Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1115 731967 626857 2026-11-08T22:06:52Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Ear.jpg|thumb|Ceuli kénca [[manusa]].]] '''Ceuli''' atawa basa hormatna disebut salaku '''cepil''' mangrupa organ nu dipaké ku sato pikeun ngariksa [[sora]].{{fact}} Istilah ieu bisa nujul ka sakabéh sistim pikeun ngumpulkeun sarta ngolah sora (mimiti [[sistim pangrungu]]), atawa sakadar bagéan luar nu katempo.{{fact}} == Organ pangrungu lian-mamalia == Lancah boga bulu na sukuna nu dipaké pikeun "nyabak" sora.{{fact}} Ceuli réptil ngan boga hiji tulang - ''malleus'' (tempo di handap).{{fact}} == Ceuli mamalia == [[Gambar:HumanEar.jpg|thumb|250px|Anatomi ceuli manusa.]] [[Mamalia]], kaasup [[manusa]], boga dua ceuli, hiji di unggal gigir sirah.{{fact}} '''Ceuli luar''' nyaéta bagéan luar ceuli.{{fact}} Bagéan nu ketempo disebut [[pinna]], atawa [[auricle]], nu fungsina pikeun ngumpulkeun sarta mokuskeun gelombang sora.{{fact}} Loba mamalia nu bisa ngagerakkeun pinna sangkan bisa mokuskeun sarta ngarahkeun pangdéngéna, sakumaha maranéhna bisa ngagilerkeun [[panon]]na.{{fact}} Manusa sacara umum geus leungiteun kabisa ieu.{{fact}} Ti pinna, [[gelombang]] [[tekenan sora]] p ([[Pascal]]) mepay ka [[liang ceuli]], solobong basajan nu nujul ka [[ceuli tengah]].{{fact}} '''Ceuli tengah''' ngawengku [[kendang ceuli]] ([[tympanum]] atawa [[mémbran tympanik]]) jeung [[osikel]], tilu tulang leutik na ceuli tengah.{{fact}} == Kasakit jeung kaayaan médis ceuli sarta sistim pangrungu == Kagangguna ceuli atawa sistim olah pangrungu na [[otak]] bisa ngabalukarkeun [[torék]].{{fact}} * [[Neurinoma akustik]] * [[Gangguan kasaimbangan]] * [[Barotrauma]] * [[Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo]] * [[Koléstéatoma]] * [[Inféksi ceuli]] * [[Conductive hearing impairment]] * [[Labyrinthine hydrops]] * [[Labyrinthitis]] * [[Kasakit Méniére]] * [[Meningitis]] * [[Neurofibromatosis Tipeu 1]] * [[Neurofibromatosis Tipeu 2]] * [[Noise-induced hearing loss]] * [[Nonsyndromic hereditary hearing impairment]] * [[Otitis externa]] * [[Otitis media]] * [[Otosclerosis]] * [[Perilymph fistula]] * [[Presbycusis]] * [[Sensorineural hearing loss]] * [[Torék dadakan]] * [[Tinnitus]] * [[Sindrom Usher]] * [[Vestibular neuronitis]] == Tempo ogé == * [[Glosarium istilah médis nu patali jeung kalainan komunikasi]] * [[Sistim vestibular]] * [[Cerumen]] == Rujukan == * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear Wikipédia basa Inggris], disalin ping 4 Agustus 2004. {{Anatomi manusa}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ceuli| ]] knhlvqurgm4m2j0sm1ba1havrpayutd 731968 731967 2026-11-08T22:08:01Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Ear.jpg|thumb|Ceuli kénca [[manusa]].]] '''Ceuli''' atawa basa hormatna disebut salaku '''cepil''' mangrupa organ nu dipaké ku sato pikeun ngariksa [[sora]].{{fact}} Istilah ieu bisa nujul ka sakabéh sistim pikeun ngumpulkeun sarta ngolah sora (mimiti [[sistim pangrungu]]), atawa sakadar bagéan luar nu katempo.{{fact}} == Organ pangrungu lian-mamalia == Lancah boga bulu na sukuna nu dipaké pikeun "nyabak" sora.{{fact}} Ceuli réptil ngan boga hiji tulang - ''malleus'' (tempo di handap).{{fact}} == Ceuli mamalia == [[Gambar:HumanEar.jpg|thumb|250px|Anatomi ceuli manusa.]] [[Mamalia]], kaasup [[manusa]], boga dua ceuli, hiji di unggal gigir sirah.{{fact}} '''Ceuli luar''' nyaéta bagéan luar ceuli.{{fact}} Bagéan nu ketempo disebut [[pinna]], atawa [[auricle]], nu fungsina pikeun ngumpulkeun sarta mokuskeun gelombang sora.{{fact}} Loba mamalia nu bisa ngagerakkeun pinna sangkan bisa mokuskeun sarta ngarahkeun pangdéngéna, sakumaha maranéhna bisa ngagilerkeun [[panon]]na.{{fact}} Manusa sacara umum geus leungiteun kabisa ieu.{{fact}} Ti pinna, [[gelombang]] [[tekenan sora]] p ([[Pascal]]) mepay ka [[liang ceuli]], solobong basajan nu nujul ka [[ceuli tengah]].{{fact}} '''Ceuli tengah''' ngawengku [[kendang ceuli]] ([[tympanum]] atawa [[mémbran tympanik]]) jeung [[osikel]], tilu tulang leutik na ceuli tengah.{{fact}} == Kasakit jeung kaayaan médis ceuli sarta sistim pangrungu == Kagangguna ceuli atawa sistim olah pangrungu na [[otak]] bisa ngabalukarkeun [[torék]].{{fact}} * [[Neurinoma akustik]] * [[Gangguan kasaimbangan]] * [[Barotrauma]] * [[Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo]] * [[Koléstéatoma]] * [[Inféksi ceuli]] * [[Conductive hearing impairment]] * [[Labyrinthine hydrops]] * [[Labyrinthitis]] * [[Kasakit Méniére]] * [[Meningitis]] * [[Neurofibromatosis Tipeu 1]] * [[Neurofibromatosis Tipeu 2]] * [[Noise-induced hearing loss]] * [[Nonsyndromic hereditary hearing impairment]] * [[Otitis externa]] * [[Otitis media]] * [[Otosclerosis]] * [[Perilymph fistula]] * [[Presbycusis]] * [[Sensorineural hearing loss]] * [[Torék dadakan]] * [[Tinnitus]] * [[Sindrom Usher]] * [[Vestibular neuronitis]] == Tempo ogé == * [[Glosarium istilah médis nu patali jeung kalainan komunikasi]] * [[Sistim vestibular]] * [[Cerumen]] == Rujukan == * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear Wikipédia basa Inggris], disalin ping 4 Agustus 2004. {{Anatomi manusa}} {{pondok}} [[Anatomi manusa]] [[Kategori:Ceuli| ]] ecrcnlesklvz8ubvacbwtlr568aogo5 731969 731968 2026-11-08T22:08:53Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Ear.jpg|thumb|Ceuli kénca [[manusa]].]] '''Ceuli''' atawa basa hormatna disebut salaku '''cepil''' mangrupa organ nu dipaké ku sato pikeun ngariksa [[sora]].{{fact}} Istilah ieu bisa nujul ka sakabéh sistim pikeun ngumpulkeun sarta ngolah sora (mimiti [[sistim pangrungu]]), atawa sakadar bagéan luar nu katempo.{{fact}} == Organ pangrungu lian-mamalia == Lancah boga bulu na sukuna nu dipaké pikeun "nyabak" sora.{{fact}} Ceuli réptil ngan boga hiji tulang - ''malleus'' (tempo di handap).{{fact}} == Ceuli mamalia == [[Gambar:HumanEar.jpg|thumb|250px|Anatomi ceuli manusa.]] [[Mamalia]], kaasup [[manusa]], boga dua ceuli, hiji di unggal gigir sirah.{{fact}} '''Ceuli luar''' nyaéta bagéan luar ceuli.{{fact}} Bagéan nu ketempo disebut [[pinna]], atawa [[auricle]], nu fungsina pikeun ngumpulkeun sarta mokuskeun gelombang sora.{{fact}} Loba mamalia nu bisa ngagerakkeun pinna sangkan bisa mokuskeun sarta ngarahkeun pangdéngéna, sakumaha maranéhna bisa ngagilerkeun [[panon]]na.{{fact}} Manusa sacara umum geus leungiteun kabisa ieu.{{fact}} Ti pinna, [[gelombang]] [[tekenan sora]] p ([[Pascal]]) mepay ka [[liang ceuli]], solobong basajan nu nujul ka [[ceuli tengah]].{{fact}} '''Ceuli tengah''' ngawengku [[kendang ceuli]] ([[tympanum]] atawa [[mémbran tympanik]]) jeung [[osikel]], tilu tulang leutik na ceuli tengah.{{fact}} == Kasakit jeung kaayaan médis ceuli sarta sistim pangrungu == Kagangguna ceuli atawa sistim olah pangrungu na [[otak]] bisa ngabalukarkeun [[torék]].{{fact}} * [[Neurinoma akustik]] * [[Gangguan kasaimbangan]] * [[Barotrauma]] * [[Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo]] * [[Koléstéatoma]] * [[Inféksi ceuli]] * [[Conductive hearing impairment]] * [[Labyrinthine hydrops]] * [[Labyrinthitis]] * [[Kasakit Méniére]] * [[Meningitis]] * [[Neurofibromatosis Tipeu 1]] * [[Neurofibromatosis Tipeu 2]] * [[Noise-induced hearing loss]] * [[Nonsyndromic hereditary hearing impairment]] * [[Otitis externa]] * [[Otitis media]] * [[Otosclerosis]] * [[Perilymph fistula]] * [[Presbycusis]] * [[Sensorineural hearing loss]] * [[Torék dadakan]] * [[Tinnitus]] * [[Sindrom Usher]] * [[Vestibular neuronitis]] == Tempo ogé == * [[Glosarium istilah médis nu patali jeung kalainan komunikasi]] * [[Sistim vestibular]] * [[Cerumen]] == Rujukan == * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear Wikipédia basa Inggris], disalin ping 4 Agustus 2004. {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] [[Kategori:Ceuli| ]] ha131rkxkh1uko9km0va19gxkhn2aov 731970 731969 2026-11-08T22:21:19Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Ear.jpg|thumb|Ceuli kénca [[manusa]].]] '''Ceuli''' atawa basa hormatna disebut salaku '''cepil''' mangrupa organ nu dipaké ku sato pikeun ngariksa [[sora]].<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/Verhandelingen_van_het_Bataviaasch_genoo.html?hl=id&id=aENaAAAAcAAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false| title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of JavaRigg| last =Rigg| first =Jonathan| publisher =Lange| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862|ISBN=|pages =528}} Disungsi 29 Mei 2024</ref> Istilah ieu bisa nujul ka sakabéh sistim pikeun ngumpulkeun sarta ngolah sora (mimiti [[sistim pangrungu]]), atawa sakadar bagéan luar nu katempo.{{fact}} == Organ pangrungu lian-mamalia == Lancah boga bulu na sukuna nu dipaké pikeun "nyabak" sora.{{fact}} Ceuli réptil ngan boga hiji tulang - ''malleus'' (tempo di handap).{{fact}} == Ceuli mamalia == [[Gambar:HumanEar.jpg|thumb|250px|Anatomi ceuli manusa.]] [[Mamalia]], kaasup [[manusa]], boga dua ceuli, hiji di unggal gigir sirah.{{fact}} '''Ceuli luar''' nyaéta bagéan luar ceuli.{{fact}} Bagéan nu ketempo disebut [[pinna]], atawa [[auricle]], nu fungsina pikeun ngumpulkeun sarta mokuskeun gelombang sora.{{fact}} Loba mamalia nu bisa ngagerakkeun pinna sangkan bisa mokuskeun sarta ngarahkeun pangdéngéna, sakumaha maranéhna bisa ngagilerkeun [[panon]]na.{{fact}} Manusa sacara umum geus leungiteun kabisa ieu.{{fact}} Ti pinna, [[gelombang]] [[tekenan sora]] p ([[Pascal]]) mepay ka [[liang ceuli]], solobong basajan nu nujul ka [[ceuli tengah]].{{fact}} '''Ceuli tengah''' ngawengku [[kendang ceuli]] ([[tympanum]] atawa [[mémbran tympanik]]) jeung [[osikel]], tilu tulang leutik na ceuli tengah.{{fact}} == Kasakit jeung kaayaan médis ceuli sarta sistim pangrungu == Kagangguna ceuli atawa sistim olah pangrungu na [[otak]] bisa ngabalukarkeun [[torék]].{{fact}} * [[Neurinoma akustik]] * [[Gangguan kasaimbangan]] * [[Barotrauma]] * [[Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo]] * [[Koléstéatoma]] * [[Inféksi ceuli]] * [[Conductive hearing impairment]] * [[Labyrinthine hydrops]] * [[Labyrinthitis]] * [[Kasakit Méniére]] * [[Meningitis]] * [[Neurofibromatosis Tipeu 1]] * [[Neurofibromatosis Tipeu 2]] * [[Noise-induced hearing loss]] * [[Nonsyndromic hereditary hearing impairment]] * [[Otitis externa]] * [[Otitis media]] * [[Otosclerosis]] * [[Perilymph fistula]] * [[Presbycusis]] * [[Sensorineural hearing loss]] * [[Torék dadakan]] * [[Tinnitus]] * [[Sindrom Usher]] * [[Vestibular neuronitis]] == Tempo ogé == * [[Glosarium istilah médis nu patali jeung kalainan komunikasi]] * [[Sistim vestibular]] * [[Cerumen]] == Rujukan == * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear Wikipédia basa Inggris], disalin ping 4 Agustus 2004. {{Anatomi manusa}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] [[Kategori:Ceuli]] ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} 2owo86rt86hotr6f8d3vfrrjf0xeuz6 0 1116 731966 651574 2026-11-08T22:04:15Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731966 wikitext text/x-wiki : [[Gambar:Eye_iris.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Panon [[manusa]]]] [[Gambar:Cheche.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Panon manusa cenah mangrupa jandéla jiwa]] '''Panon''' (basa hormat: '''Soca''') atawa '''mata''' mangrupa hiji [[organ (anatomi)|organ]] nu boga tujuan pikeun ngariksa [[cahya]]. Panon nu pangbasajanna teu migawé lian ti ngariksa naha sakuriling téh caang atawa poék. Panon nu leuwih kompléks dipaké pikeun nyadiakeun rasa [[daya téwak visual|sawangan]].<ref name=Land1992>{{cite journal |first1=M.F. |last1=Land |first2=R.D. |last2=Fernald |year=1992 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245 |title=The evolution of eyes |journal=[[Annual Review of Neuroscience]] |volume=15 |pages=1–29 |pmid=1575438|issn=0147-006X}}</ref> [[Panon majemuk]] dipimilik ku [[Arthropoda|artropoda]] ([[Gegeremet|insékta]] jeung sabangsana), nu disusun ku fasét-fasét basajan nu ngahasilkeun ''pixelated image'' /nempo gambar anuleuwih lengkep (lain sababaraha gambar sakumaha nu disangka). Pikeun lolobana [[vertebrata]] jeung sababaraha [[molluska]], fungsi panon nyaéta pikeun ngeunteungkeun (proyéksi) gambar kana [[rétina]] nu peka ku cahya, nu tuluy ditransmisikeun ngaliwatan [[saraf optik]] ka [[uteuk]]. Panon bentukna buleud, dieusi ku zat kawas jél [[transparansi (optika)|transparan]] nu disebut ''[[vitreous humour]]'', tuluy [[lénsa]] jeung otot nu disebut [[iris panon|iris]] nu ngatur kadar cahya nu asup. == Mokuskeun == Sangkan bisa fokus, cahya nu asup kudu [[réfraksi|diréfraksikeun]]. Jumlah réfraksi nu diperlukeun gumantung kana jarak objék nu keur ditempo. Objek nu jauh ngabutuhkeun campuran cahaya, dibandingkeun objek nu deukeut. Mindengna, refraksi kajadian di bagian [[cornea]] nu miboga curvatur nu tetep. <!--The remainder of the required refraction occurs at the lens. The lens can be pulled flatter or rounder by muscles, which adjust the power of the lens. As we age we lose this ability to adjust the focus. Such a condition is known as [[presbyopia]]. There are other [[refraction error]]s arising from the shape of the cornéa and lens, and from the length of the eyeball. These include [[myopia]], [[hyperopia]], and [[astigmatism]].--> Tempo ''site'' ieu pikeun diagram panon nu hadé [http://webvision.med.utah.edu/anatomy.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024001211/http://webvision.med.utah.edu/anatomy.html |date=2007-10-24 }} [[Gambar:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|thumb|250px|right|Diagram panon manusa. Catet yén teu sakabéh panon mibanda anatomi nu sarua jeung panon manusa.]] == Bagéan-bagéan panon == * [[Kornéa]] * [[Iris panon|Iris]] * [[Pupil]] * [[Aqueous humour]] * [[Lénsa (vision)|Lénsa]] * [[Vitreous humour]] * [[Rétina]] * [[Macula]] * [[Optic fovea|Fovea]] * [[Blind spot (anatomy)|Blind spot]] * [[Sclera]] * [[Tapetum lucidum]] (lain di manusa) [[Gambar:Stye02.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Bintitan/turuwisen dina panon manusa]] == Gangguan == * [[Achromatopsia]] * [[Age-related macular degeneration]] * [[Aniridia]] * [[Amblyopia]] * [[Anisometropia]] * [[Arc eye]] * [[Astigmatism]] * [[Lolong]] * [[Katarak]] * [[Lolong warna]] * [[Conjunctivitis]] * [[Corrective lens]]es * [[Floater]]s * [[Glaukoma]] * [[Hypermetropia]] * [[Myopia]] * [[Nyctalopia]] * [[Presbyopia]] * [[Retinopathy]] * [[Scotoma]] * [[Snow blindness]] * [[Strabismus]] * [[Uveitis]] == Tempo ogé == * [[Visual perception]] * [[Saccade]] * [[Persistence of vision]] * [[Macropsia]] * [[Micropsia]] * [[Optometry]] * [[Opthamologist|Opthamology]] * [[Eyeglass prescription]] * [[Crystallin]] * [[Nictating membrane]] * [[Adaptation]] * [[Tears]] * [[Visual acuity]] * [[Snellen chart]] == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/1/l_011_01.html Évolusi Panon] {{Panon}} {{Sistim_visual}} {{Anatomi manusa}} [[Kategori:Sistim visual]] [[Kategori:Optik]] [[Kategori:Computer vision]] [[Kategori:Oftalmologi]] 0xkbyzsyyq4s04sv17icdcajq5s9l43 0 1117 731971 708895 2026-11-08T22:24:19Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731971 wikitext text/x-wiki {|cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right;" |- |[[Gambar:Sagittalmouth.png|right|thumb|Potongan sagital irung, baham, faring, jeung laring.]] |- |} '''Baham''' nyaéta lawang munggaran pikeun [[sato]] pikeun [[dahareun|ngasupkeun dahareun]].<ref name="Lut">{{Cite book| url =https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ| title =Kamus Genggam Bahasa Sunda| last =Luthfiyani| first =Lulu | publisher =FRASA LINGUA| location =Yogyakarta| year =2017|ISBN=9786026475275|pages =9}} Disungsi 12 Januari 2023</ref> Biasana baham téh perenahna aya dina [[hulu]], nanging teu salawasna kitu; contona, baham [[planaria]] mah aya dina bagian beuteungna. beuteungna. Lolobana sato miboga [[sistim digéstif]] (pencernaan) anu lengkep: nyaéta miboga baham dina hiji tungtung sarta [[anu]] dina tungtung séjénna. Tungtung mana anu kawangun ti heula dina prosés [[ontogéni]] mangrupa kritéria anu dipaké pikeun ngagolongkeun sasatoan kana kelompok [[protostom]] jeung [[deuterostom]]. Sababaraha sato, kayaning [[cnidaria]] jeung planaria, teu boga bool. Maranéhna miceun ngaliwatan sungutna, atawa sarua jeung [[brachiopod]], nu boga sistim digéstif nu éfisién pisan, digiling na [[burih]] nepi ka réngsé. Sababaraha rupa sato, kawas [[cacing pita]], teu boga sungut-sungut acan. Cacing pita hirup jero peujit, antukna teu butuh sistim pencernaan. Di lolobana sato, sungutna boga babagian pikeun nyapék dahareun, ngabeuweung dahareun, atawa pikeun nyuntikkeun peurah/racun. Dina [[artropod]], aya suku nu dimodifikasi di luareun sungutna; sedengkeun di [[vertebrata]] gnatostome aya di jero. Dina manuk, sungutna ditutup ku [[pamatuk]]. Baham manusa ditutupan ku '''biwir''' luhur jeung handap. Biwir ieu penting pikeun [[nyarita]], [[paroman beungeut]], [[nginum]] (utamana mun maké panyerot), [[udud|ngaroko]]. [[Orok]] lahir mawa réfléks [[neureuy]], hal ieu [[naluri]]an pikeun ngalatih biwir jeung [[sihung|huntuna]]. '''Ruruncang''' atawa '''untap''' (''philtrum'') kabentuk alatan tepungna prosés nasomedial jeung maksilar nalika [[émbrio]] tumuwuh. Mun prosés ieu gagal ngahiji sacara sampurna, balukarna jadi [[suing]]. ==Dicutat tina= {{reflist|1}} Baca ogé * [[Létah]] * [[Huntu]]. {{Sistim cerna}} {{Anatomi manusa}} [[Kategori:Sistim cerna]] [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] m3063ce58qh6459yitjxbkmzyw801ve 0 3062 731954 731590 2026-11-08T15:39:11Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731954 wikitext text/x-wiki :''"Plant" ngalih ka dieu. Pikeun kagunaan lian ti "Plant", tingali [[Plant (disambiguasi)]]'' <!--{{Taxobox begin | color = lightgreen | ngaran = Tutuwuhan}} {{Taxobox begin placement | color = lightgreen}} {{Taxobox regnum entry | taxon = Plantae}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Alga Hijau|Chlorophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut Hati|Anthocerophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut Hati|Hepatophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut |Bryophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Equisetophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Lycopodiophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Psilotophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Ophioglossophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Pteridophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Cycadophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Ginkgophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Pinophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Gnetophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji tertutup|Angiospermae]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka|Gimnospermae]]}} {{Taxobox end placement}} {{Taxobox end}}--> {{otheruses}}{{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Tutuwuhan | fossil_range = Panengah-[[Ordovisia]]ahir–Kiwari | image = Fern.jpg | image_width = 280px | image_caption = Daun pakis | domain = [[Eukaryot]]a | unranked_regnum = [[Archaeplastida]] | regnum = '''Plantae''' | regnum_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 | subdivision_ranks = Divisio | subdivision = * '''[[Green algae]]''' ** [[Chlorophyta]] ** [[Charophyta]] * '''[[Embryophyta|Land plants]] (embryophyta)''' ** '''[[Bryophyte|Non-vascular plants]] (bryophyta)''' *** [[Marchantiophyta]]—liverworts *** [[Hornwort|Anthocerotophyta]]—hornworts *** [[Moss|Bryophyta]]—lumut ** '''[[Vascular plant]]s (tracheophyta)''' *** [[Rhyniophyta]]—rhyniophytes *** [[Zosterophyllophyta]]—zosterophylls *** [[Lycopodiophyta]]—clubmosses *** [[Trimerophytophyta]]—trimerophytes *** [[fern|Pteridophyta]]—ferns and horsetails *** '''[[Spermatophyta|Seed plants]] (spermatophytes)''' **** [[Pteridospermatophyta]]—seed ferns **** [[Pinophyta]]—conifers **** [[Cycad]]ophyta—cycads **** [[Ginkgo]]phyta—ginkgo **** [[Gnetae|Gnetophyta]]—gnetae **** [[Tutuwuhan nu kembangan|Magnoliophyta]]—kekembangan }} Dina [[biologi]], '''tutuwuhan''' ('''pepelakan''') nujul kana organisme nu kaasup kana ''Regnum Plantae''. Di jerona ngawengku sakabéh tutuwuhan nu ''berpembuluh'', boh nu semu atawa nu sajati ([[lumut hate]], [[lukut]], [[Tutuwuhan Paku|papakuan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan sikian]]). Dina sababaraha versi [[taksonomi tutuwuhan]], [[alga]] héjo ogé diasupkeun kana karajaan (''regnum'') ieu. Kacatet aya kurang leuwih 300.000 [[spesies]] ''organisme'' nu kawengku.<ref name="Biologi1">{{Cite book|title =Botani Tumbuhan Tinggi| last= Hasanudin, M.S.i| first= Dr. Drs.| coauthors =Prof. Dr. Djufri, M.Si| year= 2018|page=95|location=Jakarta| publisher=Bintang Grafika| isbn=9786025679261|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Botani_Tumbuhan_Tinggi/jpDPDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=pembagian+tumbuhan&pg=PA98&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> Tutuwuhan mangrupa ''[[organisme]] [[autotrof]]'' nu ngamangpaatkeun ''[[klorofil]]'' minangka komponén anu ngarobah énérgi ''[[foton]]'' tina cahya [[panonpoé]] jadi énérgi kimiawi dina wangun [[gula]]. Prosés robah jeung pindahna ieu katelah ''[[fotosintesis]]''. Istilah ''"asimilasi karbon"'' dipaké ogé keur prosés ieu alatan merlukeun karbon nu beunang tina CO₂ bébas ti "udara". ku sabab sipatna nu ''autotrof'', tutuwuhan nempatan posisi kahiji dina ranté aliran énérgi ngaliwatan ''organisme'' hirup ([[ranté kadaharan]]). Tutuwuhan deukeut pisan jeung kahirupan [[manusa]], sarta mibanda loba kagunaan anu penting dina kahirupan [[manusa]].<ref name="Biologi"/> Tutuwuhan ngahasilkeun rupa-rupa kadaharan, [[oksigén]] anu kacida dibutuhkeun ku manusa. Rupa-rupa tutuwuhan anu hirup sacara alami, kitu deui tutuwuhan hasil ''inovasi'' anu dilakukeun ku manusa, ngajadikeun tutuwuhan leuwih loba deui wandana.<ref name="Biologi">{{Cite book|title =Biologi SMA kelas X| last= Syamsudin Subahan| first= Dt. tati suryati| coauthors =Akhmad fikri hasan| year= 2008|page=37|location=Perpustakaan nasional| publisher=Quadra| isbn=9787970190580|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Biologoi/1aCeJBt6jgAC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=tumbuhan+adalah&pg=PA37&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Siki]] * [[Buah]] * [[Kembang]] * [[Daun]] * [[Tangkal]] * [[Akar]] * [[Taksonomi tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Paku]] [[Kategori:Pteridophyta]] ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} {{biologi-stub}} 92i6vg5xerbfufubguk82aslln995p6 731965 731954 2026-11-08T17:16:36Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731965 wikitext text/x-wiki :''"Plant" ngalih ka dieu. Pikeun kagunaan lian ti "Plant", tingali [[Plant (disambiguasi)]]'' <!--{{Taxobox begin | color = lightgreen | ngaran = Tutuwuhan}} {{Taxobox begin placement | color = lightgreen}} {{Taxobox regnum entry | taxon = Plantae}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Alga Hijau|Chlorophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut Hati|Anthocerophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut Hati|Hepatophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Lumut |Bryophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Equisetophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Lycopodiophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Psilotophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Ophioglossophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Paku-pakuan |Pteridophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Cycadophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Ginkgophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Pinophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji Terbuka|Gnetophyta]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji tertutup|Angiospermae]]}} {{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = [[Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka|Gimnospermae]]}} {{Taxobox end placement}} {{Taxobox end}}--> {{otheruses}}{{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Tutuwuhan | fossil_range = Panengah-[[Ordovisia]]ahir–Kiwari | image = Fern.jpg | image_width = 280px | image_caption = Daun pakis | domain = [[Eukaryot]]a | unranked_regnum = [[Archaeplastida]] | regnum = '''Plantae''' | regnum_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866 | subdivision_ranks = Divisio | subdivision = * '''[[Green algae]]''' ** [[Chlorophyta]] ** [[Charophyta]] * '''[[Embryophyta|Land plants]] (embryophyta)''' ** '''[[Bryophyte|Non-vascular plants]] (bryophyta)''' *** [[Marchantiophyta]]—liverworts *** [[Hornwort|Anthocerotophyta]]—hornworts *** [[Moss|Bryophyta]]—lumut ** '''[[Vascular plant]]s (tracheophyta)''' *** [[Rhyniophyta]]—rhyniophytes *** [[Zosterophyllophyta]]—zosterophylls *** [[Lycopodiophyta]]—clubmosses *** [[Trimerophytophyta]]—trimerophytes *** [[fern|Pteridophyta]]—ferns and horsetails *** '''[[Spermatophyta|Seed plants]] (spermatophytes)''' **** [[Pteridospermatophyta]]—seed ferns **** [[Pinophyta]]—conifers **** [[Cycad]]ophyta—cycads **** [[Ginkgo]]phyta—ginkgo **** [[Gnetae|Gnetophyta]]—gnetae **** [[Tutuwuhan nu kembangan|Magnoliophyta]]—kekembangan }} Dina [[biologi]], '''tutuwuhan''' ('''pepelakan''') nujul kana organisme nu kaasup kana ''Regnum Plantae''. Di jerona ngawengku sakabéh tutuwuhan nu ''berpembuluh'', boh nu semu atawa nu sajati ([[lumut haté]], [[lukut]], [[Tutuwuhan Paku|papakuan]] jeung [[tutuwuhan sikian]]). Dina sababaraha versi [[taksonomi tutuwuhan]], [[alga]] héjo ogé diasupkeun kana karajaan (''regnum'') ieu. Kacatet aya kurang leuwih 300.000 [[spesies]] ''organisme'' nu kawengku.<ref name="Biologi1">{{Cite book|title =Botani Tumbuhan Tinggi| last= Hasanudin, M.S.i| first= Dr. Drs.| coauthors =Prof. Dr. Djufri, M.Si| year= 2018|page=95|location=Jakarta| publisher=Bintang Grafika| isbn=9786025679261|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Botani_Tumbuhan_Tinggi/jpDPDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=pembagian+tumbuhan&pg=PA98&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> Tutuwuhan mangrupa ''[[organisme]] [[autotrof]]'' nu ngamangpaatkeun ''[[klorofil]]'' minangka komponén anu ngarobah énérgi ''[[foton]]'' tina cahya [[panonpoé]] jadi énérgi kimiawi dina wangun [[gula]]. Prosés robah jeung pindahna ieu katelah ''[[fotosintesis]]''. Istilah ''"asimilasi karbon"'' dipaké ogé keur prosés ieu alatan merlukeun karbon nu beunang tina CO₂ bébas ti "udara". ku sabab sipatna nu ''autotrof'', tutuwuhan nempatan posisi kahiji dina ranté aliran énérgi ngaliwatan ''organisme'' hirup ([[ranté kadaharan]]). Tutuwuhan deukeut pisan jeung kahirupan [[manusa]], sarta mibanda loba kagunaan anu penting dina kahirupan [[manusa]].<ref name="Biologi"/> Tutuwuhan ngahasilkeun rupa-rupa kadaharan, [[oksigén]] anu kacida dibutuhkeun ku manusa. Rupa-rupa tutuwuhan anu hirup sacara alami, kitu deui tutuwuhan hasil ''inovasi'' anu dilakukeun ku manusa, ngajadikeun tutuwuhan leuwih loba deui wandana.<ref name="Biologi">{{Cite book|title =Biologi SMA kelas X| last= Syamsudin Subahan| first= Dt. tati suryati| coauthors =Akhmad fikri hasan| year= 2008|page=37|location=Perpustakaan nasional| publisher=Quadra| isbn=9787970190580|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Biologoi/1aCeJBt6jgAC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=tumbuhan+adalah&pg=PA37&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Siki]] * [[Buah]] * [[Kembang]] * [[Daun]] * [[Tangkal]] * [[Akar]] * [[Taksonomi tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Paku]] [[Kategori:Pteridophyta]] ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} {{biologi-stub}} r2i4vj0463a5ckt739xs64atx9g5chp 0 4298 731973 674506 2026-11-08T22:27:49Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gray1194.png|jmpl||Sirah [[manusa]] (Gbr. 1194 dina [[Gray's Anatomy]])]] '''Sirah''' (basa Hormat: '''Mastaka''') atawa '''hulu''' téh nujul kana babagian [[rostral]] (tina posisi [[anatomi]]s) nu di jerona nyangkaruk [[uteuk]], [[panon]], [[ceuli]], [[irung]], jeung [[baham|sungut]] (masing-masing boga pancén, kayaning nempo, ngadéngé, ngambeu, jeung ngasaan).<ref name=”Hen”>{{Cite book| url =https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Kamus_Basa_Sunda_Indonesia_Indonesia_Sun/UiWyDwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=basa+sunda,+sirah%27&pg=PA255&printsec=frontcover| title =Kamus Basa Sunda - Indonesia , Indonesia - Sunda Untuk Pelajar & UmumHenrayana & Yus R. Ismail| last =Henrayana & Yus R. Ismail| first =Dian | publisher =Bhuana Ilmu Populer| location =Jakarta| year =2019|ISBN=9786232164123|pages =290}} Disungsi 6 Desember 2024</ref> Aya sawatara [[sato]] nu teu boga hulu, tapi [[bilateria|bentuk simétri bilateral]] mah lolobana boga. Sirah dina basa lemesna disebut mastaka.<ref>[http://caironsik.blogspot.co.id/2009/11/nama-nama-anggota-badan-bahasa-sunda.html Lemesna sirah]</ref> == Anatomi manusa == Bagian hareup (''ventrum'') sirah tempat ayana [[panon]], [[ceuli]], jeung [[baham]] disebut [[beungeut]]. Luhureun panon disebutna [[tarang]], handapeun sungut disebutna [[gado]]. Normalna, di bagéan luhur jeung tukangeun sirah téh sok aya [[rambut|buuk]]. Dina sato mah leuwih kompléks, hulu téh nyambung kana babagian awak lianna ngaliwatan [[beuheung]]. Sirah dina basa lemesna disebut mastaka. Dina sirah téh aya panon nu dipaké pikeun nempo, aya irung nu dipaké pikeun ngambeu seuseungitan, aya ceuli nu dipaké pikeun ngadéngé sora, aya [[baham]] nu dipaké pikeun nyarita atawa dahar, aya [[biwir]], [[halis]], jeung nu séjénna. Ari bagéan hareup sirah nu aya nu tadi disebutkeun téh ngarana beungeut atawa [[Tatakrama basa Sunda|basa cohagna]] mah bebenguk. ( http://dewi.staff.ipb.ac.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820235729/http://dewi.staff.ipb.ac.id/ |date=2015-08-20 }}) === Tulang sirah === [[Gambar:Gray190.png|jmpl||Tangkorék manusa sawawa (Gbr. 190 dina [[Gray's Anatomy]]]] Tulang sirah manusa sacara koléktif disebut [[tangkorak|tangkorék atawa tangkorak]], nu kabagi kana ''cranium'' (sakabéh tulang tangkorak) jeung [[rahang]]. ''Fitur'' tangkorak pangbéda antara [[mamalia]] jeung non-mamalia nyaéta ayana tilu tulang ceuli (disebut [[osikel]]): * ''[[malleus]]'' (hammer) * ''[[incus]]'' (anvil) * ''[[stapes]]'' (stirrup) ''Osikel'' ieu mangrupa komponén penting pangreungeu mamalia. Sato lianna boga tulang tunggal nu umumna disebut ''[[columella]]''. ''Cranium'' bisa dibagi kana tutup tangkorak (atawa [[calvarium]]) jeung basa. ''Cranium'' ngawengku sawatara tulang nu ngahiji dina sambungan nu disebut ''[[sutures]]''; sawatara sutures ngahiji jadi [[pterion]]. Prosés ngahijina tulang ieu lumangsung [[in utero]] pikeun ngabungkus organ pangpentingna: [[uteuk]]. Najan ngagabungna tulang-tulang ieu téh geus lengkep méméh babar, aya bagéan jaringan serat (disebut ''[[fontanelle]]'') nu kakara ngahiji kalawan sampurna dina mangsa puber. == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Head|Head]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (6 Juli 2006) * Mike Hunt, ''Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations'' (4th edition), ISBN 0-202-02042-8 ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~cahr/headfall.html The anatomy of a head injury.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703034212/http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~cahr/headfall.html |date=2006-07-03 }} {{pondok}} {{Anatomi manusa}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] [[Kategori:Sirah jeung beuheung|*]] 7bq9119l9a2ydw3qpxsputycvt53arq 0 4442 731874 706978 2026-11-08T13:05:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} [[Gambar:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Maldives tsunami wave.jpg|thumb|250px|Sunami nu narajang [[Malé]] di [[Maldiva]] [[26 Désémber]] [[2004]].]] '''Sunami''' (éjahan {{IPA|/suˈnɑːmi/}} atawa {{IPA|/tsuˈnɑːmi/}}) hartina runtuyan galura / [[gelombang beungeut sagara|gelombang]] nu dihasilkeun nalika awak [[cai]], misalna [[sagara]] ngalir sacara gancang dina jumlah/[[skala]] anu badag. Sunami ieu biasana mangrupa balukar ayana [[lini]], [[longsor]], [[gunung bitu]], atawa [[tabrakan météorit]]. Anapon balukarna rupa-rupa, bisa sama sakali teu mangaruhan manusa, tapi bisa ogé ngabalukarkeun musibah anu nelasan ratusan rébu jalma. Istilah ''sunami'' asalna tina [[basa Jepang]] nu hartina ''labuan'' ("tsu", 津) jeung ''gelombang'' ("nami", 波). Sunami téh lain kajadian sub-beungeut di jero [[sagara]]; jangkung gelombang caina ([[amplitudo]]) teu sabaraha, tapi [[panjang gelombang|panjang]] pisan (bisa nepi ka ratusan kilo), sahingga kadang di sagara mah teu pati kabireungeuh. <!-- ==Causes== [[Image:Tsunami comic book style.png|right|thumb|Generation of a tsunami]] Tsunamis can be generated when the [[sea floor]] abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the Earth’s crust can occur at [[plate boundaries]]. [[Subduction]] earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis. As an Oceanic Plate is subducted beneath a Continental Plate, it sometimes brings down the lip of the Continental with it. Eventually, too much stress is put on the lip and it snaps back, sending shockwaves through the Earth’s crust, causing a tremor under the sea, known as an Undersea Earthquake. Sub-marine [[landslide]]s (which are sometimes triggered by large earthquakes) as well as collapses of volcanic edifices may also disturb the overlying water column as sediment and rocks slide downslope and are redistributed across the sea floor. Similarly, a violent submarine volcanic eruption can uplift the water column and form a tsunami. Waves are formed as the displaced water mass moves under the influence of [[gravity]] to regain its [[equilibrium]] and radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond. In the 1950s it was discovered that larger tsunamis than previously believed possible could be caused by landslides, explosive volcanic action and [[impact event]]s. These phenomena rapidly displace large volumes of water, as energy from falling debris or expansion is transferred to the water into which the debris falls. Tsunamis caused by these mechanisms, unlike the ocean-wide tsunamis caused by some earthquakes, generally dissipate quickly and rarely affect coastlines distant from the source due to the small area of sea affected. These events can give rise to much larger local shock waves ([[solitons]]), such as the landslide at the head of [[Lituya Bay]] which produced a water wave estimated at 50&nbsp;– 150&nbsp;m and reached 524&nbsp;m up local mountains. However, an extremely large landslide could generate a [[megatsunami]] that might have ocean-wide impacts. ==Characteristics== [[Image:Tsunami by hokusai 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|300px|There is a common misconception that tsunamis behave like wind-driven waves or swells (with air behind them, as in this celebrated 19th century [[ukiyo-e|woodcut]] by [[Katsushika Hokusai|Hokusai]]). In fact, a tsunami is better understood as a new and suddenly higher sea level, which manifests as a shelf or shelves of water. The leading edge of a tsunami superficially resembles a breaking wave but behaves differently: the rapid rise in sea level, combined with the weight and pressure of the ocean behind it, has far greater force.]] Often referred to as "tidal waves", a tsunami does not look like the popular impression of "a normal wave only much bigger". Instead it looks rather like an endlessly onrushing tide which forces its way around and through any obstacle. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area. The sheer weight of water is enough to pulverise objects in its path, often reducing buildings to their foundations and scouring exposed ground to the bedrock. Large objects such as ships and boulders can be carried several miles inland before the tsunami subsides. Tsunamis act very differently from typical surf swells: they contain immense energy, propagate at high speeds and can travel great trans-oceanic distances with little overall energy loss. A tsunami can cause damage thousands of kilometres from its origin, so there may be several hours between its creation and its impact on a coast, arriving long after the [[seismic wave]] generated by the originating event arrives. Although the total or overall loss of energy is small, the total energy is spread over a larger and larger circumference as the wave travels. The energy per linear metre in the wave is proportional to the inverse of the distance from the source.{{fact}} (In other words, it decreases linearly with distance.) This is the two-dimensional equivalent of the [[inverse square law]], which is followed by waves which propagate in three dimensions (in a sphere instead of a circle). A single tsunami event may involve a series of waves of varying heights; the set of waves is called a ''train''. In open water, tsunamis have extremely long [[Periodicity|period]]s (the time for the next wave top to pass a point after the previous one), from minutes to hours, and long wavelengths of up to several hundred [[kilometres]]. This is very different from typical wind-generated swells on the ocean, which might have a period of about 10 seconds and a wavelength of 150 [[metre]]s. The actual height of a tsunami wave in open water is often less than one metre. This is often practically unnoticeable to people on ships. Because it has such a large wavelength, the energy of a tsunami mobilizes the entire water column, down to the sea bed. Ocean waves in deep water typically cause water motion to a depth approximately equal to half their wavelength. This means, ocean surface wave motion will only reach down to a depth of a few 100&nbsp;m or less. Tsunamis, by contrast behave as shallow water waves in the deep ocean (provided their length is at least 20 times the local depth), for which little attenuation of water motion occurs with depth. The wave travels across open ocean at an average speed of 500 mph(''[http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/Faq/c_tsunami.htm#2]''). As the wave approaches land, the sea shallows and the wave no longer travels as quickly, so it begins to 'pile-up'; the wave-front becomes steeper and taller, and there is less distance between crests. While a person at the surface of deep water would probably not even notice the tsunami, the wave can increase to a height of six stories or more as it approaches the coastline and compresses. The steepening process is analogous to the cracking of a tapered [[whip]]. As a wave goes down the whip from handle to tip, the same energy is deposited in less and less material, which then moves more violently as it receives this energy. A wave becomes a 'shallow-water wave' when the ratio between the water depth and its wavelength gets very small, and since a tsunami has an extremely large wavelength (hundreds of kilometres), tsunamis act as a shallow-water wave even in deep oceanic water. Shallow-water waves move at a speed that is equal to the [[square root]] of the product of the [[acceleration]] of gravity (9.8 m/s²) and the water depth. For example, in the [[Pacific Ocean]], where the typical water depth is about 4000 m, a tsunami travels at about 200 m/s (720 km/h or 450 mi/h) with little energy loss, even over long distances. At a water depth of 40 m, the speed would be 20 m/s (about 72 km/h or 45 mi/h), which is much slower than the speed in the open ocean but the wave would still be difficult to outrun. Tsunamis propagate outward from their source, so coasts in the "shadow" of affected land masses are usually fairly safe. However, tsunami waves can [[diffraction|diffract]] around land masses (as shown in this [[:Image:2004_Indonesia_Tsunami_Complete.gif|Indian Ocean tsunami animation]] as the waves reach southern [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]]). It's also not necessary that they are [[symmetrical]]; tsunami waves may be much stronger in one direction than another, depending on the nature of the source and the surrounding [[geography]]. Local geographic peculiarities can lead to [[seiche]] or standing waves forming, which can amplify the onshore damage. For instance, the tsunami that hit Hawaii on [[April 1]], [[1946]] had a fifteen-minute interval between wave fronts. The natural resonant period of [[Hilo]] Bay is about thirty minutes. That meant that every second wave was in phase with the motion of Hilo Bay, creating a seiche in the bay. As a result, Hilo suffered worse damage than any other place in Hawaii, with the tsunami/seiche reaching a height of 14 m and killing 159 inhabitants. == Tsunami wave == Ocean waves are normally divided into 3 groups, characterized by depth: * Deep water * Intermediate water * Shallow water Even though a tsunami is generated in deep water (around 4000 m below mean sea level), tsunami waves are considered shallow-water waves. As the tsunami wave approaches the shallow waters of shore, its time period remains the same, but its wavelength decreases rapidly, thus causing the water to pile up to form tremendous crests, in an effect known as "shoaling". ==Signs of an approaching tsunami== The following have at various times been associated with a tsunami [http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/PNG/Upng/Davies020411/]: * An earthquake may be felt. * Large quantities of gas may bubble to the water surface and make the sea look as if it is boiling. * The water in the waves may be unusually hot. * The water may smell of rotten eggs ([[hydrogen sulfide]]) or of petrol or oil. * The water may sting the skin. *A thunderous boom may be heard followed by ** a roaring noise as of a jet plane ** or a noise akin to the periodic whop-whop of a helicopter, ** or a whistling sound. * The sea may recede to a considerable distance. * A flash of red light might be seen near the horizon. ==Etymology== The word "tsunami" is [[Japanese language|Japanese]] for "harbor wave", because tsunamis cause little or no visible effect in deep sea, and often Japanese fishermen would be out at sea fishing in deep sea when a tsunami came, and in the evening they came home and found their home village devastated by the tsunami, and thus they theorized that tsunamis only happen in [[harbor]]s and elsewhere close inshore. ==Warnings and prevention== {| align=right |- | [[Image:Tsunamihazardzonesign.jpg|right|thumb|"Tsunami Hazard Zone" sign at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]]] |- | [[Image:Tsunami wall.jpg|right|thumb|Tsunami wall at [[Tsu]]-shi, Japan]] |} Tsunamis cannot be prevented or precisely predicted, but there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and there are many systems being developed and in use to reduce the damage from tsunamis. In instances where the leading edge of the tsunami wave is its trough, the sea will recede from the coast half of the wave's period before the wave's arrival. If the slope is shallow, this recession can exceed many hundreds of metres. People unaware of the danger may remain at the shore due to curiosity, or for collecting fish from the exposed sea bed. [[Image:Kamakura_tsunami.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Tsunami warning sign on seawall in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], Japan, 2004. In the [[Muromachi period]], a tsunami struck Kamakura, destroying the wooden building that housed the colossal statue of [[Amitabha|Amida]] [[Buddha]] at [[Kotokuin]]. Since that time, the statue has been outdoors.]] In instances where the leading edge of the tsunami is its first peak, succeeding waves can lead to further flooding. Again, being educated about a tsunami is important, to realize that when the water level drops the first time, the danger is not yet over. In a low-lying coastal area, a strong earthquake is a major warning sign that a tsunami may be produced. Regions with a high risk of tsunamis may use [[tsunami warning system]]s to detect tsunamis and warn the general population before the wave reaches land. In some communities on the west coast of the United States, which is prone to Pacific Ocean tsunamis, warning signs advise people where to run in the event of an incoming tsunami. [[Computer model]]s can roughly predict tsunami arrival and impact based on information about the event that triggered it and the shape of the seafloor ([[bathymetry]]) and coastal land ([[topography]]).[http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/tsunami_story.html] One of the early warnings comes from nearby animals. Many animals sense danger and flee to higher ground before the water arrives. The Lisbon quake is the first documented case of such a phenomenon in Europe. The phenomenon was also noted in [[Sri Lanka]] in the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] (''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4381395.stm]''). Some scientists speculate that animals may have an ability to sense subsonic [[Rayleigh waves]] from an earthquake minutes or hours before a tsunami strikes shore (Kenneally, [http://www.slate.com/id/2111608]''). While it is not possible to prevent a tsunami, in some particularly tsunami-prone countries some measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused on shore. Japan has implemented an extensive programme of building tsunami walls of up to 4.5 m (13.5 ft) high in front of populated coastal areas. Other localities have built floodgates and channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunamis. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunamis are often higher than the barriers. For instance, the tsunami which hit the island of [[Hokkaido]] on [[July 12]], [[1993]] created waves as much as 30 m (100 ft) tall - as high as a 10-story building. The port town of [[Aonae]] was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life. The effects of a tsunami can be mitigated by natural factors such as tree cover on the shoreline. Some locations in the path of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami escaped almost unscathed as a result of the tsunami's energy being sapped by a belt of trees such as [[coconut palm]]s and [[mangrove]]s. In one striking example, the village of Naluvedapathy in India's [[Tamil Nadu]] region suffered minimal damage and few deaths as the wave broke up on a forest of 80,244 trees planted along the shoreline in 2002 in a bid to enter the [[Guinness Book of Records]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4269847.stm] Environmentalists have suggested tree planting along stretches of sea coast which are prone to tsunami risks. While it would take some years for the trees to grow to a useful size, such plantations could offer a much cheaper and longer-lasting means of tsunami mitigation than the costly and environmentally destructive method of erecting artificial barriers. ==Historical tsunamis== ''See also [[List of natural disasters by death toll#Tsunami|List of historic tsunamis by death toll]].'' Tsunamis occur most frequently in the Pacific Ocean, but are a global phenomenon; they are possible wherever large bodies of water are found, including inland lakes, where they can be caused by landslides. Very small tsunamis, non-destructive and undetectable without specialized equipment, occur frequently as a result of minor earthquakes and other events. ===Circa 65 million years B.C === In theory, a [[meteor]] impact created the [[Chicxulub Crater]] about 65 million years ago. This impact may also have caused the [[Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event]]. There is clear evidence for a tsunami more than one [[kilometre]] high. (See [[Chicxulub Crater#Discovery|Discovery of the Chicxulub Crater]].) The tsunami disturbed and transported sediments over a huge distance. This is the most popular theory as to the extinction of the dinosaurs, however it has not been proven as fact. ===Circa 1,500 B.C.=== The [[Thera eruption|eruption]] of the [[Santorini]] [[volcano]] about 3,500 years ago generated a [[megatsunami]] estimated at 600 feet. The effects of this megatsunami disturbing sediment at the bottom of the Mediterranean have been found. It has been theorised that the story of The [[Passage of the Red Sea]] as described in the [[Torah]] may have been due to this. Proponents suggest that the tsunami could have caused waters to recede temporarily and then drowned the Egyptian army when they later returned, however this is purely speculative. The Tsunami was nonetheless a real event that has been proved by geologists. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/moses/evidence/redsea.shtml] (See [[Passage of the Red Sea#Cause of the Passage|Cause of the Passage of the Red Sea]].) ===1607 - Bristol Channel, England and Wales=== In 2002 it was suggested that the [[Bristol Channel floods, 1607|Bristol Channel floods of 1607]] in [[England]] and [[Wales]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], may have been caused by a tsunami. ===1700 - Vancouver Island, Canada=== [[January 26]] - The [[Cascadia Earthquake]], one of the largest earthquakes on record, ruptures the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore from Vancouver Island to northern California, creating a tsunami logged in Japan and oral traditions of the Native Americans. ===1755 - Lisbon, Portugal=== Tens of thousands of Portuguese who survived the great '''[[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]''' were killed by a tsunami which followed a half hour later. Many townspeople fled to the waterfront, believing the area safe from fires and from falling debris from aftershocks. Before the great wall of water hit the harbour, waters retreated, revealing lost cargo and forgotten shipwrecks. The earthquake, tsunami, and subsequent fires killed more than a third of Lisbon's pre-quake population of 275,000. Historical records of explorations by [[Vasco da Gama]] and other early navigators were lost, and countless buildings were destroyed (including most examples of Portugal's [[Manueline]] architecture). Europeans of the 18th century struggled to understand the disaster within [[religion|religious]] and [[rationality|rational]] belief systems. Philosophers of the [[The Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], notably [[Voltaire]], wrote about the event. The [[philosophy|philosophical]] concept of the [[sublime (philosophy)|sublime]], as described by philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]] in the ''[[Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime]]'', took inspiration in part from attempts to comprehend the enormity of the Lisbon quake and tsunami. ===1883 - Krakatoa explosive eruption=== The island volcano of '''[[Krakatoa]]''' in Indonesia exploded with devastating fury in 1883, blowing its underground [[magma]] chamber partly empty so that much overlying land and seabed collapsed into it. A series of large tsunami waves was generated from the explosion, some reaching a height of over 40 metres above sea level. Tsunami waves were observed throughout the [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Pacific Ocean]], the American West Coast, South America, and even as far away as the [[English Channel]]. On the facing coasts of [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Sumatra]] the sea flood went many miles inland and caused such vast loss of life that one area was never resettled but went back to the [[jungle]] and is now the [[Ujung Kulon]] [[nature reserve]]. [[Image:Burnintsunami.jpg|thumb|250px|The aftermath of the tsunami that struck [[Newfoundland]] in 1929.]] ===[[Halifax Explosion]] and Tsunami=== The [[Halifax Explosion]] occurred on Thursday, [[December 6]], [[1917]] at 9:04:35 a.m. local time in [[Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]] in [[Canada]], when the French munitions ship Mont-Blanc, bound for World War I France, collided with the Norwegian ship Imo chartered to carry Belgian relief supplies. In the aftermath of the collision, Mont-Blanc caught fire and [[explode]]d. The explosion caused a tsunami, and a pressure-wave of air. ===1929 - Newfoundland tsunami=== On [[November 18]], [[1929]], an [[1929 Grand Banks earthquake|earthquake of magnitude 7.2]] occurred beneath the [[Laurentian Slope]] on the [[Grand Banks]]. The quake was felt throughout the Atlantic Provinces of [[Canada]] and as far west as [[Ottawa, Ontario]] and as far south as [[Claymont, Delaware]]. The resulting tsunami measured over 7 metres in height and took about 2&frac12; hours to reach the [[Burin Peninsula]] on the south coast of [[Newfoundland]], where 28 people lost their lives in various communities. ===1946 - Pacific tsunami=== [[Image:Tsunami large.jpg|thumb|250px|Hawai`i People run from an approaching tsunami in Hilo, Hawai'i]] The April 1 '''[[Aleutian Island earthquake]]''' tsunami that killed 165 people on [[Hawaii]] and [[Alaska]] resulted in the creation of a [[tsunami warning system]] (specifically The [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]]), established in 1949 for [[Pacific Ocean]] area countries. The tsunami is locally known in Hawaii as the '''April Fools Day Tsunami''' in Hawaii due to people thinking the warnings were an [[April Fool]]s prank. ===1960 - Chilean tsunami=== The magnitude-9.5 '''[[Great Chilean Earthquake]]''' was the strongest earthquake ever recorded. Its [[epicentre]] off the coast of South Central [[Chile]], generated one of the most destructive tsunamis of the 20th century. It spread across the entire Pacific Ocean, with waves measuring up to 25 metres high. The first tsunami arrived at [[Hilo, Hawaii]] approximately 14.8 hrs after it originated off the coast of South Central Chile. The highest wave at Hilo Bay was measured at around 10.7 m (35 ft.). 61 lives were lost allegedly due to people's failure to heed warning sirens. When the tsunami hit Onagawa, Japan, almost 22 hours after the quake, the wave height was 3 m above high tide. The number of people killed by the earthquake and subsequent tsunami is estimated to be between 490 and 2,290. ===1963 - Vajont Dam disaster=== The [[reservoir (water)|reservoir]] behind the '''[[Vajont Dam]]''' in northern [[Italy]] was struck by an enormous [[landslide]]. A tsunami was triggered which swept over the top of the dam (without bursting it) and into the valley below. Nearly 2,000 people were killed. ===1964 - Good Friday tsunami=== After the magnitude 9.2 '''[[Good Friday Earthquake]]''', tsunamis struck [[Alaska]], [[British Columbia]], [[California]] and coastal [[Pacific Northwest]] towns, killing 121 people. The tsunamis were up to 6 m tall, and killed 11 people as far away as [[Crescent City]], [[California]]. ===1976 - Moro Gulf tsunami=== On [[August 16]], [[1976]] at 12:11 A.M., a devastating earthquake of 7.9 hit the island of [[Mindanao]], [[Philippines]]. It created a tsunami that devastated more than 700 km of coastline bordering Moro Gulf in the North Celebes Sea. An estimated number of victims for this tragedy left 5,000 dead, 2,200 missing or presumed dead, more than 9,500 injured and a total of 93,500 people were left homeless. It devastated the cities and provinces of [[Pagadian City]], [[Zamboanga del Sur]], [[Zamboanga City]], [[Basilan]], [[Sulu]], [[Sultan Kudarat]], [[Maguindanao]], [[Cotabato City]], [[Lanao del Sur]] and [[Lanao del Norte]]. ===1979 - Tumaco tsunami=== A magnitude-7.9 earthquake occurred on [[December 12]], [[1979]] at 7:59:4.3 ([[UTC]]) along the Pacific coast of [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]. The earthquake and the resulting tsunami caused the destruction of at least six fishing villages and the death of hundreds of people in the Colombian province of [[Nariño Department|Nariño]]. The earthquake was felt in [[Bogotá]], [[Cali]], [[Popayán]], [[Buenaventura]] and several other cities and towns in Colombia and in [[Guayaquil]], [[Esmeraldas (city)|Esmeraldas]], [[Quito]] and other parts of Ecuador. When the '''Tumaco Tsunami''' hit the coast, it caused huge destruction in the city of [[Tumaco]], as well as in the small towns of El Charco, San Juan, Mosquera and Salahonda on the Pacific Coast of Colombia. The total number of victims of this tragedy was 259 dead, 798 wounded and 95 missing or presumed dead. ===1993 - Okushiri tsunami=== A devastating tsunami occurred off the coast of [[Hokkaido]] in Japan as a result of an earthquake on [[July 12]], [[1993]]. As a result, 202 people on the small island of [[Okushiri, Hokkaido|Okushiri]] were killed, and hundreds more were missing or injured. In addition, millions of pet birds, cats and dogs lost their lives. ===2004 - Indian Ocean tsunami=== [[Image:2004_Indonesia_Tsunami_100px.gif|framed|100px|Animation of the 2004 Indonesian Tsunami from [http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami NOAA/PMEL Tsunami Research Program]]] <div style="float:left;width:220px;"> [[Image:Tsunami Sumatra before.jpg|thumb|left|NASA - Sumatra's coastline before the Tsunami]] [[Image:Tsunami Sumatra after.jpg|thumb|left|NASA - Sumatra's coastline after the Tsunami]] </div> The '''[[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]''', which had a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 9.15, triggered a series of lethal tsunamis on [[December 26]], [[2004]] that killed approximately 230,000 people (including 168,000 in Indonesia alone), making it the deadliest tsunami in recorded history.[http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/humantoll.asp] The tsunami killed people over an area ranging from the immediate vicinity of the [[earthquake|quake]] in [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]] and the north-western coast of [[Malaysia]] to thousands of kilometres away in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Maldives]], and even as far as [[Somalia]], [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]] in eastern [[Africa]]. The disaster prompted a huge worldwide effort to help victims of the tragedy, with billions of dollars being raised for disaster relief. Unlike in the [[Pacific Ocean]], there was no organized alert service covering the [[Indian Ocean]]. This was in part due to the absence of major tsunami events between 1883 (the [[Krakatoa]] eruption, which killed 36,000 people) and 2004. In light of the 2004 [[Indian Ocean]] tsunami, [[UNESCO]] and other world bodies have called for a global [[tsunami warning system|tsunami monitoring system]]. {{-}} === Other tsunamis in South Asia === {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=7 style="border-right:0px;";| Tsunamis in South Asia <br> (Source: Amateur Seismic Centre, India)[http://asc-india.org/menu/waves.htm] |- bgcolor="#efefef" | '''Date''' | '''Location''' |- | 1524 || Near [[Dabhol]], [[Maharashtra]] |- | [[02 April]] [[1762]] || Arakan Coast, [[Myanmar]] |- | [[16 June]] [[1819]] || Rann of Kachchh, [[Gujarat]], [[India]] |- | [[31 October]] [[1847]] || Great [[Nicobar]] Island, India |- | [[31 December]] [[1881]] || [[Car Nicobar]] Island, India |- | [[26 August]] [[1883]] || [[Krakatoa|Krakatoa volcanic eruption]] |- | [[28 November]] [[1945]] || Mekran coast, Balochistan |- | [[26 December]] [[2004]] || Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Tamil Nadu (India), Kerala (India), Andhra Pradesh (India), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India); Sri Lanka; Thailand; Malaysia; Maldives; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania |} ===Other historical tsunamis === Other tsunamis that have occurred include the following: * ''circa'' 500 BC: [[Poompuhar]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], [[Maldives]] * 1541: one struck the earliest European settlement in Brazil, [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]]. There is no record of deaths or injuries, but the town was almost completely destroyed. * [[January 20]], [[1606]] /1607: along the coast of the [[Bristol Channel|Bristol Channel ''(main article)'']] thousands of people were drowned, houses and villages swept away, farmland was inundated and flocks were destroyed by a flood that might have been a tsunami. The cause of the flood remains disputed, it is quite possible that it was caused by a combination of [[meteorology|meteorological extremes]] and [[tide|tidal peaks]].([http://www.severnsolutions.co.uk/twblog/archive/2005/01/06/greatflood1606 ''discussion'']). * [[January 26]], [[1700]]: the [[Cascadia Earthquake]] (estimated 9.0 magnitude) caused massive tsunamis across the [[Pacific Northwest]]. * One of the worst tsunami disasters engulfed whole villages along [[Sanriku]], Japan, in 1896. A wave more than seven stories tall (about 20 m) drowned some 26,000 people. * 1946: An earthquake in the [[Aleutian Islands]] sent a tsunami to [[Hawaii]], killing 159 people (five died in [[Alaska]]). * [[July 9]], [[1958]]: A huge [[landslip]] caused a tsunami in the [[fjord]] shaped [[Lituya Bay]], [[Alaska]], [[USA]]. It travelled at over 150 km/h. * [[May 26]], [[1983]]: 104 people in western Japan were killed by a tsunami spawned from a nearby earthquake. * [[17 July]], [[1998]]: A [[Papua New Guinea]] tsunami killed approximately 2200 people [http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/PNG.html]. A 7.1 magnitude earthquake 24 km offshore was followed within 11 minutes by a tsunami about 12 m tall. While the magnitude of the quake was not large enough to create these waves directly, it is believed the earthquake generated an undersea landslide, which in turn caused the tsunami. The villages of Arop and Warapu were destroyed. * [[17 July]], [[2006]]: A six-foot high tsunami hit the south coast of the island of [[Java]], [[Indonesia]] at approximately 11:20 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. It killed at least 500 people and damaged houses, boats and hotels on or near [[Pangandaran]] beach. The tsunami was the direct result of a 7.7 magnitude earthquake offshore in the [[Indian Ocean]]. See [[July 2006 Java earthquake]]. ===North American and Caribbean tsunamis=== *[[1690]] - [[Nevis]] * [[14 November]] [[1840]] - Great Swell on the [[Delaware River]] * [[18 November]] [[1867]] - [[Virgin Islands]] * [[17 November]] [[1872]] - [[Maine]] * [[11 October]] [[1918]] - [[Puerto Rico]] * [[18 November]] [[1929]] - [[Newfoundland]] * [[9 January]] [[1926]] - [[Maine]] * [[4 August]] [[1946]] - [[Dominican Republic]] * [[18 August]] [[1946]] - [[Dominican Republic]] '''Possible tsunamis''' * 35 million years ago - [[Chesapeake Bay impact crater]], [[Chesapeake Bay]] * [[9 June]] [[1913]] - Longport, [[New Jersey|NJ]] * [[6 August]] [[1923]] - Rockaway Park, [[Queens]], [[New York|NY ]]. * [[8 August]] [[1924]] - [[Coney Island]], [[New York|NY ]]. * [[19 August]] [[1931]] - [[Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey|NJ]] * [[21 September]] [[1938]] - Hurricane, [[New Jersey|NJ]] coast. * [[19 May]] [[1964]] - Northeast [[USA]] * [[4 July]] [[1992]] - [[Daytona Beach]], [[Florida|FL]] Source: [http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/phi/reports/tsunami.htm NOAA National Weather Service Forecast Office] ===European tsunamis=== * [[16 October]] [[1979]] - 23 people died when the coast of [[Nice]], [[France]], was hit by a tsunami. This may have had a manmade cause due to construction at the new Nice airport creating an undersea landslide. [http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/(v5vg3l2tc4kfq2m223kj2l45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,3,4;journal,18,26;linkingpublicationresults,1:102476,1] --> == Rujukan == * Dudley, Walter C. & Lee, Min (1988: 1st edition) ''Tsunami!'' ISBN 0-8248-1125-9 [http://www.tsunami.org/references.htm#Books link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313052437/http://www.tsunami.org/references.htm#Books |date=2007-03-13 }} * Kennéally, Christine (December 30, 2004). "Surviving the Tsunami". ''Slate''. [http://www.slate.com/id/2111608/ link] * Macey, Richard (January 1, 2005). "The Big Bang that Triggered A Tragedy", ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', p 11 - quoting Dr Mark Léonard, seismologist at Géoscience Australia. * Lambourne, Helen (March 27, 2005). "Tsunami: Anatomy of a disaster". ''[[BBC News]]''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4381395.stm link] * abelard.org. ''tsunamis: tsunamis travel fast but not at infinite speed''. Website, retrieved March 29, 2005. [http://www.abelard.org/briefings/tsunami.php link] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031119073837/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/moses/evidence/redsea.shtml What about the famous image of a great canyon of water? Could this have any basis in reality?] == Catetan == <references/> == Tumbu kaluar == {{commonscat|Tsunami}} === Artikel jeung website === * [http://www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br/tsumani/0001.php Tsunami Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614190543/http://www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br/tsumani/0001.php |date=2006-06-14 }} — Information on tsunamis in Portuguese. * [http://www.whoi.edu/institutes/coi/viewTopic.do?o=read&amp;id=281 Tsunami Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute], [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] * [http://www.tsunami.ws Tsunami Forums] * [http://www.pbs.org/nova/tsunami/ NOVA: Wave That Shook The World] — Site and special report shot within days of the 2004 Indian Océan tsunami. * [http://fohn.net/biggest-tsunami/ Biggest Tsunami Countdown] — Description of the five largest historical tsunamis. * [http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/ NOAA Tsunami] — General description of tsunamis and the United States agency NOAA's role in [http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/research_modeling.html Tsunami hazard assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822060324/http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/research_modeling.html |date=2006-08-22 }}, [http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/prepare.html preparedness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822060138/http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/prepare.html |date=2006-08-22 }}, [http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/education.html education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060803102225/http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/education.html |date=2006-08-03 }}, [http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/warnings_forecasts.html forecasts & warnings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418221600/http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/warnings_forecasts.html |date=2011-04-18 }}, [http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/responding.html response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822060336/http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/responding.html |date=2006-08-22 }} and [http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/research_modeling.html research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822060324/http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/research_modeling.html |date=2006-08-22 }}. * [http://ifmaxp1.ifm.uni-hamburg.de/tsunami.shtml Can HF Radar detect Tsunamis?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719103302/http://ifmaxp1.ifm.uni-hamburg.de/tsunami.shtml |date=2011-07-19 }} — University of Hamburg HF-Radar. * [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/special/tsunami Development Gateway Tsunami Special] * [http://www.highergroundproject.org.uk The Higher Ground Project] — Stories of children who survived the tsunami. * [http://www.geohazards.no/ The International Centre for Geohazards (ICG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302114513/http://www.geohazards.no/ |date=2008-03-02 }} * [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/itic/library/about_tsu/faqs.html ITIC tsunami FAQ] * [http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/ NOAA PMEL Tsunami Research Program] (United States) * [http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187/ USGS: Surviving a tsunami] (United States) * [http://ioc.unesco.org/itsu/ ITSU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050515085303/http://ioc.unesco.org/itsu/ |date=2005-05-15 }} — Coordination Group for the Pacific Tsunami Warning System. * [http://www.tsunami.org/ Pacific Tsunami Museum] * [http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/ Tsunamis and Earthquakes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050521082033/http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/ |date=2005-05-21 }} * [http://tsunami.gov/ Tsunami Centers] — United States National Wéather Service. * [http://www.sthjournal.org/ ''Science of Tsunami Hazards'' journal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207141615/http://www.sthjournal.org/ |date=2006-02-07 }} * [http://www.geohazards.no/ The International Centre for Geohazards (ICG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302114513/http://www.geohazards.no/ |date=2008-03-02 }} * [http://www.penmachine.com/techie/learn_about_tsunamis_2005-01.html The Indian Ocean tsunami and what it tells us about tsunamis in general.] * [http://www.tsunamiterror.info Tsunami: Magnitude of Terror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212093540/http://www.tsunamiterror.info/ |date=2020-02-12 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814233146/http://www.cln.org/themes/tsunamis.html General Tsunami Resources] * [http://www.projectshum.org/NaturalDisasters/tsunami.html Natural Disasters - Tsunami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615014436/http://www.projectshum.org/NaturalDisasters/tsunami.html |date=2006-06-15 }} — Gréat reséarch site for kids. * [http://www.envirtech.org/envirtech_tsunameter.htm Envirtech Tsunami Warning System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813005747/http://www.envirtech.org/envirtech_tsunameter.htm |date=2006-08-13 }} — Based on séabed seismics and séa level gauges. * [http://www.indianoceandisasterrelief.co.uk Indian Ocean Disaster Relief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002005225/https://indianoceandisasterrelief.co.uk/ |date=2017-10-02 }} * [http://www.benfieldhrc.org/tsunamis/mega_tsunami_more.htm Benfield Hazard Research - Mega Tsunamis - Cumbre Vieja volcano on the Canary Island of La Palma Risk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626013552/http://www.benfieldhrc.org/tsunamis/mega_tsunami_more.htm |date=2006-06-26 }} * [http://geology.com/articles/tsunami-geology.shtml What Causes a Tsunami?] * [http://sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000CDB86-32E0-13A8-B2E083414B7F0000 Scientific American Magazine (January 2006 Issue) Tsunami: Wave of Change] What we can léarn from the Indian Océan tsunami of December 2004. * [http://www.jtic.org/ Jakarta Tsunami Information Centre] === Gambar jeung video === '''Tempo oge: [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake#Images and video|Images and video, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]''' * [http://www.asiantsunamivideos.com/ Large Collection of Amateur Tsunami Videos with Thunbnail Images and Detailed Descriptions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010025528/http://www.asiantsunamivideos.com/ |date=2019-10-10 }} * [http://www.archive.org/movies/movieslisting-browse.php?collection=opensource_movies&cat=tsunami 5 Amateur Camcorder Video Streams] Kajadian tsunami 26 December 2004 di Sri Lanka, Thailand jeung Indonésia. * [http://www.digitalglobe.com/tsunami_gallery.html 2004 Asian Tsunami Satellite Images (Before and After)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103013221/http://digitalglobe.com/tsunami_gallery.html |date=2005-01-03 }} * [http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/tsunami/tsunami.html Satellite Images of Tsunami Affected Areas] Poto satelit nu nembongkeun karusakan akibat tsunami dina taun 2004 di Indonésia, Thailand jeung Pulau Nicobar India. * [http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/runup.html Computer-generated animation of a tsunami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105020059/http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/runup.html |date=2005-01-05 }} * [http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/characteristics.html Animation of 1960 tsunami originating outside coast of Chile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716012051/http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/characteristics.html |date=2006-07-16 }} * [http://www.riveroflife.be/tsunami/index.html The Survivors - A moving travelogue full of stunning images along the tsunami ravaged South-Western Coast of India] Bahaya tsunamis * [http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2006/juni/1149444923.73 Origin of a Tsunami - animation showing how the shifting of continental plates in the Indian Ocean created the catastrophe of December 26th 2004.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514180926/http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2006/juni/1149444923.73 |date=2011-05-14 }} * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-1561/science_technology/earthquakes_and_tsunamis/ CBC Digital Archives – Canada's Earthquakes and Tsunamis] === Fiksi === * [[Michael Crichton]]'s ''[[State of Fear]]'' (2004) explored [[unintended consequence]]s of human intervention with natural forces. [http://www.michaelcrichton.net/fear/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821193737/http://www.michaelcrichton.net/fear/index.html |date=2006-08-21 }} [[Kategori:Bencana alam|Tsunami]] [[Kategori:Musibah géologis|Tsunami]] [[Kategori:Oséanografi fisik]] [[Kategori:Istilah basa Jepang]] [[Kategori:Tsunami]] 39h0eibx1b41ifktclb75aevdpiwftq 0 12222 731857 729626 2026-11-08T12:13:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotakinfo Kalurahan | nami = Siluman | website http://www.desasiluman.co.cc = | propinsi = Jawa Barat | dati2 = Kabupatén | nami dati2 = Subang | nami kacamatan = Pabuaran | kalurahan = désa | nami lurah = | lega = | pangeusi = | kapadetan = }} '''Siluman http://www.desasiluman.co.cc {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''' nyaéta salah sahiji désa di [[kacamatan]] Pabuaran, [[Kabupatén Subang]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. <!-- ==Sajarah== ==Profil Pamaréntahan== ==Profil Daérah== ===Wates Wilayah=== ===Géografis=== ===Démografi=== ==Atikan== ==Poténsi== ===Pertanian=== ===Pakebonan=== ==Tumbu Luar== --> {{Pabuaran, Subang} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} nyaéta salah sahiji désa di [[kacamatan]] Pabuaran, [[Kabupatén Subang]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. <!-- ==Sajarah== ==Profil Pamaréntahan== ==Profil Daérah== ===Wates Wilayah=== ===Géografis=== ===Démografi=== ==Atikan== ==Poténsi== ===Pertanian=== ===Pakebonan=== ==Tumbu Luar== --> {{Pabuaran, Subang} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} nyaéta salah sahiji désa di [[kacamatan]] Pabuaran, [[Kabupatén Subang]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. <!-- ==Sajarah== ==Profil Pamaréntahan== ==Profil Daérah== ===Wates Wilayah=== ===Géografis=== ===Démografi=== ==Atikan== ==Poténsi== ===Pertanian=== ===Pakebonan=== ==Tumbu Luar== --> {{Pabuaran, Subang} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} nyaéta salah sahiji désa di [[kacamatan]] Pabuaran, [[Kabupatén Subang]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. <!-- ==Sajarah== ==Profil Pamaréntahan== ==Profil Daérah== ===Wates Wilayah=== ===Géografis=== ===Démografi=== ==Atikan== ==Poténsi== ===Pertanian=== ===Pakebonan=== ==Tumbu Luar== --> {{Pabuaran, Subang} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} nyaéta salah sahiji désa di [[kacamatan]] Pabuaran, [[Kabupatén Subang]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. <!-- ==Sajarah== ==Profil Pamaréntahan== ==Profil Daérah== ===Wates Wilayah=== ===Géografis=== ===Démografi=== ==Atikan== ==Poténsi== ===Pertanian=== ===Pakebonan=== ==Tumbu Luar== --> {{Pabuaran, Subang} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} nyaéta salah sahiji désa di [[kacamatan]] Pabuaran, [[Kabupatén Subang]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. <!-- ==Sajarah== ==Profil Pamaréntahan== ==Profil Daérah== ===Wates Wilayah=== ===Géografis=== ===Démografi=== ==Atikan== ==Poténsi== ===Pertanian=== ===Pakebonan=== ==Tumbu Luar== --> {{Pabuaran, Subang} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} nyaéta salah sahiji désa di [[kacamatan]] Pabuaran, [[Kabupatén Subang]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. <!-- ==Sajarah== ==Profil Pamaréntahan== ==Profil Daérah== ===Wates Wilayah=== ===Géografis=== ===Démografi=== ==Atikan== ==Poténsi== ===Pertanian=== ===Pakebonan=== ==Tumbu Luar== --> {{Pabuaran, Subang} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} nyaéta salah sahiji désa di [[kacamatan]] Pabuaran, [[Kabupatén Subang]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. <!-- ==Sajarah== ==Profil Pamaréntahan== ==Profil Daérah== ===Wates Wilayah=== ===Géografis=== ===Démografi=== ==Atikan== ==Poténsi== ===Pertanian=== ===Pakebonan=== ==Tumbu Luar== --> {{Pabuaran, Subang}} {{Kalurahan-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kalurahan/désa di Kabupatén Subang|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Kalurahan/désa di Pabuaran, Subang|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Pabuaran, Subang|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!--[[Kategori:{{PAGENAME}}| {{PAGENAME}}]]--> 768gso174ar9o22wbym9t7863c8xx2o 0 17204 731879 678390 2026-11-08T13:17:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:RG-59.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kabel koaksial]] sering digunakeun keur nepikeun '''televisi kabel''' ka imah.]] '''Televisi kabel''' ({{lang-en|cable television, CATV}}, {{lang-nl|kabeltelevisie}}) nyaéta sistim méré [[televisi]], pamrograman [[radio FM]] jeung layanan lianna ka konsumén ngaliwatan sinyal frékuénsi radio nu ditepikeun langsung ka televisi ngaliwatan [[serat optik]] atawa [[kabel koaksial]], henteu ngagunakeun cara udara saperti siaran televisi tradisional (ngaliwatan galura radio) nu mana dibutuhkeun ayana anté. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} It should be noted that while the acronym '''CATV''' is often used to méan "Cable TV" or "Community Access Television," it originally stood for '''Community Antenna Television'''. This comes from cable television's origins in 1948, when the first cable systems were started. Television signals could only be received by homes that were in the "line-of-sight" of the originating broadcast antenna, and péople in mountainous aréas could not receive the signal. Large antennas were constructed in these aréas, and cable was run from the antenna to homes so they could receive programming, making these large antennas "community antennas." It is most commonplace in [[North America]], [[Europe]], [[Australia]] and [[East Asia]], though it is present in many other countries, mainly in [[South America]] and the [[Middle East]]. Cable TV has had little success in [[Africa]], as it is not cost-effective to lay cables in sparsely populated aréas, and although so-called "wireless cable" or [[MMDS|microwave]]-based systems are used, "direct-to-home" [[satellite television]] is far more popular, especially in [[South Africa]]. == Téhnologi == Technically, CATV involves distributing a number of [[television]] [[Television network|channels]] collected at a central location (called a [[Cable television headend|headend]]) to [[subscriber]]s within a community by méans of a branched network of [[optical fiber]]s and/or [[coaxial cable]]s and [[broadband]] [[amplifier]]s. Since the éarly 1990s, the most common architecture is the [[Hybrid fiber coaxial]] network. As in the case of radio broadcasting, the use of different frequencies allows many channels to be distributed through the same cable, without separate wires for éach. A [[Set-top box]] or the [[tuner]] of the TV, [[VCR]] or radio selects one channel from this mixed signal. The same program is often simultanéously broadcast by radio and distributed by cable, usually at different frequencies. Other programs may be distributed by cable only; rules restricting content (e.g. regarding [[nudity]] and [[pornography]]) are often more relaxed for cable than for over-the-air TV. Traditional cable TV systems worked strictly by way of [[analog signal|analog]] signals (i.e. using standard radio waves) but many modérn cable TV systems also employ the use of [[digital cable]] technology, which uses compressed digital signals, allowing them to provide many more channels than they could with analog alone. modérn cable TV systems also offer other services such as [[Video on demand]], telephony, and high-speed data. Cable television is normally regarded as a [[natural monopoly]], and most aréas are served by a single provider, though [[Australia]] is characterized by extensive [[duplication]]. == Sumebarna televisi kabel == === [[Australia]] === Cable television services have been available in Australia since [[1991]] or [[1992]], with [[Galaxy (Australian TV)|Galaxy TV]] being the first, it became insolvent in [[1997]], due to decréasing popularity with the launching of [[Foxtel]] and [[Austar]] in May of [[1995]], two cable services that offered more variety than Galaxy TV. In éarly 1997, Galaxy TV was declared insolvent, largely because of Foxtel and Austars popularity. Foxtel immediately commenced in supplying programming to Galaxy's subscribers on an interim basis. In 1999 Foxtel was able to significantly boost its customer base by acquiring Galaxy TV's subscribers from the Australis Media liquidator and commenced offering its services on a satellite television platform. There are currently two major and four minor cable television providers in Australia - [[Foxtel]] and [[Optus TV]]. Minor providers include [[Austar]], [[TransACT]], [[Bright Telecommunications]] and [[Neighbourhood Cable]], which only operate in limited aréas. Like the United Kingdom, cable is a minority méans of receiving access to subscription television in Australia. Satellite distribution is more common. Due to its history, financial backing and market dominance, most local versions of channels are either owned directly by Foxtel and Austar or through related companies. In terms of coverage, [[Foxtel]]'s cable network covers parts of [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]], [[Adelaide]], and [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. [[Optus]]'s network covers small parts of [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], and [[Brisbane]], though its restrictive subscription rules méans that many péople living in apartments or confined living aréas may be unable to be connected. Austar is available by satellite in most of regional and rural Australia, but does have a small cable network in the city of [[Darwin]]. [[TransACT]] is only available in the city of [[Canberra]], where a custom cable network was developed. A similar situation exists in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] where a small aréa is covered by [[Bright Telecommunications]] as well in parts of [[Geelong, Victoria|Geelong]], [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]] and [[Mildura, Victoria|Mildura]] that are réached by [[Neighbourhood Cable]]. === [[Brazil]] === Cable television is distributed in [[Brazil]] by various companies. Two of them, NET and TVA, serve the majority of the country, and lesser companies, such as Viamax, TBL and VIVAX, operate regionally. Cable TV is the main distribution channel for premium TV in the metropolitan aréas, but in the rural aréas [[satellite television]] is used more frequently because of the limited availability of cables infrastructure. Free broadcast television is still the main distribution channel in the whole country, however. === [[Kanada]] === {{mainarticle|Televisi multisaluran di Kanada}} === Hong Kong === Only one traditional cable provider operates in [[Hong Kong]], [[i-Cable Communications Limited]] (branded as "''CableTV''"). Another three operators offers pay-TV via [[Digital Subscriber Line|DSL]], they are Now Broadband TV ([[PCCW]]), HKBN Digital TV and [[TVB]] PayVision. Many in Hong Kong instéad watch subscription TV using [[satellite television|satellite]] systems like [[STAR TV]]. === [[Méksiko]] === The first cable system started to operate in the éarly Sixties in Monterrey, as a CATV service (an antenna at the top of the Loma Larga, which could get TV signals from South Texas). Most of the other major cities didn't develop cable systems until the late Eighties, due to government censorship. By 1989 the industry had had a major impulse with the founding of Multivisión—a MMDS system who started to develop its own channels in Spanish—and the later development of companies such as Cablemas and [[Megacable]]. Over the past few yéars, many US networks have started to develop content for the Latin American market, such as [[CNN en Español]], [[MTV]], [[Cartoon Network]], [[Disney Channel]], and others. The country also has a DTH service called SKY (Televisa & News Corp. owned). Recently DirecTV merged with Sky. The dominant company nowadays is [[Megacable]] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070124215343/http://www.grupohevi.com.mx/ Grupo HEVI]. === [[Selandia Anyar]] === [[TelstraClear]] operate a cable television network in Wellington, Kapiti and Christchurch. Customers can subscribe to plans incorporating between 25 and 95 channels. Most content is offered on behalf of Sky Network Television however some channels such as TBN, Discovery Travel and Adventure and Deutsche welle are broadcast exclusively through TelstraCléar. === [[Républik Irlandia]] === {{utama|Televisi kabel di Républik Irlandia}} === [[Afrika Kidul]] === [[South African Broadcasting Co-operation (SABC)]] and [[e-TV]] are the only broadcasters in the country with the [[SABC]] being the State-Owned and major broadcastor. The [[SABC]] has three channels which focuses on its diverse cultures, languages and heritages. These channels are called [[SABC]] 1, 2, and 3. On the other hand, [[e-TV]] has only one channel and struggles to broadcast all the programmes. === [[Singapura]] === [[StarHub Cable Vision]] is the sole cable television operator in [[Singapore]], where private ownership of satellite dishes is banned. StarHub Cable Vision was formed as a result of a merger between [[StarHub]] and [[Singapore Cable Vision]] on [[15 May]] [[2002]]. The latter first began broadcasting as a terrestrial pay-television operator in [[1992]] as the first cable network was not completed until [[1995]]. Around 15% of households and offices in Singapore are connected to the StarHub network. === [[United Kingdom]] === In the UK Cable Television had its origins in 1938, when the first Community Antenna TV systems were set up in towns including [[Bristol]] and [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], for homes which couldn't receive transmissions over the air; however these signals were on the [[405-line]] system. In the [[1960s]] [[Rediffusion Vision]] was set up to provide cable television in the newer 625-line and [[PAL]] formats. In the éarly [[1980s]] Rediffusion Vision supplemented its service with other channels including [[Music Box (TV)|The Music Box]], [[Mirrorvision]], [[Lifesyle]] [[Screensport]], [[Sky One|Sky Channel]] and [[Network TEN|TEN]]. The service was renamed to [[Rediffusion Cablevision]]. In the [[United Kingdom]], the current generation of cable television began in the late [[1980s]] with the issue of franchises to many local operators. These small operations proved uneconomic and there has been a continuing process of consolidation and re-financing. By 2000 the two principal cable operators were [[NTL]] and [[Telewest]]. NTL's cable service was originally known as CableTel and grew rapidly through the acquisition of, among others, ComTel (which itself had bought Telecential), Comcast, Diamond Cable and finally, in [[1999]], the residential and small business operations of [[Cable & Wireless]]. Telewest acquired local cable operators including Eurobell (Plymouth and Essex) Cable London (North franchise) Birmigham cable and large franchsies in the North éast and North West of England. The original Telewest cable-co was créated after mergers of United Artists and General Cable in the mid 90's. In 2005 it was announced that NTL and Telewest would merge, after a period of co-operation in the preceding few yéars. This merger was completed on 3 March 2006 with the company being named '''ntl Incorporated'''. For the time being the two brand names and services are still being marketed separately. However, following NTL's aqusition of [[Virgin Mobile]], the NTL and Telewest services will be rebranded ''[[Virgin Media Plc|Virgin Media]]'' in the first quarter of [[2007]]<ref name="rebrand">{{cite press release | title = Virgin Media is on its way | publisher = NTL | date = [[2006-11-08]] | url = http://www.ntl.com/mediacentre/press/display.asp?id=873 | accessdate = 2006-12-06 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113134754/http://www.ntl.com/mediacentre/press/display.asp?id=873 |date=2006-11-13 }}</ref> créating a single cable operator covering more than 95% of the UK cable market. There are a small number of other surviving cable television companies in the UK outside of NTL including [[Kingston Communications]] ([[East Riding of Yorkshire]]) and [[WightCable]] ([[Isle of Wight]], [[Ayrshire]], [[Carlisle]] and [[Lancashire]]). Cable TV faces intense competition from [[BSkyB]]'s [[Sky Digital (UK & Ireland)|Sky Digital]] [[satellite television]] service. Most channels are carried on both platforms. However, cable often lacks "interactive" féatures (e.g. text services, and extra vidéo-screens), especially on BSkyB owned channels, and the satellite platform lacks services requiring high degrees of two-way communication, such as true [[video on demand]]. However, subscription-funded [[digital terrestrial television]] proved less of a competitive thréat. The first system, [[ITV Digital]], went into liquidation in [[2002]]. [[Top Up TV]] later replaced it, however this service is shrinking as the DVB-T multiplex owners are finding FTA broadcasting more profitable. Another potential source of competition in the future will be TV over [[broadband]]. This was initially launched, using [[ADSL]], in [[London]], where it is provided by [[HomeChoice]]. An IPTV service was also provided in Hull by Kingston Communications, but this céased operations in April 2006. As the speed and availability of broadband connections incréase, more TV content can be delivered using protocols such as [[IPTV]]. === [[Amérika Sarikat]] === lolobana panongton televisi di Amérika meunang sinyalna tina CATV. {{utama|Televisi kabel di Amérika Sarikat}} === [[Éropa]] === According to the Européan Audiovisual Observatory, there were 58 million cable households in the Européan Union as of 31 December 2004, i.e. a rate of penetration of 32 % of the television households. 5.7 millions were connected to digital networks. ==== [[Swiss]] ==== In [[Switzerland]], virtually all households have cable TV. Ironically, despite this good coverage, Switzerland has only a few public TV stations (two éach for the German, French and Italian-spéaking parts of the country); additionally, there is now only one upstart commercial network with coverage comparable to these state-run channels. To watch news or political information, Swiss channels are preferred, but in the entertainment sector (féature movies, comedies, talk shows), private TV stations from Germany, France and Italy are dominant. == Layanan dumasar-kabel lianna == Coaxial cables are capable of bi-directional carriage of signals as well as the transmission of large amounts of data. Cable television signals use only a portion of the bandwidth available over coaxial lines. This léaves plenty of space available for other digital services such as [[broadband internet]] and [[cable telephony]]. Broadband internet is achieved over coaxial cable by using [[cable modem]]s to convert the [[television network|network]] data into a type of digital signal that can be transferred over coaxial cable. One problem with some cable systems is the older amplifiers placed along the cable routes are unidirectional thus in order to allow for uploading of data the customer would need to use an analog modem to provide for the upstréam connection. This limited the upstréam speed to 31.2k and prevented the always-on convenience broadband internet typically provides. Many large cable systems have upgraded or are upgrading their equipment to allow for bi-directional signals, thus allowing for gréater upload speed and always-on convenience, though these upgrades are expensive. In [[North America]] and [[Europe]] many cable operators have alréady introduced [[cable telephone]] service, which operates just like existing fixed line operators. This service involves installing a special telephone interface at the customer's premises that converts the analog signals from the customer's in-home wiring into a digital signal, which is then sent on the [[local loop]] (replacing the analog [[last mile]], or [[Plain old telephone service|POTS]]) to the company's switching center, where it is connected to the [[PSTN]]. The biggest obstacle to cable telephone service is the need for néarly 100% reliable service for emergency calls. One of the standards available for digital cable telephony, [[PacketCable]], seems to be the most promising and able to work with the [[Quality of Service]] demands of traditional analog POTS service. The biggest advantage to digital cable telephone service is similar to the advantage of digital cable TV, namely that data can be compressed, resulting in much less bandwidth used than a dedicated analog circuit-switched service. Other advantages include better voice quality and integration to a [[VoIP]] network providing chéap or unlimited nationwide and international calling. Note that in many cases, digital cable telephone service is separate from [[cable modem]] service being offered by many cable companies and does not rely on IP traffic or the Internet. Beginning in 2004 in the United States, the traditional cable television providers and traditional telecommunication companies incréasingly compete in providing voice, vidéo and data services to residences. The combination of TV, telephony and Internet access is commonly called '''[[Triple play (telecommunications)|triple play]]''' regardless of whether CATV or [[Telephone company|telcos]] offer it. == Rujukan == <references/> {{CATV}} [[Kategori:Televisi kabel| ]] [[Kategori:Monopoli (ékonomi)]] nba2p1ilkiofvmx99cbs8ujqs5a804c 0 17217 731871 681204 2026-11-08T12:55:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Otheruses}} {{Infobox_Stad| name=Stockholm| charter=abad ka-13| municipality=[[Munisipalitas Stockholm]], jeung lianna dina [[wewengkon urban Stockholm]]| county=[[Counti Stockholm]]| province=[[Södermanland]] jeung [[Uppland]]| population=<span style="font-size: smaller;">[[Munisipalitas Stockholm|Municipal]]: 780,818&nbsp;([[Sep 30|Sep&nbsp;30]],&nbsp;2006)<br />[[wewengkon urban Stockholm|Urban]]: 1,252,000&nbsp;([[31 Désémber|Dés&nbsp;31]],&nbsp;2005)<br />[[Métropolitan Stockholm|Métropolitan]]: 1,912,787&nbsp;([[Sep 30|Sep&nbsp;30]],&nbsp;2006)</span>| coatofarms=[[Gambar:Stockholm_vapen_bra.svg|90px]]<br>[[Gambar:Flag_of_Stockholm.svg|100px]]| map=[[Gambar:Sw-map, CIA World Factbook, Stockholm pinpoint.png|220px|Location of Stockholm]]| locationReadable=59°21′ N 18°4′ E| location=59_21_N_18_4_E| }} '''{{Audio|sv-Stockholm.ogg|Stockholm}}''' ({{IPA2|'stɔkhɔlm}}; [[UN/LOCODE]]: <code>SE STO</code>) nyaéta [[ibukota]] [[Swédia]], jadi tempat [[Pamaréntahan Swédia|pamaréntahan]] jeung [[Parlemén Swédia|parleménna]] salian ti ogé jadi tempat cicingna pamingpin nagara Swédia, [[Carl XVI Gustaf ti Swédia|King Carl XVI Gustaf]]. Stockholm geus jadi puseur pulitik jeung ekonomi Swedia ti saprak [[abad ka-13]].