salaku titik konsolidasi jeung lokasi panyumputan nu aman pikeun para pajoang kamerdékaan tina pantoan panjajah Walanda. Aktivitas wisata pandakian modérn di ieu gunung satuluyna mimiti populér basa Pamaréntah Kabupatén Temanggung ngarasmikeun ruteu pandakian ka puncakna dina ahir dékade 1980-an.<ref name=":2" /> == Karakteristik vulkanik == Salaku gunung api aktif, Gunung Sindoro boga catetan sajarah érupsi (bitu) nu panjang (kaasup nérékélna aktivitas vulkanik jeung lini dina période 1970 nepi ka dékade 2011–2014). Ieu gunung nyimpen kompléks kawah nu lumayan lega di aréa puncakna, di antarana [[Kawah Segoro Wedi]], Segoro Banjaran, Kawah Kulon, Kawah Wétan, Guha Walét Kalér, Kawah Kidul, sarta Sumur Ledakan. Lantaran mindeng ngaluarkeun haseup solfatara jeung gas walirang nu ngandung racun, para pandaki biasana dicarék (dilarang) pisan ngadegkeun ténda jeung kémah deukeut biwir kawah utama. Di satukangeun aktivitas vulkanikna, pesona alam Gunung Sindoro matak narik ati pisan para pandaki ngaliwatan amparan tegal sabana nu diselang-selang ku jujukutan, tangkal cantigi, jeung Kembang Édélweiss (nu biasana mimiti kapanggih sanggeus ngaliwatan wates végétasi di Pos 3. Di puncakna ogé aya logak kawah purba nu bakal kaeusian cai mangsa curah hujan luhur, ngawangun hiji situ musiman nu hérang. Basa cuaca wanci pajar ngarojong, titik pangjangkungna Sindoro nyuguhkeun atraksi visual mangrupa panorama 360 darajat di mana lautan méga ngahiji jeung siluét agung gunung-gunung badag séjénna kawas Sumbing, Merapi, Merbabu, Ungaran, Slamet, Pagunungan Prau di Dataran Luhur Diéng, nepi ka amparan gurat basisir kalér Pulo Jawa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> == Sumber rujukan == il826ul2840nsoocu9132psdap1ayj0 3 109546 731738 2026-11-08T05:26:01Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Wilujeng sumping di [[Wikipédia basa Sunda]] 731738 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:2px solid #f3e4f2; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:95%; margin-bottom : 1em; padding: 5px;">'''Bagéa, Bray!''' [[Wikipédia:Wilujeng sumping|Wilujeng sumping]] di komunitas '''[[Wikipédia]]''', hususna Wikipédia édisi [[Basa Sunda]].[[Kategori:Wikipédiawan nu gabung bulan Nopémber 2026]] Pikeun pangwanoh ka baraya lianna, mangga eusian kaca [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|pamaké {{PAGENAME}}]] ku sababaraha hal nu peryogi kauninga, utamana ngeunaan widang naon waé nu janten minat sadérék. Pikeun hal-hal nu sipatna téhnis, mangga buka kaca : :*[[Wikipédia:Pitulung|Pitulung]], atanapi mangga tingalan [[Wikipédia:NLD|nu loba ditanyakeun]] (sanajan can lengkep) ngeunaan ramatloka ieu. :*Upami sadérék nembéan di Wikipédia ieu, mangga tingali cara maké di [[Wikipedia:Kursus kilat|Kursus kilat]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Cara nyieun artikel|Cara nyieun artikel]] :*Nanyakeun atawa méré usul ngeunaan Wikipédia ieu di '''''[[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]]'''''. :*Pigunakeun '''[[Wikipédia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]]''' pikeun nyobaan ngédit. Pikeun '''nanda tangan''' dina kaca sawala, siga kaca ieu, ketik &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; (opat kali tanda gelombang/''tilde''). {|width="100%" |align="right"|'''[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|Tidak berbahasa Sunda (don't speak Sundanese)?]]''' |} </div><br/> [[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 8 Nopémber 2026 05.26 (UTC) fnrko4vaaoz8bel9p1k4v3lbsqydwls 10 109547 731745 2026-11-08T05:56:19Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731745 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=citation }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> f0h345cb6439sht5h53jwl6rpxagsd1