<ref name="Enc1911">See for instance the lead section of article ''Stockholm'' in the 1911 edition of [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STOCKHOLM.htm online link]</ref> Kiwari mangrupa munisipalitas panggedéna di Swedia, kalayan jumlah populasi 776,000, sedengkeun populasi [[wewengkon urban Stockholm]] jeung [[Métropolitan Stockholm]] kasarna aya 1.2 jeung 1.9 million. Kalayan lokasina nu aya di basisir wetan Swedia dina sungut [[Mälaren|Situ Mälaren]], di [[kapuloan Stockholm]], Stockholm kasohor ku kaendahannana.<ref name="Enc1911"/> __TOC__ {{clear}} {{wide image|Stockholm stadshuset.jpg|1800px|Panoraman Stockholm ti [[Balé Kota Stockholm|Balé Kota]]}} {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} == Asal ngaran == The first, undisputed mention of the name 'Stockholm' are from two letters written in Latin in 1252; one written in July is a letter where the King [[Valdemar I of Sweden|Valdemar]] and [[Birger Jarl]] offering their royal [[patronage]] to the abbey of [[Fogdö]]; and the other, written by Birger Jarl, in August, urging the péasantry in [[Attundaland]] to pay their [[tithes]] to the [[Uppsala Cathedral]]. Both letters were written in Stockholm, but give no further information of the city itself or any explanation on the background of the name.<ref name="Gatunamn">{{cite book | title = Stockholms gatunamn | edition = 2nd ed. | year = 1992 | publisher = Kommittén för Stockholmsforskning | location = Stockholm | id = ISBN 91-7031-042-4 | pages = 30-32 | chapter = Namnet Stockholm }}</ref> While the name itself éasily splits into two distinct elements - ''stokker'', or in modérn Swedish ''stock'', méaning "log", and ''holme'', méaning "islet" - a matter-of-fact explanation for the name is much harder to produce, and over the yéars many popular myths have, accordingly, attempted to give a background. One story dated back to the mid 17th century for example, tells how the population of [[Birka]], a historical city on Lake Mälaren, grew too rapidly, and the Gods then consulted urged parts of the population to emigrate to a new site. To determine where to build the new city, it was decided a log bound with gold should point out where to settle by sailing ashore on the site, and, occasionally, it landed on an islet in what is today central Stockholm.<ref name="Gatunamn" /> The first attempt to an explanation was put forward by the German humanist [[Jacob Ziegler]] in his work ''[[Schondia]]'' ([[Scandinavia]]) printed in 1532. Writing in Latin, he describes the city as the stronghold and trade post of the Swedes, located among ''paludibus'', méaning either marshes or lakes, and - like [[Venice]] - resting on poles. Most likely, Ziegler, while Rome, came in contact with prominent Swedes like [[Johannes Magnus]] who supplied him with the description of the city, which still today styles itself "The Venice of the Nordic countries" (''Nordens Venedig'').<ref name="Gatunamn" /> Other interpretations includes ''stock'' being an allusion to: * poles erected either to indicate frontiers or temporary market places, * trap logs, used to catch animals, * stubs supposed to have been abundant on the central island of the city, * ''fiskestock'' - either the local "fish livestock" or a hollowed out log used as an [[osier basket]], * the place where the watercourse and/or logs clogs (''stockar sig''), * the name ''Stocksund'' for the stréam flowing through the city, as mentioned in [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s ''[[Ynglinga saga]]'' and the saga of [[Olaf II of Norway|Saint Olaf]], thus supposing the original name of the city was ''Stocksundsholm'', * a [[footbridge]] stretching over the stréam, supposedly built before 1000, and, maybe the most widespréad explanation, * logs drilled into the strait for either defensive purposes, or to force ships to pay tolls. <ref name="Gatunamn" /> To add to the enigma, Stockholm have been called ''Eken'' ("The oak") in many contexts. While it is mostly associated to [[slang]], it is supposedly derived from ''Stockhäcken'', the name the city was given by traders from [[Västergötland]] (called ''Västgötaknallar'').<ref name="Gatunamn" /> == Sajarah == {{utama|Sajarah Stockholm}} The location appéars in [[Norse saga]]s as [[Agnafit]], and especially in connection with the legendary king [[Agne]]. The éarliest mention of Stockholm in writing dates from 1252, when the mines in [[Bergslagen]] made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name (''stock'') méans log, while the second (''holm'') méans islet, and refers to the islet [[Stadsholmen]] in central Stockholm which for centuries constituted the main part of Stockholm. The city is said to have been founded by [[Birger Jarl]] in order to protect Sweden from a séa invasion by foreign navies, and to stop the pillage of towns such as [[Sigtuna]] on Lake Mälaren. It is also said that the name derives from the spot where a log (''stock'') pushed into the waters, and following its currents, drifted upon an islet (''holm''). This location would thus constitute the best location for a harbour for returning ships. The strategic and economic importance of the city made Stockholm an important factor in relations between the [[List of Danish monarchs|Danish Kings]] of the [[Kalmar Union]] and the national independence movement in the 15th century. The Danish King [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]] was able to enter the city in 1520. On [[November 8]], [[1520]], massive executions of opposition figures, called the [[Stockholm Bloodbath]], took place. This massacre set off further uprisings, which eventually led to the bréak-up of the Kalmar Union. With the accession of [[Gustav Vasa]] in 1523 and the establishment of a royal power, the population of Stockholm began to grow, réaching ten thousand by 1600. The 17th century saw Sweden rise into a major Européan power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680, the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634, Stockholm became the official capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also créated that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish and [[Scandinavia]]n territories. [[Gambar:Suecia 1-013 ; Stockholm från öster.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Stockholm as a flourishing place of merchancy around 1690. Stadsholmen, today's ''[[Gamla stan|Old Town]]'' in the middle. <small>Etching from [[Suecia antiqua et hodierna]]</small>]] Between 1713–1714, Stockholm suffered from the [[Black Death]]. After the end of the [[Great Northern War]] and the destruction of several aréas of the city in 1721, the city stagnated. Population growth halted and economic growth slowed. However, Stockholm maintained its role as the political centre of Sweden and continued to develop culturally under [[Gustav III]]. The royal opera is a good architectural example of this era. By the second half of the 19th century, Stockholm had regained its léading economic role. New industries emerged, and Stockholm transformed into an important trade and service centre, as well as a key gateway point within Sweden. The population also grew radically during this time, mainly through immigration. At the end of the century, less than 40% of the residents were Stockholm-born. Settlement began to expand outside of the city limits. In the 19th century, a number of scientific institutes opened in Stockholm, including the [[Karolinska Institute]]. In the late 20th century, Stockholm became a modérn, technologically-advanced, and ethnically diverse city. Many historical buildings were torn down, including the entire historical district of [[Klara blocks|Klara]] , and replaced with modérn architecture. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from work-intensive activities into more high-technology and service-industry aréas. The city continued to expand and new districts were créated, such as [[Rinkeby]], and [[Tensta]], some with high proportions of immigrants. * Reference: German Wikipedia, [[:de:Stockholm]], in German.<ref>Translation made based on the German article as it was in June, 2005 [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stockholm&oldid=6470198].</ref> == Géografi == [[Gambar:Metropolitan Stockholm.png|right|thumb|Municipalities of [[Metropolitan Stockholm]]. Stockholm Municipality orange]] [[Gambar:Stockholm boroughs 2007.svg|right|thumb|Boroughs of Stockholm Municipality.]] {{utama|Geography of Stockholm}} === Lokasi === Stockholm is located on Sweden's éast coast, where Lake Mälaren meets the [[Baltic Sea]]. The central parts of the city consists of fourteen islands, all part of the [[Stockholm archipelago|archipelago]]. The géographical city centre is virtually situated on the water, in the bay [[Riddarfjärden]]. (Coordinates: {{coor dm|59|21|N|18|4|E|}}.) For details about the other municipalities usually considered part of Stockholm, see respective municipality. North of Stockholm Municipality: [[Järfälla Municipality|Järfälla]], [[Solna Municipality|Solna]], [[Täby Municipality|Täby]], [[Sollentuna Municipality|Sollentuna]], [[Lidingö Municipality|Lidingö]], [[Upplands Väsby Municipality|Upplands Väsby]], [[Österåker Municipality|Österåker]], [[Sigtuna Municipality|Sigtuna]], [[Sundbyberg Municipality|Sundbyberg]], [[Danderyd Municipality|Danderyd]], [[Vallentuna Municipality|Vallentuna]], [[Ekerö Municipality|Ekerö]], [[Upplands-Bro Municipality|Upplands-Bro]] and [[Vaxholm Municipality|Vaxholm]]. South of Stockholm: [[Huddinge Municipality|Huddinge]], [[Nacka Municipality|Nacka]], [[Botkyrka Municipality|Botkyrka]], [[Haninge Municipality|Haninge]], [[Tyresö Municipality|Tyresö]], [[Värmdö Municipality|Värmdö]] and [[Salem Municipality|Salem]]. === Munisipalitas Stockholm === {{utama|Munisipalitas Stockholm}} Stockholm Municipality is an administrative unit defined by géographical borders. The officially adapted name for the municipality is ''City of Stockholm'' (''Stockholms stad'' in Swedish).<ref>In official contexts, the municipality of Stockholm calls itself "Stockholms stad" (or City of Stockholm), as does a small number of other Swedish municipalities, and especially the other two Swedish metropols: [[Gothenburg]] and [[Malmö]]. However, the term city has administratively been discontinued in Sweden. See also [[city status in Sweden]]</ref> As a municipality, the City of Stockholm is subdivided into district councils, or boroughs, which carry responsibility for primary school, social, leisure and cultural services within their respective aréas. The City of Stockholm is usually described in terms of its three main parts: [[Stockholm City Centre]] (''Innerstaden''), [[South Stockholm]] (''Söderort'') and [[West Stockholm]] (''Västerort''). The districts of respective parts are: {| |- ![[Stockholm City Centre]] ![[South Stockholm]] ![[West Stockholm]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * [[Kungsholmen borough]] * [[Norrmalm borough]] * [[Södermalm borough]] * [[Östermalm borough]] | * [[Enskede-Årsta-Vantör borough]] * [[Farsta borough]] * [[Hägersten-Liljeholmen borough]] * [[Skarpnäck borough]] * [[Skärholmen borough]] * [[Älvsjö borough]] | * [[Bromma borough]] * [[Hässelby-Vällingby borough]] * [[Rinkeby-Kista borough]] * [[Spånga-Tensta borough]] |} === Iklim === Due to the city's high northern latitude, the climate of Stockholm is extremely varied with distinct [[season]]s. At the winter solstice in late December, the day lasts about six hours, wheréas at the summer solstice in late June, Stockholm's daylight period extends beyond eighteen hours.<ref>[http://www.timeanddate.com/], 2006-07-18</ref> As a result, Stockholm is exposed to cold winters and mild summers. The highest temperature ever recorded in Stockholm was +38&nbsp;°C (100&nbsp;°F); the lowest was −32&nbsp;°C (−26&nbsp;°F). While unevenly distributed during the yéar, the number of annual sun hours usually amounts to over 1,800.<ref>[http://www.smhi.se/]</ref> Typical temperatures for éach séason:<ref>[http://www.stockholmtown.com/templates/page.aspx?id=2562 Stockholm, ''The Official Visitors Guide'', Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315215928/http://www.stockholmtown.com/templates/page.aspx?id=2562|date=2007-03-15}} [[2006]]-[[07-18]]</ref> * Winter: from −7&nbsp;°C to +2 (19 to 36&nbsp;°F) * Spring: between +5 and 15&nbsp;°C (41 to 59&nbsp;°F) * Summer: 20–25&nbsp;°C (68 to 77&nbsp;°F) or warmer * Autumn: between +5 and 18&nbsp;°C (41 to 64&nbsp;°F) {{Stockholm weatherbox}} == Pulitik jeung pamarentahan == {{utama|Pulitik Stockholm}} Municipalities are responsible for government-mandated duties, and elections for the [[City Council]] are held every four yéars, parallel to the [[Swedish general election, 2002|general elections]]. Following the [[Stockholm municipal election, 2006|2006 municipal elections]], the séats are divided in the following way: {| |- !'''The governing parties''' !'''Parties in opposition''' |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * The [[Moderate Party]] 41 * The [[Liberal People's Party (Sweden)|Liberal People's Party]] 10 * The [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Christian Democrats]] 3 * The [[Center Party (Sweden)|Center Party]] 1 | * The [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democrats]] 27 * The [[Left Party (Sweden)|Left Party]] 9 * The [[Green Party (Sweden)|Green Party]] 6 |} The current [[Mayor of Stockholm]] is [[Kristina Axén Olin]]. == Ekonomi == The vast majority of Stockholmians work in the [[service industry]], which accounts for roughly 85% of jobs in Stockholm. The almost total absence of héavy industry makes Stockholm one of the world's cléanest [[metropolis|metropols]]. The last decade has seen a significant number of jobs créated in [[high technology]] companies. Large employers include [[IBM]], [[Ericsson]], and [[Electrolux]]. Arguably one of the world's léading IT centres is located in [[Kista]], in northern Stockholm. Stockholm is Sweden's financial center. Major Swedish banks, such as [[Swedbank]], [[Handelsbanken]], and [[Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken]], are héadquartered in Stockholm, as are the major insurance companies [[Skandia]] and [[TryggHansa]]. Stockholm is also home to Sweden's foremost stock exchange, the [[Stockholm Stock Exchange]] (''Stockholmsbörsen''). Finally, about 45% of Swedish companies with more than 200 employees are héadquartered in Stockholm.<ref name="Business">[http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____12283.aspx Näringslivet i siffror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220000030/http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____12283.aspx |date=2007-12-20 }} -- Stockholm Business Region website</ref> In the last yéars, tourism has played an important part in the city's economy. Between 1991–2004, annual overnight stays incréased from 4 to 7.7 million.<ref>[http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____12282.aspx "Besöksnäring"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212045949/http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____12282.aspx |date=2007-12-12 }} -- Stockholm Business Region website</ref> Largest companies by number of employees:<ref>Statistical Yearbook of Stockholm 2006, section Labour Market and Manufacturing, p. 244 [https://web.archive.org/web/20071201134527/http://www.stockholm.se/files/99900-99999/file_99968.pdf pdf file]</ref> * [[Ericsson]]—8,430 * [[Posten (Sweden)|Posten]]—4,710 * [[Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken]] (SEB) -- 4,240 * [[Swedbank]]—3,610 * [[Södersjukhuset]] (Southern Hospital) -- 3,610 * [[Nordea]]—2,820 * [[Handelsbanken]]—2,800 * [[IBM Svenska]]—2,640 * [[Securitas]]—2,360 * [[Connex]]—2,300 * [[ISS Facility Services]]—2,000 * [[Sveriges Television]] (public television) -- 1,880 * [[Sodexho]]—1,580 == Pangatikan == {{utama|Education in Stockholm}} [[Gambar:Royal institute of technology Sweden 20050616.jpg|thumb|300px|Main campus of the [[Royal Institute of Technology]].]] Reséarch and higher education in the sciences started in Stockholm in the 18th century, with an education in medicine and various reséarch institutions, such as the [[Stockholm Observatory]]. The medical education was eventually formalized in 1811 as the [[Karolinska Institutet]]. The [[Royal Institute of Technology]] (''Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan'', or ''KTH'') was founded in 1827 and is currently Scandinavia's largest higher education institute of technology with 13,000 students. [[Stockholm University]], founded in 1878 with university status granted in 1960, has 35,000 students as of 2004. It also incorporates many historical institutions, such as the Observatory, the [[Swedish Museum of Natural History]], and the botanical garden ''[[Bergianska trädgården]]''. The [[Stockholm School of Economics]], founded in 1909, is one of few private institutions of higher education in Sweden. In the [[fine arts]], educational institutions include the [[Royal College of Music, Stockholm|Royal College of Music]], which has a history going back to the conservatory founded as part of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Music]] in 1771, the [[Royal University College of Fine Arts]], which has a similar historical association with the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Arts]] and a foundation date of 1735, and the [[Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting]], which is the continuation of the school of the [[Royal Dramatic Theatre]], once attended by [[Greta Garbo]]. Other schools include the design school [[Konstfack]], founded in 1844, the [[University College of Opera, Stockholm|University College of Opera]] (founded in 1968, but with older roots), the [[University College of Dance]], and the ''[[Stockholms Musikpedagogiska Institut]]'' (the University College of Music Education). The [[Södertörn University College]] was founded in 1995 as a multidisciplinary institution for southern [[Metropolitan Stockholm]], to balance the many institutions located in the northern part of the region. Other institutes of higher education are: * [[Ersta Sköndal University College]] * The [[Stockholm School of Theology]] (''Teologiska Högskolan, Stockholm'') * The Swedish School of Sport and Héalth Sciences (''[[Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan]]'', or ''GIK'') * The [[Stockholm Institute of Education]] (''Lärarhögskolan i Stockholm'') == Démografi == The Stockholm region is home to around 20% of Sweden's total population, and accounts for about 25% of the [[gross domestic product]].<ref name="Business"/> The géographical notion of "Stockholm" has changed throughout the times. By the turn of the 19th century, Stockholm basically consisted of the aréa today known as [[Stockholm City Centre|City Centre]], roughly 35&nbsp;km² or 1/5 of the current municipal aréa. In the ensuing decades several other aréas were incorporated (such as [[Brännkyrka Municipality]] in 1913, at which time it had 25,000 inhabitants, and [[Spånga]] in 1949). The municipal border was established in 1971 – with the exception of [[Hansta]], in 1982 purchased by Stockholm Municipality from [[Sollentuna Municipality]] and today a nature reserve. Of the population of 765,044 (2004), 370,482 were men and 394,562 women. The average age is 39.8 yéars; 40,5% of the population is between 20–44 yéars. 309,480 persons, or 40.4% of the population, over the age 15 were unmarried. 211,115 persons, or 27.5% of the population, were married. 85,373, or 11.1% of the population, had been married but divorced. [[Gambar:storkyrkangamlastan.jpg|right|thumb|[[Gamla Stan]]'s [[Storkyrkan]].]] === Historical population === Population in the City of Stockholm from 1750 to present: {| !Yéar &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || Stockholm &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|| Nationwide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || Stockholm % of nation |- |1750 || 60,018 || 1,780,678 || 3,4 |- |1800 || 75,517 || 2,347,303 || 3,2 |- |1850 || 93,070 || 3,482,541 || 2,7 |- |1900 || 300,624 || 5,136,441 || 5,9 |- |1910 || 342,323 || 5,522 403 || 6,2 |- |1920 || 419,440 || 5,904,489 || 7,1 |- |1930 || 502,213 || 6,142,191 || 8,2 |- |1940 || 590,503 || 6,371,432 || 9,3 |- |1950 || 744,143 || 7,041,829 || 10,6 |- |1960 || 808,294 || 7,500,161 || 10,8 |- |1970 || 740,486 || 8,091,782 || 9,2 |- |1980 || 647,214 || 8,317,937 || 7,8 |- |1985 || 659,030 || 8,358,139 || 7,9 |- |1990 || 674,452 || 8,590,630 || 7,9 |- |1995 || 711,119 || 8,837,496 || 8,0 |- |2000 || 750,348 || 8,882,792 || 8,4 |- |2005 || 771,038 || 9,047,752 || 8,5 |} In the latest century, the population of néarby municipalities of [[Stockholm County]] has become important to mention next to the population of Stockholm Municipality, as many municipalities are constituting parts of [[Stockholm urban area]] and as such often considered part of the general term "Stockholm". As of 2000, [[Stockholm urban area]] extended into 11 municipalities ([[Stockholm Municipality|Stockholm]] 750,000 inh.; [[Huddinge Municipality|Huddinge]] 82,891; [[Järfälla Municipality|Järfälla]] 60,254; [[Solna Municipality|Solna]] 56,605; [[Sollentuna Municipality|Sollentuna]] 53,715; [[Botkyrka Municipality|Botkyrka]] 48,268; [[Haninge Municipality|Haninge]] 40,151; [[Tyresö Municipality|Tyresö]] 36,483; [[Sundbyberg Municipality|Sundbyberg]] 33,868; [[Nacka Municipality|Nacka]] 25,170; [[Danderyd Municipality|Danderyd]] 24,600) and a total population of 1,200,000 inhabitants. If counting the entire [[Stockholm County]], with its 26 municipalities, the population réaches 1,900,000 inhabitants. === Rujukan démografis === : Stockholm Statistical Yearbook, 2006 (''Stockholms statistiska årsbok för 2006'').<ref>[http://www.stockholm.se/Extern/Templates/Page.aspx?id=76458 Link to the City of Stockholm], May 2006. Their numbers provided by Stockholm Office of Research and Statistics, or ''Utrednings- och statistikkontoret (USK)'', in Swedish. ([http://www.stockholm.se/Extern/Templates/Page.aspx?id=76465 USK official web information in English]</ref> == Budaya == {{utama|Budaya Stockholm}} Apart from being a large city with an active cultural life, Stockholm, as Sweden's capital, houses many national cultural institutions. Most notably, there are two [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage site]]s in the Stockholm aréa: the [[Drottningholm Palace|Royal Palace Drottningholm]] (within [[Ekerö Municipality]]) and the [[Skogskyrkogården|Forest Cemetery Skogskyrkogården]]. [[Gambar:GamlaStan from Katarinahissen Stockholm Swe.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Gamla stan|Stockholm Old Town]]]] The oldest part of Stockholm is the Stockholm Old Town, ''[[Gamla stan]]'', with its main part on the islet [[Stadsholmen]]. It féatures the [[medieval]] street system, where two main streets (''Österlånggatan'' and ''Västerlånggatan'') cross it, and several small alleys diverging towards the water. Some notable buildings of the Gamla Stan are the large German Church (''Tyska kyrkan''), several mansions and palaces: the ''[[Riddarhuset]]'' (the House of Nobles), the [[Bonde Palace]], the [[Tessin Palace]] and the [[Oxenstierna Palace]]. During 1998 Stockholm was selected as the [[European Capital of Culture|European City of Culture]]. === Literatur === Authors connected to Stockholm include the poet and songwriter [[Carl Bellman]] (1740–1795), novelist and dramatist [[August Strindberg]] (1849 - 1912), and novelist [[Hjalmar Söderberg]] (1869-1941), all of whom made Stockholm part of their works. Other authors with notable heritage in Stockholm were the [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize laureate]] [[Eyvind Johnson]] (1900–1976) and the popular poet and composer [[Evert Taube]] (1890–1976). The novelist [[Per Anders Fogelström]] (1917-1998) wrote a popular series of historical novels depicting life in Stockholm from the 19th to the mid-20th century. === Arsitéktur umum === [[Gambar:Riddarholmskyrkan01.jpg|right|thumb|[[Riddarholmskyrkan]], the oldest building in Stockholm.]] [[Gambar:Stockholm Port.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Strandvägen as seen from the island of [[Djurgården]].]] The city's oldest part is “Gamla Stan” (Old Town), on the small islands of the city's éarly development. It still mainly féaturing its original medieval street net. The oldest building in Stockholm is the [[Riddarholmskyrkan]] from the late 13th century. After the castle fire in 1697 when the medieval castle was destroyed, today's [[Stockholm Palace]] was erected in baroque style. [[Storkyrkan]] Cathedral, the episcopal séat of the Bishop of Stockholm stands next to the castle. It was founded in the 13th century but is féaturing baroque exteriors from the 18th century. Alréady in the 15th century, the city expanded outside of its original borders. Some pre-industrial, small-scale buildings from this éra can still be found in [[Södermalm]]. During the 19th century and the industrialization, the city rapidly grew with planning and architecture inspired by the large cities of the continent such as Berlin and Vienna. Notable works of this includes public buildings as the [[Royal Swedish Opera]] and private developments such as the luxury housing developments on [[Strandvägen]]. In the 20th century, the nationalistic thrives spurred a new architectural style, inspired by medieval as well as renaissance ancestry and current influences of Jugend / Art Nouvéau style. The maybe most well-known landmark of Stockholm, the [[Stockholm City Hall]], was erected 1911-1923 by architect [[Ragnar Östberg]]. Other notable architectural works of those times are the [[Stockholm Public Library]] and the Forest Cemétery, [[Skogskyrkogården]] In the 1930s modérnism characterized the development of the city as it grew with new residential aréas such as the development on [[Gärdet]] and industrial development such as the KF manufacturing industries on Kvarnholmen in the [[Nacka Municipality]]. In the 1950s, suburban development entered a new phase with the introduction of the Stockholm metro. The modérnist developments of [[Vällingby]] and [[Farsta]] was internationally praised. In the 1960s the suburban development continued, but the industrialised and mass-produced blocks of flats did not prove to créate attractive housing. Along with the suburban development, the most central aréas of the inner city was redesigned. [[Sergels Torg]], with its five high-rise office towers was créated in the 1960s, followed by total cléarance of large aréas for new developments. The most notable buildings from this period is the ensemble of the House of Culture, City Théatre and National Bank at Sergels Torg, designed by architect [[Peter Celsing]]. === Museums === Stockholm is one of the most crowded muséum-towns in the world with some 70 muséums, visited by over 9 million péople per yéar. The most renowned national muséum is the [[Swedish National Museum of Fine Arts]], with Sweden's largest collection of art: 16,000 paintings and 30,000 objects of art handicraft. The collection stems back to the days of [[Gustav Vasa]] in the 16th century, and has since been expanded with works by artists such as [[Rembrandt]], and [[Antoine Watteau]], as well as constituting a main part of Sweden's art heritage, manifested in the works of [[Alexander Roslin]], [[Anders Zorn]], [[Johan Tobias Sergel]], [[Carl Larsson]], [[Carl Fredrik Hill]] and [[Ernst Josephson]]. Most of Stockholm's state-operated muséums have free entrance. The muséum of modérn Art, or ''[[Moderna Museet]]'', is Sweden's national muséum of modérn art. It has works by foremost modérn artists such as [[Picasso]] and [[Salvador Dalí]]. Other notable muséums: * [[Stockholm City Museum]] * [[Skansen]], the archetype of [[open air museum]]s, inaugurated 1891. * The [[Vasa Museum]], now with the reconstruction of the missing parts of the [[Regalskeppet Vasa|Vasa Ship]]. === Kahirupan peuting === See further: [[Kahirupan peuting di Stockholm]] === Outer suburbs === The outer Stockholm suburbs (''Förort'' in Swedish) are places with diverse cultural background. Some aréas in the (somewhat) outer suburbs, including those of [[Tensta]], [[Jordbro]], [[Fittja]], [[Husby]], [[Rinkeby]], [[Kista]], [[Hagsätra]], [[Rågsved]], [[Södertälje]], [[Huddinge]], have high percentages of immigrants or second generation immigrants of [[Middle East]]ern, former [[Yugoslavia]]n, [[Africa]]n nationality or of other immigrant descent (Such as [[Southern Asia|South Asian]] & [[Latin America|Hispanic]]). Other parts of the outer suburbs, such as [[Hässelby]], [[Vällingby]], [[Flysta]] & [[Hökarängen]], as well as some of the suburbs mentioned above, have a majority of [[Swedish people|ethnic Swedes]] (Rinkeby is the Stockholm suburb with léast Swedes, but still as many as 10%). Through high influx of immigration a new language has formed from speech in [[Arabic language|Arabian]], [[Serbo-Croat]] etc "[[Rinkeby Swedish]]" named after the suburb Rinkeby. Some aréas in the outer suburbs of Stockholm also have a low average income and high unemployment rates, as well as medium to high crime-rates. Other aréas in the outer suburbs (Such as [[Bromma]], [[Flysta]] & [[Danderyd]], both dominated by ethnic Swedes living in detached single-family homes, just like in the American suburbs) have a high average income and low unemployment rates, as well as low crime-rates. === Theatres === Among Stockholm's many théatres distinguish the [[Royal Dramatic Theatre]] (''Dramaten''), as one of Europe's most renowned théatres, and the [[Royal Swedish Opera]], inaugurated in 1773. Other notable théatres are the Stockholm City Théatre, the Péoples Opera (''Folkoperan''), the modérn Théatre of Dance (''Moderna dansteatern''), the China Théatre, the Göta Lejon Théatre, the Mosebacke Théatre, and the Oscar Théatre. === Media === Stockholm is basically the media center of Sweden. It has four nation wide daily newspapers, is also the central location of the publicly-funded radio ([[Sveriges Radio|SR]]) and television ([[Sveriges Television|SVT]]); in addition, all other major television channels have their base in Stockholm ([[TV4 AB|TV4]] [[TV3 (Viasat)|TV3]], [[TV6 Sweden|TV6]] and [[Kanal 5 (Sweden)|Kanal 5]]). All major magazines are also located to Stockholm, as are the largest literature publisher, the [[Bonnier]] group. === Olahraga === The most popular spectator sports are [[football (soccer)|football]] and [[ice hockey]]. The three most popular football téams in the Stockholm region are [[AIK]], [[Hammarby IF]] and [[Djurgårdens IF Fotboll|Djurgårdens IF]]. In ice hockey, Stockholm's highest rated téam is [[Djurgårdens IF Hockey|Djurgårdens IF]]. Historically, the city was the host of the [[1912 Summer Olympics]]. From those days stem the [[Stockholms Olympiastadion]] which has since hosted numerous sports events, notably football and athletics, and is the current home arena of Djurgårdens IF. For the ice hockey téam, the home arena is [[Stockholm Globe Arena]], one of the largest spherical building in the world, but it is also hosting concerts and other events. Stockholm also hosted all but one of the [[Nordic Games]], a winter [[multi-sport event]] that predated the [[Winter Olympics]]. In addition, there have been a number of "Getaway in Stockholm" Vidéos where multiple high-power vehicles evade police. One of the numerous filmed escapes involved a Porsche 911, where another had a Toyota Supra and a Ford Cosworth evading police. === Acara taunan === * Stockholm Jazz féstival is one of Sweden's oldest féstivals, the féstival takes place at Skeppsholmen every august. [http://www.stockholmjazz.com/?option=switch_language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415181920/http://www.stockholmjazz.com/?option=switch_language |date=2017-04-15 }} * [[Stockholm Pride]] is the largest Pride event in the Nordic countries and takes place in the last week of July every yéar. The Stockholm Pride always ends with a parade and in 2006, 30 000 péople marched with the parade and about 350 000 watched it. [http://www.stockholmpride.org/] === Galeri wangunan === <gallery> Image:Royal-Palace-Stockholm.jpg|[[Stockholm Palace]], the official residence of the Royal Family, with its appéarance consecrated between 1730–1830. Image:Riddarholmskyrkan02.jpg|The oldest building in Stockholm, [[Riddarholmskyrkan]] Image:Nordisches-Museum-Stockholm.jpg|The [[Nordic Museum]] at [[Djurgården]], Néo-renaissance style, built 1907. Architect [[Isak Gustaf Clason]] Image:sthlm_sergelstorg_MH5Y4176.jpg|modérn construction at [[Sergels Torg]] Image:Stockholm Globe Arena.jpg|[[Stockholm Globe Arena]], built 1989 Image:Svenska-Akademien.jpg|Stock Exchange building at Stortorget, Old Town </gallery> == Angkutan == === Angkutan umum === {{utama|Angkutan umum di Stockholm}} Stockholm has an extensive [[public transport]] system. It consists of the [[Stockholm Metro]] (''Tunnelbanan''); three regional/suburban rail systems: [[Stockholm commuter rail|commuter rail]] (''pendeltåg''), [[Roslagsbanan]], and [[Saltsjöbanan]]; three light rail systems: [[Nockebybanan]], [[Lidingöbanan]], and [[Tvärbanan]]; and a large amount of bus lines. [[Gambar:Stockholm subway hotorget 20050808 001.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Stockholm Metro, [[Hötorget]] Station]]All the land-based public transport in [[Stockholm County]], except the airport buses/trains, is organised by [[Storstockholms Lokaltrafik]] (''SL''), with the operation and maintenance of the public transport services delegated to several contractors, such as [[Connex]] who operate the metro and regional/suburban railways except for the [[Stockholm commuter rail|commuter rail]]. The archipelago boat traffic is handled by [[Waxholmsbolaget]]. The SL has a common ticket system in the entire Stockholm County, which allows for éasy travel between different modes of transport. The tickets are of two main types, single ticket and travel cards, both allowing for unlimited travel with SL in the entire Stockholm County for the duration of the ticket validity. A single ticket costs 20&nbsp;[[Swedish krona|SEK]] (2.17&nbsp;[[Euro|EUR]]; 2.75&nbsp;[[United States dollar|USD]]) and is valid for one hour. The duration of the travel card validity depends on the exact type, they are available from 24 hours up to a yéar. A 30-day card costs 600&nbsp;SEK (65&nbsp;EUR; 82&nbsp;USD). Tickets of both types are available with reduced price for persons under 20 and over 65 yéars old. === Jalan === Stockholm is at the junction of the [[International E-road network|European routes]] [[European route E4|E4]], [[European route E18|E18]] and [[European route E20|E20]]. ==== Ongkos macét ==== Stockholm city has had a trial period with electronicly collected congestion charges. This trial was between January 3, 2006 and July 31, 2006. The trial period project is called '''Stockholmsförsöket''' - The Stockholm trial. After closing the trials on the 31:st of August 2006, various municipal referendums on the issue were held in September of 2006. The municipality of Stockholm voted in favour of re-introducing the congestion charges, and furthermore to invest the money gained from the congestion charges in public transport. Some of the municipalities sorrounding Stockholm, however, arranged referendums of their own, all of them resulting in opposition to the congestion charges. Since Swedish referendums are but consultative, and since the permanent implementation of the taxes requires a decision from the [[Parliament of Sweden|Riksdag]], a decision has been made by the cabinet of Prime Minister Reinfeld - the charges will eventually be implemented by spring of 2007, but the tax revenues gained from the congestion charges will be used to expand the motorway system of the Stockholm County. During the trial period the following was valid: The [[Stockholm City Centre|City Centre]] is within the [[Stockholm congestion tax]] zone. All the entrances and exists of this aréa have unmanned [[electronic toll collection]] stations operating with cameras réading the registration plates, alternatively a [[transponder]]. All vehicles entering or exiting the congestion tax affected aréa, with a few exceptions, were to pay up to 20&nbsp;[[Swedish krona|SEK]] (2.17&nbsp;[[Euro|EUR]]; 2.80&nbsp;[[United States dollar|USD]]) per passage, depending on the time of the day. However, the maximum tax amount per vehicle per day was 60&nbsp;SEK (6.50&nbsp;EUR; 8.40&nbsp;USD). === Féri === Stockholm has regular ferry lines to [[Helsinki]] in Finland (commonly called "[[Ruotsinlaiva|Finlandsfärjan]]"); [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]; [[Riga]], [[Latvia]]; and to the [[Åland]] islands. Travelers are no longer able to take a direct ferry to [[St. Petersburg]], Russia as of 1998. One must first ferry to Helsinki and then onto St. Petersburg. The large [[Stockholm archipelago]] is served by the [[Waxholmsbolaget]] archipelago boats. === Bandara === * Internasional jeung Doméstik: ** [[Stockholm-Arlanda Airport]] ** [[Stockholm-Bromma Airport]] * Husus internasional ** [[Stockholm-Skavsta Airport]] ** Stockholm-[[Västerås Airport]] [[Flygbussarna]] bus lines run to and from central Stockholm from all the airports, and the [[Arlanda Express]] [[airport rail link]] runs between Arlanda Airport and Stockholm. == Kota kembar == The policy of Stockholm is to have informal [[town twinning]] with all capitals of the world, with its main focus being those in northern Europe. Stockholm does not sign any formal town twinning tréaties, although the city claims to have established such tréaties in the past which are still valid.<ref>[http://www.stockholm.se/Extern/Templates/Page.aspx?id=77307 "Internationell strategi"] -- Stockholm Stads official website</ref> The cities claiming to having been with Stockholm are: * {{flagicon|Ukraina}} [[Kiev]] * {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]] * {{flagicon|Bosnia jeung Herzegovina}} [[Sarajevo]] * {{flagicon|Rusia}} [[St. Petersburg]] == Tempo ogé == * [[Wewengkon métropolitan panglegana di Éropa]] * [[Palabuan Laut Baltik]] * [[Conference on the Human Environment]] * [[Daptar jalma nu patali jeung Stockholm]] == Rujukan jeung catetan == <references/> == Tumbu luar == {{wikivoyage}} ;Loka ramat pamaréntahan munisipal jeung Visitors Board * [http://www.stockholm.se/ Stockholm] - Official website {{sv icon}} * [http://www2.stockholm.se/english/ Stockholm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411043231/http://www2.stockholm.se/english/ |date=2006-04-11 }} - Official website {{en icon}} * [http://www.stockholmtown.com/ Stockholm Visitors Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427062207/http://www.stockholmtown.com/ |date=2006-04-27 }} - The official visitors' guide, operated by the (municipal) Stockholm Visitors Board {{en icon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201115734/http://www.visitsweden.com/Stockholm/ VisitSweden - Stockholm] - Official visitor's guide operated by [http://sweden.se sweden.se] {{en icon}} ;Loka ramat liana * [http://www.visit-stockholm.com/ Visit Stockholm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427174817/http://www.visit-stockholm.com/ |date=2006-04-27 }} a guide operated by a for-profit website {{Geolinks-cityscale|59.3324|18.0656}} * [http://www.bacoll.se/webbkamerademo/gondolen/webbkamera-alla_stor.html Webcams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413055123/http://www.bacoll.se/webbkamerademo/gondolen/webbkamera-alla_stor.html |date=2011-04-13 }} {{start box}} {{succession box| before=[[Thessaloniki]]| title=[[European Capital of Culture|European City of Culture]]| years=1998| after=[[Weimar]] }} {{end box}} {{Stockholm County}} {{Capital cities of the European Union}} {{European Capital of Culture}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Cities in Sweden}} [[Kategori:Ibukota di Éropa]] [[Kategori:Kota basisir]] [[Kategori:Kota tempat Olimpiade Usum Panas]] [[Kategori:Métropolitan Stockholm]] [[Kategori:Munisipalitas di County Stockholm]] [[Kategori:Munisipalitas di Swédia]] [[Kategori:Stockholm| ]] [[Kategori:Kota di Swédia]] [[Kategori:Palabuan]] [[Kategori:Laut Baltik]] j69ynjn71cuwv8cveljujpm4lo0a9vb 0 23142 731883 730424 2026-11-08T13:30:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country or territory |native_name = ''Jumhuriya Muungano wa Tanzania'' |conventional_long_name = Uni Républik Tanzania |common_name = Tanzania |image_flag = Flag of Tanzania.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg |national_motto = "Uhuru na Umoja"{{nbsp|2}}<small>([[Swahili language|Swahili]])<br />"Merdika jeung Ngahiji"</small> |image_map = Tanzania in its region.svg |national_anthem = ''[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]''<br /><small>"Gusti ngaberkahan Afrika"</small> |official_languages = [[Basa Swahili|Swahili]] (de fakto) <!-- Don't edit this without reading the talk page! --> |capital = [[Dar és Salaam]] (ibu kota tradisional)<br />[[Dodoma]] (lokasi legislatur)<br /> |latd=6 |latm=00 |latNS=S |longd=35 |longm=00 |longEW=E |government_type = [[Républik]] |leader_title1 = [[Daptar Présidén Tanzania|Présidén]] |leader_title2 = [[Daptar Perdana Mentri Tanzania|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name1 = [[Samia Hassan Suluhu]] |leader_name2 = [[Kassim Majaliwa]] |largest_city = [[Dar és Salaam]] |area = 945,087 |areami² = 364,898 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = ka-31 |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 6.2 |population_estimate = 37,849,133<sup>1</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2006 (Nopémber) |population_estimate_rank = ka-32 |population_census = 34,443,603 |population_census_year = 2002 |population_density = 41 |population_densitymi² = 106 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-159 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP = $27.12 miliar <!--IMF--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-99 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $723 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-178 |HDI_year = 2004 |HDI = {{increase}} 0.430 |HDI_rank = ka-162 |HDI_category = <font color="#e0584e">handap</font> |Gini = 34.6 |Gini_year = 2000–01 |Gini_category = <font color="#ffcc00">sedeng</font> |sovereignty_type = [[Merdika]] |sovereignty_note = ti [[United Kingdom]] |established_event1 = Tanganyika |established_event2 = Zanzibar |established_event3 = Ngahiji |established_date1 = [[9 Désémber]] [[1961]] |established_date2 = [[12 Januari]] [[1964]] |established_date3 = [[26 April]] [[1964]] |currency = [[Shilling Tanzania]] |currency_code = TZS |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = ''teu ditalungtik'' |utc_offset_DST = +3 |cctld = [[.tz]] |calling_code = 255<sup>2</sup><ref name="Bradt80">{{cite book | author = Philip Briggs | url = http://www.bradt-travelguides.com/details.asp?prodid=80 | title = Tanzania travel guide (country guide) | edition = 5th ed | publisher = Bradt Travel Guides | year = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812082400/http://www.bradt-travelguides.com/details.asp?prodid=80 |date=2007-08-12 }}</ref> |footnotes = <sup>1</sup> Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.<br /><sup>2</sup> 007 from [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]]. }} '''Tanzania''' {{IPA2|tænzəˈniə}},<ref>Tanzania. Dictionary.com. ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)''. Random House, Inc. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tanzania http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323115052/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tanzania |date=2014-03-23 }} (accessed: March 27, 2007).</ref> ngaran resmina '''Uni Républik Tanzania''' ({{lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania}}), nyaéta nagara di [[Afrika Wétan]], diwatesan ku [[Kenya]] jeung [[Uganda]] di kaler, [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]] jeung [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]] di kulon, jeung [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]] sarta [[Mozambik]] di kidul. Di beulah wetan wawatesan jeung [[Samudra India]]. Nagara ieu dingaranan dumasar kana [[Tanganyika]], bagéan taneuh daratannana, sarta kapuloan [[Zanzibar]] nu aya di basisir wetan. Tanganyika ngahiji jeung Zanzibar taun [[1964]], ngawangun Uni Républik Tanganyika jeung Zanzibar, nu satuluyna dina taun éta kénéh robah ngaran jadi Uni Républik Tanzania.<ref name=factbook>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html "The World Factbook - Tanzania"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127225447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |date=2020-11-27 }}, ''[[CIA]]'', 2006</ref> Dina taun [[1996]], kantor pamaréntahna pindah ti [[Dar és Salaam]] ka [[Dodoma]], nu antukna Dodoma jadi ibu kota pulitis Tanzania. Dar és Salaam tetep jadi kota perdagangan penting.<ref name=factbook/><ref name=official_website>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131125222553/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html The Tanzania National Website: Country Profile]</ref> === Daptar === * [[Daptar rumah sakit di Tanzania]] * [[Daptar pausahaan Tanzania]] * [[Jejer nu patali jeung Tanzania]] * [[Daptar panulis Afrika (dumasar nagara)#Tanzania|Daptar panulis ti Tanzania]] * [[Daptar urang Tanzania nu kasohor]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} * {{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1072330.stm |title=Country Profile: Tanzania |publisher=BBC News}} == Tumbu luar == {{sisterlinks|Tanzania}} ;Pamaréntahan * [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/ The United Republic of Tanzania] official site * [http://www.hakikazi.org/eng/ Tanzania without Poverty - A plain language guide to Tanzania's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070724101840/http://www.hakikazi.org/eng/ |date=2007-07-24 }} ;MDA * [http://www.estabs.go.tz/ Public Service Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814050220/http://www.estabs.go.tz/ |date=2007-08-14 }} ;Institusi * [[Wipahs]] Humanitarian Services * [http://www.ismoshi.org/ International School Moshi, Kilimanjaro & Arusha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908071529/http://www.ismoshi.org/ |date=2012-09-08 }} * [http://www.istafrica.com/ International School of Tanganyika] * [http://www.eachq.org/ The East African] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823084835/http://www.eachq.org/ |date=2007-08-23 }} * [http://www.tanzaniatouristboard.com/ TTB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113233655/http://www.tanzaniatouristboard.com/ |date=2010-01-13 }} Tanzania Tourist Board * [http://www.ndctz.com/ NDC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809212926/http://www.ndctz.com/ |date=2007-08-09 }} * [http://www.tanapa.com/ TANAPA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717175737/http://www.tanapa.com/ |date=2007-07-17 }} Tanzania National Parks Authority * [http://www.nlupc.co.tz/ National Land Use Planning Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905204428/http://www.nlupc.co.tz/ |date=2007-09-05 }} * [http://www.moct.go.tz/ict/ ICT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814152559/http://www.moct.go.tz/ict/ |date=2007-08-14 }} The National information and Communication Technologies * [http://www.darstockexchange.com/ Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110013635/http://www.darstockexchange.com/ |date=2010-01-10 }} * [http://www.dawasa.org/ DAWASA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929080744/http://www.dawasa.org/ |date=2007-09-29 }} * [http://www.lvemp.org/ Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703112526/http://www.lvemp.org/ |date=2007-07-03 }} * [http://www.tra.go.tz/ TRA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001105954/http://www.tra.go.tz/ |date=2021-10-01 }} Tanzania Revenue Authority * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250528062024/http://www.nhctz.com/aboutus/ NHC] National Housing Corporation * [http://www.aicc.co.tz/ AICC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703112531/http://www.aicc.co.tz/ |date=2007-07-03 }} Arusha International Conference Centre * [http://www.tsed.org/ Tanzania Socio-economic Database] * [http://www.tfda.or.tz/ TFDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630215520/http://www.tfda.or.tz/ |date=2007-06-30 }} Tanzania Food and drugs authority * [http://www.esrftz.org/ Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF)] * [http://www.nbs.go.tz/ NBS] National Buréau of Statistics Tanzania * [http://www.necta.go.tz/ NECTA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207233219/http://necta.go.tz/ |date=2014-02-07 }} National Examinations Council of Tanzania * [http://www.districthealthservice.com/index.htm District Health Service and Health Sector Reform Secretariat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808063823/http://www.districthealthservice.com/index.htm |date=2020-08-08 }} * [http://www.meteo.go.tz/ Tanzania Meteorological Agency] * [http://www.tie.go.tz/ TIE] Tanzania Institute of Education * [http://www.nacptz.org/ NACP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314190338/http://nacptz.org/ |date=2018-03-14 }} National AIDS Control Programme * [http://www.repoa.or.tz/ REPOA] Reséarch on Poverty Alleviation * [http://www.hakikazi.org/ Hakikazi Catalyst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905154111/http://www.hakikazi.org/ |date=2007-09-05 }} Léading Civil Society Organisation * [http://www.hkmu.ac.tz/ HKMU] The Hubert Kairuki Memorial University * [http://www.tic.co.tz/ TIC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812000811/http://www.tic.co.tz/ |date=2007-08-12 }} The Tanzania Investment Centre * [http://eardci.googlepages.com/ EARD-CI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514212915/http://eardci.googlepages.com/ |date=2008-05-14 }} Enterprise and Rural Development - Community Initiatives, an Arusha region micro-finance NGO ;Warta * [http://myafricatoday.blogspot.com/ myafricatoday.blogspot.com] current news, events and statistics * [http://www.kikweteshein.com/ President Jakaya Kikwete] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130030228/http://www.kikweteshein.com/ |date=2008-01-30 }} The Top héadlines from the major Tanzanian * [http://www.dailynews-tsn.com/ Daily News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720163518/http://www.dailynews-tsn.com/ |date=2006-07-20 }} Tanzania Standard * [http://www.busiweek.com East African Business Week] business news for Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi * [http://www.ippmedia.com/ IPP Media] * [http://www.thisday.co.tz/ ThisDay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809122844/http://www.thisday.co.tz/ |date=2007-08-09 }} * [http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/ Arusha Times] * [http://allafrica.com/tanzania/ AllAfrica.com - ''Tanzania''] news héadline links * [http://www.theexpress.com/ The Express Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819111809/http://www.theexpress.com/ |date=2007-08-19 }} weekly newspaper * [http://www.tanzania-news.com/ Tanzania News] The Top héadlines from the major Tanzanian newspapers ;Media * [http://myafricatoday.blogspot.com/ myafricatoday.blogspot.com] current news, events and statistics * [http://www.tvt.go.tz/ TVT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408172404/http://tvt.go.tz/ |date=2006-04-08 }} Televisheni ya Taifa * [http://www.tvz.co.tz/ TVZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221165652/http://www.tvz.co.tz/ |date=2006-02-21 }} Television Zanzibar * [http://www.itv.co.tz/ ITV] Independent Television * [http://www.startvtz.com/ StarTV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060803070036/http://startvtz.com/ |date=2006-08-03 }} Star Television * [http://www.channel5.co.tz/ 5EATV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716153845/http://channel5.co.tz/ |date=2006-07-16 }} Channel 5 * Tanga Television (TATV) * Channel 10 * [http://www.tvt.go.tz/rtd.html/ RTD]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Radio Tanzania Dar es Salaam * [http://www.radio1.co.tz/ Radio One] * [http://www.eastafricafm.com East Africa Radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023014849/http://www.eastafricafm.com/ |date=2016-10-23 }} * [http://www.habaritanzania.com Habari Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808124942/http://www.habaritanzania.com/ |date=2007-08-08 }} Tanzania news in Swahili ;Bisnis * [http://myafricatoday.blogspot.com/ myafricatoday.blogspot.com] current news, events and statistics * [http://www.cti-tz.com/members2.htm Confederation of Tanzanian Industries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404104616/http://www.cti-tz.com/members2.htm |date=2006-04-04 }} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html CIA World Factbook - ''Tanzania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127225447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |date=2020-11-27 }} * [http://www.busiweek.com East African Business Week] business news for Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Tanzania Open Directory Project - ''Tanzania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616184422/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Tanzania/ |date=2006-06-16 }} directory category * [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/tz/ US State Department - ''Tanzania''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/tanzania_pol_2003.jpg Detailed map of Tanzania towns, rivers & lakes]: map at University of Texas (2003) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/://web.archive.org/web/20070930020952/http://www.tanzaniaeconomicforum.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020952/httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20070930020952/http://www.tanzaniaeconomicforum.org// |date=2007-09-30 }} Tanzania Economic Forum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130711041720/http://https/://web.archive.org/web/20070818164000/http://www.eabox.net/tanzania {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818164000/httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20070818164000/http://www.eabox.net/tanzania |date=2007-08-18 }} Tanzania Links] * [http://www.darstockexchange.com Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110013635/http://www.darstockexchange.com/ |date=2010-01-10 }} ;Sawangan * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072330.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Tanzania''] * [http://eabox.net/tanzania Tanzania Links- ''Tanzania Websites''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818164000/http://www.eabox.net/tanzania |date=2007-08-18 }} * [http://www.worldgeography.abc-clio.com/library/maps/countrydisplay.aspx?countryid=178&categoryid=2&fulltext=tanzania&bmap=False&nav=non&bstart=true&specialtopicid=-1 - "Tanzania History"]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.tanzania.eu Tanzania.eu] ;Wisata * [http://www.bradt-travelguides.com/details.asp?prodid=80 Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812082400/http://www.bradt-travelguides.com/details.asp?prodid=80 |date=2007-08-12 }} detailed and up-to-date travel guide {{wikivoyage|Tanzania}} ;Wewengkon liar jeung singkur * [http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ Tanzania National Parks - TANAPA] * [http://www.judysphotos.com/Wildlife-of-Tanzania-East-Africa Wildlife of Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709162713/http://www.judysphotos.com/Wildlife-of-Tanzania-East-Africa |date=2006-07-09 }} - photos == Geografi lokal == {{Regions of Tanzania}}{{Countries of East Africa}}{{Countries of Africa}}{{Former German colonies}}{{Indian Ocean}}{{Member states of the SADC}}{{Member states of the African Union}}{{Niger-Congo-speaking}}{{Commonwealth of Nations}} [[Kategori:Tanzania| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota Uni Afrika]] [[Kategori:Anggota Persemakmuran]] [[Kategori:Afrika Wétan]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]] [[Kategori:Nagara miskin]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Inggris]] nf32kki8odgbq9e7nsxmzyq18dlniql 0 23857 731920 672939 2026-11-08T14:46:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Villa Isola''' nyaéta salah sahiji wangunan di Bandung anu miboga nilai sajarah anu alamatna aya dina Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi Nomor 229, [[Kecamatan Sukasari]], Kota [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2023/10/12/184148278/mengenal-villa-isola-dari-sejarah-hingga-fungsi|title=Mengenal Villa Isola, dari Sejarah hingga Fungsi|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-12-02}}</ref> ==Sajarah== [[Gambar:Villa Isola, 1932 - 20650858 - RCE.jpg|jmpl|Villa Isola zaman baheula]] Ngaran mimitina nyaéta "M'Isola E Vivo", anu hartina sorangan dina nyanghareupan kahirupan ku sabab di zaman éta, ieu billa aya di daérah asing anu ngaranna Desa [[Cidadap, Bandung|Cidadap]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2023/10/12/184148278/mengenal-villa-isola-dari-sejarah-hingga-fungsi|title=Mengenal Villa Isola, dari Sejarah hingga Fungsi|last=Daniswari|first=Dini|date=12 Oktober 2023|access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> Villa Isola baheulana nyaéta tempat istirahat anu eksklusip di [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]]. Dina sasih Désémber taun 1936, villa éta dibuka pikeun masarakat umum.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wajah Bandoeng Tempo Doeloe|last=Kunto|first=Haryoto|publisher=PT Granesia|year=1984|location=Bandung|pages=274}}</ref> Pangwangunan Villa Isola kaasup gancang ku sabab aya gawé bareng anu hadé di antawis biro arsiték, pangawas téknis, jeung para mandor sarta 700 pagawé wangunan. Villa Isola diwangun dina sasih Oktober taun 1932, teras réngsé dina sasih Maret taun 1933. Sanajan kitu, villa ieu diresmikeunana dalapan sasih saangeusnya nyaéta dina kaping 17 Désémber taun 1933. Dina zaman Walanda, villa ieu janten imah jeung kantor pikeun komandan divisi tentara Hindia Walanda anu boga wewenang di Kota Bandung. Dina zaman Jepang, villa ieu digunakeun pikeun markas tentara jeung gudang pakakas perang tentara Walanda anu direbut ku Jepang. [[Gambar:Villa Isola BW.jpg|jmpl]] ==Arsitektur== Wangunan Villa Isola dijieun ku arsiték [[C.P. Wolff Schoemaker]] dina taun 1932. Villa éta téh janten tempat anu pamungkas dirancang ku anjeunna. Panwangunan dilaksanakeun ku Biro Arsitek dan Kontraktor Algemeen ''Ingenieur Architectenbureau''. Nu janten pangawas téknis (sanés mandor) nyaéta [[D.W. Berretty]], anjeunna ogé anu miboga wangunan anu badé dirombak. Gaya wangunanana nyaéta ''streamline moderne'' dengan elemen ''art deco''. Hateupna rata jeung fasad wangunanana mangrupa lengkungan anu dina taun 1930-an teu acan kasohor kénéh. Wangunan-wangunan tiasa ditempo dina wangunan arsitek [[A.F. Aalbers]]. C.P. Wolff Schoemaker nyaéta salah saurang anu mukakeun jalan pikeun A.F. Aalbers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dari Villa Isola ke Bumi Siliwangi|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya|year=2015|isbn=978-979-419-586-4|location=Bandung|pages=4|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dari_Villa_Isola_ke_Bumi_Siliwangi/mxF4EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=villa+isola+sudarsono+katam&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover|last2=Abadi|first2=Lulus}}</ref> Wujud Villa Isola téh simétris, wujud anu nyimbolkeun wewenang jeung kahadéan. Ku sabab morfologi lahanna teu rata, aya lantai wangunan anu posisina leuwih handap ti jalan raya, sementawis éta, posisi lantai anu sanésna sajajar jeung jalan raya. Villa Isola miboga opat lantai, tilu lantai sajajar jeung jalan raya, ayu hiji deui leuwih handap ti jalan raya. Aya tilu lantai dina belah kalér, jeung aya opat lantai dina belah kidul.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dari Villa Isola ke Bumi Siliwangi|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya|year=2015|isbn=978-979-419-586-4|location=Bandung|pages=5|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dari_Villa_Isola_ke_Bumi_Siliwangi/mxF4EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=villa+isola+sudarsono+katam&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover|last2=Abadi|first2=Lulus}}</ref> Lahan anu lega di sabudeureun wangunan dijadikeun taman anu berteras-teras jiga sengkedan dumasar kana topografi taneuhna. Sisi wangunan dijieun melengkung anu wujudna sarupa jeung saparapat lingkaran. Sementawis éta, rancangan wangunan, taman jeung unsur-unsurna miboga hiji wujud anu kompak nyaéta buleut. Arsitéktur wangunanana nyatu jeung alam dina sabudeureunana. Pembagian rohangan dumasar kana tipologi imah di Éropa. Lantai kahiji fungsina pikeun rohangan keur palayanan, tempat barudak maén, pangkéng pembantu, rohangan olahraga, dapur, gudang, tempat nyimpen minuman anggur, jeung tangga turun. Rohangan keur palayanan teu nyatu jeung wangunan utamana. Di lantai nu kadua, aya lobi keur tamu, rohangan tuang, kantor, pabukon, jeung jamban.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dari Villa Isola ke Bumi Siliwangi|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya|year=2015|isbn=978-979-419-586-4|location=Bandung|pages=5-6|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dari_Villa_Isola_ke_Bumi_Siliwangi/mxF4EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=villa+isola+sudarsono+katam&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover|last2=Abadi|first2=Lulus}}</ref> Di lantai nu katilu aya pangkéng-pangkéng anu dindingna melengkung sarupa satengah lingkaran anu dihubungkeun jeung koridor dina belah kulon jeung wétan. Pangkéng anu aya di ujung koridor dilengkepan ku téras nu kabuka, wujudna sarupa saparapat lingkaran. Koridor diwangun pikeun nampi angin supados sejuk. Pangkéng utama nyanghareup ka belah kidul.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dari Villa Isola ke Bumi Siliwangi|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya|year=2015|isbn=978-979-419-586-4|location=Bandung|pages=6-7|first2=Lulus|last2=Abadi}}</ref> Di lantai opat, aya pangkéng pikeun tamu, rohangan kulawarga, rohanagn pésta keung rohangan pikeun proyéktor film, jeung bar. Jalan asup ka kompleks Villa Isola aya dua nyaéta hiji panto utama anu aya di antawis dua kola (dina belah timur laut jeung tenggara Villa Isola) jeung hiji deui panto leutik anu aya dina belah kidul kolam ngaliwatan taman. C.P. Wolff Schoemaker dina ngarancang gerbang Villa Isola kapangaruh ku gaya arsitéktur [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] salaku arsiték ti [[Amérika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dari Villa Isola ke Bumi Siliwangi|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya|year=2015|isbn=978-979-419-586-4|location=Bandung|pages=7|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dari_Villa_Isola_ke_Bumi_Siliwangi/mxF4EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=villa+isola+sudarsono+katam&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover|last2=Abadi|first2=Lulus}}</ref> Di sabudeureun villa, aya tugu perguruan tinggi atikan guru anu diresmikeun ku Perdana Menteri Républik Indonésia [[Mr. Ali Sastroamidjojo]] dina kaping 20 Oktober taun 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabarekspres.com/berita/2023/07/11/villa-isola-bandung-sejarah-panjang-belanda-jepang-hingga-upi/|title=Villa Isola Bandung: Sejarah Panjang Belanda, Jepang hingga UPI|last=Reza|first=Muhammad Al Hafizh Putra|website=jabarekspres.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-12-02}}</ref> Nepi ka ayeuna, villa ieu masih kénéh alus, ayeuna janten kantor Rektorat [[Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandung.go.id/news/read/6735/menilik-sejarah-villa-isola-bandung|title=Menilik Sejarah Villa Isola Bandung|last=Bandung|first=Humas Kota|website=bandung.go.id|accessdate=18 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118063715/https://www.bandung.go.id/news/read/6735/menilik-sejarah-villa-isola-bandung|archivedate=18 November 2023}}</ref> == Bumi Siliwangi == Dina taun 1954, Villa Isola dibeuli ku Kementerian Pengajaran Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan saharga 1,5 juta rupiah. Ngaranna ogé dirobah janten Bumi Siliwangi. Villa Isola robah fungsi janten kampus Perguruan Tinggi Pendidikan Guru (PTPG) Bandung (ayeuna Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://bandungbergerak.id/article/detail/1322/buku-bandung-15-perjalanan-panjang-villa-isola-melintasi-zaman|title=BUKU BANDUNG (15): Perjalanan Panjang Villa Isola Melintasi Zaman|last=Tanzil|first=Hernadi|website=bandungbergerak.id|accessdate=18 November 2023}}</ref> Parobahan jeung pangwangunan deui dimimitian dina kaping 20 Séptémber 1954. Wujud aslina teu dirobah, ngan saukur robah fungsi pikeun disaluyukeun jeung fungsina nu anyar salaku lembaga atikan, sanés imah tinggal deui. Téras-téras anu aya di tingkat tilu (lantai kaopat) jeung téras dina hateup wangunan ditambihkeun dinding jeung hateup pikeun rohangan kuliah. Saangeus éta, [[Bumi Siliwangi]] miboga lima lantai (aya opat tingkat).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dari Villa Isola ke Bumi Siliwangi|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya|year=2015|isbn=978-979-419-586-4|location=Bandung|pages=65-66|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dari_Villa_Isola_ke_Bumi_Siliwangi/mxF4EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=villa+isola+sudarsono+katam&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover|last2=Abadi|first2=Lulus}}</ref> Perguruan Tinggi Pendidikan Guru (PTPG) robah status janten Univérsitas dina kaping 1 Séptémber taun 1954. Taun 1961, PTPG diasupkeun ka  Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (FKIP) [[Universitas Padjadjaran|Universitas Padjajaran]]. Dina kaping 11 Méi 1964, FKIP Unpad jeung Institut Pendidikan Guru atawa IPG anu didirikeun dina taun 1962 dihijikeun janten Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (IKIP). Dina kaping 7 Oktober 1999, IKIP diresmikeun janten Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI). Pusat kagiatan akademik aya di dua tempat nyaéta di Bumi Siliwangi (Villa Isola) jeung di [[Jatinangor, Sumedang|Jatinangor]], Kapubatén Sumedang.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dari Villa Isola ke Bumi Siliwangi|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya|year=2015|isbn=978-979-419-586-4|location=Bandung|pages=77|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dari_Villa_Isola_ke_Bumi_Siliwangi/mxF4EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=villa+isola+sudarsono+katam&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover|last2=Abadi|first2=Lulus}}</ref> Parobahan ngaran diresmikeun dina kaping 20 Oktober taun 1954 ku [[Mr. Mohammad Yamin]] salaku Menteri Pengajaran Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan basa éta.<ref name=":1" /> Dina taun 2010, UPI ngamimitian proyék ageung nyaéta Bumi Siliwangi dibéréskeun deui méh katinggal alus jeung hadé sapertos baheula anu ngaranna masih kénéh Villa Isola.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dari Villa Isola ke Bumi Siliwangi|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya|year=2015|isbn=978-979-419-586-4|location=Bandung|pages=103|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dari_Villa_Isola_ke_Bumi_Siliwangi/mxF4EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=villa+isola+sudarsono+katam&pg=PA134&printsec=frontcover|last2=Abadi|first2=Lulus}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Wangunan di Tatar Sunda| Wangunan di Tatar Sunda]] [[Kategori:Wangunan di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Wangunan di Kota Bandung]] [[Kategori:Wangunan di Jawa Kulon]] o8pu5vkgr29754gwqabfhfkfi39l3wi 0 23900 731865 731454 2026-11-08T12:38:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{IndicTextRight}} {{redirect|Ceylon}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">[[Gambar:SrilankaFont.png]]''<br />''இலங்கை ஜனநாயக சமத்துவ குடியரசு</span> |conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Républik Sosialis Démokratik Sri Langka</span> |common_name = Sri Langka |image_flag = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg |image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_Sri_Lanka.svg |image_map = LocationSriLanka.png |national_motto = |national_anthem = "[[Sri Lanka Matha]]"<br />{{audio||Musik}} , {{audio||Nyanyi}} |official_languages = [[Basa Sinhala|Sinhala]], [[Basa Tamil|Tamil]] |capital = [[Sri Jayawardenapura|Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte]] |latd=6 |latm=54 |latNS=N |longd=79 |longm=54 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Kolombo]] |government_type = [[Républik]] [[Sosialisme Démokratik|Sosialis Démokratik]] |leader_title1 = [[Présidén Sri Langka|Présidén]] |leader_name1 = [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]] |leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Sri Langka|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name2 = [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] |sovereignty_type = [[Sajarah Sri Langka|Kamerdikaan]] |sovereignty_note = ti [[United Kingdom]] |established_event1 = [[Sajarah Sri Langka#Kamerdikaan pulitis|Didéklarasikeun]] |established_date1 = [[4 Pébruari]] [[1948]] |established_event2 = [[Républik]] |established_date2 = [[22 Méi]] [[1972]] |area_rank = ka-122 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area = 65,610 |areami² = 25,332 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 4.4 |population_estimate = 19,668,000<ref name='myp'>''Department of Census and Statistics'' [http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract_2006/Tables/chap%202/AB2-5.pdf Estimated mid year population by sex and age, 2003 - 2005]</ref> |population_estimate_rank = ka-52 |population_estimate_year = 2005 |population_census = 18,732,255 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density = 310 |population_densitymi² = 818 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-35 |GDP_PPP = $86.72 miliar <!--cia.gov--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-61 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,600 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-111 |GDP_nominal = $26.794 miliar <!--imf.org--> |GDP_nominal_rank = ka-78 |GDP_nominal_year = 2006 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,355 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ka-119 |FSI = 93.3 {{increase}} 0.7 |FSI_year = 2007 |FSI_rank = ka-25 |FSI_category = <font color="#FF0000">peringetan</font> |HDI = {{increase}}0.755 |HDI_rank = ka-93 |HDI_year = 2004 |HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">sedeng</font> |Gini = 33.2 |Gini_year = 1999–00 |Gini_category = <font color="#ffcc00">sedeng</font> |currency = [[Rupee Sri Langka]] |currency_code = LKR |country_code = LKA |time_zone = |utc_offset = +5:30 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.lk]] |calling_code = 94 |footnotes = }} '''Sri Langka''', ngaran resmina '''Républik Sosialis Démokratik Sri Langka''' ([[Basa Sinhala]]: [[Gambar:Sri lankava.jpg|60px]], {{lang-ta|இலங்கை}}; nu katelah '''Ceylon''' saméméh taun [[1972]]) mangrupa [[nagara pulo]] di [[Asia Kidul]], perenahna 31 [[kilometer]] (18½ [[mil|mi]]) kiduleun basisir [[India]]. Kawentar minangka ''Mutiara Samudra India'',<ref>''[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030810/spectrum/travel.htm Pearl of the Indian Ocean], ''The Sunday Tribune''</ref> nagara ieu mangrupa tempat cicingna kurang leuwih dua puluh yuta urang pangeusi. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{sourcesstart}} * Brow, James: ''Vedda villages of Anuradhapura: The historical anthropology Of a community in Sri Lanka,'' [[University of Washington Press|University Of Washington Press]], Séattle, 1978. * Codrington, H. W.: ''A Short History of Ceylon'', [[New Delhi]] 1994 (Reprint. Asian Educational Services) * De Silva, Chandra Richard: ''Sri Lanka - A History'', New Delhi 1987 (2nd, revised ed. 1997) * De Silva, K. M.: ''A History of Sri Lanka''. New Delhi, Penguin, xvii, p.&nbsp;782, 2005. * Devendra, T. and D. Gunasena: ''Sri Lanka: The Emerald Island'', (New Delhi 1996), Roli Books. * Domroes, Manfred: ''After the Tsunami: Relief and rehabilitation in Sri Lanka'', New Delhi, Mosaic Books, 1st ed. 2006. * Gunaratne, Shelton A.: The Taming of the Press in Sri Lanka. ''Journalism Monographs No. 39'', May 1975. * Johnson, B. L. C., and M. Le M. Scrivenor.: ''Sri Lanka Land, People and Economy'', Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, London, 1981. * Knox, Robert: ''An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon in the East Indies'', New Delhi 2004 (Reprint. Asian Educational Services) * Mendis, G.C.: ''Ceylon Today and Yesterday'', Colombo 1957 (3rd edition 1995) * Sedere, Upali M.: Context of Educational Reforms Then and Now: 121st C. W. W. Kannangara *Memorial Address, Ministry of Education, Isurupaya, Battaramulla, October 13, 2005 * Smith, Vincent A.: ''The Oxford History of India'', Oxford 1958 (4th edition 1981) * Williams, Harry: ''Ceylon Pearl of the East'', Robert Hale Limited, [[London|London, Great Britain]], 1950. * Williams, H.: ''Ceylon : Pearl of the East'' Delhi, Surjeet, 2002 * Philippe Gilbert: ''Les Larmes de Ceylan'' Ed. des Equateurs, France, 2005 {{sourcesend}} == Tumbu luar == {{portal}} {{sisterlinks|Sri Lanka}} ; Pamaréntahan * [http://www.gov.lk/ Official web portal of the Government of Sri Lanka] * [http://www.presidentsl.org/ Office of the President of Sri Lanka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825105543/http://www.presidentsl.org/ |date=2007-08-25 }} * [http://www.defence.lk/ Ministry of Defence, Sri Lanka] * [http://www.centralbanklanka.org/ Central Bank of Sri Lanka] ; Wisata * [http://www.srilankatourism.org/ The Official Website of Sri Lanka Tourist Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503083732/http://www.srilankatourism.org/ |date=2019-05-03 }} * [http://www.srilankareference.org/ Sri Lanka Travel Guide and Country Reference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104022155/http://srilankareference.org/ |date=2019-01-04 }} * [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/asia/sri-lanka/ Lonely Planet Destination Guide- Sri Lanka] * [http://www.slmts.slt.lk/ Ministry of Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014235947/http://www.slmts.slt.lk/ |date=2008-10-14 }} ; Bisnis * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110615202040/http://www.boi.lk/ Board of Investment of Sri Lanka] * [http://www.srilankabusiness.com/ Sri Lanka Export Development Board] * [http://www.cse.lk/ Colombo Stock Exchange] ; Lianna * [http://www.lankalibrary.com/ Virtual Library Sri Lanka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408153140/http://www.lankalibrary.com/ |date=2011-04-08 }} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ce.html The CIA World Factbook - Sri Lanka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126230403/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ce.html |date=2018-01-26 }} * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/lk/ Sri Lanka - UNESCO World Heritage Centre] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181118100701/http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/sasia/mbw/sri_lanka/Sri%20Lanka%20Lecture%20Pages/srilanka_home.htm Collection of slides of Sri Lanka, University of Pennsylvania library] {{Template group |title = Geografi lokal |list = {{Countries of Asia}} {{Countries of South Asia}} }} {{Template group |title = Kaanggotaan internasional |list = {{South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{G15}} }} <!--Interwiki--> <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:Sri Langka| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia]] [[Kategori:Anggota SAARC]] <!--Other languages--> 22syzwxsfesm7eu5idg4xxbepljhpej 0 24554 731854 711386 2026-11-08T12:11:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siaran''' nyaéta [[distribution (business)|distribusi]] [[Signalling (telecommunication)|sinyal]] sora ([[Sound|audio]]) jeung/atawa gambar ([[vidéo]]) anu ngirimkeun program-program ka para pamiarsa atawa kaum dangu. Aya rupa-rupa sistem siaran. Sistem siaran anu paling loba nyaéta siaran lokal sawates sahiji wewengkon kota jeung wewengkon anu leuwih heureut ti batan kota. Contona siaran nu maké daya listrik leutik anu mancarkeun program-program [[radio]] atawa [[televisi]] di hiji kota. Conto liana, sistim siaran ''[[public address]]'' institusional, anu ngirimkeun pesen-pesen nonverbal jeung musik di jero hotél, [[pasar]] [[swalayan]] atawa [[rumah sakit]] pikeun para tamu. Kalayan ngagunakeun pamancar ''repeater'', sistem [[satelit]], malah kabel, pamancar siaran radio jeung televisi nasional bisa boga cakupan dina skala nasional. Pamancar siaran radio jeung televisi ogé bisa ngawengku wilayah anu leuwih lega, saperti [[benua]]. ''Channel'' [[Internet]] malah bisa ngadistribusikaeun téks atawa musik ngamalir (stréamed) ka sakuliah dunya. Siaran anu dipancarkeun ka sajumlah leutik pamiarsa kaum dangu anu geus ditangtukeun disebut siaran nu kawates atawa ''[[narrowcast]]ing''. Program-program [[televisi]] jeung [[radio]] didistribusikeun ngaliwatan siaran radio atawa siaran [[cable television|kabel]], atawa mindeng ogé duanana sakaligus. Ku cara ngagunakeun alat anu ngodekeun sinyal di stasiun pamancar jeung alat panarjamah kode di [[imah]], kiwari dimungkinkeun hadirna layanan-layanan program [[langganan]] jeung layanan [[bayaran-per-program tontonan]]. Siaran ngawangun ségmén [[média massa]] anu kacida gedéna. Sacara ékonomi, dumasar kana métode kumaha hiji lambaga panyiaran miboga waragad, aya sababaraha cara supaya kalangsungan lambaga panyiaran bisa sinambung: * sumbangan waktu jeung kaahlian ti para sukarélawan (ilahar pikeun siaran komunitas) * pangmayaran langsung ti [[pamaréntah]] ka lambaga panyiaran pikeun publik * pangmayaran ti pamaréntah sacara henteu langsung saperti mangrupa ijin * hibah ti unsur-unsur yayasan atawa badan usaha * panjualan iklan atawa ''[[advertising]]'' atawa sponsorship * biaya [[langganan]] atawa [[kaanggotaan]] Loba lambaga panyiaran anu ngagantungkeun hirupna kana gabungan tina [[modél usaha]] ieu. Contona, [[National Public Radio]], hiji jaringan non-komérsial di [[Amérika Sarikat]], narima hibah ti ''[[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]]'' (anu dina gilirannana narima waragad ti pamaréntah AS), narima bayaran ngaliwatan kaanggotaan publik, jeung ogé ngajual "extended credits" ka pausahaan-pausahaan. == Siaran rekaman jeung siaran langsung == Urang bisa siaran ngagunakeun rékaman jeung siaran sacara langsung. Siaran ngagunakeun rékaman ngamungkinkeun koréksi kasalahan jeung ngaleungitkeun materi anu kaleuleuwihan atawa teu dipikahayang, nyusun ulang, nerapkeun ''[[slow-motion]]'' jeung pangulangan, sarta téknik-téknik lain pikeun ningkatkeun pidangan program. Sanajan kitu, sabagian siaran langsung ogé, saperti siaran olah raga jarak jauh, bisa ngasupkeun sababaraha aspék kasebut saperti klip ''slow motion'' asupna bal kana gawang dina siaran langsung kasebut. Kakurangan tina siaran rékaman nu kahiji nyaéta pamiarsa kaum dangu bisa nyaho hasil tina hiji kajadan ti sumber lain. Anu kadua, siaran rékaman nyegah panyiar pikeun nyimpang tina hiji ''[[screenplay|script]]'' resmi. Loba kajadian anu diiklankeun sabagé siaran langsung padahal ngandung rékaman (kadang-kadang disebut sabagé "live-to-tape"). Contona, tontonan artis musisi anu tandang ka sahiji stasiun radio pikeun midangkeun [[konser]] jero studio. Dina ha lieu, artis diwawancara langsung tapi musik anu dimaénkeun mangrupa rékaman. Hiji siaran bisa didistribusikeun ngaliwatan sababaraha alat fisik. Lamun datangna langsung ti [[studio]] sahiji stasiun pamancar [[radio station|radio]] atawa [[television station|tv]], siaran bener-bener dikirim ngaliwatan ''[[air chain]]'' ka ''[[transmiter]]'' jeung terus ti [[Antenna (radio)|antene]] nu némpél dina [[Radio masts and towers|munara]] ka sakuliah dunya. Program siaran, langsung atawa rékaman, ogé bisa datang ngaliwatan hiji [[satelit komunikasi]]. Stasiun-stasiun pamancar siaran bisa babarengan mancar ''[[simulcast]]'' dina waktu anu babarengan ngaliwatan tumbu [[gelombang mikro]] atawa satelit. Diibusi materi ka stasiun pamancar ogé bisa ngaliwatan média fisik, saperti ''[[videotape]]'' analog atawa digital, [[CD]], [[DVD]], jeung kadang-kadang format liana. Di sisi pamiarsa kaum dangu, sinyal program bisa datang ngaliwatan jomantara persis saperti [[stasiun pamancar radio]] atawa [[stasiun TV]] ka [[antenna (radio)|antene]] jeung panarima (''[[receiver (radio)|receiver]]''), atawa bisa datang ngaliwatan [[TV kabel]] [http://www.diwaxx.ru/] atawa [[radio kabel]] (atawa "[[wireless cable]]") ngaliwatan stasiun atawa langsung ti hiji jaringan. [[Internét]] ogé bisa mawa program siaran radio atawa TV ka panarima, husuna ngagunakeun ''[[multicast]]ing'' anu ngamungkinkeun sinyal jeung [[rubakpita]] dibagi ka pamiarsa kaum dangu. == Siaran Radio di Indonesia == === Sajarah === Dina tanggal 17 Agustus 1945, waktu Indonésia ngaproklamasikeun kamardékaannana, proklamasi kamerdékaan kasebut dipancarkeun ka sakuliah Indonésia ngagunakeun hiji pamancar jieunan saurang amatir radio anu ngaranna Gunawan. Jasa Gunawan diaku ku Pamaréntah. Sabagé panghargaan, pamancar radio jieunannana dipintonkeun dina muséum Nasional Indonésia. Dr Abdulrachman Saleh jeung Jusuf Ronodipuro ogé nyieun pamancar radio anu ditempatkeun dibagian Faal Sekolah Tabib Tinggi Jakarta (anu satuluyna jadi FKUI) sarta dina tanggal 22 Agustus 1945 ngajomantarakeun “The Voice of Free Indonesia”. Dina peuting tanggal 11 Séptémber 1945, di imahna Adang Kadarisman, Dr. Abdulrachman Saleh mingpin rapat anu nandakeun ngadegna Radio Républik Indonésia (RRI). Para hadirin rapat ngawengku utusan daérah urut stasiun panyiaran Jepang. Satutas hasil ngawasa gedong urut stasiun siaran radio Jepang, Hoso Kyoku, Pamaréntah ngajadikeun ieu gedong salaku gedong siaran RRI Jakarta. Stasiun radio kasebut ngajomantara terus tepi ka lumangsungna “Agresi Militer Belanda kahiji” tanggal 21 Juli 1947. Ti mimiti harita, para pamingpin RRI kaasup Jusuf Ronodipuro ditangkep Walanda. Gedong jeung alat siaranna masih bisa dipaké tapi digunakeun sabagé alat siaran radio NICA Walanda. Sacara nasional, RRI ngajomantara ti Yogyakarta jeung sajumlah stasiun lianna anu masih dina kakawassan Républik Indonésia. ==== Daftar Siaran Radio anu nyiarkeun kandungan lokal kasundaan ==== # Radio Pertanian Ciawi (RPC); 95,3 FM, 846 AM Stéréo # Radio Républik Indonésia 2 Bogor == Siaran Televisi di Indonesia == === Sajarah === Dina taun 1961, Pamaréntah Indonésia mutuskan pikeun ngaasupkeun proyék média massa televisi kana jero proyék pangwangunan ''Asian Games'' IV anu dikoordinasikeun ku Urusan Proyék ''Asian Games'' IV. Dina tanggal 25 Juli 1961, Menteri Penerangan ngaluarkeun SK Menpen No. 20/SK/M/1961 ngeunaan pambentukan Panitia Persiapan Televisi (P2T). Dina tanggal 23 Oktober 1961, Presidén Soekarno anu keur aya di Wina ngirimkeun téléks ka Menteri Penerangan mangsa harita, Maladi, pikeun gancang-gancang nyiapkeun proyék televisi kalayan jadwal: # Ngawangun studio di urut AKPEN di Senayan (TVRI ayeuna). # Ngawangun dua pamancar: 100 watt jeung 10 Kw kalayan munara anu jangkungna 80 [[méter]]. # Nyiapkeun ''software'' (program jeung tanaga). Dina tanggal 17 Agustus 1962, TVRI mimiti ngayakeun siaran percobaan dina acara HUT Proklamasi Kamerdékaan Indonésia XVII ti buruan Istana Merdéka Jakarta, kalayan pemancar cadangan anu kakuatannana 100 watt. Tuluy dina tanggal 24 Agustus 1962, TVRI ngajomantara pikeun munggaran kalayan acara siaran langsung upacara pambukaan ''Asian Games'' IV ti stadion utama Gelora Bung Karno. Dina tanggal 20 Oktober 1963, dikaluarkan Keppres No. 215/1963 ngeunaan pambentukan Yayasan TVRI kalayan Pimpinan Umum Presidén RI. Dina taun 1964, mimiti ditaratas pangwangunan Stasiun Panyiaran Daérah dimimitian ku TVRI Stasiun Yogyakarta, anu satuluyna diteruskeun ku pangwangunan Stasiun Medan, Surabaya, Ujungpandang (Makassar), Manado, Denpasar jeung Balikpapan (bantuan Pertamina). === Daftar Siaran Televisi anu nyiarkeun kandungan lokal kasundaan === # Pajajaran == Tingali ogé == {{commonscat|Radio}} {{wikibooks|Marketing}} {{Wiktionary}} * [[Lisénsi siaran]] * [[Jaringan siaran]] * [[Cablecast]] * [[Dead air]] * [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) * [[History of broadcasting]] * [[Radio Internet]] * [[Radio Internet]] * [[List of broadcast satellites]] * [[NaSTA]] * [[Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network]] (NBMA) * [[Outside broadcast]] * [[Radio Act of 1927]] * [[Streaming media]] * [[Studio television]] == Rujukan == * Kahn Frank J., ed. ''Documents of American Broadcasting,'' fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984). * Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds. ''American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television'' (Hastings House, 1975). == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.radio-locator.com Radio Locator], for American radio station with format, power, and coverage information. * [http://www.arbitron.com Arbitron] Offers studies on American radio listening habits and basic station information. * [http://www.scribd.com/doc/1028/Radio-and-Television/ Answers to several questions about radio and television] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210080941/http://www.scribd.com/doc/1028/Radio-and-Television |date=2009-02-10 }} * [http://www.eradiovibes.com/ Webcaster Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213100312/http://www.eradiovibes.com/ |date=2007-12-13 }} Promotions, news and listing * [http://www.tvnewsday.com TVNewsday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422230738/http://www.tvnewsday.com/ |date=2019-04-22 }}, Current news about the U.S. TV broadcasting industry * [http://www.waveguide.co.uk/news.htm Waveguide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627170233/http://www.waveguide.co.uk/news.htm |date=2009-06-27 }} Broadcasting News * [http://dxradio.50webs.com/ SWDXER] ¨The SWDXER¨ - with general SWL information and radio antenna tips. * [http://www.infoplease.com/ipea/A0151956.html Broadcasting Timeline] * [http://www.scribd2.com/doc/1768/Some-stories-about-popular-inventions-and-discoveries/ Stories about the inventions of Radio and television] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826063621/http://www.scribd2.com/doc/1768/Some-stories-about-popular-inventions-and-discoveries/ |date=2009-08-26 }} * [http://www.arabianbusiness.com/broadcast/ Middle East Broadcast News] — ''ArabianBusiness.com'' == Bacaan salajengna == {{cleanup-list}} * Barnouw Erik. ''The Golden Web'' (Oxford University Press, 1968); ''The Sponsor'' (1978); ''A Tower in Babel'' (1966). * Briggs Asa. ''The BBC--the First Fifty Years'' (: Oxford University Press, 1984). * Briggs Asa. ''The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom'' (Oxford University Press, 1961). * Covert Cathy, and Stevens John L. ''Mass Media Between the Wars'' (Syracuse University Press, 1984). * Douglas B. Craig. ''Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920-1940'' (2005) * Tim Crook; ''International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice'' Routledge, 1998 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070304132527/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96697140 John Dunning; ''On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio'' Oxford University Press, 1998] * Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. ''Broadcasting: Radio and Television'' (Harper & Brothers, 1952). * Gibson Géorge H. ''Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919-1976'' (Praeger Publishers, 1977). * Maclaurin W. Rupert. ''Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry'' (The Macmillan Company, 1949). * Robert W. McChesney; ''Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy: The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928-1935'' Oxford University Press, 1994 * Gwenyth L. Jackaway; ''Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924-1939'' Praeger Publishers, 1995 * Lazarsfeld Paul F. ''The People Look at Radio'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1946). * Tom McCourt; ''Conflicting Communication Interests in America: The Case of National Public Radio'' Praeger Publishers, 1999 * Peers Frank W. ''The Politics of Canadian Broadcasting, 1920- 1951'' (University of Toronto Press, 1969). * Alan Taylor. ''We, the media...", The Hollywood Representation of News Broadcasting, 1976-1999, Peter Lang, 2005, pp. 418, ISBN 3-631-51852-8 * Ray William B. ''FCC: The Ups and Downs of Radio-TV Regulation'' (Iowa State University Press, 1990). * Rosen Philip T. ''The modérn Stentors; Radio Broadcasting and the Federal Government 1920-1934'' (Greenwood Press, 1980). * William A. Rugh; ''Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics'' Praeger, 2004 * Scannell, Paddy, and Cardiff, David. ''A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922-1939'' (Basil Blackwell, 1991). * Schramm Wilbur, ed. ''Mass Communications'' (University of Illinois Press, 1960). * Schwoch James. ''The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939'' (University of Illinois Press, 1990). * Slater Robert. ''This . . . is CBS: A Chronicle of 60 Yéars'' (Prentice Hall, 1988). * F. Leslie Smith, John W. Wright II, David H. Ostroff; ''Perspectives on Radio and Television: Telecommunication in the United States'' Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998 * Sterling Christopher H. ''Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920-1983'' (Praeger, 1984). * Sterling Christopher, and Kittross John M. ''Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting'' (Wadsworth, 1978). * White Llewellyn. ''The American Radio'' (University of Chicago Press, 1947). {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Siaran]] nfvmf8k3har0j41tiu5556a9biwobco 0 25599 731853 675562 2026-11-08T12:09:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731853 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Magome, Nagano Prefecture.JPG|thumb|right|[[Magome-juku]] di rute Nakasendō]]{{nihongo|'''Shukuba'''|宿場}} nyaéta tempat reureuh salila [[Edo period|periode Edo]] di [[Jepang]], ilaharna aya di salah sahiji [[Edo Five Routes|Lima Rute Edo]] atawa dina sub-rutena. Biasa disebut ogé '''shukueki''' (宿駅). Tempat reureuh ieu nyaéta tempat keur nu indit-inditan bisa reureuh salila di jalan ngurilingan Jepang. Dimimitian dina périodeu [[Nara period|Nara]] jeung [[Heian period|Heian]] di Jepang, saterusna dijieun dumasar kana kawijakan pamaréntah. ==Sajarah== [[Image:Tsumago, Nagano - buildings.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tsumago-juku]] di rute Tōkaidō ]]Tempat reureuh ieu, mimiti diayakeun ku [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] teu lila sanggeus [[Battle of Sekigahara|Perang Sekigahara]]. Tempat reureuh mimiti dijieun sapanjang [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]] (dituluykeun di rute [[Nakasendō]] sarta rute séjénna). Dina taun [[1601]], [[53 Stations of the Tōkaidō|lima puluh tilu stasion]] Tōkaidō munggaran diwangun, sumebar ti [[Shinagawa-juku]] di [[Edo]] nepi ka [[Ōtsu-juku]] di [[Ōmi Province|Propinsi Omi]]. Teu sakabéh stasion dijieun dina waktu nu sarua, saperti stasion panungtung dijieun dina taun [[1624]]. Penginapan di tempat reureuh dipaké dipaké ku saha waé nu reureuh di éta tempat, lamun teu cukup, dipaké ogé di kota sabudureunna. Tempat reureuh ''[[toiyaba]]'', ''[[honjin]]'' jeung sub-''honjin'' bisa dipaké keur umum. It was hard to receive a profit as the proprietor of these places, but the [[shogun]] provided help in the form of various permits, rice collection and simple money lending, making it possible for the establishments to stay open. The ''[[hatago]]'', retail stores, téa houses, etc., which were designed for general travelers, were able to build a profit. ''[[Ai no shuku]]'' were intermediate post stations; though they were unofficial resting spots, they had many of the same facilities. Generally spéaking, as the [[Meiji period]] arrived and brought along the spréad of [[railroad]], the number of travelers visiting these post stations gréatly declined, as did the prosperity of the post stations. ==Fasilitas tempat reureuh== * ''[[Tonya (Japan)|Toiyaba]]'': General offices that helped manage the post town. * ''[[Honjin]]'': Rest aréas and lodgings built for use by [[samurai]] and court nobles. ''Honjin'' were not businesses; instéad, large residences in the post towns were often designated as lodging for government officials. * Sub-''honjin'': These facilities were also for use by samurai and court nobles, but general travelers could also stay here if there were vacancies. * ''[[Hatago]]'': Facilities that offered accommodations to general travelers and also served food. * ''[[Kichinyado]]'': Facilities that offered accommodations to general travelers, but did not serve food. * ''[[Chaya]]'': Rest aréas that sold téa, food and alcohol to travelers. * Shops: General shops built to sell wares to travelers. * ''[[Kōsatsu]]'': Signboards on which the [[Shōgun]]'s proclamations were posted. ==Tempat reureuh nu diwangun deui jeung dijadikeun cagar budaya== [[Image:Ouchijuku 2006-11-12.jpg|thumb|right|Jalan utama di Ōuchi-juku, Préféktur Fukushima.]] *Nationally-designated Architectural Preservation Sites **[[Aizu Nishi Kaidō]]'s [[Ōuchi-juku]] ([[Shimogō, Fukushima|Shimogō]], [[Minamiaizu District, Fukushima|Minamiaizu District]], [[Fukushima Prefecture]]) **[[Hokkoku Kaidō]]'s Unno-juku ([[Tōmi, Nagano|Tōmi]], [[Nagano Prefecture]]) **[[Nakasendō]]'s [[Narai-juku]] ([[Shiojiri, Nagano|Shiojiri]], Nagano Prefecture)<ref name="kisoji">[http://www.localinfo.nagano-idc.com/kiso/syukuba/narai/index.html Kisoji Shukuba-machi Series: Narai-juku] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021121124950/http://www.localinfo.nagano-idc.com/kiso/syukuba/narai/index.html |date=2002-11-21 }}. Higashi Nihon Denshin Denwa. Accessed July 24, 2007.</ref> **Nakasendō's [[Tsumago-juku]] ([[Nagiso, Nagano|Nagiso]], Nagano Prefecture) **[[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]]'s [[Seki-juku (Tōkaidō)|Seki-juku]] ([[Kameyama, Mie|Kameyama]], [[Mie Prefecture]])<ref name="mietourism">[http://welcome.kankomie.or.jp/english/search/spot.php?act=dtl&id=28 Mie Tourism Guide: Ancient Tokaido Seki-juku] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122013345/http://welcome.kankomie.or.jp/english/search/spot.php?act=dtl&id=28 |date=2010-01-22 }}. Mie Prefecture. Accessed November 29, 2007.</ref> **[[Saba Kaidō]]'s [[Kumagawa-shuku]] ([[Wakasa, Fukui|Wakasa]], [[Mikatakaminaka District, Fukui|Mikatakaminaka District]], [[Fukui Prefecture]]) *[[Inaba Kaidō]]'s Hirafuku-shuku ([[Sayō, Hyōgo|Sayō]], [[Sayō District, Hyōgo|Sayō District]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture]]) *Inaba Kaidō's Ōhara-shuku ([[Mimasaka, Okayama|Mimasaka]], [[Okayama Prefecture]]) *Inaba Kaidō's Chizu-shuku ([[Chizu, Tottori]], [[Yazu District, Tottori|Yazu District]], [[Tottori Prefecture]]) *Tōkaidō's [[Ishibe-juku]] ([[Konan, Shiga|Konan]], [[Shiga Prefecture]]) ==Tempo oge== *[[Edo Five Routes]] *[[Ai no shuku]] *[[Castle town]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Angkutan jalan raya di Jepang]] [[Kategori:Période Edo]] o9yiu0fs21vqfee992c5e6ls5fp163g 0 25712 731919 666495 2026-11-08T14:42:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {| class="infobox bordered" style="width:300px; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;" |+ style="font-size: larger;" | '''Vanderbilt University''' |- class="hiddenStructure{{{gambar|}}} | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Gambar:Vanderbilt University wordmark.svg|200px]]<br /> |- ! Ngadeg: | 1873 |- ! Status: | Universitas Swasta |- ! Kalender: | Semester |- ! Sumbangan: | 3.488 [[1000000000 (number)|triliun]][[United States dollar|USD]]<ref>{{cite news |last = Brasher |first = Joan |title = A Conversation with Matthew Wright |url = http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/vanderbiltview/articles/2007/11/01/a-conversation-with-matthew-wright.48423 |work = Vanderbilt View |date = [[2007-11-01]] |accessdate = 2007-12-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115060544/http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/vanderbiltview/articles/2007/11/01/a-conversation-with-matthew-wright.48423 |date=2009-01-15 }}</ref> |- ! Rektor: | [[Martha Rivers Ingram]] |- ! Kanselir: | [[Nicholas S. Zeppos]] |- ! Fakultas: | 3.004 |- ! Mahasiswa sarjana muda: | 11.607 |- ! Mahasiswa sarjana: | 6.378 |- ! Mahasiswa pasca sarjana: | 5.229 |- ! Kampus: | [[urban area|Urban]], {{convert|330|acre|sqkm|1|lk=on}} |- ! Kota: | [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] |- ! Nagara Bagian: | [[Tennessee|TN]] |- ! Nagara: | [[United States|AS]] |- ! Ramatloka: | [http://www.vanderbilt.edu/ www.vanderbilt.edu] |- class="hiddenStructure{{{catatankaki|}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller;" | {{{catatankaki|}}} |} '''Vanderbilt University''' nyaéta hiji [[universitas risét]] [[private university|swasta]] di [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]], [[Amerika Sarikat|AS]]. Universitas ieu diadegkeun dina taun [[1873]], sarta dibéré ngaran anu sarua jeung pangusaha [[ship transport|angkutan laut]] sarta [[rail transport|kareta api]] [[Cornelius Vanderbilt|''"Commodore"'' Cornelius Vanderbilt]], anu nyumbang sajuta [[United States dollar|USD]] pikeun ngadegkeun ieu universitas. Vanderbilt ngaharepkeun yén sumbangan ti manéhna sarta pangwangunan universitas bakal mantuan nyageurkeun kapeurih haté akibat [[American Civil War|Perang Sipil]]. Kiwari, Vanderbilt kasusun ku opat sakola [[undergraduate education|sarjana muda]] sarta genep sakola [[graduate education|sarjana]], anu nampung kira-kira 11,600 mahasiswa ti 50 [[nagara bagian AS]] jeung leuwih ti 50 nagara deungeun. Pikeun taun [[2008]], ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' nempatkeun Vanderbilt dina ''ranking'' 19, sarta nempatkeun sakola atikan, hukum, kadokteran, jeung kaparawatan salaku ''top 20'' di Amerika Sarikat. Universitas ieu ogé mangrupa ''top 25'' panarima waragad ''risét'' ''féderal''. Aya ogé sababaraha lembaga risét anu ngalakukeun gawé bareng jeung universitas, di antarana [[Freedom Forum]] [[First Amendment Center]], [[Dyer Observatory]], sarta [[Vanderbilt University Medical Center]] (VUMC), hiji-hijina [[puseur pangobatan trauma Tingkat I]] di Tennessee Tengah. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} With the exception of the off-campus [[observatory]], all of Vanderbilt's facilities are situated on a {{convert|330|acre|sqkm|1|sing=on|lk=on}} plot in the héart of Nashville only {{convert|1.5|mi|km|1|lk=on}} from downtown. Despite its [[urban]] surroundings, the campus itself is a national [[arboretum]] and féatures over 300 species of trees and shrubs. Tucked among the trees, however, is an institution that continues to grow. As part of its transition to a [[residential college]] system, Vanderbilt is créating a new living aréa for [[first year|freshmen]], called The Commons, that will comprise 10 new or newly-renovated residence halls. The Commons is expected to open in the fall of 2008, at a cost of over [[USD]]$150 million. == History == [[Gambar:Vanderbilt-reversed.jpg|thumb|right|Cornelius Vanderbilt]] In the yéars prior to the American Civil War, the [[Methodist Episcopal Church, South]] had been considering créating a regional university for the training of [[Minister (Christianity)|ministers]] located centrally for the [[congregation]]s of the church. Through the lobbying of Nashville bishop [[Holland Nimmons McTyeire|Holland McTyeire]], church léaders voted in [[1872]] to créate "Central University" in Nashville. However, lack of funds and the war-ravaged state of the South delayed the opening of the college. The following yéar, on a medical trip to [[New York City]], McTyeire stayed at the residence of [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], whose second wife was the cousin of McTyeire's wife. Vanderbilt, the wéalthiest man in [[United States of America|America]] at the time, had been considering [[philanthropy|philanthropic]] causes as he was at an advanced age. His original plan was to establish a university on [[Staten Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], in honor of his mother. McTyeire, however, successfully convinced him to donate USD$500,000 to endow Central University in order to "contribute to strengthening the ties which should exist between all sections of our common country."<ref name="VUhistory">{{cite web |publisher = Vanderbilt University |title = The History of Vanderbilt |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/history.html |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523140459/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/history.html |date=2007-05-23 }}</ref> The endowment (later incréased to USD$1 million) would be Vanderbilt's only philanthropy. Though the Commodore never expressed any desire to have the university named after himself, McTyeire and his fellow trustees soon rechristened the school as "the Vanderbilt University." Vanderbilt died in [[1877]] having never even visited the school named after him. [[Gambar:Holland McTyeire.jpg|thumb|left|Bishop Holland McTyeire]]In the fall of [[1875]], about 200 students enrolled at Vanderbilt; the university was dedicated in October of that yéar. Bishop McTyeire, who had been named chairman of the Board of Trust for life by Vanderbilt as a stipulation of his endowment, named [[Landon Garland]], his [[mentor]] from [[Randolph-Macon College]] in [[Virginia]] and then-[[chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the [[University of Mississippi]], as [[chancellor]]. Garland shaped the school's structure and hired the school's faculty, many of whom were renowned scholars in their respective fields.<ref name="VUhistory"/> However, most of this crop of star [[faculty]] left after disputes with Bishop McTyeire. For the first 40 yéars, the Board of Trust (and therefore the university itself) was under the control of the General Conference (the governing body) of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]], South. However, tensions began rising between the university administration and the Conference over the future of the school, particularly over the methods by which members of the Vanderbilt Board of Trust would be chosen. Conflicts escalated with the appointment of James Kirkland as chancellor in [[1893]]. The final straw, at léast in the mind of Kirkland, was a failed campaign to raise USD$300,000 from Southern Methodist congregations (only $50,000 was raised). Further disputes between the bishops and Kirkland, which erupted into litigation in [[1912]], led the Methodist conference to sever all ties with Vanderbilt University in June [[1914]].<ref name="VUhistory"/> Vanderbilt enjoyed éarly intellectual influence during the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]] when it hosted two partly overlapping groups of scholars who had a large impact on American thought and letters: the [[Fugitives (poets)|Fugitives]] and the [[Southern Agrarians|Agrarians]]. During the same period, [[Ernest William Goodpasture]] and his [[Collegiality|colleagues]] in the [[Medical School]] invented methods for cultivating [[viruses]] and [[rickettsiae]] in fertilized chicken eggs. This work made possible the production of [[vaccine]]s against [[chicken pox]], [[smallpox]], [[yellow fever]], [[typhus]], [[Rocky mountain spotted fever]] and other diséases caused by agents that only propagate in living cells. In the late [[1950s]], the [[Vanderbilt Divinity School]] became something of a hotbed of the emerging [[Civil Rights movement]], and the university [[expulsion|expelled]] one of its léaders, [[James Lawson]]. Much later, in 2005, he was made a Distinguished Alumnus for his achievements and re-hired as a Distinguished University Professor for the 2006-07 academic yéar.<ref>{{cite news |last = Patterson |first = Jim |title = The Rev James Lawson to return as visiting professor |work = The Vanderbilt Register |date = [[2006-01-30]] |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=24339 |accessdate = 2007-01-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221025707/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=24339 |date=2006-02-21 }}</ref> As with Lawson, the university drew national attention in [[1966]], when it recruited the first [[African American]] athlete in the Southéastern Conference, Perry Wallace.<ref>{{cite web |title = Perry Wallace |publisher = Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame |url = http://www.tshf.net/inductees/2003Wallace.htm |date = [[2003]] |accessdate = 2007-08-17 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724113948/http://www.tshf.net/inductees/2003Wallace.htm |date=2011-07-24 }}</ref> Wallace, from Nashville, played varsity basketball for Vanderbilt from [[1967]]-[[1970]], and faced considerable opposition from segregationists when playing at other SEC venues. In 2004, a student-led drive to have Wallace's jersey retired finally succeeded. [[Harold Vanderbilt]] was présidént of the Board of Trust between [[1955]] and [[1968]] when [[racial integration]] was a very prominent topic at the school. Today a statue of him in front of Buttrick Hall [[memorial]]izes his efforts. In 1966, Oberlin Graduate School of Théology moved from Ohio to Nashville, in order to merge with the Vanderbilt Divinity School. In [[1979]], Vanderbilt absorbed its neighbor, [[Peabody College]]. [[Gambar:vandyconfederatehall.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial Hall, located on the Peabody campus, was the subject of a lawsuit to remove the word ''Confederate'' from its façade.]] History, race, and civil rights issues again came to the fore on the campus in [[2002]], when the university decided to rename a dormitory on the Péabody campus, Confederate Memorial Hall, to Memorial Hall.<ref>{{cite news |last = Vanderbilt University |title = Confederate Memorial Hall renamed Memorial Hall |work = The Vanderbilt Register |date = [[2002-09-19]] |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=3316 |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212182347/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=3316 |date=2012-02-12 }}</ref> Nationwide attention resulted, in part due to a lawsuit by the Tennessee chapter of the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]], who had helped pay for the building's construction in [[1933]] with a $50,000 contribution.<ref>{{cite news |last = Latt |first = Elizabeth P |title = Court ruling supports Vanderbilt decision to change name of building |work = The Vanderbilt Register |date = [[2003-10-01]] |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=6663 |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212182351/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=6663 |date=2012-02-12 }}</ref> The Davidson County Chancery Court dismissed the lawsuit in [[2003]], but the Tennessee Court of Appéals ruled in May [[2005]] that the university would have to pay damages based on the present value of the United Daughters of the Confederacy's contribution if an inscription béaring the name "Confederate Memorial Hall" were to be removed from the building or altered.<ref>{{cite news |last = Vanderbilt University |title = Appeals court rules on Memorial Hall dispute |work = The Vanderbilt Register |date = [[2005-05-05]] |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=19550 |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212182359/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=19550 |date=2012-02-12 }}</ref> In late July 2005, the university announced that although it has officially renamed the building and all university publications and offices will refer to it solely as "Memorial Hall," the university would neither appéal the matter further nor remove the inscription and pay damages.<ref>{{cite news |last = Vanderbilt University |title = Vanderbilt drops suit over Memorial Hall |work = The Vanderbilt Register |date = [[2005-07-25]] |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=20856 |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212182403/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=20856 |date=2012-02-12 }}</ref> == Organization == === Administration === [[Gambar:Vandy Old Main.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Old Main (1875), photographed before it burned in 1905]] Vanderbilt University, as a private corporation, is wholly governed by an independent, self-perpetuating Board of Trust. The board comprises 45 regular members (plus any number of trustees emeriti) and the [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]], the university's [[chief executive officer]]. éach trustee serves a five-yéar term (except for four recently-graduated undergraduates, who serve four-yéar terms). A complete, up-to-date listing of the members of the Board of Trust can be found [http://www.vanderbilt.edu/boardoftrust/ here]. [[Martha Rivers Ingram]] is the board's current [[chairman]]. [[Nicholas S. Zeppos]] currently serves as interim chancellor of Vanderbilt University. He was appointed to replace the departing [[Gordon Gee]] who left to assume the présidéncy of [[Ohio State University]] on [[August 1]], [[2007]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Loos |first = Ralph |title = Gee to leave Vanderbilt for Ohio State |work = [[The Tennessean]] |url = http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070711/NEWS04/70711037 |date = [[2007-07-11]] |accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref> Gee had been appointed chancellor by the Board of Trust in February [[2000]]. Prior to this appointment, he was the présidént of [[Brown University]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]]. Controversy arose in 2006 over Gee's spending during his tenure at Vanderbilt, including the over $6 million spent on remodéling his university-owned house. An article in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' in September of that yéar criticizing the spending of college and university executives used Gee and Vanderbilt as an example of the lax oversight common to higher education. The article also revéaled that Gee's wife, a tenured professor, smoked [[marijuana]] in their home. The Board of Trust has since established a committee to monitor more closely Gee's spending.<ref>{{cite news |last = Duncan |first = Walker |title = WSJ: Vandy Making Sure Gee isn't Puffing Away Millions |work = The Nashville Post |url = http://www.nashvillepost.com/news/2006/9/26/iwsji_takes_a_hard_look_at_vanderbilt_chancellor_gordon_gees_spending_habits |date = [[2006-09-26]] |accessdate = 2007-01-10 }}</ref> Since the opening of the university in 1875, only six other individuals have served as chancellor.<ref>{{cite web |last = Office of the Chancellor |title = History of the Office |publisher = Vanderbilt University |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/chancellor/history.html |accessdate = 2007-01-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224025743/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/chancellor/history.html |date=2007-02-24 }}</ref> Landon Garland was the university's first chancellor, serving from [[1875]] to [[1893]]. Garland organized the university and hired its first faculty. Garland Hall, an academic building on campus, is named in his honor. [[Gambar:Vandy-Kirkland-2.jpg|thumb|upright|right|After the fire, Old Main was rebuilt with one tower and renamed Kirkland Hall. It is currently home to Vanderbilt's administration.]] The next chancellor was [[James H. Kirkland]]—serving from [[1893]] to [[1937]], he had the longest tenure of any Vanderbilt chancellor. He was responsible for severing the university's ties with the Methodist church and relocating the medical school to the main campus. Vanderbilt's Main Building was renamed Kirkland Hall after Kirkland left in 1937. The longest-tenured chancellor was followed by the second shortest-tenured. [[Oliver Carmichael]] served Vanderbilt for just 9 yéars, 1937 to [[1946]]. Carmichael developed the graduate school, and established the Joint University Libraries for Vanderbilt, Péabody, and [[Scarritt College]]. Carmichael Towers, a set of high-rise dormitories on the northern edge of campus, were named for Chancellor Carmichael. Carmichael's successor was [[Harvie Branscomb]]. Branscomb presided over a period of major growth and improvement at the university that lasted from 1946 until 1963. He was responsible for opening the admissions policy to all races. Branscomb Quadrangle is a residence hall complex named for the chancellor. [[G. Alexander Heard|Alexander Heard]], for whom the campus library system is named, served as chancellor from 1963 to 1982. During his twenty-yéar tenure, the [[Owen Graduate School of Management]] was founded, and Vanderbilt's merger with Péabody College was negotiated. He also survived calls for his ouster because of his accommodating stance on desegregation. [[Joe B. Wyatt]] was the chancellor who served immediately before Gee, from 1982 until 2000. Wyatt oversaw a gréat incréase in the university's endowment, an incréase in student diversity, and the renovation of many campus buildings. The Wyatt Center on Péabody's campus is named for Wyatt and his wife. === Medical Center === The Vanderbilt University Medical Center is a vital component of the university and is the only [[Level I Trauma Center]] in Middle Tennessee.<ref name="revu">{{cite web |last = Vanderbilt University News Service |title = RE:VU: Quick Facts about Vanderbilt |publisher = Vanderbilt University |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/facts.html |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625054413/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/facts.html |date=2007-06-25 }}</ref> VUMC comprises the following units:<ref>{{cite web |title=Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Visitors |url=http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/root/visitors.html |publisher=Vanderbilt University |accessdate=2007-07-02 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701222912/http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/root/visitors.html |date=2007-07-01 }}</ref> [[Gambar:Vanderbiltchildrens.JPG|thumb|left|The 11-story Doctor's Office Tower of the Monroe Carell, Jr., Children's Hospital, which was completed in 2004.]] * Vanderbilt University Hospital * Monroe Carell, Jr., Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt * Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center * The Vanderbilt Clinic * Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center * Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Hospital * Vanderbilt Psychiatric Hospital * Eskind Biomedical Library * Vanderbilt Sports Medicine * Dayani Human Performance Center * Vanderbilt Page Campbell Héart Institute * Vanderbilt University School of Medicine * Vanderbilt University School of Nursing With over 20,500 employees (including 2,689 full-time faculty), Vanderbilt is the largest private employer in Middle Tennessee and the second largest in the state (after [[FedEx]], héadquartered in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]). Approximately 74% of the university's faculty and staff are employed by the Medical Center.<ref name="revu" /> In 2003, the medical center was placed on the Honor Roll of ''U.S. News & World Report'''s annual rating of the nation's best hospitals, and 17 of the faculty were members of one of the [[United States National Academies|National Academies]]. In 2004, the university reported that 24.1% of non-Medical Center faculty were women, while 14.4% were of a racial or ethnic minority. == Students and faculty == [[Gambar:Vanderbilt Benson Science Hall.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Benson Science Hall, one of the first campus buildings, has not been used for science classes in many years. Benson currently houses the departments of History and English.]] === Profile === As of December 2006, Vanderbilt had an enrollment of 6,378 undergraduate and 5,229 graduate and professional students. Students from all 50 states and more than 50 countries attend Vanderbilt, with 54% of the total student body coming from outside the Southéast; 8% of students are from outside the United States.<ref name="revu" /><ref name="oua-students">{{cite web |last = Office of Undergraduate Admissions |title = Students |publisher = Vanderbilt University |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/fastFacts.php#Students |accessdate = 2007-07-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630094546/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/fastFacts.php#Students |date=2007-06-30 }}</ref> Moréover, 24% of the undergraduate class of 2010 was non-Caucasian, while roughly half were women.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |last = Office of Undergraduate Admissions |title = Class of 2010 |publisher = Vanderbilt University |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/admissions/fastFacts.php#Profile |accessdate = 2007-05-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527161106/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/admissions/fastFacts.php#Profile |date=2007-05-27 }}</ref> Vanderbilt offers undergraduates the chance to pursue 70 [[academic major|majors]] in its four undergraduate schools and colleges: the [[Vanderbilt University College of Arts and Science|College of Arts and Science]], the [[Vanderbilt University School of Engineering|School of Engineering]], Péabody College of Education and Human Development, and [[Blair School of Music]]. The university also has six graduate and professional schools, including the Divinity School, [[Vanderbilt University Graduate School|Graduate School]], [[Vanderbilt University Law School|Law School]], [[Vanderbilt University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]], [[Vanderbilt University School of Nursing|School of Nursing]], and [[Vanderbilt University Owen Graduate School of Management|Owen Graduate School of Management]]. The university's undergraduate programs are highly selective: in 2006, the Office of Undergraduate Admissions accepted 34% of applicants. In its most recent annual comparison of admissions selectivity, ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' gave Vanderbilt a rating of 97 out of 99.<ref>{{cite web |last = The Princeton Review |title = Vanderbilt University: General Info |work = The Princeton Review 2006 |url = http://www.princetonreview.com/college/research/profiles/generalinfomore.asp?listing=1022817&ltid=1 |accessdate = 2007-04-25 }}</ref> The freshmen in the Class of 2010 had standardized test scores that were well above average: the middle 50% range of [[SAT]] scores was 1930–2190 (1300–1470 under the old scale), while the middle 50% range of [[ACT (examination)|ACT]] scores was 29–32.<ref name="profile" /> === Research === As with any large reséarch institution, Vanderbilt investigators work in a broad range of disciplines, and the university is among the top 25 recipients of federal reséarch dollars.<ref>{{cite news |last = Salisbury |first = David F |title = VU gains ground in competition for federal research dollars |work = The Vanderbilt Register |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=31832 |date = [[2007-02-05]] |accessdate = 2007-07-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328201711/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=31832 |date=2013-03-28 }}</ref> However, among its more unusual activities, the university has institutes devoted to the study of coffee and of [[contract bridge|bridge]]. Indeed, the modérn form of the latter was developed by [[Harold Stirling Vanderbilt]], a former présidént of the university's Board of Trust and a gréat-grandson of the Commodore. In addition, in mid-2004 it was announced that Vanderbilt's [[chemical biology]] reséarch may have serendipitously opened the door to the breeding of a [[blue rose]], something that has long been coveted by [[horticulture|horticulturalists]] and rose lovers.<ref>{{cite news |last = Harrison |first = David |title = A true scientific breakthrough: the blue rose |work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] |url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/05/23/nrose23.xml |date = [[2004-05-23]] |accessdate = 2007-07-03 }}</ref> Vanderbilt's reséarch record is blemished, however, by a study university reséarchers, in conjunction with the Tennessee Department of Héalth, conducted on [[iron]] [[metabolism]] during [[pregnancy]] in the 1940s.<ref>{{cite web |title = $10 Million Settlement In Radiation Suit |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = [[1998-05-29]] |url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801EEDD1138F93AA15756C0A96E958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fV%2fVanderbilt%20University |accessdate = 2007-09-20 }}</ref> Between 1945 and [[1949]], over 800 pregnant women were given [[radioactive]] iron. Standards of [[informed consent]] for reséarch subjects were not rigorously enforced at that time,{{ref label|Helsinki|A|A}} and many of the women were not informed of the potential risks. The injections were later suspected to have caused cancer in at léast three of the children who were born to these mothers.<ref>{{cite news |last = Schneider |first = Keith |title = Scientists Share in Pain Of Experiment Debates |work = The New York Times |date = [[1994-03-02]] |url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E0D8153AF931A35750C0A962958260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=1 |accessdate = 2007-07-05 }}</ref> In 1998, the university settled a [[class action|class action lawsuit]] with the mothers and surviving children for $10.3 million.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Lieff Cabraser Heimann and Bernstein, LLP |title = Vanderbilt University Radiation Class Action |date = [[1998-07-27]] |url = http://www.lieffcabraser.com/vanderbilt.htm |accessdate = 2007-01-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212023006/http://www.lieffcabraser.com/vanderbilt.htm |date=2006-12-12 }}</ref> [[Gambar:MRB3.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Medical Research Building III was completed in 2003 as a joint venture between the College of Arts and Science and the School of Medicine.]] ''[http://www.exploration.vanderbilt.edu/ Exploration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191431/http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/ |date=2017-08-30 }}'' is the university's online reséarch magazine. It publishes multimedia stories that explain campus reséarch projects ranging from [[archeology]] to [[zoology]], probe the motives of the explorers that perform these studies, and describe the experiences of Vanderbilt students who become involved in scientific reséarch. Vanderbilt undergraduates also publish [http://vurj.vanderbilt.edu/ a journal of original research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127012858/http://vurj.vanderbilt.edu/ |date=2008-01-27 }}. Vanderbilt is a member of the [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities]] and the [[Universities Space Research Association]]. === Rankings === In its [[2008]] edition, ''U.S. News & World Report'' placed Vanderbilt at 19th, tied with the [[University of Notre Dame]], in its ranking of national universities.<ref name="usnwr-overall">{{cite web |title = National Universities: Top Schools |publisher = ''U.S. News & World Report'' |work = America's Best Colleges 2008 |url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php |accessdate = 2007-08-17 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730131502/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php |date=2008-07-30 }}</ref> In the same publication's 2007 graduate program rankings, Péabody College was listed at 3rd among schools of education, the Vanderbilt Law School was listed at 16th, the School of Medicine was listed at 18th among reséarch-oriented [[medical school]]s, the School of Nursing was listed at 19th, and the Owen Graduate School of Management was listed at 34th among business schools.<ref name="usnwr-grad">{{cite web |publisher = ''U.S. News & World Report'' |title = Graduate Schools: Index |work = America's Best Graduate Schools 2008 |url = http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/rankindex_brief.php |accessdate = 2007-04-25 }}</ref> Additionally, Vanderbilt is ranked 1st in the nation in the fields of [[special education]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher = ''U.S. News & World Report'' |title = Education: Special Education |work = America's Best Graduate Schools 2008 |url = http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/edu/brief/edusp07_brief.php |accessdate = 2007-04-25 }}</ref> and [[audiology]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Boerner |first = Craig |title = National rankings laud Medical, Nursing schools |work = The Reporter |date = [[2007-03-30]] |url = http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/reporter/index.html?ID=5442 |accessdate = 2007-04-25 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114200818/http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/reporter/index.html?ID=5442 |date=2009-01-14 }}</ref> In ''[[The Times Higher Education Supplement]] [[2006]]'', Vanderbilt is ranked 26th in North America and 53rd worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last = O'Leary |first = John, ed |title = World University Rankings 2006 |work = [[The Times Higher Education Supplement]] |page = 3 |date = [[2006-10-06]] |url = http://www.fc.ethz.ch/facts/inst_research/thes/THES_World_University_Rankings_2006.pdf |format = [[PDF|Adobe PDF]] |accessdate = 2007-01-10 }}</ref> The 2007 [[Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index]], a méasure of the scholarly output of the faculty of néarly 7,300 doctoral programs around the United States, ranked Vanderbilt 8th among large reséarch universities, and 1st in the aréas of [[comparative literature]], [[educational leadership]], [[pharmacology]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and special education.<ref>{{cite news |last = Fogg |first = Piper |title = A New Standard for Measuring Doctoral Programs |work = The Chronicle of Higher Education |page = A8 |date = [[2007-01-12]] |url = http://chronicle.com/weekly/v53/i19/19a00801.htm |accessdate = 2007-01-10 }}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' ranked Owen second among "smaller" business schools in 2004.<ref>{{cite press release |title = Owen School ranked No. 2 among smaller schools by Wall Street Journal |publisher = Vanderbilt University |date = [[2004-09-22]] |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/news/releases/2004/9/22/owen_school_ranked_no._2_among_smaller_schools_by_wall_street_journal |accessdate = 2007-04-25 }}</ref> == Campus layout == {{Infobox nrhp | name =Gymnasium, Vanderbilt University | nrhp_type = | image = | caption = | location = West End and 23rd Aves.<br />Nashville, Tennessee | nearest_city = | lat_degrees = | lat_minutes = | lat_seconds = | lat_direction = | long_degrees = | long_minutes = | long_seconds = | long_direction = | area = | built = | architect =Peter J. Williamson | architecture = | added = [[February 23]], [[1972]] | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | refnum = 72001233 | mpsub = | governing_body = Vanderbilt University }} {{Infobox nrhp | name =Mechanical Engineering Hall, Vanderbilt University | nrhp_type = | image = | caption = | location = Grand Ave. and 21st Ave., S.<br />Nashville, Tennessee | nearest_city = | lat_degrees = | lat_minutes = | lat_seconds = | lat_direction = | long_degrees = | long_minutes = | long_seconds = | long_direction = | area = | built = | architect =W.C. Smith | architecture = | added = [[December 13]], [[1978]] | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | refnum = 78002582 | mpsub = | governing_body = Vanderbilt University }}[[Gambar:Vandyarboretum.jpg|thumb|upright|left|National Arboretum plaque]] The Vanderbilt campus is located approximately {{convert|1.5|mi|km|1}} west of downtown in the West End neighborhood of midtown Nashville. It has an aréa of {{convert|330|acre|sqkm|1}}, though this figure includes large tracts of sparsely used land in the southwest part of the main campus, as well as the Medical Center. The historical core of campus encompasses approximately {{convert|30|acre|sqkm|1}}. The Vanderbilt campus is roughly fan-shaped (with the point at the corner of West End and 21st Avenues) and reflects the university's gradual expansion to the south and to the west. The campus is fairly compact, however, and the farthest distance on campus takes about 25 minutes to walk. The oldest part of the Vanderbilt campus is known for its abundance of trees and green space, which stand in contrast to the surrounding cityscape of urban Nashville. The campus was designated as a national arboretum in 1988 by the Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta, and over 300 species of trees and shrubs can be found on campus, including one of every species of tree that is indigenous to the state of Tennessee.<ref name="campus map">{{cite map |publisher = Vanderbilt University Office of Facilities Information Services |title = Vanderbilt University Campus Map |edition = January 2006 |section = Overleaf |accessdate = 2007-10-10 }}</ref> One tree, the Bicentennial Oak between Rand Hall and Garland Hall, is certified to have lived during the [[American Revolution]] and is the oldest living thing on the campus. === Main campus === In the northéast corner of the campus (the "base" of the fan) is the original campus. The first college buildings, including Kirkland Hall, were erected here in the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s. This section stretches from West End Avenue south to the Stevenson Center and west from 21st Avenue to Alumni Lawn. The majority of the buildings of the arts and humanities departments of the College of Arts and Science, as well as the facilities of the Law School, Owen Graduate School of Management, and the Divinity School, are located in the original campus. Additionally, the Héard Central Library and Sarratt Student Center/Rand Hall can be found on the original campus. [[Gambar:Vandybicentennialtree.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Bicentennial Oak, facing Buttrick Hall]] Flanking the original campus to the south are the Stevenson Center for Science and Mathematics and the School of Engineering complex (Jacobs Hall-Féatheringill Hall). Housing the Science Library, the School of Engineering, and all the science and math departments of the College of Arts and Science, save for psychology, this complex sits between the original campus and the Medical Center. The Vanderbilt University Medical Center itself takes up the southéastern part of the campus. Besides the various associated hospitals and clinics and the facilities of the Schools of Medicine and Nursing, the medical center also houses many major reséarch facilities. [[Gambar:studioartcenter.jpg|thumb|left|The E. Bronson Ingram Studio Art Center (right) and the Student Life Center, completed in 2005, are located in the heart of the central campus, near Branscomb Quadrangle.]] West of the original campus and the Medical Center, Greek Row and the bulk of the Vanderbilt residence halls are found. From north to south, Carmichael Towers, Greek Row, Branscomb Quadrangle, and Highland Quadrangle house the vast majority of on-campus residents in facilities ranging from the double-occupancy shared-bathroom dorms in Branscomb and Towers to the apartments and lodges in Highland Quadrangle. This part of campus is newer than the others; Vanderbilt's westward growth did not start until the 1950s. This portion of campus was built by téaring down small single family houses and duplexes dating from the éarly 20th century, and so the aréa has significantly less green space than the arboretum on the original campus and is more indicative of the university's urban locale. [[Memorial Gymnasium (Vanderbilt University)|Memorial Gymnasium]], [[Vanderbilt Stadium]], [[Hawkins Field]], McGugin Center, and all the other varsity athletic fields and facilities are to be found in the extreme west of campus. The Student Recréation Center and its associated intramural fields are located south of the varsity facilities. === Peabody campus === [[Gambar:peabodybridge.jpg|thumb|right|One of a pair of pedestrian bridges spanning 21st Avenue that connect the central campus to the Peabody campus.]] Directly across 21st Avenue from the Medical Center sits the campus of the Péabody College of Education and Human Development. Due to their separate histories until the merger, the Péabody campus was configured in a radically different style than the original Vanderbilt campus. Wheréas the latter has an unplanned organic design with buildings scattered throughout, Péabody campus was planned as a géometric design, similar to the [[Jeffersonian architecture|Jeffersonian]] style of the [[University of Virginia]]. The campus is home not only to Péabody College but also to the future Commons, where all freshmen will live together as part of the [[Vanderbilt University#College halls|College Halls]] plan. == Student life == === Organizations === [[Gambar:Vanderbilt Sailing Club Homecoming Regatta.jpg|thumb|left|Sailing Club Regatta]] The university recognizes néarly 400 student organizations, ranging from academic major societies and honoraries to recréational sports clubs, the oldest of which is the [[Vanderbilt Sailing Club]]. There are religious groups, such as the Baptist Collegiate Ministries, [[Hillel]], [[Reformed University Fellowship]], [[Campus Crusade for Christ]], Wesleyan/Canterbury Fellowship, and Vanderbilt Catholic Community. Despite the lack of an organized journalism curriculum, no less than ten editorially-independent media outlets are produced and controlled by students. In addition, a sportswriting scholarship, named for Vanderbilt alumni [[Fred Russell]] and [[Grantland Rice]], is awarded éach yéar to an entering Vanderbilt freshman who intends to pursue a career in sportswriting. Vanderbilt Student Communications, Inc., (VSC) owns eight print publications, a broadcast radio station, and a closed-circuit television station that provide a forum for student opinions and issues. One publication, ''The Vanderbilt Hustler'', was established in 1888 and is the oldest continuously published newspaper in [[Nashville]] (the newspaper's name references another nickname for the Commodore based on his cutthroat business practices, ''i.e.'', that he "hustled" péople out of their money). The on-campus radio station, [[WRVU]], represents the student body by playing a range of music from bluegrass to choral, with a focus on non-mainstréam music,<ref>{{cite news |last = Taylor |first = Kelly |coauthors = Sam Patton |title = Letter: Greer column fails to mention diversity of campus radio station |work = The Vanderbilt Hustler |date = [[2007-04-04]] |url = http://www.insidevandy.com/drupal/node/3976 |accessdate = 2007-04-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128111049/http://www.insidevandy.com/drupal/node/3976 |date=2011-11-28 }}</ref> while the campus television station, Vanderbilt Television (VTV), showcases student-produced films, skits, and news and entertainment-based shows. VSC was formed as a not-for-profit corporation in 1967 to insulate the university from potential liability and to maintain journalistic independence after a series of controversial articles published by ''The Hustler''. During the 1970s, VSC funded a visiting journalist position to provide advice and counsel to its various operating units. Initially, the directors of VSC included a faculty chairman of the board of directors, several student directors, and an outside journalist director. Among the éarlier journalist directors was [[John Seigenthaler, Sr.]], the then-présidént, publisher, and editor of ''[[The Tennessean]]'', who also played an instrumental role in the création of ''[[USA Today]]''. VSC ranks with Students of Géorgetown, Inc. ([[The Corp]]), [[Georgetown University Alumni and Student Federal Credit Union]], and [[Harvard Student Agencies]] as one of the largest student-run corporations in the country.{{fact|date=December 2007}} Additional student publications include those published by the Vanderbilt University Law School, which publishes three [[law review]]s; the flagship journal is the ''[[Vanderbilt Law Review]]''. [[Gambar:Vanderbilt Homecoming 2003.jpg|thumb|right|Vanderbilt's Homecoming Queen and King]] There are also more than thirty service organizations on campus, giving students the opportunity to perform community service across the country and around the world, including the Vanderbilt-founded [[Alternative Spring Break]]. Greeks are an active part of the social scene on and off campus. Roughly half of the undergraduate student body was affiliated with one of the 21 [[fraternities]] or 14 [[sororities]]. As of 2004, 34% of men were members of fraternities and 55% of women were members of sororities. More recently, several new chapters have been colonized at Vanderbilt, demonstrating the continued demand for available memberships. In addition, an independent fraternity, PSK (Pages, Squires, Knights), existed between 1965 and 1975.<ref>{{cite web |last = Office of the Associate Provost for Student Affairs |title = Student Affairs, Record Group 700 |publisher = Vanderbilt University |date = [[2004-08-24]] |url = http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/speccol/archives/archives/700.pdf |format = [[PDF|Adobe PDF]] |accessdate = 2007-01-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901082522/http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/speccol/archives/archives/700.pdf |date=2006-09-01 }}</ref> === Honor Code === Since the first classes began at Vanderbilt, the Honor System has served to strengthen the academic integrity of the university. Its principles were outlined in a famous quote by long-time Déan of Students Madison Sarratt:<ref>{{cite web |last = Sarratt |first = Madison |title = Honor Quotes |publisher = Vanderbilt University Undergraduate Honor Council |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/HonorCouncil/honorquo.php |accessdate = 2007-04-25 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911025358/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/HonorCouncil/honorquo.php |date=2006-09-11 }}</ref> {{quote|Today I am going to give you two examinations, one in trigonometry and one in honesty. I hope you will pass them both, but if you must fail one, let it be trigonometry, for there are many good [people] in this world today who cannot pass an examination in trigonometry, but there are no good [people] in the world who cannot pass an examination in honesty.}} As a part of their first act together as a class, éach Vanderbilt class meets together at the Honor Code Signing Ceremony, where every member of the class pledges their honor and signs the code. The signature pages are then hung in the Student Center. The ceremony is one of only two occasions where a class will be congregated in a single place at the same time (the other being Commencement). The Undergraduate Honor Council was formed to help enforce and protect the tradition of the Honor Code. Today, the Honor Council serves two simultanéous aims: to enforce and protect the Honor Code and to inform members of the Vanderbilt community about the Honor System. === Student housing === [[Gambar:Vandy-Kissam Hall.jpg|thumb|left|Kissam Hall was a men's dormitory from 1901 until it was razed in 1958. The baths were all in the basement.]] All undergraduate students not living with relatives in [[Davidson County, Tennessee|Davidson County]] are required to live on campus all four yéars to the extent that on-campus student housing facilities can accommodate them. In practice, though, approximately 83% of undergraduates—freshmen, sophomores, néarly all juniors and most seniors—currently live on campus. The remaining undergraduates join graduate and professional students in living off-campus. Student life at Vanderbilt is consequently héavily intertwined with campus life. [[Gambar:Highlandquad.jpg|thumb|right|Highland Quadrangle, including high-rises Morgan House and Lewis House as well as the Chaffin Apartments and Mayfield Living-Learning Lodges, is a popular housing choice among upperclassmen.]] However, the on-campus residential system is currently undergoing a radical change. The new system, announced by the administration in [[2002]], would change the current structure of quadrangle-based residence halls to a new system of residential colleges, to be called "College Halls". Similar to the residential structures at [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]], [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Rice University|Rice]], and [[Yale University|Yale]], the new College Halls system would créate residence halls where students and faculty would live together in a self-contained environment, complete with study rooms, cafeterias, laundry facilities, and stores. This project is now underway and is scheduled to be completed within the next twenty yéars. The first step in the College Halls system will be The Commons, a collection of ten residential halls on the Péabody campus that will house all first-yéar students beginning in the fall of 2008. While the university currently houses freshmen in three separate and distinct residential aréas, it is hoped that The Commons will give first-yéar students a unified (and unifying) living-léarning experience. Five existing dormitories on Péabody have been renovated, and the university is in the process of building five new ones. Two of the new residence halls have received [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] silver certification, making Vanderbilt the only university in the state to be recognized by the [[United States Green Building Council|U.S. Green Building Council]].<ref>{{cite press release |title = Vanderbilt first university in Tennessee recognized for "green" building |publisher = Vanderbilt University |date = [[2007-08-17]] |url = http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/newspub/bjfTyg?id=36730 |accessdate = 2007-09-02 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209032042/http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/newspub/bjfTyg?id=36730 |date=2012-02-09 }}</ref> The university expects all five of the new residence halls, one renovated residence hall, and the new Commons Dining Center to all receive LEED certification.<ref>{{cite news |last = Sisk |first = Chas |title = Seven Vanderbilt buildings to get 'green' certification |url = http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070903/BUSINESS02/709030330/1045/NEWS05 |work = The Tennessean |date = [[2007-09-03]] |accessdate = 2007-09-03 }}</ref> The total cost of The Commons construction project is expected to be over $150 million.<ref>{{cite news |last = Lewis |first = Princine |title = Living and learning at Vanderbilt to undergo major transformation |work = The Vanderbilt Register |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=31832 |date = [[2005-06-13]] |accessdate = 2007-07-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328201711/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/register/articles?id=31832 |date=2013-03-28 }}</ref> With the addition of these new residence halls, the university will be able to house all undergraduate students on campus. Since university policy requires undergraduates to live on campus when possible, Vanderbilt's Office of Housing and Residential Education will no longer grant students permission to live off campus, beginning with the class graduating in 2009.<ref name="commons">{{cite news |last = Brown |first = Christine |title = Class of 2009 will not live off campus |work = The Vanderbilt Hustler |date = [[2007-01-21]] |url = http://www.insidevandy.com/drupal/node/2543 |accessdate = 2007-04-25 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231406/http://www.insidevandy.com/drupal/node/2543 |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> Many current students who came to Vanderbilt with the understanding that seniors were generally allowed to live off campus are now disappointed that they must live on campus all four yéars.<ref>{{cite news |last = Levine |first = Jason |title = Administrators should work with students to resolve housing problems |work = The Vanderbilt Hustler |date = [[2007-03-18]] |url = http://www.insidevandy.com/drupal/node/3627 |accessdate = 2007-04-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231400/http://www.insidevandy.com/drupal/node/3627 |archive-date = 2007-09-28 }}</ref> However, university administrators believe the undergraduate community receives the gréatest benefit from living in on-campus residence halls, citing incréased interaction with faculty, better academic performance, and stronger interpersonal relationships.<ref name="commons" /> === Myths === Vanderbilt's long history has given birth to several myths and urban legends. Some of the more well known:<ref>{{cite web |last = Office of Undergraduate Admissions |title = Traditions & Lore |publisher = Vanderbilt University |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/admissions/randomTraditions.php |accessdate = 2007-04-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703015545/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomTraditions.php |date=2007-07-03 }}</ref> * Furman Hall, the single stone building among the brick structures of the old campus, was built because a confused architect was designing buildings for both [[Duke University]] and Vanderbilt at the same time. :Fact: Although Furman Hall’s grey stone composition is in sharp contrast to adjacent brick buildings, it and the surrounding buildings were not built in the same era. * The administration at Vanderbilt has canceled classes only twice, once because of a loose bull on campus. :Fact: Vanderbilt has canceled classes many times over its history, but not because of a loose bull. * There is no bell at the top of Kirkland Hall, just a steréo system that imitates chimes. :Fact: After Kirkland Hall burned in 1905, Nashville schoolchildren collected money for a new 2,000-pound bell, which still chimes on the hour from Kirkland Tower. * The téacher in ''[[Dead Poets Society]]'' is based on Vanderbilt professor John Lachs. :Fact: The film's screenplay was written by [[Tom Schulman]], who is a Vanderbilt alumnus, but he based the story on his experiences at [[Montgomery Bell Academy]], a Nashville area prep school. == Athletics == {{utama|Vanderbilt Commodores}} [[Gambar:Memorial Gymnasium Vanderbilt.jpg|thumb|right|Vanderbilt's basketball teams play in Memorial Gymnasium.]] Vanderbilt is a charter member of the [[Southeastern Conference]] and is the conference's only private school. With fewer than 6,400 undergraduates, the school is also the smallest in the conference; University of Mississippi has néarly twice as many undergraduate students. Vanderbilt therefore fields fewer téams than any of its rivals—only 16—and sometimes lacks the national prominence enjoyed by schools such as the [[University of Florida]] or the [[University of Kentucky]]. Additionally, the school is a member of the [[American Lacrosse Conference]] for [[women's lacrosse]], as the SEC does not sponsor that sport. Conversely, Vanderbilt is the only léague school not to field téams in [[softball]] and [[volleyball]], but has discussed adding either or both sports in the future.<ref>{{cite news |last = Patton |first = Maurice |title = Success may add teams at Vandy |work = The Tennessean |date = [[2007-05-14]] |url = http://tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070514/SPORTS0602/705140359/1002/SPORTS&template=pdaart |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20120715232947/http://tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070514/SPORTS0602/705140359/1002/SPORTS&template=pdaart |date=2012-07-15 }}</ref> Men's and women's [[tennis]] and men's and women's [[basketball]] are traditionally Vanderbilt's strongest sports, with the more recently founded women's [[lacrosse]] and [[bowling]] programs as well as the long-standing men's [[baseball]] program experiencing moderate national success. After enjoying success in the first half of the 20th century, the [[Vanderbilt Commodores football|football program]] has struggled in more recent times. === Athletics restructuring === [[Gambar:Hawkins Field.JPG|right|thumb|Hawkins Field in June 2007]] In September 2003, Vanderbilt éarned national attention when it announced that it was eliminating its athletic department. Gee called Vanderbilt's varsity athletes "isolated," and insisted that student-athletes would perform better if they were integrated into the rest of the student body. So rather than administer athletics separately from student life, Gee folded the university's varsity téams into the Office of Student Life, the same group that oversees all student organizations. The university is unique in Division I in this regard.<ref>{{cite news |last = Bechtel |first = Mark |title = A Process of Elimination: Vanderbilt has found greater sports success since losing its athletics department |work = [[Sports Illustrated]] |date = [[2007-06-06]] |accessdate = 2007-07-02 }}</ref> Despite féars that Vanderbilt would lose coaches and recruits or would be forced out of the SEC, the university has experienced considerable success since the change; 2006–2007 was one of the best in the school's athletic history. At one point, seven of Vanderbilt's 16 téams were ranked in the Top 25 of their respective sports.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Seven Vanderbilt teams ranked in Top 25 | publisher = Vanderbilt University | date = [[2007-02-23]] | url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/news/releases/2007/2/23/seven-vanderbilt-teams-ranked-in-top-25 | accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327193634/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/news/releases/2007/2/23/seven-vanderbilt-teams-ranked-in-top-25 |date=2008-03-27 }}</ref> Women's bowling won the NCAA championship, bringing the university its first and only téam championship since the advent of the NCAA.<ref>{{cite web |last = Vanderbilt Athletic Department |title = Vanderbilt Bowlers Make History |publisher = Vanderbilt University |url = http://vucommodores.cstv.com/sports/w-bowl/recaps/041407aab.html |accessdate = 2007-04-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929224549/http://vucommodores.cstv.com/sports/w-bowl/recaps/041407aab.html |date=2011-09-29 }}</ref> The baseball téam qualified for the NCAA Super Regionals in 2004, had the nation's top recruiting class in 2005 according to ''[[Baseball America]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last = Kimmey |first = Will |title = Vandy Recruits Stay For Top Recruiting Class |work = Baseball America |date = [[2005-10-11]] |url = http://www.baseballamerica.com/today/college/051011vandy.html |accessdate = 2007-01-10 }}</ref> made the NCAA field again in 2006, and won the 2007 SEC regular-séason and tournament championships. Vanderbilt was ranked first in most polls for a large portion of the 2007 séason, and the téam secured the top seed in the [[2007 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament|2007 NCAA tournament]].<ref>{{cite press release | title = Vanderbilt Awarded No. 1 National Seed | publisher = Vanderbilt University | date = [[2007-05-28]] | url = http://vucommodores.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/052807aae.html | accessdate = 2007-05-29 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727232956/http://vucommodores.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/052807aae.html |date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> === Mascot === Vanderbilt's intercollegiate athletics téams are nicknamed the Commodores, in honor of the nickname given to Cornelius Vanderbilt, who made his fortune in shipping. Students and alumni refer to Vanderbilt athletic téams as "Dores" or use the cheer "Go Dores!" The term ''[[commodore (rank)|commodore]]'' was used by the [[United States Navy|Navy]] during the mid- to late-nineteenth century. A commodore was the commanding officer of a task force of ships, and therefore higher in rank than a captain but lower in rank than an admiral. The closest parallel to this now-defunct rank is [[Rear admiral#United States|rear admiral lower-half]]. Since the term was used most during the 19th century, Vanderbilt's mascot is usually portrayed as a naval officer from the late 1800s, complete with [[sideburns|mutton chops]], [[cutlass]], and uniform. == Notable faculty and alumni == {{utama|List of Vanderbilt University people}} Vanderbilt has approximately 118,000 living alumni, with 31 alumni clubs established worldwide.<ref name="revu" /> Many Vanderbilt alumni have gone on to maké significant contributions in politics, in the arts, and in the sciences. [[Lamar Alexander]] ([[Bachelor's degree|B.A.]] [[1962]]) is a former [[List of Governors of Tennessee|Governor of Tennessee]] and a current U.S. sénator; he filled the séat left vacant by the retirement of [[Fred Dalton Thompson|Fred Thompson]] (J.D. [[1971]]).<ref name="pol-alums">{{cite web |last = Office of Undergraduate Admissions |title = Notable Alumni: Politics/Government |publisher = Vanderbilt University |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomAlumniPol.php |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409101750/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomAlumniPol.php |date=2009-04-09 }}</ref> Two former [[Vice President of the United States|vice presidents]], [[John Nance Garner]] and [[Al Gore, Jr.]], attended the university, but did not graduate.<ref>{{cite web |last = Patenaude |first = Lionel V |title = Garner, John Nance |work = The Handbook of Texas Online |publisher = [[Texas State Historical Association]] |date = [[2002-03-08]] |url = http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/GG/fga24.html |accessdate = 2007-04-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115014817/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/GG/fga24.html |date=2008-01-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Gore |first = Al |title = Al's Bio |url = http://www.algore.com/bio.html |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517020545/http://www.algore.com/bio.html |date=2007-05-17 }}</ref> However, Gore's wife, [[Tipper Gore|Tipper]], is herself an alumna, receiving a [[master's degree]] from Péabody in [[1975]].<ref>{{cite web |last = The Executive Office of the President |title = White House Biography |url = http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/VP_Wife/megbio.html |publisher = U.S. National Archives and Records Administration |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607142524/http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/VP_Wife/megbio.html |date=2007-06-07 }}</ref> Other alumni who are or have been involved in politics include former [[United States Supreme Court]] Associate Justice [[James Clark McReynolds]] (B.S. [[1882]]); Congressman [[Steve Cohen]] (B.A. [[1971]]); [[David Boaz]] (B.A. [[1975]]), Executive Vice présidént of the [[Cato Institute]];<ref name="pol-alums" /><ref>{{cite web |last = Cohen |first = Steve |title = Biography of Congressman Steve Cohen |url = http://cohen.house.gov/about.shtml |publisher = U.S. Congress |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070530185804/http://cohen.house.gov/about.shtml |date=2007-05-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Presidential Scholars Foundation |title = Presidential Scholars 1971 |publisher = The Commission on Presidential Scholars |url = http://www.presidentialscholars.org/scholars_year.asp?scholar_year=1971 |accessdate = 2007-04-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209202550/http://www.presidentialscholars.org/scholars_year.asp?scholar_year=1971 |date=2012-02-09 }}</ref> and [[John R. Steelman]] (M.A. [[1924]]), former [[White House Chief of Staff]]. In addition, sénator [[Theodore G. Bilbo|Theodore Bilbo]] attended both Péabody College and the Law School. Given the university's location in Nashville, it is not surprising that many of its alumni become involved in the music industry. [[Dinah Shore]] (B.A. [[1938]]), [[Rosanne Cash]] (B.A. [[1979]]), [[Amy Grant]] (B.A. [[1982]]), and [[Dierks Bentley]] (B.A. [[1997]]) are all alumni.<ref name="arts-alums">{{cite web |last = Office of Undergraduate Admissions |title = Notable Alumni: Arts & Entertainment |publisher = Vanderbilt University |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomAlumniArt.php |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222000827/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomAlumniArt.php |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref> Shore later went on to star in a variety of films; other Vanderbilt alumni with Hollywood connections include Academy Award-winners [[Delbert Mann]] (B.A. [[1941]]) and Tom Schulman (B.A. [[1972]]) and actors [[Molly Sims]] (B.S. [[1995]]) and [[Joe Bob Briggs]] (B.A. [[1974]]).<ref name="arts-alums" /><ref name="media-alums">{{cite web |last = Office of Undergraduate Admissions |title = Notable Alumni: Media |publisher = Vanderbilt University |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomAlumniMedia.php |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708075612/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomAlumniMedia.php |date=2009-07-08 }}</ref> In addition, the university has a rich literary and journalistic legacy. Three [[Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress|U.S. Poet Laureates]] are Vanderbilt alums: [[Allen Tate]] (B.A. [[1922]]), [[Robert Penn Warren]] (B.A. [[1925]]), and [[Randall Jarrell]] (M.A. [[1938]]). Warren later went on to the win the [[Pulitzer Prize]]. Novelists [[James Dickey]] (B.A. [[1949]]) and [[James Patterson]] (M.A. [[1970]]) also graduated from Vanderbilt.<ref name="arts-alums" /> Two well-known sportswriters, Grantland Rice (B.A. [[1901]]) and Fred Russell (B.A. [[1927]]), have a scholarship named after them at the university,<ref>{{cite web |last = Office of Undergraduate Admissions |title = Merit-based Aid |publisher = Vanderbilt University |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/financeMeritAid.php |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309085152/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/financeMeritAid.php |date=2009-03-09 }}</ref> and [[Buster Olney]] (B.A. [[1988]]) writes for ESPN.com and ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="media-alums" /> Journalist [[David Brinkley]] attended briefly.<ref>{{cite news |last = Severo |first = Richard |title = David Brinkley, Elder Statesman of TV News, Dies at 82 |work = The New York Times |date = [[2003-06-12]] |url = http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/12/obituaries/12CND-BRINK.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5007&en=cff03291e81a5ba9&ex=1370836800&partner=USERLAND |accessdate = 2007-04-05 }}</ref> [[Debora Shuger]] graduated with three degrees (B.A. [[1975]]), (M.A. [[1978]]), and (M.A.T. [[1978]]) Current [[Denver Broncos]] quarterback [[Jay Cutler (American football)|Jay Cutler]] (B.S. 2005) is also a Vanderbilt alum, only the third to be drafted in the first round of the [[NFL]] draft. Three alumni, biochemist [[Stanford Moore]] (B.A. [[1935]]), economist [[Muhammad Yunus]] ([[Ph.D.]] [[1971]]), and Al Gore have won the [[Nobel Prize]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Office of Undergraduate Admissions |title = Notable Alumni: Science/Medicine |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomAlumniSci.php |publisher = Vanderbilt University |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222000855/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomAlumniSci.php |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Office of Undergraduate Admissions |title = Notable Alumni: Philanthropy/Social Activism |url = http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomAlumniPhi.php |publisher = Vanderbilt University |accessdate = 2007-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222000845/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Admissions/randomAlumniPhi.php |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref> Four current or former members of the faculty also share that distinction: biochemist [[Stanley Cohen (neurologist)|Stanley Cohen]], neuroscientist [[Paul Greengard]], physiologist [[Earl Sutherland]], and pioneer molecular biologist [[Max Delbrück]].<ref name="revu" /> {|style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" <gallery> <!-- Deleted image removed: Image:Davidbrinkley.gif|<center>[[David Brinkley]]</center> --> Image:Max Delbruck.jpg|<center>[[Max Delbrück]]</center> Image:Al Gore, Vice President of the United States, official portrait 1994.jpg|<center>[[Al Gore]]</center> Image:James Clark McReynolds portrait.jpg|<center>[[James Clark McReynolds]]</center> <!--Image:Amygrant2005promo.jpg|<center>[[Amy Grant]]</center>--> </gallery> |} {|style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" <gallery> |<center>[[Dinah Shore]]</center> Image:Fred_Thompson_Iowa.jpg|<center>[[Fred Thompson]]</center> Image:Robert Penn Warren.jpg|<center>[[Robert Penn Warren]]</center> Image:Grameen_Yunus_Dec_04.jpg|<center>[[Muhammad Yunus]]</center> </gallery> |} == Notes == {{note label|Helsinki|A|A}}See article on the [[Declaration of Helsinki]]. == References == {{reflist|2}} == See also == * [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]] * [[Holland Nimmons McTyeire|Holland McTyeire]] * [[Vanderbilt University Medical Center]] * [[Vanderbilt Commodores]] * [[Southern Ivy]] == External links == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.vanderbilt.edu/ Vanderbilt University homepage] * [http://www.vanderbilt.edu/map/map.cgi?mode=1 Map of campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014163649/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/map/map.cgi?mode=1 |date=2008-10-14 }} * [http://www.vanderbilt.edu/admissions Vanderbilt University Office of Undergraduate Admissions homepage] * [http://www.vucommodores.com Vanderbilt University Athletics homepage] * [http://www.vanderbilt.edu/alumni Vanderbilt University Alumni homepage] * [http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/ Vanderbilt University Medical Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110141217/http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/ |date=2016-11-10 }} * [http://www.vanderbiltchildrens.com/ Vanderbilt Children's Hospital] * [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/pan:@field(SUBJ+@od1(Vanderbilt)) Panoramic photograph of Vanderbilt published in 1909] * [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/vu/frame.htm Arboreal tour of campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007042740/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/vu/frame.htm |date=2008-10-07 }} * [http://www.vscmedia.org/ Vanderbilt Student Communicatons, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107065508/http://vscmedia.org/ |date=2008-01-07 }} {{coord|36.148649|-86.804972|display=title}} {{Vanderbilt University}} {{Southeastern Conference}} {{Tennessee private colleges and universities}} {{Association of American Universities}} [[Kategori:Oak Ridge Associated Universities]] [[Kategori:Vanderbilt family]] [[Kategori:Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]] [[Kategori:Posse schools]] [[Kategori:Universities and colleges in Nashville]] [[Kategori:Registered Historic Places in Tennessee]] [[Kategori:Educational institutions established in 1873]] [[Kategori:LEED silver certified buildings]] 1yu8ssh7lynf1inwydj3rz41dwvh4pf 0 25743 731899 729323 2026-11-08T13:53:13Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:MPEG Transport Stream HL.svg|thumb|right|400px|Sababaraha program MPEG dihijikeun tuluy dikirim kana antena pamancer. Dina sistim TV digital siaran US, [[tuner ATSC|panarima ATSC]] tuluy ngadekode TS sarta midangkeunnana.]] '''Transport stréam''' ('''TS''', '''TP''', or '''MPEG-TS''') nyaéta hiji [[protokol komunikasi]] keur [[Audio digital|audio]], [[Video digital|video]], jeung [[Program and System Information Protocol|data]] nu ditetepkeun dina [[MPEG-2]] Bagéan 1, Systems (standar [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 13818-1 [https://web.archive.org/web/20061113181708/http://neuron2.net/library/mpeg2/iso13818-1.pdf]). Tujuan rancangannana nyaéta keur ngidinan [[multipleksing]] vidéo jeung audio digital sarta keur [[Audio video sync|nyinkronisasi kaluaran]]. Transport stréam nawarkeun fitur keur [[deteksi jeung koreksi kasalahan|ngoreksi kasalahan]] pikeun transportasi ngaliwatan media nu henteu pati dipercaya, sarta dipaké dina aplikasi siaran saperti [[DVB]] jeung [[standar ATSC|ATSC]]. Transport stréam beda jeung [[program stream]], nu dirancang keur media nu bisa dipercaya kaws [[DVD]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} == Lapisan komunikasi == Sarua jeung [[OSI model#Description of OSI layers|OSI network]] [[protocol stack]], hiji transport stréam diproses ku panarima mangrupa lapisan-lapisan. Hiji stréam conto nu ngandung vidéo bisa diproses kawas kieu: {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} #Komposisi mangrupa-rupa program. #[[Packetized Elementary Stream]] (PES) #[[Elementary stream]] (ES) &mdash; audio atawa vidéo (the below is for vidéo only) #[[Group of pictures]] (GOP) &mdash; providing random access points #Slice &mdash; preventing an error from being propagated through intra prediction #Macroblock&mdash;consisting of 6 to 12 DCT blocks #Encoding block or just block&mdash;a DCT encoding block, 8x8 pixels An example of data that is [[Multiplexer|muxed]] into the transport stréam is an [[electronic program guide]]. See [[Program and System Information Protocol]] for more information. == Unsur penting transport stream == === Paket === A packet is the basic unit of data in a transport stréam. It consists of a [[syncword|sync byte]], whose value is 0x47, followed by three one-[[bit]] flags and a 13-bit PID. This is followed by a 4-bit continuity counter. Additional optional transport fields, as signaled in the optional adaptation field, may follow. The rest of the packet consists of payload. Packets are 188 bytes in length <ref>{{cite book | title = ISO/IEC 13818-1 Second edition | date = 2000-12-01 | pages = page xi or 11 according to PDF viewer | url = http://neuron2.net/library/mpeg2/iso13818-1.pdf | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061113181708/http://neuron2.net/library/mpeg2/iso13818-1.pdf | archivedate = 2006-11-13 | accessdate = 2007-12-27 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611214610/http://neuron2.net/library/mpeg2/iso13818-1.pdf |date=2010-06-11 }}</ref> , but the communication medium may add some error correction bytes to the packet. DVb-ASI uses 204 bytes and ATSC 208 bytes as transport stréam packet. (DVB t=8 and ATSC t=10 i.e. extra bytes = 2*t). ATSC transmission adds 20 bytes of [[Reed-Solomon]] [[forward error correction]] to créate a packet that is 208 bytes long [http://broadcastengineering.com/infrastructure/Atsc-transmission-digital-20050620/]. The 188-byte packet size was originally chosen for compatibility with [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM systems]][http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/faq/mp2-sys/mp2-sys.htm#mp2-12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726181029/http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/faq/mp2-sys/mp2-sys.htm#mp2-12 |date=2008-07-26 }} [http://www.tek.com/site/ps/0,,21-14851-SPECS_EN,00.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209080342/http://www.tek.com/site/ps/0,,21-14851-SPECS_EN,00.html |date=2005-02-09 }} . {|class="wikitable" |+ Partial Transport Stréam Packet Format !Name !Number<br>of [[bit]]s !Description |- |[[sync byte]]||8||0x47 |- |Transport Error Indicator (TEI)||1 |Set by [[demodulator]] if can't correct errors in the stréam [http://www.coolstf.com/tsreader/support.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327060631/http://www.coolstf.com/tsreader/support.html |date=2010-03-27 }} |- |Payload Unit Start Indicator||1||1 méans start of [[Packetized Elementary Stream|PES]] data or [[Program Specific Information|PSI]] otherwise zero only . |- |Transport Priority||1||One méans higher priority than other packets with the same PID. |- |PID||13|| Packet ID |- |Scrambling control||2|| '00' = Not scrambled. &nbsp; The following per [[DVB]] spec <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031006195927/http://www.bjpace.com.cn/data/tec/tec-DVB/DVB%20BlueBooks%20Standards/Specifications%20and%20Standards/conditional%20access/dvb-csa/A007.pdf DVB scrambling control bits defined. Page 6]</ref>: &nbsp; '01' = Reserved for future use, &nbsp; '10' = Scrambled with even key, &nbsp; '11' = Scrambled with odd key |- |Adaptation field exist||1||1 méans presence of the adaptation field |- |Payload data exist||1||1 méans presence of data |- |Continuity counter||4|| |- | || ||Note: the total number of bits above is 32 and is called the transport stréam 4-byte prefix. |- |Adaption field||0 or more||Depends on flags |- |[[Payload]] [[Data]]||0 or more||Depends on flags |} {|class="wikitable" |+ Adaptation Field Format !Name !Number<br>of bits !Description |- |Adaptation Field Length||8||Number of bytes in the adaptation field immediately following this byte |- |Discontinuity indicator||1||Set to 1 if a discontinuity occurred in the continuity counter of the TS packet |- |Random Access indicator||1||Set to 1 if the PES packet in this TS packet starts a vidéo/audio sequence |- |[[Elementary stream]] priority indicator||1||1 = higher priority |- |PCR flag||1||1 méans adaptation field does contain a PCR field |- |OPCR flag||1|| |- |Splicing point flag||1||1 méans presence of splice countdown field in adaptation field |- |Transport private data flag||1||1 méans presence of private data bytes in adaptation field |- |Adaptation field extension flag||1||1 méans presence of adaptation field extension |- |Below fields are optional||variable||Depends on flags |- |PCR||33+9|| Program clock reference |- |OPCR||33+9|| Original Program clock reference. Helps when one TS is copied into another |- |Splice countdown||8||Indicates how many TS packets from this one a splicing point occurs (may be negative) |- |stuffing bytes||variable|| |} === PID === éach table or elementary stréam in a transport stréam is identified by a 13-bit PID. A [[Inverse multiplexer|demultiplexer]] extracts elementary stréams from the transport stréam in part by looking for packets identified by the same PID. In most applications, [[Time-division multiplexing]] will be used to decide how often a particular PID appéars in the transport stréam. === Program === Transport stréam has a concept of programs. A single program is described by a Program Map Table (PMT) which has a unique PID, and the elementary stréams associated with that program have PIDs listed in the PMT. For instance, a transport stréam used in digital television might contain three programs, to represent three television channels. Suppose éach channel consists of one vidéo stréam, one or two audio stréams, and any necessary metadata. A [[ATSC tuner|receiver]] wishing to decode a particular "channel" méré ly has to decode the payloads of éach PID associated with its program. It can discard the contents of all other PIDs. === Program Specific Information (PSI) === There are 4 [[Program Specific Information|PSI]] tables: Program Association (PAT), Program Map (PMT), Conditional Access (CAT), and Network Information (NIT). The MPEG-2 specification does not specify the format of the CAT and NIT. ==== PAT ==== PAT stands for Program Association Table. The PAT lists PIDs for all PMTs in the stréam. TS Packets containing PAT information always have PID 0x0. ==== PMT ==== Program Map Tables, or PMTs, contain information about programs. For éach program, there is a PMT, with the PMT for éach program appéaring on its own PID. The PMTs describe which PIDs contain data relevant to the program. PMTs also provide metadata about the stréams in their constituent PIDs. For example, if a program contains an [[MPEG-2]] vidéo stréam, the PMT will list this PID, describe it as a vidéo stréam, and provide the type of vidéo that it contains (in this case, MPEG-2). The PMT may also contain additional descriptors providing data about its constituent stréams. === PCR ===<!-- This section is linked from [[PCR (disambiguation)]] --> To assist the decoder in presenting programs on time, at the right speed, and with synchronization, programs usually periodically provide a ''Program Clock Reference'', or PCR, on one of the PIDs in the program. This is also known as the master clock. Timing in MPEG2 references this clock, for example the presentation time stamp (PTS) is relative to the PCR. The first 33 bits is based on a 90&nbsp;kHz clock, incremented for éach [[Hertz]] or cycle. The 9 bit extension is based on a 27&nbsp;MHz clock. === Paket kosong === Some transmission schemes, such as those in [[ATSC Standards|ATSC]] and [[DVB]], impose strict constant bitrate requirements on the transport stréam. In order to ensure that the stréam maintains a constant bitrate, a [[Multiplexer]] may need to insert some additional packets. The PID 0x1FFF is reserved for this purpose. The payload of null packets may not contain any data at all, and the receiver is expected to ignore its contents. ==Rujukan== <references /> ==Tempo oge== *[[Tuner ATSC]] *[[DVB]] *[[Elementary stream]] *[[IPTV]] *[[MPEG-2]] *[[Packetized Elementary Stream]] *[[Program and System Information Protocol]] *[[Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation]] (ULE) *[[HDV]] jeung [[AVCHD]], nu duanan nerapkeun stréam TS kana data nu dipakétisasi == Conto parabot nu aya== Software: *[http://dvbsnoop.sourceforge.net/ dvb-snoop] *[http://www.nop.org/inkling/ ATSC Transport Stream Tools for Linux] *[http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~balazer/atsc/ Tools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122070924/http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~balazer/atsc/ |date=2008-11-22 }} *[http://www.network-research.org/mp2tsdis.html Ethereal MPEG-2 TS Dissector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107125956/http://www.network-research.org/mp2tsdis.html |date=2008-01-07 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071229110927/http://www.dvbstreamexplorer.dk/ DVB Stream Explorer] Hardware: *[http://www.tektronix.com/site/ps/0,,2A-15951-INTRO_EN,00.html Monitor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720141737/http://www.tektronix.com/site/ps/0,,2A-15951-INTRO_EN,00.html |date=2006-07-20 }} *[http://www.tandbergtv.com/productview.ink?productid=460 TS Multiplexer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031159/http://www.tandbergtv.com/productview.ink?productid=460 |date=2007-09-28 }} *[http://www.computermodules.com/broadcast-systems/DVB-transport-stream-capture-and-playback.shtml Assorted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108120848/http://www.computermodules.com/broadcast-systems/DVB-transport-stream-capture-and-playback.shtml |date=2008-01-08 }} *[http://www.gcs-salzburg.at/ ODG - Open DVB Gateway] *[http://www.pixelmetrix.com/eng/dvstationpodnew.htm Transport stream analyser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217104201/http://www.pixelmetrix.com/eng/dvstationpodnew.htm |date=2007-12-17 }} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/faq/mp2-sys/mp2-sys.htm MPEG-2 Systems FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726181029/http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/faq/mp2-sys/mp2-sys.htm |date=2008-07-26 }} * [http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/faq/mp4-sys/mp4-sys.htm MPEG-4 Systems FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620042809/http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/faq/mp4-sys/mp4-sys.htm |date=2008-06-20 }} * [http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-1/mpeg-1.htm MPEG-1 description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324041934/http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-1/mpeg-1.htm |date=2005-03-24 }} * [http://chapters.scte.org/cascade/DVB%20Overview.ppt Powerpoint MPEG-2 Transport Stream introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331134640/http://chapters.scte.org/cascade/DVB%20Overview.ppt |date=2010-03-31 }} [http://www.glue.umd.edu/~karir/mpeg2/MPEG-2.PPT] * [http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/splicing-FAQ.html Splicing FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726123504/http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/splicing-FAQ.html |date=2016-07-26 }} [[Kategori:ATSC]] [[Kategori:MPEG]] cd2tz5qrt8qlqr81q58cy6dbs42fqls 0 25756 732011 492477 2026-11-09T10:47:20Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Port Numbay]] ka [[Kota Jayapura]] maké pindahan: [[WP:COMMONNAME|Ngaran umum]]: pindah ka ngaran nu leuwih umum. 492477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kota Jayapura''' nyaéta [[ibukota]] [[propinsi]] [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]]. Dayeuh ieu mangrupa ibukota propinsi anu perenahna pang wétan di Indonésia. Dayeuh anu éndah ieu perenahna di [[Teluk Jayapura]]. Saméméhna dayeuh ieu kungsi ngaranna ''Hollandia'', tuluy ''Soekarnopura''. Dayeuh ieu mibanda lega wewengkon 9,4 km2 sarta pendudukna saloba 172.723 jiwa (2000). Dayeuh Jayapura ogé kungsi ngaranna ''Port Numbay''. {{Papua}} {{Kota Jayapura}} {{Indonesia-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kota di Indonésia|Jayapura]] [[Kategori:Ibukota Propinsi di Indonésia|Jayapura]] [[Kategori:Kota di Papua|Jayapura]] [[Kategori:Kota Jayapura]] f4ezorw621014375mi583kk880kacj1 0 25800 732013 397624 2026-11-09T10:50:15Z Xqbot 2337 Memperbaiki pengalihan ganda ke [[Kota Jayapura]] 732013 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Kota Jayapura]] kbx5nr5r12ps95wyam6rymxa50kz4i6 0 25869 731887 678107 2026-11-08T13:33:21Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} '''Taufik Savalas''' ([[Jakarta]], [[9 Juni]] [[1966]] – [[Purworejo]], [[11 Juli]] [[2007]]) nyaéta saurang [[nu mawa acara]] sarta [[pelawak]] asal [[Indonésia]]. Manéhna terlahir kalawan ngaran '''Muhammad Taufik bin Muhammad Yusuf Masri'''. Ngaran Taufik Savalas dicokot ti ngaran saurang aktor Yunani anu dikaguminya, [[Telly Savalas]] (pemeran Detektif Kojak). ==Lalampahan karir== Lalampahan karir Taufik Savalas di dunya hiburan dimimitian kalawan jadi penyiar Radio Humor Sora Kejayaan (SK) dina taun1990. Di radio ieu, Taufik nyalurkeun kahayangna saprak leutik pikeun jadi komedian sarta menghibur batur. Di dieu, manéhna berkenalan jeung grup komedi [[Warkop DKI]] (anu dipelopori [[Dono]] (alm), [[Kasino]] (alm) sarta [[Indro]]), [[Dedi Gumelar]] (Miing), [[Mat Solar]], [[Unang]], [[Eman]] "[[Opat Sekawan]]", [[Ulfa Dwiyanti]], sarta [[Eko Patrio]]. Ti méré kalah, Taufik réa diajar utamana kumaha jadi saurang komedian anu hébat. Pikeun meunang pagawéan di Radio SK lain hal anu gampang pikeun Taufik Savalas. Taufik anu pohara merlukeun pagawéan waktu éta kapaksa nelen pil pait, alatan sempet ditampik digawé di Radio SK. Sabot éta, manéhna diuji melawak di hareup pelawak senior, antara séjén Unang, Mat Solar, sarta Dedy Gumelar (Miing). Alatan tampil tanpa ayana persiapan, penampilan Taufik pohara ngérakeun sarta dicela sanajan geus usaha melawak. Tapi, sawatara lila sanggeus éta Taufik ahirna bisa digawé di Radio SK. Dina taun1995, manéhna kaluar ti radio Sora Kejayaan anu geus mikeunana réa palajaran sarta pangalaman. Manéhna ogé mimiti merambah layar kaca kalawan jadi béntang sémah sarta MC di sagala rupa stasiun télévisi. Mimiti, manéhna melawak sacara profésional di [[Sogo]], [[Plaza Indonésia]]. Taufik tampil dina pasanggiri jiga buuk Demi Moore anu gaya buukna memang keur mewabah mimiti taunan. Honor kahijina minangka pelawak profésional nyaéta sagedé Rp 250 rébu. Dina taun2006, manéhna ogé kungsi berperan minangka "Présidén" dina acara ''[[Republik BBM]]''. Saméméh mitembeyan karirna, manéhna kungsi menganggur salila 15 taunsarta sempet jadi ''office boy'', kondektur, sarta pengamen. ==Maot== Saméméh kacilakaan di Purworejo anu ngadudut nyawana, Taufik ogé kungsi ngalaman kacilakaan di Jalan Tol Tomang-merak KM 15 dina 27 Pebruari 2003. Sabot éta Taufik numpakan mobil pribadina Peugéot 206 sanggeus syuting acara [[Laris Amis]] di Studio Penta, Kebon Jeruk, pikeun nganteur adina. Sanggeus éta, kira-kira jam 01.00 WIB Taufik melanjutan lalampahan ka imahna di Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang. Dina kaayaan sepi Taufik memacu tutumpakanana ngahontal kecepatan 120–130&nbsp;km/jam. Tetempoanana waktu éta terhalang alatan kaca hareup mobilna pangsebrétna cai. Hal ieu nyieun Taufik panik sarta teu bisa ngawasa tutumpakan. Tutumpakanana ogé melaju zig-zag nepi ka menabrak pangwates jalan. Taufik salamet dina kacilakaan éta. Dina tanggal 11 Juli 2007, Taufik Savalas maot dina umur 41 taundina hiji kacilakaan patalimarga di Bagelen, Purworejo, Jawa Tengah. Waktu éta, manéhna rék nuju Purbalingga pikeun mengemban pancén minangka duta salah sahiji produk sabun kaséhatan. Tapi, mobil Toyota Kijang Kapsul bernomor pulisi B 2089 QH anu ngabawa ti Yogyakarta nuju Purbalingga, tabrakan jeung treuk boga muatan sanga. Kepergiannya ieu ninggalkeun saurang pamajikan, Rina Rosdiana sarta dua urang anak, Moch Abizard sarta Adinda Fatima. Manéhna dimakamkan di Tempat Pemakaman Keramat Tengkele di Désa Karundang, Kacamatan Cipocok Jaya, Serang, Banten. Pihak kulawarga ménta Taufik dimakamkan di tempat kasebut jeung alesan aya karuhunna anu dimakamkan di pemakaman éta. ==Sinetron== *Mat Toing *Iman *Kusebut Nama-mu ==Pariwara== *Lifebouy *Biskuat *Lasegar ==Variety Show== *Asal *Super M *Ngacir *[[Republik BBM]] *SMS (Senén Peuting Show) *[[Tok Tok Wow]] *Laris Amis ==Tumbu luar== *{{id}} [http://news.indosiar.com/news_read.htm?id=50987 Profil Taufik Savalas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714221110/http://news.indosiar.com/news_read.htm?id=50987 |date=2007-07-14 }} *{{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112212919/http://www.detikhot.com/index.php/tainment.read/tahun/2007/bulan/07/tgl/12/time/025845/idnews/803818/idkanal/230 "Taufik Savalas Tiwas Alatan Tatu Sirah"], ''[[Detikcom]]'', 12 Juli 2007 {{DEFAULTSORT:Savalas, Taufik}} [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1966]] [[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 2007]] [[Kategori:Tukang mawa acara urang Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tukang bodor urang Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Pemeran Indonésia]] sl6z705c8t4t95xpsc53axds1ejdsq5 0 26872 731906 710790 2026-11-08T14:22:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Universitas Islam Bandung''' atawa nu ilahar dipiwanoh '''UNISBA''' nyaéta salah sahiji paguron luhur swasta nu aya di [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]]. Alamatna di [[Jalan Tamansari]] No. 01. {{Kotak info paguron luhur |nama=Universitas Islam Bandung |logo=[[Gambar:Logo unisba.jpg|100px]] |tahun=15 Nopémber 1958 |jenis=Paguron Luhur Swasta |rektor=Prof. Dr. H. Edi Setiadi, S.H., M.H. |lokasi=[[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]] |situs=[http://www.unisba.ac.id http://www.unisba.ac.id]}} ==Sajarah== '''Universitas Islam Bandung''' (disingket Unisba) lahir lantaran alpukah para inohong umat [[Islam]] sarta tungtutan masarakat [[Jawa Kulon]] supaya aya paguron luhur anu boga nafas Islam sarta ngababarkeun intelektualitas [[muslim]]. Cikal bakal Unisba dimimitian ku lahirna ''Perguruan Islam Tinggi'' (PIT) dina ping [[15 Nopémber]] [[1958]], anu aya dina panangtayungan ''Yayasan Pendidikan Islam'' (YPI). Fakultas anu kahiji diadegkeun nyaéta Fakultas Syari'ah dina taun 1958, saterusna disusul ku Fakultas Ushuluddin sarta Fakultas Tarbiyah dina taun 1961. Saterusna dina taun 1967 PIT dirobah jadi Universitas Islam Kiansantang. Saterusna dina taun 1969 diganti ngaranna jadi Universitas Islam Bandung (UNISBA) sarta satuluyna diadegkeun Fakultas Hukum (1971), Fakultas Élmu Pasti jeung Élmu Alam (1972) ayeuna MIPA, Fakultas Psikologi (1973), Fakultas Téknik (1973), Fakultas Ékonomi (1979), sarta Fakultas Élmu Komunikasi (1982) dina taun 2004 diadegkeun ogé Fakultas Kadokteran. Tujuan atikan di Unisba nyaéta ngawujudkeun [[mujahid]] (pajoang), [[mujtahid]] (panalungtik) sarta [[mujaddid]] (''pembaharu'') dina hiji masarakat ilmiah anu Islami. Mangkana dina prosés atikan di Unisba réa dimuat atikan kaislaman nyaéta Atikan Agama Islam saban semester, [[mentoring Agama Islam]], pasantrén mahasiswa sarta sarjana. Sagala rupa sarana katut prasarana atikan, prakték sarta panalungtikan minangka pangrojong prosés atikan di Unisba, disadiakeun sacara pepek, di antarana: [[laboratorium]], [[pabukon]], puseur binaan jeung laboratorium basa, puseur pangolahan data, [[internet]], sarta sagala rupa puseur panalungtikan sarta pangabdian ka masarakat. Pikeun nyumponan tungtutan atikan anu leuwih luhur, saprak taun 1998 Unisba geus muka Program Pascasarjana nyaéta Program Studi Élmu Hukum kalayan konséntrasi dina Hukum Islam sarta Hukum Pidana jeung Program Studi Manajemén Atikan Islam. Kiwari, kalayan idin operasional nomer 2952/D/T/2003, Unisba nambahan Program Pascasarja anyar, nyaéta Program Studi Élmu Komunikasi. == Daptar fakultas == Universitas Islam Bandung miboga 10 Fakultas nu ngawengku 18 Program Studi pikeun Sarjana, nyaéta : === [http://kedokteran.unisba.ac.id/ Fakultas Kedokteran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123122844/http://kedokteran.unisba.ac.id/ |date=2016-11-23 }} === * Pendidikan Kedokteran * Pendidikan Profesi Kedokteran === [http://teknik.unisba.ac.id/ Fakultas Teknik] === * téhnik Pertambangan * téhnik Industri * téhnik Perencanaan Wilayah & Kota * Pendidikan Profesi Insinyur === [http://mipa.unisba.ac.id/ Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416052139/http://mipa.unisba.ac.id/ |date=2017-04-16 }} === * [http://farmasiunisba.com/ Farmasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527015547/http://farmasiunisba.com/ |date=2017-05-27 }} * Matematika * Statistika === [http://psikologi.unisba.ac.id/ Fakultas Psikologi] === * Psikologi === [http://ekonomi.unisba.ac.id/ Fakultas Ekonomi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131211928/http://ekonomi.unisba.ac.id/ |date=2017-01-31 }} === * Akuntansi * Ilmu Ekonomi * Manajemen === [http://hukum.unisba.ac.id/ Fakultas Hukum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083747/https://hukum.unisba.ac.id/ |date=2018-01-27 }} === * Ilmu Hukum === [http://fikom.unisba.ac.id/ Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105211422/http://fikom.unisba.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-05 }} === * Jurnalistik * Manajemen Komunikasi * Hubungan Masyarakat ** ** ** === [http://syariah.unisba.ac.id/ Fakultas Syari'ah] === *Keuangan Perbankan *Peradilan Agama === [https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072837/https://dakwah.unisba.ac.id/ Fakultas Dakwah] === *Komunikasi dan Penyiaran Islam === [http://tarbiyah.unisba.ac.id/ Fakultas Tarbiyah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130118/https://tarbiyah.unisba.ac.id/ |date=2018-02-05 }} === *Pendidikan Agama Islam *Pendidikan Guru Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini == Pascasarjana == Numutkeun putusan Direktur Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia Nomor 235/Dikti/Kep/1998 tanggal 09 Juli 1998, Universitas Islam Bandung atawa UNISBA dibéré kawasa ku pamaréntah pikeun ngabuka Program Magister (S2) Ilmu Hukum Persaingan. Sallian ti éta UNISBA ogé muka sababaraha program studi Magister, di antarana: === [http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/program-magister-ilmu-hukum/ Ilmu Hukum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121024502/http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/program-magister-ilmu-hukum |date=2015-01-21 }} === Konsentrasi Hukum Islam, Hukum Pidana, Hukum Administrasi. === [http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/manajemen-pendidikan-islam/ Manajemen Pendidikan Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027031840/http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/manajemen-pendidikan-islam |date=2013-10-27 }} === Konsentrasi Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD). === [http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-komunikasi/ Ilmu Komunikasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818032223/http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-komunikasi |date=2014-08-18 }} === Konsentrasi Komunikasi Bisnis, Komunikasi Politik, Komunikasi Dakwah. === [http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/profesi-psikologi/ Profesi Psikologi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019122223/http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/profesi-psikologi |date=2014-10-19 }} === Konsentrasi Psikologi Klinis, Psikologi Pendidikan. === [http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/program-magister-manajemen/ Manajemen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530202106/http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/program-magister-manajemen |date=2014-05-30 }} === Konsentrasi Keuangan & Perbankan, Kepemimpinan, Kewirausahaan, Rumah sakit. == Doktor S3 == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131201131317/http://pasca.unisba.ac.id/index.php/program-doktor-ilmu-hukum Ilmu Hukum] == Rujukan == * [https://www.unisba.ac.id/index.php/id/ Situs resmi UNISBA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709081013/https://www.unisba.ac.id/index.php/id/ |date=2017-07-09 }} Diakses Ping 07 November 2017 {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Paguron luhur di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Paguron luhur swasta di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Paguron luhur swasta di Bandung]] ncri1sxtf74ypt6akwll5yssm0pbqos 0 31771 732002 655416 2026-11-09T07:57:28Z Rafka Aditia 29183 732002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:EU Member states and Candidate countries map.svg|jmpl|325px|Peta nagara-nagara anggota UE ([[ISO 3166]])]] {{Infobox Geopolitical organization | name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; | title = {{resize|1.25em|Uni Eropa}} | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[bahasa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]: | data1 = {{lang|bg|Европейски съюз}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[bahasa Kroasia|Kroasia]]: | data2 = {{lang|hr|Europska unija}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[bahasa Ceko|Ceko]]: | data3 = {{lang|cs|Evropská unie}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[bahasa Denmark|Denmark]]: | data4 = {{lang|da|Den Europæiske Union}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[bahasa Belanda|Belanda]]: | data5 = {{lang|nl|Europese Unie}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[bahasa Estonia|Estonia]]: | data6 = {{lang|et|Euroopa Liit}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[bahasa Finlandia|Finlandia]]: | data7 = {{lang|fi|Euroopan unioni}} | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[bahasa Prancis|Prancis]]: | data8 = {{lang|fr|Union européenne}} | rowclass9 = mergedrow | label9 = [[bahasa Jerman|Jerman]]: | data9 = {{lang|de|Europäische Union}} | rowclass10 = mergedrow | label10 = [[bahasa Yunani|Yunani]]: | data10 = {{lang|el|Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση}} | rowclass11 = mergedrow | label11 = [[bahasa Hongaria|Hongaria]]: | data11 = {{lang|hu|Európai Unió}} | rowclass12 = mergedrow | label12 = [[bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]: | data12 = {{lang|en|European Union}} | rowclass13 = mergedrow | label13 = [[bahasa Irlandia|Irlandia]]: | data13 = {{lang|ga|An tAontas Eorpach}} | rowclass14 = mergedrow | label14 = [[bahasa Italia|Italia]]: | data14 = {{lang|it|Unione europea}} | rowclass15 = mergedrow | label15 = [[bahasa Latvia|Latvia]]: | data15 = {{lang|lv|Eiropas Savienība}} | rowclass16 = mergedrow | label16 = [[bahasa Lituania|Lituania]]: | data16 = {{lang|lt|Europos Sąjunga}} | rowclass17 = mergedrow | label17 = [[bahasa Malta|Malta]]: | data17 = {{lang|mt|Unjoni Ewropea}} | rowclass18 = mergedrow | label18 = [[bahasa Polandia|Polandia]]: | data18 = {{lang|pl|Unia Europejska}} | rowclass19 = mergedrow | label19 = [[bahasa Portugal|Portugal]]: | data19 = {{lang|pt|União Europeia}} | rowclass20 = mergedrow | label20 = [[bahasa Rumania|Rumania]]: | data20 = {{lang|ro|Uniunea Europeană}} | rowclass21 = mergedrow | label21 = [[bahasa Slowakia|Slowakia]]: | data21 = {{lang|sk|Európska únia}} | rowclass22 = mergedrow | label22 = [[bahasa Slovenia|Slovenia]]: | data22 = {{lang|sl|Evropska unija}} | rowclass23 = mergedrow | label23 = [[bahasa Spanyol|Spanyol]]: | data23 = {{lang|es|Unión Europea}} | rowclass24 = mergedrow | label24 = [[bahasa Swedia|Swedia]]: | data24 = {{lang|sv|Europeiska unionen}} }} }} | common_name = Uni Eropa | linking_name = the European Union | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = 12 bintang emas melingkar dengan latar biru | motto = {{native phrase|la|"[[Slogan Uni Eropa|In Varietate Concordia]]"|nbsp=omit|nolink=on|italics=off|parensize=90%}} | englishmotto = "Bersatu dalam Keragaman" | anthem = "[[Lagu Kebangsaan Eropa|Ode to Joy]]" (orkestra) {{align|center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]|style=margin-top:0.4em}} | image_map = Global European Union.svg | map_width = 220px | alt_map = Proyeksi globe dengan Uni Eropa diwarnai hijau | map_caption = | image_map2 = | coordinates = | admin_center_type = Pusat administratif | admin_center = [[Brussel (kota)|Brussel]] | largest_settlement_type = Kota terbesar | largest_settlement = [[Berlin]] | official_languages = {{collapsible list | framestyle = text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px; | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = [[Bahasa Uni Eropa|24 bahasa]]{{efn|Dua puluh tiga bahasa diterima sebagai bahasa kerja dan bahasa resmi. Tiga di antaranya, Inggris, Prancis, dan Jerman, memiliki status yang lebih tinggi, yaitu ''bahasa prosedur'' dan dipakai sehari-hari di semua lembaga Uni Eropa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-825_en.htm|title=European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe|website=europa.eu}}</ref>}} | hlist = true | [[Bahasa Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Bahasa Ceko|Ceko]], [[Bahasa Denmark|Denmark]], [[Bahasa Belanda|Belanda]], [[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Bahasa Estonia|Estonia]], [[Bahasa Finlandia|Finlandia]], [[Bahasa Prancis|Prancis]], [[Bahasa Jerman|Jerman]], [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]], [[Bahasa Hongaria|Hongaria]], [[Bahasa Irlandia|Irlandia]], [[Bahasa Italia|Italia]], [[Bahasa Latvia|Latvia]], [[Bahasa Lituania|Lituania]], [[Bahasa Malta|Malta]], [[Bahasa Polandia|Polandia]], [[Bahasa Portugis|Portugis]], [[Bahasa Romania|Romania]], [[Bahasa Slowakia|Slowakia]], [[Bahasa Slovenia|Slovenia]], [[Bahasa Spanyol|Spanyol]], [[Bahasa Swedia|Swedia]] }} | languages_type = Aksara resmi<ref name="aksaraSirilik">{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf|title=Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European|date=24 May 2007|website=europe.eu|author1=Leonard Orban|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref> | languages = {{hlist | [[aksara Latén|Latén]] | [[aksara Yunani|Yunani]] | [[aksara Sirilik|Sirilik]]}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion = {{unbulleted list | style=white-space:nowrap;line-height:16px; | 71,6% [[Kristen di Eropa|Kristen]] | {{unbulleted list | style=font-size:90%;margin-left:1em | 45,3% [[Gereja Katolik di Eropa|Katolik Roma]] | 11,1% [[Protestantisme di Eropa|Protestan]] | 9,6% [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur|Ortodoks Timur]] | 5,6% [[Kekristenan|aliran Kristen lain]] }} | 24% [[Agama di Eropa#Ateisme dan Agnostisisme|tidak beragama]] | 1,8% [[Islam di Eropa|Muslim]] | 2,6% [[Agama di Uni Eropa|kepercayaan lain]]<ref name="EB2015">{{citation |title=DISCRIMINATION IN THE EU IN 2015 |work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |year=2015 |series=437 |url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |accessdate=15 October 2017 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |location=European Union |via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314105932/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |date=14 March 2020 }}</ref> }} | org_type = [[Persatuan politik]] dan [[persatuan ekonomi|ekonomi]] | membership_type = Negara anggota | membership = {{collapsible list | framestyle = text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px;white-space:nowrap; | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = [[Negara anggota Uni Eropa|27 negara]] | {{flagcountry|Austria}} | {{flagcountry|Belgium}} | {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} | {{flagcountry|Croatia}} | {{flagcountry|Cyprus}} | {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} | {{flagcountry|Denmark}} | {{flagcountry|Estonia}} | {{flagcountry|Finland}} | {{flagcountry|France}} | {{flagcountry|Germany}} | {{flagcountry|Greece}} | {{flagcountry|Hungary}} | {{flagcountry|Ireland}} | {{flagcountry|Italy}} | {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | {{flagcountry|Lithuania}} | {{flagcountry|Luxembourg}} | {{flagcountry|Malta}} | {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | {{flagcountry|Poland}} | {{flagcountry|Portugal}} | {{flagcountry|Romania}} | {{flagcountry|Slovakia}} | {{flagcountry|Slovenia}} | {{flagcountry|Spain}} | {{flagcountry|Sweden}} }} <!-- Harap TIDAK mengganti ini untuk menyebut Uni Eropa sebagai “Staatenverbund”. Istilah tersebut hanya dipakai oleh German Federal Constitutional Court. Tidak ada institusi UE dan tidak ada negara anggota yang menggunakan istilah tersebut dalam dokumen resmi. --> | government_type = [[Persatuan supranasional|Supranasional]] dan [[intergovernmentalisme|antarpemerintah]] | leader_title1 = [[Presiden Komisi Eropa|Presiden Komisi]] | leader_name1 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title2 = [[Presiden Parlemen Eropa|Presiden Parlemen]] | leader_name2 = [[David Sassoli]] | leader_title3 = [[Presiden Dewan Uni Eropa|Presiden Dewan]] | leader_name3 = [[Charles Michel]] | sovereignty_type = [[Sejarah Uni Eropa|Dibentuk]]<ref>Pasal 1 [[Perjanjian Maastricht|Perjanjian Uni Eropa]]: "Uni Eropa berdiri atas dasar Perjanjian ini dan [[Perjanjian Roma|Perjanjian tentang Fungsi Uni Eropa]]. [[Perjanjian-perjanjian Uni Eropa|Dua Perjanjian ini]] memiliki derajat hukum yang sama. Uni Eropa adalah pengganti dan penerus [[Masyarakat Eropa]]".</ref> | established_event1 = [[Perjanjian Roma]] | established_date1 = 1 Januari 1958 | established_event2 = [[Undang-Undang Eropa Tunggal]] | established_date2 = 1 Juli 1987 | established_event3 = [[Perjanjian Maastricht]] | established_date3 = 1 November 1993 | established_event4 = [[Perjanjian Lisbon]] | established_date4 = 1 Desember 2009 | established_event5 = [[Perluasan Uni Eropa 2013|Anggota baru bergabung]] | established_date5 = 1 Juli 2013 | established_event6 = [[Brexit|Anggota baru keluar]] | established_date6 = 31 Januari 2020 | area_km2 = 4475757<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4475757|km2|sqmi|disp=number}}<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_rank = ke-7 | percent_water = 3,08 | population_estimate = {{increase}} 446.834.579<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9967985/3-10072019-BP-EN.pdf/e152399b-cb9e-4a42-a155-c5de6dfe25d1|title=Eurostat {{ndash}} Population on 1 January 2019|publisher=[[European Commission]]|accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 117,2<!-- 513.481.691 / 4.381.376 km2 = 117,2 orang/km2 (1 Januari 2019) --> | population_density_sq_mi = 307,5<!-- 513.481.691 / 1.669.807 mi2 = 307,5 orang/mi2 (1 Januari 2019) --> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $22,8 triliun<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=%2C&br=1&pr1.x=78&pr1.y=5&c=998&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=1&a=1 | title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 | publisher=International Monetary Fund | accessdate=1 Februari 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $44.539<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <!-- ke-18 --> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $18,3 triliun<ref name="imf.org"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = ke-2 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $35.774<ref name="imf.org"/><!-- 18.292,198 * 44.539,255 / 22.774,165 --> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <!-- ke-15 --> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini = 30.9<!-- hanya angka (notasi Amerika) --> | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 | title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey | publisher=[[Eurostat]] | website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat | access-date=1 Februari 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- ke-16 --> | HDI_year = 2017 | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI = 0.899<!-- hanya angka (notasi Amerika) --> | HDI_ref = {{efn|Dihitung dari data UNDP untuk negara-negara anggota dengan mempertimbangkan populasi masing-masing.<ref name="UNDP">{{cite web | url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI | title=Human Development Report 2018 Summary | publisher=The United Nations | accessdate=19 Maret 2018}}</ref>}} | HDI_rank = <!-- ke-13/ke-27 --> | currency = [[Euro]] ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]; [[€]]; di ''[[eurozone]]'') dan {{collapsible list | framestyle = text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px; | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = 8 mata uang lain | [[Lev Bulgaria|Lev]] (BGN; Bulgaria) | [[Koruna Ceko|Koruna]] (CZK; Republik Ceko) | [[Krone Denmark|Krone]] (DKK; Denmark) | [[Kuna Kroasia|Kuna]] (HRK; Kroasia) | [[Forint Hongaria|Forint]] (HUF; Hongaria) | [[Złoty Polandia|Złoty]] (PLN; Polandia) | [[Leu Rumania|Leu]] (RON; Rumania) | [[Krona Swedia|Krona]] (SEK; Swedia) }} | time_zone = [[Waktu Eropa Barat|WET]], [[Waktu Eropa Tengah|CET]], [[Waktu Eropa Timur|EET]] | utc_offset = <!-- tanpa pergeseran -->&nbsp;s.d.&nbsp;UTC+2 | time_zone_DST = [[Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Barat|WEST]], [[Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Tengah|CEST]], [[Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Timur|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1&nbsp;s.d.&nbsp;UTC+3 | DST_note = ''(lihat pula [[Waktu Musim Panas di Eropa]])''<br />{{smaller|Catatan: selain Kepulauan Canary dan Madeira, [[wilayah khusus negara anggota dan Uni Eropa#wilayah terluar|wilayah terluar]] memiliki zona waktunya sendiri.}}{{efn|[[Martinique]], [[Guadeloupe]] (UTC-4); [[French Guiana]] (UTC-3); [[Azores]] (UTC-1 / UTC); [[Mayotte]] (UTC+3); dan [[La Réunion]] (UTC+4); selain Azores, wilayah-wilayah ini tidak memiliki zona waktu musim panas.}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Tahun Masehi]])<br />{{smaller|''Lihat pula: [[Notasi tanggal dan waktu di Eropa]]''}} | cctld = [[.eu]]{{efn|.eu untuk seluruh UE; setiap negara anggota juga punya TLD sendiri.}} | calling_code = {{flagicon|FRA}} +33<br />{{flagicon|GER}} +49<br />{{flagicon|NED}} +31<br />{{flagicon|BEL}} +32<br />{{flagicon|LUX}} +352<br />{{flagicon|ITA}} +39<br />{{flagicon|IRL}} +353<br />{{flagicon|DEN}} +45<br />{{flagicon|GRE}} +30<br />{{flagicon|ESP}} +34<br />{{flagicon|AUT}} +43<br />{{flagicon|FIN}} +358<br />{{flagicon|SWE}} +46<br />{{flagicon|POR}} +351<br />{{flagicon|POL}} +48<br />{{flagicon|CZE}} +420<br />{{flagicon|SVK}} +421<br />{{flagicon|SVN}} +386<br />{{flagicon|HUN}} +36<br />{{flagicon|EST}} +372<br />{{flagicon|LAT}} +371<br />{{flagicon|LTU}} +370<br />{{flagicon|CYP}} +357<br />{{flagicon|MLT}} +356<br />{{flagicon|ROM}} +40<br />{{flagicon|BUL}} +359<br />{{flagicon|CRO}} +385 | official_website = {{URL|https://europa.eu/}} | today = <!-- bagian dari --> }} '''Uni Éropa''' (UE, {{Langx|en|European Union}}, {{Langx|nl|Europese Unie}} atawa ''EU'') nyaéta hiji organisasi antarpamaréntahan sarta supra-nasional, anu diwangun ti nagara-nagara [[Éropa]], anu saprak 1 Januari 2007 geus mibanda 27 nagara anggota. Persatuan ieu diwangun ngaliwatan ''Perjangjian Uni Éropa'' (anu leuwih dipikawanoh jeung [[Pajangjian Maastricht]]) dina 1992. Tapi, loba aspék ti UE geus aya saméméh tanggal kasebut, ngaliwatan organisasi saméméhna anu dimimitian dina taun1950-an. Organisasi internasional ieu digawé ngaliwatan gabungan sistem supranasional sarta antarpamaréntahan. Di sawatara widang, kaputusan-kaputusan dicarokot ngaliwatan musyawarah sarta mufakat di antara nagara-nagara anggota, sarta di widang-widang séjénna lembaga-lembaga anu baroga sipat supranasional ngajalankeun tanggung témbalna tanpa perlu kasapukan anggota-anggotana. Lembaga penting di jero UE nyaéta [[Komisi Éropa]], [[Déwan Uni Éropa]], [[Déwan Éropa]], [[Mahkamah Éropa]], sarta [[Bank Sentral Éropa]]. Aya ogé [[Parlemen Éropa]] anu anggota-anggotana dipilih langsung ku warga nagara anggota. == Sajarah == Sanggeus [[Perang Dunya I]] sarta [[Perang Dunya II]], kahayang pikeun ngadegkeun Uni Éropa beuki ngaronjat, disurungkeun ku kahayang pikeun ngawangun balik [[Éropa]] sarta ngaleungitkeun kamungkinan perang séjénna. Ku alatan éta dijieun ''Komunitas Batubara jeung Waja Éropa'' ({{Langx|nl|Europese Gemeenschap voor Kolen en Staal}}) ku Jerman, Perancis, Italia, sarta nagara-nagara [[Benelux]]. Hal ieu lumangsung ku [[Pajangjian Paris]] (1951), ditandatanganan dina April 1951 sarta dimimitian dina Juli 1952. Sanggeus éta kabentuk ogé ''Masarakat Ékonomi Éropa'' ({{Langx|nl|Europese Economische Gemeenschap}}) ngaliwatan [[Pajangjian Roma]] dina 1957 sarta dilaksanakeun dina 1 Januari 1958. Saterusna komunitas kasebut robah jadi [[Masarakat Éropa]] anu mangrupa 'tihang kahiji' ti Uni Éropa. Uni Éropa geus ngaevolusi ti hiji lembaga dagang jadi hiji lembaga nu gawé babarengan di widang ékonomi sarta pulitik. == Anggota == [[File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|right|European Commission]] Saprak 2007 Uni Éropa mibanda 27 nagara anggota, nyaéta * [[Swédia]] (saprak 1 Januari 1995) * [[Finlandia]] (saprak 1 Januari 1995) * [[Éstonia]] (saprak 1 Méi 2004) * [[Latvia]] (saprak 1 Méi 2004) * [[Lituania]] (saprak 1 Méi 2004) * [[Polandia]] (saprak 1 Méi 2004) * [[Dénmark]] (saprak 1973) * [[Jérman]] (saprak awalna) * [[Walanda]] (saprak awalna) * [[Bélgia]] (saprak awalna) * [[Luksemburg]] (saprak awalna) * [[Républik Irlandia|Irlandia]] (saprak 1973) * [[Britania Raya]] (saprak 1973) * [[Prancis]] (saprak awalna) * [[Portugal]] (saprak 1986) * [[Spanyol]] (saprak 1986) * [[Italia]] (saprak awalna) * [[Malta]] (saprak 1 Méi 2004) * [[Austria]] (saprak 1 Januari 1995) * [[Slovénia]] (saprak 1 Méi 2004) * [[Républik Céko]] (saprak 1 Méi 2004) * [[Slovakia]] (saprak 1 Méi 2004) * [[Hungaria]] (saprak 1 Méi 2004) * [[Yunani]] (saprak 1981) * [[Siprus]] (saprak 1 Méi 2004) * [[Bulgaria]] (saprak 1 Januari 2007) * [[Romania]] (saprak 1 Januari 2007) [[Kroasia]] engkéna baris jadi anggota ogé. Status [[Turki]] masih tacan écés. [[Parlemen Éropa]] ngayakeun pasamoan maranéhanana di [[Brusel]], Bélgia sarta (sawatara kali sataun) di [[Strasbourg]] (Prancis). Parlemen Éropa dipilih sacara langsung ku warga nagara anggota. {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Uni Éropa| ]] [[Kategori:Organisasi internasional]] hmuohvj7pvmpaikkji95wqlzv7sai1k 0 31799 731928 705079 2026-11-08T15:05:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731928 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilhelmus van Nassouwe''' (atawa ogé disebut '''Het Wilhelmus''') nyaéta [[lagu kabangsaan]] [[Walanda]]. Lagu ieu diwangun ti 15 [[pada]] anu babarengan nyieun hiji [[akrostikhon]]: dina vérsi anu lila, hurup-hurup kahiji ti ka 15 pada kabéhanana nyieun ngaran ''Willem van Nassov''. Biasana ngan pada kahiji sarta kagenep atawa ngan pada kahiji waé anu ditembangkeun. Wilhelmus jadi lagu kabangsaan Walanda saprak tanggal 10 Méi 1932. == Ayat lagu == {{Col-begin|width=}} {{Col-2}} === Basa Walanda === Wilhelmus van Nassouwe<br /> ben ik, van Duitsen bloed,<br /> den vaderland getrouwe<br /> blijf ik tot in den dood.<br /> Een Prinse van Oranje<br /> ben ik, vrij, onverveerd,<br /> den Koning van Hispanje<br /> heb ik altijd geëerd. :Mijn schild ende betrouwen :zijt Gij, o God mijn Heer, :op U zo wil ik bouwen, :Verlaat mij nimmermeer. :Dat ik doch vroom mag blijven, :uw dienaar t'aller stond, :de tirannie verdrijven :die mij mijn hart doorwondt. {{Col-2}} === Tarjamahan Basa Sunda === Kuring Wilhelmus ti Nassau<br /> Anu katurunan Jérman,<br /> Ka lemah cai kuring bakti<br /> Ku kituna umur kuring anu pamungkas.<br /> Kuring Putra Oranyeu<br /> Leupas sarta wani,<br /> Ka Raja Spanyol<br /> Pasini taat satia anu sajati. :Anjeun anu ngajaga sarta kataatan kuring :O Pangéran, pamingpin kuring, :Ka saha kuring ngandelkeun, :Ulah ninggalkeun kuring. :Sangkan kuring baris kuat sok, :Minangka ladén Anjeun, :Ngancurkeun tirani :Anu nyelekit haté kuring. {{Col-end}} == Tumbuan kaluar == {{commonscat|Wilhelmus}} * [http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13324 Lagu kabangsaan] di loka ramat Kulawarga Karajaan Walanda * {{nl icon}} [http://www.wilhelmus.nl Loka De Wilhelmus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623121139/http://www.wilhelmus.nl/ |date=2004-06-23 }}, informasi ngeunaan "Het Wilhelmus" === Rékaman === * [http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13327 "Het Wilhelmus"], vérsi instrumental hiji pada di loka ramat Kulawarga Karajaan Walanda * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181201150235/http://szbszig.atw.hu/netherlands.htm "Het Wilhelmus"], vérsi vokal ti pada kahiji sarta kagenep di loka ramat Himnuszok * [http://www.digital-dreams.nl/realdutch/anthem.htm "Het Wilhelmus"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310031137/http://www.digital-dreams.nl/realdutch/anthem.htm |date=2009-03-10 }}, vérsi MIDI hiji pada [[Kategori:Lagu kabangsaan]] [[Kategori:Walanda]] oo71x08h1rold6jion0s0jex53u86vv 0 33594 731895 681019 2026-11-08T13:50:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Tomat | image = Tomaten im Supermarktregal.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Tomat anu gedé | kingdom = [[Plantae]] | subkingdom = [[Tracheobionta]] | regnum = [[Spermatophyta]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | subfamilia= [[Asteridae]] | ordo = [[Solanales]] | familia = [[Solanaceae]] | genus = [[Solanum]] | species = [[Solanum lycopersicum L.]] }} '''Tomat''' (''lycopersicon esculentum'') nyaéta salah sahiji jinis sayuran anu [[watang]] jeung [[daun]]na buluan lemes. Ilaharna tomat téh buleud, warnana héjo, lamun asak warnana beureum, aya anu sikian aya anu henteu. Biasana dipaké pikeun nyayur atawa didahar langsung ilaharna buah.<ref name="Definisi 'tomat'">[http://www.artikata.com/arti-354826-tomat.html](diakses pada tanggal 7 oktober 2011)</ref> Tomat mangrupa salah sahiji buah lokal Indonésia anu loba kandungan vitamin C jeung ''[[lycopene]]''.<ref name="sumber2">[http://eprints.undip.ac.id/3297/ ANALISIS SIFAT-SIFAT PSIKO-KIMIA BUAH TOMAT (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) JENIS TOMAT APEL, GUNA PENINGKATAN NILAI FUNGSI BUAH TOMAT SEBAGAI KOMODITI PANGAN LOKAL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013105519/http://eprints.undip.ac.id/3297/ |date=2014-10-13 }} (diakses pada tanggal 6 oktober 2011)</ref> =='''Ciri-ciri Tomat'''== *Tomat kaasup kana tutuwuhan samusim.<ref name="TOMAT"/> *Miboga [[watang]] anu leuleus jeung baseuh.<ref name="TOMAT"/> *[[Daun]]na segitilu.<ref name="TOMAT"/> *[[Kembang]]na warna konéng.<ref name="TOMAT"/> *[[Buah]]na buah buni.<ref name="TOMAT"/> *Héjo nalika ngora kénéh jeung konéng atawa beureum nalika geus kolot.<ref name="TOMAT"/> *Loba [[siki]]na.<ref name="TOMAT"/> *Bentukna buleud tur lonjong.<ref name="TOMAT"/> *[[Bodas]] atawa krem, kulit [[siki]] buluan.<ref name="TOMAT">[http://www.ideelok.com/budidaya-tanaman/tomat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002214710/http://www.ideelok.com/budidaya-tanaman/tomat |date=2011-10-02 }}</ref> =='''Asal-usul sarta sumebarna'''== Tomat asalna ti [[Amerika Selatan]], mimitina buah tomat téh kapanggih di [[Peru]], [[Ekuador]] jeung [[Bolivia]].<ref name="sumber3">[http://suarakawan.com/2011/10/06/manfaat-tomat-bagi-kesehatan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017065738/http://suarakawan.com/2011/10/06/manfaat-tomat-bagi-kesehatan/ |date=2012-10-17 }}</ref> Lila kalilaan tomat téh sumebar ka [[Mexico]] jeung jadi salah sahiji sumber kadaharan suku [[Aztec]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Lalampahan jalma-jalma ti [[Eropa]] anu daratang ka [[Amerika Utara]] jeung [[Amerika Selatan]] téh alatan mawa éta tomat ka Eropa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Pepelakan ieu dibudidayakeun di [[Spanyol]] jeung [[Italia]], saencan diadopsi ku Inggris.<ref name="sumber1"/> Bukti tinulis nu munggaran ngeunaan tomat di [[Eropa]] nyaéta taun [[1544]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Catetan éta téh meunang [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli]] anu pakasabana [[dokter]] jeung ahli [[botani]] [[Italia]].<ref name="sumber1">[http://oketips.com/7430/tips-kuliner-manfaat-sejarah-fakta-menarik-tentang-tomat/ Tips Kuliner: Manfaat, Sejarah & Fakta Menarik tentang Tomat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023041553/http://oketips.com/7430/tips-kuliner-manfaat-sejarah-fakta-menarik-tentang-tomat/ |date=2011-10-23 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 oktober 2011)</ref> Di [[Prancis]] mah tomat téh dingaranan '''apel cinta''' atawa '''pomme d’amour'''. Dingaranan apel cinta ku sabab tomat dipercaya mampuh nyagerkeun lemah syahwat jeung ningkatkeun jumlah sperma.<ref name="”sumber4”">[http://www.majalahtrust.com/bisnis/peluang/69.php] (diakses pada tanggal 8 oktober 2011)</ref> =='''Mangpaat'''== Mangpaat tomat sabenerna geus ditalungtik ti baheula, saperti panalungtikan DR. [[John Cook Bennet]] ti [[Wiloughby University]], [[Ohio]], persisna bulan [[Nopember]] [[1834]].<ref name="Manfaat tomat untuk kesehatan dan kecantikan"/> Numutkeun dokter gizi, Dr. [[Leane Suniar Manurung]], MSc, tomat bisa dikonsumsi ku saha waé ku sabab tomat miboga kandungan [[vitamin C]] jeung [[vitamin A]], anu mangpaatna pikeun ningkatkeun kekebalan awak.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> Numutkeun Léane tomat anu alus pikeun dikonsumsi nyaéta, tomat anu beureum.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> Tomat miboga kandungan [[tomatine]] anu mangpaatna pikeun anti radang, sedengkeun kandungan [[karoten]] jeung [[vitamin C]] dina tomat mangpaatna pikeun [[anti oksidan]] pikeun ngalawan radikal bébas.<ref name="Manfaat tomat bagi kesehatan">[http://turunberatbadan.com/2001/manfaat-tomat/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012172939/http://turunberatbadan.com/2001/manfaat-tomat/ |date=2011-10-12 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 oktober 2011)</ref> Salain ti éta aya deui sababaraha mangpaat liana nyaéta : *Alus pikeun [[panon]] Tomat nu beureum kandungan [[vitamin C]] jeung [[vitamin A]] lima kali leuwih loba dibandingkeun jeung tomat héjo.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> Salain ti éta tomat miboga kandungan [[beta carotene]].<ref name="Manfaat tomat bagi kesehatan"/> Ku sabab kitu tomat alus pikeun dikonsumsi ku budak leutik ku lantaran alus pikeun kaséhatan panon.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> *Najauhkeun [[Kangker]] [[''Lycopene'']] dina tomat bisa nyingkahan karusakan sél anu ngarojong [[kangker rahim]], [[kangker prostat]] pikeun lalaki, kangker beuteung jeung [[kangker kolorektal]].<ref name="”sumber4”"/> *Nyéhatkeun [[Jantung]] Hasil panalungtikan [[Rowett Research Institute]] di [[Aberdeen]], [[Skotlandia]], yén dina tomat téh kapanggih aya ''gel'' warna konéng anu ngabungkus siki tomat.<ref name="Manfaat tomat untuk kesehatan dan kecantikan">[http://www.belajarptc.com/kesehatan/manfaat-tomat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030004346/http://www.belajarptc.com/kesehatan/manfaat-tomat |date=2011-10-30 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 oktober 2011)</ref> Ku lantaran kitu bisa nyingkahan ngabekuna getih, [[stroke]] jeung panyakit jantung.<ref name="Manfaat tomat untuk kesehatan dan kecantikan"/> Salain ti éta kandungan [[kalium]] jeung [[vitamin B]] anu aya dina tomat bakal ngabantu nurunkeun tekanan darah jeung kadar [[koléstrol]].<ref name="”sumber4”"/> *Nyéhatkeun [[Buuk]] Dahar tomat unggal poé sacara teratur bisa ngabantu nguatkeun akar buuk, ngajadikeun buuk téh hérang tur kandel.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> *Kaséhatan [[Tulang]] Tomat miboga [[vitamin K]] jeung [[kalsium]] anu alus pikeun nguatkeun [[tulang]] jeung [[huntu]].<ref name="”sumber4”"/> *Pungsi Pencernaan jeung nafsu dahar Tomat miboga kandungan uyah [[mineral]] anu loba.<ref name="Manfaat tomat bagi kesehatan"/> Uyah mineral téh gunana pikeun ngaluarkeun ciduh.<ref name="Manfaat tomat bagi kesehatan"/> Ciduh ngandung ''enzim'' anu diperlukeun pikeun pencernaan.<ref name="Manfaat tomat bagi kesehatan"/> Mineral tina tomat bisa ningkatkeun napsu dahar sedengkeun ''enzim'' anu ka luar bisa ngalancarkeun pencernaan.<ref name="Manfaat tomat bagi kesehatan"/> *Ngarawat Kulit ''Asam sitrat'' anu aya dina tomat bisa ngabersihkeun kulit. =='''Kandungan giji'''== Buah tomat ngandung giji tina 5-10 persén beurat garing euweuh caian jeung 1 persén kulit jeung siki.<ref name="Sehat Bersama Tomat"/> Lamun tomat digaringkeun, sakitar 50 persen tina beurat garingna anu ngawengku tina gula-gula pereduksi (utamana [[glukosa]] jeung [[fruktosa]]), sisana [[asam-asam organik]], [[mineral]], [[pigmen]], [[vitamin]], jeung [[lipid]].<ref name="Sehat Bersama Tomat"/> Tomat bisa digolongkeun sumber [[vitamin C]] anu alus ku sabab 100 gram tomat bisa nyumponan 20 persen atawa leuwih tina kabutuhan [[vitamin C]] dina sapoé.<ref name="Sehat Bersama Tomat"/> Vitamin C gunana pikeun kesehatan huntu jeung gusi, nyageurkeun raheut, nyingkahan panyakit Scurvy ([[skorbut]]).<ref name="Sehat Bersama Tomat"/> Salain ti éta, tomat téh sumber [[vitamin A]] anu alus ku sabab 100 gram tomat bisa nyumbangkeun sakitar 10-20 persen tina kabutuhan [[vitamin A]] sapoéna.<ref name="Sehat Bersama Tomat"/> Vitamin A diperlukeun pikeun kaséhatan saperti, sistem kekebalan awak, ''pertumbuhan'', jeung [[reproduksi]]. Vitamin A jeung C dina tomat miboga peran pikeun antioksidan.<ref name="Sehat Bersama Tomat"/> Sari buah tomat ngandung [[vitamin]] jeung [[mineral]].<ref name="Sehat Bersama Tomat"/> Tina 100 gram jus tomat aya [[kalsium]] 7&nbsp;mg, [[fosfor]] 15&nbsp;mg, zat besi 0,9&nbsp;mg, [[natrium]] 230&nbsp;mg, jeung [[kalium]] 230&nbsp;mg.<ref name="Sehat Bersama Tomat"/> Vitamin anu aya dina 100 gram sari buah tomat nyaéta [[vitamin A]] (1.050 IU), [[vitamin B1]] (0,05&nbsp;mg), [[vitamin B2]] (0,03&nbsp;mg), jeung [[vitamin C]] (16&nbsp;mg.<ref name="Sehat Bersama Tomat">[http://www.resep.web.id/kesehatan/sehat-bersama-tomat.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114003243/http://www.resep.web.id/kesehatan/sehat-bersama-tomat.htm |date=2012-01-14 }}</ref> Kandungan gizi dina 100 gram tomat nyaéta : * [[fosfor]] 27 gm * [[kalium]] 360&nbsp;mg * besi 6&nbsp;mg * [[kalsium]] 11&nbsp;mg * [[vitamin C]] 23&nbsp;mg * [[Thiamine]] 56&nbsp;mg * [[Protein]] 1 gram * [[vitamin A]] 1000 UI * [[vitamin K]] =='''Jenis-Jenis'''== Di Indonésia aya sababaraha jenis tomat, dumasar kana ukuran jeung bentuk fisikna <ref name="JENIS TOMAT">[http://www.scribd.com/doc/42891984/Jenis-tomat](diakses pada tanggal 7 Oktober 2011)</ref> : # Kelas 1, tomat ieu ukurana leutik nyaéta 3–4&nbsp;cm, contona [[tomat cherry]], bentukna rélatif buleud jeung warna kahéjo-héjoan.<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> # Kelas 2, tomat ieu ukurana 4–5&nbsp;cm, tomat ieu biasana tumuwuhna di daratan rendah, bentukna relatif lonjong jeung warnana beureum ngora, contona [[tomat manis]].<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> #Kelas 3, tomat ieu ukurana 5–6&nbsp;cm, tomat ieu biasana osok dibudidayakeun ku warga Indonésia, warnana beureum euceuy.<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> # Kelas 4, kelas ieu ogé sok disebut kelas ékstra, di mana ukurana di luhur 6&nbsp;cm, lobana jenis ieu asalna ti [[Thailand]] anu dimekarkeun ku cara [[hidroponik]].<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> Numutkeun Saptarini (1999), jenis tomat di Indonésia cukup loba, di antarana <ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/>: #'''Tomat Céri''', bentuk buahna laleutik sagedé kaléci.<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> Buahna beureum jeung rasana amis.<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> Jenis ieu alus pikeun ngalengkepan salad.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> Ayeuna mah osok dipelak ku cara hidroponik.<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> #'''Tomat Biasa''', bentuk buahna buleud jeung dempak jeung miboga alur anu jelas di deukeut tangkaina sarta leuwih leuleus. Jenis tomat ieu cocokna di pelak di dataran rendah.<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> #'''Tomat Apel''', bentuk buahna buleud, rada teuas saperti buah apel atawa [[pir]]. Tomat jenis ieu leuwih cocok di pelak di dataran nu luhur.<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> #'''Tomat Kentang''', bentuk buahna buleud, rada teuas jeung gedé.<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> #'''Tomat Galing''', tomat ieu disebut galing ku sabab dauna galling jiga beunang ku hama. Bentuk buahna saeutik lonjong, teuas, jeung miboga kulit anu kandel nepi ka tahan pikeun di angkut jarak jauh.<ref name="JENIS TOMAT"/> # '''Tomat Plum''', ku sabab bentukna mirip buah plum.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> Lonjong jeung kulitna téh ipis jeung daging buahna loba kandungan cai.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> Tomat jenis ieu biasana osok ditumis, salai ti éta osok jadi bahan dasar saos, sup tomat.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> # '''Tomat Beef''', ukurana paling gedé dibandingkeun tomat anu laina, daging buahna kandel.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> Tomat jenis ieu leuwih cocok pikeun [[salad]] atawa [[sandwich]].<ref name="”sumber4”"/> # '''Tomat Héjo''', Warnana héjo kalayan daging [[buah]]na rada teuas. Rasana saeutik rada haseum jeung kandungan [[cai]]na paling saeutik dibandingkeun tomat nu lain. # '''Tomat Anggur''', bentukna hampir sarua jeung buah [[anggur]], leutik jeung buleud.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> Leuwih leutik dibandingkeun tomat céri atawa tomat plum.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> Biasana dimangpaatkeun pikeun campuran salad.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> Ilaharna tomat anggur aya dua warna nyaéta warna beureum jeung konéng.<ref name="”sumber4”"/> =='''Sarat tumuwuhna'''== # Suhu hawana 23&nbsp;°C lamun beurang sedengkeun lamun peuting mah 17&nbsp;°C.<ref name="TOMAT"/> # [[Taneuh]] anu cocog pikeun pepelakan tomat nyaéta taneuh anu liat, tur loba ngandung [[keusik]], [[humus]], gembur, kalayan pH taneuhna 6-7.<ref name="TOMAT"/> # Tomat cocog dipelakkeun dina tempat anu luhurna 0 - 1.250 m dpl jeung tumuwuh di daratan luhur >750 mdpl.<ref name="TOMAT"/> '''Nalika Panén''' * Panén nu munggaran nalika umur 3 bulan.<ref name="BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TOMAT">[http://epetani.deptan.go.id/budidaya/budidaya-tomat-dengan-mphp-1368] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230223302/http://epetani.deptan.go.id/budidaya/budidaya-tomat-dengan-mphp-1368 |date=2010-12-30 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 Oktober 2011)</ref> * Dipilih anu sakirana geus kolot jeung ulah ngala anu baseuh kénéh, ku sabab moal lila tahana.<ref name="BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TOMAT"/> * [[Buah]] ulah nepi ka murag jeung ulah aya codékana.<ref name="BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TOMAT"/> ku sabab bisa nurunkeun kualitas jeung jadi sumber asupna bibit panyakit.<ref name="BUDIDAYA TANAMAN TOMAT"/> * Panén dilakukeun sababaraha kali, antara 10-15 kali ngala buah kalayan selang 2-3 poé sakali.<ref name="TOMAT"/> * Ngala tomat bisa isuk-isuk atawa soré.<ref name="TOMAT"/> =='''Hasil olahan tina tomat'''== # [[Saos Tomat]] <ref name="Internét1">{{id}} [http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/warintek/?mnu=6&ttg=6&doc=6d36] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821021721/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/warintek/?mnu=6&ttg=6&doc=6d36 |date=2011-08-21 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 Oktober 2011)</ref> # [[Salad Tomat Bangkok]] <ref name="Internét">[http://anekakuliner.com/tag/cara-membuat-salad-selada-tomat-telur]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 Oktober 2011)</ref> # [[Sandwich]] <ref name="Internét2">[http://resepmasakanindonesia.info/resep-sandwich/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014051534/http://resepmasakanindonesia.info/resep-sandwich/ |date=2011-10-14 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 Oktober 2011)</ref> # [[Sambel Tomat]] <ref name="Internét3">[http://resepmasakanmu.com/resep-masakan-sambal-tomat.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024211709/http://resepmasakanmu.com/resep-masakan-sambal-tomat.htm |date=2011-10-24 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 Oktober 2011)</ref> # [[Bubur Havermut Tomat]] <ref name="Internét3"/> # [[Jus Tomat Chacha]] <ref name="Internét4">[http://www.menumakananbalita.com/2011/resep-minuman/resep-jus-tomat-chacha/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224041615/http://www.menumakananbalita.com/2011/resep-minuman/resep-jus-tomat-chacha/ |date=2011-12-24 }} (diakses pada tanggal 8 Oktober 2011)</ref> =='''Cara milih tomat'''== # Pilih tomat anu teu pati beureum sangkan awét diteundeun, iwal ti tomat anu arék dipasak.<ref name="Memilih Tomat">[http://tipsrumah.com/cara-memilih-tomat/](diakses pada tanggal 9 oktober 2011)</ref> # Lamun arék langsung didahar, pilih tomat anu asak dina tangkalna jeung warna beureumna rata.<ref name="Memilih Tomat"/> # Pilih tomat anu beuratna sarua jeung gedéna tomat.<ref name="Memilih Tomat"/> # Pilih tomat anu kulitna lemes pisan.<ref name="Memilih Tomat"/> # Pilih tomat anu warnana beureum, jeung seger tur kandel nalika dirampa.<ref name="Memilih Tomat"/> Di [[Australia]] biasana maké bungkus plastik ''polyethylen'' biasa anu bendeulan leuitk di jeronaanu eusina KMNO4.<ref name="Tips Memilih dan Menyimpan Buah Tomat">[http://anekakuliner.com/tag/cara-memilih-buah-tomat-yang-baik]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(diakses pada tanggal 9 oktober 2011)</ref> KMNO4 leuwih éféktif dina nyerep [[ethylen]]. Tapi balukarna harga tomat téh jadi mahal.<ref name="Tips Memilih dan Menyimpan Buah Tomat"/> Sedengkeun di Indonésia mah aya cara paling gampang, aman tur murah nyaéta tomat-tomat téh ditendeun dina wadah tina [[awi]] anu [[higroskopis]] nepi ka bisa nyerep H2O jeung di bagian handapna dibéré [[kapur tohor]] atawa Ca(OH)2 pikeun ngiket CO2, sarta ditendeun di tempat anu garing jeung iuh nepi ka [[ethylen]] bisa diteken.<ref name="Tips Memilih dan Menyimpan Buah Tomat"/> Lamun tomat anu warnana kahéjo-héjoan ditendeun ku cara kieu bisa nahan segerna tomat salila 2 minggu.<ref name="Tips Memilih dan Menyimpan Buah Tomat"/> == '''Galeri''' == <gallery> File:Tomatoes_12.jpg|tomat ngeunah Image:Tomato - Cross section view.jpg|tomat biasa di beulah dua Image:Bountiful tomato crop 1 - geograph.org.uk - 1531373.jpg|tomat plum ngaruntuy Image:CherryTomatoes.jpg|tomat ceri Image:Tomato green.JPG|tomat héjo Image:Grape tomatoes - various colors upon ripening.jpg|tomat anggur Image:Locally grown tomatoes with the valley in the background.JPG|tomat beef Image:Tomates amarelos GFDL.jpg|tomat ceri warna konéng </gallery> ==Referensi== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Solanaceae]] [[Kategori:Sayuran]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan bungbu]] iwyznhsj5rcyzfikm1bl23744cnhwcn 0 33801 731892 709606 2026-11-08T13:45:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731892 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Headscarfalanya.jpg|jmpl| Awéwé maké tiung di Alanya, [[Turki]]]] '''Tiung''' atawa '''Kudung''' mangrupa sarupaning saléndang anu nutupan sawaréh atawa sakabéh bagéan luhur sirah jeung buuk awéwé. Tiung bisa dipaké pikeun sababaraha tujuan, saperti pikeun ngahaneutkeun awak, pikeun kaberesekaan, pikeun ''fashion'', atawa jang nunjukkeun jati diri kalawan alesan ageman, nyumputkeun kagundulan, pikeun kasopanan jeung sajabana. == Jenis == Tiung bisa jadi hiji hal anu patali jeung kaagemanan. Misalna, awéwé Yahudi Ortodoks anu enggeus nikah diwajibkeun pikeun nutupan buuk maranéhanana, seseringna maké tiung anu dipikawanoh salaku ''tiche'' atawa ''snood'', saluyu jeung papagon kasopanan ''tzniot''. Tiung ogé dipaké ku para awéwé Kristen Katolik nalika ngalaksanakeun Misa atawa Ékaristi. Tiung anu sok dipaké ku awéwé Kristen disebut Tiung Misa atawa Mantilla. Sabenerna tradisi ieu enggeus lila aya di jero Garéja pikeun saurang awéwé supaya maké tiung Misa (Mantilla) nalika Parayaan Ékaristi. Malahan mah geus ilahar ti jamanna Rasul Paulus, tapi beuki lila, tradisi ieu geus mulai leungit di jaman kiwari anu geus modéren. Ngan, sababaraha mangsa katukang, pamakéan Tiung Misa geus mulai diwanohkeun deui ku Garéja kusabab ma'na pamakéannana anu kacida muliana, tapi pamakéan tiung Misa ieu lain hiji hal anu wajib pikeun awéwé, tapi mangrupa hiji bentuk dévosi jeung bentuk kata'atan atawa ka handapan haté ka Allah nalika miluan Parayaan Ékaristi. Buuk awéwé Katolik ogé mangrupa hiji makuta kahormatan, ku sabab éta, awéwé maké tiung téh nyaéta bentuk pikeun nunjukkeun kahormatan maranéhannana, anu ku Allah parantos dipaparinan kahormatan éta. [[Gambar:Martin_Kober_002.jpg|ka|jmpl|170x170px| Wimple abad ''ka-16.'']] [[Gambar:President Ronald Reagan Riding Horses with Queen Elizabeth Ii During Visit to Windsor Castle - DPLA - 934bb1fd137bd8789fa9648e928f9ded.jpg|kiri|jmpl|250x250px| Elizabeth II maké ''jilbab babushka'' nalika anjeunna [[Ronald Reagan|panggih jeung Ronald Reagan]], 1982.]] Tiung jeung jilbab pangilaharna dipaké ku awéwé Muslim. Papakéan Islam diantarana ''burkak'', ''chador'', ''niqab'', ''dupatta'', jeung anu séjénna. ''Kecap Arab hijab'', anu ngarujuk kana tingkah laku sopan jeung papakéan, sering dipaké pikeun ngajelaskeun tiung anu dipakéna ku awéwé muslim.{{Clear}} == Galéri == <gallery> Gambar:Casol square silk scarf as head scarf.jpg|Modél [[New York]]. Gambar:Åmlibunad skaut.jpg|Tiung salaku bagéan tina papakéan tradisional [[Norwegia]]. Gambar:Bandana.jpg|Bobotoh tim bal [[Portugis]]. Gambar:Khotan-melikawat-chicas-d02.jpg|Awéwé [[Uyghur]] ti [[Xinjiang]]. Gambar:Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg|Mojang-mojang [[Khotan]], [[Xinjiang]], [[China]]. Gambar:Girls in Kargil.jpg|Sakumpulan mojang ti [[Kargil]] di [[Ladakh]], [[Kashmir]], [[India]]. Gambar:Iraqi girl smiles.jpg|Saurang mojang [[Iraq]] di deukeut [[Basra]]. </gallery> == Bédana Tiung (Khimar) jeung [[Jilbab]] (Baju kurung) == Khimar (Tiung) Kawajiban di tiung aya dina Al Qur’an surat An-Nur (24) ayat 31.<ref name="Tiung">[http://chantika.com/bagaimana-mengenal-perbedaan-khimar-kerudung-dan-jilbab-baju-kurung/ Bagaimana Mengenal Perbedaan Khimar (Kerudung) dan Jilbab (Baju kurung)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112213504/http://chantika.com/bagaimana-mengenal-perbedaan-khimar-kerudung-dan-jilbab-baju-kurung/ |date=2011-11-12 }} (Dicutat tanggal 17 Oktober 2011)</ref> Artina : “….Jeung geus diparéntahkeun sangkan tiung (khimar) téh nutupan kerah bajuna _juyuub)…”.<ref name="Tiung" /> [[Jilbâb]] (baju kurung) Jilbab nyaéta baju anu mangrupa budaya orang Arab.<ref name="Tiung" /> Tapi ku turuna ayat ieu mangka jilbab jadi budaya [[Islam]] jeung jadi baju pikeun [[muslimah]] di sakabéh alam dunya nalika ka luar [[imah]].<ref name="Tiung" /> Ku sabab jilbab asalna tina budaya [[Arab]] mangka orang Arab anu leuwih mikanyaho gambaran jilbab téh jiga kumaha.<ref name="Tiung" /> Anapon wangenan jilbab téh dijelaskeun dina '''kamus al-Muhith''' nyaéta baju anu logor pikeun awéwé anu bisa nutupan baju imahna saperti milhafah (mantel) atwa baju kurung.<ref name="Tiung" /> Tafsir Jalalain (jilid 3:1803) Kawajiban di jilbab diterangkeun dina Al Qur’an Surat Al-Ahzâb (33) ayat 59.<ref name="Tiung" /> Anu artina : “Hai Nabi, béjakeun ka pamajikan, barudak awéwé jeung pamajikan-pamajikan jalma mukmin diparéntahkeun sangkan make jilbab nutupan awakna. Sangkan maranéhanana dipikawanoh, ku lantaran éta maranéhna teu di ganggu. Jeung Alloh anu Maha Panghampura jeung Maha Mikanyaah.” <ref name="Tiung" /> == Tempo ogé == * Kontroversi ngeunaan pakéan Islam di Éropa * Kontroversi hijab di Turki * Jilbab * Salwar Kameez * Dupatta == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Islam]] dkd37ypgslh91ksvn1nwyo32yi6x14n 0 33911 731897 654951 2026-11-08T13:52:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} '''Topéng banjét''' nyaéta wangun [[kasenian tradisional]] kalayan jenisna kaasup seni pintonan rahayat atawa bisa diasupkeun ogé ka dina wangun [[teater tradisional]].<ref name="sumber1">{{id}}[http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/node/161963=id kesenian topeng banjet ]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 15 Oktober 2011)</ref> Topéng Banjét anu didéfinisikeun minangka seni pintonan rahayat anu sok dimimitian ku banyolna atawa bobodoran tuluy diteruskeun ku pintonan seni [[drama]] tradidional, topéng banjét mangrupa [[kasenian]] anu turun tumurun.<ref name="sumber1"/> Di daérah Priangan Topéng Banjét nyaluyukeun jeung seléra masarakat utamana gaya jeung basa.<ref name="sumber2">{{id}}[http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=351&lang=idwisata kebudayaan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817125729/http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=351&lang=idwisata |date=2019-08-17 }} (diaksés tanggal 15 Oktober 2011)</ref> Contona Topéng Banjét Karawang, Ronggéngna boga gaya Ronggéng [[Karawang]], nyanyi [[kawih]] [[sunda]] jeung kabéh lalakon maké [[basa sunda]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Ieu hal béda jeung topéng banjét di Bekasi sok sanajan kawih sunda tapi sakabéh pintonanna maké basa Bekasi (dialék basa Jakarta).<ref name="sumber2"/> Topéng Bajét atawa Topeng Karawang, mangrupa hiji seni pintonan sarupaning [[Longser]] anu hirup sarta ngembang di di Wewengkon [[Karawang]] sarta [[Subang]].<ref name="sumber2"/> Dina perkembanganna, Banjet ngalaman parobahan, kawas Banjet Margaluyu anu dilengkepan kalayan instrumen, sarta [[Gambang]], [[Kolenang]], [[Saron]], [[Panerus]], sarta [[Goong Gantung]], anu mimitina ngan waditra-waditra anu kagabung dina [[Ketuk Tilu]].<ref name="sumber2"/> Kabéhanana nyieun hiji jenis pintonan unik anu tinangtu baris nyieun Anjeun kabetot pikeun nyaksianana.<ref name="sumber2"/> ==Fungsi== *Hiburan *Sosialisasi. *Edukasi *Ekonomi ==Pamaén== Ti saprak taun 1949 dieuwuhkeunna tahap Ngajantuk jeung Ngedok.<ref name="sumber1"/> Tapi pamaén nambahan beuki loba sabab sanggeus pintonan banyolan diteruskeun ku sababaraha lalakon.<ref name="sumber1"/> Ku sabab éta kabutuhan pamaén nyaéta:Saurang sindén, saurang ronggéng inti, saurang ronggéng, dua urang awéwé, dua urang palaku jawara.<ref name="sumber1"/> ==Raksukan== Pakéan anu digunakeun dina kasenian Topéng Banjét nalika minton dumasar kana kagunaanna aya dua jenis.<ref name="sumber2"/> Pakéan husus anu digunakeun ku ronggéng topéng nyaéta: *Kembang Topéng/Sayang atawa Sabrok *Toka-toka *Amben jeung amprang Pakéan husus nyaéta pakéan nalika merankeun salah sahiji peran dina lalakon nyaéta pakéan biasa anu ilahar digunakeun sapopoena.<ref name="sumber2"/> ==Runtuyan== Anapon runtuyan mintonkeunna angger samodél kieu: *Takolan munggaran *Tembang munggaran *Topéng (ronggéng) *Bobodoran *Ronggéng.<ref name="sumber2"/> Dihandap ieu sawatara conto lalakon Topéng Banjét, nyaéta: *Dosa *Jawara néangan panganten *Sanggabuana adu jago *Naraka dunya *Kawinan iblis.<ref name="sumber2"/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ibing topéng]] [[Kategori:Kasenian Jawa Kulon]] 03xgdk7z4kggryg4c0ir1ggzq2uwh4v 0 33927 731916 627278 2026-11-08T14:39:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731916 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Usopp''' nyaéta salah sahiji karakter fiksi dina [[Manga]] jeung [[Anime]] [[One Piece]].<ref name="Usopp">[http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usopp Usopp]</ref> Usopp nyaéta penembak jitu di kelompok [[Bajak Laut Topi Jerami]].<ref name="Usopp"/> Usopp nyaéta kru topi jerami anu paling borangan.<ref name="Usopp"/> Ngaran Usopp dicokot tina basa [[Jepang]] "uso" (うそ) anu hartina wadul atawa jelma tukang ngawadul.<ref name="Usopp">{{Cite web |url=http://onepiece.wikia.com/wiki/Ussop |title=Usopp |accessdate=2011-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216041823/http://onepiece.wikia.com/wiki/Ussop |archivedate=2013-12-16}}</ref> ==Panggih Jeung Luffy== Usopp papanggih jeung luffy di Desa Syrup, di desa éta Luffy gelut jeung kelompok bajak laut [[Kuroneko]] anu di pimpin ku kaptén [[Kuro]] anu nyamar jadi pelayan salah sahiji warga anu benghar, pikeun nguasaan hartana.<ref>"One Piece manga" kapter 23</ref> Sabada ngéléhkeun bajak laut Kuroneko, Usopp ngabubarkeun kelompok bajak lautna anu anggotana tilu urang budak leutik, tuluy Usopp diajakan jadi anggita bajak laut topi jerami.<ref>"One Piece manga" kapter 40</ref> ==Sogeking== Salila di [[Grand Line]] Usopp ngarasa lemah, tungtungna Usopp kaleungitan percaya diri.<ref name="Usopp"/> Sabada di Water 7 Usopp gelut jeung Luffy, nu ahirna Usopp kaluar ti kelompok topi jerami.<ref>"One Piece manga" kapter 332</ref> Sabada éta, Usopp di tewak ku [[CP 9]], nu ahirna Usopp di leupaskeun ku [[Sanji]].<ref>"One Piece manga" kapter 365</ref> Usopp ahirna indit ngabantuan Luffy pikeun ngabébaskeun [[Nico Robin]] ku cara nyamar jadi '''Sogeking'''.<ref>"One Piece manga" kapter 367</ref> Di [[Enies Lobby]] Usopp dititah ku Luffy sangkan ngaduruk bendera pamaréntah dunia, anu andakeun perang jeung pamaréntah nu aya di Enies Lobby.<ref name="Usopp"/> Sabada perang di Enies Lobby, Sogeking (Usopp) boga harga buronan 30 juta berry sabada difonis salah ku lantaran ngaduruk bendera Pamaréntah Dunia.<ref name="Usopp"/> ==Jadi Ksatria== Usopp di teleport [[Kuma]] ka hiji pulo nu ngarana Pulo Boin, di pulo ieu pinuh ku tangkal [[Karnivora]] anu gedé sarta dina permukaan tangkalna aya kadaharan anu ngeunah.<ref name="Usopp"/> Di pulo éta aya hiji ksatria ngarana [[Heraclesun]] anu nulungan Usopp, ku sabab lobana kadaharan dina éta pulo, Usopp jadi gendut nepi ka hésé bagerak.<ref name="Usopp"/> Sabada maca koran nu ngagambarkeun kaayaan Luffy, Usopp menta tulung ka Heraclesun sangan ngajarkeun manéhna jadi ksatria. Dua taun geus kitu, Usopp balik deui ka Pulo [[Shabaody]] tuluy panggih jeung Nami di bar, Usopp ningalikeun pakarang anyarna anu mampu ngaluarkeun tutuwuhan anu ngadahar manusa ka kru topi jerami anu palsu.<ref name="Usopp"/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:One Piece]] [[Kategori:Daftar Karakter One Piece]] [[ca:Llista de personatges de One Piece#Usopp]] 89w9k6wkfr603voluo15ycy5guffh00 10 34282 731957 331620 2026-11-08T15:50:45Z Rafka Aditia 29183 731957 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=pressrelease |type={{{type|Press release}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> 545jom0mvq5adtyuoeh9nybrag9idap 10 34283 731953 331621 2026-11-08T15:38:20Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Ngaganti kaca ku '<includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=report }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude>' 731953 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=report }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> fv6braow6okak7txfjrvm1n1u570j0p 0 34322 731915 711806 2026-11-08T14:37:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{geulis}} [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Poserende Minangkabause mannen TMnr 10005045.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Raksukan has séké Minangkabau di taun [[1900-an]]]]'''Minangkabau''' atawa nu sok disingget '''Minang''' ([[Jawi]]: ميناڠكاباو) nyaéta kelompok etnik [[Nusantara]] nu basana Minang jeung ngajungjung ageman Minangkabau. Wewengkon ageman kabudayaanna ngawengku [[Sumatera Barat]], sabeulah ti [[Riau]], bagéan kalér Bengkulu, bagéan kulon [[Jambi]], bagéan kidul [[Sumatera Utara]], barat daya [[Aceh]], ogé Negeri Sembilan di [[Malaysia]].<ref>Josselin de Jong, P.E. de, (1960), ''Minangkabau and Negeri Sembilan: Socio-Political Structure in Indonesia'', Jakarta: Bhartara</ref> Dina paguneman masarakat, urang Minang sok disebut '''orang Padang''', nempo ka ngaran [[puseur dayeuh]] Sumatera Barat nyaéta dayeuh Padang. Namung masarakat ieu biasana bakal nyebut kelompokna ku sebutan [[:min:Urang Minang|'''urang awak''']] (maksudna sarua jeung urang Minang éta sorangan).<ref>Kingsbury, D., Aveling, H., (2003), ''Autonomy and disintegration in Indonesia'', Routledge, ISBN 0-415-29737-0</ref> Nurutkeun A.A. Navis, Minangkabau leuwih ka kultur etnis ti salah sahiji rungkun Malayu nu mekar jeung badag sabab sistim monarki,<ref name="Navis-A">Navis, A.A., (1984), ''Alam Terkembang Jadi Guru: Adat dan Kebudayaan Minangkabau'', Jakarta: PT. Grafiti Pers.</ref> sarta ngagem sistim adat anu khas, anu dicirikeun ku sistim kakulawargaan ngaliwatan jalur awéwé atawa matrilinéal,<ref name="Datuk">Batuah, A. Dt. & Madjoindo, A. Dt., (1959), ''Tambo Minangkabau dan Adatnya'', Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.</ref> sanajan budayana ogé kacida kuat diwarnaan ku ageman agama Islam, sedengkeun [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]], sanggeus ngalakukeun ekspedisi ka alas Minangkabau perenahna kalungguhan Karajaan Pagaruyung, nyebatkeun yén Minangkabau nyaéta sumber kakuatan jeung asak séké sélér Malayu, anu salajengna masarakatna sumebar ka Kapuloan Timur.<ref name="MalayIdentity2001">{{cite journal|last=Reid|first=Anthony| journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]|title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities| volume=32|issue=3|year=2001|pages=295–313|url=|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157}}</ref> Kiwari masarakat Minang mangrupa masarakat anu ngagem matrilinéal pangbadagna saalam buana.<ref>Evers, Hans-Dieter, Korff, Rüdiger, (2000), ''Southeast Asian Urbanism'', LIT Verlag Münster, Ed.2nd , hlm.188, ISBN 3-8258-4021-2</ref><ref>Ong, Aihwa, Peletz, Michael G., (1995), ''Bewitching women, pious men: gender and body politics in Southeast Asia'', University of California Press, hlm. 51, ISBN 0-520-08861-1</ref> Iwal ti éta, etnik ieu ogé geus nerapkeun sistem proto-demokrasi ti mangsa pra-Hindu kalawan ayana kabeungkeut rapetna adat keur nangtukeun hal-hal penting jeung pasualan hukum. Prinsip adat Minangkabau kaserat singkat dina kekecapan ''Adat basandi syara', syara' basandi Kitabullah'' (Adat sendina hukum, hukum sendina Al-Qur’an) anu artina adatpanutanna ajaran Islam.<ref>Jones, Gavin W., Chee, Heng Leng, and Mohamad, Maznah, (2009), ''Muslim-Non-Muslim Marriage: Political and Cultural Contestations in Southeast Asia'', Chaptep 6:'' Not Muslim, Not Minangkabau, Interreligious Marriage and its Culture Impact in Minangkabau Society by Mina Elvira'', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-981-230-874-0</ref> Urang Minangkabau kacida punjulna dina paniagaan, salaku profesional jeung intelektual. Aranjeunna mangrupa nu turunan agung ti tradisi buhun Karajaan Malayu jeung [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]] anu resep dagang jeung dinamis.<ref name="GRAVES_p1">{{cite book | last =Graves | first =Elizabeth E. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =The Minangkabau Response to Dutch Colonial Rule Nineteenth Century | publisher =Cornell Modern Indonesia Project #60 | date =1981 | location =Itacha, NY | url = | doi = | isbn = | page =1}}</ref> Hampir satengah jumlah sadaya anggota masarakat ieu aya di parantauan. Lolobana aya di dayeuh badag saperti [[Jakarta]], [[Bandung]], [[Pekanbaru]], [[Medan]], [[Batam]], [[Palembang]], dan [[Surabaya]]. Di luar wilayah Indonésia, etnis Minang looba aya di Negeri Sembilan, [[Malaysia]] jeung [[Singapura]]. Masarakat Minang ngabogaan masakan has anu populer ku sebutan [[masakan Padang]], jeung dipikaresep di [[Indonesia]] ogé nepi ka mancanegara.<ref>Ramli, Andriati, (2008), ''Masakan Padang: Populer & Lezat'', Niaga Swadaya, ISBN 978-979-1477-09-3.</ref> == Etimologi == [[Gambar:Sumatra Ethnic Groups Map en.svg|thumb|left|209px|Peta anu nunjukkeun wewengkon sumebarna kelompok etnis Minangkabau di pulo Sumatera.]] Ngaran Minangkabau asalna ti kecap, ''minang'' jeung ''kabau''. Ngaran ieu dipakaitkeun jeung hiji sasakala has Minang anu dipikawanoh di jero Tambo. Ti tambo éta, ceunah dina hiji mangsa aya hiji karajaan asing (biasa disebut salaku Majapahit) anu datang ti laut anu barik naklukeun. Keur nyegah perang, masarakat ngusulkeun keur ngadu munding. Pasukan asing nyapukan jeung nyadiakeun hiji munding anu badag jeung agresif, sedengkeun masarakat nyadiakeun hiji énéng anu lapar jeung dibéré péso ditandukna. Dina perang, énéng anu lapar éta nyangka munding badang éta indungna. Ku kituna énéng éta lulumpatan néangan susu jeung tandukna nepi ka motong beuteung munding nu badag éa. Punjulna énéng éta ngainspirasikeun masarakat keur maké ngaran ''Minangkabau'',<ref>Djamaris, Edwar, (1991), ''Tambo Minangkabau'', Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.</ref> anu asalna ti ungkara 'Manang kabau' (artina menang kerbau). Ngaran ''Minangkabau'' ogé digunakeun keur nyebutkeun hiji nagari, nya éa Nagari Minangkabau anu ayana di kecamatan Sungayang, kabupaten Tanah Datar, provinsi [[Sumatera Barat]]. Dina catetan sajarah Karajaan Majapahit, ''Nagarakretagama''<ref>Brandes, J.L.A., (1902), ''Nāgarakrětāgama; Lofdicht van Prapanjtja op koning Radjasanagara, Hajam Wuruk, van Madjapahit, naar het eenige daarvan bekende handschrift, aangetroffen in de puri te Tjakranagara op Lombok''.</ref> taun 1365 M, ogé geus aya nyebutkeun ngaran '''Minangkabwa''' salaku salah sahiji ti negeri Malayu anu ditaklukeunna. Sedengkan ngaran "Minang" (karajaan Minanga) éta sorangan geus disebutkeun di [[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] taun [[682]] Masehi jeung basana Sansekerta. Dina [[prasasti]] éta nyebutkeun yén pangadeg [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]] anu ngaranna ''Dapunta Hyang'' angkat ti "Minānga" ....<ref>Cœdés, George, (1930), ''Les inscriptions malaises de Çrivijaya'',BEFEO</ref> Sababaraha ahli anu ngarujuk ti sumber prasasti éta ngaduga, kecap barik ka-4 (...minānga) jeung ka-5 (tāmvan....) sabenerna kagabung, nrpi ka jadi '''mināngatāmvan''' jeung ditransliterasi kalawan ma’na ''walungan kembar''. Walungan kembar maksadna dipercaya nunjuk ka papanggihna dua aliran Walungan Kamparm nyaéta ''Kampar Kénca'' jeung ''Kampar Katuhu''.<ref>Purbatjaraka, R.M. Ngabehi, (1952), ''Riwajat Indonesia'', I, Djakarta: Jajasan Pembangunan.</ref> Namung pamadegan ieu ditolak ku Casparis, anu ngabuktikeun yén "tāmvan" teu aya patalina jeung "panggih", sabab kecap ''panggih'' jeung ''muara'' ogé kapanggih di prasasti-prasasti titinggal zaman [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]] nu séjénna.<ref>Casparis, J.G. de, (1956), ''Prasasti Indonesia II'', Dinas Purbakala Republik Indonesia, Bandung: Masa Baru.</ref> Ku kituna kecap ''Minanga'' ngadeg sorangan jeung identik jeung sebutan ''Minang'' éta sorangan. [[Gambar:Flag of Minang.svg|thumb|Bendera atawa ''merawa'' anu dipaké ku sélér-sélér Minangkabau]] == Asal-usul == Ti tambo anu geus ditarima sacara tungturunan, nyaritakeun yén karuhun maranéhna asalna ti Iskandar Zulkarnain. Najan tambo éta teu kasusun sacara sistematis jeung leuwih ka sasakala babanding fakta sarta leuwih ngarujuk ka hiji karya sastra anu geus boga masarakat awam.<ref name="Navis-A"/> Masarakat Minang mangrupa bagéan ti masarakat ''Deutro Melayu'' (Melayu Ngora) anu ngalakukeun migrasi ti daratan China Selatan ka pulo [[Sumatera]] di 2.500-2.000 taun baheula. Disawang kelompok masarakat ieu asup ti arah wétan pulo Sumatera, nyusur aliran Kampar nepi ka dataran luhur anu disebut ''darek'' jeung jadi kampung urang Minangkabau.<ref>Graves (1981), p. 4.</ref> Sababaraha wewengkon ''darek'' ieu salajengna ngawentuk samacem konfederasi anu dipikawanoh ku ngaran ''luhak'', anu disebut ogé ku ngaran ''Luhak nan Tigo'', anu kasusun ti ''Luhak Limo Puluah'', ''Luhak Agam'', jeung ''Luhak Tanah Datar''.<ref name="Datuk"/> Dina mangsa pamarétahan Hindia-Walanda, wewengkon ''luhak'' ieu jadi wewengkon reitorial pamaréntahan anu disebut ''afdeling'', dipupuhuan ku salah saurang ''residen'' jeung ku masarakat Minangkabau disebut ku ngaran ''Tuan Luhak''.<ref name="Navis-A"/> Saluyu jeung kamekaran jeung tumuwuhna masarakat, masarakat Minangkabau sumebar ka kawasan darek nu lian sarta ngawangun sababaraha kawasan anu tangtu jadi kawasan ''rantau''. Konsep rantau keur urang Minang mangrupa hiji kawasan anu jadi panto asup ka alam Minangkabau. Rantau ogé boga fungsi salaku tempat néangan kahirupan, kawasan padagangan. Rantau di Minangkabau dipikawanoh ku ''Rantau nan duo'' kabagi ku ''Rantau di Hilia'' (kawasan basisir wétan) jeung ''Rantau di Mudiak'' (kawasan basisir kulon). == Agama == Masarakat Minang kiwari pangagem agama Islam, lamun aya masarakatna kaluar ti agama islam (''murtad''), sacara langsung anu aya patalina dianggap kaluar ti masarakat Minang, dina istilahna disebut "dibuang sapanjang adat". Agama Islam disawang asup ngaliwatan kawasan basisir wétan, sanajan aya anggapan ti basisir kulon, utamana di kawasan Pariaman, namung kawasan ''Arcat'' (Aru dan Rokan) sarta Inderagiri anu aya di basisir wétan ogé geus jadi kawasan palabuan Minangkabau, jeung walungan Kampar, sarta Batang Kuantan nu huluna di kawasan alas Minangkabau. Sarta hal ieu ogé dipatalikeun jeung sesebutan ''Urang Siak'' ngarujuk ka jalma-jalma anu ahli jeung tekun dina agama Islam, masih tetep dipaké di dataran luhur Minangkabau. Sateuacan [[Islam]] ditarima sacara luas, masarakat ieu ti sababaraha bukti arkéologis nunjukkeun kungsi ngagem agama Buddha utamana di mangsa [[Karajaan Sriwijaya]], Dharmasraya, nepi ka mangsa pamaréntahan Adityawarman jeung anakna Ananggawarman. Salajengna parobahan struktur karajaan jeung munculna Karajaan Pagaruyung anu geus ngadopsi [[Islam]] dini sistim pamaréntahanna, najan nepi abad ke-16, ''Suma Oriental'' masih nyebutkeun ti 3 raja Minangkabau ngan hiji nu geus ngagem [[Islam]]. == Adat jeung Budaya == [[Gambar:Randai1.ogv|thumb|Hiji pintonan Randai]] Adat jeung budaya Minangkabau ngaguratkeun ka indung (matrilinéal), pihak awéwé boga hak salaku pawaris harta pusaka jeung duduluran. Nurutkeun tambo, sistim adat Minangkabau nu mimiti diwanohkeun ku dua urang duduluran, Datuk Perpatih Nan Sebatang jeung Datuk Ketumanggungan. Datuk Perpatih ngawariskeun sistim adat Bodi Caniago anu demokratis, sedengkeun Datuk Ketumanggungan ngawariskeun sistim adat Koto Piliang anu aristokratis. Dina lalampahanna, dua sistim ieu dipikawanoh ku ''kelarasan'' ieu anu silih eusi jeung ngawangun sistim masarakat Minangkabau. Dina masarakat Minangkabau, aya tilu pancang anu ngawangun jeung ngajaga kautuhan budaya sarta adat istiadat. Maranéhna nyaéta alim ulama, cerdik pandai, jeung ninik mamak, anu dipikawanoh ku ''Tali nan Tigo Sapilin''. Tilu-tiluna silih lengkepan dina posisi nu sarua luhurna. Dina masarakat Minangkabau anu demokratis jeung egaliter, sakabéh urusan masarakat dimusyawarahkeun ku katilu unsur éta sacara mufakat.<ref name="W">{{cite book | last =Westenenk | first =L. C. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =De Minangkabausche Nagari | publisher =Visser | year =1918 | location =Weltevreden | url = | doi = | isbn = | page =59}}</ref> === Basa === Basa Minangkabau mangrupa salah sahiji cabang basa Austronesia. Sanajan aya beda pamadegan ngeunaan patalina [[basa Minangkabau]] jeung basa Melayu, aya anu nganggap basa anu dituturkeun masarakat ieu salaku bagéan ti dialék Melayu, sabab lobana sasaruaan wanda kecap jeung wangun tuturan ti jerona, iwal ti éta justru nganggap basa ieu mangrupa basa mandiri anu beda jeung Melayu sarta aya ogé anu nyebutkeun basa Minangkabau mangrupa basa proto-Melayu.<ref>Simanjuntak, Mengantar, (1982), ''Aspek bahasa dan pengajaran'', Sarjana Enterprise.</ref><ref>Garry, J., Carl R., Rubino, G., (2001), ''Facts about the world's languages: an encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present'', H.W. Wilson, ISBN 0-8242-0970-2.</ref> Lian ti éta di masarakat panutur basa Minang éta sorangan ogé geus aya sababaraha ragem dialék gumantung ka wewengkonna sewang-sewangan.<ref>Medan, Tamsin, (1985), ''Bahasa Minangkabau dialek Kubuang Tigo Baleh'', Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.</ref><ref>Nadra, (2006), ''Rekonstruksi bahasa Minangkabau'', Andalas University Press, ISBN 979-3364-55-6.</ref> === Kasenian === Masarakat Minangkabau ngabogaan sababaraha ragem atraksi jeung kasenian, saperti tari-tarian anu biasa ditampilkeun dina pesta adat atawa nikahkeun. Di antara tari-tarian éta misalna ''Tari Pasambahan'' mangrupa tarian anu dipintonkeun boga maksud salaku ucapan pangbagéa wilujeng sumping atawa rasa hormat ka tamu istiméwa anu karek nepi, salajengna ''Tari Piring'' mangrupa wanda tarian kalawan gerak gancang ti pangibingna baru mawa piring di dampal leungeunna sewang-sewangan, anu dipirig ku lagu nu dipaénkeun ku ''talempong'' jeugn ''saluang''. ''Silek'' atawa Silat Minangkabau mangrupa hiji senu bela diri tradisional has Minangkabau ieu anu geus mekar ti bahaeula. Iwal ti éa, aya ogé tarian anu campur jeung ''silek'' anu disebut ku ''randai''. Randai biasa pirig ku kakawihan atawa disebut ogé ku ''sijobang'',<ref>Phillips, Nigel, (1981), ''Sijobang: sung narrative poetry of West Sumatra'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-23737-6.</ref> dina randai ieu aya seni drama dumasar skenario.<ref>Pauka K., (1998), ''Theater and martial arts in West Sumatra: Randai and silek of the Minangkabau'', Ohio University Press, ISBN 978-0-89680-205-6.</ref> Di sagigireun étam Minangkabau ogé punjul dina seni kekecapan. Aya tilu genre seni kekecapan, nyaéta ''pasambahan'', indang, jeung salawat dulang. Seni kekecapan atawa silat lidah, leuwih munjulkeun kekecapan sindiran, kiasan, ibarat, alegori, metafora, jeung aphorisme. Dina seni kekecapan saurang diajarkeun pikeun mertahankeun kahormatan jeung harga diri tampa ngagunakeun sanjata jeung kontak fisik.<ref>Suryadi (2010), ''Masa Depan Seni Bersilat Lidah Minangkabau'', Padang Ekspres.</ref> [[Gambar:Rumah Gadang.jpg|right|thumb|Rumah Gadang]] === Rumah adat === [[Gambar:Minangkabau wedding 2.jpg|thumb|Pakéan adat anu dipaké ku pangantén di Minangkabau]] [[Gambar:Girls in traditional minang bride costumes in a carnival.jpg|thumb|150px|Pakéan awéwé Minang dina pesta adat atawa nikahan.]] Rumah adat Minangkabau disebut ''Rumah Gadang'', anu biasana diwangun di luhur taneuh kulawarga induk dina adat sacara tuturunan.<ref>Graves, Elizabeth E., (2007), ''Asal-usul elite Minangkabau modern: respons terhadap kolonial Belanda abad XIX/XX'', Jakarta:Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-461-661-1.</ref> Imah Gadang ieu dijieun ngawangun opat pasagi panjang jeung dibagi ku dua bagéan hareup jeung tukang.<ref>Azinar Sayuti, Rifai Abu, (1985), ''Sistem ekonomi tradisional sebagai perwujudan tanggapan aktif manusia terhadap lingkungan daerah Sumatera Barat'', hlm. 202, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Kebudayaan Daerah.</ref> Umumna bahan kayu, jeung saliwat katingal saperti wangun imah panggung kalawan hateup anu has, nonjol saperti tanduk munding anu biasa disebut ''gonjong''<ref>Navis, A.A., ''Cerita Rakyat dari Sumatera Barat 3'', Grasindo, ISBN 979-759-551-X.</ref> jeung baheulana hateup ieu bahanna ijuk sateuacan diganti ku hateup seng. Namung ngan awéwé jeung salakina, sarta anak-anakna anu cicing di imah gadang. Sedengkeun lalaki kaum anu geus ngabogaan istri cicing di imah istrina. Lamun lalaki anggota kaum nu teu acan nikah, biasana saré di surau. Surau biasana diadegkeun teu jauh ti komplek imah gadang éta, iwal ti fungdina salaku tempat ibadah, ogé fungsina salaku tempat cicing lalaki nu geus dewasa mung teu acan nikah. Salian éta dina budaya Minangkabau, teu sakabéh kawasan diijinan ngadegkeun ''Rumah Gadang'', ngan dina kawasan anu geus statusna nagari hungkul, imah adat diijinan diadegkeun. === Nikahan === Di adat budaya Minangkabau, nikahan mangrupa salah sahiji kajadian penting dina siklus kahirupan, jeung mangrupa mangsa alihan anu kacida aya artina dina ngawangun kelompok leutik kulawarga anyar ngalanjut tungturunan. Keur lalaki Minang, nikahan ogé jadi proses keur asup ka lingkungan anyar, nyaéta kulawarga istrina. Sedengkeun keur pihak awéwé, jadi salah sahiji proses dina nambahan anggota di komunitas rumah gadang aranjeunna. Dina prosesi nikahan adat Minangkabau, biasa disebut ''baralek'', boga sababaraha tahapan anu umum dilakukeun. Dikawitan ku ''maminang'' (ngalamar), ''manjapuik marapulai'' (ngajemput calon salaki), nepi ka ''basandiang'' (resepsi). Sanggeus ''maminang'' jeung muncul kasapukan ''manantuan hari'' (nangtukeun poé nikahan), ku kituna salajengna dilanjutkeun ku nikahan sacara Islam anu biasana dilakukeun di Masigit, sateuacan dua calon resepsi. Di nagari nu tangtu sateuacan ''ijab kabul'' di hareupeun panghulu atawa ''tuan kadi'', salon salaki bakal dibéré gelar anyar salaku sebutan gaganti ngaran leutikna.<ref>{{cite book | last =Idris | first =Soewardi | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Sekitar Adat Minangkabau | publisher =Kulik-Kulik Alang, Himpunan Eks-Siswa SMP Negeri Solok Masa Revolusi, 1946-1949, | year =2004 | location =Jakarta | url = | doi = | isbn = | page = }}</ref> Salajengna masarakat bakal nyebutna kalawan gelar anyar. Gelar sebutan éta biasana dimimitian ku ''sutan'', ''bagindo'' atawa ''sidi'' di kawasan basisir. Sedengkeun di kawasan ''luhak limo puluah'', méré gelar ieu teu lumaku. == Sosial kamasarakatan == === Séké Sélér === Bangsa dina tatanan masarakat Minangkabau mangrupa basis ti organisasi sosial sakaligus tempat perang kakawasaan anu fundamental. Wangenan mimiti ''suku'' dina Basa Minang bisa boga maksud ''satu per-empat'', nepi ka lamun dipatalikeun jeung nangtungkeun hiji nagari di Minangkabau, bisa disebutkeun sampurna lamun geus kawengku ku komposisi opat suku anu nyicingan tempat éta. Salajengna, unggal suku dina tradisi Minang, diéntép ti gurat pancakaki anu sarua ti indung jeung disawang ti hiji tungturunan karuhun anu sarua.<ref name="Datuk" /> Salain salaku basis pulitik, sélér ogé mangrupa basis ti unit-unit ekonomi. Kabeungharan ditangtukeun ku kapamilikan taneuh kulawarga. Harta, jeung sumber-sumber hasil séjénna anu sakabéhna dipikawanoh salaku harta pusaka. Harta pusaka mangrupa milik babarengan ti sakabéh anggota kaum-kulawarga. Harta pusaka teu bisa dijualbeuli jeung teu jadi milik pribadi. Harta pusaka samacem dana jaminan babarengan keur ngajaga anggota kaum-kulawarga ti kamalaratan. Lamun aya anggota kulawarga anu ngalaman kasusaha atawa meunang bala, ku kituna harta pusaka bisa digadékeun. Sélér kabagi ka sababaraha cabang kulawarga anu leuwih leutik atawa disebut ''payuang'' (payung). Aya ogé unit anu pangleutikna sanggeus ''sapayuang'' disebut ''saparuik''. salah sahiji ''paruik'' (beuteung) biasana cicing di hiji rumah gadang sacara babarengan.<ref name="de Jong_p10">{{cite book | last =de Jong | first =P.E de Josselin | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Minangkabau and Negeri Sembilan: Socio-Political structure in Indonesia | publisher =Bhartara | date =1960 | location =Djakarta | url = | doi = | isbn = | page =10}}</ref> === Nagari === Daerah Minangkabau kasusun ti sababaraha nagari. Nagari ieu mangrupa daerah otonomi kalawan kakawasaan luhur di Minangkabau. Teu aya kakawasaan sosial jeung pulitik séjénna nu bisa turut campur adat di hiji nagari. Nagari anu béda bakal ngabogaan sipat adat anu béda. Unggal nagari dipingpin ku salah sahiji dewan anu kawengku ti pupuhu adat ti sakabéh sélér anu aya di nagari éta. Dewan ieu disebut salaku Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN). Jeung hasil musyawarah jeung mufakat dina dewan ieu hiji kaputusan jeung aturan anu ngabeungkeut keur nagari anu dihasilkeun. Faktor utama anu nangtukeun dinamika masarakat Minangkabau nyaéta ayana kompetisi anu konstan antar nagari, kaum kulawarga, jeung individu keur meunangkeun status jeung prestise.<ref>Graves (1981), p. 11.</ref> Ku kituna unggal sirah kaum bakal lomba keur ngaronjatkeun prestise kaum-kulawargana jeung néangan kabeungharan (dagang) sarta nyakolakeun anggota kaum ka tingkat anu pangluhurna. Dina ngawangun hiji nagari ti baheulana geus dipikawanoh ku istilah wejangan anu aya di masarakat adat Minang éta sorangan nyaéta ''Dari Taratak manjadi Dusun, dari Dusun manjadi Koto, dari Koto manjadi Nagari, Nagari ba Panghulu''. Jadi dina sistim administrasi pamaréntahan di Minang dimimitian ti struktur pangrendahna disebutkeun ku ''Taratak'', salajengna mekar jadi ''Dusun'', salajengna mekar jadi ''Koto'' jeung salajengna mekar jadi ''Nagari''. Biasana unggal nagari diwangun minimal geus kawengku ku 4 sélér anu ngadomisili kawasan éta.<ref name="Datuk" /> sirah kaum bakal lomba keur ngaronjatkeun prestise kaum-kulawargana jeung néangan kabeungharan (dagang) sarta nyakolakeun anggota kaum ka tingkat anu pangluhurna. Dina ngawangun hiji nagari ti baheulana geus dipikawanoh ku istilah wejangan anu aya di masarakat adat Minang éta sorangan nyaéta ''Dari Taratak manjadi Dusun, dari Dusun manjadi Koto, dari Koto manjadi Nagari, Nagari ba Panghulu''. Jadi dina sistim administrasi pamaréntahan di Minang dimimitian ti struktur pangrendahna disebutkeun ku ''Taratak'', salajengna mekar jadi ''Dusun'', salajengna mekar jadi ''Koto'' jeung salajengna mekar jadi ''Nagari''. Biasana unggal nagari diwangun minimal geus kawengku ku 4 sélér anu ngadomisili kawasan éta.<ref name="Datuk" /> === Panghulu === Panghulu atawa biasa anu dibéré gelar kalawan datuk, mangrupa pupuhu kaum kulawarga anu diangkat ku anggota kulawarga keur sakabéh problem kaum. Panghulu biasana lalaki anu kapilih di antara anggota kaum lalaki séjénna. Unggal kaum-kulawarga bakal milih lalaki anu mahér dina nyarita, wijaksana, jeung paham ka adat, keur ngadiukan kalungguhan posisi ieu. Hal ieu dilantarankeun anjeunna boga tanggung jawab ngurus sakabéh wakil kaum dina masarakat nagari. Unggal panghulu ngadeg sajajar jeung panghulu nu séjénna, nepi ka dina rapat nagari sakabéh panghulu anu diwakilan unggal kaum boga niléy sarua. Saluyu jeung nambahna anggota kaum, sarta masalah jeung konflik intern anu muncul, ku kitu sakapeung dina hiji kulawarga posisi kapanghuluan ieu dipecah jadi dua. Atawa sabalikna, anggota kaum anu makin saeutik jumlahna, sok bakal ngagabungkeun gelar kapanghuluan ka kulawarga séjénna anu sabangsa.<ref>{{cite book | last =Stibbe | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Het Soekoebestuur in de Padangsche Bovenlanden | publisher = | date =1869 | location = | url = | doi = | isbn = | page =33}}</ref> Hal ieu ngakibatkeun robahna jumlah panghulu dina hiji nagari. Ngabogaan panghulu anu ngawakilan sora kaum dina rapat nagari, mangrupa hiji prestise jeung harga diri. Nepi unggal kaum bakal usaha sakuatna keur panghuluna sorangan. Kaum-kulawarga anu gelarna kapanghuluanna geus lila kalipet, bakal usaha ngarojatkeun deui posisina ti néangan kabeungharan keur "meuli" gelar panghuluna anu geus lila runtag. Ngadegna panghulu ngaluar biaya badag, nepi ka tekenan keur ngadegkeun panghulu sok muncul ti kulawarga beunghar.<ref>Graves (1981), p. 25.</ref> [[Gambar:Pagaruyung.jpg|thumb|left|Istano Pagaruyung hiji legitimasi institusi karajaan di suku Minangkabau]] === Karajaan === Dina laporan Hubert Joseph Jéan Lambert de Stuers<ref name="Stuers">Laporan kepada Gubernur Jendral, 30 Agustus 1825, ''Exhibitum'', 24 Agustus 1826, No. 41.</ref> ka pamaréntah Hindia-Walanda, nyebatkeun yén di alas Minangkabau, teu kungsi aya kakawasan paméntahan puseur di handapeun saurang raja. Ngan aya nagari-nagari leutik nu mirip jeung pamaréntahan polis-polis di mangsa Yunani kuno.<ref>{{cite book | first=Robert Johnson | last=Bonner | coauthors= | title=Aspects of Athenian democracy Vol 11 | publisher=University of California Press | year=1933 | isbn= |pages='''25-86'''}}</ref> Mung ti sababaraha [[prasasti]] anu kapanggih di alas Minangkabau, sarta ti tambo nu aya di masarakat, etnis Minangkabau kungsi aya di hiji sistem karajaan anu kuat kalawan daerah kakawasaan ngawengku pulo Sumatera ogé nepi ka Semenanjung Malaya. Sababaraha nu aya wewengkon Minangkabau antarana Karajaan Dharmasraya, Karajaan Pagaruyung, jeung Karajaan Inderapura. == Minangkabau parantauan == Minangkabau parantauan mangrupa istilah keur urang Minang anu hirup di luar provinsi [[Sumatera Barat]], [[Indonesia]]. Parantauan mangrupa proses interaksi masarakat Minangkabau jeung dunya luar. Kagiatan ieu mangrupa hiji lalampahan pangalaman jeung géografis, kalawan ninggalkeun kampungna keur néangan kahadéan hirup di nagara batur. Kulawarga anu geus heubeul ngabogaan traidisi rantau, biasana ngabogaan dulur di unggal dayeuh di Indonésia jeung Malaysia. Kulawarga anu pangkuatna dina ngamekarkeun tradisi rantau biasana dating ti kulawarga pangrajin-pangrajin, jeung nu nungtut élmu agama.<ref>Graves (1981), p. 40.</ref> Nu ngarantau biasana geus angkat ngarantau ti umur welasan taun, boh salaku padagang atawa nungtut élmu. Keur sabagéan badag masarakat Minangkabau, ngarantau mangrupa salah sahiji cara anu idéal keur ngahontal kasuksesan. Kalawan ngarantau ogé prestise jeung kahormatan individu di tengah lingkungan adatna. Ti parantauan, unggal nu ngarantau biasana ngirimkeun sabagéan hasilna ka kampongna keur diinvestasikeun dina usaha kulawargana, nyaéta ngalobaan sawah, nyepeng kendali ngolah lahan, atawa ngajemput sawah-sawah anu digadékeun. Artos ti unggal nu ngarantau biasana ogé dipaké keur ngarenovasi sarana-sarana nagari, saperti masigit, jalan, atawa gawir sawah. === Jumlah parantau === Etos ngarantau urang Minangkabau kacida luhurna, nepi ka disawang pangluhurna di Indonésia. Ti hasil studi anu kungsi dilakukeun ku Mochtar Naim, ti taun 1961 aya nepi ka 32% urang Minang anu domisilina di luar Sumatera Barat. Salajengna di taun 1971 jumlahna nambah jadi 44%.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last=Naim|first=Mochtar|title=Merantau, Minangkabau Voluntary Migration, University of Singapore}}</ref> Dumasar sensus taun 2010, etnis Minang anu dumuk di Sumatera Barat jumlahna 4,2 juta jiwa, kalawan disawang nepi ka sabagéan urang Minang aya di parantauan. Mobilitas migrasi urang Minangkabau kalawan proporsi badag aya di rentang antara taun 1958 nepi ka taun 1978, di dinya leuwih ti 80% parantau anu netep di luar Minang geus kaluar ti Minang ti mangsa colonial Walanda.<ref name="Kato2">{{cite book |title=Adat Minangkabau dan merantau dalam perspektif sejarah |last= Kato |first=Tsuyoshi |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=PT Balai Pustaka |location= |isbn=979-690-360-1 |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> Nempo data éa, ku kituna aya parobahan nu kacida badag di etos ngarantau urang Minangkabau dibandingkeun sélér nu lian di Indonésia. Sabab nurutkeun sensus taun 1930, parantau Minangkabau ngan 10,5% di handap suku Bawéan (35,9%), Batak (14,3%) jeung Banjar (14,2 %). Naming teu aya angka pasti ngeunaan jumlah urang Minang di parantauan. Angka-angka anu ditampilkeun dina itungan, biasana ngan ngasupkeun parantau anu lahir di Sumatera Barat. Naming can ngawengku turunan-turunan Minang anu geus sababaraha generasi ngajrek di parantauan. Para parantau Minang, hamper sakabéhna aya di dayeuh-dayeuh badag Indonésia jeung Malaysia. Di sababaraha dayeuh, jumlah urang Minang kacida lobana nepi ka jadi mayoritas. Di Pekanbaru, parantau Minang jumlahna 37,7% ti sakabéh masarakat kota, jeung jadi etnis pangbadagna di dayeuh éta.<ref>[http://bappeda.pekanbaru.go.id/artikel/1/peran-budaya-melayu-dan-kewirausahaan/page/2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100152/http://bappeda.pekanbaru.go.id/artikel/1/peran-budaya-melayu-dan-kewirausahaan/page/2/ |date=2014-04-07 }} ''Peran Budaya Melayu dan Kewirausahaan''. Bappeda Kota Pekanbaru</ref> Jumlah ieu ngalaman panurunan lamun dibandingkeun jeung taun 1971 anu nepi ka 65%.<ref>Barbara Watson Andaya, Recreating a Vision. Daratan and Kepulauan in Historical Context, 1997, p.503</ref> Di dayeuh séjénna, jumlah urang Minangkabau nepi ka 10% atawa leuwih ti sakabéh panduduk dayeuh éta nyaéta Takengon (25,9%), Sigli (25,4%), Tanjung Pinang (20%), Binjai (16,6), Sibolga (16,6%), Sabang (15,9%), Gunungsitoli (14,5%), Tanjung Balai (13,9%), [[Medan]] (13,5%), Padang Sidempuan (13,3%), Palembang (10%), sarta Jakarta (10%).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> === Gelombang rantau === Ngarantau di etnis Minang geus lumangsung geus lila. Sajarah nyatet migrasi nu munggaran di abad ka-7, di mana loba padagang-padagang emas anu asalna ti alas Minangkabau ngalakukeun padagangan di muara Jambi, jeung kalibet di pangwangunan Karajaan Malayu.<ref>{{cite book | last =Munoz | first =Paul Michel | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula | publisher = | date =2006 | location = | url =https://archive.org/details/earlykingdomsofi0000muno| doi = | isbn = | page = }}</ref> Migrasi badag kajadian di abad ka-14, di dinya loba kulawarga Minang anu pindah ka basisir wétan Sumatera. Maranéhna nyieun koloni-koloni dagang di Kabupaten batubara, Kabupaten Pelalawan, nepi ka lintas laut ka Penang jeung Negeri Sembilan, [[Malaysia]]. Babarengan jeung ombak rantau Minang loba anu netep di Meulaboh, Aceh tempat tungturunan Minang anu dipikawanoh ku sebutan Aneuk Jamee; Barus, Mandailing Natal, nepi ka Bengkulu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dobbin|first=Christine|title=Gejolak Ekonomi, Kebangkitan Islam, dan Gerakan Paderi, Minangkabau 1784 – 1847}}</ref> Sanggeus Kasultanan Malaka dicekel ku Portugis di taun 1511, loba kulawarga Minangkabau anu pindah ka Sulawesi Selatan. Maranéhna jadi pangrojong Karajaan Gowa, salaku padagang jeung administrator karajaan. Datuk Makotta jeung istrina Tuan Sitti, salaku cikal bakal kulawarga Minangkabau di Sulawesi.<ref>{{cite|url=http://www.rajaalihaji.com/id/article.php?a=YURIL3c%3D=|title=Melayu-Bugis-Melayu dalam Arus Balik Sejarah|publisher=www.rajaalihaji.com|date=24 December 2008|accessdate=22 July 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215145304/http://www.rajaalihaji.com/id/article.php?a=YURIL3c%3D= |date=15 February 2021 }}</ref> Ombak migrasi salajengna kajadian di abad ka-18, nyaéta nalika Minangkabau ngabogaan hak istimewa keur nyicingan kawasan Karajaan Siak. Dina mangsa panjajagan Hindia-Walanda, migrasi badag deui kajadian di taun 1920, nalika pakebonan bako di Deli Serdang, Sumatera Timur mimiti dinuka. Dina mangsa kamerdikaan, Minang parantauan loba nyicingan dayeuh badag di Jawa, di taun 1961 jumlah parantau Minang utamana di Jakarta ngaronjat jadi 18,7 dibandingkeun jeung tingkat kamekaran panduduk dayeuh nu ngan 3,7 kali,<ref>{{cite book |title=Religion, politics, and economic behaviour in Java: the Kudus cigarette industry |last=Castles |first=Lance |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1967 |publisher=Yale University |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AJP-354|accessdate=}}</ref> jeung dina taun 1971 etnis ieu disawang jumlahna geus 10% ti jumlah panduduk Jakarta mangsa harita.<ref name="Syam" /> Kiwari Minang parantauan geus kasebar di nagara-nagara luar nagri. === Parantauan intelektual === Di ahir abad ka-18, loba mahasiswa Minang anu ngarantau ka Mekkah keur neuleuman agama Islam, di antarana Haji Miskin, Haji Piobang, jeung Haji SUmanik. Nepina di lemah cai, aranjeunna jadi panyokong kuat gerakan Paderi jeung nyebarluaskeun pamikiran Islam anu murni di sakabéh Minangkabau jeung mandailing. Ombak kadua parantauan ka Timur Tengah kajadian di awal abad ka-20, anu dimotoran ku Abdul Karim Amrullah, syékh Tahir Kalaluddin Al-Azhari, Muhammad Jamil Jambek, jeung syékh Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi. Salian Timur Tengah, mahasiswa Minangkabau ogé loba nu ka Eropa. Maranéhna nyaéta Abdoel Rivai, Muhammad Hatta, Sutan Syahrir, Roestam Effendi, jeung Nazir Pamuntjak. Intelektual séjén, Tan Malaka hirup ngumbara di dalapan nagara Eropa jeung Asia, ngawangun jaringan gerakan kamerdikaan Asia. Sakabéh mahasiswa Minang éta, anu ngarantau di Eropa ti abad ka-19, jadi pajoang kamerdikaan jeung nu ngadegkeun Républik Indonésia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Poeze|first=Harry A|title=In het Land van de Overheerser: Indonesiër in Nederland 1600-1950}}</ref> === Sabab ngarantau === ==== Faktor budaya ==== Aya loba pedaran dina fenomena ieu, salah sahiji sababna nyaéta sistim matrilinéal. Ku sistim ieu, pangawasaan harta pusaka dicepeng ku kaum awéwé sedengkeun hak kaum lalaki dina hal ieu leutik pisan. Salian ti éta, sanggeus akil baligh lalaki teu meunang saré di imah kolotna, sabab imah ngan keur kaum awéwé jeung salakina, sarta anak-anakna. Unggal nu ngarantau balik deui ka kampungna, biasana bakal nyaritakeun pangalaman ngarantau ka barudak kampungna. Daya irut kahirupan nu ngarantau ieu nu boga pangaruh di masarakat Minangkabau ti leutik kénéh. Saha waé nu teu pernah nyoba ngarantau, ku kituna manéhna sok dihina ku babaturanna.<ref>{{cite book | last =Radjab | first =Muhammad | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Semasa Ketjil di Kampung (1913-1928): Autobiografi Seorang Anak Minangkabau | publisher =Balai Pustaka | date =1950 | location =Djakarta | url = | doi = | isbn = | page = }}</ref> Hal ieu nu jadi sabab lalaki Minang milih ngarantau. Ayeuna awéwé Minangkabau ogé biasa ngarantau. Teu ngan saukur alesan ngilu lalaku, ngan hayang pisan dagang, napakan karier jeung ngalanjutkeun pendidikan. Nurutkeun Rudolf Mrazek, sosiolog Walanda, dua tipologi budaya Minang, nyaéta dinamisme jeung anti parokialisme ngalahirkeun jiwa merdika, kosmopolitan, egaliter, jeung wawasan nu jembar, hal ieu nu nyababkeun kawentukna budaya ngarantau di masarakat Minangkabau.<ref>{{cite|url=http://www.antara-sumbar.com/id/index.php?sumbar=perspektif&j=&id=1|title=Prof. Dr. H. Ahmad Syafii Ma'arif, Satu Nomor Contoh Produk Tradisi Merantau|publisher=Antara Sumbar|date=5 November 2008|accessdate=22 July 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707145704/http://www.antara-sumbar.com/id/index.php?sumbar=perspektif&j=&id=1 |date=7 July 2011 }}</ref> Sumanget keur ngarobah nasib kalawan nyukcruk élmu jeung kabeungharan, sarta wejangan Minang nu nyebutkeun ''Karatau madang dahulu, babuah babungo alun, marantau bujang dahulu, di rumah paguno balun'' (leuwih hadé angkat ngarantau batan dikampung can aya gunana) ngabalukarkeun lalaki Minang keur angkat ngarantau ti ngora kénéh. [[Gambar:Bamboofabric.gif|thumb|right|200px|Salasahiji motif tenun Songket Minangkabau khas nagari Pandai Sikek]] ==== Faktor ekonomi ==== Pedaran sanés nyaéta tumuwuhna panduduk anu teu kaaping ku sumber daya alam anu bisa diolah. Lamun baheula hasil tatanén jeung ngebon, sumber nu punjul di tempat maranéhna hirup bisa ngahirupan kulawarga, ku kituna dina mangsa kiwari hasil sumber daya alam anu jadi panghasilan punjul maranéhna éa teu cukup keur méré hasil keur minuhan kabutuhan babarengan, sabab kudu dibagi jeung sababaraha kulawarga. Salian ti éta nyaéta mekarna kasempetan anyar kalawan dibukana daerah pakebonan jeung patambangan. Faktor-faktor ieu anu salajengna ngarojong kana urang Minang kudu angkat ngarantau di nagri batur. Keur kadatangan nu munggaran di lemah rantau, biasana nu ngarantau nganjrek heuka di imah dunsanak anu dianggap salaku induk semang. Nu ngarantau anyar ieu biasana profesina salaku padagang leutik. Salian ti éta, ekonomi masarakat Minangkabau ti baheula geus dirojong ku kamampuan dagang, utamana ngadistribusikeun hasil bumi maranéhna. Kawasan alas Minangkabau, sacara géologis ngabogaan cadangan bahan baku utamana emas, tambaga, timah, seng, merkuri, jeung beusi, sakabéhna bahan éta geus mampu diolah ku maranéhna.<ref>Bemmelen Van R.W., (1970), ''The Geology of Indonesia'', The Haque.</ref> nepi ka sebutan ''suvarnadvipa'' (pulau emas) anu muncul ti carita sasakala di India sateuacan Masehi, mungkin ogé ngarujuk ka Pulo Sumatera sabab hal ieu.<ref>Wheatley P., (1961), ''The Golden Khersonese'', Kuala lumpur, pp.177-184</ref> Padagan ti Jazirah Arab abad ka-9, geus ngalaporkeun yén masarakat di Pulo Sumatera geus ngagunakeun emas dina padaganganna. Salajengna dilanjutkeun di abad ka-13 dipikanyaho aya raja di Sumatera anu ngagunakeun mahkota emas. Tomé Pires di abad ka-16 nyebutkeun yén emas anu didagangkeun di Malaka, apnchur (Barus), Tico (Tiku) jeung Priaman (Pariaman), asalna ti kawasan alas Minangkabau. Disebutkeun ogé kawasan Indragiri di sehiliran Batang Kuantan di basisir wétan Sumatera, mangrupa puseur palabuan ti raja Minangkabau.<ref>Cortesao A., (1944), ''The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires'', London:Hakluyt Society.</ref> Dina prasasti anu ditinggalkeun ku Adityawarman disebut yén anjeunna nyaéta pangawasa bumi emas. Hal ieu jadi hiji sabab, ngarojong Walanda ngawangun palabuan di Padang<ref>Marsden W., (1811), ''The History of Sumatra'', London</ref> jeung nepi abad ka-17 Walanda masi nyebut “nu ngawasa emas” ka raja Karajaan Pagaruyung.<ref>NA, VOC 1277, ''Mission to Pagaruyung'', fols. 1027r-v</ref> Salajengna ména Thomas Diaz keur nalungtik hal éta, ti laporanna manéhna asup ka alas Minangkabau ti basisir wétan Sumatera jeung manéhna papanggih jeung saurang raja Minangkabau nalika éta (Rajo Buo), jeung raja éa nyebutkeun yén salah sahiji pagawéan masarakatna nyaéta ngadulang emas.<ref>Haan, F. de, (1896), ''Naar midden Sumatra in 1684'', Batavia-'s Hage, Albrecht & Co.-M. Nijhoff. 40p. 8vo wrs. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 39</ref> Sementara itu dari catatan para géologi Belanda, pada sehiliran [[Batanghari]] dijumpai 42 tempat bekas penambangan emas dengan kedalaman mencapai 60 m sarta di [[Kerinci]] waktu itu, méré ka masih menjumpai para pendulang emas.<ref>Tobler A., (1911), ''Djambi-Verslag'', Jaarboek van het Minjwezen in Nedelandsch Oost-Indie: Verhandelingen, XLVII/3.</ref> Sampai abad ke-19, legenda akan kandungan emas pedalaman Minangkabau, masih mendorong [[Stamford Raffles|Raffles]] untuk membuktikannya, sehingga dia tercatat sebagai orang Eropa pertama yang berhasil mencapai [[Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar|Pagaruyung]] melalui pesisir barat Sumatera.<ref>Raffles, Sophia, (1830), ''Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles'', London: J. Murray.</ref> ==== Faktor perang ==== [[Gambar:Tuanku Imam Bonjol.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Tuanku Imam Bonjol, saurang anu jadi pamingpin Perang Padri, nu diilustrasikeun ku Hubert Joseph Jean Lambert de Stuers|de Stuers]] Sababaraha perang ogé nimbulkeun ombak pindahna masarakat Minangkabau utamana ti daérah konflik, sanggeus perang Padri,<ref>Nain, Sjafnir Aboe, (2004), ''Memorie Tuanku Imam Bonjol (MTIB)'', transl., Padang: PPIM.</ref> muncul gerakan barontak ti Batipuh nentang “tanam paksa” Walanda, disusul barontak Siti Manggopoh nangtang ''Belasting'' jeung gerakan komunis taun [[1926]]-[[1927]].<ref>Kahin, Audrey R.,(2005), ''Dari pemberontakan ke integrasi: Sumatra Barat dan politik Indonesia, 1926-1998'', Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-461-519-5.</ref> Sanggeus kamerdikaan muncul PRRI nu ogé nyababkeun munculna eksodus gedé-gedéan masarakat Minangkabau ka daérah séjén.<ref name="Syam">Syamdani, (2009), ''PRRI, pemberontakan atau bukan'', Media Pressindo, ISBN 978-979-788-032-3.</ref> Ti sababaraha perang ieu, nembongkeun yén masarakat Minang nu teu resep panindasan. Maranéhna bakal ngalakukeun palawanan kalawan kakuatan fisik, mung lamun teu mampuh maranéhna leuwih milih angkat ninggalkeun kampungna. Urang sakai dumasar carita tungturunan ti sesepuhna nyebutkeun yén maranéhna asalna ti Pagaruyung.<ref>{{cite book |last=Suparlan |first=Parsudi |title= |edition= |date= |year=1995 |month= |publisher= |location= |language= |id= |doi = |page=73}}</ref> Urang Kubu nyebutkeun yén urang ti Pagaruyung nyaéta dulurna. Kamungkinan masarakat kaasing ieu kaasup masarakat Minang nu ngalakukeun resistansi kalawan ninggalkeun kampung maranéhna sabab teu daék narima parobahan di nagri manéhna. De Stuers sateuacanna ogé ngalaporkeun yén masarakat ''Padangsche Bovenlanden'' kacida beda jeung masarakat di Jawa, di Pagaruyung manéhna nyaksian masarakatna percaya diri jeung teu minder ka urang Eropa. Manéhna ngarasakeun sorangan, panduduk lokal nu liliwatan di hareupeunna tampa meunang kaistimewaan, malihan aya panduduk nu ménta udud, sarta ménta seuneu keur udud éta.<ref name="Stuers"/> === Ngarantau dina sastra === Fenomena ngarantau dina masarakat Minangkabau, loba jadi inspirasi ti seniman. Hamka, dina novelna ''Merantau ke Deli'', caritan ngeunanaam pangalaman hirup ngarantau Minang ka Deli sarta nikah jeung awéwé Jawa. Novelna nu séjén nyaéta ''Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck'' ogé carita ngeunaan anak rantau Minang nu balik ka kampungna. Di kampung, manéhna meunang bangbaluh ti masarakat Minang nu mangrupa ''induk bako''na sorangan. Salian novel karya Hamka, novel karya Marah Rusli, ''Siti Nurbaya'' jeung ''Salah Asuhan''na Abdul Muis ogé nyaritakeun carita rantau Minang. Dina novel-novel éta, dicaritakeun ngeunaan pasinggungan lalaki Minang jeung adat budaya Barat. Novel ''Negeri 5 Menara'' karya Ahmad Fuadi, nyaritakeun parantau Minang nu diajar di Pasantren Jawa nu ahirna jadi urang nu sukses. Dina wangun nu béda, liwat karyana nu judulna ''Kemarau'', A.A Navis ngajak masarakat Minang keur ngawangun kampungna nu loba ditinggalkeun ku nu ngarantau. Novel nu carita ngeunaan ngarantau Minang éta, biasana eusina krikit sosial jeung panulis ka adat budaya Minang nu kolot jeung katinggaleun. Salian dina wangun novel, carita parantau Minang ogé dicaritakeun dina film ''Merantau'' karya sutradara [[Inggris]], Gareth Evans. == Urang Minangkabau jeung kiprahna == Urang Minang kasohor salaku kelompok nu boga atikan, ku kituna maranéhna sumebar di sakabéh Indonésia ogé nagara-nagara dina sababaraha macem profesi jeung kaahlian, antarana salaku politisi, panulis, ulama, pangajar, jurnalis, jeung padagang. Dumasar jumlah populasi nu relatif leutik (2,7% ti panduduk Indonésia), Minangkabau mangrupa salah sahiji bangsa nu suksés jeung loba nu geus kahontalna.<ref name="Kato">{{cite book |title=Adat Minangkabau dan merantau dalam perspektif sejarah |last= Kato |first=Tsuyoshi |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=PT Balai Pustaka |location= |isbn=979-690-360-1 |page=2 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> Majalah Tempo dina edisi husus di taun 2000 nyatet yén 6 ti 10 tokoh penting Indonésia di abad ka-20 mangrupa urang Minang.<ref>''Majalah Tempo Edisi Khusus Tahun 2000'', Desember 1999.</ref> 3 ti 4 urang nu ngadegkeun Républik Indonésia nyaéta putra-putra Minangkabau.<ref>Tim Wartawan Tempo, "4 Serangkai Pendiri Republik", Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, Jakarta (2010)</ref><ref>Empat Pendiri Republik Indonesia adalah Soekarno, Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir, dan Tan Malaka</ref> Kaberhasilan jeung kasuksesan urang Minang loba dihontal nalika di parantauan. Ti baheula geus angkat ngarantau ka sababaraha daerah di [[Jawa]], [[Sulawesi]], semenanjung Malaysia, [[Thailand]], Brunei, nepi [[Philipina]]. Di taun 1390, Raja Bagindo ngadegkeun Kasultanan Sulu di Filipina kidul.<ref name="Naim">{{cite book |last=Naim|first=Mochtar|title=Merantau}}</ref> Di abad ka-14 urang Minang ngalakukeun migrasi ka Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia jeung ngangkat raja keur nagri anyar éta ti kaum maranéhna. Raja Melewar mangrupa raja munggaran Negeri Sembilan nu diangkat di taun 1773. Di tungtung abad ka-16, ulama Minangkabau Dato Ri Bandang, Dato Ri Patimang, jeung Dato Ri Tiro, nyebarkeun Islam di Indonésia timur jeung ngaislamkeun Karajaa Gowa. Sanggeus huru-hara di Kasultanan Johor, di taun 1723 putra Karajaan Pangaruyung nu gelarna Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmad Syah I nu sateuacanna ogé mangrupa Sultan Johor ngadegkeun Karajaan Siak di daratan [[Riau]].<ref>{{cite|url=http://www.melayuonline.com|title=Sejarah Kerajaan Siak Sejarah Kerajaan Siak|accessdate=22 July 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304100951/http://melayuonline.com/ |date=4 March 2009 }}</ref> Kadatangan reformis Muslim nu nungtut élmu di Kairo jeung Mekkah mangaruhan sistim atikan di Minangkabau. Sakola Islam modérn Sumatera Thawalib jeung Diniyah Putri loba ngalahirkeun aktivis anu loba boga peran dina proses kamerdikaan, antarana A.R Sutan Mansur, Siradjuddin Abbas, jeung Djamaluddin Tamin. Dina periode 1920 - 1960, loba politisi Indonésia boga pangaruh ti ranah Minangkabau. Jadi salah sahiji motor pajoangan kamerdikaan Asia, di taun 1923 Tan Malaka kapilih jadi wakil Komunis Internasional keur wilayah Asia Tenggara. Politis Minang séjénna Muhammad Yamin, jadi pelopor Sumpah Pemuda nu ngahijikeun sakabéh rakyat Hindia-Walanda. Di jero Volksraad, politisi asal Minang nu pangpentingna. Maranéhna antarana Jahja Datoek Kajo, Agus Salim, jeung Abdul Muis. Tokoh Minang séjénna Mohammad Hatta, jadi ko-proklamator kamerdikaan Indonésia. Sanggeus kamerdikaan, opat urang Minangkabau diuk salaku perdana menteri (Sutan Syahrir, Mohammad Hatta, Abdul Halim, jeung Muhammad Natsir), saurang présidén (Assaat), saurang salaku wakil présidén (Mohammad Hatta), saurang jadi pamingpin parlemen (Chaerul Saleh), jeung sababaraha jadi menteri, di antarana nu cukup kawentar nyaéta Azwar Anas, Fahmi Idris, jeung Emil Salim. Emil jadi urang Indonésia panglilana di kamentrian RI. Minangkabau, salah sahiji ti dua etnis salian etnis Jawa, nu ngabogaan wakil ti unggal kabinet pamaréntahan Indonésia. Salian ti pamaréntahan, di masa Demokrasi Liberal parlemen Indonésia didominasi ku politisi Minang. Maranéhna kagabung ka jero aneka macem partéy idéologi, islamis, nasionalis, komunis, jeung sosialis. Di sagigireun ngajabat gubernur Sumatera Tengah/Sumatera Barat, urang-urang Minangkabau ogé diuk salaku gubernur di Indonésia. Maranéhna nyaéta Datuk Djamin (Jawa Barat), Daan Jahja (Jakarta]), Muhammad Djosan jeung Muhammad Padang (Maluku), Anwar Datuk Madjo Basa Nan Kuniang jeung Moenafri (Sulawesi Tengah), Adenan Kapau Gani (Sumatera Selatan), Eni Karim (Sumatera Utara), sarta Djamin Datuk Bagindo (Jambi).<ref>{{cite|url=http://www.posmetropadang.com.+October|title=Budaya Merantau Orang Minang (1) Kalaulah di Bulan Ada Kehidupan|publisher=Pos Metro Padang|date=10 October 2008|accessdate=24 July 2011}} {{dead link}}</ref> Sababaraha partéy pulitik Indonésia anu diadegkeun ku politisi Minang. Pari jeung Partai Murba diadegkeun ku tan Malaka, Partai Sosialis Indonésia ku Sutan Sjahrir, PNI Baru ku Mohammad Hatta, Masyumi ku Mohammad Natsir, Perti ku Sulaiman ar-Rasuli, jeung Persatuan Muslim Indonésia ku Rasuna Said. Salian ngadegkeun partéy politik, politisi Minang ogé loba ngahasilkeun buku-buku nu jadi bacaan wajib ti aktifis pergerakan. Buku-buku bacaan utamana nyaéta, ''Naar de Republiek Indonesia'', ''Madilog'', jeung ''Massa Actie'' karya Tan Malaka, ''Alam Pikiran Yunani'' jeung ''Demokrasi Kita'' karya Hatta, ''Fiqhud Dakwah'' jeung ''Capita Selecta'' karya Natsir, sarta ''Perjuangan Kita'' karya Sutan Sjahrir. Panulis Minang loba mangaruhan kamekaran basa jeung sastra Indonésia. Maranéna namekarkeun basa ngaliwatan sababaraha macem karya tulis jeung kaahlian. Marah Rusli, Abdul Muis, Idrus, Hamka, jeung A.A Navis boga karya ngaliwatan panulisan novel. Nur Sutan Iskandar novelis Minang séjénna, kacatet salaku panulis novel Indonésia nu pang produktif. Chairil Anwar jeung Taufik Ismail karyana ngaliwatan panulisan sajak. Sarta Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, novelis sakaligus ahli tata basa, ngalakukeun modérnisasi basa Indonésia nepi bisa jadi basa persatuan nasional. Novel-novel sastrawan Minang saperti ''Siti Nurbaya'', ''Salah Asuhan'', ''Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck'', ''Layar Terkembang'', jeung ''Robohnya Surau Kami'' geus jadi bahan bacaan wajib keur siswa sakola ti Indonésia jeung Malaysia. Salian ngaliwatan karya sastra, ngamekarkeun basa Indonésia ogé dilakukeun ku jurnalis Minang. Maranéhna antarana Djamaluddin Adinegoro, Rosihan Anwar, jeung Ani Idrus. Di sagigireun Abdul Rivai anu disebut salaku Perintis Pers Indonésia, Rohana Kudus nu medalkeun ''Sunting Melayu'', jadi wartawan sakaligus nu boga koran awéwé munggaran di Indonésia. Di Indonésia jeung Malaysia, disagigireun urang Tionghoa, urang Minang jeung kawentar salaku pangusaha nu punjul. Loba pangusaha Minang sukses bisnis di widang padagangan tekstil, rumah makan, hotel, pendidikan, jeung rumah sakit. Di antarana figur pangusaha sukses nyaéta, Abdul Latief (pemilik ''TV One''), Basrizal Koto (nu ngabogaan paternakan sapi pangbadagna di Asia Tenggara), Hasyim Ning (pangusaha ngarakit mobil munggaran di Indonésia), jeung Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah (nu boga ''Melewar Corporation'' Malaysia). Loba ogé urang Minang nu sukses di dunya hiburan, ti sutradara, produser, penyanyi, atawa artis. salah sahiji sutradara jeung produser aya Usmar Ismail, Asrul Sani, Djamaludin Malik, jeung Arizal. Arizal nepi ka jadi sutradara jeung produser film nu panglobana ngahasilkeun karya. Sakurang-kurangna 52 film jeung 8 sinetron dina 1.196 episode geus dihasilkeunna. Film-film karya sinéas Minang, saperti ''Lewat Djam Malam'', ''Gita Cinta dari SMA'', ''Naga Bonar'', ''Pintar Pintar Bodoh'', jeung ''Maju Kena Mundur Kena'', jadi film panghadéna nu loba ditongton. Pemeran jeung penyanyi Minang nu kawéntar di antarana nyaéta Ade Irawan, Dorce Gamalama, Eva Arnaz, Nirina Zubir, jeung Titi Sjuman. Seniman séjénna, ratu kuis Ani Sumadi, jadi pelopor dunya kuis di Indonésia. Karya-karya manéhna saperti kuis ''Berpacu Dalam Melodi'', ''Gita Remaja'', ''Siapa Dia'', jeung ''Tak Tik Boom'' jadi salah sahiji acara favorit kulawarga Indonésia. Di sagigireun maranéhna, Soekarno M. Noer sarta putrana Rano Karno, mungkin jadi pagawé hiburan pangsuksesna di Indonésia, salaku aktor jeung sutradara film. Di taun 1993, ''Karno's Film'' usaha film bogana kulawarga Soekarno, produksi film seri kalawan peringkat pangluhurna sapanjang sajarah film Indonésia ''Si Doel Anak Sekolahan''. Di luar negeri, urang Minangkabau ogé dipikanyaho konstribusina. Di Malaysia jeung Singapura, antarana Tuanku Abdul Rahman (Yang Dipertuan Agung munggaran malaysia), Yusof bin Ishak (présidén munggaran Singapura), Zubir Said (komposer lagu kabangsaan Singapura ''Majulah Singapura''), Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor (astronot munggaran Malaysia), Tahir Jalaluddin Al-Azhari jeung Adnan bin Saidi. Di nagri Walanda, Roestam Effendi nu ngawakilan Partai Komunis Walanda, jadi hiji-hijina urang Indonésia nu kungsi diuk salaku anggota parlemen.<ref>{{cite|url=http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/caping/1979/06/02/mbm.19790602.CTP54667.id.html|title=Mengenang Sastrawan Rustam Effendi|publisher=Tempo Interaktif|date=2 June 1979|accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref> Di [[Arab Saudi]], ngan Ahmad Khatib Al-Minangkabawi, urang non-Arab nu kungsi jadi imam besar Masjidil Haram, Mekkah. == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Literatur == * {{de}} Astrid Kaiser: ''Mädchen und Jungen in einer matrilinearen Kultur. Interaktionen und Wertvorstellungen bei Grundschulkindern im Hochland der Minangkabau auf Sumatra''. Kovac, Hamburg 1996 ISBN 3-86064-419-X * {{de}} Ute Marie Metje: ''Die starken Frauen. Gespräche über Geschlechterbeziehungen bei den Minangkabau in Indonesien''. Campus, Frankfurt am Main und New York 1995, ISBN 3-593-35409-8 * {{de}} Dieter Weigel: ''Reisemosaik bei den Minangkabau. Sumatra. Heiteres, Ernstes, Alltägliches, Unglaubliches''. Jahn und Ernst, Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-89407-208-3 (Erlebnisbericht) * A.A. Navis, ''Curaian Adat Minangkabau'' == Tumbu Luar == * [http://groups.google.com/group/RantauNet RantauNet] Mailing List Komunitas Minangkabau (Urang Awak) yang pertama dan terbesar di Internet (sejak 1993). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210917031514/https://cimbuak.net/ Cimbuak.net] Komunitas virtual masyarakat Minangkabau di dunia maya. * [http://www.kaskus.us/forumdisplay.php?f=156 Kaskus Regional Minang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025164057/http://www.kaskus.us/forumdisplay.php?f=156 |date=2011-10-25 }} Online Komunitas masyarakat Minangkabau di dunia maya. * {{id}} [http://www.minangforum.com/ MinangForum.Com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008074404/http://www.minangforum.com/ |date=2019-10-08 }} Forum komunitas masyarakat Minangkabau. * {{id}} [http://www.pelaminanminang.com/ Pelaminan Minang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217062446/http://www.pelaminanminang.com/ |date=2008-02-17 }} Mengupas sedikit mengenai adat istiadat dan sejarah masyarakat Minangkabau dan merupakan salah satu pelestari perkawinan adat minangkabau asli. * {{id}} [http://www.panas.web.id/2011/10/inilah-sejarah-lengkap-tari-piring.html Sejarah Tari Piring] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013060027/http://www.panas.web.id/2011/10/inilah-sejarah-lengkap-tari-piring.html |date=2011-10-13 }}.<br/> '''Tulisan kandel''' {{DEFAULTSORT:Minang}} [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Masarakat Muslim]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura]] [[Kategori:Minangkabau]] [[Kategori:Sumatra Kulon]] 8fc6r28jdnbg6vqotzkigjm54ighgd6 0 34389 731972 667097 2026-11-08T22:26:19Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731972 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar: Tongue.agr.jpg|thumb|250px| létah manusa]] '''Létah''' nyaéta alat [[indera]] anu miboga fungsi pikeun ngarasakeun rangsangan tina barang-barang anu asup kana [[baham]] urang.<ref name=”Lut”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=sato+sunda&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo9P3M_JCGAxU6cGwGHVzeAr8Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=sato%20sunda&f=false| title =BUDIDAYA IKAN GABUSLuthfiyani| last =Luthfiyani| first =Lulu| publisher =Frasa Lingua| location =Jakarta| year =2016|ISBN=9786026475275|pages =48}} Disungsi16 Mei 2024</ref><ref name="sumber ka hiji">[http://organisasi.org/5-lima-alat-indera-manusia-mata-hidung-telinga-lidah-kulit-panca-indera Lidah] {{id}} (Diakses ping 2 November 2011)</ref> Létah bisa ngarespon sagala rupa rasa kayaning amis, pait, haseum, jeung asin.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Urang bisa ngarasakeun [[kadaharan]] atawa [[inuman]] alatan ayana létah.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Bagéan létah anu hareup fungsina pikeun ngarasakeun rasa asin, bagéan anu palebah sisi pikeun rasa haseum, bagéan sisi hareup boga fungsi pikeun ngarasakeun rasa amis sarta bagian létah anu tukang pikeun rasa pait.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> <br /> Létah miboga [[reseptor]] husus anu patali jeung rangsangan [[kimia]].<ref name="sumber ka dua">[http://bebas.ui.ac.id/v12/sponsor/Sponsor-Pendamping/Praweda/Biologi/0090%20Bio%202-10d.htm Lidah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029001936/http://bebas.ui.ac.id/v12/sponsor/Sponsor-Pendamping/Praweda/Biologi/0090%20Bio%202-10d.htm |date=2011-10-29 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 2 November 2011)</ref> Létah mangrupa [[organ]] anu disusun ku [[otot]]-[[otot]].<ref name="sumber ka dua"/> Bagéan létah nu luhur dilapis ku [[épitelium]] anu loba ngandung [[kelenjar]] [[lendir]], sarta reseptor ''pengecap'' mangrupa [[sirung]] ''pengecap''.<ref name="sumber ka dua"/> [[Sirung]] ''pengecap'' diwangun tina sajumplukan [[sél]] [[sénsori]] anu miboga jendulan kawas [[buuk]].<ref name="sumber ka dua"/> Bagéan luhur létah pinuh ku jendulan ([[papila]]).<ref name="sumber ka dua"/> Aya tilu rupa jendulan, nyaéta wangun [[benang]], wangun rata anu dikuliling ku garis-garis, sarta wangun [[suung]].<ref name="sumber ka dua"/> Sirung ''pengecap'' aya dina garis-garis [[papila]] nu wangunna rata, di palebah sisi [[papila]] wangunna siga [[suung]], sarta di bagéan luhur [[papila]] wangunna siga [[benang]].<ref name="sumber ka dua"/> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{Anatomi manusa}} [[Kategori:Panca indera]] [[Kategori:anatomi]] [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] 13r5g8xfutkiu21b9lxxmdcqmh6590q 0 34397 731862 655655 2026-11-08T12:36:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |native_name = Reino de España |conventional_long_name = Karajaan Spanyol |common_name = Spanyol |image_flag = Flag of Spain.svg |image_coat = Escudo de España (colores THV).svg |image_map=EU-Spain.svg |map_caption={{map caption|location_color=héjo kolot|region=[[Éropa]]|region_color=kulawu kolot|subregion=[[Uni Éropa]]|subregion_color=héjo|legend=EU-Spain.svg}} |national_motto = "[[Plus ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]"{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Latin]]) <br />"Leuwih Tebih"</small> |national_anthem = "[[Marcha Real]]"{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Basa Spanyol|Spanyol]])<sup>1</sup><br />"Mars Karajaan" |official_languages = [[Basa Spanyol]]<sup>2</sup> |regional_languages = [[Basa Basque|Basque]], [[Basa Catalan|Catalan/Valencian]], [[Basa Galicia|Galicia]], jeung [[Basa Occitan|Occitan]] |officially_recognised_languages = [[Basa Aragon|Aragon]], [[Basa Asturia|Asturia]], jeung [[Basa Leon|Leon]] |demonym = [[Urang Spanyol|Spanish]], Spaniard |capital = [[Madrid]] |latd=40 |latm=26 |latNS=N |longd=3 |longm=42 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Madrid]] |government_type = [[Démokrasi parleménter]] [[Nagara kahijian|kahijian]] jeung [[Monarki konstitusional]] |leader_title1 = [[Raja/Ratu Spanyol|Raja]] |leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Spanyol|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name1 = [[Juan Carlos I ti Spanyol|Juan Carlos I]] |leader_name2 = [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] |legislature = ''[[Cortes Generales]]'' |upper_house = [[Sénat Spanyol|Sénat]] |lower_house = [[Kongrés Députi Spanyol|Kongrés Députi]] |sovereignty_type = Pangwangunan |sovereignty_note = abad ka-15 |established_event1 = {{spaces|2}}Kaping tradisional |established_date1 = 569 (pangistrénan [[Liuvigild]]) |established_event2 = {{spaces|2}}[[Dinasti]] |established_date2 = [[Monarki Katolik|1479]] |established_event3 = {{spaces|2}}''[[De facto]]'' |established_date3 = [[Charles I ti Spanyol|1516]] |established_event4 = {{spaces|2}}''[[De jure]]'' |established_date4 = [[Dekrét Nueva Planta|1715]] |established_event5 = {{spaces|2}}''[[Nagara bangsa]]'' |established_date5 = [[Konstitusi Spanyol 1812|1812]] |established_event6 = {{spaces|2}}[[Parobihan Spanyol ka démokrasi|Démokrasi konstitusional]] |established_date6 = [[Konstitusi Spanyol 1978|1978]] |accessionEUdate = 1 Januari 1986|EUseats = 54 |area = 504.030 |areami² = 195.364 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = ka-51 |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 1,04 |population_estimate = 46,030,109<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxiBD/tabla.do?per=01&type=db&divi=EPOB&idtab=2|title=Official Population Figures of Spain. Population on the 1&nbsp;April 2010|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España|accessdate=5 July 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317115207/http://www.ine.es/jaxiBD/tabla.do?per=01&type=db&divi=EPOB&idtab=2 |date=17 March 2012 }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2010 |population_estimate_rank = ka-27 |population_density = 93 |population_densitymi² = 231 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-106 |GDP_PPP_year = 2011 |GDP_PPP = $1,395&nbsp;triliun<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=6&sy=2009&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=184&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Spain|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=21 April 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208155253/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=6&sy=2009&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=184&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |date=8 December 2011 }}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29.830<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $1,484&nbsp;triliun<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2011 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $30.693<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |HDI_year = 2010 |HDI = {{increase}} 0.863<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2010|year=2010|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=5 November 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121150504/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf |date=21 November 2010 }}</ref> |HDI_rank = ka-20 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">luhur pisan</span> |Gini = 32<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=CIA World Factbook|accessdate=13 August 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513124910/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |date=13 May 2009 }}</ref> |Gini_year = 2005 |currency = [[Euro]] (€)<sup>3</sup> |currency_code = EUR |time_zone = [[Wanci Éropa Tengah|CET]]<sup>4</sup> |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = [[Wanci Usum Panas Éropa Tengah|CEST]]<sup>5</sup> |utc_offset_DST = +2 |date_format = dd.mm.yyyy |drives_on = tengen |cctld = [[.es]]<sup>6</sup> |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Spain|34]] |footnotes = <sup>1</sup> Salaku [[Lagu kabangsaan karajaan]] ogé{{br}}<sup>2</sup> Di sababaraha [[Komunitas otonom Spanyol|komunitas otonom]], basa [[Basa Katalan|Katalan]], [[Basa Valencia|Valencia]], [[Basa Galicia|Galicia]], [[Bas Basque|Basque]], jeung [[Aranese]] ([[Basa Occitan|Occitan]]) mangrupa basa sub-resmi. [[Basa Aragon|Aragon]], [[Basa Asturia|Asturia]], jeung [[Basa Leon|Leon]] miboga sababaraha pangakuan resmi{{br}}<sup>3</sup> Saméméh 1999 (kalawan hukum, 2002) : [[Peseta Spanyol]].{{br}}<sup>4</sup> Iwal di [[Kapuloan Canary]], nu ngagunakeun [[Wanci Éropa Kulon|WET]] ([[Wanci Universal Kakoordinasi|UTC]]) dina usum tiis.{{br}}<sup>5</sup> Iwal di [[Kapuloan Canary]], nu ngagunakeun [[Wanci Usum Panas Éropa Kulon|WEST]] ([[Wanci Universal Kakoordinasi|UTC]]+1) dina usum panas.{{br}}<sup>6</sup> Domain [[.eu]] ogé dianggo, bareng jeung nagara anggota [[Uni Éropa]] nu lian. Ogé domain [[.cat]] dianggo di téritori nu maké basa Catalan. }} '''Karajaan Spanyol''' ([[basa Spanyol]] jeung [[Basa Galisia|Galisia]]: ''Reino de España'', [[Basa Katalan|Katalan]]: ''Regne d'Espanya'', [[Basa Basque|Basque]]: ''Espainiako Erresuma'') mangrupa hiji [[nagara]] di [[Éropa]] kidul-kulon nu, bareng jeung [[Portugal]], aya di [[Samenanjung Ibéria]]. Wates darat Spanyol jeung Éropa nyaéta [[Pagunungan Pirenia]] jeung [[Perancis]] sareng [[Andorra]]. Wewengkonna ogé diwangun ti kota [[Ceuta]] jeung [[Melilla]] di [[Afrika Kalér]], [[Kapuloan Canary]] di [[Samudra Atlantik]], jeung rupa-rupa pulo di [[Laut Tengah]]. == Géografi == {{utama|Géografi Spanyol}} Téritori Spanyol diwatesan ku [[Portugal]] di kulon, sarta [[Gibraltar]] jeung [[Maroko]] di kidul. Spanyol tepung wates jeung [[Perancis]] sareng [[Andorra]] di kalér-wétan dina [[Pagunungan Pirenia]]. Wates lautna nyaéta [[Samudra Atlantik]] di kulon jeung [[Teluk Biscay]] di kalér sarta [[Laut Tengah]] di wétan, di mana Spanyol miboga wewengkon [[Kapuloan Balearik]]. Di kidul, aya [[Selat Gibraltar]]. Kota-kota di Spanyol kalawan jumlah padumuk nu panglobana nyaéta [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], [[Sevilla]], jeung [[Málaga]]. Iklim Spanyol dibagi kana opat bagian: * Méditérania * Wewengkon jero * Basisir kalér * Canary == Babagian administratif == Spanyol dibagi kana 50 [[propinsi Spanyol|prpvinsi]], dikategorikeun dina 17 [[wewengkon otonomi Spanyol|wewengkon otonomi]] jeung 2 kota otonom nu miboga otonomi nu lega. === Wewengkon otonomi === {{utama|Wewengkon otonomi Spanyol}} Spanyol diwangun ti 17 wewengkon otonomi (''comunidades autónomas'') jeung dua kota otonom (''ciudades autónomas''; [[Ceuta]] jeung [[Melilla]]). * [[Andalusia]] (atawa ''Andalucía'') * [[Aragon]] * [[Asturias]] * [[Kapuloan Balearik]] * [[País Vasco]] (atawa ''Basque Country'') * [[Kapuloan Canary]] (''Islas Canarias'') * [[Cantabria]] * [[Castile-La Mancha]] (''Castilla-La Mancha'') * [[Castile dan Leon]] * [[Katalonia]] * [[Extremadura]] * [[Galisia (Spanyol)|Galicia]] * [[La Rioja]] * [[Madrid (wewngkon otonomi)|Madrid]] * [[Murcia (wewengkon otonomi)|Murcia]] * [[Navarre]] * [[Valencia (wewengkon otonomi)|Valencia]] === Propinsi === [[Gambar:ccaa-spain.png|thumb|400px|Wewengkon otonomi Spanyol]] {{utama|Propinsi Spanyol}} Karajaan Spanyol dibagi ogé kana 50 [[propinsi]] (''provincias''). Wewengkon otonomi ngategorikeun sababaraha propinsi ([[Extremadura]], contona, diwangun ti dua propinsi: [[Cáceres (propinsi)|Cáceres]] jeung [[Badajoz (propinsi)|Badajoz]]). Wewengkon otonomi [[Asturias]], [[Kapuloan Balearik]], [[Cantabria]], [[La Rioja]], [[Navarre]], [[Murcia]], jeung [[Madrid]] masing-masing diwangun ti hiji propinsi. Tradisionalna, propinsi-propinsi éta dibagi deui kana ''comarcas''. === Wewengkon kadaulatan === Aya lima [[énklave]] (''[[plaza de soberanía|plazas de soberanía]]'') di laut basisir [[Afrika]]: kota [[Ceuta]] jeung [[Melilla]] diparéntah salaku kota-kota otonom, hiji status nu aya di antara kota jeung wewengkon otonomi; kapuloan [[Islas Chafarinas]], [[Penon de Alhucemas|Peñón de Alhucemas]], jeung [[Penon de Velez de la Gomera|Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]] aya dina pamaréntahan langsung Spanyol. [[Ceuta]] jeung [[Melilla]], sanajan resmina sanés mangrupa ''comarcas'', miboga status istiméwa ogé. == Ékonomi == {{utama|Ékonomi Spanyol}} Ékonomi Spanyol mangrupa sistem ékonomi campuran nu panggedéna kasalapan di dunya jeung kalima di Éropa dumasar kana [[Daptar nagara kalawan PDB (nominal)|GDP]]. Spanyol ogé mangrupa invéstor nu panggedéna katilu di dunya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawaregion.com/media_lib/Doing_Business_Archive_Presentations/Doing_Business_in_Spain_Legal_Environment.pdf |title=Doing Business in Spain |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2009-07-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324234316/http://www.ottawaregion.com/media_lib/Doing_Business_Archive_Presentations/Doing_Business_in_Spain_Legal_Environment.pdf |date=2009-03-24 }}</ref>. Pariwisata jeung industri mobil minangka salah sahiji widang nu paling dipinunjulkeun ku Spanyol. == Réferénsi == {{reflist}} == Tempo ogé == * [[Daptar nagara]] == Tumbu kaluar == {{wikivoyage|Spain}} {{Commons|Category:Spain|Spanyol}} * {{es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117190615/http://www.administracion.es/ Portal resmi] {{éropa}}<br /> {{NATO}}<br /> {{OSCE}}<br /> {{OECD}}<br /> {{WTO}}<br /> {{Uni Éropa}}<br /> {{Uni Latin}}<br /> {{Déwan Éropa}}<br /> [[Kategori:Spanyol| ]] {{nagara-geo-stub|Spanyol}} 47t2nt6t3yoz0xunmcy324mpg1nx47q 0 34760 731890 680269 2026-11-08T13:41:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[File:The S.I.G.I.T. at Jakarta Fair, July 2025.jpg|256px|right|thumb|The S.I.G.I.T. dina Pameran Jakarta, Juli 2025]] '''The S.I.G.I.T.''' (akronim ti ''The Super Insurgent Group of Intemperance Talent'') nyaéta grup musik ''indie'' anu dibentuk taun [[1997]] di [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]]<ref name="kapanlagi">[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/indonesia/t/the_sigit/ The S.I.G.I.T.-kapanlagi.com] (diaksés tanggal 10 Nopémber 2011)</ref><ref name="grufi">[http://groofie.com/2011/01/profil-dan-biografi-the-sigit/ The S.I.G.I.T - Groofie (portal musik Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205023959/http://groofie.com/2011/01/profil-dan-biografi-the-sigit/ |date=2011-02-05 }} (diaksés tanggal 10 Nopémber 2011)</ref>. Personil The S.I.G.I.T. di antarana [[Rektivianto Yoewono]] (vokal & gitar), [[Aditya Bagja Mulyana]] ([[bass]] dan vokal), [[Farri Icksan Wibisana]] ([[gitar]] jeung [[vokal]]), jeung [[Donar Armando Ekana]]([[drum]])<ref name="grufi" />. Ngaran The S.I.G.I.T. sorangan karak dipaké taun [[2002]]<ref name="grufi" />. The S.I.G.I.T. mangrupa potrét grup musik indie anu ngamangpaatkeun téknologi jeung situs jejaring sosial pikeun ngawanohkeun lagu-laguna<ref name="grufi" /> Ngaliwatan dunya maya ogé, The S.I.G.I.T. dipikawanoh ku salah sahiji label di [[Australia]], terus nawaran The S.I.G.I.T. pikeun nyieun album versi Australia<ref name="grufi" />. ==Karir== Taun [[2002]], The S.I.G.I.T. nyirun kontrak jeung ''Spills Records'' terus ngarilis album mini album (EP) pertamana,(maca cihh??) terus mulai manggung di Sababaraha ''bar gigs'' jeung tempat musik séjénna<ref name="kapanlagi" />. ''Soul Sister'', single kahiji The S.I.G.I.T. jadi jawara di sababaraha [[radio]] lokal Bandung jeung [[Jakarta]], malah mah majalah MTV Trax méré sebutan pikeun The S.I.G.I.T. nyaéta The Hottest Rock N Roll Band in Town<ref name="kapanlagi" />. The S.I.G.I.T. ogé kungsi nyieun ''soundtrack'' pikeun pilem ''CATATAN AKHIR SEKOLAH (CAS)''<ref name="kapanlagi" />. Album-album anu geus dirilisna nyaéta ''The S.I.G.I.T. (EP)'' anu dirilis taun [[2007]], ''Visible Idea of Perfection'' – [[2007]], jeung ''Hertz Dyslexia EP – Part 1'' - [[2009]]<ref name="grufi" />. ==Référénsi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Grup musik]] [[Kategori:Grup Musik Indie]] [[Kategori:Grup musik ti Bandung]] [[Kategori:Grup musik ti Indonésia]] qc7m7z1e48idtsm7l2dqeu1hlylqj9p 0 34812 731984 627235 2026-11-08T22:49:30Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar: human male foot.jpg|thumb|300px|right|suku manusa]] '''Suku''' ([[kecap lemes|lemes]]: '''sampéan''', [[kecap lemes pisan|lemes pisan]]: '''dampal''', [[kecap cohag|cohag]]: '''cokor''') nyaéta anggota [[awak]] [[jelema]] atawa [[sato]] gunana pikeun nagtung jeung [[leumpang]].<ref name="sumber2">R.A Darnadibrata, .Kamus Basa Sunda. Kiblat 2006. Bandung.</ref> == Babagian Suku == * Bincurang bagian suku antara [[tuur]] jeung pigeulang suku bagian hareup.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}}Rachmat Taufiq Hidayat, spk. Peperenian Urang Sunda. PT Kiblat Buku Utama. Bandung 2005.</ref> *Bitis bagian suku antara [[tuur]] jeung pigeulang suku bagian tukang.<ref name="sumber1"/> *Buah bitis bagian nu menjekul dina [[bitis]].<ref name="sumber1"/> *Cacariuan [[tulang]] dina sambungan [[tuur]] beulah hareup, bagunna siga cariu.<ref name="sumber1"/> *Cécéngkolan bagian suku antara bitis jeung [[keuneung]], atawa bagian nu legok tukangeun [[tuur]] antara [[pingping]] jeung bitis.<ref name="sumber1"/> *Dampal suku bagian suku panghandapna anu napak kana titincakan.<ref name="sumber1"/> *Indung suku nyaéta [[ramo]] suku panggedéna.<ref name="sumber1"/> *Kacapuri nyaéta puhu suku.<ref name="sumber1"/> *Keuneung bagian suku antara [[cécéngkolan]] jeung dampal suku tukang.<ref name="sumber1"/> *[[Kuku]] bagian saperti tanduk dina [[ramo]].<ref name="sumber1"/> *[[Mumuncangan]] bagian suku anu ngabenggul sagedé [[muncang]], gigireun pigeulang suku jeung cecekolan kénca-katuhu.<ref name="sumber1"/> *Pigeulang suku bagian suku antara [[bincurang]] jeung [[tonggong]] suku.<ref name="sumber1"/> *[[Pingping]] bagian suku antara puhu pingping jeung [[tuur]].<ref name="sumber1"/> *Puhu pingping bagian suku pangluhurna anu tepung jeung awak.<ref name="sumber1"/> *Tonggong suku bagian suku handapeun pigeulang, tukangeun dampal suku.<ref name="sumber1"/> *[[Tuur]] bagian suku lebah sambungan tulang, handapeun pingping luhuren bitis.<ref name="sumber1"/> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Anatomi manusa]] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Suku]] [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] ozufklhzc6579b01mrmk6dimqxl1fvo 0 34867 731926 711371 2026-11-08T15:00:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731926 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Rigveda MS2097.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Kitab Suci Weda, Rigveda.]] '''''Weda''''' (basa Sanskerta: वेद; ''Vid'', "[[élmu]] pangaweruh") nyaéta kitab suci [[Agama Hindu Dharma|agama Hindu]]. ''Weda'' mangrupa kumpulan sastra-sastra kuno ti zaman [[India]] Kuno nu jumlahna loba jeung jembar. Dina ageman Hindu, ''Weda'' kaasup dina golongan Sruti (sacara harfiah artina "nu didengé"), sabab umat Hindu percaya yén eusi ''Weda'' mangrupa kumpulan wahyu ti Brahman (Tuhan). ''Weda'' diyakinan salaku sastra pangkolotna dina “peradaban” manusa nu masih aya nepip ka kiwari. Dina masa turunna wahyu, Weda diturunkeun/diajarkeun kalawan sistim lisan-pangajaran ti biwir ka biwir, nu dina mangsa éta tulisan can kapanggih-ti guru ka siswa. Sanggeus tulisan kapanggih, Resi nuliskeun ajaran-ajaran ''Weda'' ka bentuk tulisan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm |title=The Vedas |accessdate=2006-08-30 |publisher=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>. Weda sifatna apaurusheya, sabab asalna ti wahyu, teu dijieun ku manusa, sarta abadi.<ref>Prahladachar,Prof. D.2006.''Vedâpauruseyatva''. (tanggal akses: 30 Agustus 2006)</ref>. Maharesi Byasa, nyusun deui ''Weda'' jeung ngabagi ''Weda'' jadi opat bagéan nyaéta: Regweda, Yajurweda, Samaweda, jeung Atharwaweda. Sakabéh disusun di masa awal Kaliyuga. == Etimologi == Sacara etimologi, kecap ''Weda'' akarna ti kecap ''vid'', nu ina basa Sansekerta artina "nyaho", dina rungkun basa Indo-Eropa akar kecap ti ''weid'', nu artina "nempo" atawa "nyaho".<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE556.html]</ref> ''weid''ogé mangrupa akar kecap ti ''wit'' dina basa Inggris, sakumaha kecap ''vision'' dina basa Latin. == Upaweda == Upaweda mangrupa turunan ti ''Weda'' nu mangrupa jurusan élmu nu leuwih spesifik dina aplikasi kahirupan. Upaweda digolongkeun ku sababaraha jurusan, nyaéta: * Ayurweda - élmu pengobatan. * Dhanurweda - Seni bela diri jeung persenjataan. :Ayurveda jeung Dhanurveda ngabogaan sababaraha sasaruaan dina kagiatan praktekna. Duanana gwé kalawan ngamangpaatkeun Marma, energi Prana nu ngalir dina jero awak. Ayurveda fungsina ngobatan awak jasmani, sedengkeun Dhanurveda ngamangpaatkeun energi prana salaku taméng awak. Konsep ieu ogé dipikawanoh dina widang paélmuan di China, dina akupunktur jeungs eni beladirina. * Stahapatya Veda - élmu Arsitektur, Seni Pahat jeung élmu Géomansi. * Gandharv Veda - Seni musik, sajak jeung tari Sababaraha widang élmu saperti Jyotisha (élmu astrologi), Tantra, Shiksha jeung Vyakara (élmu tata basa) nu sumberna ti Weda ogé. == Catetan== {{reflist}} == Referensi == ;filologis * [[Benjamin Walker]] ''Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism'', (Two Volumes), Allen & Unwin, London, 1968; Praeger, New York, 1968; Munshiram Manohar Lal, New Delhi, 1983; Harper Collins, New Delhi, 1985; Rupa, New Delhi, 2005, ISBN 81-291-0670-1. * [[Maurice Bloomfield]], ''A Vedic Concordance'', Harvard Oriental Series, 1907 * Klaus Mylius, ''Geschichte der altindischen Literatur'', Wiesbaden (1983). * [[Moriz Winternitz]] ''History of Indian Literature'', Vol.1 (Calcutta 1926) p.l ;religi * [[Sri Aurobindo]] ,''The Secret of the Veda''[http://www.sriaurobindoashram.info/Contents.aspx?ParentCategoryName=_StaticContent/SriAurobindoAshram/-09%20E-Library/-01%20Works%20of%20Sri%20Aurobindo/-10_The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Veda_Volume-10]. [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]], [[Pondicherry]]. 1972. * Sri Aurobindo, ''The Upanishads'' [http://www.sriaurobindoashram.info/Contents.aspx?ParentCategoryName=_StaticContent/SriAurobindoAshram/-09%20E-Library/-01%20Works%20of%20Sri%20Aurobindo/-12_The%20Upanishad_Volume-12]. Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry. 1972. * David Frawley, ''Wisdom of the Ancient Seers'' * [[Made Titib]], Veda Sabda Suci Pedoman Praktis Kehidupan. [[penerbit Paramita|Paramita]], Surabaya, 1996, ISBN 979-9044-04-9 == Tumbu luar == * {{en}} [http://www.sriyagya.com Vedic Fire to Dissolve the Negativity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119220207/http://sriyagya.com/ |date=2023-01-19 }} * {{en}} [http://opensenses.blogspot.com/2006/08/ancient-mantras-that-heal.html Read the scientific analysis of ancient vedic mantras that have a healing effect on human mind and body] * {{en}} [http://www.hinduwiki.com/index.php/Hinduism HinduWiki.Com] - A collaborated wiki web site covering all aspects of Hinduism. * {{en}} [http://www.astrojyoti.com/vedasindex.htm Read the four Vedas online] * {{en}} [http://www.hindujagruti.org/eng/page.php?id=98 Details about Vedas like Origin and meaning, Founder, Significance of study etc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206171936/http://www.hindujagruti.org/eng/page.php?id=98 |date=2007-02-06 }} * {{en}} [http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/scientific-verif-vedas.html Questions on the Dating of the Vedas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326015150/http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/scientific-verif-vedas.html |date=2010-03-26 }} * {{en}} [http://www.vedmandir.com A great source of information] * {{en}} [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm#vedas The Vedas at sacred-texts.com] * {{en}} [http://www.comparative-religion.com/hinduism/vedas/ Vedas: Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Artharva] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504160357/http://www.comparative-religion.com/hinduism/vedas/ |date=2008-05-04 }} * {{en}} [http://www.vedah.com/org/index.asp Excellent site about Vedas (Aurobindo)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025142340/http://www.vedah.com/org/index.asp |date=2006-10-25 }} * {{en}} [http://san.beck.org/EC7-Vedas.html Veda and Upanishads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707061809/http://san.beck.org/EC7-Vedas.html |date=2010-07-07 }} * {{en}} [http://veda.harekrsna.cz/ VEDA - Vedas and Vedic Knowledge Online (Vaishnava and general)] * {{en}} [http://www.aeongroup.com/cosmos.htm Vedic Cosmology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026123418/http://www.aeongroup.com/cosmos.htm |date=2006-10-26 }} * {{en}} [http://sarasvati.tripod.com/veda.htm Vedic Chanting .mp3 audio files]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.india-picture.net/vedic_ritual Photos of the performance of Vedic rituals in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023132135/http://www.india-picture.net/vedic_ritual |date=2006-10-23 }} * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20111123183948/http://www.odinring.de/eng/english.htm Vedic and Spirituel Literature] * {{en}} [http://www.vedicastronomy.net/index.htm Vedic Astronomy] * {{en}} [http://www.puja.net Photos, Multimedia files, and explanations of Vedic traditional rituals] * {{en}} [http://puja.net/Podcasts/PodcastMenu.htm Weekly podcast on Vedic Mythology and Vedic Chanting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127000537/http://puja.net/Podcasts/PodcastMenu.htm |date=2007-01-27 }} * {{en}} [http://www.quantumyoga.org/Movement%20for%20the%20Restoration%20.pdf Movement for the Restoration of Vedic Wisdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233636/http://www.quantumyoga.org/Movement%20for%20the%20Restoration%20.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027100419/http://www.geocities.com/hellokrishna/opensource/Vedas.xls Vedas] * {{en}} [http://www.vedamantram.org/ Free audio of Vedamantrams to listen] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kitab]] [[Kategori:Naskah]] [[Kategori:Hindu]] 6a608f3c1vc5okike2lfxr24obej1zw 0 35052 731876 654840 2026-11-08T13:08:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Susi.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Susi Susanti]] '''Lucia Francisca Susi Susanti''' atawa nu leuwih kasohor ku sebutan '''Susi Susanti''' nyaéta salah sahiji pamaén [[badminton]] nu geus kasohor ka sakuliah dunya.<ref name="web1">[http://www.indonesiaberprestasi.web.id/?p=2480 Susi Susanti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119142125/http://www.indonesiaberprestasi.web.id/?p=2480 |date=2025-01-19 }} (Diakses tanggal 14 Nopember 2011) {{id}}</ref> Lahir di [[Tasikmalaya]] [[Jawa Barat]] tanggal [[11 Februari]] [[1971]].<ref name="web2">[http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/s/susi-susanti/index.shtml Profil Susi Susanti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702204208/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/s/susi-susanti/index.shtml |date=2010-07-02 }} (Diakses tanggal 10 Nopember 2011) {{id}}</ref> Karesepna kana badminton geus aya ti jaman di SD kénéh.<ref name="web2" /> Ngamimitian karir dina widang badminton di klub mamangna, [[PB Tunas]] Tasikmalaya.<ref name="web1" /> Sanggeus latihan salila 7 taun, Susi jadi pinunjul badminton tingkat junior.<ref name="web1" /> Taun [[1985]] pindah ka [[Jakarta]] sarta sakola di sakola husus atlét.<ref name="web1" /> Dina awal karirna taun [[1989]] Susi geus jadi jawara di [[Indonesia Open]].<ref name="web2" /> ti saprak harita, Susi tuluy meunangkeun sawatara kompetisi badminton kayaning jadi jawara [[All England]] ([[1990]], [[1991]], [[1993]], [[1994]]) tug nepi ka jadi Juara Dunia dina taun [[1993]].<ref name="web2" /> Puluhan gelar kungsi dicangking ku Susi Susanti sapanjang karirna dina widang badminton.<ref name="web1" /> Sanggeus pangsiun ti dunya badminton, Susi jeung salakina [[Alan Budikusuma]] nyieun [[Olympic Badminton Hall]] di [[Kelapa Gading]] minangka gedung pusat pelatihan badminton sarta nyieun [[rékét]] kalawan merék '''Astec''' (Alan-Susi Technology) dina taun [[2002]].<ref name="web1" /> Bulan [[Méi]] [[2004]] ''[[International Badminton Federation]]'' (kiwari ''[[Badminton World Federation]]'') méré panglélér ''Hall Of Fame'' ka Susi Susanti.<ref name="web1" /> ==Préstasi== # Hall of Fame ti International Badminton Federation (IBF), Mei 2004.<ref name="web1"/> # [[Herbert Scheele Trophy]] taun 2002.<ref name="web1"/> # Medali Emas [[Olimpiade Barcelona]] taun [[1992]].<ref name="web1"/> # Medali Perunggu [[Olimpiade Atlanta]] taun [[1996]].<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara Dunia pada [[World Championship]] taun 1993.<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara All England 4 kali (1990, 1991, 1993, 1994).<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[Piala Uber]] bareng jeung tim [[Uber Indonesia]] 2 kali (1994 jeung 1996).<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[Piala Sudirman]] bareng jeung tim nasional Indonésia taun [[1989]].<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[World Badminton Grand Prix]] 6 kali (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 jeung 1996).<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[Indonesia Open]] 6 kali (1989, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996, jeung 1997).<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[Malaysia Open]] 4 kali (1993, 1994, 1995, jeung [[1997]]).<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[Japan Open]] 3 kali (1992, 1994, jeung 1995).<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[Thailand Open]] 4 kali (1991, 1992, 1993, jeung 1994).<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[Denmark Open]] 2 kali (1991 jeung 1992).<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[China Taipei Open]] 2 kali (1991 jeung 1994).<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[Korea Open]] taun [[1995]].<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[Dutch Open]] taun 1993.<ref name="web1"/> # Jawara [[Swedish Open]] taun 1991.<ref name="web1"/> ==Panglélér== Tanda Kehormatan Républik Indonésia Bintang Jasa Utama taun 1992.<ref name="web2"/> ==Referensi== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Susanti, Susi}} [[Kategori:Pamaén badminton Indonésia‎]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1971]] 135u8q2gz9wipwok0kht3501siclxc9 0 35158 731978 653984 2026-11-08T22:39:42Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Polydactyly postaxial.gif|thumb|250px|right|Leungeun]] [[File:Tupaia cf javanica 050917 manc.jpg|thumb|250px|Tupaia javanica, Homo sapiens]] '''Leungeun''' nyaéta anggota [[awak]] ti mimiti [[siku]] atawa ti mimiti pigeulang leungeun nepi ka tungtung [[ramo]].<ref name="Wangenan">[http://www.artikata.com/arti-353226-tangan.html Wangenan] (Diakses tanggal 16 November 2011)</ref> ==Bagian== #Indung leungeun ([[jempol]]) <ref name="Bagian Leungeun">[http://www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?p=539738378 Bagian Leungeun]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(Diakses tanggal 2011)</ref> #[[Curuk]] <ref name="Bagian Leungeun"/>. #[[Jajangkung]] <ref name="Bagian Leungeun"/> #[[Jariji]] <ref name="Bagian Leungeun"/> #[[Cinggir]] <ref name="Bagian Leungeun"/> ==Tulang Leungeun== Aya 27 [[tulang]] anu mangrupa carangka dasar leungeun jeung pigeulang leungeun.<ref name="Tulang">[http://withealth.net/id/hand-anatomy Tulang]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Diakses tanggal 16 November 2011)</ref> Tulang-tulang ieu dikelompokeun jadi ''[[carpals]]'', ''[[metacefarpals]]'', sarta ''[[falang]]''.<ref name="Tulang"/> Pergelangan leungeun nyaéta sendi anu pang kompleksna dina [[awak]].<ref name="Tulang"/> Bagian ieu diwengku ku dalapan [[tulang karpal]] anu dikelompokeun jadi dua jajar gumantung kana gerakanana.<ref name="Tulang"/> Ti radial nepi ka ulnaris, jajar proksimal diwangun ku ''[[os skafoid]]'', ngawangun [[semi bulan]], [[triquetrum]], sarta ngawangun kacang tulang.<ref name="Tulang"/> Di arah anu sarua, [[jajar distal]] diwangun ku ''[[trapezium]]'', sagi opat anu dua sisina saluyu, lumangsung, jeung béngkok.<ref name="Tulang"/> Sakabéh [[tulang karpal]] pergelangan miboga fungsina masing-masing kajaba ''[[os pisiformis]]''.<ref name="Tulang"/> Leungeun diwangun ku 5 metakarpal [[tulang]]. Unggal metakarpal ditandaan, miboga dasar, poros, [[beuheung]], jeung [[sirah]]. Tulang metakarpal mimiti (jempol) mangrupa bagéan nu pangpéndékna sarta paling ''mobile''. Leungeun miboga opat welas ''[[phalanges]]''.<ref name="Tulang"/> Tiap digit miboga tilu ''[[phalanges]]'' nyaéta [[proksimal]], [[tengah]], jeung [[distal]], iwal indung leungeun ngan miboga [[memfalanghalanges]] hungkul.<ref name="Tulang"/> {{commons|Hand}} {{Anatomi manusa}} {{Pondok}} ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] b7nr93wca9dj2y7vq5mh0j8dc36rkx5 0 35265 731934 655096 2026-11-08T15:14:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731934 wikitext text/x-wiki Kartigen Madhawan dipikawanoh ku umum [[Indonésia]] minangka saurang aktris sarta penyanyi.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}}[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/indonesia/z/zaskia_sungkar/ profil] (diaksés tanggal 01 Desember 2011)</ref> Gadis kalahiran [[Jakarta]], [[22 Désémber|28 Désémber]] [[1990|1997]] ieu téh putri kahiji pasangan selebriti [[Mark Sungkar]] sarta [[Fanny Bauty]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Zaskia sorangan ogé pohara deukeut kalayan adina anu berprofesi sarua nyaéta [[Shireen Sungkar]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Mimiti niténan karirna, Zaskia leuwih dipikawanoh minangka saurang aktris anu geus berperan dina sawatara sinetron.<ref name="sumber1"/> Karesepna dina dunya tarik sora diwujudkeun kalayan nyieun grup vokal duo babarengan adina Shireen, anu dibéré ngaran [[The Sisters]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Hit single ogé sempet dikaluarkeun kalayan tajuk Kéajaiban Cinta.<ref name="sumber1"/> The Sister sorangan ngagem aliran pop sarta lagu anu di bawana ogé miboga téma cinta saurang rumaja.<ref name="sumber2">{{id}}[http://www.infoselebindo.com/2010/05/profil-zaskia-sungkar.html karir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222204436/http://www.infoselebindo.com/2010/05/profil-zaskia-sungkar.html |date=2025-02-22 }} (diaksés tanggal 01 Desember 2011)</ref> Zaskia anu ogé minangka béntang pariwara produk [[So Good]] sarta [[Bank Muamalat]] ieu leuwih milih nampik tawaran berakting di sinetron atawa FTV anu datang pikeun manéhna.<ref name="sumber2"/> Alesanna, alatan Zaskia leuwih katarik ka dunya tarik sora.<ref name="sumber2"/> Sanajan kitu, manéhna sempet témbong di sinetron Dongeng: Kamakanda, Legenda, sarta Bawang Putih Bawang Merah 2.<ref name="sumber2"/> Kahirupan cinta gadis geulis ieu ogé sempet jadi pemberitaan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Sempet henteu kaekspos ku média, dina mimiti [[Januari 2010]], Zaskia dikabarkeun geus mungkas hubungan cintana jeung saurang pangeran asal [[Brunei Darussalam]] anu ngaranna [[Prince Abdul Qawi]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Henteu lila, Zaskia kasampak keur ngaléng saurang lalaki deungeun asal [[Australia]], [[Matt Niholson]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Tapi, hubungan ieu ogé henteu lila.<ref name="sumber1"/> Pamungkas, Zaskia kabarna ngajalin hubungan kaasih kalayan aktor sarta penyanyi [[Irwansyah]], anu ogé urut kabogoh [[Acha Septriasa]] saprak Méi 2010.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hubungan cinta antara duanana sempet disangkal nu pamustunganana maranéhanana duaan bener-bener resmi bobogohan.<ref name="sumber1"/> Teu nungguan lila, pasangan ieu mutuskeun pikeun nikah ngora, anu dimimitian kalayan prosés lamaran anu dilaksanakeun dina [[8 Désémber]] [[2010]] di imah Zaskia di [[Jakarta Selatan]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Sanggeus prosesi lamaran ieu, duanana ogé riweuh nyiapkeun pernikahan anu baris geura-giru dilaksanakeun.<ref name="sumber1"/> == Referensi == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Aktris Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] g7i40sqcfexklhdjmu41qjagw4bdr74 0 35340 731873 654827 2026-11-08T13:02:28Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Tom Stone-magician.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Tom Stone]] pesulap asal [[Swédia]]]] '''Sulap''' nyaéta [[seni pintonan]] nu diminati ku sabagéan masarakat [[dunya]], ku lantaran pintonan ieu bisa nimbulkeun rasa kapanasaran pamiarsana ku trik-trik nu dipintonkeuna.<ref name="Wangenan sulap">[http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/6165985 Wangenan Sulap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212125142/http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/6165985 |date=2024-12-12 }} (Diakses tanggal 20 November 2011)</ref> Sulap mangrupa gabungan ti sababaraha seni, di antarana [[seni tari]], [[Musik|seni musik]], seni rupa, jeung sajabana.<ref name="Wangenan sulap"/> Salian ti éta sulap mangrupa gabungan tina sababaraha disiplin élmu, saperti élmu [[fisika]], élmu [[biologi]], élmu [[kimia]], élmu [[psikologi]], jeung élmu-élmu séjénna.<ref name="Wangenan sulap"/> Seni sulap lain mangrupa kaparigelan klenik atawa supranatural, ku lantaran trik sulap bisa dijelaskeun.<ref name="Wangenan sulap"/> Sulap sabenerna kaparigelan [[leungeun]], manipulasi, hasil gawé ti hiji benda, bisa ogé tina efek nu timbul ti réaksi [[kimia]].<ref name="Wangenan sulap"/> ==Sajarah== Taun [[1700]] SM, aya bukti dokumén paling heubeul dina lembaran ''papyrus'', nyebutkeun yén ditimukeun pintonan sulap.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap">[http://gugling.com/2010/01/29/sejarah-sulap/ Sajarah Sulap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130133414/http://gugling.com/2010/01/29/sejarah-sulap/ |date=2022-11-30 }} (Diakses tanggal 20 November 2011)</ref> Saurang [[pesulap]] [[Mesir]] ngaranna [[Deddy Corbuzier|Deddy]], diundang pikeun ngahibur [[Raja Cheops]].<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Salah sahiji ti trik nu dipintonkeunna nyaéta motong hulu [[sato]] tuluy dibalikeun deui kana kayaan mimiti.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Ku Raja, [[Deddy Corbuzier|Deddy]] dititah ngulang sulapna kalayan conto saurang tahanan.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> [[Deddy Corbuzier|Deddy]] teu daékeun nu akhirna nyien Raja kuciwa, tapi manéhna ngulang trikna ka hiji [[sapi]].<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Trik ''Cups and balls'' nyaéta salah saiji trik sulap nu paling heubeul.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> [[Egyptologis]] nyebutkeun yén aya cutatan [[lukisan]] di kuburan [[Mesir Tua]] di [[Beni Hasan]] nu umurna sakitar [[2500]] - [[2200]] taun SM.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> [[Lukisan]] ieu ngagambarkeun dua jalma nu keur ngoméan opat [[cangkir]].<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> ''Cups and balls'' mangrupa trik nu apling heubeul jeung masih kasohor nepi ka kiwari.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Di [[abad ka-18]] sulap jadi hiji pintonan anu kasohor.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> [[Isaac Fawkes]] ([[1675]] - [[1731]]) nyaéta saurang pesulap nu ngawanohkeun sulap di [[Inggris]].<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Salian ti [[Isaac Fawkes]] aya ogé pesulap séjénna saperti [[Giuseppe Pinetti]] ([[1750]] - [[1800]]), lahir di [[Itali]].<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Manéhna kacida kasohorna nepi ka sok minton di kulawarga karajaan.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Tapi di taun [[1783]], nalika manéhna keur maén sulap di [[Paris]], [[Henri Decremps]] saurang ahli hukum ngabongkar trik sulap Pinetti anu ditulis dina hiji [[buku]].<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Tapi hal ieu malah ngajadikeun pinetti leuwih kasohor di dunya sulap.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Taun [[1784]], manéhna ngayakeun pintonan di [[Haymarket Theatre]], [[London]], salah sahiji acara penting ku lantaran mangrupa mangsa peralihan ti seni sulap jalanan jeung féstival Pekan Raya jadi pintonan téater.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> [[John Henry Anderson]] ([[1814]] - [[1874]]) nyaéta pesulap ti [[Skotlandia]] nu sering disebut ''The Wizard of the North''.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Manéhna suksés di [[Eropa]], [[Amérika]] jeung [[Australia]].<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Manéhna kasohor ku trik sulap na kalayan maké pakakas ti pérak solid.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Tapi manéhna kungsi malarat nalika téater manéhna kabakaran.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> Saprak harita masarakat mikawanoh sulap salaku salah sahiji seni pintonan.<ref name="Sajarah Sulap"/> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Seni pintonan]] 36br92s5bgz4ytcxde69muyum4p5mx0 0 35660 731867 678091 2026-11-08T12:41:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lain|Stasion Bagor}} {{Infobox stasiun | name = Bogor | oldname = ''Buitenzorg'' | image = Station - panoramio (17).jpg | caption = Stasion KA Bogor | prov = Jawa Kulon | kota = Bogor | kacamatan kota = Bogor Tengah | kalurahan kota = Cibogor | alamat = * Jalan Nyi Raja Permas nomor 1 (pintu wétan, aksés diwatesan lain pikeun umum) * Jalan Mayor Oking (pintu asup beulah kulon, aksés pikeun umum) | kode pos = 16124 | open = [[1881]] | operator = [[Daérah Operasi I Jakarta]] | kode = BOO | nomor = 0720 | letak = * km 54+810 lintas [[Stasion Jakarta Kota|Jakarta]]–[[Stasion Manggarai|Manggarai]]–<br>[[Stasion Dépok|Dépok]]–'''Bogor''' * km 0+000 lintas '''Bogor'''–[[Stasion Bandung|Bandung]]–<br>[[Stasion Banjar|Banjar]]–[[Stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo]]–[[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] | tinggi = +246 m | services = {{s-rail|title=KRL Jabodetabék}} {{s-line|system=KRL Jabodetabék|line=Bogor-Jatinegara|rows1=2|previous=|next=Cilebut}} {{s-line|system=KRL Jabodetabék|line=Bogor-Jakarta Kota|hide1=true|previous=|next=Cilebut}} | line = [[KRL Commuter Line]] | track = 8 * jalur 3: jalur lurus ganda arah hulu (ti Jakarta Kota-Manggarai) eujeung jalur tunggal arah Cianjur-Padalarang * jalur 5: jalur lurus ganda arah hilir (ka Manggarai-Jakarta Kota) | class = Badag tipeu A | platform = 7 (hiji péron sisi nu rada pendék, dua péron pulo nu rada jangkung, hiji péron pulo nu rada pendék, dua péron pulo nu jangkung, sarta hiji péron sisi nu rada jangkung; euweuh péron pulo di antara jalur 5 jeung 6 sarta jalur 7 jeung 8) | arsitektur = Indische, Neoklasik | parking = Aya | difabel = Aya | musala = Aya | toilet = Aya | atm = Aya | merokok = Aya | ticketting = Ngan ngalayanan kartu ''single trip/multi trip'' Commuter Line. | peta = Indonésia Bogor | map_caption = Lokasi di [[Kota Bogor]] | map_label = Stasion Bogor | lintang = -6.5942707 | bujur = 106.7908108 }} '''Stasion Bogor (BOO)'''—nalika jaman kolonial Belanda ngaranna '''Station Buitenzorg'''— ([[Aksara Sunda]]: {{sund|ᮞ᮪ᮒᮞᮤᮇᮔ᮪ ᮘᮧᮌᮧᮁ}}, ''Stasion Bogor'') nyaéta [[stasion karéta api]] kelas gedé tipeu A anu perenahna di [[Cibogor, Bogor Tengah, Bogor]]. Stasion anu aya dina tingkat kaluhuran +246 méter ieu kaasup ka [[Daérah Operasi I Jakarta]]. Stasion nu diwangun taun [[1881]] ieu jadi stasion terminus (paeureunan ahir) pikeun sakabéh lalampahan [[KRL Commuter Line]] anu ngalayanan wewengkon [[Jabodetabék]], nyaéta ka [[Stasion Jakarta Kota]], [[Stasion Angké]], [[Stasion Kampung Bandan]], jeung [[Stasion Jatinegara]]. Stasion Bogor miboga dalapan jalur karéta api kalawan jalur 3 minangka jalur lurus ganda arah [[Stasion Jakarta Kota|Jakarta Kota]]-[[Stasion Manggarai|Manggarai]] sarta jalur tunggal arah [[Stasion Cianjur|Cianjur]]-[[Stasion Padalarang|Padalarang]] sarta jalur 5 minangka jalur lurus ganda ti arah Manggarai-Jakarta Kota. == Sajarah == [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het station van Buitenzorg TMnr 60020101.jpg|Stasion Bogor ''tempo doeloe''|jmpl|kiri]] Stasion Bogor diwangun ku [[Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij]] di taun [[1872]] minangka titik ahir jalur karéta api [[Batavia]]-[[Weltevreden]]-[[Dépok]]-[[Bogor|Buitenzorg]].<ref name=ArsitekturKAI/> Stasion ieu dibuka mimiti pikeun umum tanggal [[31 Januari]] [[1873]]. Opat puluh taun mimiti, stasion ieu dikelola ku [[Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij|NIS]], kakara di taun [[1913]] stasion ieu jeung jalur-jalurna dibeuli ku [[Staatsspoorwegen|SS]].<ref name=ArsitekturKAI/> Taun [[1881]] diwangun stasion anyar. Ti [[1881]] nepi [[1883]] [[Staatsspoorwegen|SS]] nuluykeun pangwangunan jalur karéta api ti [[Bogor]]-[[Sukabumi]] tuluy nepi taun [[1887]] bisa kahubung ka [[stasion Yogyakarta|Tugu Yogyakarta]].<ref name="mka">Majalah KA Edisi Agustus 2014</ref> Baheula, aya hiji lapang nu lega ngaranna [[Taman Wilhelmina]] kungsi jadi bagian ti stasion Bogor.<ref name="mka"/> Di rohangan VIP aya [[monumén]] [[prasasti]] tina [[marmer]] anu jangkungna 1 méter. Monumén ieu minangka simbol tanda “wilujeng énjing” ti para karyawan [[Staatsspoorwegen|SS]] ka [[David Maarschalk]] anu rék pénsiun lantaran usahana ngamekarkeun jalur karéta api di [[Jawa]]. [[Prasasti]] ieu dijieun ngagentikeun patung [[David Maarschalk]] anu kungsi aya di tempat [[prasasti]] ieu.<ref name=ArsitekturKAI/> [[Rénovasi]] stasion kungsi dilakukeun ku [[Kementerian Perhubungan Indonesia|Kementerian Perhubungan]] taun [[2009]]. Wangunan stasion anu aya tulisan "[[1881]”, anu nyinghareup Jalan Nyi Raja Permas Raya ([[Taman Topi]]) ieu ahirna teu difungsikeun minangka pintu asup stasion pikeun umum. Kiwari wangunan stasion dipindah jadi nyinghareup Jalan Mayor Oking.<ref name="mka"/> == Wangunan jeung tata letak == Stasion ieu mangrupa dua wangunan anu ngaréndéng. Wangunan utamana nyaéta wangunan aréa asup ke stasion, lobi, kantor administrasi, tempat ngajual tiket, jeung fasilitas nu lainna. Sedengkeun, wangunan kadua nyaéta wangunan kanopi anu ngiuhan péron sarta dua jalur karéta api. Wangunan utama stasion anu diwangun taun [[1881]], henteu loba robah nepi ka kiwari. <ref name=ArsitekturKAI>{{cite book | last = Murti Hariyadi | first = Ibnu | authorlink = | first2=Ekawati|last2=Basir|first3=Mungki Indriati|last3=Pratiwi|first4=Ella|last4=Ubaidi|first5=Edi|last5=Sukmono | title = Arsitektur Bangunan Stasion Karéta Api di Indonesia | publisher = PT. Karéta Api Indonesia (Persero) | date = 2016 | location = Jakarta | pages = 1 - 14 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-602-18839-3-8}}</ref> Stasion ieu boga gaya arsitéktur [[Éropa]] kalawan loba motifna. Misalna aya anu motifna géometris [[awan]], suku-suku singa, jeung relung-relung bagian handap. Gaya désain ieu mangrupa gaya kalawan nuansa [[Yunani Kuno#Yunani Klasik|Yunani Klasik]] tapi aya campuran, nyaéta miboga bentuk simétris jeung serba pasagi.<ref name=ArsitekturKAI/> Di jamanna, ([[1880]] - [[1889]]), wangunan ciga kieu jadi trén di [[Hindia Walanda]].<ref name=ArsitekturKAI/> Arsitéktur wangunan utama némbongkeun ciri khas gaya arsitéktur ''Indische Empire'' kalawan bentuk massa bangunan anu simétris sarta pintu asup jeung lobi utama gaya arsitékturna ''Néo-Klasik'' <ref name=ArsitekturKAI/> Kesan anggun ti stasion ieu aya tina bentuk atap pelana kalawan bentuk jurutilu sarta gerbang ngalengkung di wangunan hareup. Sedengkeun di bagian tukangna, mangrupa témbok plesteran anu maké ornamén gurat-gurat sarta ahiran ''cornice'' di bagian atas anu polana lengkungan anu laleutik anu numutkeun istilah arsitéktur klasik disebut ''guttae'', ngabingkéy atap juréy di luhurna. Pintu jeung jandéla miboga panutup kai anu ahirna nguatkeun kesan klasik ti ieu wangunan. Sedengkeun di wangunan émplasemén, mangrupa struktur atap bentang lébar kalawan rangka baja jeung panutup atap plat beusi anu rérégéan. <ref name=ArsitekturKAI/>. Stasion ieu miboga dua tingkat. Désain [[tangga]] kai ngahubungkeun lantéy 1 jeung lantéy 2. Karakteristik wangunan utama khas kalawan gaya ''Indische Empire'' sedangkan pada lobi bergaya ''Neoklasik''.<ref name=ArsitekturKAI/> '''''Indische Empire''''' nyaéta gaya arsitéktur jaman kolonial [[Walanda]] di [[Indonésia]] anu mekar pas abad 18 jeung 19. Gaya ieu lahir ti gaya hirup urang [[Éropa]] di [[Indonésia]]. Wangunan-wangunan anu maké gaya ieu mangrupa adaptasi aliran ''Néoklasik'' anu kasohor di [[Éropa]] keur harita kalawan kondisi iklim jeung bahan wangunan satempat. Wangunan-wangunan anu ngagunakeun gaya ieu ciri unumna nyaéta ngagunakeun kolom-kolom dorik di téras hareup sarta buruanna nu lega.<ref name=ArsitekturKAI/> '''''Néo Klasik''''' anu disebut ogé ''New Classicism'' nyaéta pergerakan aliran arsitéktur di [[Éropa]] jeung [[Amérika]] anu dimimitian pas tengah-tengah abad ka-18. Gaya ieu meunang inspirasi ti ruruntuhan arsitéktur [[Yunani Kuno#Yunani Klasik|Yunani Klasik]] utamana [[Romawi]]. == Layanan karéta api == Stasion ieu disibukkeun ku [[komuter]] (panglaju) ti Bogor ka Jakarta. Kiwari stasion ieu ngalayanan dua layanan [[KRL Commuter Line]]; ''Yellow Line''/''Jakarta Loopline'' ka [[Stasion Angké]], [[Stasion Kampung Bandan|Kampung Bandan]], nepi ka [[Stasion Jatinegara|Jatinegara]], sarta ''Red Line'' ka [[Stasion Jakarta Kota]]. Salian ti ngalayanan karéta komuter jurusan Jakarta, Stasion Bogor ogé jadi tempat langsiran [[Karéta api Pangrango]] anu diberangkatkeun ti [[Stasion Palédang|Stasion Bogor Palédang]] anu jarakns 200 méter di beulah kidul Stasion Bogor pikeun ngalayanan ruteu [[Stasion Cianjur|Cianjur]]-[[Stasion Sukabumi|Sukabumi]]-Bogor. [[Langsir]]an ieu dilakukeun di Stasion Bogor lantaran Stasion Bogor Palédang ngan boga hiji jalur. === Langsiran === [[Karéta api Pangrango|Pangrango]], jurusan [[Stasion Sukabumi|Sukabumi]] liwat [[Stasion Bogor Palédang|Bogor Palédang]] (éksekutip jeung ékonomi AC) === KRL Commuter Line === * [[KA Commuter Line Jakarta Kota–Bogor|''Red Line'']] (Bogor ''branch''), jurusan [[Stasion Jakarta Kota|Jakarta Kota]] * [[KA Commuter Line Jatinegara–Bogor|Commuter Loop Line ''(Yellow Line)'']], jurusan [[Stasion Angké|Angké]] * [[KA Commuter Line Jatinegara–Bogor|''Yellow Line'']], jurusan [[Stasion Jatinegara|Jatinegara]] == Antarmoda pangrojong == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Jenis angkutan umum ! Trayék !Jurusan |- | rowspan="7" |[[Angkutan kota|Angkot]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kotabogor.go.id/index.php/show_post/detail/6450/rute-trayek-angkot-kota-bogor-|title=Pemerintah Kota Bogor|last=Wiguna|first=Alfiar|website=kotabogor.go.id|access-date=2018-06-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314002533/https://kotabogor.go.id/index.php/show_post/detail/6450/rute-trayek-angkot-kota-bogor- |date=2023-03-14 }}</ref> |01 |Perumahan Yasmin–Cipinang Gading (turun di Jalan Mayor Oking) |- |08 |Terminal Merdéka–Taman Pajajaran (turun di Jalan Mayor Oking) |- |10 |Cimanggu Permai–Pasar Anyar (turun di Jalan Mayor Oking) |- |11 |Curug–Taman Cimanggu–Pasar Anyar |- |12 |Bubulak–Pabuaran–Cimanggu–Pasar Anyar |- |16 |Stasion Bogor–Bubulak, p.p. |- |29 |Terminal Medeka–Pabuaran |} == Galéri == <gallery> File:Bogor Station.jpg|Stasion Bogor File:Bogor sta_050508-8744.jpg|Stasion Bogor nalika peuting (2005) File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het perron van station Buitenzorg TMnr 60013722.jpg|Stasion Bogor jaman baheula File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Spoorwegstation Buitenzorg TMnr 60016699.jpg|Stasion Bogor jaman baheula File:CC2061399 Pangrango.jpg|thumb|left|Langsiran [[Karéta api Pangrango]] persiapan diberangkatkeun ka [[Stasion Bogor Palédang]] File:Bogor Station (west entrance).jpg|jmpl|left|Pintu asup beulah kulon Stasion Bogor </gallery> == Tingali ogé == * [[Karéta api]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{commonscat|Bogor Station|Stasion Bogor}} * {{id}} {{url|www.krl.co.id|Situs resmi KCI dan jadwal KRL tahun 2018}} * Sungsian ti [https://web.archive.org/web/20240115083420/https://www.sejarahbogor.id/2023/09/sejarah-stasiun-bogor.html situs resmi sajarah Bogor] {{Stasiun|Stasion Cilebut|Jalur karéta api Manggarai-Padalarang|Stasion Bogor Palédang}} {{Stasion KCI}} {{stasion karéta api di Indonésia}} {{Jalur karéta api Manggarai-Padalarang}} {{stasion-stub}} [[Kategori:Stasion karéta di Jawa Kulon|Bogor]] [[Kategori:Kota Bogor]] [[Kategori:Bogor Tengah, Bogor]] 2a3hek7ibfo4qe4x5ooqw7dq1aiy5xl 0 36124 731974 700317 2026-11-08T22:29:03Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731974 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Female neck.jpg|Beuheung saurang awéwé|thumb|right|225px]] '''Beuheung''' atawa '''Tenggek''' ([[Tatakrama basa Sunda|basa hormat]]) ([[:id:Bahasa_Sunda_Indramayu|basa Sunda Indramayu]]: '''Beeng''') nyaéta bagian anu ngahubungkeun [[sirah]] jeung [[awak]].<ref name=”Lut”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&dq=sato+sunda&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo9P3M_JCGAxU6cGwGHVzeAr8Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=sato%20sunda&f=false| title =BUDIDAYA IKAN GABUSLuthfiyani| last =Luthfiyani| first =Lulu| publisher =Frasa Lingua| location =Jakarta| year =2016|ISBN=9786026475275|pages =13}} Disungsi16 Mei 2024</ref> Dina sababaraha sasatoan, beuheungna bisa tumuwuh panjang, misalna dina [[jarapah]]. Di jero beuheung aya saluran-saluran parénghapan; nganbekan jeung digéstiva. Dina beuheung manusa lalaki, umumna aya hiji bagian anu disebut [[jakun]]. {{Anatomi manusa}} {{anatomi-stub}} ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] oih8gsd503ty1kjtc6mr1htns3xr45p 0 37714 731913 730614 2026-11-08T14:37:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tangtayungantianon}} {{Redirect|Azeri}} {{About|grup étnis Azerbaijan|analisis populasi [[Azerbaijan|Républik Azerbaijan]]|Démografi Azerbaijan}} {{Kotak info grup étnis |group = Azerbaijan<br/>''Azərbaycanlılar, Azərilər''<br/><big>آذربایجانلیلار ,آذری لر </big> |population = kira-kira 22–35 yuta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-clusters.php?peo2=126 |title=Azerbaijani |publisher=Joshua Project|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&dq=30+million+South+Azerbaijan&q=30-35 |title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=[[Avraham Sela|Sela, Avraham]]|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=0-8264-1413-3|page=197|quote=30–35 million}}</ref> |image = |region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} |pop1 = 11,2 nepi ka 30 yuta |ref1 = <ref name="Library of Congress Iran">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf|title=Country Profile: Iran|publisher=Federal Research Division Library of Congress|date=May 2008|accessdate=13 January 2012|quote=16% of 70 million [11.2 million]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050226190617/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf|archivedate=26 February 2005}}</ref><ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People|title=Iran|work=CIA: The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|date=14 November 2011|accessdate=13 January 2012|quote=16% of 77,891,220 [12.5 million]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People |date=3 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name="dictionary">{{cite book|author=Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C.|year=1999|title=Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-DIJ-131|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0-8108-3550-9|quote=15 million (1999)}}</ref>{{rp|28}}<ref name="tft">{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf|author=Terror Free Tomorrow|title=Results of a New Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Iran before the June 12, 2009 Presidential Elections|date=May 2009|publisher=[[New America Foundation]]|quote=21.6% of 70,495,782 [15.2 million]|accessdate=March 24, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z |last=Minahan |first=James |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location= |isbn=978-0-313-32384-3 |page=1765 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zu5GpDby9H0C&pg=PA1765 |quote=Approximately (2002e) 18,500,000 Southern Azeris in Iran, concentrated in the northwestern provinces of East and West Azerbaijan. It is difficult to determine the exact number of Southern Azeris in Iran, as official statistics are not published detailing Iran's ethnic structure. Estimates of the Southern Azeri population range from as low as 12 million up to 40% of the population of Iran – that is, nearly 27 million.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Brenda Shaffer|author=Shaffer, Brenda|year=2003|title=Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/bordersbrethreni0000shaf|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bordersbrethreni0000shaf/page/221 221]–225|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-19477-5|quote=There is considerable lack of consensus regarding the number of Azerbaijanis in Iran&nbsp;... Azerbaijani student groups in Iran claim that there are 27 million Azerbaijanis residing in Iran.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HxItAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Southern+Azerbaijan%22+30+million&dq=%22Southern+Azerbaijan%22+30+million |title=Turkey-Iran relations, 1979–2004: revolution, ideology, war, coups and geopolitics|author=Olson, Robert W.|publisher=Mazda|year=2004|isbn=1-56859-114-4|page=76|quote=... in Ankara, Johragani denounced 'Persian' chauvinism and Iran's violation of human rights against the '30 million Azeris of Iran'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7T0OAQAAMAAJ&q=southern+azerbaijan+%2230+million%22&dq=southern+azerbaijan+%2230+million%22|title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, Volume 1|author=[[Keith Brown (linguist)|Brown, E. K.]]; Asher, R. E.; Simpson, J. M. Y.|edition=2|year=2006|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=0-08-044299-4|page=635|quote=Azerbaijani speakers in Iran are more numerous than those in Azerbaijan (13 to 30 million in northern Iran, 6 million in the Republic of Azerbaijan).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mVQdN7Ryu4YC&pg=PA157|chapter=Promoting Cooperation and Integration in the Wider Black Sea Area|author=Alieva, Leila|title=Establishing security and stability in the wider Black Sea area: international politics and the new and emerging democracies|page=157|work=NATO Science for Peace and Security, Volume 26: Human and societal dynamics|editors=Volten, Peter M. E.; Tashev, Blagovest|publisher=IOS Press|year=2007|isbn=1-58603-765-X|quote=... large number of Azerbaijanis (30 million in northern Iran and 8 million in present Azerbaijan),&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA79|authors=Stokes, Jamie; Gorman, Anthony|year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1|page=79|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|quote=... 32 million people in Iran...}}</ref> |region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} |pop2 = 8.172.800 |ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|title=Population by ethnic groups|date=2009|publisher=The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan|accessdate=17 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|archivedate=30 November 2012}}</ref> |region3 = {{flagcountry|Irak}} |pop3 = 600.000 nepi ka 1.000.000 |ref3 = <ref name="ethnologue">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=azb|title=Azerbaijani, South|author=Lewis, M. Paul|year=2009|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition.|publisher=SIL International|accessdate=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19}}</ref> |region4 = {{flagcountry|Rusia}} |pop4 = 621.800 nepi ka 1.500.000 |ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/><ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11&docid=10715289081463|title=Итоги переписи|work=2002 census|date=2004|publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service|accessdate=17 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026071812/http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11&docid=10715289081463 |date=26 October 2009 }}</ref> |region5 = {{flagcountry|Turki}} |pop5 = 530.000 nepi ka 2.500.000 |ref5 = <ref name="ethnologue"/><ref name="Leeuw"/> |region6 = {{flagcountry|Géorgia}} |pop6 = 284.761 nepi ka 500.000 |ref6 = <ref name="Leeuw"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/census/2002/03%20Ethnic%20Composition.pdf|format=pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2002 census|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> |region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} |pop7 = 78.295 |ref7 = <ref name=unstats>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybcensus/V2_table4.xls|title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> |region8 = {{flagcountry|Ukraina}} |pop8 = 45.200 |ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001|work=Ukraine Census 2001|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> |region9 = {{flagcountry|Uzbékistan}} |pop9 = 44.400 |ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html|title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan|date=1989|publisher=Umid World|accessdate=17 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223090542/http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html|archivedate=23 February 2012}}</ref> |region10 = {{flagcountry|Turkménistan}} |pop10 = 33.365 |ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР|work=Демоскоп Weekly|language=Russian|issue=493–494|date=1–22 January 2012|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> |region11 = {{flagcountry|Walanda}} |pop11 = 18.000 |ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf|format=pdf|title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora|publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=|accessdate=17 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131529/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf|archivedate=6 July 2011}}</ref> |region12 = {{flagcountry|Kirgizstan}} |pop12 = 17.823 |ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|format=pdf|title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения|publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic|date=2011|language=Russian|accessdate=17 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113151445/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |date=13 November 2013 }}</ref> |region13 = {{flagcountry|Jérman}} |pop13 = 15.219 |ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls|title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics|publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis)|accessdate=3 February 2012}}</ref> |region14 = {{flagcountry|Britania Raya}} |pop14 = 15.000 |ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/az3/AzeriVoice/newsletter2.doc|author=Oguz-Gassanly, Murad|title=Azeri Diaspora. The Case of the United Kingdom|date=2001|work=Azeri Voice|accessdate=17 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502033238/http://www.angelfire.com/az3/AzeriVoice/newsletter2.doc|archivedate=2 May 2014}}</ref> |region15 = {{flagcountry|Bélarus}} |pop15 = 6.362 |ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/p5.php|title=Population Census 1999|publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus|accessdate=18 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112035908/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/p5.php|archivedate=12 January 2012}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921155352/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/p5.php |date=21 September 2010 }}</ref> |region16 ={{flagcountry|Amérika Sarikat}} |pop16 = 5.553 |ref16 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls|title=First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=18 January 2012}} This number includes both primary and secondary ancestry.</ref> |region17 = {{flagcountry|Kanada}} |pop17 = 3.465 |ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data|date=10 June 2010|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=18 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211144718/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=11 December 2020 }} In the 2006 census, 1,480 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 1,985 as part of multiple origins.</ref> |region18 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} |pop18 = 1.697 |ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|format=pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|accessdate=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf |date=2 March 2011 }}</ref> |region19 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} |pop19 = 1.000 |ref19 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf|format=pdf|publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations|accessdate=18 January 2012}}</ref> |region20 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} |pop20 = 880 |ref20 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC226&ti=POPULATION+BY+ETHNIC+NATIONALITY%2C+COMMAND+OF+FOREIGN+LANGUAGES+AND+CITIZENSHIP&path=../I_Databas/Population_census/08Ethnic_nationality._Mother_tongue._Command_of_foreign_languages/&lang=1|title=Population Census of 2000|publisher=Statistics Estonia|accessdate=19 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322001556/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC226&ti=POPULATION+BY+ETHNIC+NATIONALITY%2C+COMMAND+OF+FOREIGN+LANGUAGES+AND+CITIZENSHIP&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation_census%2F08Ethnic_nationality._Mother_tongue._Command_of_foreign_languages%2F&lang=1 |date=22 March 2012 }} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> |region21 = {{flagcountry|Lituania}} |pop21 = 788 |ref21 = <ref name=unstats/> |languages = [[basa Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] |religions = Utamina [[Islam Syiah]]; minoritas [[Islam Sunni]], [[Kristen]], [[Bahá'í]], jeung [[Zoroastrianisme]] |related = [[Masarakat Turk]], [[Urang Iran]], [[Masarakat Kaukasus]] }} {{Azerbaijan}} '''Urang Azerbaijan''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar, Азәриләр}}, <big> آذری لر </big>) atanapi '''Azarbaijan'''<ref name="Library of Congress Iran"/> nyaéta [[masarakat Turk]] ngeusian utamina [[Iran]] kalér-kulon jeung [[Azerbaijan|Républik Azerbaijan]], ogé dina nagara sadeukeutannana saperti, [[Géorgia]], [[Rusia]] ([[Dagéstan]]) jeung (baheulana) [[Arménia]]. Urang Azerbaijan utamina [[Muslim]] [[Syiah]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=0-87569-199-4|page=210|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="eb">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|title=Azerbaijani (people)|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref> sarta miboga jujutan kabudayaan campuran kaasup tina unsur Turk, Iranik<ref name="roy">{{cite book|author=Roy, Olivier|authorlink=Olivier Roy (professor)|year=2007|title=The new Central Asia |url=http://books.google.com/?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7#PPA6,M1 |publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-552-4|page=6|quote=The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.}}</ref>, jeung [[masarakat Kaukasus|Kaukasus]]. Sanggeus Perang Ruso-Pérsia [[Perang Rusia-Pérsia (1804–1813)|1813]] jeung [[Perang Rusia-Pérsia (1826–1828)|1828]], wewengkon [[dinasti Qajar|Kakaisaran Pérsia Qajar]] di Kaukasus dipasihan ka [[Kakaisaran Rusia]] sarta [[Pajangjian Gulistan]] dina 1813 sareng [[Pajangjian Turkmenchay]] dina 1828 nyusun wates-wates antara Czar Rusia jeung Qajar Iran.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harcave, Sidney|year=1968|title=Russia: A History: Sixth Edition|publisher=Lippincott|page=267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz|year=2007|title=Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field|publisher=Universal|isbn=1-58112-933-5|page=372}}</ref> ==Tingali ogé== * [[Ngaran Azerbaijan]] * [[Daptar inohong Azerbaijan]] ==Catetan jeung rujukan== {{Reflist}} ==Tumbu kaluar== * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1235976.stm BBC News: Azerbaijan country profile] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/azeri/ BBC Azeri] {{az icon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120409071103/http://www.azeri.net/Azerbaijan/index.html Azeri.net] * [http://AZER.com/ Azerbaijan International] {{Turkic peoples}} {{Ethnic groups in Iran}} {{European Muslims}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Azerbaijan}} [[Kategori:Urang Azerbaijan| ]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Wétan Tengah]] {{grup-étnis-stub}} 77qt83k9r9zpyyvmxfh15zoa1kkvycc 0 39224 731889 713021 2026-11-08T13:38:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} '''Telkom-3''' mangrupa [[satelit komunikasi]] [[Indonesia]] anu leungit alatan kagagalan ngapung dina tanggal 6 Agustus 2012. Diwangun ku [[ISS Reshetnev]] pikeun operator télékomunikasi Indonésia [[PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia]]. Hal ieu didasarkeun kana beus Ekspress-1000 sarta ngabogaan 32 transponder [[C band]] sarta 16 transponder [[Ku band]]. Éta alatan aya di orbit [[geosynchronous orbit]] dina 118 ° BT di luhureun khatulistiwa.<ref name="zarya">{{Cite web | url = http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2012#044 | title = 2012-044 | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | year = 2012 | publisher = zarya.info }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623183324/http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2012#044 |date=2017-06-23 }}</ref><ref name="gunter-tk3">{{Cite web | url = http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/telkom-3.htm | title = Telkom-3 | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | year = 2012 | publisher = Gunter's Space Page }}</ref> ==Ngapungkeun== {{seealso|Ekspress MD2}} Telkom-3 diapungkeun babarengan jeung [[Ekspress MD2]] ku rokét [[Proton-M]] jeung [[Briz-M]]bagéan luhur dina 6 Agustus 2012 jam 19:31 UTC. Satelit diapungkeun ti Lokasi [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Site 81/24]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] di [[Kazakhstan]]. Tilu tahap mimiti Proton diapungkeun luyu jeung anu diharepkeun sarta satelit anu némpél Briz-M dina bagéan luhur anu baris nransferna ka orbit géosynchronous. Briz-M ngalakonan sauntuyan opat kali kabeuleum dina tahap ngapung pikeun ngalakonan hal ieu.Kahuruan anu katilu lilana 18 menit tapi mesin ninggalkeun / ngaleupaskeun satelit sanggeus 7 detik, ninggalkeun satelit di orbit anu henteu bisa dipaké.<ref name="zarya"/><ref name="spacesafety">{{Cite web | url = http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2012/08/08/russian-satellite-launch-failure-eclipsed-mars-science-lab-success/ | title = Russian Satellite Launch Failure Leads to Proton Launch Suspension | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-08-08 | publisher = Space Safety Magazine }}</ref><ref name="zarya-prot">{{Cite web | url = http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php | title = Proton Launch Failure 2012 Aug 6 | accessdate = 2012-10-15 | date = 2012-08-20 | publisher = zarya.info }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010150558/http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php |date=2012-10-10 }}</ref> ISS Reshetnev produsén Telkom-3 nyalabarkeun yén satelit aya dina kontrol kalayan panel surya dipanjangan tapi moal bisa dipaké pikeun tujuan anu dimaksud sabab aya di orbit anu salah.<ref name="reshetnev">{{Cite web | url = http://www.iss-reshetnev.ru/?cid=news&nid=1542 | title = Работа со спутником TELKOM 3 на нерасчетной орбите | trans_title = Work with the satellite TELKOM-3 in an unplanned orbit | language=Russian | accessdate = 2012-10-15 | date = 2012-08-13 | publisher = Reshetnev }}</ref> ===Balukarna=== [[File:Ground track telkom 3 oct 12.jpg|thumb|[[Ground track]] of Telkom-3]] Ieu téh kagagalan paluncuran kadua disebabkeun ku Briz-M dina waktu dua belas bulan minangka [[Ekspress-AM4]] anu leungit dina bulan Agustus 2011 alatan kasalahan komputer.<ref name="zarya-prot"/> Kagagalan paluncuran séjén kaasup tilu satelit [[GLONASS]] taun 2011 sarta panalungtikan Mars [[Fobos-Grunt]]. Kabéh paluncuran Proton-M dieureunkeun sarta kabéh Briz-M ditarik balik. ieu dipicu dina krisis di industri antariksa Rusia jeung Perdana Menteri Rusia [[Dmitry Medvedev]] pokna "Kami kaleungitan otoritas sarta miliaran rubel" alatan mindeng gagal paluncuran. Medvedev mingpin gempungan ngeunaan masalah ieu dina tanggal 14 Agustus 2012 sarta présidén Vladimir Putin ngayakeun pasamoan dina masalah organisasi. Salah sahiji bongbolongan nyaéta yén [[Roscosmos]] bisa robah jadi hiji pausahaan anu sarupa jeung [[Rosatom]].<ref name="gunter-tk3"/><ref name="spacesafety"/><ref name="ria2">{{Cite web | url = http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120809/175091738.html | title = Medvedev to Name & Shame Failed Satellite Launch Officials | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-08-09 | publisher = [[RIA Novosti]] }}</ref><ref name="rt">{{Cite web | url = http://rt.com/news/proton-rocket-emergency-situation-024/ | title = Two satellites lost: Proton rocket launch fails to deliver | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-08-07 | publisher = [[RT]] }}</ref><ref name="reuters">{{Cite web | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/09/us-russia-space-idUSBRE8780OI20120809 | title = Medvedev says space failures cost Russia prestige and cash | accessdate = 2012-10-27 | date = 2012-08-09 | publisher = [[Reuters]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919012058/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/09/us-russia-space-idUSBRE8780OI20120809 |date=2012-09-19 }}</ref><ref name="kremlin">{{Cite web | url = http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/4344 | title = Working meeting with Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin and Director of the Federal Space Agency Vladimir Popovkin | accessdate = 2012-10-27 | date = 2012-08-31 | publisher = Kremlin.ru }}</ref><ref name="sattoday">{{Cite web | url = http://www.satellitetoday.com/twitter/39337.html | title = Russia Considering Roskosmos Transformation into State-Run Corporation | accessdate = 2012-10-27 | date = 2012-08-17 | publisher = Satellite Today }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[File:Putin, Rogozin, Popovkin august 2012.jpeg|thumb|right|Présidén Russia [[Vladimir Putin]] jeung [[Roscosmos]] pupuhu [[Vladimir Popovkin]] (katuhu) sarta [[Dmitry Rogozin]] (kénca) dina hiji pasamoan dina masalah dina industri luar jomantara, Agustus 2012]] Hiji panalungtikan dipigawé ku pupuhu [[Vladimir Popovkin]] sarta dipingpin ku O.P. Skorobogatov ti [[TsNIIMash]]. Dilaporkeun dina awal Agustus ku surat kabar Russia [[Kommersant]] yén kagagalan éta disababkeun ku kasalahan dina pipa bahan beuleum di Briz-M. Khrunichev Failure Review Oversight Board manggihan yén éta disababkeun ku komponén anu ruksak dina sistem tekanan hawa.<ref name="zarya-prot"/><ref name="ria">{{Cite web | url = http://en.rian.ru/science/20120809/175088676.html | title = Fuel Pipe to Blame for Proton Launch Failure - Source | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-08-09 | publisher = [[RIA Novosti]] }}</ref><ref name="khrunichev">{{Cite web | url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=783 | title = Failure Review Oversight Board (FROB) Concludes Investigation on Russian Federal Telkom-3/ Express MD-2 Failure | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-09-12 | publisher = Khrunichev | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140220095109/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=783 | archivedate = 2014-02-20 }}</ref><ref name="ruspaceweb">{{Cite web | url = http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton_telkom3.html | title = Telkom-3/Ekspress-MD2 launch failure | accessdate = 2012-10-15 | date = 2012-09-12 |last=Zak |first=Anatoly | publisher = Russian Space Web }}</ref> Dina tanggal 16 Oktober 2012, Briz-M ngajelegur jadi dalapan puluh siki.<ref name="zarya2">{{Cite web | url = http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=140 | title = SpaceTrack Data Points to Briz-M Explosion Date/Time | accessdate = 2012-10-27 | date = 2012-08-25 | publisher = zarya.info }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130218060337/http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=140 |date=2013-02-18 }}</ref> Diréktur Jenderal Khrunichev, Vladimir Nesterov, dieureunkeun ti jabatanna ku Présidén [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref name="khrunichev2">{{Cite web | url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 | title = On Khrunichev CEO | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-09-06 | publisher = Khrunichev }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}</ref> Proton-M mimiti deui pikeun paluncuran dina tanggal 14 Oktober, mawa [[Intelsat 23]]. Ieu geus ditunda ti Agustus alatan kagagalan paluncuran .<ref name="zarya-prot"/><ref name="spaceflight101">{{Cite web | url = http://www.spaceflight101.com/intelsat-23-launch-updates.html | title = Intelsat 23 on its Way to Orbit after successful Proton Launch | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-10-14 | publisher = spaceflight101 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212022602/http://www.spaceflight101.com/intelsat-23-launch-updates.html |date=2013-02-12 }}</ref> ==Référési== {{reflist}} {{reflist|colwidth=33em|refs= <ref name="zarya">{{Cite web | url = http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2012#044 | title = 2012-044 | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | year = 2012 | publisher = zarya.info }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623183324/http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2012#044 |date=2017-06-23 }}</ref> <ref name="gunter-tk3">{{Cite web | url = http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/telkom-3.htm | title = Telkom-3 | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | year = 2012 | publisher = Gunter's Space Page }}</ref> <ref name="LaunchLog">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|accessdate=14 October 2012}}</ref> <ref name="spacesafety">{{Cite web | url = http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2012/08/08/russian-satellite-launch-failure-eclipsed-mars-science-lab-success/ | title = Russian Satellite Launch Failure Leads to Proton Launch Suspension | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-08-08 | publisher = Space Safety Magazine }}</ref> <ref name="khrunichev">{{Cite web | url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=783 | title = Failure Review Oversight Board (FROB) Concludes Investigation on Russian Federal Telkom-3/ Express MD-2 Failure | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-09-12 | publisher = Khrunichev | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140220095109/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=783 | archivedate = 2014-02-20 }}</ref> <ref name="rt">{{Cite web | url = http://rt.com/news/proton-rocket-emergency-situation-024/ | title = Two satellites lost: Proton rocket launch fails to deliver | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-08-07 | publisher = [[RT]] }}</ref> <ref name="ria">{{Cite web | url = http://en.rian.ru/science/20120809/175088676.html | title = Fuel Pipe to Blame for Proton Launch Failure - Source | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-08-09 | publisher = [[RIA Novosti]] }}</ref> <ref name="ria2">{{Cite web | url = http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120809/175091738.html | title = Medvedev to Name & Shame Failed Satellite Launch Officials | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-08-09 | publisher = [[RIA Novosti]] }}</ref> <ref name="khrunichev2">{{Cite web | url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 | title = On Khrunichev CEO | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-09-06 | publisher = Khrunichev }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}</ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 | title = On Khrunichev CEO | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-09-06 | publisher = Khrunichev }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}</ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 | title = On Khrunichev CEO | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-09-06 | publisher = Khrunichev }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}</ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 | title = On Khrunichev CEO | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-09-06 | publisher = Khrunichev }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}</ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 | title = On Khrunichev CEO | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-09-06 | publisher = Khrunichev }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}</ref> <ref name="spaceflight101">{{Cite web | url = http://www.spaceflight101.com/intelsat-23-launch-updates.html | title = Intelsat 23 on its Way to Orbit after successful Proton Launch | accessdate = 2012-10-14 | date = 2012-10-14 | publisher = spaceflight101 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212022602/http://www.spaceflight101.com/intelsat-23-launch-updates.html |date=2013-02-12 }}</ref> <ref name="zarya-prot">{{Cite web | url = http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php | title = Proton Launch Failure 2012 Aug 6 | accessdate = 2012-10-15 | date = 2012-08-20 | publisher = zarya.info }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010150558/http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php |date=2012-10-10 }}</ref> <ref name="reshetnev">{{Cite web | url = http://www.iss-reshetnev.ru/?cid=news&nid=1542 | title = Работа со спутником TELKOM 3 на нерасчетной орбите | trans_title = Work with the satellite TELKOM-3 in an unplanned orbit | language=Russian | accessdate = 2012-10-15 | date = 2012-08-13 | publisher = Reshetnev }}</ref> <ref name="ruspaceweb">{{Cite web | url = http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton_telkom3.html | title = Telkom-3/Ekspress-MD2 launch failure | accessdate = 2012-10-15 | date = 2012-09-12 |last=Zak |first=Anatoly | publisher = Russian Space Web }}</ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton_telkom3.html | title = Telkom-3/Ekspress-MD2 launch failure | accessdate = 2012-10-15 | date = 2012-09-12 |last=Zak |first=Anatoly | publisher = Russian Space Web }}</ref> <ref name="McDowell">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt|title=Satellite Catalog|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|accessdate=30 April 2012}}</ref> <ref name="reuters">{{Cite web | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/09/us-russia-space-idUSBRE8780OI20120809 | title = Medvedev says space failures cost Russia prestige and cash | accessdate = 2012-10-27 | date = 2012-08-09 | publisher = [[Reuters]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919012058/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/09/us-russia-space-idUSBRE8780OI20120809 |date=2012-09-19 }}</ref> <ref name="kremlin">{{Cite web | url = http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/4344 | title = Working meeting with Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin and Director of the Federal Space Agency Vladimir Popovkin | accessdate = 2012-10-27 | date = 2012-08-31 | publisher = Kremlin.ru }}</ref> <ref name="space">{{Cite web | url = http://www.space.com/17155-russia-space-agency-rocket-failures.html | title = Russia's Prime Minister Wants Space Agency Overhaul By September | accessdate = 2012-10-27 | date = 2012-08-17 | publisher = Space.com }}</ref> <ref name="sattoday">{{Cite web | url = http://www.satellitetoday.com/twitter/39337.html | title = Russia Considering Roskosmos Transformation into State-Run Corporation | accessdate = 2012-10-27 | date = 2012-08-17 | publisher = Satellite Today }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="zarya2">{{Cite web | url = http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=140 | title = SpaceTrack Data Points to Briz-M Explosion Date/Time | accessdate = 2012-10-27 | date = 2012-08-25 | publisher = zarya.info }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130218060337/http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=140 |date=2013-02-18 }}</ref> }} {{Orbital launches in 2012}} {{Telkom Indonesia}} [[Kategori:2012 in spaceflight]] [[Kategori:Satellite launch failures]] [[Kategori:Spacecraft launched by Proton rockets]] kc9jch0o6fntlh7k6vbx3ztjt3kqzql 0 39226 731918 713033 2026-11-08T14:41:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Refimprove|date=June 2007}} [[File:Parabolic-antenna-SHF-updown.jpg|thumb|Hiji anteneu [[Parabolic Antenna|parabola]] 2.5 méter 2 arah pikeun ''[[satellite Internet access]]'' ]] '''VSAT''' (dina basa Inggris, mangrupa singgetan ti ''Very Small Aperture Terminal'') , nyaéta hiji [[satelit]] [[stasiun bumi]] dua arah atawa anteneu [[VSAT maritim]] stabil kalayan [[satellite dish|anteneu parabola]] anu leuwih leutik ti 3 méter. Lolobana diameter anteneu VSAT nyaéta ti 75&nbsp;cm nepi ka 1.2 m. ''C-band'' merlukeun anteneu anu leuwih badag, samentara ''Ku-band'' ngagunakeun anteneu anu leuwih leutik. Gancangna data biasana antara ti 56 kbit / detik nepi ka 4 Mbit / detik. VSAT ngaksés satelit di ''[[orbit geosynchronous]]'' pikeun ngariléy data ti stasiun bumi leutik ''remote'' (terminal) ka terminal lain (dina [[''mesh'' raramat|''mesh'']] ''topology'') atawa puseur stasiun bumi badag ''"Hubs"'' (dina ''topologi star''). VSAT anu pang mindeng dipaké pikeun ngirimkeun data ''[[narrowband]]'' transaksi ([[titik panjualan]] kawas kartu kiridit, ''polling data'' atawa [[Radio Frequency Identification|RFID]] atawa [[SCADA]]), atawa data ''[[broadband]]'' (pikeun penyediaan [[aksés internet satelit]] pikeun lokasi nyengceling, [[VoIP]] atawa vidio). VSAT ogé bisa dipaké sacara pundah-pindah, ''on-the-move'' (ngagunakeun anteneu ''[[phased array]])'' atawa komunikasi [[ocean|maritim]] usik. ==Sajarah== Konsép [[orbit geostationér]] asalna ti [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] saurang ahli téori Rusia, anu nulis artikel ngeunaan lalampahan rohang jomantara kira-kira mimiti abad Ka-20. Taun 1920, Hermann Oberth sarta Herman Potocnik, dipikawanoh ogé minangka Herman Noordung, ngécéskeun hiji orbit dina luhurna 35.900 kilométer hiji [[Orbital period|période]] anu cocog jeung période rotasi Bumi, ku kituna satelit katingali ngalayang di luhur tetep dina ekuator Bumi. .<ref>http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203021703/http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/ |date=2007-02-03 }}</ref> [[Arthur C. Clarke]] ilubiung dina pamahaman Satelit ngaliwatan hiji artikel anu dipedar di ''Wireless World'' bulan Oktober 1945 anu dijudulan ''"Extra-Terrestrial Relays: Can Rocket Stations Give World-wide Radio Coverage?"''. Dina artikel ieu, Clarke henteu ngan nangtukeun [[Orbital elements|karakteristik orbit]] anu diperlukeun pikeun orbit géostasionér, tapi ogé ngabahas frékuensi sarta daya anu diperlukeun pikeun komunikasi. Komunikasi Satelit dimekarkeun dina taun genep puluhan ku [[NASA]],<ref>http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_388.html</ref> ngaranna ''Syncom 1-3''. Manéhna mancarkeun liputan langsung [[1964 Summer Olympics|Olimpiade 1964]] di [[Jepang]] pikeun pemirsa di [[AS]] sarta [[Eropa]]. Sanggeus ti éta, dina tanggal 6 April 1965 satelit komérsial kahiji diapungkeun ka jomantara, ''Intelsat I'', katelahna ''Early Bird''.<ref>http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask-academy/issues/ask-oce/AO_1-7_SF_history.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629025241/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask-academy/issues/ask-oce/AO_1-7_SF_history.html |date=2011-06-29 }}</ref> VSAT Komérsial kahiji nyaéta ''C band'' (6&nbsp;GHz) sistem ngan ukur narima ku ''Equatorial Communications'' ngagunakeun téknologi ''[[spread spectrum]]''. Leuwih ti 30,000 sistim anténeu 60&nbsp;cm anu dijual dina awal taun 1980an. Saterusna ''Equatorial'' ngamekarkeun sitsim 2 arah ''C band'' (4/6&nbsp;GHz) ngagunakeun anténeu 1 m x 0.5 m sarta geus ngajual kira-kira 10.000 unit taun 1984-85. Taun 1985, ''[[Schlumberger]] Oilfield Research'' jeung ''Hughes Aerospace'' ngamekarkeun ''Ku band'' (12–14&nbsp;GHz) kahiji di dunya VSAT nyadiakeun konektivitas raramat portabel pikeun pengeboran lapangan minyak sarta unit éksplorasi. VSAT ''Ku Band'' lolobana lokasi ayeuna dipakéna pikeun data atawa aplikasi telepon. Raramat VSAT pangbadagna (leuwih ti 12.000 lokasi) dipaké ku ''Spacenet'' sarta ''MCI'' pikeun ''US Postal Service''. ==Konfigurasi== Most VSAT networks are configured in one of these [[network topology|topologies]]: * A [[star topology]], using a central uplink site, such as a [[network operations center]] (NOC), to transport data back and forth to éach VSAT terminal via satellite, * A [[mesh topology]], where éach VSAT terminal relays data via satellite to another terminal by acting as a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site, * A combination of both star and mesh topologies. Some VSAT networks are configured by having several centralized uplink sites (and VSAT terminals stemming from it) connected in a multi-star topology with éach star (and éach terminal in éach star) connected to éach other in a mesh topology. Others configured in only a single star topology sometimes will have éach terminal connected to éach other as well, resulting in éach terminal acting as a central hub. These configurations are utilized to minimize the overall cost of the network, and to alleviate the amount of data that has to be relayed through a central uplink site (or sites) of a star or multi-star network. ==Aplikasi Mangsa ka Hareup== Advances in technology have dramatically improved the price/performance equation of [[Fixed Service Satellite|FSS (Fixed Service Satellite)]] over the past five yéars. New VSAT systems are coming online using {{Ka band}} technology that promise higher data rates for lower costs. FSS systems currently in orbit have a huge capacity with a relatively low price structure. FSS systems provide various applications for subscribers, including: [[telephony]], [[fax]], [[television]], high speed [[data communication]] services, Internet access, Satellite News Gathering (SNG), [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]] (DAB) and others. These systems are applicable for providing various high-quality services because they créate efficient communication systems, both for residential and business users. ==Bagéan-bagéan Tina Konfigurasi Hiji VSAT== * [[Antenna (radio)|Antenna]] * [[Block upconverter]] (BUC) * [[Low-noise block downconverter]] (LNB) * [[Orthomode transducer]] (OMT) * Interfacility link cable (IFL) * [[Indoor unit]] (IDU) All the outdoor parts on the dish are collectively called the ODU (Outdoor Unit), i.e. OMT to split signal between BUC and LNB. The IDU is effectively a Modem, usually with ethernet port and 2 x F-connectors for the coax to BUC (Transmit) and from LNB (Receive). The Astra2Connect has an all-in-one OMT/BUC/LNA that looks like a QUAD LNB in shape and size which mounts on a regular TV sat mount. As a consequence it is only 500&nbsp;mW compared with the normal 2W, thus is poorer in rain. Skylogic's Tooway system also uses an integrated OMT/BUC/LNB assembly named TRIA (Transmit/Receive Integrated Assembly) which is 3W. == VSAT Maritim == Maritime VSAT is the use of satellite communication through a VSAT terminal on a ship at séa. Since a ship at séa moves with the water, the antenna needs to be stabilized with reference to the horizon and True North. The antenna is constantly pointing at the satellite it uses to transmit and receive signals. === Téhnolohi === Initially the use of VSAT antennas at séa was for transmission of television signals. One of the first companies to manufacture stabilized VSAT antennas was [http://www.seatel.com/ SeaTel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711131149/http://www.seatel.com/ |date=2016-07-11 }} of Concord, California which launched their first stabilized antenna in 1978. Séa Tel dominates the supply of two-way VSAT stabilised antenna systems to the marine market with almost 72 percent of the market in 2007 compared with [http://www.orbit-cs.com/ Orbit’s] 17.6 per cent.<ref name="The Comsys Maritime VSAT Report">[http://www.comsys.co.uk/vm1e_mn.htm The Comsys Maritime VSAT Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523033524/http://www.comsys.co.uk/vm1e_mn.htm |date=2010-05-23 }}</ref> Initially maritime VSAT was using Single Channel Per Carrier - SCPC technology - which suited large volume users like oil drilling rigs and oil platforms and large fleets of ships from one shipowner sailing within one or few satellite footprints. This changed when the company [[iDirect]] launched its IP-based Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology that dynamically allocated bandwidth to éach ship for shared bandwidth, lowering the entry level cost for getting maritime VSAT installed, which turned out to be of key importance to small-to mid-sized fleets, and thus to the market acceptance of VSAT. ===Pasar=== According to the Maritime VSAT report <ref name="The Comsys Maritime VSAT Report"/> issued by the [http://www.comsys.co.uk/ Comsys Group] their reséarch shows that stabilised maritime VSAT services (not including oil & gas rigs) réached more than $400 million in 2007. In 2010 the COMSYS group reléased the "2nd Maritime VSAT Report" where the market estimate had incréased to $590 million in 2009 with predictions for 2010 at $850 m. The estimated size of the market in terms of vessels eligible to get VSAT was in this report set to in excess of 42.000 with just over 34.000 to go. The major companies market share in terms of number of vessels in service were in 2009 (2007 in parenthesis) according to these reports: [http://www.vizada.com/ Vizada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227154333/http://www.vizada.com/ |date=2013-02-27 }}: 17,6% (26.0%), [http://www.ship-equip.com/ Ship Equip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208133116/http://www.ship-equip.com/ |date=2016-02-08 }}: 11.0% (10.7%), [http://www.caprock.com/ Cap Rock] 2.8% (2.9%), [http://www.mtn.com/ MTN] 7.5% (6.4%), [http://www.stratosglobal.com/ Stratos] - % (3.6%), [http://www.kvh.com/ KVH] 5.4% (- %) [http://www.elektrikom.com/ Elektrikom] 4.9% (3.2%), [http://www.intelsat.com/ Intelsat] 3.4% (- %), Eutelsat 3.1%, NSSL 3.1%, Radio Holland 3.0%, Telemar 3.0%, DTS 2.6% and others accounted for 32.6% (27.7%). Many of the major providers have branded their maritime VSAT offering such that Vizada offers its service through the [http://www.marlink.com/ Marlink division] and the SéaLink and WaveCall products, [http://www.omniaccess.com/ OmniAccess] through their BroadBéaM<ref>[http://www.satnews.com/cgi-bin/story.cgi?number=205261551 / Sat Magazine, January 2011]</ref> products and [http://www.ship-equip.com/ Ship Equip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208133116/http://www.ship-equip.com/ |date=2016-02-08 }} calls its offering [[Sevsat]].<ref>[http://www.satmagazine.com/cgi-bin/display_article.cgi?number=606155997 / Sat Magazine, December 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324065212/http://www.satmagazine.com/cgi-bin/display_article.cgi?number=606155997 |date=2012-03-24 }}</ref> ==Palatihan== modérn VSAT systems are a prime example of convergence, and hence require skills from both the [[Radio frequency|RF]] and [[Internet Protocol|IP]] domains. VSAT specific training includes: * [[ITC Global Career Certifications|ITC Global VSAT Career Certifications]] * [http://www.gvf.org/training Global VSAT Forum VSAT Installer Certification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120074933/http://www.gvf.org/training/ |date=2015-01-20 }} ==Référénsi== {{Reflist}} ==Tumbu Kaluar== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130112083201/http://www.vsat.us.com/VSAT_Satellite_Basics_Guide.htm About VSAT - Satellite Basics Guide] *[http://www.marinevsat.ru/ All about Maritime VSAT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113053412/http://www.marinevsat.ru/ |date=2013-01-13 }} {{ref-ru}} *[http://www.bcsatellite.net/vsat/ Enterprise VSAT Networking] *[http://www.globalip.eu/ VSAT Solutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121233848/http://www.globalip.eu/ |date=2013-01-21 }} *[http://www.itcglobal.net.au/papers/2007May15.pdf The Role of Satellite Comms in Remote Area Mining Operations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521041241/http://www.itcglobal.net.au/papers/2007May15.pdf |date=2013-05-21 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121112184850/https://itunes.apple.com/es/app/isatapp/id406009646?mt=8 Tool to point VSAT antennas] {{Satcomm|state=uncollapsed}} {{Telecommunications}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Very-small-aperture terminal}} [[Kategori:Telecommunications equipment]] [[Kategori:Satellite Internet]] [[Kategori:Satellite ground stations]] 474dwsdrysm9up0hxaaz3nslaqqtifq 0 39290 731864 712135 2026-11-08T12:38:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox Company | company_name = Spoon Sports Co., Ltd. | company_logo = [[Image:Spoonlogo.png|100px]] | company_type = [[Public company|Public]] | foundation = 1988 | location = [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] | key_people = [[Ichishima Tatsuru]]| industry = [[Automobile tuning & parts manufacturer]]| products = Automobile racing products | homepage = [http://www.spoon.jp/ www.spoon.jp] }} '''Spoon Sports''' nyaéta hiji pausahaan [[Jepang]] anu diadegkeun taun 1988. . Ieu téh [[Car tuning|tuner]] mesin sarta produsén suku cadang anu ngahususkeun diri dina mobil anu dijieun ku [[Honda]]. Konsép maranéhanana nyaéta pikeun nyiptakeun mobil anu nyadiakeun " téknologi total " sarta " kanyamanan nyata ". Logo pausahaan Spoon Sports nyaéta kaulinan kecap dina ngaran Ichishima. Ngaran kahiji Ichishima nyaéta Tatsuru, sarta ngaran Jepang pikeun manuk bango nyaéta Tsuru, mangka logo manuk bango. "Ngaran pausahaan Spoon asalna ti kubu anu teu kaéléhkeun ti hiji tikungan di [[Sirkuit Suzuka]] taun katukang." <!--(from the Spoon Sports catalog)--> <!--[[Image:Wall display.JPG|thumb|left|Spoon Products]]--> Pausahaan nyetél ''(tuner)'' sarta balap mobil Honda disagala rupa balapan katahanan, sarta, sajaba ti éta ngajual bagian ''aftermarket'' pikeun panggemar otomotif. '''Spoon Sports''' loba nyadiakeun bagian ''aftermarket'' pikeun mobil Honda. Ieu kaasup ''powertrain, suspensi'', bagian-aero, kikiping, ''drivetrain'', sistem pangeréman, sistem pendingin, jeung sajabana. Some of the races Spoon has competed in include: *[[Super GT|All Japan GT Championship]] *[[Tsukuba Circuit|Tsukuba]] 9 Hours Endurance Race *[[24 Hours Nürburgring]] *25 Hours of [[Thunderhill Park|Thunderhill]] *USTCC (United States Touring Car Championship) ==Sajarah Pausahaan== Pangadegna, Ichishima Tatsuru awalna saurang tukang balap. Jadi sarua kawas Honda sorangan, getih balap ngancik dina Spoon Sport. Mobil munggaran anu dipaké balap Ichishima nyaéta [[Honda Civic]]. Spoon diadegkeun pikeun ngahususkeun diri dina nyetél mesin Honda di Takaido, [[Suginami, Tokyo]] sapanjag jalan raya Kōshū Kaidō. Dina taun 1988, Spoon mitembeyan mekarkeun imah computer balap pikeun dipaké dina mobil Honda. Spoon ngadésain sarta ngawangun kadua komponén mayor sarta minor pikeun mesin Honda pikeun dipaké dina mobil balap Spoon Sports sarta pikeun dijual kamasarakat umum. Dina taun 1996, Spoon mimitian ngajual rakitan [[Honda B engine]] kalayan présisi Spoon sarta nyitak ''blueprints'' pikeun ngajamin kinerja anu optimal salila balap katahanan. Saprak harita, Spoon Sports geus ngahanca pikeun nyampurnakeun mesin Honda séjénna kawas K20A ti Civic / Integra sarta L15A ti Honda Fit / Jazz. <!--[[Image:Spoon Sports.JPG|thumb|left|Spoon Entrance]]--> Dina taun 1997, Spoon pindah ka gedong anyar di Ogikubo, Suginami. Maranéhanana ogé mimitian nyadiakeun "Kuliah Mesin" minangka bagéan ti program layanan ka langganan maranéhanana. [[Image:Type-ONE.JPG|thumb|The Type-ONE shop]] Dina taun 2001, Spoonmuka "Speed Shop Type-One" dipeuntas jalan ti markas Spoon. Toko ieu ngahususkeun diri dina modifikasi Honda "Type-R" sarta mobil séjénna anu orientasina kinerja Honda anu ngawengku Civic Type-R, [[Honda Integra#Type R|Integra Type-R]], [[Honda Type R#Accord Euro R|Accord Euro-R]] and [[Honda NSX|NSX-R]]. However, Tapi, Spoon ogé geus ngamodifikasi mobil non-R kawas [[Civic SiR]], [[Honda S2000]], [[Honda Legend]] sarta Honda Fit/Jazz. Vérsi balap ti S2000 taun 2001 sarta Honda Fit taun 2003 (duanana Spoon biru-konéng) anu dipidangkeun di [[Gran Turismo 4]]. Type-One nyaéta visi Ichishima ngeunaan kumaha Spoon Sports kudu jadi agén. Sarta visi éta téh tawaran "mobil disetél pepek, lain ngan bagian suku cadang individu tanpa tinimbangan naha maranéhanana baris digawé dina harmoni atawa ngan ngaréwong anu séjén. "Ogé, Ichishima hayang nyieun tokona ieu dipikawanoh henteu ngan pikeun ngajual baian-bagian, tapi pikeun nyadiakeun langganan sarta pangabisa instalasi Type-One sarta pangabisa ti produk Spoon.. ==Tumbu kaluar== *[http://www.spoon.jp/ Spoon Sports Official Site] *[http://www.typeone.jp/ TYPE ONE Spoon's Original Tuning Shop Official Site ] *[http://spoonsportseurope.net/ Spoon Sports Official Distributor of UK Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329235900/http://www.spoonsportseurope.net/ |date=2013-03-29 }} *[http://www.aj-racing.com/ Spoon Sports Official Distributor of Canada] *[http://www.gotuning.com/ Spoon Sports Official Distributor of U.S.A.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217000250/http://gotuning.com/ |date=2013-02-17 }} *[http://www.man-autoparts.com/ Spoon Sports Official Distributor of Hong Kong ・China・Macau] *[http://asia.vtec.net/article/Spoon1/ Temple of VTEC ASIA visits Spoon Sports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204162818/http://asia.vtec.net/article/Spoon1/ |date=2012-02-04 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130409010014/http://proconcept.com.au/ Spoon Sports Official Distributor of Australia - Proconcept, Sydney, Australia] {{Automotive industry in Japan}} [[Kategori:Auto parts suppliers]] [[Kategori:Automotive companies of Japan]] [[Kategori:Companies established in 1988]] [[Kategori:Automotive motorsports and performance companies]] qgegf1exzkxggccxxkugzrjdzn1lrt4 0 42530 731875 681184 2026-11-08T13:08:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} '''Surya Dharma Paloh''' (ngaranna leuwih dipikawanoh minangka '''Surya Paloh'''; {{lahirmati|[[Kutaraja]], [[Banda Acéh]]|16|7|1951||||}}<ref name="hiji">profil.<!--ok-->merdeka<!--ok-->.<!--ok-->com. 2014. ''Surya Paloh''. Jakarta: [http://profil.merdeka.com/Indonesia/s/surya-paloh/ Index Profil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218055202/http://profil.merdeka.com/indonesia/s/surya-paloh/ |date=2015-02-18 }}.</ref>) nyaéta saurang [[pulitik]]us ogé pangusaha ''[[pers]]'' sakaligus nu boga [[stasiun]] [[tipi]] [[Métro TV]].<ref name="hiji"/> Surya Paloh ogé nu boga ''surat kabar'' [[Média Indonésia]] jeung [[Lampung Post]] anu kagabung dina [[Média Group]].<ref name="hiji"/> Anjeunna ogé mangrupakeun salah sahiji oligarki anu ngadukung [[Anies Baswédan|Anies Baswedan]]. Anjeunna nikah jeung [[Rosita Barack]] taun [[1984]] di [[Jakarta]] anu saterusna dipaparin anak nu ngaranna [[Prananda]] nu gumelar di [[Singapura]] taun [[1988]].<ref name="hiji"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sindonews.com/topic/46548/surya-paloh|title=Berita Surya Paloh Terkini dan Terbaru Hari Ini - SINDOnews|website=SINDOnews.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2023-09-29}}</ref> ==Atikan== *Taun [[1958]]-[[1963]]: [[Sakola Dasar Negeri]] [[Serbelawan]], [[Simalungun]]<ref name="dua">http://www.<!--ok-->tokohindonesia<!--ok-->.<!--ok-->com. 2014. ''Pembawa Suara Masa Depan''. Indonesia: [http://www.tokohIndonésia.com/biografi/article/285-ensiklopedi/315-pembawa-suara-masa-depan Tokoh Indonesia]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> *Taun [[1964]]-[[1966]]: [[Sakola Menengah Munggaran Negeri]] [[Serbelawan]], [[Simalungun]]<ref name="dua"/> *Taun [[1967]]-[[1969]]: [[Sakola Menengah Luhur Negeri]] [[7]] [[Médan]]<ref name="dua"/> *Taun [[1970]]-[[1972]]: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sumatera Kalér (USU) [[Médan]]<ref name="dua"/> *Taun 1972-1975: Ngaréngsékeun Atikan di Fakultas Élmu Sosial jeung Élmu Pulitik di Universitas Islam Sumatera Kalér (UISU), [[Médan]]<ref name="dua"/> ==Karir== Di dunya [[pulitik]], Surya Paloh kungsi jadi Pupuhu Déwan Panaséhat [[Partéy Golongan Karya]] anu tuluy ngadegkeun [[Nasional Demokrat]] bareng jeung [[Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X]], ogé Surya Paloh nu jadi Pupuhu Déwan Pembina [[Organisasi Masarakat]] [[Nasional Démokrat]].<ref name="hiji"/> Ti keur diuk di [[bangku]] [[sakola]] Surya Paloh geus icikibung dina dunya [[bisnis]] ku meulian [[bahan]]-[[bahan]] kabutuhan masarakat ti dua sobat guru [[bisnis]]na anu saterusna dijual deui ku Surya Paloh téh.<ref name="hiji"/> Anjeunna ngadegkeun parusahaan [[karoséri]] jeung jadi agén [[jual beuli]] [[mobil]] ogé di [[Médan]].<ref name="hiji"/> Dina mangsa [[kuliah]] Surya Paloh gabung dina organisasi massa jeung jadi salah sahiji pamingpin [[Kasatuan Aksi Pamuda Pelajar Indonésia]] (KAPPI).<ref name="hiji"/> Taun 1978, sanggus KAPPI bubar, Surya Paloh jeung barudak anggota [[ABRI]] ngadegkeun Organisasi Putra-Putri ABRI.<ref name="hiji"/> Surya Paloh jadi pamingpin bagéan [[Sumatera Kalér]]. Saterusna, organisasi ieu dipikawanoh minangka [[Forum Komunikasi Putra-Putri Purnawirawan Indonésia]] ([[FKPPI]]).<ref name="hiji"/> ===Pakasaban=== *1968: Manajer Travel Biro Seulawah, Air Service, [[Médan]]<ref name="dua"/> *1972-1975: Pingpinan 'Wisma Pariwisata', [[Médan]]<ref name="dua"/> *1973: présidén Diréktur PT Ika Diesel Bros [[Médan]]<ref name="dua"/> *1975: Kuasa Diréksi Hotel Ika Daroy, [[Banda Acéh]]<ref name="dua"/> *1975: Présidén Direktur PT Ika Mataram Coy, [[Jakarta]]<ref name="dua"/> *1976-1977: Diréktur Link Up Coy, [[Singapura]]<ref name="dua"/> *1979-Ayeuna: Présidén Diréktur PT Indocater, [[Jakarta]]<ref name="dua"/> *1985-1986: Pingpinan Umum Harian Pagi Prioritas, [[Jakarta]]<ref name="dua"/> *1988-Ayeuna: Diréktur Utama PT Citra Media Nusa Purnama, [[Jakarta]]<ref name="dua"/> *1989-1991: Diréktur Utama PT Vista Yama<ref name="dua"/> *1989-Ayeuna: Diréktur Utama PT Surya Perindo<ref name="dua"/> *1989-Ayeuna: Komisaris PT Pusaka Marmer Indah Raya<ref name="dua"/> *1989-1994: Diréktur Utama PT Mimbar Umum<ref name="dua"/> *1989-1994: Komisaris Utama PT Galamedia Bandung Perkasa<ref name="dua"/> *1989-1999: Diréktur Utama PT Karya Banjar Sejahtera<ref name="dua"/> *1989-Ayeuna: Panyekel Saham PT Masa Kini Mandiri<ref name="dua"/> *1989-1991: Diréktur Utama PT Citra Bumi Sumatera<ref name="dua"/> *1990-Ayeuna: Komisaris PT Bakti Citra Daya<ref name="dua"/> *1990-Ayeuna: Diréksi PT Sekotong Indah Persada<ref name="dua"/> *1990-Ayeuna: Komisaris Utama PT Vista Yama<ref name="dua"/> *1991-1994: Komisaris Utama PT Citra Masa Kini<ref name="dua"/> *1991-Ayeuna: Pamilik PT Grahasari Surayajaya<ref name="dua"/> *1991-Ayeuna: Komisaris PT Citragraha Nugratama<ref name="dua"/> *1991-1994: Komisaris Utama PT Citra Bumi Sumatera<ref name="dua"/> *1991-1994: Diréktur Utama PT Karya Mapulus<ref name="dua"/> *1992-1993: Diréktur Utama PT Atjjeh Post<ref name="dua"/> *1992-1995: Komisaris Utama PT Detik Bangun Media Prestasi<ref name="dua"/> *1992-Ayeuna: Pamingpin Umum Harian Umum Media Indonésia<ref name="dua"/> *1994-Ayeuna: Diréksi PT Citra Nusa Persada<ref name="dua"/> *1994-Ayeuna: Pamilik Sheraton Media Hotel & Towers<ref name="dua"/> *1994-1998: Komisaris Utama PT TVM Indonésia<ref name="dua"/> *1995-Ayeuna: Komisaris Utama PT Inti Marmer Indah Raya<ref name="dua"/> *1995-Ayeuna: Komisaris PT Satria Chandra Plastikindo<ref name="dua"/> *1995-Ayeuna: Pamilik Papandayan Hotel<ref name="dua"/> *1999-Ayeuna: Pamilik Bali Intercontinental Hotel<ref name="dua"/> *1999-Ayeuna: Diréktur Utama PT Média Televisi Indonésia ([[Métro TV]]) ===Organisasi=== *1964: Pupuhu Umum GPP (Gerakan Pamuda Pancasila) [[Dolok Batunanggar]], [[Simalungun]], [[Sumatera Kalér]]<ref name="dua"/> *1966-1968: Pupuhu Presidium KAPPI [[Dolok Batunanggar]], [[Simalungun]]<ref name="dua"/> *1968-1970: Pupuhu Presidium KAPPI, Médan, [[Sumatera Kalér]]<ref name="dua"/> *1968: Pangadeg Persatuan Putra Putri ABRI, [[Médan]], [[Sumatera Kalér]] (PP ABRI)<ref name="dua"/> *1968-1974: Pupuhu Umum Persatuan Putra Putri ABRI [[Médan]], [[Sumatera Kalér]] (PPABRI) <ref name="dua"/> *1969-1972: Pupuhu Ko PPMG (Koordinator Pamuda Pelajar Mahasiswa Golkar) [[Golkar]], [[Médan]], [[Sumatera Kalér]]<ref name="dua"/> *1974-1977: Pupuhu Umum BPD Hipmi [[Sumatera Kalér]], [[Médan]]<ref name="dua"/> *1977-1979: Pupuhu BP Hipmi Pusat, [[Jakarta]]<ref name="dua"/> *1978: Pangadeg FKPPI<ref name="dua"/> *1979-1981: Pupuhu Umum PP-FKPPI<ref name="dua"/> *1981-1983: Pupuhu Umum PP-FKPPI<ref name="dua"/> *1982-1984: Anggota Déwan Perimbangan DPP Pepabri<ref name="dua"/> *1984-1989: Pupuhu DPP AMPI<ref name="dua"/> *1984-1987: Pupuhu Déwan Pertimbangan PP-FKPPI<ref name="dua"/> *1984-1987: Pupuhu Déwan Kehormatan BPP Hipmi<ref name="dua"/> *1989-Ayeuna: Anggota Déwan Pembina DPP AMPI<ref name="dua"/> *1998-Ayeuna: Pangurus PB Gabsi<ref name="dua"/> *1999-Ayeuna: Anggota Déwan Pers<ref name="dua"/> *1999-Ayeuna: Pupuhu SPS Puseur<ref name="dua"/> ===Legislatif=== *1971: Calon anggota DPRD Tk II Médan dari Golkar<ref name="dua"/> *1972-1982: anggota MPR-RI<ref name="dua"/> *1982-1987:anggota [[MPR RI]]<ref name="dua"/> *1987: Calon anggota MPR/DPR-RI ti Golkar<ref name="dua"/> ===Panghargaan=== *Panghargaan minangka Warga [[Tatar Sunda]] ti Sesepuh [[Sunda]] dina [[Festival Budaya Tatar Sunda]] di [[Alam Santosa]], [[Kabupatén Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]]<ref name="hiji"/> *Anggota kahormatan paguron pencak silat Merpati Putih.<ref name="hiji"/> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Inohong ti Banda Acéh]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Inohong Partéy Golongan Karya]] [[Kategori:Inohong Partéy Nasional Démokrat]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara]] gv5p0ozuqqpqw28093zxm5073lu36pk 0 44662 731922 660263 2026-11-08T14:46:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:Kucing sindangjaya (10).jpg|thumb|Ucing salaku sato vivivar]] '''Vivipar''' nyaéta prosés réproduksi [[sato]] ku cara ngalahirkeun atawa anakan.{{fact}} Vivipar mangrupa [[kecap sipat]] anu dipaké pikeun ngagambarkeun [[sato]] nu lahir ti hiji [[indung]].<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://www.infolengkap.net/2015/01/pengertian-hewan-ovipar-vivipar-ovovivipar.html Pengertian Hewan Vivivar, ovovivivar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018111756/http://www.infolengkap.net/2015/01/pengertian-hewan-ovipar-vivipar-ovovivipar.html |date=2015-10-18 }} diakses 14 Juli 2015</ref> [[Sato]] vivipar téh geus dipiara dina jero awak hiji indung, salila lumangsung tumuwuhna [[émbrio]].<ref name="hiji" /> Sakabéh sarat keur émbrio anu geus mekar saperti [[nutrisi]], tempat [[hirup]], jeung panyalindungan disadiakeun ti [[indung]].<ref name="hiji" /> Ieu bakal jadi penting keur nétélakeun yén limbah nu dihasilkeun tina prosés biologis tina embrio nu keur mekar geus dihasilkeun dina [[rahim]] indung.{{fact}} [[Janin]] internal dibuahan tumuwuh jadi [[émbrio]] sarta ahirna jadi [[anak]] anu karak lahir ngaliwatan prosés ngalahirkeun/ngajuru (''viviparity'').<ref name="hiji" /> ==Ciri-ciri== #Janin tumuwuh di jero [[kandungan]] indungna (mangsa kahamilan).<ref name="dua">{{id}}[http://matakristal.com/hewan-melahirkan-vivipar/ Sato Vivivar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404023049/http://matakristal.com/hewan-melahirkan-vivipar/ |date=2015-04-04 }} diakses 14 Juli 2015</ref> #Janin meunang dahareun ti indungna ngaliwatan tali [[ari-ari]] atawa plasénta.<ref name="dua" /> #Tumuwuhna [[fétus]] rélatif laun.<ref name="dua" /> #Wangun anak anu lahir sarua jeung wangun indungna.<ref name="dua" /> #Ngabogaan liang ceuli.<ref name="dua" /> #Indungna ngabogaan [[kelenjar susu]], sangkan bisa nyusuan nakna.<ref name="dua" /> Sato anu nyusuan anakna disebut [[mamalia]].<ref name="dua" /> Conto sato ngalahirkeun nyaéta [[embé]], [[gajah]], [[ucing]], [[singa]], [[beurit]], [[kebo]], [[kalong]], [[sapi]], [[kuda]], [[biruang]], [[paus]], [[lumba-lumba]], jeung sajabana.<ref name="dua" /> ==Tingali ogé== *[[:kategori:mamalia]] ==Referensi== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Réproduksi sato]] fomwq31kqyrq3uae6feyshb6qhens5b 4 45541 732009 731485 2026-11-09T10:33:51Z MediaWiki message delivery 11074 /* Tech News: 2026-46 */ bagean anyar 732009 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Hider kaca sawala|start=120|1=Téknisl|2=Kaca sawala bagian '''téknis''' digunakeun pikeun nyawalakeun hal-hal téknis ngeunaan '''Wikipedia'''. Laporan ''bug'' sarta pamundut fitur mah kuduna di [[mw:Phabricator|Pabrikator]] (ilikan [[mw:How to report a bug|cara ngalaporkeun ''bug'']]). ''Bug'' anu ngakibatkeun [[web application security|kaancamna kaamanan]] mah béda deui tempat ngalaporkeunna (ilikan [[mw:Reporting security bugs|cara ngalaporkeun ''bug'']]). <!-- All of the text for this top section is found at template:Villagepumppages --> Mun anyar jabung ka sawala téknis mah alusna maca heula [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Before posting|panduan]] utamana pikeun nulis di dieu. Patanyaan ngeunaan [[MediaWiki]] nu umum kuduna di [[mw:Project:Support desk|tempat dukungan MediaWiki]]. |3=WP:ST|4=WP:STÉK}}<!-- -->__NEWSECTIONLINK__<!-- -->[[<!-- OK -->Category:Sawala Wikipedia]] __TOC__ <span id="below_toc"></span> {{clear}} <!-- TULISNA HANDAPEUN KALIMAH IEU --></noinclude> == VisualEditor News #1—2015 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|300px|right|frameless|alt=VisualEditor]] Since the last newsletter, the [[mw:VisualEditor|Editing Team]] has fixed many bugs and worked on VisualEditor's appéarance, the coming Citoid reference service, and support for languages with complex input requirements. Status reports are posted [[mw:VisualEditor/status|on mediawiki.org]]. Upcoming plans are posted at the [[mw:VisualEditor/Roadmap|VisualEditor roadmap]]. The Wikimedia Foundation has named [[:mw:Wikimedia_Engineering/2014-15_Goals#Top_departmental_priorities_for_Q3_.28January-March_2015.29|its top priorities for this quarter]] (January to March). The first priority is making VisualEditor réady for deployment by default to all new users and logged-out users at the remaining large Wikipedias. You can help identify these requirements. <mark>There will be weekly '''triage meetings '''which''' will be open to volunteers''' beginning Wednesday, 11 February 2015 at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20150211T12&p1=224&ah=1 12:00 (noon) PST] (20:00 UTC). </mark> Tell Vice présidént of Engineering [[:foundation:User:Damon_Sicore_(WMF)|Damon Sicore]], Product Manager [[:mw:User:Jdforrester_(WMF)|James Forrester]] and other téam members which bugs and féatures are most important to you. The decisions made at these meetings will determine what work is necessary for this quarter's goal of making VisualEditor réady for deployment to new users. The presence of volunteers who enjoy contributing MediaWiki code is particularly appreciated. Information about how to join the meeting will be posted at [[:mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Portal|mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Portal]] shortly before the meeting begins. Due to some bréaking changes in MobileFrontend and VisualEditor, VisualEditor was not working correctly on the mobile site for a couple of days in éarly January. The téams apologize for the problem. === Recent improvements === The''' new design for VisualEditor''' aligns with MediaWiki's [[mw:Frontend standards group|Front-End Standards]] as led by the Design téam. Several new versions of the [[mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]] library have also been reléased, and these also affect the appéarance of VisualEditor and other MediaWiki software extensions. Most changes were minor, like changing the text size and the amount of white space in some windows. Buttons are consistently color-coded to indicate whether the action: * starts a new task, like opening the {{int:visualeditor-toolbar-savedialog}} dialog: <span style="background-color: #015ccc; color:white"> blue </span>, * takes a constructive action, like inserting a citation: <span style="background-color: #008c6d; color:white"> green </span>, * might remove or lose your work, like removing a link: <span style="background-color: #a7170f; color:white"> red </span>, or * is neutral, like opening a link in a new browser window: <span style="color: 757575"> gray </span>. The '''TemplateData editor''' has been completely re-written to use a different design based on the same OOjs UI system as VisualEditor. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67815 T67815], [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73746 T73746].) This change fixed a couple of existing bugs and improved usability. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73077 T73077], [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73078 T73078].) '''Séarch and replace''' in long documents is now faster. It does not highlight every occurrence if there are more than 100 on-screen at once.([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T78234 T78234].) Editors at the Hebrew and Russian Wikipedia requested the ability to use VisualEditor in the "Article Incubator" or drafts namespace. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T86688 T86688], [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T87027 T87027].) If your community would like '''VisualEditor enabled on another namespace''' on your wiki, then you can file a request in Phabricator. Pléase include a link to a community discussion about the requested change. === Looking ahead === The Editing téam will soon add '''auto-fill féatures''' '''for citations'''. The '''[[mw:Citoid|Citoid service]]''' takes a [[w:URL|URL]] or [[w:en: Digital object identifier|DOI]] for a reliable source, and returns a pre-filled, pre-formatted bibliographic citation. After créating it, you will be able to change or add information to the citation, in the same way that you edit any other pre-existing citation in VisualEditor. Support for ISBNs, PMIDs, and other identifiers is planned. Later, editors will be able to contribute to the Citoid service's definitions for éach website, to improve precision and reduce the need for manual corrections. We will need editors to help test the '''new design of the special character inserter''', especially if you spéak Welsh, Breton, or another language that uses diacritics or special characters extensively. The new version should be available for testing next week. Pléase contact [[:en:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]] if you would like to be notified when the new version is available. After the special character tool is completed, VisualEditor will be deployed to all users at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Rollouts|Phase 5 Wikipedias]]. This will affect about 50 mid-size and smaller Wikipedias, including '''Afrikaans, Azerbaijani, Breton, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Mongolian, Tatar, and Welsh'''. The date for this change has not been determined. === Let's work together === *Share your idéas and ask questions at [[mw:VisualEditor/Feedback|mw:VisualEditor/Feedback]]. *Pléase help [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AVisualEditor%2FUser+guide&language=&action=page&filter= complete translations of the user guide] for users who spéak your language. *Join the weekly bug triage meetings beginning Wednesday, 11 February 2015 at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20150211T12&p1=224&ah=1 12:00 (noon) PST] (20:00 UTC); information about how to join the meeting will be posted at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Portal]] shortly before the meeting begins, and you can also contact [[mw:User:Jdforrester (WMF)|James F.]] to léarn more about this initiative. *Talk to the Editing téam during the [[:m:IRC office hours|office hours]] via [[:en:IRC|IRC]]. The next session is on Thursday, 19 February 2015 at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=19&month=2&year=2015 19:00 UTC]. *Subscribe or unsubscribe at [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Meta]]. If you would like to help with translations of this newsletter, pléase subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is réady. Thank you! — <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]]</span> </div> 5 Pébruari 2015 18.30 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=10839689 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (March 2015) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this into your local language.'' Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|150px|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for, free, full-access accounts to published reséarch as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and reséarch materials from: *[[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]] — humanities and social science books and journals *[[w:en:Wikipedia:DynaMed|DynaMed]] — clinical reference tool for medical topics *[[w:en:Wikipedia:Royal Pharmaceutical Society|Royal Pharmaceutical Society]] — pharmaceutical information and practice resources *[[w:en:Wikipedia:Women_Writers_Online|Women Writers Online]] — a digital humanities database focused on women's literature *[[w:en:Wikipedia:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]] — American newspapers database w/ Open Access opportunities (expansion of accounts) Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[w:en:WP:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|our partners page]]. Do better reséarch and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 2 Maret 2015 21.14 (UTC) :''Help us coordinate Wikipedia Library's distribution of accounts, communication of access opportunities and more! Please join our team at [[w:en:Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/Signup|our new coordinator page]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sadads@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=10785744 --> == Inspire Campaign: Improving diversity, improving content == This March, we’re organizing an Inspire Campaign to encourage and support new idéas for improving gender diversity on Wikimedia projects. Less than 20% of Wikimedia contributors are women, and many important topics are still missing in our content. We invite all Wikimedians to participate. If you have an idéa that could help address this problem, pléase get involved today! The campaign runs until March 31. All proposals are welcome - reséarch projects, technical solutions, community organizing and outréach initiatives, or something completely new! Funding is available from the Wikimedia Foundation for projects that need financial support. Constructive, positive feedback on idéas is appreciated, and collaboration is encouraged - your skills and experience may help bring soméone else’s project to life. Join us at the Inspire Campaign and help this project better represent the world’s knowledge! :*[[:m:Grants:IdeaLab/Inspire|Inspire Campaign main page]] ''(Sorry for the English - please translate this message!)'' [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 4 Maret 2015 20.01 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:PEarley (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:PEarley_(WMF)/Inspire_Mass_Message&oldid=11457822 --> == VisualEditor News #2—2015 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="margin:0.5em;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}border:1px solid #AAA;padding:0.5em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200x70px|center|alt=VisualEditor]] '''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> With [[:mw:Citoid|Citoid]] in VisualEditor, you click the 'book with bookmark' icon and paste in the URL for a reliable source: [[File:Citoid in VisualEditor Screen Shot 2015-04-02.png|alt=Screenshot of Citoid's first dialog|centre|frameless|230x230px]] Citoid looks up the source for you and returns the citation results. Click the green "Insert" button to accept its results and add them to the article: [[File:Citoid results in VisualEditor Screen Shot 2015-04-02.png|alt=Screenshot of Citoid's initial results|centre|frameless|230x230px]] After inserting the citation, you can change it. Select the reference, and click the "Edit" button in the context menu to maké changes. [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|The user guide]] has more information about how to use VisualEditor. </div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:VisualEditor|Editing Team]] has fixed many bugs and worked on VisualEditor's performance, the [[:mw:Citoid|Citoid]] reference service, and support for languages with complex input requirements. Status reports are posted [[:mw:VisualEditor/changelog|on Mediawiki.org]]. The worklist for April through June is available [[phab:project/sprint/board/1113/|in Phabricator]]. The weekly '''task triage meetings''' continue to be open to volunteers, éach Wednesday at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20150401T11&p1=224&am=30 11:00 (noon) PDT] (18:00 UTC). You do not need to attend the meeting to nominate a bug for consideration as a Q4 blocker. Instéad, go to Phabricator and "associate" the [[phab:tag/editing_department_2014_15_q4_blockers/|Editing team's Q4 blocker project]] with the bug. Léarn how to join the meetings and how to nominate bugs at [[:mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Portal|mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Portal]]. === Recent improvements === VisualEditor is now substantially faster. In many cases, opening the page in VisualEditor is now faster than opening it in the wikitext editor. The new system has improved the code speed by 37% and [[:mw:RESTBase|network speed]] by almost 40%. The Editing téam is slowly adding '''auto-fill féatures''' '''for citations'''. This is currently available only at the French, Italian, and English Wikipedias. The '''[[:mw:Citoid|Citoid service]]''' takes a [[:en:URL|URL]] or [[:en:Digital object identifier|DOI]] for a reliable source, and returns a pre-filled, pre-formatted bibliographic citation. After créating it, you will be able to change or add information to the citation, in the same way that you edit any other pre-existing citation in VisualEditor. Support for [[:en:ISBN|ISBNs]], [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMIDs]], and other identifiers is planned. Later, editors will be able to improve precision and reduce the need for manual corrections by contributing to the Citoid service's definitions for éach website. Citoid requires good [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] for your citation templates. If you would like to request this féature for your wiki, pléase post a request in the [[phab:tag/citoid/|Citoid project on Phabricator]]. Include links to the TemplateData for the most important citation templates on your wiki. The '''special character inserter''' has been improved, based upon feedback from active users. After this, VisualEditor was made available to all users of Wikipedias on the [[:mw:VisualEditor/Rollouts|Phase 5]] list on 30 March. This affected 53 mid-size and smaller Wikipedias, including '''Afrikaans''', '''Azerbaijani''', '''Breton''', '''Kyrgyz''', '''Macedonian''', '''Mongolian''', '''Tatar''', and''' Welsh'''. Work continues to support languages with complex requirements, such as Koréan and Japanese. These languages use [[w:input method editor|input method editors]] ("IMEs”). Recent improvements to cursoring, backspace, and delete behavior will simplify typing in VisualEditor for these users. The design for the image selection process is now using a "masonry fit" modél. Images in the séarch results are displayed at the same height but at variable widths, similar to bricks of different sizes in a masonry wall, or the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Mode parameter|"packed" mode in image galleries]]. This style helps you find the right image by making it éasier to see more details in images. You can now '''drag and drop categories''' to re-arrange their order of appéarance ​on the page. The pop-up window that appéars when you click on a reference, image, link, or other element, is called the "context menu". It now displays additional useful information, such as the destination of the link or the image's filename. The téam has also added an explicit "Edit" button in the context menu, which helps new editors open the tool to change the item. '''Invisible templates are marked by a puzzle piece icon''' so they can be interacted with. Users also will be able to see and edit HTML anchors now in section héadings. Users of the TemplateData GUI editor can now set a string as an optional text for the 'deprecated' property in addition to booléan value, which lets you tell users of the template what they should do instéad. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90734 T90734]) === Looking ahead === The special character inserter in VisualEditor will soon use the same special character list as the wikitext editor. Admins at éach wiki will also have the option of créating a custom section for frequently used characters at the top of the list. Instructions for customizing the list will be posted [[:mw:VisualEditor/Special_characters|at mediawiki.org]]. The téam is discussing a test of VisualEditor with new users at the English Wikipedia, to see whether they have met their goals of making VisualEditor suitable for those editors. The timing is unknown, but might be relatively soon. ([https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90666 T90666]) === Let's work together === * Share your idéas and ask questions at [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Feedback&lqt_method=talkpage_new_thread mw:VisualEditor/Feedback]. * Can you translate from English into any other language? Pléase check [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3AMessageGroupStats&x=D&group=ext-visualeditor-ve&suppressempty=1 this list] to see whether more interface translations are needed for your language. [[m:User talk:Elitre (WMF)|Contact us]] to get an account if you want to help! * The design reséarch téam wants to see how réal editors work. Pléase [https://jfe.qualtrics.com/form/SV_6R04ammTX8uoJFP sign up for their research program]. * File requests for language-appropriate "{{Int:visualeditor-annotationbutton-bold-tooltip}}" and "{{Int:visualeditor-annotationbutton-italic-tooltip}}" icons for the character formatting menu [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/create/?projects=PHID-PROJ-dafezmpv6huxg3taml24 in Phabricator]. Subscribe, unsubscribe or change the page where this newsletter is delivered at [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Meta]]. If you aren't réading this in your favorite language, then pléase help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is réady. Thank you! — <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]]</span> </div> 10 April 2015 19.48 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=11742174 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (May 2015) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this into your local language.'' Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|150px|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] Today [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] announces signups for more free, full-access accounts to published reséarch as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and reséarch materials from: * '''[[w:en:WP:MIT|MIT Press Journals]]''' — scholarly journals in the humanities, sciences, and social sciences (200 accounts) * '''[[w:en:WP:Loeb|Loeb Classical Library]]''' — Harvard University Press versions of Classical Greek and Latin literature with commentary and annotation (25 accounts) * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:RIPM|RIPM]]''' — music periodicals published between 1760 and 1966 (20 accounts) * '''[[w:en:WP:SAGE Stats|Sage Stats]]''' — social science data for géographies within the United States (10 accounts) * '''[[w:en:WP:HeinOnline|HeinOnline]]''' — an extensive legal reséarch database, including 2000 law-related journals as well as international legal history materials (25 accounts) Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[w:en:WP:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:Wikipedia:JSTOR|JSTOR]], [[w:en:WP:DeGruyter|DeGruyter]], [[w:en:WP:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]] and [[w:en:WP:BNA|British Newspaper Archive]]. Do better reséarch and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 4 Méi 2015 22.12 (UTC) :''We need your help! Help coordinate Wikipedia Library's account distribution and global development! Please join our team at [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/Signup Global our new coordinator signup].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List]</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sadads@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=12114173 --> ::Thank you for the info. Mangga ka para wargi anu sakirana peryogi akses ka pabukon2 anu disebat di luhur, tiasa dipolow ap! --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 5 Méi 2015 04.11 (UTC) == Pywikibot compat will no longer be supported - Please migrate to pywikibot core == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <small>Sorry for English, I hope soméone translates this.</small><br /> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] (then "Pywikipediabot") was started back in 2002. In 2007 a new branch (formerly known as "rewrite", now called "core") was started from scratch using the MediaWiki API. The developers of Pywikibot have decided to stop supporting the compat version of Pywikibot due to bad performance and architectural errors that maké it hard to update, compared to core. If you are using pywikibot compat it is likely your code will bréak due to upcoming MediaWiki API changes (e.g. [[phab:T101524|T101524]]). It is highly recommended you migrate to the core framework. There is a [[mw:Manual:Pywikibot/Compat deprecation|migration guide]], and pléase [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Communication|contact us]] if you have any problem. There is an upcoming MediaWiki API bréaking change that compat will not be updated for. If your bot's name is in [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-June/081931.html this list], your bot will most likely bréak. Thank you,<br /> The Pywikibot development téam, 19:30, 5 June 2015 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=12271740 --> == Pywikibot compat will no longer be supported - Please migrate to pywikibot core == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <small>Sorry for English, I hope soméone translates this.</small><br /> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] (then "Pywikipediabot") was started back in 2002. In 2007 a new branch (formerly known as "rewrite", now called "core") was started from scratch using the MediaWiki API. The developers of Pywikibot have decided to stop supporting the compat version of Pywikibot due to bad performance and architectural errors that maké it hard to update, compared to core. If you are using pywikibot compat it is likely your code will bréak due to upcoming MediaWiki API changes (e.g. [[phab:T101524|T101524]]). It is highly recommended you migrate to the core framework. There is a [[mw:Manual:Pywikibot/Compat deprecation|migration guide]], and pléase [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Communication|contact us]] if you have any problem. There is an upcoming MediaWiki API bréaking change that compat will not be updated for. If your bot's name is in [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-June/081931.html this list], your bot will most likely bréak. Thank you,<br /> The Pywikibot development téam, 19:30, 5 June 2015 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ladsgroup@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=12271740 --> == VisualEditor News #3—2015 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="margin:0.5em;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}border:1px solid #AAA;padding:0.5em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200x70px|center|alt=VisualEditor]] '''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> When you click on a link to an article, you now see more information: <br><br> [[File:VisualEditor-context menu-link tool.png|alt=Screenshot showing the link tool's context menu|centre|frameless|230x230px]] <br> The link tool has been re-designed: <br><br> [[File:VisualEditor link tool 2015.png|alt=Screenshot of the link inspector|centre|frameless|230x230px]] <br> There are separate tabs for linking to internal and external pages. [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|The user guide]] has more information about how to use VisualEditor. </div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[mw:VisualEditor|Editing Team]] has créated new interfaces for the link and citation tools and fixed many bugs and changed some elements of the design. Some of these bugs affected users of VisualEditor on mobile devices. Status reports are posted [[mw:VisualEditor/changelog|on mediawiki.org]]. The worklist for April through June is available [[phab:project/sprint/board/1113/|in Phabricator]]. A [[m:Research:VisualEditor's_effect_on_newly_registered_editors/May_2015_study|test of VisualEditor's effect on new editors]] at the English Wikipedia has just completed the first phase. During this test, half of newly registered editors had VisualEditor automatically enabled, and half did not. The main goal of the study is to léarn which group was more likely to save an edit and to maké productive, unreverted edits. Initial [[m:Research:VisualEditor's_effect_on_newly_registered_editors/May_2015_study#Results|results will be posted at Meta]] later this month. === Recent improvements === '''Auto-fill féatures''' '''for citations''' are available at a few Wikipedias through the '''[[:mw:Citoid|citoid service]]'''. Citoid takes a [[:en:URL|URL]] or [[:en:Digital object identifier|DOI]] for a reliable source, and returns a pre-filled, pre-formatted bibliographic citation. If Citoid is enabled on your wiki, then the design of the citation workflow changed during May. All citations are now créated inside a single tool. Inside that tool, choose the tab you want ({{int:citoid-citeFromIDDialog-mode-auto}}, {{int: citoid-citeFromIDDialog-mode-manual}}, or {{int:citoid-citeFromIDDialog-mode-reuse}}). The cite button is now labeled with the word "{{int:visualeditor-toolbar-cite-label}}" rather than a book icon, and the autofill citation dialog now has a more méaningful label, "{{Int:Citoid-citeFromIDDialog-lookup-button}}", for the submit button. The '''link tool''' has been redesigned based on feedback from Wikipedia editors and user testing. It now has two separate sections: one for links to articles and one for external links. When you select a link, its pop-up context menu shows the name of the linked page, a thumbnail image from the linked page, Wikidata's description, and appropriate icons for disambiguation pages, redirect pages and empty pages (where applicable). Séarch results have been reduced to the first five pages. Several bugs were fixed, including a dark highlight that appéared over the first match in the link inspector. ([[phab:T98085|T98085]]) The '''special character inserter''' in VisualEditor now uses the same special character list as the wikitext editor. Admins at éach wiki can also créate a custom section for frequently used characters at the top of the list. Pléase réad the instructions for customizing the list [[mw:VisualEditor/Special_characters|at mediawiki.org]]. Also, there is now a tooltip to describing éach character in the special character inserter. ([[phab:T70425|T70425]]) Several improvements have been made to '''templates'''. When you séarch for a template to insert, the list of results now contains descriptions of the templates. The paraméter list inside the template dialog now remains open after inserting a paraméter from the list, so that users don’t need to click on "{{Int:visualeditor-dialog-transclusion-add-param}}" éach time they want to add another paraméter. ([[phab:T95696|T95696]]) The téam added a '''new property for TemplateData''', "{{int: templatedata-doc-param-example}}", for template paraméters. This optional, translatable property will show up when there is text describing how to use that paraméter. ([[phab:T53049|T53049]]) The '''design''' of the main toolbar and several other elements have changed slightly, to be consistent with the MediaWiki theme. In the Vector skin, individual items in the menu are separated visually by pale gray bars. Buttons and menus on the toolbar can now contain both an icon and a text label, rather than just one or the other. This new design féature is being used for the cite button on wikis where the Citoid service is enabled. The téam has reléased a long-desired improvement to the handling of '''non-existent images'''. If a non-existent image is linked in an article, then it is now visible in VisualEditor and can be selected, edited, replaced, or removed. === Let's work together === * Share your idéas and ask questions at [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Feedback&lqt_method=talkpage_new_thread mw:VisualEditor/Feedback]. * The weekly task triage meetings continue to be open to volunteers, usually on Wednesday at 12:00 (noon) PDT (19:00 UTC). Léarn how to join the meetings and how to nominate bugs at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. You do not need to attend the meeting to nominate a bug for consideration as a Q4 blocker, though. Instéad, go to Phabricator and "associate" the [[phab:tag/editing_department_2014_15_q4_blockers/|VisualEditor Q4 blocker project]] with the bug. * If your Wikivoyage, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, or other community wants to have VisualEditor made available by default to contributors, then pléase contact [[:m:User:Jdforrester (WMF)|James Forrester]]. * If you would like to request the Citoid automatic reference féature for your wiki, pléase post a request in the [[phab:tag/citoid/|Citoid project on Phabricator]]. Include links to the [[:mw:Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] for the most important citation templates on your wiki. *The téam is planning the second VisualEditor-related "translathon" for July. Pléase follow [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91108 this task on Phabricator] for details and updates! Announcements will follow in due course. Subscribe, unsubscribe or change the page where this newsletter is delivered at [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Meta]]. If you aren't réading this in your favorite language, then pléase help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is réady. Thank you! — <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]]</span> </div>13 Juni 2015 10.44 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=12206605 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (June 2015) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|150px|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] Today [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] announces signups for more free, full-access accounts to published reséarch as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and reséarch materials from: * '''[[w:en:WP:TANDF|Taylor & Francis]]''' — academic publisher of journals. The pilot includes two subject collections: Arts & Humanities and Biological, Environment & éarth Sciences. (30 accounts) *'''[[w:en:WP:World Bank|World Bank eLibrary]]''' — digital platform containing all books, working papers, and journal articles published by the World Bank from the 1990s to the present. (100 accounts) * '''[[w:en:WP:AAAS|AAAS]]''' — general interest science publisher, who publishes the journal ''Science'' among other sources (50 accounts) '''New French-Language Branch!''' * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Erudit|Érudit]]''' ([[w:fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%89rudit|en Francais]]) — Érudit is a French-Canadian scholarly aggregator primarily, humanities and social sciences, and contains sources in both English and French. Signups on both English and French Wikipedia (50 accounts). * '''[[w:en:WP:Cairn|Cairn.info]]''' ([[w:fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:Cairn|en Francais]]) — Cairn.info is a Switzerland based online web portal of scholarly materials in the humanities and social sciences. Most sources are in French, but some also in English. Signups on both English and French Wikipedia (100 accounts). * '''[[w:fr:WP:L'Harmattan|L'Harmattan]]''' — French language publisher across a wide range of non-fiction and fiction, with a strong selection of francophone African materials (1000 accounts). Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|our partners page]], including an expansion of accounts for [[w:en:WP:RSUK|Royal Society journals]] and remaining accounts on [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:Wikipedia:JSTOR|JSTOR]], [[w:en:WP:DeGruyter|DeGruyter]], [[w:en:WP:Highbeam|Highbeam]] [[w:en:WP:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]] and [[w:en:WP:BNA|British Newspaper Archive]]. If you have suggestions for journals or databases we should seek access to [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals/Requests|make a request]]! Do better reséarch and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 22:08, 15 June 2015 (UTC) :''We need your help! Help coordinate Wikipedia Library's account distribution and global development! Please join our team at [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/Signup|our new coordinator signup]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [[meta:MassMessage#Global_message_delivery| Global Mass Message]] tool to [[meta:Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List]]</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sadads@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=12455967 --> == HTTPS == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. Hi everyone. Over the last few yéars, the Wikimedia Foundation has [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/08/01/future-https-wikimedia-projects/ been working] towards enabling [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS|HTTPS]] by default for all users, including unregistered ones, for better privacy and security for both réaders and editors. This has taken a long time, as there were different aspects to take into account. Our servers haven't been réady to handle it. The Wikimedia Foundation has had to balance sometimes conflicting goals. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2015/06/12/securing-wikimedia-sites-with-https/ Forced HTTPS] has just been implemented on all Wikimedia projects. Some of you might alréady be aware of this, as a few Wikipedia language versions were converted to HTTPS last week and the then affected communities were notified. Most of Wikimedia editors shouldn't be affected at all. If you edit as registered user, you've probably alréady had to log in through HTTPS. We'll keep an eye on this to maké sure everything is working as it should. Do get in touch with [[:m:HTTPS#Help!|us]] if you have any problems after this change or contact me if you have any other questions. /[[:m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]] </div> 19 Juni 2015 22.01 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/HTTPS_global_message_delivery&oldid=12471979 --> == Content Translation, the new article creation tool is now available as a beta-feature == [[File:Cx-icon-ltr.svg|264px|right|Tool icon]] [[File:Content_Translation_Screencast_%28English%29.webm|thumb|How to use Content Translation - a short video (English)]] Hello, [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has now been enabled as an opt-in beta féature on the Sundanese Wikipedia. To start translating: # Pléase enable the Beta féature in your preferences by checking the box for Content Translation. # Visit the page [[Special:ContentTranslation]] or to your contributions page to open the tool. # Click on the button to créate a new translation. # In the displayed dialog select the language of the original article and the article name, and the language you would like to translate to. Also add the title of the new article (or the original title will be inserted) and click on to begin. Your language preferences will be remembered for the next time. # You will see a screen consisting of three columns. The first column contains the text of the source language and the middle column is for the translated text. Using the third column you can perform several actions such as insert source text, remove the inserted text source text, add or remove links etc. # After you translate the article, you can publish it directly as a new page on the Sundanese Wikipedia by using the publish button that appéars. In case the article gets créated by another user while you were translating, you will see an option to save the newly published translation under your user namespace. # The number of published pages can be seen on the [[Special:CXStats|Content Translation stats page]]. Since this is the first time we have installed the tool on this Wikipedia, there are chances that there may be some problems or service disruptions which we are not yet aware of. We will be monitoring the usage to check for any failures or issues, but pléase do let us know on the [[:mw:Talk:Content_translation|Content Translation talk page]] or through [[phab:T103546|Phabricator]] if you spot any problems. For more information, pléase réad the information available in the [[:mw:Help:Extension:ContentTranslation|User Guide]]. Our announcement is written only in English, and we would réally appreciate if this message can be translated to réach more users of this Wikipedia. Thank you. On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation's Language Engineering Téam:--[[Pamaké:Runab WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Runab WMF|sawala]]) 30 Juni 2015 17.15 (UTC) == Hasil rarancang == Manawi katampi, ieu rarancangan kaca tepas ti simabdi '''[[Pamaké:Uchup19/Kotrétan]]''', anu dioméan tur ditambahan: *Ngoméan tutumbu ''icon'' gambar anu nojo ka tumbu gambarna di commons <small>(aya nu di kana tumbuna masing2 aya nu dibuntukeun)</small> *Ngoméan subkaca keur lumangsung anu teu kompléks, asalna mah <nowiki>{{Portal:Keur lumangsung/Juli 2015}}</nowiki> jadi <nowiki>{{Portal:Keur lumangsung/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}_{{CURRENTYEAR}}</nowiki>. <small>(Supados teu unggal waktu ngaropéa kaca Tepas)</small> *Nambahan Tombol gabung *Nambahan kolom Sajarah poé ieu *Jrd. Panuhun ka {{gero|Kumincir}}, {{gero|Mssetiadi}}, {{gero|Ilham.nurwansah}}, {{gero|A.R Dipusparaga}}. Diantos kedalanna.--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Juli 2015 02.24 (UTC) :Sae, ngan aya sababaraha kalimat/istilah anu perlu dibadamikeun deui. 'Sajarah poe ieu', sakumaha dina obrolan sapalih, mun teu manggih nu pas mah samikeun bae 'poe ieu dina sajarah'. Teras 'kamaotan kiwari', naon nya kalimat anu pas? 'kapapatenan'? --[[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 23 Juli 2015 03.38 (UTC) ::{{gero|Kumincir}} Muhun kang, parantos. Pami <u>kapapatenan</u> téh lomana mah <u>kapapaitan</u> panginten nya?--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Juli 2015 03.51 (UTC) :::Numutkeun pamendak simkuring mah Nu Pupus Kiwari, Nu Kiwari Pupus, atanapi Nu Pupus Taun Ieu. Memang sok rada sesah nyundakeun ke-an teh. Pilihan sanesna : Papaten Kiwari atanapi papait, nanging papait mah sanes mung ukur kanggo urusan pati, tapi kalebet oge teu damang sareng kasangsaraan sanesna. --[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Tedi]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Mssetiadi|sawala]]) 23 Juli 2015 06.13 (UTC) ::::{{gero|Mssetiadi}} Kumaha pami '''Nu Kiwari Pupus''' baé atuh?--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Juli 2015 06.34 (UTC) :::::Simkuring ogé panuju '''Nu Kiwari Pupus''' baé. --[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 23 Juli 2015 14.15 (UTC) :::::Muhun kang, urang robih--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="#">Yusup_Ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 23 Juli 2015 14.28 (UTC) == Machine translation support to be enabled soon for Content Translation == {{int:Please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, I wanted to give you a héads up that machine translation support for [[phab:T144903|Sundanese]] is now réady to be extended to [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] (beta féature) using Yandex. It is scheduled to be made active on this Wikipedia on September 14, 2016. This service can be used when translating Wikipedia articles into Sundanese with Content Translation. To start using this service, pléase choose ‘’Yandex.Translate’’ from the ‘’Automatic Translation’’ dropdown menu that you see on the sidebar after you start translating an article. Please note, machine translation is available from all the languages that are supported by Yandex.Translate, but Content Translation can still be used in the usual manner for translating from all languages, with or without machine translation support. For more information, we request you to kindly take a look at the details about [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation|machine translation services in Content Translation]] and about [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Yandex|Yandex translation services]], including a summary of the legal contract. Please note, the translations made using Content Translation are also used to improve machine translation services. We look forward to your feedback. You can reach us using the [[:mw:Talk:Content_translation|Project Talk page]] or [[phab:T144903|phabricator ticket]]. This message could only be written in English and we will really appreciate if it can be translated into Sundanese for other users of this Wikipedia. Thank you. On behalf of WMF Language team: --[[Pamaké:Runab WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Runab WMF|sawala]]) 8 Séptémber 2016 13.53 (UTC) </div> == Machine translation support enabled today for Content Translation == {{int:Please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, machine translation support for [[:mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] (beta féature) has now been extended and enabled for users of [[phab:T144903|Sundanese Wikipedia]] using Yandex. It can be used when translating Wikipedia articles into Sundanese with Content Translation. To start using this service, pléase choose ‘’Yandex.Translate’’ from the ‘’Automatic Translation’’ dropdown menu that you see on the sidebar after you start translating an article. Please note, machine translation is available from all the languages that are supported by Yandex.Translate, but Content Translation can still be used in the usual manner for translating from all languages, with or without machine translation support. Wikimedia Foundation’s Legal team and Yandex had collaborated earlier to work out [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Yandex#Summary_of_terms_of_Yandex_agreement|an agreement]] that allows the use of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandex.Translate Yandex.Translate] without compromising Wikipedia’s policy of attribution of rights, privacy of our users and brand representation. Since November 2015, Yandex machine translation has been used for articles translated for Wikipedias in many languages. For more information, we request you to kindly take a look at the details about [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation|machine translation services in Content Translation]] and about [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Yandex|Yandex translation services]], including a summary of the legal contract. Please note, translations made using Content Translation are also used to improve machine translation services. We have tested the service for use on the Sundanese Wikipedia, but there could be unknown problems that we are not aware of yet. Please do let us know on our [[:mw:Talk:Content_translation|Project Talk page]] or [[phab:T144903|phabricator]] if you face any problems using Content Translation. This message is only in English and we will be very grateful if it could be translated into Sundanese for other users of this Wikipedia. Thank you. On behalf of WMF Language team: --[[Pamaké:Runab WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Runab WMF|sawala]]) 15 Séptémber 2016 23.48 (UTC) </div> == The Wikimedia Developer Summit wants you == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The Wikimedia Developer Summit is the annual meeting to push the evolution of MediaWiki and other technologies supporting the Wikimedia movement. The next edition will be held in San Francisco on January 9–11, 2017. We welcome all Wikimedia technical contributors, third party developers, and users of MediaWiki and the Wikimedia APIs. We specifically want to incréase the participation of volunteer developers and other contributors déaling with extensions, apps, tools, bots, gadgets, and templates. Important déadlines: * Monday, October 24: last day to request travel sponsorship. Applying takes less than five minutes. * Monday, October 31: last day to propose an activity. Bring the topics you care about! More information: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Developer_Summit Subscribe to weekly updates: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Td5wfd70vptn8eu4 [[mw:User:MKramer (WMF)|MKramer (WMF)]] [[mw:User talk:MKramer (WMF)|(talk)]] 14 Oktober 2016 19.07 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=15989926 --> == Developer Wishlist Survey: propose your ideas == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> At the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Developer_Summit Wikimedia Developer Summit], we decided to organize a Developer Wishlist Survey, and here we go: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Developer_Wishlist The Wikimedia technical community seeks input from developers for developers, to créate a high-profile list of desired improvements. The scope of the survey includes the MediaWiki platform (core software, APIs, developer environment, enablers for extensions, gadgets, templates, bots, dumps), the Wikimedia server infrastructure, the contribution process, and documentation. The best part: we want to have the results published by Wednesday, February 15. Yes, in a month, to have a higher chance to influence the Wikimedia Foundation annual plan FY 2017-18. There's no time to lose. <b>Propose your idéas before the end of January</b>, either by pushing existing tasks in Phabricator or by créating new ones. You can find instructions on the wiki page. Questions and feedback are welcome especially on the related Talk page. The voting phase is expected to start on February 6 (tentative). Watch this space (or even better, the wiki page) - [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:SSethi_(WMF) SSethi_(WMF)] January 21st, 2017 3:07 AM (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=16170185 --> == Developer Wishlist Survey: Vote for Proposals == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Almost two weeks ago, the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Technical_Collaboration Technical Collaboration team] invited proposals for the first edition of the Developer Wishlist survey! We collected around 77 proposals that were marked as suitable for the developer wishlist and met the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Developer_Wishlist#Scope defined scope and criteria]. These proposals fall into the following nine categories: Frontend, Backend, Code Contribution (Process, Guidelines), Extensions, Technical Debt, Developer Environment, Documentation, Tools (Phabricator, Gerrit) and Community Engagement. Voting phase starts now and will run until <b>February 14th, 23:59 UTC</b>. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Developer_Wishlist Click here on a category and show support for the proposals you care for most]. Use the 'Vote' and 'Endorse' buttons next to a proposal to do so. <b>What happens next?</b><br/> Proposals that will gather most votes will be included in the final results which will be published on <b>Wednesday, February 15th</b>. These proposals will also be considered in the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual plan FY 2017-18 - [[m:User:SSethi_(WMF)|SSethi_(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:SSethi_(WMF)|talk]]) 04:41, 6 February 2017 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=16170185 --> == Wikipedia to the Moon: voting has begun == Hello, after six weeks of community discussion about [https://moon.wikimedia.org Wikipedia to the Moon], there are now 10 different proposals for content for the mission. Starting today, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia_to_the_Moon/Voting|you can vote for them on Meta-Wiki]], and decide what we will work on: a Wikipedia canon, different lists, the Moon in 300 languages, an astronomy editathon, féatured articles, articles about technology, endangered things, or DNA-related topics. You can even vote against community involvement. Voting is open until 24 June. Sorry that this message is again in English only, but we are using village pumps to réach as many communities as possible, so that everyone knows they can vote. Best, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia to the Moon/About|Moon team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] 10 Juni 2016 15.31 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Martin Rulsch (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=15542536 --> == Wikipedia to the Moon: invitation to edit == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Three weeks ago, you were invited to vote on how to take Wikipedia articles to the Moon. Community voting is over and the winning idéa is to send all ‘’featured articles and lists’’ to the Moon. This decision means that, starting today, Wikipedians from all language communities are warmly invited to intensively work on their best articles and lists, and submit them to Wikipedia to the Moon. The central site to coordinate between communities will be Meta-Wiki. You will find an [[m:Wikipedia to the Moon/Working|overview and more information there]]. Hopefully, we will be able to represent as many languages as possible, to show Wikipedia’s diversity. Please feel kindly invited to edit on behalf of your community and tell us about your work on featured content! Best, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia to the Moon/About|Moon team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] 1 Juli 2016 14.10 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=15542536 --> == Open call for Project Grants == [[File:IEG barnstar 2.png|right|100px]] {{int:Please-translate}}: :Greetings! The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] is accepting proposals''' from July 1st to August 2nd to fund new tools, research, offline outreach (including editathon series, workshops, etc), online organizing (including contests), and other experiments that enhance the work of Wikimedia volunteers. :Whether you need a small or large amount of funds, Project Grants can support you and your team’s project development time in addition to project expenses such as materials, travel, and rental space. :*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project/Apply|'''Submit''' a grant request]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab|'''draft''' your proposal]] in IdeaLab :*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab/Events#Upcoming_events|'''Get help with your proposal''']] in an upcoming Hangout session :*'''Learn from examples''' of completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IEG#ieg-engaging|Individual Engagement Grants]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:PEG/Requests#Grants_funded_by_the_WMF_in_FY_2015.E2.80.9316|Project and Event Grants]] :Also accepting candidates to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project/Quarterly/Committee|join the Project Grants Committee through July 15.]] :With thanks, [[m:User:I JethroBT (WMF)|I JethroBT (WMF)]] 5 Juli 2016 15.25 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:I JethroBT (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:I_JethroBT_(WMF)/IEG_2015_Targets&oldid=15504704 --> == New Wikipedia Library accounts available now (August 2016) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published reséarch as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|publisher donation program]]. You can now sign up for new accounts and reséarch materials from: * '''[[w:de:Wikipedia:Nomos|Nomos]]''' &ndash; Primarily German-language publisher of law and social sciences books and journals - 25 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:World Scientific|World Scientific]]''' &ndash; Scientific, technical, and medical journals - 50 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Edinburgh University Press|Edinburgh University Press]]''' &ndash; Humanities and social sciences journals - 25 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:American Psychological Association|American Psychological Association]]''' &ndash; Psychology books and journals - 10 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Emerald|Emerald]]''' &ndash; Journals on a range of topics including business, education, héalth care, and engineering - 10 accounts Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]], [[w:de:WP:DeGruyter|DeGruyter]], [[w:en:WP:Gale|Gale]] and [[w:en:WP:Newspaperarchive.com|Newspaperarchive.com]]. Do better reséarch and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 30 Agustus 2016 18.38 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language! Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=15804509 --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (November 2016) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[:m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published reséarch as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and reséarch materials from: *'''''[[:en:WP:Foreign Affairs|Foreign Affairs]]''''' - Journal of international relations and U.S. foreign policy *'''[[:en:WP:OpenEdition|OpenEdition]]''' - Journals in the social sciences and humanities *'''[[:en:WP:EDP Sciences|Édition Diffusion Presse Sciences]]''' - French and English language scientific journals *'''[[:en:WP:ASHA|ASHA]]''' - Speech–language–héaring journals *'''[[:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian_Lähdekirjasto/Tilastopaja|Tilastopaja]]''' - Athletics statistics '''Expansions''' *'''[[:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]]''' - Many new databases added *'''[[:en:WP:Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis]]''' - Strategic, Defence & Security Studies collection Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]]. Sign up today! <br>--[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 1 Nopémber 2016 18.30 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[:m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=15939318 --> == New notification when a page is connected to Wikidata == Hello all, ''({{Int:Please-translate}})'' The Wikidata development team is about to deploy a new feature on all Wikipedias. It is a new type of notification (via Echo, the notification system you see at the top right of your wiki when you are logged in), that will inform the creator of a page, when this page is connected to a Wikidata item. You may know that [[d:Wikidata:Main page|Wikidata]] provides a centralized system for all the interwikilinks. When a new page is created, it should be connected to the corresponding Wikidata item, by modifying this Wikidata item. With this new notification, editors creating pages will be informed when another editor connects this page to Wikidata. [[File:Screenshot Echo Wikibase notification.png]] This feature will be deployed on May 30th on all the Wikipedias, excepting English, French and German. This feature will be disable by default for existing editors, and enabled by default for new editors. This is the first step of the deployments, the Wikipedias and other Wikimedia projects will follow in the next months. If you have any question, suggestion, please let me know by pinging me. You can also follow and leave a comment [[phab:T142102|on the Phabricator ticket]]. Thanks go to [[d:user:Matěj Suchánek|Matěj Suchánek]] who developed this feature! {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] ([[:d:User talk:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|talk]]) <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/List_Wikipedias&oldid=16774958 --> == Wikidata changes now also appear in enhanced recent changes == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello, and sorry to write this message in English. You can [[mw:User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/Wikidata_in_enhanced_recent_changes|help translating it]]. Starting from today, you will be able to display Wikidata changes in both modes of the recent changes and the watchlist. '''[[mw:User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/Wikidata_in_enhanced_recent_changes|Read and translate the full message]]''' {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[user:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 29 Juni 2017 08.33 (UTC) <small>(wrong target page? you can [[m:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)/List Wikipedias|fix it here]])</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/List_Wikipedias&oldid=16777494 --> == Improved search in deleted pages archive == {{int:please-translate}} During Wikimedia Hackathon 2016, the [[mw:Wikimedia_Discovery|Discovery]] team [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109561 worked] on one of the items on the 2015 community wishlist, namely [[m:2015_Community_Wishlist_Survey/Search#Provide_a_means_of_searching_for_deleted_pages|enabling searching the archive of deleted pages]]. This feature is now ready for production deployment, and will be enabled on all wikis, except Wikidata. Right now, the feature is behind a feature flag - to use it on your wiki, please go to the <code>Special:Undelete</code> page, and add <code>&fuzzy=1</code> to the URL, like this: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AUndelete&fuzzy=1. Then search for the pages you're interested in. There should be more results than before, due to using ElasticSearch indexing (via the CirrusSearch extension). We plan to enable this improved search by default on all wikis soon (around August 1, 2017). If you have any objections to this - please raise them with the Discovery team via [http://mailto:discovery@lists.wikimedia.org email] or on this announcement's discussion page. Like most Mediawiki configuration parameters, the functionality can be configured per wiki. Once the improved search becomes the default, you can still access the old mode using <code>&fuzzy=0</code> in the URL, like this: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AUndelete&fuzzy=0 Please note that since Special:Undelete is an admin-only feature, this search capability is also only accessible to wiki admins. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 25 Juli 2017 18.40 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Archive_search_announce/Distribution_list&oldid=17036927 --> == Improvements coming soon to Recent Changes == <div dir="ltr"> [[File:Rc-beta-tour-welcome-ltr.gif|link=Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New_filters_for_edit_review|right|frameless]] Hello Sorry to use English. {{Int:please-translate}}! {{Int:thank-you}} '''In short:''' starting on 26 September, New Filters for Edit Review ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|now in Beta]]) will become standard on Recent Changes. They provide an array of new tools and an improved interface. If you prefer the current page you will be able to opt out. [[mw:Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|Learn more about the New Filters]]. <big>'''What is this feature again?'''</big> This feature improves [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:RecentChangesLinked]] (and soon, [[Special:Watchlist]] – see below). Based on a new design, it adds new features that ease vandalism tracking and support of newcomers: * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|Filtering]] - filter recent changes with easy-to-use and powerful filters combinations, including filtering by namespace or tagged edits. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Highlighting function|Highlighting]] - add a colored background to the different changes you are monitoring. It helps quick identification of changes that matter to you. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Bookmarking|Bookmarking]] to keep your favorite configurations of filters ready to be used. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quality and Intent Filters|Quality and Intent Filters]] - those filters use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES predictions]]. They identify real vandalism or good faith intent contributions that need help. They are not available on all wikis. You can know more about this project by visiting [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quick tour|the quick tour help page]]. <big>'''Concerning RecentChanges'''</big> Starting on 26 September, '''New Filters for Edit Review will become standard on Recent Changes'''. We have decided to do this release because of a long and successful Beta test phase, positive feedback from various users and positive user testing. Some features will remain as Beta features and will be added later. [[mw:Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|Learn more about those different features]]. If your community has specific concerns about this deployment or internal discussion, it can request to have the deployment to their wikis delayed to October 1, if they have ''sensible, consistent with the project, actionable, realistic feedback to oppose'' (at the development team's appreciation). You will also be able to opt-out this change in your preferences. <big>'''Concerning Watchlists'''</big> Starting on '''September 19''', the Beta feature will have a new option. '''Watchlists will have all filters available now on the Beta Recent Changes improvements'''. If you have already activated the Beta feature "{{int:eri-rcfilters-beta-label}}", you have no action to take. If you haven't activated the Beta feature "{{int:eri-rcfilters-beta-label}}" and you want to try the filters on Watchlists, please go to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your Beta preferences]] on September 19. <big>'''How to be ready'''</big> Please share this announcement! Do you use Gadgets that change things on your RecentChanges or Watchlist pages, or have you customized them with scripts or CSS? You may have to make some changes to your configuration. Despite the fact that we have tried to take most cases into consideration, some configurations may break. The Beta phase is a great opportunity to have a look at local scripts and gadgets: some of them may be replaced by native features from the Beta feature. Please ping me if you have questions. On behalf of the [[mw:Global Collaboration|Global Collaboration team]], [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 14 Séptémber 2017 15.27 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=17219431 --> == Global preferences available for testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. Greetings, Global preferences, a [[m:2016_Community_Wishlist_Survey/Categories/Miscellaneous#Global_settings|highly request feature in the 2016 Community Wishlist]], is available for testing. # [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|Read over the help page]], it is brief and has screenshots # Login or register an account on [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:Login Beta English Wikipedia] # Visit [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:GlobalPreferences Global Preferences] and try enabling and disabling some settings # Visit some other language and project test wikis such as [https://en.wikivoyage.beta.wmflabs.org English Wikivoyage], the [https://he.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99 Hebrew Wikipedia] and test the settings # [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:GlobalPreferences|Report your findings, experience, bugs, and other observations]] Once the team has feedback on design issues, bugs, and other things that might need worked out, the problems will be addressed and global preferences will be sent to the wikis. Please let me know if you have any questions. Thanks! --[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 27 Pébruari 2018 00.24 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=17571042 --> == Notification from edit summary == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings, The ability to [[m:Community_Tech/Ping_users_from_the_edit_summary|notify other users in edit summaries]] will be available later this week, on 15 March 2018. Other users can be notified if a [[m:Community_Tech/Ping_users_from_the_edit_summary#How_it_works|link to their user page is provided in an edit summary]]. Some user-made gadgets and scripts that automatically put user names in edit summaries may need to be changed to put a colon in the link, such as <nowiki>[[:User:Example]]</nowiki>. You can change how you receive these mention notifications in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|preferences]]. This feature was [[m:2017_Community_Wishlist_Survey|highly requested in the 2017 Community Wishlist survey]], and [[m:Talk:Community_Tech/Ping_users_from_the_edit_summary|feedback is welcome]]. Thanks, happy editing to you. -[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 12 Maret 2018 21.09 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=17778225 --> == We need your feedback to improve Lua functions == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, (I’m sorry for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}) If you’re regularly using Lua modules, creating and improving some of them, we need your feedback! The Wikidata development team would like to provide more Lua functions, in order to improve the experience of people who write Lua scripts to reuse Wikidata's data on the Wikimedia projects. Our goals are to help harmonizing the existing modules across the Wikimedia projects, to make coding in Lua easier for the communities, and to improve the performance of the modules. We would like to know more about your habits, your needs, and what could help you. We have a few questions for you [[d:Wikidata:New convenience functions for Lua|on this page]]. Note that if you don’t feel comfortable with writing in English, you can answer in your preferred language. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 27 Maret 2018 08.56 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/Luannouncement&oldid=17873868 --> == Time to bring embedded maps (‘mapframe’) to most Wikipedias == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Time to bring embedded maps (‘mapframe’) to most Wikipedias''' {{int:please-translate}} [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Mapframe]] is a feature that enables users to easily display interactive maps right on wiki pages. Currently, most Wikipedias don’t have mapframe. But [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Maps#Milestones_and_Updates|fifteen Wikipedias]], along with all the other Wikimedia projects, are using mapframe today to display maps on thousands of pages. A little background: over the last few months, the Foundation’s [[mw:Collaboration|Collaboration team]] has been working to improve the stability and user experience of the maps service. In addition, a question about long-term support for the maps service was recently settled, and a small team has been assigned for routine maintenance. Given these developments, bringing the benefits of mapframe to Wikipedias that lack the feature seems both safe and supportable. [[phab:T191583|Nine Wikipedias]] that use a stricter version of Flagged Revisions will not get mapframe in this release. Maps are a valuable form of visual data that can improve readers’ understanding across a wide range of topics. If you know of any reasons why mapframe shouldn’t be implemented on your Wikipedia, let us know [[mw:Talk:Map_improvements_2018|on the project talk page]]. Unless we hear from you, we plan to release mapframe to most Wikipedias in May, 2018. So, if you foresee an issue, please let us hear from you. Otherwise, happy mapping! </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 24 April 2018 21.38 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JMatazzoni_(WMF)/mapframe-to-all-wikipedias-notice/distribution_list&oldid=17969222 --> == Wikitext highlighting out of beta == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|Wikitext syntax highlighting]], also known as CodeMirror, has been moved out of Beta Features and is available in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017_wikitext_editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] on all wikis. Syntax highlighting helps you see problems in your wikitext before previewing or publishing text. Please try out the tool if you did not do so while it was being developed, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:CodeMirror|feedback is welcome]]. - [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div>4 Méi 2018 18.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=17844049 --> == Improvements coming soon on Watchlists == <div dir="ltr"> [[File:Rc-beta-tour-welcome-ltr.gif|link=Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New_filters_for_edit_review|right|frameless]] Hello Sorry to use English. {{Int:please-translate}}! {{Int:thank-you}} '''In short:''' starting on June 18, New Filters for Edit Review ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|now in Beta]]) will become standard on Watchlists. They provide an array of new tools and an improved interface. If you prefer the current page you will be able to opt out. [[mw:Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|Learn more about the New Filters]]. <big>'''What is this feature again?'''</big> This feature is used by default on [[Special:RecentChanges]], [[Special:RecentChangesLinked]] and as a Beta feature on [[Special:Watchlist]]. Based on a new design, that feature adds new functions to those pages, to ease vandalism tracking and support of newcomers: * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|Filtering]] - filter recent changes with easy-to-use and powerful filters combinations, including filtering by namespace or tagged edits. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Highlighting function|Highlighting]] - add a colored background to the different changes you are monitoring. It helps quick identification of changes that matter to you. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Bookmarking|Bookmarking]] to keep your favorite configurations of filters ready to be used. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quality and Intent Filters|Quality and Intent Filters]] - those filters use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES predictions]]. They identify real vandalism or good faith intent contributions that need help. They are not available on all wikis. You can know more about this project by visiting [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Quick tour|the quick tour help page]]. <big>'''About the release on Watchlists'''</big> Over 70,000 people have activated the New Filters beta, which has been in testing on Watchlist for more than eight months. We feel confident that the features are stable and effective, but if you have thoughts about these tools or the beta graduation, [[mw:Talk:Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|please let us know]] on the project talk page. In particular, tell us if you know of a special incompatibility or other issue that makes the New Filters problematic on your wiki. We’ll examine the blocker and may delay release on your wiki until the issue can be addressed. The deployment will start on June 18 or on June 25, depending on the wiki ([[phab:T195993#4261642|check the list]]). After the deployment, you will also be able to opt-out this change directly from the Watchlist page and also in your preferences. <big>'''How to be ready?'''</big> Please share this announcement! If you use local Gadgets that change things on your Watchlist pages, or have a customized scripts or CSS, be ready. You may have to make some changes to your configuration. Despite the fact that we have tried to take most cases into consideration, some configurations may break. The Beta phase is a great opportunity to have a look at local scripts and gadgets: some of them may be replaced by native features from the Beta feature. Please share your questions and comments on the [[mw:Talk:Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|feedback page]]. On behalf of the [[mw:Collaboration|Collaboration team]], [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 7 Juni 2018 13.14 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox2&oldid=18110305 --> == Update on page issues on mobile web == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Update on page issues on mobile web''' {{int:please-translate}} Hi everyone. The [[mw:Reading/Web/Team|Readers web team]] has recently begun working on exposing issue templates on the mobile website. Currently, details about issues with page content are generally hidden on the mobile website. This leaves readers unaware of the reliability of the pages they are reading. The goal of this project is to improve awareness of particular issues within an article on the mobile web. We will do this by changing the visual styling of page issues. So far, we have [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|drafted a proposal on the design and implementation]] of the project. We were also able to run [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues/Research Results|user testing on the proposed designs]]. The tests so far have positive results. Here is a quick summary of what we learned: * The new treatment increases awareness of page issues among participants. This is true particularly when they are in a more evaluative/critical mode. * Page issues make sense to readers and they understand how they work * Readers care about page issues and consider them important * Readers had overwhelmingly positive sentiments towards Wikipedia associated with learning about page issues Our next step would be to start implementing these changes. We wanted to reach out to you for any concerns, thoughts, and suggestions you might have before beginning development. Please [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|visit the project page]] where we have more information and mockups of how this may look. Please [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|leave feedback on the talk page]]. </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 12 Juni 2018 20.58 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Sandbox&oldid=18120916 --> == Tidy to RemexHtml == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> The [[:mw:Parsing|Parsing]] team will be [[:mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|replacing Tidy with RemexHtml]] at this wiki on 5 July 2018. Some pages at this wiki use outdated HTML. This change may change the appearance of those pages. [[Special:LintErrors]] has a complete list of affected pages. Read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html this e-mail message] for more information. Read the instructions at [[:mw:Help:Extension:Linter]]. You can ask questions at [[:mw:Talk:Parsing/Replacing Tidy]]. Thank you for helping fix these problems. </div> [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)]] 2 Juli 2018 14.38 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Editing/Parsing_change&oldid=18129171 --> == Consultation on the creation of a separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''({{int:please-translate}})'' Hi all, I'm preparing a change in who can edit sitewide CSS/JS pages. (These are pages like <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Common.css</code> and <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Vector.js</code> which are executed in the browser of all readers and editors.) Currently all administrators are able to edit these pages, which poses a serious and unnecessary security risk. Soon, a dedicated, smaller user group will take over this task. Your community will be able to decide who belongs in this group, so this should mean very little change for you. You can find out more and provide feedback at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|the consultation page on Meta]]. If you are involved in maintaining CSS/JS code, or policymaking around adminship requests, please give it a look! Thanks! <br/><span dir="ltr">[[m:User:Tgr|Tgr]] ([[m:User talk:Tgr|talk]]) 9 Juli 2018 10.50 (UTC) <small>(via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|global message delivery]])</small></span> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tgr@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=18158890 --> == Technical Advice IRC Meeting == [[File:Technical Advice IRC Meeting Logoat.svg|right|200px]] We'd like to invite you to the weekly [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|Technical Advice IRC meeting]]. The Technical Advice IRC Meeting (''TAIM'') is a weekly support event for volunteer developers. Every Wednesday, two full-time developers are available to help you with all your questions about Mediawiki, gadgets, tools and more! This can be anything from "how to get started" and "who would be the best contact for X" to specific questions on your project. The Technical Advice IRC meeting is '''every Wednesday 3-4 pm UTC''' as well as on '''every first Wednesday of the month 11-12 pm UTC'''. If you already know what you would like to discuss or ask, please add your topic to the next meeting: [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|Technical Advice IRC meeting]] Cheers, -- [[User:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|talk]]) 14:27, 30 July 2018 (UTC) == Enabling a helpful feature for Template editors == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello. The team working on TemplateStyles at the Wikimedia Foundation would like to enable TemplateStyles on this wiki. TemplateStyles is a feature to allow non-administrators to write and manage CSS styles for templates. It allows contributors who edit templates to separate content and presentation. A good web practice that makes it easier to manage the layout of templates. If you don't edit templates, this will not have any impact on your contributions. TemplateStyles is useful for a few reasons. * It makes it possible for templates to work better on mobile. * It cuts out confusion on where to apply CSS rules. * Editing CSS is currently limited to administrators, which is a major barrier to participation. * All stylesheets must be loaded on all pages (whether they actually use the page or not), which wastes bandwidth and makes debugging style rules more difficult. You can [[mw:Help:TemplateStyles|learn more about TemplateStyles on MediaWiki.org]]. [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|Technical documentation is also available]]. This is an optional feature and no one must use it, but template contributors are encouraged to do so! Please discuss and let us know if there are any concerns. If there are no concerns we will proceed to deploy the feature on the 9th of August. Thank you. </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 6 Agustus 2018 21.28 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Sandbox&oldid=18277775 --> == Wikidata Bridge: edit Wikidata’s data from Wikipedia infoboxes == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''Sorry for writing this message in English - feel free to help us translating it :)'' Hello all, Many language versions of Wikipedia use the content of [[Wikidata]], the centralized knowledge base, to fill out the content of infoboxes. The data is stored in Wikidata and displayed, partially or completely, in the Wikipedia’s language, on the articles. This feature is used by many template editors, but brought several issues that were raised by communities in various places: not being able to edit the data directly from Wikipedia was one of them. This is the reason why the '''[[mw:Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]]''' project started, with the goal of offering a way to Wikipedia editors to edit Wikidata’s data more easily. This will be achieved by an interface, connected to the infobox, that users can access directly from their local wiki. The project is now at an early stage of development. A lot of [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Research|user research]] has been done, and will continue to be done through the different phases of the project. The next steps of [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Development|development]] will be achieved by the development team working at Wikimedia Deutschland, starting now until the end of 2019. In order to make sure that we’re building a tool that is answering editors’ needs, we’re using agile methods in our development process. We don’t start with a fixed idea of the tool we want to deliver: we will build it together with the editors, based on feedback loops that we will regularly organize. The first version will not necessarily have all of the features you want, but it will keep evolving. Here’s the planned timeline: * From June to August, we will build the setup and technical groundwork. * From September to November 2019, we will develop the first version of the feature and publish a test system so you can try it and give feedback. * Later on, we will test the feature on a few projects, in collaboration with the communities. ** We will first focus on early adopters communities who already implemented a shortcut from their infoboxes to edit Wikidata (for example Russian, Catalan, Basque Wikipedias) ** but we also welcome also communities who [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Get_involved|volunteer to be part of the first test round]]. ** Then we will reach some of the big Wikipedias (French, German, English) in order to see if the project scales and to address their potentially different needs. ** Even later, we can consider enabling the feature on all the other projects. In any case, no deployment or big change will be enforced on the projects without talking to the communities first, and helping the template builders to prepare for the changes they will have to do on the infoboxes’ code. If you want to get involved, there are several ways to help: * Read and help translating [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge|the documentation pages]] * Follow the [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Updates|updates]] and participate in [[mw:Topic:V1x2lxtu8rgi954a|the first feedback loop]] * Talk about it with your local community More ideas will be added [[mw:Wikidata_Bridge/Get_involved|on this page]] along the way If you have any questions for the development team, feel free to ask them [[mw:Talk:Wikidata_Bridge|on the main talk page]]. You can also ask under this message, but if you expect an answer from me, please make sure to ping me. Thanks for your attention, [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 24 Juni 2019 13.03 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/List_Wikipedias&oldid=19168539 --> == Wikipédia basa Sunda atawa Wikipédia Sunda? == Aya kamandang yén ngaran '''Wikipédia basa Sunda''' diganti jadi '''Wikipédia Sunda''' sangkan leuwih ringkes, sarta Wikipédia basa séjén saperti basa Jawa jeung basa Minangkabau ogé geus ngaganti ngaranna jadi Wikipédia Jawa jeung Wikipédia Minangkabau. Salian ti éta, dileungitkeunna kecap "basa" ogé sangkan ieu wikipédia bisa ngawengku réa hal, utamana ngeunaan Sunda, saperti budaya Sunda, jeung sajabana. Kumaha kamandang sadérék ngeunaan hal ieu? --[[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:A2613|sawala]]) 12 Juli 2019 02.56 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} Satuju dirobah jadi Wikipédia Sunda [[Pamaké:Harditaher|Harditaher]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Harditaher|sawala]]) 12 Juli 2019 03.12 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} Haméh teu panyang teuing.--[[Pamaké:Uchup19|'''<font color="#">yusup_ramdani</font>''']]&nbsp;[[Obrolan_pamaké:Uchup19|<font color="#">✉</font>]] 12 Juli 2019 04.05 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} [[Pamaké:Kumincir|kumincir]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 12 Juli 2019 04.15 (UTC) *{{vote|Y}} [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 2 Séptémber 2019 04.13 (UTC) == Google Code-In will soon take place again! Mentor tasks to help new contributors! == Hi everybody! Google Code-in (GCI) will soon take place again - a seven week long contest for 13-17 year old students to contribute to free software projects. Tasks should take an experienced contributor about two or three hours and can be of the categories Code, Documentation/Training, Outreach/Research, Quality Assurance, and User Interface/Design. Do you have any Lua, template, gadget/script or similar task that would benefit your wiki? Or maybe some of your tools need better documentation? If so, and you can imagine enjoying mentoring such a task to help a new contributor, please check out [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019]] and become a mentor. If you have any questions, feel free to ask at [[:mw:Talk:Google Code-in/2019|our talk page]]. Many thanks in advance! --[[User:Martin Urbanec|Martin Urbanec]] 5 Nopémber 2019 07.28 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Martin Urbanec@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=19202271 --> == ‎Improving the translation support for the Sundanese Wikipedia == Hi! [[:mw:Content translation|Content translation]] has been successful in supporting the translation process on many Wikipedia communities, and we want to help additional wikis with potential to grow using translation as part of [[:mw:Content translation/Boost|a new initiative]]. Content translation facilitates the creation of Wikipedia articles by translating content from other languages. It has been used already to create more than half a million articles. In addition, the tool provides [[:mw:Help:Content translation/Translating/Translation quality|mechanisms to encourage the creation of good quality content]], preventing the publication of lightly edited machine translations. In general, our analysis shows that the translations produced are [[:mw:Content_translation/Deletion_statistics_comparison|less likely to be deleted than the articles started from scratch]]. Sundanese Wikipedia editors have used Content translation to create [[Special:CXStats|more than three hundred articles]]. Given the size of the editing community, we think that there is potential to use translation to create more articles, expand existing ones, and attract new editors that learn how to make productive edits. Translation can help the community to reduce the language gap with other languages and grow the number of editors in a sustainable way. In order to achieve this goal, we want to collaborate with you to make Content translation more visible in the Sundanese Wikipedia and support new ways to translate. As a first step, during the next weeks we plan to enable Content translation by default on the Sundanese Wikipedia. That will make it easy for users to discover the tool [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Starting|through several entry points]]. However, users not interested in translation will still be able to disable it from their preferences. Please feel free to share any comment in this conversation thread. Thanks! --[[Pamaké:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Aaharoni-WMF|sawala]]) 3 Agustus 2020 12.45 (UTC) :Hello everyone. We have enabled [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content translation]] by default on the Sundanese Wikipedia. :Now it is easy for users to discover the tool [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Starting through several entry points]. However, users not interested in translation can disable it [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|from their preferences]]. :We expect this will help translators to create more content of good quality in Sundanese. We’ll be monitoring [[Special:ContentTranslationStats|the statistics for Sundanese]] as well as [https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidepageedits=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&hidelog=1&namespace=0&tagfilter=contenttranslation&limit=500&days=30&urlversion=2 the list of articles created] with the tool. Content translation provides [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality quality control mechanisms] to prevent the abuse of machine translation and the limits can be adjusted based on the needs of each community. Please, feel free to share your impressions about the content created and how the tool works for the community. This feedback is essential to improve the tool to better support your needs. :Thanks! --[[Pamaké:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Aaharoni-WMF|sawala]]) 11 Agustus 2020 12.00 (UTC) == Technical maintenance planed‬ == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''A maintenance operation will be performed tomorrow morning UTC time (Wednesday 17th at 07:00 AM UTC).''' It will impact all wikis and is supposed to last up to one minute. During this time, new translations may fail, and Notifications may not be delivered. For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T273762|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Thank you, [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 16 Pébruari 2021 17.45 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=21037579 --> == Coolest Tool Award 2021: Call for nominations == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Coolest Tool Award 2021 square_logo.svg|thumb|193x193px]] The third edition of the [[m:Coolest Tool Award]] is looking for nominations! Tools play an essential role for the Wikimedia projects, and so do the many volunteer developers who experiment with new ideas and develop and maintain local and global solutions to support the Wikimedia communities. The Coolest Tool Award aims to recognize and celebrate the coolest tools in a variety of categories. The awarded projects will be announced and showcased in a virtual ceremony in December. Deadline to submit nominations is October 27. More information: [[m:Coolest Tool Award]]. Thanks for your recommendations! -- [[User:SSethi (WMF)|SSethi (WMF)]] for the [[m:Coolest Tool Award#Coolest Tool Award 2021|2021 Coolest Tool Academy team]] 19 Oktober 2021 05.57 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22003007 --> == Community Wishlist Survey 2022 is coming. Help us! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] starts in less than two weeks ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220110T1800 Monday 10 January 2022, 18:00 UTC]). We, the team organizing the Survey, need your help. {| width=80% style="text-align:center; margin:auto;" class=plainlinks |- valign=top |width=50%| '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=agg-Community_Wishlist_Survey&action=page&filter= <span class="mw-ui-button">Translate important messages</span>]''' | [[Community Wishlist Survey/Help us|<span class="mw-ui-button>Promote the Survey</span>]] Among anyone and everyone you know who has an account on wiki. Promote the Survey on social media, via instant messaging apps, in other groups and chats, in your WikiProject, Wikimedia affiliate - wherever contributors with registered accounts may be. |} '''Only you can make the difference''' How many people will hear and read about the Survey in their language? How many will decide to participate? Will there be enough of you to vote for a change you would like to see? It all depends on you, volunteers. '''Why are we asking?''' * [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/FAQ|We have improved the documentation]]. It's friendlier and easier to use. This will mean little if it's only in English. * Thousands of volunteers haven't participated in the Survey yet. We'd like to improve that, too. Three years ago, 1387 people participated. Last year, there were 1773 of them. We hope that in the upcoming edition, there will be even more. You are better than us in contacting Wikimedians outside of wikis. We have prepared some images to share. More to come. '''What is the Community Wishlist Survey?''' [[File:Community Wishlist Survey banner - translatable.svg|350px|thumb]] It's an annual survey that allows contributors to the Wikimedia projects to propose and vote for tools and platform improvements. Long years of experience in editing or technical skills are not required. Thanks, and be safe and successful in 2022! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 29 Désémber 2021 03.15 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22319964 --> == Save the Date: Coolest Tool Award 2021: this Friday, 17:00 UTC == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <languages /> Hello all, The ceremony of the 2021 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Wikimedia Coolest Tool Award]] will take place virtually on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1642179615 Friday 14 January 2022, 17:00 UTC]. This award is highlighting software tools that have been nominated by contributors to the Wikimedia projects. The ceremony will be a nice moment to show appreciation to our tool developers and maybe discover new tools! [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Read more about the livestream and the discussion channels.]] Thanks for joining! [[m:User:AKlapper (WMF)|andre]] ([[m:User talk:AKlapper (WMF)|talk]]) -08:02, 6 January 2022 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22528634 --> == Last two days for submitting proposals == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|150px|right]] '''Tomorrow is the last day''' for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|submitting proposals for the Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. Also, everyone is welcome to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Help us|translate, promote]], and discuss proposals. [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 22 Januari 2022 14.45 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22611679 --> == Rollout of the new audio and video player == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Hello, Over the next months we will gradually change the audio and video player of Wikis from Kultura to Video.js and with that, the old player won’t be accessible anymore. The new player has been active as a beta feature since May 2017. The new player has many advantages, including better design, consistent look with the rest of our interface, better compatibility with browsers, ability to work on mobile which means our multimedia will be properly accessible on iPhone, better accessibility and many more. The old player has been unmaintained for eight years now and is home-brewn (unlike the new player which is a widely used open source project) and uses deprecated and abandoned frameworks such as jQuery UI. Removing the old player’s code also improves performance of the Wikis for anyone visiting any page (by significantly reducing complexity of the dependency graph of our ResourceLoader modules. See [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/175/wikipedia_s_javascript_initialisation_on_a_budget/ this blog post.]). The old player has many open bugs that we will be able to close as resolved after this migration. The new player will solve a lot of old and outstanding issues but also it will have its own bugs. All important ones have been fixed but there will be some small ones to tackle in the future and after the rollout. What we are asking now is to turn on the beta feature for the new player and let us know about any issues. You can track the work in [[phab:T100106|T100106]] Thank you, [[User:Ladsgroup|Amir]] 17 Pébruari 2022 17.59 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Ladsgroup@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22611679 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Coolest Tool Award 2022: Call for nominations</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/> The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]] welcomes your nominations! What is your favorite Wikimedia related software tool? Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|submit your favorite tools]] by October 12, 2022! The awarded projects will be announced and showcased in a virtual ceremony in December. <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 3 Oktober 2022 18.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=22611679 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Join the Coolest Tool Award 2022: Friday, Dec 16th, 17:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/> The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Wikimedia Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210028 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! This award is highlighting software tools that have been nominated by contributors to the Wikimedia projects. The ceremony will be a nice moment to show appreciation to our tool developers and maybe discover new tools! [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Read more about the livestream and the discussion channels.]] Thanks for joining! -[[m:User:SSapaty (WMF)|Komla]] <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 5 Désémber 2022 18.53 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=24059435 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Graph extension disabled</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message" />Yesterday the [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|Wikimedia Foundation noted]] that in the interests of the security of our users, the [[mw:Extension:Graph|Graph extension]] was disabled. This means that pages that were formerly displaying graphs will now display a small blank area. To help readers understand this situation, communities can now define a brief message that can be displayed to readers in place of each graph until this is resolved. That message can be defined on each wiki at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Graph-disabled]]</bdi>. Wikimedia Foundation staff are looking at options available and expected timelines. For updates, follow the public Phabricator task for this issue: [[phab:T334940|T334940]]<section end="message" /> </div> --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 19 April 2023 17.36 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=24483197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Automatic citations based on ISBN are broken</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message" /> Apologies if this message does not reach you in your favorite language. [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)/ISBN|You can help translate it centrally at Meta]]. Thanks for your help. We have recently become unable to access the WorldCat API which provided the ability to generate citations using ISBN numbers. The Wikimedia Foundation's [[mw:Editing_team|Editing team]] is investigating several options to restore the functionality, but will need to disable ISBN citation generation for now. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts, such as the autofill button on [[:en:Wikipedia:RefToolbar|refToolbar]]. Please note that all the other automatic ways of generating citations, including via URL or DOI, are still available. You can keep updated on the situation [[phab:T336298|via Phabricator]], or by reading the next issues of [[m:Tech News]]. If you know of any users or groups who rely heavily on this feature (for instance, someone who has an upcoming editathon), I'd appreciate it if you shared this update with them. [[User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]], on behalf of the Editing team.<section end="message" /> </div> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 11 Méi 2023 19.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox3&oldid=25009633 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Temporary accounts for unregistered editors</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="body" /> ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/Updates/2023-09|Baca ini dalam bahasa Anda]] • <span class=plainlinks>[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2F2023-09&language=&action=page&filter= {{Int:please-translate}}]</span> • Sampaikan perubahan ini ke pengguna lain'' [[File:MediaWiki Temporary accounts page history mockup 2023-09 en.gif|alt=Pengujian halaman riwayat yang menampilkan gaya nama pengguna lama dan baru. Alamat IP 172.0.0.1 berubah menjadi akun sementara ~2024-23126-086, dengan ikon untuk membuka alamat IP asalnya|thumb|400px|Tahun depan, editor yang tidak teregistrasi akan mulai menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary_accounts|akun sementara]]]] Pada tahun 2024, penyunting yang belum [[Special:CreateAccount|mendaftarkan akun]] secara otomatis akan mulai menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary_accounts|akun sementara]]. Penyunting ini kadang disebut "Penyunting IP" karena [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/Glossary_of_key_terms#ip-address|alamat IP]]nya tampil dalam riwayat halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Tim Produk Kepercayaan dan Keamanan]] memberikan presentasi di Wikimania tentang perubahan ini. Anda dapat [https://www.youtube.com/live/3ygRnVXTAPM?si=lAkJEcvgPl1sV6JO&t=22290 menontonnya di YouTube]. Terdapat informasi lebih lanjut di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|m:IP Penyuntingan: Peningkatan Privasi dan Mitigasi Penyalahgunaan]]<section end="body" /> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]])</span> 30 Séptémber 2023 02.05 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25636618 --> == Nulis artikel maké aksara Sunda == Di Wikipédia Sunda teu acan aya aturan ngeunaan kumaha nulis artikel maké aksara Sunda. Hal ieu diidinan atawa henteuna ? Lamun numutkeun sim kuring, upami aya nu nyerat artikel dina aksara Sunda kedah aya ogé artikel nu pakait dina aksara latinna. Ngan hanjakalna tugasna kedah 2x, janten rada ngarepotkeun ogè. Dimana artikel dina aksara latin waé teu acan kagarap sadayana. Kumaha kinten-kinten numutkeun anjeun sadaya ? @[[Pamaké:Kumincir|Kumincir]], @[[Pamaké:A2613|A2613]], @[[Pamaké:Mssetiadi|Mssetiadi]], @[[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|Ilham.nurwansah]], @[[Pamaké:RXerself|RXerself]] Diskusi ieu kabuka ogé kanggo sadaya pamakè aktip Wikipédia Sunda. @[[Pamaké:Dinototosugiarto|Dinototosugiarto]], @[[Pamaké:Hayati Mayang Arum|Hayati Mayang Arum]], jrrd. [[Pamaké:Ariandi Lie|Ariandi Lie]] <sup>[[Obrolan pamaké:Ariandi Lie|ngobrol didieu]]</sup> 6 Juli 2024 12.32 (UTC) :{{Komentar}} abdi méndakan pérkawis anu hampir sarua di [https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sawala_(basa)#Pamak%C3%A9an%20Aksara%20Sunda%20di%20Wikip%C3%A9dia%20Sunda diyeu] , kurang leuwih acan aya kawijakan nu ngatur perkawis iyeu. Mungkin éngkin tiasa di riungkeun babareungan deui kahareupna mah. Hatur nuhun <span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span><sup>[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]</sup> 8 Juli 2024 10.36 (UTC) :Kedahna mah lamun ceuk urang heunteu nulis manual. Aturanna mah tiasa wéh artikel dialihaksarakeun maké bot atawa skrip kitu. Jadina urang nulis heula dina Latin engké dialihaksarakeun otomatis jadi aya ogé anu aksara Sundana. [[Pamaké:RXerself|RXerself]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:RXerself|sawala]]) 9 Juli 2024 05.50 (UTC) ::@[[Pamaké:RXerself|RXerself]] Jadi aya dua kaca kitunya? aya tombol aksarana, abdi rada ngadukung ogé lamun kitumah.{{Thumb up}}<span style="border:3px outset;border-radius:9pt 0;padding:1px 7px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom right, blue,#00FF7F)">[[User:Zulf|<span style="color:#fff;font:1em Lucida Sans">🍃Zulf🍃</span>]]</span><sup>[[User talk:Zulf|''talk'']]</sup> 9 Juli 2024 07.28 (UTC) ::Masalahna artikel dina aksara Sunda dipénta keur dipupus siga [[Husus:Diff/672039|kasus ieu]]. Nu menta pamupusan nyaéta anggota SWMT (Small Wiki Monitoring Team) WMF. Taah kumaha kinten-kinten lamun kieu ? [[Pamaké:Ariandi Lie|Ariandi Lie]] <sup>[[Obrolan pamaké:Ariandi Lie|ngobrol didieu]]</sup> 23 Juli 2024 12.16 (UTC) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita Unggulan''' * Penatalayan kini dapat [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|memblokir akun secara global]]. Sebelum [[phab:T17294|perubahan]], hanya alamat IP dan rentang IP yang dapat diblokir secara global. Memblokir akun secara global berguna ketika pengguna yang diblokir seharusnya tidak keluar log. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Penguncian global]] (semacam mekanisme serupa yang pengguna harus keluar log dari akun mereka) tidak terpengaruh oleh perubahan ini. Fitur pemblokiran akun global yang baru ini berhubungan dengan proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Akun Sementara]], yakni jenis akun pengguna baru yang menggantikan alamat IP editor yang tidak terdaftar dan tidak lagi terbuka. * Akhir pekan ini, pengguna situs Wikimedia akan melihat bahwa antarmuka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (juga dikenal sebagai "Perubahan Tertunda") telah diperbaiki dan selaras dengan antarmuka MediaWiki lainnya dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|sistem desain Wikimedia]]. Pengalaman antarmuka FlaggedRevs di ponsel dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|kulit Minerva]] sebelumnya tidak konsisten sehingga perlu diperbaiki dan dipindahkan ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] oleh tim Growth WMF dan beberapa sukarelawan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Pengguna situs Wikimedia sekarang dapat mengirimkan permintaan penghilangan akun melalui [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. Fitur ini berguna ketika seorang kontributor ingin berhenti menyunting selamanya. Fitur ini akan membantu Anda menyembunyikan keterkaitan dan penyuntingan Anda di masa lalu untuk melindungi privasi Anda. Setelah diproses, akun tersebut akan dikunci dan diganti namanya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Apakah Anda sudah mencoba memantau dan mengatasi vandalisme di Wikipedia menggunakan ponsel Anda? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ Sebuah artikel blog Diff tentang fitur Patroli di Aplikasi Seluler] menyoroti beberapa kemampuan baru dalam fitur tersebut, termasuk menggeser umpan perubahan terbaru dan perpustakaan pribadi pesan pembicaraan pengguna untuk digunakan saat berpatroli dari ponsel Anda. * Kontributor Wikimedia dan lembaga GLAM (galeri, perpustakaan, arsip, dan museum) sekarang dapat mempelajari dan mengukur dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh Wikimedia Commons dalam menciptakan konten ensiklopedis yang berkualitas dengan menggunakan dasbor analisis [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics]. Dasbor ini menawarkan analisis kepada lembaga-lembaga mengenai hal-hal seperti penyuntingan bulanan dalam sebuah kategori, berkas yang paling banyak dilihat, dan artikel Wikimedia mana yang menggunakan gambar-gambar Commons. Sebagai hasil dari timbunan data baru ini, lembaga GLAM dapat mengukur keuntungan investasi mereka dengan lebih andal untuk program-program yang membawa konten ke dalam Commons digital. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Berita Terbaru Proyek''' * Bagikan ide Anda guna menyempurnakan wiki melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Daftar Harapan Komunitas]] yang baru saja dibuka kembali. Daftar Harapan Komunitas adalah forum Wikimedia bagi para sukarelawan untuk berbagi ide (yang disebut sebagai harapan) untuk menyempurnakan kinerja wiki. Versi baru dari daftar harapan selalu terbuka, dapat digunakan dengan teks wiki dan Visual Editor, dan menerima harapan dalam bahasa apa pun. '''Lebih lanjut''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Anda pernah membayangkan bagaimana perangkat lunak Wikimedia bekerja dalam lebih dari 300 bahasa? Jumlah ini adalah 253 bahasa lebih banyak daripada antarmuka Google Chrome, dan ini bukan suatu kebetulan. Tim Pelokalan Bahasa dan Produk di Wikimedia Foundation mendukung upaya Anda dengan mengadaptasi semua perkakas dan antarmuka yang Anda gunakan ke bahasa Anda dan bahasa lain. Baca lebih lanjut mengenai tim ini dan pekerjaan mereka yang akan datang di [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff].</span> * Bagaimana Wikimedia dapat membangun produk yang inovatif dan bereksperimen sambil mempertahankan situs web yang banyak digunakan? Sebuah [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ artikel blog] baru-baru ini yang ditulis oleh staf WMF, Johan Jönsson, menyoroti pekerjaan inisiatif [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|Pemirsa Masa Depan WMF]], dengan tujuan bukan untuk membuat produk yang sudah jadi, melainkan untuk menguji ide-ide baru, seperti [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|pengaya ChatGPT]] dan [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], untuk membantu membawa Wikimedia ke masa depan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' Anda juga dapat menerima berita lain dari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Buletin Wikimedia Foundation]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Juli 2024 00.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 29 Juli 2024 23.09 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita unggulan''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Dua fungsi pengurai baru akan diluncurkan pada pekan ini: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> dan <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. Keduanya akan mengurangi kebutuhan untuk <code>Template:Dir</code> dan <code>Template:BCP47</code> di Commons dan memungkinkan kami untuk [[phab:T343131|membuang 100 juta baris]] dari basis data "apa yang terhubung di sini". Para penyunting di wiki manapun yang menggunakan templat ini dapat membantu dengan mengganti templatnya dengan fungsi-fungsi baru ini. Templat-templat di Commons akan diperbarui selama Hackathon di Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Komunitas dapat meminta aktivasi penyunting visual di seluruh ruang nama tempat diskusi kadang-kadang terjadi (misalnya ruang nama ''Wikipedia:'' atau ''Wikisource:'') jika mereka sudah mengerti [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|batasan-batasan yang ada]]. Untuk berdiskusi, para pengguna sudah dapat menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] di ruang nama ini. * Kategori pelacakan " Pages using Timeline" telah diberi nama baru menjadi "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" di [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 TranslateWiki]. Wikipedia yang telah menggunakan kategori ini secara lokal harus mengganti nama kategori lokal mereka agar sesuai. '''Berita terbaru proyek''' * Para penyunting yang membantu menyelenggarakan WikiProjects dan kolaborasi di dalam wiki yang sama, diundang untuk berbagi ide dan contoh-contoh kerja sama yang berhasil dengan tim Campaigns and Programs. Anda dapat mengisi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|angket singkat]] atau membagikan gagasan Anda di [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|halaman pembicaraan]]. Secara khusus, tim tersebut mencari informasi mengenai kolaborasi yang berhasil pada wiki berbahasa selain bahasa Inggris. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pengurai baru sedang diluncurkan di wiki {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} selama beberapa bulan ke depan. Wiki {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} dan {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} [[phab:T365367|telah beralih]] ke Parsoid pada pekan lalu. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Pelajari lebih lanjut''' * Terdapat lebih dari 200 sesi di Wikimania pada pekan ini. Berikut ini adalah rangkuman dari beberapa [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|sesi utama yang berkaitan dengan area produk dan teknologi]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Buletin Wikimedia Foundation]] terbaru telah terbit. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Nawala Bahasa dan Internasionalisasi]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. Di dalamnya termasuk: Pratinjau desain baru untuk halaman-halaman yang dapat diterjemahkan; Pembaruan tentang MinT untuk Para Pembaca Wiki; penerbitan tumpukan terjemahan; dan lain-lain. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Nawala Growth]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|Nawala Wawasan Produk MediaWiki]] bulanan terbaru telah terbit. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 5 Agustus 2024 20.42 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita unggulan''' * Para penyunting dan pengelola [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] kini dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|memperlihatkan CAPTCHA jika sebuah penyaring cocok dengan sebuah suntingan]]. Hal ini memudahkan komunitas untuk menanggapi spam yang dilakukan oleh bot otomatis dengan segera. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Para penatalayan]] sekarang dapat menentukan apakah pemblokiran global sebaiknya mencegah pembuatan akun. Sebelum [[phab:T17273|perubahan ini]] dilakukan oleh Tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]], semua pemblokiran global akan menghalangi pembuatan akun. Hal ini akan memudahkan penatalayan mengatasi efek samping yang tidak diinginkan dari pemblokiran global pada alamat IP. '''Berita terbaru proyek''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominasi sedang dibuka di Wikitech]] kepada anggota baru untuk melengkapi [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|komite standar Toolforge]]. Komite ini bertugas untuk mengawasi kebijakan [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork]] dan kebijakan [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool]] di antara tugas-tugas lainnya. Nominasi akan dibuka hingga paling lambat 26 Agustus 2024. * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam bahasa [[d:Q2880037|Bajau Pantai Barat]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 12 Agustus 2024 23.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == Badé sumping: Fitur sub-rujukan énggal - cobian! == <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]].</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you:</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]].</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help us spread the message.</span> --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita unggulan''' * Para penyunting yang ingin menggunakan ulang referensi tetapi dengan informasi yang berbeda, seperti nomor halaman, mereka dapat melakukannya pada akhir tahun 2024, dengan menggunakan fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-rujukan]] yang baru. Anda dapat membaca lebih lanjut tentang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|proyek ini]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|cara menguji purwarupanya]]. * Para penyunting yang memakai kategori pelacakan untuk mengenali halaman mana yang menggunakan ekstensi tertentu mungkin menyadari bahwa enam dari kategori tersebut telah diganti namanya agar lebih mudah dipahami dan dibuat konsisten. Kategori-kategori ini secara otomatis ditambahkan ke halaman yang menggunakan ekstensi MediaWiki khusus. Nama-nama yang terpengaruh adalah untuk: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Setiap wiki yang telah membuat kategori secara lokal harus mengganti nama ciptaan lokalnya supaya sesuai. Terima kasih kepada Pppery untuk penyempurnaan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Sukarelawan teknis yang menyunting modul dan ingin mendapatkan daftar kategori yang digunakan di sebuah halaman, kini dapat melakukannya dengan menggunakan atribut <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> dari <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. Cara ini memudahkan wiki untuk mengatur alur kerja seperti pemberitahuan penyuntingan khusus kategori. Terima kasih kepada SD001 untuk penyempurnaan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Status kekutu''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Dukungan Anda akan membantu untuk memeriksa apakah terdapat halaman yang perlu dipindahkan atau dihapus. Sebuah skrip pemeliharaan telah dijalankan untuk membersihkan halaman-halaman yang tidak dapat dijangkau (karena kendala Unicode atau adanya nama ruang/nama alias baru). Skrip tersebut mencari kesesuaian nama halaman (misalnya dengan mengikuti perubahan Unicode atau dengan memindahkan halaman yang judulnya di Wikipedia dimulai dengan <code>Talk:WP:</code> agar judulnya dimulai dengan <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), tetapi hal tersebut mungkin mengalami kebuntuan pada beberapa halaman, dan sebagai gantinya dipindahkan ke <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi>. Komunitas Anda sebaiknya memeriksa apakah ada halaman yang tercantum di sana, dan segera pindahkan ke judul yang benar, atau hapus jika sudah tidak diperlukan lagi. Sebuah log utuh (termasuk halaman-halaman yang nama-namanya dapat ditemukan) tersedia di [[phab:P67388]]. * Para penyunting yang menjadi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|pembimbing]] bagi para pendatang baru di wiki mereka kini dapat mengakses daftar calon peserta bimbingan yang dapat dihubungi untuk memberikan petunjuk dan bimbingan. Fungsionalitas ini telah dipulihkan berkat [[phab:T372164|perbaikan sebuah kekutu]]. Terima kasih kepada Mbch331 yang telah mengajukan laporan kekutu. Anda dapat membaca tentang hal tersebut, dan 18 tugas lain yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru proyek''' * Batas waktu pendaftaran untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Dewan Penasihat Produk & Teknologi]] (PTAC) telah diperpanjang hingga 16 September. Para anggota akan membantu dalam memberikan saran kepada pimpinan Product and Technology Foundation mengenai rencana jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, masalah strategis yang kompleks, serta membantu mendapatkan umpan balik dari para kontributor dan komunitas teknis. Anggota yang terpilih diharapkan meluangkan waktu sekitar lima jam per bulan untuk posisi Dewan ini selama masa percobaan satu tahun. Pertimbangkanlah untuk mendaftar, dan sebarkanlah informasi ini kepada para sukarelawan yang menurut Anda dapat memberikan kontribusi positif kepada komite itu. '''Pelajari lebih lanjut''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|Penghargaan Perkakas Terkeren 2024]] dianugerahkan di Wikimania dalam tujuh kategori. Sebagai contoh, satu penghargaan jatuh kepada ISA Tool, yang digunakan untuk menambahkan data terstruktur kepada berkas-berkas di Commons, yang baru-baru ini disempurnakan pada saat [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Hackathon Wiki Mentor Africa]]. Anda dapat melihat video peragaan setiap perkakas di halaman penghargaannya. Terima kasih kepada para penerima penghargaan tahun ini, dan terima kasih kepada semua pembuat dan pengelola perkakas. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Buletin Wikimedia Foundation]] terbaru telah diterbitkan, dan memuat beberapa hal penting dari Wikimania, pertemuan komunitas Bahasa yang akan berlangsung, dan berita lain dari gerakan Wikimedia. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20 Agustus 2024 00.52 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 26 Agustus 2024 20.31 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para penyunting dan pengembang sukarelawan yang berminat pada visualisasi data kini dapat menguji perangkat lunak baru untuk pembuatan bagan. Versi awal tersedia di beta Commons dan beta Wikipedia. Ini merupakan tonggak penting sebelum membuat bagan tersedia di wiki secara umum. Anda dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|membaca lebih lanjut mengenai perkembangan proyek ini]] dan membantu menguji bagan tersebut. '''Berita unggulan''' * Editor yang menggunakan halaman [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] kini dapat menyaring halaman yang diinginkan untuk tetap berada di sana, seperti bak pasir, kasus uji, dan templat yang selalu disubstitusi. Para penyunting dapat menambahkan kata magis baru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] ke halaman templat untuk menyembunyikannya dari daftar. Terima kasih kepada Sophivorus dan DannyS712 untuk penyempurnaan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Para penyunting yang menggunakan perkakas New Topic di halaman diskusi, [[phab:T334163|sekarang akan diingatkan]] untuk menambahkan tajuk bagian, yang akan membantu menurunkan jumlah pengguna baru yang menambah bagian tanpa tajuk. Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang hal tersebut, dan {{formatnum:28}} tugas lain yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. * Pada pekan lalu, beberapa perkakas Toolforge sempat mengalami masalah koneksi. Penyebabnya masih diselidiki, tetapi permasalahan tersebut telah teratasi untuk saat ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Para pengurus terjemahan di wiki multibahasa kini dapat dengan mudah menandai perubahan mana yang memerlukan pemutakhiran terjemahan ketika menyunting beberapa unit terjemahan. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan [[phab:T298852#10087288|menu tarik-turun yang baru]]. '''Berita terbaru proyek''' * Sebuah naskah rancangan kebijakan baru yang membahas penggunaan API Wikimedia [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|telah diterbitkan di Meta-Wiki]]. Draf naskah tersebut tidak mencerminkan perubahan kebijakan di sekitar API, melainkan sebuah upaya untuk mengkodifikasikan peraturan API yang sudah ada. Komentar, pertanyaan, dan saran dapat disampaikan di [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|halaman pembicaraan usulan pembaruan]] hingga 13 September atau hingga diskusi tersebut selesai. '''Pelajari lebih lanjut''' * Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang teknologi di balik proyek-proyek Wikimedia, Anda sekarang dapat menonton sesi dari jalur teknologi di Wikimania 2024 di Commons. Pada pekan ini, simaklah: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 menit) – tentang proyek Charts yang disebutkan di atas. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 menit) – tentang beberapa perkakas bahasa yang mendukung situs Wikimedia, seperti [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Penerjemahan Konten]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Bagian]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], dan LanguageConverter, serta kondisi saat ini dan masa depan penerimaan bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 3 Séptémber 2024 01.05 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita unggulan''' * Mulai pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|penyorot sintaksis]] standar akan memiliki warna baru yang membuatnya serasi dalam mode gelap. Perubahan ini merupakan perubahan pertama dari banyak peningkatan yang akan dilakukan sebagai bagian dari peningkatan besar pada penyorotan sintaksis. Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang perubahan yang akan datang di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|halaman bantuan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Para penyunting wiki yang menggunakan Wikidata sekarang akan diberitahu tentang perubahan-perubahan Wikidata yang relevan dalam daftar pantauan mereka. Alasannya adalah karena fungsi Lua <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> akan menggabungkan logikanya untuk melacak berbagai sisi dari pranala untuk mengurangi pemberitahuan tidak penting dari [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|pelacakan pranala yang tidak konsisten]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Berita terbaru proyek''' * Pengguna semua wiki hanya dapat mengakses situs-situs Wikimedia dalam mode hanya-baca selama beberapa menit pada 25 September, mulai pukul 15.00 UTC. Hal ini merupakan peralihan pusat data terencana untuk tujuan pemeliharaan. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diumumkan di Berita Teknis dan juga akan dimuat di setiap wiki dalam beberapa pekan mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Para kontributor dari [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedia]], termasuk bahasa Inggris akan mendapatkan ruang nama <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> yang baru di Wikipedia mereka. Pembaruan ini memastikan bahwa pranala yang dimulai dengan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (biasanya pintasan ke [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) tidak rusak oleh Wikipedia [[w:en:Mooré|bahasa Mooré]] (kode bahasa <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Séptémber 2024 18.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Séptémber 2024 00.01 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Kabar minggu ini''' * Pengalihan pusat data Wikimedia rutin yang kedua pada tahun ini akan berlangsung pada 25 September 2024. Hal ini mengakibatkan seluruh wiki menjadi tidak bisa disunting untuk beberapa menit (''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]]''), sekitar [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 pukul 22.00 WIB]. '''Pembaruan untuk kontributor''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|Tampilan fitur alt-text pada aplikasi iOS Wikipedia]] * Aplikasi iOS Wikipedia Bahasa Spanyol, Portugis, Prancis dan Tionghoa kini dilengkapi dengan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|penambahan alt-text]] pada [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|gambar]]. Fitur alt-text berfungsi untuk memberikan deskripsi tekstual suatu gambar kepada pengguna dengan disabilitas visual. Anda dapat memberikan masukan dan saran terhadap fitur ini melalui [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|halaman pembicaraan ini]]. * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Palet warna [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/ Codex Design System] kini [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design_System_Team/Color/Design_documentation#Updates telah diperbarui] untuk mendukung penerapan fitur mode gelap (*dark mode*).</span> * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Potongan kode program di MediaWiki, baik itu yang berada di dalam laman kode modul maupun yang berada di dalam tag <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code>, kini [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166 dilengkapi] dengan fitur hyperlink ke link eksternal, <code><nowiki>[[wikilink]]</nowiki></code> dan <code><nowiki>{{template link}}</nowiki></code>. ** Fitur ini sudah diaktifkan terlebih dahulu secara lokal di laman kode gadget Wiktionary Bahasa Inggris. Sebagai contoh, lihat kode baris 223 pada [https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-CodeLinks.js laman ini].</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Terdapat beberapa perbaikan bug pada fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * Selain itu, {{PLURAL:25|terdapat}} {{formatnum:25}} [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|isu teknis]] lainnya yang berhasil diselesaikan pada minggu kemarin. '''Pembaruan untuk kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pembaruan mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] ** <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Wikimedia Enterprise Free API [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ kini dilengkapi] dengan kuota 5000 request on-demand dan akses snapshot API (HTML dump) dua kali tiap bulan.</span> ** <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Wikimedia Enterprise Snapshot API kini dilengkapi dengan fitur [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ Structured Content] versi beta. Sementara itu, dataset Wikipedia Bahasa Inggris dan Prancis dalam format Structured Content kini [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ tersedia] di platform Hugging Face.</span> '''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">In depth</span>''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Sebagai tindak lanjut dari rencana [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split pemisahan butir artikel ilmiah dari database Wikidata], SPARQL endpoint Wikidata kini [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/September_2024_scaling_update dipisah] menjadi dua : [https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ scholarly] dan [https://query-main.wikidata.org/ main]. [https://query.wikidata.org/ SPARQL endpoint Wikidata yang dulu] akan tetap menyediakan akses ke seluruh butir Wikidata (sebelum pemisahan) sampai bulan Maret 2025. Setelah itu, endpoint tersebut akan berubah menjadi endpoint main (tanpa butir artikel ilmiah).</span> '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Séptémber 2024 23.35 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 27 Séptémber 2024 18.57 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para pembaca dari [[phab:T375401|42 wiki lain]] sekarang dapat menggunakan Mode Gelap. Apabila opsi ini belum tersedia untuk pengguna yang keluar log, ini kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh banyak templat yang belum ditampilkan dengan baik dalam Mode Gelap. Silakan gunakan [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ perkakas pemeriksa mode gelap] jika Anda tertarik untuk membantu mengurangi permasalahan ini. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|Halaman rekomendasi]] memberi panduan tentang hal ini. Mode Gelap dapat diaktifkan pada wiki lainnya satu kali per bulan. * Para penyunting yang menggunakan editor teks wiki 2010 sebagai penyunting bawaan dapat mengakses fitur-fitur dari penyunting teks wikitext 2017 dengan menambahkan <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> ke URL. Jika Anda ingin mengaktifkan editor teks wiki 2017 sebagai pengaturan bawaan Anda, opsi ini dapat diatur di [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|preferensi Anda]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * Untuk para pembaca yang sudah keluar log dan menggunakan kulit Vector 2022, pranala "Donasi" telah dipindahkan dari menu yang dapat diciutkan di sebelah area konten menjadi menu bagian atas yang lebih mudah terlihat, di sebelah "Buat akun". Cara ini mengembalikan pranala tersebut ke tingkat kedudukannya seperti pada kulit Vector 2010. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Pelajari lebih lanjut]] tentang perubahan yang terkait dengan pengalaman donor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * Ekstensi CampaignEvents menyediakan sarana bagi para panitia untuk mengelola acara dengan lebih mudah, berkomunikasi dengan para peserta, dan mempromosikan acara mereka di wiki. Ekstensi ini telah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|diaktifkan]] di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Wikipedia bahasa Igbo, Wikipedia bahasa Swahili, dan Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Wikipedia bahasa Mandarin]] sudah memutuskan untuk mengaktifkan ekstensi tersebut, dan diskusi mengenai ekstensi ini sedang berlangsung di [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|Wikipedia bahasa Spanyol]] dan [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|Wikidata]]. Untuk mempelajari cara mengaktifkan ekstensi di wiki Anda, Anda dapat mengunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|halaman CampaignEvents di Meta-Wiki]]. * Lihat {{formatnum:22}} {{PLURAL:22|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Para pengembang yang memiliki akun di wiki Wikitech sebaiknya [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|memeriksa apakah ada tindakan yang perlu dilakukan]] pada akun mereka. Wiki tersebut sedang mengalami perombakan untuk menggunakan sistem "Single-User-Login" (SUL) dan perubahan konfigurasi lainnya. Pembaruan ini akan membantu mengurangi kerumitan secara keseluruhan dalam pembaruan perangkat lunak mingguan di semua wiki kami. '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Pengalihan peladen]] telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu dengan waktu baca-saja [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|hanya 2 menit 46 detik]]. Proses berkala ini memastikan bahwa para teknisi dapat mengalihkan pusat data dan menjaga agar semua wiki tetap dapat diakses oleh para pembaca, bahkan jika ada masalah teknis yang besar. Hal ini juga memberikan peluang bagi para teknisi untuk melakukan pemeliharaan dan peningkatan pada sistem yang biasanya berjalan 24 jam sehari, dan kerap kali membantu mengungkap kelemahan dalam infrastruktur. Proses ini melibatkan puluhan layanan perangkat lunak dan ratusan peladen perangkat keras, dan membutuhkan beberapa tim yang bekerja secara bersama-sama. Upaya yang dilakukan selama beberapa tahun terakhir ini telah memangkas waktu dari 17 menit menjadi 2–3 menit. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * 4–6 Oktober: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|Hackathon di WikiIndaba Conference]] di Johannesburg, Afrika Selatan * 4–6 November: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] di Wina, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 30 Séptémber 2024 22.18 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para komunitas kini dapat meminta pemasangan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] di wiki mereka. Automoderator merupakan sebuah alat anti-vandalisme otomatis yang mengembalikan suntingan yang buruk berdasarkan nilai dari model pembelajaran mesin "Revert Risk" yang baru. Anda dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|membaca informasi lebih lanjut mengenai langkah-langkah yang diperlukan]] untuk pemasangannya dan konfigurasinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penerjemah di wiki yang [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|menggunakan pengalaman Penerjemahan Konten seluler]] kini dapat menyesuaikan daftar saran artikel mereka dari 41 pilihan pilihan penyaringan saat menggunakan fitur ini. Fitur saran artikel berbasis topik ini memudahkan penerjemah untuk menemukan sendiri artikel yang cocok berdasarkan bidang yang mereka minati dan kemudian menerjemahkannya. Anda dapat [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions segera mencobanya dengan perangkat seluler Anda]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * Lihat {{formatnum:12}} {{PLURAL:12|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Blok kode <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> kini dapat menawarkan tombol "Salin" kepada pembaca jika atribut <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|diatur pada tag]]. Terima kasih kepada SD0001 untuk peningkatan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Pesan catatan kaki hak cipta yang dikustomisasi di semua wiki akan dimutakhirkan. Versi baru akan menggunakan markah teks wiki alih-alih menggunakan penyuntingan HTML mentah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pada akhir bulan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] akan diluncurkan pada beberapa wiki percobaan. Daftar lengkap wiki akan dipublikasikan pada paruh kedua bulan ini. Jika Anda mengelola perkakas, bot, atau gawai apa pun [[phab:T376499|di 11 wiki ini]], dan peranti lunak Anda memanfaatkan data alamat IP atau dapat diakses oleh pengguna yang sudah keluar log, harap periksa apakah peranti lunak tersebut perlu diperbarui agar dapat digunakan dengan akun sementara. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Tersedia panduan tentang cara memperbarui kode itu]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pembatasan kecepatan sudah diaktifkan pada perangkat peninjauan kode [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] dan [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] untuk mengatasi masalah yang sedang berlangsung yang diakibatkan oleh lalu lintas dan aktivitas jahat. Klien yang membuka terlalu banyak koneksi secara bersamaan akan dibatasi selama beberapa menit. Pembatasan kecepatan ini dikendalikan melalui aturan tembok api [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]]. Penjelasan lebih lanjut, lihat halaman Wikitech tentang [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|pembatasan GitLab]], dan [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|operasi Gerrit]]. * Lima wiki baru telah dirilis: ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} [[d:Q49224|bahasa Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} [[d:Q36096|bahasa Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} [[d:Q36213|bahasa Madura]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} [[d:Q2501174|bahasa Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} [[d:Q56482|bahasa Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 7 Oktober 2024 23.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Ekstensi Structured Discussion (juga dikenal sebagai Flow) kini mulai dihapus. Ekstensi ini tidak dikelola lagi dan menyebabkan beberapa masalah. Ekstensi ini akan digantikan oleh [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], yang digunakan pada halaman pembicaraan biasa. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|Sejumlah wiki dalam kelompok pertama]] sedang dihubungi dan diajak untuk meninggalkan penggunaan Flow, serta memindahkan semua halaman Flow ke subhalaman sebagai arsip. Di wiki-wiki ini, sebuah skrip akan memindahkan semua halaman Flow yang bukan subhalaman ke subhalaman secara otomatis mulai tanggal 22 Oktober 2024. Pada 28 Oktober 2024, semua halaman Flow di wiki tersebut akan disetel dalam mode hanya-baca. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * Tim Search Platform WMF sedang mengerjakan upaya untuk mempermudah pembaca dalam melakukan pencarian teks dalam bahasa mereka. [[phab:T332342|Perubahan yang dilakukan pada pekan lalu]] terhadap 30 bahasa lebih memudahkan pencarian kata-kata dengan aksen dan diakritik lainnya. Hal ini berlaku pada pencarian teks lengkap dan jenis pencarian lanjutan seperti kata kunci <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> dan <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi>. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai hal-hal teknis (termasuk beberapa peningkatan pencarian kecil lainnya) telah tersedia. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] telah dipasang di Wikipedia bahasa Rusia, dan perbaikan telah dilakukan untuk beberapa tampilan antarmuka pengguna yang masih kurang. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Para penyunting yang menggunakan perkakas Toolforge [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] sekarang akan diminta untuk masuk dengan akun Wikimedia mereka sebelum menjalankan pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan opsi "mesin pencari". Pembaruan ini diperlukan untuk membantu mencegah bot pihak luar menyalahgunakan sistem ini. Terima kasih kepada Chlod untuk penyempurnaan ini. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * Para pengguna [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] dapat membuat tiket dan menambahkan komentar pada tiket yang sudah ada melalui surel. Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|pengiriman surel ke Phabricator]] telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Beberapa elemen HTML dalam antarmuka kini dibungkus dengan elemen <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code>, untuk membuat output HTML kami lebih selaras dengan standar Web. Akan ada lebih banyak perubahan seperti ini dalam beberapa pekan ke depan. Perubahan ini mungkin akan berdampak pada beberapa perkakas yang bergantung pada struktur HTML antarmuka sebelumnya. Harap diperhatikan bahwa ketergantungan pada struktur HTML antarmuka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|tidak dianjurkan]] dan dapat mengalami kerusakan sewaktu-waktu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|Nawala MediaWiki Product Insights]] bulanan terbaru telah diterbitkan. Edisi ini memuat: pembaruan pada sistem autentikasi Wikimedia, penelitian untuk menyederhanakan pengembangan fitur pada platform MediaWiki, pembaruan pada Unifikasi Parser dan peluncuran MathML, dan masih banyak lagi. * [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Nawala Technical Community]] triwulan terbaru kini telah diterbitkan. Edisi kali ini memuat: penelitian tentang saran perbaikan topik yang berhubungan dengan negara, perbaikan tes PHPUnit, dan masih banyak lagi. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14 Oktober 2024 21.19 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Mobile Apps telah merilis sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|pembaruan]] pada navigasi aplikasi iOS, dan kini telah tersedia di versi App Store terbaru. Kami menambahkan menu Profil baru yang memudahkan akses ke fitur-fitur editor seperti Notifikasi dan Daftar Pantauan dari tampilan Artikel, dan menempatkan tombol "Donasi" di tempat yang lebih mudah diakses oleh para pengguna yang sedang membaca artikel. Hal ini merupakan tahap pertama dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|penyegaran navigasi]] yang lebih besar yang direncanakan untuk membantu transisi aplikasi iOS dari aplikasi yang berfokus pada pembaca, menjadi sebuah aplikasi yang mendukung penuh kegiatan membaca dan menyunting. Wikimedia Foundation telah menambahkan beberapa fitur penyuntingan dan dukungan untuk komunikasi di dalam wiki berdasarkan permintaan sukarelawan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|Menu profil dan konten Wikipedia App iOS]] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pembaca Wikipedia sekarang dapat mengunduh ekstensi peramban untuk mencoba beberapa ide awal mengenai fitur tambahan yang dapat merekomendasikan artikel untuk dibaca lebih lanjut, meringkas artikel secara otomatis, dan meningkatkan fungsionalitas pencarian. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut dan untuk mengikuti perkembangannya, lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|halaman Content Discovery Experiments]] dari tim Web dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|berlangganan nawala mereka]]. * Pada akhir bulan ini, para penyunting yang sudah keluar log dari [[phab:T376499|12 wiki ini]] akan mulai dibuatkan [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]]. Daftar ini mungkin akan sedikit berubah, di mana beberapa wiki akan dikeluarkan dari daftar, tetapi tidak ada wiki baru yang akan ditambahkan. Akun sementara merupakan jenis [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|akun pengguna yang baru]]. Fitur ini meningkatkan privasi penyunting yang keluar log dan memudahkan anggota komunitas untuk berkomunikasi dengan mereka. Jika Anda mengelola perkakas, bot, atau gawai apa pun di 12 wiki ini, dan perangkat lunak Anda menggunakan data tentang alamat IP atau dapat diakses oleh pengguna yang keluar, periksa apakah perlu dimutakhirkan agar dapat digunakan dengan akun sementara. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Panduan tentang cara memperbarui kode sudah tersedia]]. Pelajari lebih lanjut mengenai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|rencana penerapannya di semua wiki]]. * Lihat {{formatnum:33}} {{PLURAL:33|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, Wikipedia bahasa [[w:nr:Main Page|Ndebele Selatan]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]], dan [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] telah diluncurkan pada pekan lalu. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * Sekarang Anda dapat membuat fungsi di Wikifunctions dengan menggunakan leksem Wikidata, melalui [[f:Z6005|jenis leksem Wikidata]] baru yang diluncurkan minggu lalu. Ketika Anda membuka salah satu dari fungsi-fungsi ini, antarmuka pengguna akan menyediakan pemilih lema yang membantu Anda memilih lema dari Wikidata yang cocok dengan kata yang Anda ketik. Setelah menekan tombol Run, lema yang Anda pilih akan ditarik dari Wikidata, diubah menjadi tipe lema Wikidata, dan diteruskan ke fungsi yang dipilih. Pelajari lebih lanjut mengenai hal ini di [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|nawala Wikifunctions terbaru]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pengguna situs Wikimedia sekarang dapat memformat tanggal dengan lebih mudah dalam berbagai bahasa dengan fungsi pengurai <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> yang baru. Sebagai contoh, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> akan ditampilkan sebagai "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Sebelumnya, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> dapat digunakan untuk memformat tanggal, tetapi hal ini membutuhkan pemahaman tentang urutan komponen waktu dan tanggal serta tanda baca yang menyertainya. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (atau <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> untuk waktu lokal) menyediakan akses ke format tanggal standar yang digunakan MediaWiki dalam antarmuka penggunanya. Hal ini dapat membantu menyederhanakan beberapa templat di wiki multibahasa seperti Commons dan Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pengguna Commons dan Meta sekarang dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|memperoleh bahasa pengguna]] secara optimal dengan menggunakan <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> alih-alih menggunakan <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] (PTAC) kini memiliki anggota perintis dengan perwakilan di Afrika, Asia, Eropa, Amerika Utara, dan Amerika Selatan. Mereka akan menangani inisiatif [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Dewan Teknologi Strategi Gerakan]] untuk menciptakan platform teknologi gabungan yang lebih tangguh. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Nawala Growth]] triwulanan terbaru telah tersedia. Di dalamnya memuat: modul Pembaruan Komunitas Beranda Pendatang Baru yang akan datang, opsi Konfigurasi Komunitas yang baru, dan informasi mengenai proyek-proyek baru. * Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|kini menjadi mitra resmi dari program CVE]], yang merupakan upaya internasional untuk membuat katalog kerentanan keamanan siber yang telah diungkapkan kepada publik. Kemitraan ini akan memungkinkan Tim Keamanan secara cepat menerbitkan catatan [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|kerentanan dan eksposur umum]] (CVE) yang memengaruhi bagian inti, ekstensi, dan kulit MediaWiki, serta kode lain yang dikelola oleh Foundation. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Daftar Harapan Komunitas]] sekarang sedang [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|menguji coba terjemahan mesin]] pada konten Daftar Harapan. Para sukarelawan kini dapat membaca versi terjemahan mesin dari daftar keinginan dan ikut berdiskusi bahkan sebelum para penerjemah tiba untuk mengerjakan alih bahasa. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * 24 Oktober — Webinar Seri Pembicara Pendidikan Wiki — [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Teknologi Sumber Terbuka: Membangun Dasbor Pendidikan Wiki], dengan menghadirkan pemagang magang Wikimedia dan seorang pengembang Web dalam sebuah panel. * 20–22 Desember 2024 — [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] di Odisha, India. Hackathon untuk anggota komunitas, termasuk pengembang, perancang, dan editor konten, untuk membangun solusi teknis yang meningkatkan pengalaman kontributor. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 Oktober 2024 20.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 22 Oktober 2024 11.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pada bulan November nanti, ekstensi Charts akan digunakan pada wiki uji coba untuk mengidentifikasi dan memperbaiki masalah yang ada. Sebuah tinjauan keamanan sedang dilakukan untuk memudahkan penerapan ke wiki percontohan guna pengujian yang lebih luas. Anda dapat membaca [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|perkembangan proyek bulan Oktober]] dan melihat [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts dokumentasi serta contoh-contoh terbaru di Wikipedia Beta]. * Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], sebuah layanan eksternal yang dapat membuat buku dari Wikipedia, kini dapat menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] untuk menampilkan gambar peta kotak informasi yang telah ditampilkan sebelumnya dalam buku cetak mereka di Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Setiap wiki dapat menggunakan [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|ekstensi Guided Tour]] untuk membantu para pemula memahami cara menyunting. Ekstensi Guided Tours kini bekerja dengan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|mode gelap]]. Pengelola Guided Tour dapat memeriksa tur mereka untuk memastikan tidak ada yang terlihat janggal. Pengelola juga dapat mengatur <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> menjadi <code>true</code> untuk memperbaiki masalah lama. Mereka dapat menggunakan tanda baru <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> untuk menghindari tombol kembali yang tidak diinginkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Para pengurus di proyek-proyek Wikimedia yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|ekstensi Nuke]] akan melihat bahwa penghapusan massal yang dilakukan dengan alat ini memiliki tag "Nuke". Perubahan ini akan membuat proses peninjauan dan analisis penghapusan yang dilakukan dengan fitur ini menjadi lebih mudah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 28 Oktober 2024 20.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penatalayan kini dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|membuat pemblokiran akun global]] menjadi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|pemblokiran otomatis]] secara global. Cara ini akan membantu penatalayan dalam mencegah penyalahgunaan oleh pengguna yang telah diblokir secara global. Tindakan ini termasuk mencegah akun sementara yang diblokir secara global keluar log dari sesi mereka atau berpindah peramban untuk melakukan pengeditan berikutnya selama 24 jam. Sebelumnya, akun sementara dapat keluar log atau mengganti peramban untuk melanjutkan pengeditan. Peningkatan ini merupakan penyempurnaan fitur anti-penyalahgunaan untuk proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Akun Sementara]]. Anda dapat membaca lebih lanjut tentang [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|perkembangan fitur-fitur kunci dari akun sementara]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Setiap wiki yang telah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|menyalakan ekstensi CampaignEvents]] kini dapat menggunakan fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Daftar Kolaborasi]]. Daftar ini merupakan cara baru yang mudah bagi kontributor untuk mempelajari tentang Proyek Wiki di wiki mereka. Terima kasih kepada tim Campaign atas karya mereka yang merupakan bagian dari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|rencana tahunan 2024/2025]]. Jika Anda tertarik untuk menghadirkan ekstensi CampaignEvents ke wiki Anda, Anda tinggal [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|mengikuti langkah-langkah berikut]] atau menghubungi User:Udehb-WMF untuk memperoleh bantuan. * Warna teks untuk pranala merah akan mengalami sedikit perubahan pada akhir pekan ini demi menghasilkan kontras yang lebih baik dalam mode terang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, pada wiki multibahasa, para pengguna [[phab:T216368|kini dapat]] menyembunyikan terjemahan dari halaman istimewa WhatLinksHere. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|Data buangan]] XML telah ditangguhkan untuk sementara waktu sembari menunggu hasil investigasi sebuah kekutu. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''Lebih lanjut''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Saat ini, Akun Sementara telah diterapkan pada enam wiki. Berkat tim Trust and Safety Product atas [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|usaha ini]], Anda dapat membaca tentang [[phab:T340001|rencana penerapannya]]. Terhitung mulai pekan depan, Akun Sementara juga akan diaktifkan di [[phab:T378336|tujuh proyek lainnya]]. Jika Anda aktif di wiki tersebut dan memerlukan bantuan untuk memigrasikan perkakas Anda, hubungi [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] untuk mendapatkan dukungan.</span> * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Nawala Language and Internationalization newsletter]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. Di dalamnya mencakup: Bahasa-bahasa baru yang didukung di translatewiki atau di MediaWiki; Metode masukan papan ketik baru untuk sejumlah bahasa; informasi mengenai acara-acara yang sedang berlangsung dan yang akan datang, dan lain-lain. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|Konferensi Pengguna dan Pengembang MediaWiki Musim Gugur 2024]] akan berlangsung di Wina, Austria dan secara daring mulai 4 hingga 6 November 2024. Konferensi ini akan menampilkan diskusi seputar penggunaan perangkat lunak MediaWiki oleh dan di dalam perusahaan di berbagai sektor industri dan akan membangkitkan semangat dan menambah pengguna baru. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Nopémber 2024 20.49 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Di wiki yang memiliki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|ekstensi Translate]] aktif, pengguna akan melihat bahwa FuzzyBot sekarang akan membuat versi terjemahan dari kategori-kategori yang digunakan di halaman yang diterjemahkan secara otomatis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * Lihat {{formatnum:29}} {{PLURAL:29|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, tugas yang diminta untuk menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|ekstensi SecurePoll]] dalam [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|pemilihan pengurus]] khusus Wikipedia bahasa Inggris telah diselesaikan tepat waktu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pada <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, logika fungsi Wikibase <code>getAllStatements</code> berubah menjadi seperti <code>getBestStatements</code>. Dengan memanggil fungsi tersebut, ia akan mengembalikan suatu salinan nilai yang tidak dapat diubah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * Pengguna [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ REST API Wikimedia], seperti pengelola bot dan pemelihara perkakas mungkin akan terpengaruh oleh pembaruan yang tengah berlangsung. API akan mengalihkan beberapa titik akhir muatan halaman dari RESTbase ke titik akhir [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|API REST MediaWiki]] yang terbaru. [[phab:T374683|Titik akhir yang terdampak]] meliputi pengambilan metadata halaman/revisi dan konten HTML yang ditampilkan. Semua perubahan ini akan tersedia di wiki uji coba pada akhir pekan ini, dan akan diikuti oleh proyek-proyek lainnya. Perubahan ini seharusnya tidak berdampak pada fungsionalitas yang sudah ada, tetapi pengguna aktif dari titik akhir yang terpengaruh harus memverifikasi perilaku di test-wiki, dan menyampaikan masalah apa pun di [[phab:T374683|tiket Phabricator]] terkait. '''Lebih lanjut''' * Para pengurus dan pengguna proyek-proyek Wikimedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|tempat Automoderator diaktifkan]] kini dapat memantau dan mengevaluasi metrik-metrik penting yang berkaitan dengan aktivitas Automoderator. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ Dasbor Superset] ini menghitung dan menggabungkan metrik tindakan Automoderator di proyek-proyek yang menggunakannya. Terima kasih kepada tim Moderator Tools untuk Dasbor ini. Anda dapat mengunjungi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|halaman dokumentasi]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang kerja ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8.00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16.00 UTC]]) — [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Pertemuan komunitas]] dengan sukarelawan dan pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan di Wikimedia Commons untuk membantu menentukan prioritas dukungan untuk Tahun Anggaran 2025–2026. Topik dari pertemuan ini adalah mengenai cara pengaturan konten di Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 12 Nopémber 2024 00.06 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Nopémber 2024 01.59 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Versi baru dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|penyorot sintaksis]] mode editor standar teks wiki akan dirilis dalam [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|versi beta]] pada akhir pekan ini. Versi ini menghadirkan banyak fitur baru dan perbaikan pada beberapa kekutu, termasuk dukungan terhadap penulisan dari kanan ke kiri, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|pelipatan templat]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|pelengkapan otomatis]], dan panel pencarian yang lebih baik. Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|halaman bantuannya]]. * Editor teks wiki 2010 kini mendukung pintasan papan ketik yang umum digunakan, seperti <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> untuk huruf tebal dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> untuk huruf miring. [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|Daftar lengkap keenam pintasan tersebut]] telah tersedia. Terima kasih kepada SD0001 untuk peningkatan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Mulai 28 November, halaman Flow/Structured Discussions akan diarsipkan secara otomatis dan diubah menjadi hanya-baca di wiki berikut ini: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. Tindakan ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|upaya penghentian penggunaan StructuredDiscussions]]. Jika Anda memerlukan bantuan untuk mengarsipkan halaman Anda sebelum tanggal tersebut, silakan hubungi [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Lihat {{formatnum:25}} {{PLURAL:25|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, pengguna yang membuat AbuseFilter baru kini hanya dapat mengatur penyaring ke "protected" [[phab:T377765|jika ia menggunakan variabel yang dilindungi]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], yang digunakan di halaman JavaScript, CSS, JSON, dan Lua, [[phab:T377663|kini hadir]] dengan pelengkapan otomatis secara langsung. Terima kasih kepada SD0001 untuk pengembangan ini. Fitur ini dapat dimatikan sementara di suatu halaman dengan menekan tombol <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> dan menghapus centang di "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pengelola perkakas yang menggunakan sistem Graphite untuk melacak metrik sebaiknya bermigrasi ke sistem Prometheus yang lebih baru. Pengelola tersebut dapat memeriksa [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 dasbor ini] dan daftar dalam Deskripsi [[phab:T350592|tugas T350592]] untuk memastikan apakah perkakas mereka telah terdaftar, dan harus mengklaim metrik dan dasbor yang terhubung dengan perkakasnya. Selanjutnya, mereka dapat menonaktifkan atau memindahkan semua metrik yang ada dengan mengikuti instruksi dalam halaman tugas itu. Layanan Graphite akan beralih menjadi hanya-baca pada bulan April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|Laporan kinerja pengurai New PreProcessor]] telah dibenahi untuk memberikan hitungan yang akurat terhadap jumlah entitas Wikibase yang diakses. Perhitungan sebelumnya mengalami pengaturan ulang setelah 400 entitas. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Pertemuan komunitas Bahasa]] akan berlangsung pada 29 November pukul [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16.00 UTC]. Terdapat presentasi mengenai berbagai topik seperti pengembangan papan ketik bahasa, pembuatan Wikipedia bahasa Mooré, dukungan bahasa di [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], dan laporan dari komunitas Wayuunaiki mengenai proses mereka dengan Inkubator dan sebagai komunitas baru dalam tiga tahun terakhir. Pertemuan ini juga akan disertai dengan penerjemahan dalam bahasa Spanyol. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 25 Nopémber 2024 22.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Dua fungsi pengurai baru telah ditambahkan pada pekan ini. Fungsi <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> menambahkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|pranala antarwiki]] dan fungsi <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> menambahkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|pranala antarbahasa]]. Fungsi-fungsi pengurai ini berguna pada wiki yang memiliki ruang nama yang saling bertentangan dengan awalan antarwiki. Misalnya, pranala yang dimulai dengan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris [[phab:T363538|bertentangan dengan awalan kode bahasa <code>mos</code> di Wikipedia bahasa Mooré]]. * Mulai pekan ini, wiki Wikimedia mulai tidak lagi mendukung koneksi yang menggunakan sertifikat HTTPS berbasis RSA yang lama, terutama rsa-2048. Perubahan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keamanan bagi semua pengguna. Beberapa peramban lama yang tidak didukung atau perangkat ponsel pintar tidak akan dapat tersambung; mereka hanya akan menampilkan peringatan kesalahan sambungan. Lihat halaman [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations]] untuk informasi lebih lengkap. Semua sistem operasi dan peramban modern senantiasa dapat mengakses proyek-proyek Wikimedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Mulai 16 November, halaman Flow/Structured Discussions akan diarsipkan secara otomatis dan diubah menjadi hanya-baca di wiki berikut ini: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/id}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. Tindakan ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|upaya penghentian penggunaan StructuredDiscussions]]. Jika Anda memerlukan bantuan untuk mengarsipkan halaman Anda sebelum tanggal tersebut, silakan hubungi [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * Pada bulan ini, ekstensi Chart telah digunakan untuk produksi dan sekarang tersedia di Commons dan Testwiki. Dengan rampungnya tinjauan keamanan, penyebaran wiki percontohan diperkirakan akan dimulai pada pekan pertama bulan Desember. Anda dapat melihat versi yang berfungsi [[testwiki:Charts|di Testwiki]] dan membaca [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|berita terbaru proyek bulan November]] untuk lebih lengkap. * Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, kendala pada sistem "Unduh sebagai PDF" telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pada akhir Februari, akun sementara akan digulirkan pada sedikitnya 10 wiki besar. Penerapan ini akan berdampak signifikan pada kode yang dikelola komunitas. Hal ini berkaitan dengan perkakas Toolforge, bot, gawai, dan skrip pengguna yang menggunakan data alamat IP atau yang tersedia untuk pengguna yang keluar. Tim Trust and Safety Product ingin mengetahui kode ini, memantaunya, dan membantu memutakhirkannya sebelum penerapan untuk meminimalkan gangguan pada alur kerja. Tim tersebut meminta para editor teknis dan pengembang sukarelawan untuk membantu mencari perkakas tersebut dengan menambahkannya ke dalam [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|daftar ini]]. Selain itu, pelajari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|dokumentasi yang telah diperbarui]] untuk mempelajari cara menyesuaikan perkakas tersebut. Silakan bergabung dengan diskusi di [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|halaman pembicaraan proyek tersebut]] atau di [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|utas khusus]] di [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|peladen Discord Komunitas Wikimedia (dalam bahasa Inggris)]] untuk mendapatkan bantuan dan berbagi umpan balik. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2 Désémber 2024 22.21 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para kontributor dokumentasi teknis dapat menemukan bahan-bahan terbaru dan cara-cara baru untuk terhubung satu sama lain dan dengan Tim Dokumentasi Teknis Wikimedia di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|pusat Dokumentasi]] di MediaWiki.org. Halaman ini berisi berbagai pranala ke materi-materi untuk menulis dan memperbaiki dokumentasi, saluran IRC <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> baru di libera.chat, senarai acara dokumentasi yang sudah lewat dan yang akan datang, dan cara-cara untuk meminta konsultasi atau tinjauan dokumentasi. Jika Anda memiliki masukan atau ide untuk perbaikan terhadap ekosistem dokumentasi, silakan [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|hubungi Tim Dokumentasi Teknis]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Perubahan tata letak fitur Edit Check]] * Pada akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] akan ditempatkan ke bilah sisi di tampilan desktop. Edit Check merupakan fitur bagi para penyunting baru untuk membantu mereka dalam mengikuti kebijakan dan panduan. Perubahan tata letak ini memberikan ruang untuk menampilkan [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|Check baru]] yang muncul ''saat'' mereka mengetik. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|Hasil awal]] menunjukkan bahwa para penyunting baru yang menemukan Edit Check 2,2 kali lebih besar kemungkinannya untuk mempublikasikan suntingan konten baru yang menyertakan referensi dan tanpa mengalami pengembalian. * Ekstensi Chart, yang membantu para penyunting untuk membuat visualisasi data, telah sukses digunakan di MediaWiki.org dan tiga wiki percontohan (Wikipedia bahasa Italia, Swedia, dan Ibrani). Anda dapat melihat contoh kerjanya [[testwiki:Charts|di Testwiki]] dan membaca [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|berita terbaru proyek ini pada bulan November]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. * Para penerjemah di wiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|yang memiliki pengalaman seluler Penerjemahan Konten]], kini dapat menemukan artikel-artikel di kampanye proyek wiki yang mereka minati dari kategori "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en Semua koleksi]" di fitur saran artikel. Pengelola Kampanye proyek wiki dapat menggunakan fitur ini untuk membantu penerjemah menemukan artikel yang mereka minati, dengan menambahkan tag <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> ke halaman daftar artikel kampanye mereka di Meta-wiki. Cara ini akan membuat artikel-artikel tersebut dapat ditemukan di perkakas Penerjemahan Konten. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai cara menggunakan alat dan tag ini, silakan melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|panduan langkah-langkahnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]], yang memungkinkan para pengurus untuk menghapus halaman secara massal, kini memiliki [[phab:T376379#10310998|penyaring multipilihan untuk memilih ruang nama]]. Hal ini memungkinkan para pengguna untuk memilih beberapa ruang nama tertentu, bukan hanya satu atau semua, ketika menarik beberapa halaman untuk dihapus. * Fitur Nuke sekarang juga [[phab:T364225#10371365|menyediakan pranala]] ke halaman pengguna dari pengguna yang halamannya telah dihapus, dan ke halaman yang tidak dipilih untuk dihapus, setelah penghapusan halaman berada dalam antrean. Hal ini mempermudah tindak lanjut dari pengurus. Terima kasih kepada Chlod dan tim Moderator Tools untuk kedua pengembangan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * Tim Editing sedang bekerja untuk mempermudah pengisian sitasi dari archive.org dengan menggunakan perkakas [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]], yakni pembuat sitasi yang dapat diisi secara otomatis. Tim ini meminta komunitas untuk menambahkan dua parameter terlebih dahulu, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> dan <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, di dalam TemplateData untuk setiap templat kutipan yang menggunakan Citoid. Anda dapat melihat [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 contoh perubahan pada sebuah templat], dan [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= daftar semua templat yang terkait]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} dalam bahasa [[d:Q9240|Indonesia]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Pada pekan lalu, semua wiki mengalami masalah dalam menayangkan halaman kepada pengguna yang masuk log dan beberapa pengguna yang keluar log selama 30–45 menit. Hal ini disebabkan oleh persoalan basis data, dan investigasi masih terus dilakukan. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:19}} {{PLURAL:19|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, terdapat masalah pada fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Tambahkan Tautan]] yang telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, daftar bagian yang dikecualikan dari Tambah Tautan sempat terabaikan dalam kasus tertentu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], sistem desain untuk Wikimedia, kini tersedia dalam [[git:design/codex-php|implementasi tahap awal dalam PHP]]. Sistem ini tersedia untuk penggunaan umum di ekstensi MediaWiki dan aplikasi Toolforge melalui [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], dan akan segera hadir di bagian inti MediaWiki. Keterangan lebih lanjut dapat dilihat [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|di dalam dokumentasinya]]. Terima kasih kepada Doğu atas inspirasi dan sumbangsihnya terhadap perpustakaan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * Pengguna [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ API REST Wikimedia], seperti operator bot dan pengelola perkakas, mungkin terdampak oleh peningkatan yang sedang berlangsung. Pada 4 Desember, tim MediaWiki Interfaces mulai mengalihkan metadata halaman/revisi dan menyajikan titik akhir konten HTML di [[testwiki:|Testwiki]] dari RESTbase ke titik akhir API REST MediaWiki yang sepadan. Tim ini mendorong pengguna aktif dari titik akhir ini untuk memastikan perilaku perkakas mereka di Testwiki dan menyampaikan masalah apa pun di [[phab:T374683|tiket Phabricator]] terkait sebelum akhir tahun, karena mereka bermaksud untuk meluncurkan perubahan yang sama di semua proyek Wikimedia pada awal Januari. Semua perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya untuk menggantikan sistem [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] yang sudah ketinggalan zaman. * [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 Survei Kepuasan Pengembang 2024] sedang mencari pandangan dari komunitas pengembang Wikimedia. Mohon ikut serta dalam survei ini jika Anda memiliki andil dalam mengembangkan perangkat lunak di ekosistem Wikimedia. Survei ini dibuka hingga 3 Januari 2025, dan terdapat [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|pernyataan privasi]] tambahan. * Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru pada pekan ini. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pertemuan mendatang dalam rangkaian [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|diskusi Wikimedia Foundation dengan komunitas Wikimedia Commons]] akan berlangsung pada [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|12 Desember pukul 8.00 UTC]] dan [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|16.00 UTC]]. Topik dari pertemuan ini adalah tentang media baru dan kontributor baru. Para kontributor dari semua wiki diundang untuk hadir. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Désémber 2024 22.15 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2024-51</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Berminat untuk menyempurnakan manajemen acara di wiki utama Anda? [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|Ekstensi CampaignEvents]] menyediakan fitur-fitur untuk penyelenggara seperti manajemen pendaftaran acara, promosi acara/proyek wiki, menemukan kandidat peserta, dan lain-lain, semuanya langsung di wiki. Jika Anda adalah seorang penyelenggara atau berpikir bahwa komunitas Anda akan mendapatkan manfaat dari ekstensi ini, buatlah sebuah diskusi untuk mengaktifkannya di wiki Anda sekarang. Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang cara mengaktifkan ekstensi ini di wiki Anda, kunjungi [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|halaman status penerapannya]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia iOS di Italia dan Meksiko di Wikipedia bahasa Italia, Spanyol, dan Inggris, dapat melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|Year in Review yang telah dipersonalisasi]] dengan pandangan yang didasarkan pada riwayat membaca dan menyunting mereka. * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia Android di Afrika Sub-Sahara dan Asia Selatan dapat melihat fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] yang baru. Fitur ini menyajikan istilah pencarian yang disarankan di bilah Pencarian berdasarkan artikel yang sedang dilihat, dan daftar rekomendasi bacaan yang disusun berdasarkan dua artikel yang terakhir dikunjungi oleh pengguna. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Bot pengingat global]] kini aktif dan berjalan di hampir 800 wiki. Fitur ini akan mengingatkan sebagian besar pengguna yang memiliki hak sementara ketika hak tersebut akan habis masa berlakunya, sehingga mereka dapat memperpanjangnya jika diinginkan. Lihat [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|halaman penjelasan teknis]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. * Edisi Berita Teknis berikutnya akan dirilis pada 13 Januari 2025 karena libur akhir tahun. Terima kasih kepada semua penerjemah dan semua orang yang telah mengirimkan materi atau umpan balik pada tahun ini. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebuah masalah telah [[phab:T374988|diperbaiki]] di aplikasi Wikipedia Android yang telah menyebabkan gambar SVG yang dapat diterjemahkan menampilkan bahasa yang salah ketika diketuk. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru pada pekan depan. Peluncuran berikutnya akan dimulai pada 14 Januari. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16 Désémber 2024 22.23 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-03</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Sistem Single User Login tengah diperbarui dalam beberapa bulan ke depan. Ini merupakan sistem yang membuat pengguna dapat mengisi kolom masuk log di satu situs Wikimedia dan masuk ke semua situs lainnya pada waktu yang sama. Sistem ini perlu dimutakhirkan karena peramban web semakin membatasi kuki lintas domain. Untuk mengakomodasi pembatasan ini, halaman masuk log dan pembuatan akun akan pindah ke domain pusat, tetapi akan tetap terlihat oleh pengguna seolah-olah mereka berada di wiki asal. Kode yang telah diperbarui akan diterapkan pada pekan ini bagi para pengguna di wiki uji coba. Perubahan ini rencananya akan diluncurkan ke semua pengguna sepanjang bulan Februari dan Maret. Lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|halaman proyek SUL3]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut dan linimasanya. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Di wiki dengan PageAssessments yang sudah terpasang, Anda sekarang dapat menyaring hasil pencarian berdasarkan halaman-halaman di sebuah WikiProject dengan menggunakan kata kunci <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code>. (Wiki-wiki yang dimaksud: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/id}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * Satu wiki baru telah dibuat: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q34129|bahasa Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:35}} {{PLURAL:35|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, ada kendala dalam memperbarui jumlah suntingan pengguna setelah melakukan pengembalian suntingan, yang kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Pengguna API REST Wikimedia, seperti operator bot dan pengelola perkakas, mungkin akan terpengaruh oleh pemutakhiran yang sedang berlangsung. Mulai pekan 13 Januari, kami akan mulai mengalihkan [[phab:T374683|beberapa titik akhir konten halaman]] dari RESTbase ke titik akhir API REST MediaWiki yang lebih baru untuk seluruh proyek wiki. Perubahan ini tadinya tersedia di testwiki dan seharusnya tidak memengaruhi fungsionalitas yang ada, tetapi pengguna aktif dari titik akhir yang terkena dampak dapat menyampaikan masalah secara langsung kepada [[phab:project/view/6931/|Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki]] di Phabricator jika ada kendala. * Para pengelola perkakas Toolforge kini dapat membagikan umpan balik mereka tentang Toolforge UI, yaitu sebuah inisiatif untuk menyediakan platform web yang memungkinkan pembuatan dan pengelolaan perkakas Toolforge melalui antarmuka berbasis visual, sebagai tambahan dari alur kerja baris perintah yang sudah ada. Proyek ini bertujuan untuk menyederhanakan tugas-tugas pengelola aktif, dan juga membuat proses registrasi dan penyebaran menjadi lebih mudah diakses oleh para pembuat alat baru. Inisiatif ini masih dalam tahap yang sangat awal, dan tim Cloud Services sedang dalam proses mengumpulkan umpan balik dari komunitas Toolforge untuk membantu merancang solusi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan mereka. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Baca lebih lanjut dan bagikan pendapat Anda tentang Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Bagi pengembang perkakas dan pustaka yang menggunakan sistem OAuth: Titik akhir pengenal yang digunakan untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] menghasilkan sebuah objek JSON dengan sebuah bilangan bulat pada <code>sub</code> bidangnya, yang mana hal ini tidak seharusnya (bidang tersebut haruslah sebuah string). Masalah ini telah diperbaiki. Perbaikan ini akan diterapkan pada wiki Wikimedia pada pekan 13 Januari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Sebagian besar wiki sekarang ini menggunakan [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] untuk membuat penanda catatan kaki khusus dalam keluaran Parsoid. Mulai 20 Januari, aturan-aturan ini akan dinonaktifkan, tetapi para pengembang meminta Anda untuk ''tidak'' membersihkan <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> Anda sampai 20 Februari untuk menghindari masalah selama migrasi. Wiki Anda mungkin mengalami beberapa perubahan kecil pada penanda catatan kaki di Visual Editor dan ketika menggunakan mode baca Parsoid percobaan, tetapi jika ada perubahan, hal ini diharapkan dapat membuat keluaran parser sesuai dengan keluaran parser lama. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pertemuan mendatang dalam rangkaian [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community Conversations Wikimedia Foundation dengan komunitas Wikimedia Commons]] akan berlangsung pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|15 Januari pukul 8.00 UTC]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|16.00 UTC]]. Tema pembicaraan kali ini adalah menentukan prioritas investasi perkakas di Commons. Kontributor dari semua wiki, terutama pengguna yang merawat perkakas di Commons, diundang untuk hadir. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14 Januari 2025 01.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-04</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para pengurus dapat menghapus beberapa halaman yang dibuat oleh pengguna atau alamat IP secara massal dengan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. Fitur ini sebelumnya hanya dapat menghapus halaman yang dibuat dalam 30 hari terakhir. Sekarang, fitur ini dapat menghapus halaman dari 90 hari terakhir, dengan batasan bahwa fitur ini ditujukan untuk pengguna atau alamat IP tertentu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * Di [[phab:P72148|wiki yang menggunakan]] fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]], saat fitur pengembalian suntingan digunakan untuk mengembalikan revisi halaman yang tidak dipatroli, revisi tersebut akan ditandai sebagai "dipatroli secara manual" dan bukan "dipatroli secara otomatis", sehingga membuatnya lebih akurat. Beberapa penyunting yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|penyaring]] di Perubahan Terbaru mungkin perlu memutakhirkan pengaturan penyaring mereka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, fitur "Sisipkan pranala" dari Visual Editor tidak selalu menyodorkan halaman yang sudah ada dengan benar ketika pengguna mulai mengetik, tetapi sekarang hal tersebut [[phab:T383497|sudah diperbaiki]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Ekstensi Structured Discussion (dikenal juga dengan nama Flow) sedang dalam proses penghapusan dari wiki. Ekstensi ini tidak terawat dan kerap menimbulkan masalah. Ekstensi ini akan digantikan oleh [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], yang dipakai pada halaman pembicaraan biasa. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|Kelompok wiki terakhir]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/id}}) akan segera dihubungi. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan mengenai proses ini, silakan hubungi [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] di wiki Anda. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Nawala Technical Community]] triwulan terbaru telah tersedia. Edisi ini mencakup: berita terbaru mengenai layanan dari tim Data Platform Engineering, informasi mengenai Codex dari tim Design System, dan lain-lain. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 Januari 2025 01.36 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-05</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para pematroli dan pengurus - informasi atau konteks apa yang dapat membantu Anda membuat keputusan para pematroli dan pengurus dengan lebih cepat dan mudah? Wikimedia Foundation ingin mendengar pendapat Anda untuk membantu memandu rencana tahunan yang akan datang. Harap pertimbangkan untuk membagikan pemikiran Anda mengenai hal ini dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 pertanyaan lain]] untuk membentuk arahan teknis pada tahun depan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna Wikipedia App iOS di seluruh dunia kini dapat mengakses fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|Year in Review yang dapat dipersonalisasi]], untuk memberikan wawasan berdasarkan riwayat membaca dan menyunting di Wikipedia. Proyek ini merupakan bagian dari upaya menyeluruh untuk membantu menyambut pembaca baru saat mereka menemukan dan berinteraksi dengan konten ensiklopedis. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Pematroli suntingan sekarang memiliki fitur baru yang dapat menyoroti halaman-halaman baru yang berpotensi bermasalah. Ketika sebuah halaman dibuat dengan judul yang sama dengan halaman yang sebelumnya telah dihapus, kini sebuah tag ('Recreated') akan ditambahkan dan dapat disaring oleh pengguna dengan nilai [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] dan [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Pada akhir pekan ini, akan ada pemberitahuan baru untuk para penyunting jika mereka mencoba membuat pengalihan yang menautkan ke pengalihan lain ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|pengalihan ganda]]). Fitur ini akan menganjurkan agar mereka menautkan langsung ke halaman target pengalihan kedua. Terima kasih kepada pengguna SomeRandomDeveloper untuk perbaikan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Situs wiki Wikimedia mendukung pemeriksaan faktor kedua berbasis [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]] (seperti token perangkat keras) saat masuk log, tetapi fitur ini [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|rentan]] dan hanya memiliki sedikit pengguna. Tim Platform MediaWiki untuk sementara waktu mematikan penambahan kunci WebAuthn baru, agar tidak mengganggu peluncuran [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (Single User Login versi 3). Kunci yang sudah ada tidak akan terpengaruh. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Bagi para pengembang yang menggunakan [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|timbunan Riwayat MediaWiki]]: Tim Data Platform Engineering telah menambahkan beberapa bidang baru ke dalam berkas-berkas ini, untuk mendukung inisiatif [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Akun Sementara]]. Jika Anda mengelola perangkat lunak yang menggunakan berkas-berkas tersebut, harap tinjau kembali kode Anda dan panduan yang telah diperbarui karena urutan kolom-kolom di baris tersebut akan berubah. Perubahan juga akan terjadi pada satu bidang: pada bidang <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi>, bidang <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> akan diubah namanya menjadi <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. Perubahan ini akan diberlakukan pada rilis berikutnya pada bulan Februari. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Januari 2025 22.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-06</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penyunting yang menggunakan menu bilah alat penyuntingan "Karakter spesial" sekarang dapat melihat 32 karakter spesial yang paling sering digunakan di seluruh sesi penyuntingan di wiki tersebut. Peningkatan ini akan membantu mempermudah menemukan karakter yang paling sering dipakai. Fitur ini tersedia di penyunting teks wiki 2010 dan VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Para penyunting yang menggunakan penyunting teks wiki 2010 sekarang dapat membuat turunan daftar dengan indentasi yang benar dengan memilih baris yang ingin diindentasi dan kemudian mengklik tombol-tombol bilah alat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] Anda bahkan dapat menyisipkan tag <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> dengan menggunakan tombol bilah alat yang baru. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Terima kasih kepada stjn untuk perbaikan ini. * Diperlukan asistensi untuk memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|pembangkit kutipan]] bekerja dengan baik di setiap wiki. ** (1) Para pengurus perlu memperbarui versi lokal dari halaman <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> untuk menyertakan entri-entri untuk <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, dan <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>. Berikut adalah contoh perubahan yang perlu ditiru [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 untuk 'preprint'] dan [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 untuk 'standard' dan 'dataset']. ** (2.1) Jika peta Citoid dalam templat rujukan yang digunakan untuk jenis rujukan ini tidak ada, peta Citoid perlu ditambahkan. (2.2) Jika peta Citoid sudah ada, TemplateData perlu diperbarui untuk menyertakan nama bidang yang baru. Berikut adalah contoh perubahan [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 untuk 'preprint'] dan [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 untuk 'standard' dan 'dataset']. Bidang-bidang baru yang mungkin perlu didukung adalah <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, dan <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/id}} dalam [[d:Q15637215|bahasa Kanuri Tengah]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|perkakas OCR (pengenalan karakter optik)]] yang digunakan di Wikisource kini mendukung bahasa baru, yaitu bahasa Slavia Gereja. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Pébruari 2025 00.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-07</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi (PTAC) telah mengeluarkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draf rekomendasi]] bagi departemen Produk dan Teknologi Wikimedia Foundation. Mereka memberikan rekomendasi agar berfokus pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|pengalaman perangkat bergerak]], khususnya kontribusi. Mereka meminta [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|umpan balik dari komunitas di halaman pembicaraan]] paling lambat pada 21 Februari. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Secara baku, pranala portlet "Halaman spesial" akan dipindahkan dari "Kotak Perkakas" ke bagian "Navigasi" di bilah sisi menu utama. Perubahan ini dilakukan agar Kotak Alat dapat menampilkan perkakas yang berkaitan dengan halaman yang sedang dibuka, bukan perkakas yang berkaitan dengan situs, sehingga posisi pranalanya akan lebih logis dan konsisten. Untuk memodifikasi perilaku ini dan memperbarui gaya CSS, para pengurus dapat mengikuti petunjuknya di [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * Sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan tahun ini dalam meningkatkan cara pembaca menemukan konten di wiki, tim Web akan melaksanakan eksperimen terhadap sejumlah kecil pembaca untuk menampilkan beberapa saran untuk artikel yang berkaitan atau menarik di bilah pencarian. Lihatlah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|halaman proyek ini]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Para penyunting templat yang menggunakan TemplateStyles sekarang dapat mengatur hasil untuk pengguna dengan kebutuhan aksesibilitas tertentu dengan menggunakan kueri media yang berhubungan dengan aksesibilitas (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, dan <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Terima kasih kepada Bawolff untuk pengembangan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:22}} {{PLURAL:22|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, log pemblokiran global sekarang akan ditampilkan secara langsung di halaman {{#special:CentralAuth}}, seperti halnya penguncian global, untuk menyederhanakan alur kerja bagi penatalayan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Wikidata kini [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|mendukung sebuah bahasa khusus sebagai "standar untuk semua bahasa"]] untuk label dan nama lain. Hal ini untuk menghindari duplikasi yang berulang-ulang dari informasi yang sama di berbagai bahasa. Jika kueri Wikidata Anda menggunakan label, Anda mungkin perlu memutakhirkannya karena sebagian label yang ada akan dihapus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * Fungsi <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> akan dipanggil di setiap halaman Wiki yang dibaca dan menyumbang ~2,5% dari total waktu pemuatan halaman. Nilai yang dihitung sekarang akan disimpan dalam tembolok untuk mengurangi beban pada peladen Wikimedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * Sebagai bagian dari [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|upaya]] penghentian penggunaan RESTBase, titik akhir <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> telah dihentikan sejak 6 Februari 2025, dan akan segera dihapus. Lini masa ini dipilih untuk menyelaraskan dengan jadwal penghentian penggunaan untuk versi Android dan iOS yang lebih lama. Alternatif yang stabil adalah API tindakan "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" di MediaWiki, dan [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|contoh migrasi]] telah tersedia. Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki [[phab:T376297|dapat dihubungi]] jika ada pertanyaan. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Nawala Language and Internationalization newsletter]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. Hal ini mencakup: Pembaruan tentang menu "Berkontribusi"; keterangan mengenai beberapa edisi bahasa terbaru dari Wikipedia; keterangan mengenai bahasa-bahasa baru yang didukung oleh antarmuka MediaWiki; pembaruan mengenai fitur daftar yang ditentukan oleh komunitas; dan lain-lain. * [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Nawala Chart Project]] terbaru telah terbit. Pembaruan ini berisi pembaruan mengenai perkembangan menuju visibilitas yang lebih baik dalam penggunaan grafik secara global dan dukungan untuk mengelompokkan halaman dalam ruang nama Data di Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11 Pébruari 2025 00.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-08</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Komunitas yang menggunakan perkakas Growth kini dapat menampilkan satu aktivitas di <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> bagi pengguna baru. Fitur ini akan membantu para pengguna baru untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai aktivitas penyuntingan yang dapat mereka ikuti. Para pengurus dapat membuat sebuah acara baru untuk ditayangkan di <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. Untuk memahami lebih lanjut mengenai fitur ini, silakan baca [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|artikel Diff]], lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|dokumentasinya]], atau hubungi [[mw:Talk:Growth|tim Growth]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Penyempurnaan halaman pembicaraan yang disorot]] * Mulai pekan depan, halaman pembicaraan di wiki ini – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/id}} – akan menggunakan [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|desain baru]]. Pembaruan ini telah melalui uji coba secara menyeluruh dalam versi Beta dan merupakan tahap terakhir dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|perbaikan halaman pembicaraan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * Kini Anda dapat melakukan navigasi untuk melihat halaman pengalihan langsung dari halaman tindakannya, misalnya halaman riwayat. Sebelumnya, Anda harus terlebih dahulu pergi ke halaman target pengalihan. Perubahan ini akan membantu para penyunting yang banyak bekerja dengan pengalihan. Terima kasih kepada stjn untuk perbaikan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * Saat ini, ketika sebuah referensi melalui fitur Cite digunakan berkali-kali, wiki menampilkan angka seperti "1.23" atau penanda abjad yang dilokalkan seperti "a b c" di dalam daftar referensi. Sebelumnya, jika terdapat banyak penggunaan ulang sehingga semua penanda alfabet digunakan, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|sebuah pesan galat]] akan ditampilkan. Sebagai bagian dari upaya [[phab:T383036|modernisasi dalam penyesuaian Cite]], pesan kesalahan ini tidak akan ditampilkan lagi dan sebagai gantinya, pranala balik akan kembali menampilkan penanda angka seperti "1.23" setelah semua penanda abjad digunakan. * Entri log bagi setiap perubahan pada grup pengguna penyunting sekarang lebih jelas terlihat dengan memerinci secara tepat apa yang telah berubah, bukan hanya sekadar daftar sebelum dan sesudah. Para penerjemah dapat [[phab:T369466|membantu memutakhirkan versi yang dilokalkan]]. Terima kasih kepada Msz2001 untuk perbaikan ini. * Sebuah penyaring baru telah ditambahkan ke perkakas [[{{#special:Nuke}}]], yang memungkinkan para pengurus untuk menghapus halaman secara massal, sehingga pengguna dapat menyaring halaman dalam berbagai ukuran halaman (dalam bita). Hal ini memungkinkan, misalnya, menghapus halaman dengan ukuran tertentu atau di bawahnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Para pengguna yang bukan pengurus kini dapat memeriksa halaman mana saja yang dapat dihapus dengan menggunakan perkakas [[{{#special:Nuke}}]]. Terima kasih kepada MolecularPilot untuk pengembangan ini dan perbaikan-perbaikan sebelumnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:25}} {{PLURAL:25|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu pada konfigurasi format berkas video AV1 sudah diperbaiki, sehingga memungkinkan berkas-berkas ini dapat diputar kembali. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Parsoid Read Views akan segera diluncurkan ke sebagian besar Wiktionary dalam beberapa pekan ke depan, setelah transisi Wikivoyage ke Parsoid Read Views yang berjalan dengan sukses tahun lalu. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat halaman proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Pengembang perkakas yang berjalan di wiki harus memperhatikan bahwa <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> sudah tidak berlaku lagi. Perkakas yang membutuhkan <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> harus secara eksplisit mendeklarasikan <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> sebagai dependensi ResourceLoader, dan harus bermigrasi ke API <code dir=ltr>URL</code> asli peramban dalam waktu dekat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Pébruari 2025 21.15 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-09</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para pengurus kini dapat menyesuaikan sendiri cara [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|fitur Babel]] membuat kategori dengan menggunakan [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. Mereka dapat mengubah nama kategori bahasa, memilih apakah kategori tersebut akan dibuat secara otomatis, dan menyesuaikan pengaturan lainnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * Portal <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> telah dimutakhirkan—dan mendapat beberapa perbaikan yang sedang berjalan—guna memodernisasi dan meningkatkan aksesibilitas halaman-halaman portal kami. Saat ini, portal telah mendukung tata letak yang lebih baik bagi perangkat seluler, kata-kata dan pranala yang telah diperbaharui, dan dukungan bahasa yang lebih baik. Selain itu, semua portal proyek Wikimedia, seperti <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, kini telah mendukung mode gelap ketika pembaca menggunakan pengaturan tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/id}} dalam [[d:Q33965|bahasa Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu yang membuat pengguna tidak dapat mengeklik hasil pencarian di antarmuka web telah diperbaiki pada beberapa konfigurasi Firefox di ponsel Android. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pertemuan Komunitas Bahasa selanjutnya akan diselenggarakan pada 28 Februari pukul [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14.00 UTC]. Pertemuan kali ini akan membahas: hal-hal penting dan perkembangan teknis mengenai papan ketik dan alat bantu untuk bahasa-bahasa Sámi, kontribusi Translatewiki.net dari komunitas bahasa Lampung di Indonesia, dan tanya-jawab teknis. Jika Anda ingin bergabung, silakan [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|mendaftar di halaman wiki]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 25 Pébruari 2025 00.40 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-10</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Semua penyunting yang masuk menggunakan tampilan seluler kini sudah dapat menyunting satu halaman penuh. Pranala "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" dapat diakses dari menu "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" di bilah alat. Sebelumnya, fitur ini hanya tersedia bagi penyunting yang menggunakan pengaturan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|kontribusi seluler tingkat lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Para pengurus antarmuka kini dapat membantu menghapus kode CSS Cite yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi yang mencocokkan "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" dengan <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> lokal mereka. Daftar wiki yang memerlukan pembenahan dan kode yang harus dihapus [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css dapat dilihat pada pencarian global] dan [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 contoh ini]. Anda dapat mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang cara membantunya di [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|halaman proyek migrasi CSS]]. Penanda catatan kaki Cite ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") sekarang ditampilkan oleh [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] sehingga CSS yang sudah tidak digunakan tidak lagi diperlukan. CSS pranala balik ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") akan tetap digunakan untuk saat ini. Pembenahan ini diharapkan tidak akan menyebabkan banyak perubahan yang terlihat oleh pembaca. Bantulah untuk menghapus kode ini sebelum tanggal 20 Maret, jika tidak, tim pengembang akan melakukannya untuk Anda. * Ketika para penyunting menyematkan berkas (contohnya <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) pada halaman yang dilindungi oleh perlindungan beruntun, perangkat lunak tidak lagi membatasi pengeditan pada halaman deskripsi berkas; hanya unggahan berkas baru yang akan dibatasi.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] Kendati demikian, menyisipkan halaman deskripsi berkas (contohnya <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) kini akan menerapkan pembatasan penyuntingan pada halaman tersebut.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * Ketika para penyunting mengembalikan berkas ke versi sebelumnya, pengunggahan tersebut akan memerlukan izin yang sama seperti ketika mengunggah berkas versi baru. Sekarang, perangkat lunak akan memeriksa hak 'reupload' atau 'reupload-own',[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] dan mengikuti perlindungan beruntun.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * Ketika para pengurus menyusun daftar halaman yang akan dihapus dengan fitur Nuke, mereka juga dapat menyusun daftar halaman pembicaraan dan pengalihan terkait untuk dihapus, bersamaan dengan halaman yang dibuat oleh sang target, tanpa harus menghapus halaman-halaman tersebut secara manual. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Pembaruan sebelumnya]] terhadap Single User Login, yang akan mengantisipasi pembatasan peramban terhadap kuki lintas domain dengan memindahkan proses masuk log dan pembuatan akun ke domain pusat, kini akan diluncurkan ke semua pengguna selama bulan Maret dan April. Rencananya, tim ini akan mengaktifkannya kepada semua pembuatan akun baru di wiki [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] pada pekan ini. Lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|halaman proyek SUL3]] untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut dan linimasa yang telah disesuaikan. * Sejak pekan lalu, terdapat sebuah kekutu yang menampilkan beberapa ikon antarmuka sebagai kotak hitam hingga halaman dimuat sepenuhnya. Masalah ini akan diperbaiki dalam pekan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/id}} dalam [[d:Q2044560|bahasa Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu dalam memuat gambar di peramban Firefox versi lama di ponsel telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode secara lengkap pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Maret 2025 02.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-11</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penyunting yang menggunakan pengelola kata sandi di beberapa wiki mungkin akan mendapati perubahan di masa mendatang. Metode yang digunakan oleh wiki untuk memberikan informasi kepada pengelola kata sandi tentang penggunaan ulang kata sandi di seluruh domain baru-baru ini telah diubah, sehingga beberapa pengelola kata sandi mungkin menawarkan Anda kredensial masuk yang Anda simpan untuk situs Wikimedia yang berbeda. Sebagian pengelola kata sandi telah lebih dulu melakukan hal ini, dan sekarang sedang melakukannya untuk lebih banyak domain Wikimedia. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|proyek SUL3]] yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki cara kerja penyatuan masuk log agar tetap kompatibel dengan perubahan yang sedang berlangsung pada peramban web yang digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * Tim Wikipedia Apps mengundang para peminat untuk membantu meningkatkan penggunaan Wikipedia secara luring dalam penggunaan internet yang terbatas. Setelah adanya diskusi di [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|pertemuan ESEAP]] terakhir, tantangan-tantangan utama seperti pencarian, penyuntingan, dan akses luring sedang dijajaki, dengan kelompok-kelompok diskusi yang akan dibentuk untuk membahas topik-topik ini lebih dalam. Kami menerima semua bahasa, dan penerjemah akan tersedia. Mau berbagi pendapat Anda? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Bergabunglah dalam diskusinya]] atau kirim surel ke <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>. * Semua wiki akan berstatus hanya-baca selama beberapa menit pada 19 Maret. Hal ini akan dilakukan pada [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 pukul 14.00 UTC]. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diumumkan di Berita Teknis dan juga akan dikirim ke setiap wiki dalam beberapa pekan mendatang. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode secara lengkap pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Nawala Growth]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. Di dalamnya termasuk: peluncuran modul Community Updates, perombakan terbaru di Community Configuration, dan pengujian usulan di dalam artikel untuk penyunting pemula. * Sebuah API lama yang pernah digunakan di aplikasi Wikipedia Android akan dihapus pada akhir bulan Maret. API lama tersebut tidak akan digunakan lagi, tetapi pengguna aplikasi dengan versi yang lebih dari 6 (enam) bulan pada saat penghapusan (31 Maret 2025) tidak akan lagi memiliki akses ke fitur Saran Suntingan, hingga mereka memperbarui aplikasinya. Anda dapat [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|membaca informasi lebih lanjut tentang perubahan ini]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10 Maret 2025 23.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-12</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Setiap dua kali setahun, bertepatan dengan ekuinoks, tim Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) Wikimedia Foundation melakukan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|pengalihan pusat data]]. Dalam proses ini, seluruh lalu lintas dialihkan dari peladen utama ke peladen cadangan untuk memastikan keandalan sistem jika terjadi krisis, sehingga selalu ada pusat data yang dapat digunakan. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Dengan perkakas Listen to Wikipedia], Anda dapat mendengar proses pengalihan ini secara langsung. Sebelum dimulai, aliran suntingan terdengar stabil. Saat sistem memasuki mode hanya-baca sejenak, suara akan berhenti selama beberapa menit, kemudian kembali setelah pemindahan selesai. Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang proses ini, Anda dapat membaca [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|blog Diff]]. Jika ingin mengikuti pengalihan peladen berikutnya, dengarkan wiki pada [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 19 Maret pukul 14.00 UTC]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Dasbor perkakas Penerjemahan Konten] yang telah disempurnakan kini tersedia di [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedia]] dan akan [[phab:T387821|segera hadir]] di semua Wikipedia. Dengan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|dasbor terintegrasi]], pengguna desktop sekarang dapat: mengalihbahasakan bagian baru dari sebuah artikel; menemukan dan mengakses [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits penyaring saran artikel berbasis topik] (awalnya hanya tersedia untuk pengguna perangkat seluler); menemukan dan mengakses penyaring [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|daftar yang ditentukan oleh komunitas]], yang juga dikenal sebagai "Koleksi", dari proyek-proyek dan kampanye wiki. * Wikimedia Commons kini memiliki [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|sistem baru untuk memilih kategori berkas dengan lebih mudah]]. Jika suatu kategori memiliki subkategori, pengguna dapat mengeklik tanda panah untuk membukanya langsung dalam formulir dan memilih subkategori yang sesuai. Nama kategori utama tetap ditampilkan di bagian atas, memungkinkan pengguna untuk kembali kapan saja. Hal ini seharusnya mengurangi jumlah pekerjaan bagi para sukarelawan dalam memperbaiki/membuat kategori baru. Perubahan ini juga tersedia di perangkat seluler. Peningkatan ini adalah bagian dari pengembangan terencana untuk UploadWizard. * Tim Teknologi Komunitas sedang mencari wiki yang bersedia berpartisipasi dalam uji coba fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblock]] dan pembaruan halaman Special:Block yang dirilis pada akhir Maret. Fitur Multiblock memungkinkan pengurus menerapkan beberapa jenis pemblokiran pada satu pengguna secara bersamaan. Jika Anda adalah pengurus atau penatalayan dan tertarik untuk ikut serta dalam uji coba bersama komunitas Anda, silakan tinggalkan pesan di [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. * Mulai 25 Maret, tim Editing akan menguji fitur baru Pemeriksaan Suntingan: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]], di [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedia]]. Dalam uji coba ini, setengah dari pengguna baru di wiki-wiki tersebut akan melihat semua [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Pemeriksaan Referensi]] yang relevan selama sesi penyuntingan mereka, sementara yang lain hanya akan melihat satu. Tujuan pengujian ini adalah untuk menentukan apakah pengguna merasa bingung atau kewalahan ketika diberikan beberapa Pemeriksaan Referensi dalam satu sesi. Selain itu, di wiki ini, tag yang digunakan pada suntingan yang menampilkan Pemeriksaan Referensi akan disederhanakan, memungkinkan beberapa tag muncul dalam satu suntingan. Perubahan pada tag ini akan didokumentasikan [[phab:T373949|di Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Bot pengingat global]], yang berfungsi memberi tahu pengguna tentang berakhirnya hak pengguna sementara mereka, kini mendukung penggunaan nama lokal kelompok hak pengguna dalam judul pesan. Penerjemah dapat meninjau [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|daftar terjemahan dan dokumentasi yang tersedia]] untuk memastikan apakah bahasa mereka perlu diperbarui atau ditambahkan. * Pengaturan gender di [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]], yang menentukan bagaimana perangkat lunak merujuk kepada Anda dalam pesan antarmuka, kini berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya dengan menggantikan pengaturan standar lokal. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:26}} {{PLURAL:26|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Misalnya, aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android telah memperbaiki kekutu yang terjadi saat pengguna menjelajah dan mencari dalam beberapa bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Akhir pekan ini, metode pemuatan tampilan Codex akan mengalami perubahan. Meskipun risikonya kecil, perubahan ini dapat menyebabkan kotak pesan antarmuka tidak selaras dengan gaya di beberapa halaman. Konten buatan pengguna, seperti templat, tidak akan terpengaruh, tetapi gawai mungkin terdampak. Jika Anda menemukan masalah, [[phab:T388847|harap laporkan]]. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk tangkapan layar dan panduan perbaikan gawai yang terpengaruh, silakan lihat pada tugas yang ditautkan. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode secara lengkap pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Maret 2025 23.47 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-13</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Foundation mengundang Anda untuk memberikan umpan balik mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|draf tujuan dan hasil utama yang akan menjadi prioritas Produk dan Teknologi]] pada tahun fiskal mendatang, yang dimulai pada bulan Juli. Tujuan tersebut mencakup area strategis yang luas, sementara hasil utama berfungsi sebagai indikator terukur untuk menilai keberhasilannya. Silakan bagikan masukan Anda di halaman pembicaraan dalam bahasa apa pun, sebaiknya sebelum akhir April. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Ekstensi CampaignEvents]] akan dirilis ke beberapa wiki (lihat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|rencana penerapan]] untuk keterangan lebih lanjut) pada April 2025, dan tim telah memulai proses melibatkan komunitas di wiki yang telah diidentifikasi. Ekstensi ini menyediakan alat untuk mengorganisasi, mengelola, dan mempromosikan aktivitas kolaboratif (seperti acara, edit-a-thon, dan proyek wiki) di wiki. Ekstensi ini memiliki perkakas untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]] (Event Registration), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Daftar Kolaborasi]] (Collaboration List), dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Daftar Undangan]] (Invitation Lists). Saat ini, ekstensi ini sudah tersedia di 13 Wikipedia, termasuk Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, Wikipedia bahasa Spanyol, serta di Wikidata. Pertanyaan atau permintaan dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|halaman diskusi ekstensi]] atau di Phabricator (dengan tag <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi>). * Mulai pekan 31 Maret, wiki-wiki akan dapat menetapkan kelompok pengguna mana yang dapat melihat pendaftar privat dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]] sebagai bagian dari ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]]. Secara bawaan, penyelenggara acara dan pengurus wiki lokal akan dapat melihat pendaftar privat. Hal ini merupakan perubahan dari perilaku saat ini, di mana hanya penyelenggara acara yang dapat melihat pendaftar privat. Wiki dapat mengubah pengaturan bawaan ini dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|mengajukan permintaan perubahan konfigurasi]] di Phabricator (dengan menambahkan tag <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi>). Peserta acara sebelumnya dapat membatalkan pendaftaran mereka kapan saja. * Para pengurus di wiki dengan <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> yang disesuaikan perlu memastikan bahwa bilah sisi mereka mencantumkan {{int:specialpages}} listing. Jika belum, mereka harus menambahkannya menggunakan <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Sementara itu, untuk wiki dengan bilah sisi bawaan, pranala tersebut akan dipindahkan dari kotak perkakas halaman (''page toolbox'') ke menu bilah sisi pada bulan April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * Kulit Minerva (web seluler) kini menggabungkan notifikasi Notifikasi dan Pemberitahuan dalam ikon lonceng ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). Sebelumnya, terdapat kekutu lama, di mana indikator notifikasi baru hanya muncul jika ada Pemberitahuan yang belum dilihat. Masalah ini sekarang telah diperbaiki. Ke depannya, pengguna Minerva akan melihat penghitung di atas ikon lonceng saat terdapat Notifikasi dan/atau Pemberitahuan yang belum dilihat (minimal 1). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * VisualEditor telah memperkenalkan [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|pengait sisi klien baru]] untuk membantu pengembang dalam mengintegrasikan dengan siklus hidup target VisualEditor. Pengait ini akan menggantikan pengait siklus hidup yang sudah ada dengan pendekatan yang lebih konsisten di berbagai platform. Selain itu, pengait baru ini juga mencakup penggunaan VisualEditor di luar pengeditan artikel penuh, memungkinkan gawai berinteraksi dengan para penyunting di DiscussionTools. Tim Editor berencana menghentikan penggunaan dan akhirnya menghapus pengait siklus hidup lama. Oleh karena itu, mereka tertarik untuk mengetahui setiap kasus penggunaan yang belum tercakup dalam pengait baru ini, yang dapat [[phab:T355555|dibagikan dalam tugas terkait]]. * Para pengembang yang menggunakan perpustakaan JavaScript <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> kini dapat mengidentifikasi perkakas yang memanfaatkannya melalui parameter <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code>: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. Jika Anda mengelola sebuah gawai atau skrip pengguna, harap tetapkan agen pengguna karena ini membantu dalam pemeliharaan perpustakaan dan peladen, serta membedakan lalu lintas yang sah dan tidak sah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode secara lengkap pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 24 Maret 2025 22.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-14</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Editing sedang mengerjakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]] baru: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. Tujuan dari pemeriksaan ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi istilah-istilah yang tidak netral ketika seorang pengguna menyunting halaman Wikipedia, sehingga mereka dapat diberitahu bahwa suntingan mereka mungkin perlu diperbaiki sebelum dipublikasikan. Proyek ini masih dalam tahap awal, dan tim sedang mencari masukan dari komunitas. Dalam [[phab:T389445|tugas Phabricator ini]], mereka mengumpulkan kebijakan wiki, templat yang digunakan untuk menandai artikel yang tidak netral, serta istilah-istilah (jargon dan kata kunci) yang ditemukan dalam ringkasan suntingan untuk bahasa-bahasa yang sedang mereka teliti. Anda dapat berpartisipasi dengan menyunting tabel di Phabricator, mengomentari tugas tersebut, atau menghubungi [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] secara langsung. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] kini telah diperbarui di semua wiki untuk mengalihkan proses masuk dan pembuatan akun ke domain pusat. Pembaruan ini memastikan kompatibilitas login pengguna dengan pembatasan peramban terhadap kuki lintas domain, yang sebelumnya menyebabkan beberapa pengguna mengalami kesulitan tetap masuk. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:35}} {{PLURAL:35|tugas}} yang diajukan komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai 31 Maret, Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki akan merilis secara terbatas spesifikasi OpenAPI yang telah dikembangkan serta pengalaman sandbox berbasis SwaggerUI untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|API REST MediaWiki]]. Mereka mengundang pengembang dari komunitas Wikipedia non-Inggris tertentu (Arab, Jerman, Prancis, Ibrani, Interlingua, Belanda, dan Tionghoa) untuk meninjau dokumentasi dan mencoba bak pasir dalam bahasa pilihan mereka. Selain proyek Wikipedia yang ditargetkan, bak pasir dan spesifikasi OpenAPI juga akan tersedia di [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|halaman khusus REST Sandbox pada wiki uji coba]] bagi pengembang yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa utama. Selama periode pratinjau ini, Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki mengundang para pengembang untuk [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|memberikan umpan balik mengenai pengalaman mereka]]. Pratinjau akan berlangsung sekitar dua pekan. Lalu, bak pasir dan spesifikasi OpenAPI akan tersedia di semua proyek wiki. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode secara lengkap pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Terkadang, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|perubahan kecil pada satu baris kode]] dapat membawa dampak yang sangat besar. Dalam kasus ini, untuk pertama kalinya dalam beberapa tahun, seluruh tumpukan yang melayani <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi>—sebuah inang yang didedikasikan untuk wiki dan kebutuhan peta multibahasa—dapat dijalankan dari satu pusat data inti untuk pertama kalinya dalam beberapa tahun. Skenario ini diuji setiap kali terjadi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|peralihan pusat data]]. Perubahan ini sangat penting untuk memastikan bahwa jika salah satu pusat data terdampak bencana, situs tetap dapat beroperasi. Pencapaian ini merupakan [[phab:T216826|hasil kerja keras]] dua pengembang dalam memigrasikan komponen terakhir dari tumpukan peta ke [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]], yang memungkinkan alokasi sumber daya yang lebih efisien dan meningkatkan kapasitas penanganan lalu lintas dalam satu pusat data. Proses migrasi ini melibatkan banyak langkah kompleks, karena perangkat lunak dan pustaka yang digunakannya memerlukan pembaruan besar yang telah lama tertunda. Pekerjaan seperti ini membantu menjadikan infrastruktur Wikimedia lebih tangguh dan berkelanjutan. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|Konferensi Pengguna dan Pengembang MediaWiki Musim Semi 2025]] (MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2025) akan diselenggarakan di Sandusky, Amerika Serikat, serta secara daring pada 14–16 Mei 2025. Acara ini akan membahas penggunaan perangkat lunak MediaWiki oleh berbagai perusahaan di berbagai industri serta menginspirasi dan menarik pengguna baru. Pendaftaran peserta dan proposal presentasi kini tersedia di situs web konferensi. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 1 April 2025 00.04 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-15</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Mulai saat ini, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|para pengurus antarmuka]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|pengurus pengumuman pusat (''centralnotice'')]] secara teknis diwajibkan untuk mengaktifkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|autentikasi dua faktor]] sebelum dapat menggunakan hak istimewa mereka. Ke depannya, kebijakan ini dapat diperluas untuk mencakup lebih banyak kelompok dengan hak pengguna tingkat lanjut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tim Design System sedang mempersiapkan peluncuran versi utama berikutnya dari Codex (v2.0.0) pada 29 April. Para penyunting dan pengembang yang menggunakan CSS dari Codex diimbau untuk meninjau [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|dokumentasi ikhtisar versi 2.0]], yang memuat panduan mengenai sejumlah perubahan penting, termasuk <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, dan <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * Hasil [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Survei Kepuasan Pengembang (2025)]] telah dipublikasikan. Ucapan terima kasih disampaikan kepada semua peserta atas kontribusinya. Temuan dari survei ini berperan penting dalam membantu Wikimedia Foundation menetapkan arah kerja ke depan dan meninjau capaian yang telah dilakukan. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|Wikimedia Hackathon 2025]] akan berlangsung di Istanbul, Turki, pada 2–4 Mei. Batas akhir pendaftaran untuk keikutsertaan langsung adalah 13 April. Calon peserta diimbau untuk memeriksa terlebih dahulu persyaratan [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] atau [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] yang mungkin diperlukan untuk masuk ke Turki sebelum mendaftar. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 7 April 2025 18.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-16</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Akhir pekan ini, ukuran standar gambar mini akan ditingkatkan dari 220 piksel menjadi 250 piksel. Perubahan ini akan memengaruhi tampilan halaman di seluruh wiki dan telah menjadi permintaan sejumlah komunitas selama bertahun-tahun. Sebelumnya, hal tersebut belum dapat diwujudkan karena keterbatasan teknis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * Gambar mini dari berkas kini disimpan dalam berbagai ukuran. Jika suatu halaman menetapkan ukuran gambar mini yang tidak termasuk dalam daftar ukuran standar (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 250, 330, 500, 960 piksel), MediaWiki akan memilih ukuran gambar mini terbesar yang tersedia, kemudian meminta peramban untuk mengecilkan ukurannya sesuai dengan yang diminta. Dalam kasus seperti ini, tidak akan ada perubahan secara visual, tetapi pengguna mungkin akan memuat gambar dengan ukuran yang sedikit lebih besar. Jika tidak ada preferensi khusus mengenai ukuran gambar mini yang digunakan dalam suatu halaman, disarankan untuk memilih salah satu dari ukuran standar guna menghindari proses pengecilan di sisi peramban. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Wikimedia Foundation tengah mengembangkan sebuah sistem bernama [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] yang akan memungkinkan pelaksanaan uji A/B, membantu melindungi dari serangan kegagalan layanan (DDoS), serta mempermudah pemahaman mengenai jumlah pengunjung situs-situs Wikimedia. Inisiatif ini bertujuan untuk membangun perangkat yang dapat mendukung pembaca secara lebih efisien dan memudahkan mereka dalam menemukan informasi yang mereka cari. * Untuk meningkatkan keamanan pengguna, sebagian kecil proses masuk log kini akan mengharuskan pemilik akun memasukkan kata sandi sekali pakai yang dikirimkan melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|surel ke alamat yang terdaftar di akun mereka]]. Pengguna disarankan untuk [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|memastikan]] bahwa alamat surel pada akun telah diatur dengan benar, telah dikonfirmasi, dan dapat digunakan untuk keperluan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Apakah Anda tertarik untuk mengikuti survei singkat guna meningkatkan alat bantu yang digunakan dalam meninjau atau mengembalikan suntingan di Wiki Anda?" Pertanyaan ini akan [[phab:T389401|ditampilkan di tujuh wiki mulai pekan depan]], pada halaman "Perubahan terbaru" dan "Daftar pantauan". [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Tim Moderator Tools]] ingin memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengenai aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan peninjauan suntingan baru dalam proyek Wikimedia Anda, serta proses penentuan apakah suntingan tersebut sesuai dengan kebijakan proyek yang berlaku. * Mulai 15 April, grafik lengkap Wikidata tidak akan lagi didukung di <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. Setelah tanggal tersebut, artikel-artikel ilmiah akan tersedia melalui <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, sementara data lainnya yang dihos di Wikidata akan tetap tersedia melalui titik akhir <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. Langkah ini merupakan bagian dari proses pemisahan Wikidata Graph yang telah dijadwalkan dan [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|diumumkan pada bulan September 2024]]. Informasi lebih lanjut [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|tersedia di Wikidata]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Nawala Aplikasi Wikimedia]] triwulan terbaru kini telah tersedia. Edisi kali ini berisi kabar terbaru, eksperimen, serta berbagai peningkatan yang telah diterapkan pada aplikasi Wikipedia versi seluler. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Nawala Komunitas Teknis]] triwulan terbaru kini telah tersedia. Edisi kali ini mencakup: undangan bagi para pengelola perkakas untuk menghadiri Sesi Umpan Balik Komunitas Toolforge UI pada 15 April, metrik komunitas terbaru, dan artikel blog teknis terkini. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15 April 2025 00.23 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-17</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Sejak 15 April, [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] telah terintegrasi dengan [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Wikipedia bahasa Dagbani]]. Ini merupakan proyek pertama yang memungkinkan pemanggilan [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|fungsi dari Wikifunctions]] untuk diintegrasikan ke dalam artikel. Fungsi adalah proses yang menerima satu atau lebih masukan dan mengubahnya menjadi keluaran tertentu, seperti menjumlahkan dua bilangan, mengonversi mil menjadi meter, menghitung waktu yang telah berlalu sejak suatu peristiwa, atau mengubah bentuk kata sesuai dengan kaidah kasus gramatikal. Dengan Wikifunctions, pengguna dapat melakukan operasi tersebut melalui [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|pemanggilan fungsi global yang stabil]], tanpa bergantung pada templat lokal. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * Jenis galat ''lint'' baru telah dibuat: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|dokumentasi]]). [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Ekstensi Linter]] bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pola teks wiki yang perlu atau dapat diperbaiki dalam halaman, serta memberikan panduan mengenai permasalahan pada pola-pola tersebut dan cara memperbaikinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:37}} {{PLURAL:37|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Setelah diterbitkan di HuggingFace, kumpulan data "Structured Contents" yang dikembangkan oleh Wikimedia Enterprise kini [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ juga tersedia di Kaggle]. Inisiatif Beta ini berfokus pada upaya membuat data Wikimedia lebih mudah dibaca mesin bagi para pengguna ulang berskala besar. Versi beta ini dirilis di platform yang telah digunakan oleh komunitas kumpulan data terbuka, dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh umpan balik guna menyempurnakan produk sebelum dirilis secara lebih luas di masa mendatang. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets proyek Structured Contents] secara keseluruhan, serta mengenai [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ rilis pertama yang dapat digunakan secara bebas]. * Tidak ada versi baru MediaWiki pada minggu ini. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Tim Penyuntingan dan Tim Pembelajaran Mesin mengundang para sukarelawan yang berminat untuk menghadiri pertemuan guna mendiskusikan ''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]'', yaitu fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] terbaru yang akan mendeteksi penggunaan bahasa "''peacock''" (berlebihan dalam memuji), "terlalu promosi," atau "tidak netral" saat para penyunting sedang mengetik. Penyunting yang bekerja bersama pengguna baru, membantu memperbaiki tulisan semacam ini, atau memiliki ketertarikan terhadap penggunaan kecerdasan buatan dalam proyek-proyek kita, diharapkan untuk hadir. Pertemuan akan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|diadakan pada 28 April 2025]] pukul [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18.00–19.00 UTC] dan diselenggarakan melalui Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 April 2025 20.59 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 28 April 2025 15.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-18</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Penyelenggara acara yang mengadakan kegiatan kolaboratif di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|beberapa wiki]], termasuk Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Jepang, dan Korea, akan mendapatkan akses ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|ekstensi CampaignEvents]] pada pekan ini. Selain itu, para pengurus di Wikipedia yang telah mengaktifkan ekstensi tersebut akan segera diberikan hak sebagai penyelenggara acara secara otomatis. Mereka tidak perlu lagi memberikan hak tersebut kepada diri sendiri secara manual sebelum dapat mengelola acara sebagaimana [[phab:T386861|diminta oleh komunitas]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:19}} {{PLURAL:19|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Peluncuran versi utama berikutnya dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], sistem desain untuk Wikimedia, dijadwalkan pada 29 April 2025. Para penyunting teknis akan memperoleh akses ke versi ini pada pekan yang dimulai 5 Mei 2025. Pembaruan ini mencakup sejumlah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|perubahan besar]] (''breaking changes'') serta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|perubahan visual]] kecil. Petunjuk mengenai penanganan perubahan tersebut telah didokumentasikan di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|halaman ini]]. Pengujian prarilis dilaporkan dalam [[phab:T386298|T386298]], sedangkan masalah pascarilis akan dipantau melalui [[phab:T392379|T392379]] dan [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Pengguna [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] akan melihat bahwa tampilan basis data <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, dan <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> [[phab:T390767|kini telah dinyatakan usang]]. Sebagai gantinya, pengguna dapat menggunakan view baru <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> dan <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> yang mencerminkan tabel-tabel baru dalam basis data produksi. Tampilan yang telah usang tersebut akan dihapus sepenuhnya dari Wiki Replicas pada Juni 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Nawala triwulanan terbaru mengenai Bahasa dan Internasionalisasi]] kini telah tersedia. Edisi kali ini memuat ringkasan mengenai peningkatan pada [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ perkakas Content Translation Dashboard], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|dukungan untuk bahasa-bahasa baru]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|sorotan dari kampanye Wiki Loves Ramadan]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|hasil dari Language Onboarding Experiment]]—analisis keberagaman topik dalam artikel—serta informasi mengenai pertemuan dan acara komunitas yang akan datang. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] akan diselenggarakan pada [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 29 April pukul 14.30 UTC]. Edisi kali ini akan berfokus pada tema "Memahami dan Menavigasi Konflik dalam Proyek Wikimedia". [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|Pendaftaran]] untuk mengikuti acara ini sudah dibuka. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|Wikimedia Hackathon 2025]], yang mempertemukan komunitas teknis global untuk berjejaring, bertukar ide, dan mengembangkan proyek-proyek yang sudah ada, akan berlangsung pada 2 hingga 4 Mei 2025 di Istanbul, Turki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 28 April 2025 19.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-19</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Foundation telah membagikan draf pembaruan terbaru untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|rencana tahunan]] mereka pada tahun mendatang (Juli 2025–Juni 2026). Draf ini mencakup [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|ringkasan eksekutif]] (yang juga tersedia di [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), informasi mengenai tiga [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|tujuan]] utama ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastruktur]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Dukungan Sukarelawan]], dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Efektivitas]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|tren global]], serta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|anggaran]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|model keuangan]]. Masukan dan pertanyaan sangat diharapkan di [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|halaman pembicaraannya]] hingga akhir Mei. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Untuk wiki yang telah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|mengaktifkan ekstensi CampaignEvents]], dua peningkatan fitur baru telah dirilis: ** Para pengurus kini dapat menentukan ruang nama mana yang diizinkan untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]] melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|dokumentasi tersedia]]). Pengaturan bawaan mengizinkan pendaftaran acara di ruang nama Event, tetapi kini ruang nama lain (seperti ruang nama proyek atau ProyekWiki) juga dapat ditambahkan. Dengan perubahan ini, komunitas seperti ProyekWiki kini dapat menggunakan fitur Pendaftaran Acara dengan lebih mudah untuk kegiatan kolaboratif mereka. ** Para penyunting kini dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|mentransklusi]] Collaboration List (Daftar Kolaborasi) ke dalam halaman wiki ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|dokumentasi tersedia]]). Collaboration List adalah daftar otomatis yang menampilkan acara dan ProyekWiki di wiki, yang dapat diakses melalui Special:AllEvents ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|contoh tersedia]]). Sekarang, Collaboration List dapat ditambahkan ke berbagai jenis halaman wiki, seperti: halaman utama wiki, halaman ProyekWiki, halaman afiliasi, halaman acara, atau bahkan halaman pengguna. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengembang yang menggunakan pustaka <code dir=ltr>moment</code> dalam gawai dan skrip pengguna disarankan untuk meninjau kembali kode mereka dan beralih ke alternatif seperti pustaka <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> atau pustaka baru <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code>. Pustaka <code dir=ltr>moment</code> telah dinyatakan usang dan akan mulai menampilkan pesan peringatan di konsol pengembang. Anda dapat melihat pencarian global untuk penggunaan yang masih aktif, serta [[phab:T392532|mengajukan pertanyaan terkait melalui tugas di Phabricator]]. * Para pengembang yang memelihara perkakas yang melakukan kueri terhadap tabel penyimpanan istilah Wikidata (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) perlu memperbarui kode mereka agar terhubung ke klaster basis data yang terpisah. Tabel-tabel ini sedang dipindahkan ke klaster basis data tersendiri. Perkakas yang selama ini mengakses tabel-tabel tersebut melalui replika wiki harus disesuaikan agar dapat terhubung ke klaster yang baru. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Dokumentasi dan pranala terkait telah tersedia]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Nawala terbaru Chart Project]] telah tersedia. Nawala ini berisi kabar terbaru mengenai persiapan untuk memperluas penerapan ke wiki tambahan mulai pekan ini (6 Mei) dan skalanya yang akan meningkat dalam beberapa pekan ke depan, serta eksplorasi mengenai penyaringan dan transformasi data sumber. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 6 Méi 2025 00.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 6 Méi 2025 15.07 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-20</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Pranala [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Dapatkan URL pendek"]] yang ada di bilah samping kini dilengkapi dengan [[phab:T393309|kode QR]]. Pengguna situs Wikimedia kini dapat memindai atau mengunduh kode tersebut untuk membagikan dan mengakses konten dari situs Wikimedia dengan lebih cepat dan mudah. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Wikimedia Foundation sedang mengembangkan sebuah sistem bernama [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] yang akan memungkinkan [[w:en:A/B testing|pengujian A/B]], membantu melindungi situs dari serangan DDoS, serta mempermudah pemahaman mengenai jumlah pengunjung situs Wikimedia. Tujuan dari sistem ini adalah untuk mendukung pengembangan perkakas bantu yang lebih efisien bagi pembaca, serta mempermudah mereka dalam menemukan informasi yang dicari. Berita Teknis sebelumnya [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|telah membahas topik ini]]. Penerapan sistem ini akan dilakukan secara bertahap. Beberapa pengguna mungkin akan melihat kuki Edge Uniques mulai pekan tanggal 19 Mei. Anda dapat mendiskusikan hal ini di [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|halaman pembicaraan]]. * Mulai 19 Mei 2025, penyelenggara acara di wiki yang telah mengaktifkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents| CampaignEvents]] dapat menggunakan fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]] di ruang nama proyek (misalnya ruang nama Wikipedia, ruang nama Wikidata). Dengan perubahan ini, komunitas tidak lagi memerlukan peran pengurus untuk menggunakan fitur tersebut. Namun, wiki yang tidak menginginkan perubahan ini dapat mengatur ulang ruang nama yang diizinkan melalui halaman [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * Proyek {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/id}} kini telah hadir dalam [[d:Q36720|bahasa Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]), sebuah bahasa yang digunakan terutama di wilayah Tengah Utara Nigeria. Para penutur bahasa Nupe diundang untuk berpartisipasi dan memperkaya [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|Wikipedia baru]] tersebut. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Para pengembang kini dapat mengakses Wikipedia dalam bahasa Belanda yang telah diurai sebelumnya, bersama dengan versi bahasa Inggris, Jerman, Prancis, Spanyol, Italia, dan Portugis, melalui [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (versi beta)]. Konten yang tersedia mencakup ringkasan artikel Wikipedia yang telah diurai, deskripsi, gambar utama, kotak info (''infobox''), bagian-bagian artikel, serta referensi. * Antarmuka REST API <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> tidak lagi digunakan dan akan dihentikan. [[phab:T393557|Penghentian layanan ini dijadwalkan]] pada 7 Juni 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration Dukungan terhadap IPv6] kini diperkenalkan melalui jaringan virtual Cloud yang baru, yang secara signifikan meningkatkan skalabilitas, keamanan, dan kesiapan platform Wikimedia untuk masa depan. Bagi kontributor teknis yang ingin mengetahui lebih lanjut, silakan membaca [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ artikel blog ini] untuk penjelasan mendalam mengenai perjalanan menuju IPv6. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Edisi kedua [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] tahun 2025, sebuah platform virtual bagi Wikimediawan Afrika untuk saling terhubung, akan diselenggarakan pada [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 15 Mei pukul 17.00 UTC]. Edisi kali ini akan berfokus pada diskusi tentang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|perencanaan tahunan dan perkembangan Wikimedia]]. * Pertemuan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], sebuah forum virtual bagi para Wikimediawan di kawasan Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara (MENA) untuk saling terhubung, akan diselenggarakan pada [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 17 Mei pukul 17.00 UTC]. Pendaftaran untuk mengikuti acara ini [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|telah dibuka]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 12 Méi 2025 22.37 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == Join the 6th Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign – 2025 Edition == Dear Wikipedia community, (''Please help translate to your language'') We invite your community to participate in the 6th edition of the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign]], a global campaign taking place from July 1 to August 31, 2025. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photos, then add a suitable photo from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests ([[:m:Wiki Loves Africa|Wiki Loves Africa]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Earth|Wiki Loves Earth]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Monuments|Wiki Loves Monuments]], etc.) over the years. More than 80 Wikimedia affiliates have participated since the campaign was launched in 2020 and have added images to more than 400,000 Wikipedia articles in over 245 Wikipedia languages. Thanks to the volunteer contributors! We now invite your community to organize and lead the campaign within your community. As a local organizer, you may: *Encourage individual members to take part by adding images to Wikipedia articles. *Host edit-a-thons focused on improving visual content. *Organize training workshops to teach contributors how to correctly integrate images into Wikipedia. These activities will help build local capacity and increase visual content across Wikipedia. Please note that for participants to be eligible to participate in the campaign, they need to have registered an account for at least a year before the official start date of the contest. That is, for the 2025 edition, they must have registered an account on or before July 1, 2025. The account can be from any Wikimedia project wikis. The organizing team is looking for a contact person to coordinate WPWP participation at the Wikimedia user group or chapter level (geographically or thematically) or for a language Wikipedia. We would be glad for you to [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025/Participating Communities|sign up directly]] at [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025/Participating Communities|WPWP Participating Communities]]. With kind regards, [[User:Reading Beans]] On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign 2025. [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 18 Méi 2025 21.53 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:T Cells@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos_2025/Call_for_participation_letter/Village_pump&oldid=28751075 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-21</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Penyuntingan (Editing) Tim Pembelajaran Mesin (Machine Learning) tengah mengembangkan fitur baru yang ditujukan bagi penyunting baru, yaitu ''[[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]''. Fitur ini menggunakan model prediktif berbasis kecerdasan buatan untuk membantu penyunting meningkatkan nada bahasa dalam suntingan mereka agar lebih netral dan sesuai standar ensiklopedia. Kami mengundang sukarelawan untuk meninjau versi awal model bahasa ini yang tersedia dalam lima bahasa: Arab, Spanyol, Portugis, Inggris, dan Jepang. Pengguna dari wiki dengan bahasa-bahasa tersebut yang berminat memberikan masukan [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|dipersilakan mendaftar melalui MediaWiki.org]]. Pendaftaran dibuka hingga 23 Mei, yang juga menandai dimulainya masa uji coba. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Mulai 20 Mei 2025, para [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|pengawas]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|pemeriksa]] diwajibkan mengamankan akun mereka dengan autentikasi dua faktor (2FA) agar tetap dapat menggunakan hak akses tingkat lanjut mereka. Seluruh pengguna dalam kedua kelompok ini yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA telah menerima pemberitahuan sebelumnya. Ke depannya, persyaratan ini mungkin akan diberlakukan pula bagi pengguna lain yang memiliki hak akses tingkat lanjut. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblokir]] (''Multiblocks'') akan mulai diterapkan secara massal pada akhir bulan ini. Seluruh proyek non-Wikipedia, beserta Wikipedia bahasa Katalan, akan mulai mengadopsi fitur ini pada pekan yang dimulai tanggal 26 Mei. Sementara itu, seluruh Wikipedia lainnya akan mengadopsinya pada pekan yang dimulai tanggal 2 Juni. Silakan hubungi [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|tim pengembang]] jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan atau kekhawatiran terkait penerapan ini. Para pengurus dapat mencoba antarmuka pengguna baru di wiki masing-masing dengan membuka halaman [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], dan dapat menguji seluruh fungsi multiblokir secara lengkap [[testwiki:Special:Block|di testwiki]]. Multiblokir memungkinkan pengurus menetapkan beberapa jenis pemblokiran secara bersamaan terhadap satu pengguna. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, silakan lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|halaman bantuan]] yang tersedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Pada akhir pekan ini, tampilan halaman [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]]—yang memuat daftar hampir semua halaman istimewa—akan diperbarui dengan desain baru. Pembaruan ini [[phab:T219543|dirancang]] untuk meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna melalui beberapa fitur, termasuk kemampuan untuk mencari berdasarkan nama dan alias halaman istimewa, penyusunan daftar yang dapat diurutkan, penandaan yang lebih jelas untuk halaman istimewa yang terbatas aksesnya, dan tampilan yang lebih ramah untuk perangkat seluler. Versi baru ini sudah [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages dapat dilihat] di Beta Cluster, dan masukan dapat disampaikan melalui tugas yang tersedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Ekstensi Chart]] akan diaktifkan di lebih banyak wiki. Untuk mengetahui jadwal lengkap penerapan ekstensi ini di wiki Anda, silakan lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|linimasa penerapannya]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] akan diterapkan pada tanggal 27 Mei di lima Wiktionary: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], dan [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maladewa]]. Ini merupakan gelombang kedua dari rencana penerapan proyek tersebut. Setelah diterapkan, proyek-proyek ini akan dapat memanggil [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|fungsi-fungsi dari Wikifunctions]] dan mengintegrasikannya ke dalam halaman mereka. Sebuah fungsi adalah mekanisme yang menerima satu atau lebih masukan dan mengubahnya menjadi keluaran yang diinginkan, misalnya menjumlahkan dua angka, mengonversi mil ke meter, menghitung waktu yang telah berlalu sejak suatu peristiwa, atau menurunkan kata ke dalam suatu bentuk gramatikal. Wikifunctions memungkinkan pengguna melakukan hal-hal tersebut melalui pemanggilan sederhana terhadap [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|fungsi global yang stabil]], tanpa perlu membuat templat lokal secara terpisah. * Pada akhir pekan ini, Wikimedia Foundation akan merilis sebuah pusat [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|eksperimen]]. Tujuan dari inisiatif ini adalah untuk menampilkan berbagai eksperimen produk serta mengumpulkan masukan dari para pengguna. Eksperimen-eksperimen ini dirancang untuk membantu gerakan Wikimedia [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|memahami perilaku pengguna baru]], cara mereka berinteraksi dengan internet, serta dampak potensialnya terhadap gerakan Wikimedia. Beberapa contoh eksperimen yang akan ditampilkan meliputi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|video hasil generatif]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|permainan ''Wikipedia speedrun'' di Roblox]], dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|bot untuk platform Discord]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:29}} {{PLURAL:29|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebelumnya terdapat sebuah galat saat membuat akun melalui API. Masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Gawai dan skrip pengguna yang berinteraksi dengan halaman [[{{#special:Block}}]] mungkin perlu diperbarui agar dapat berfungsi dengan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|antarmuka pengelolaan blokir]] yang baru. Silakan tinjau [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|panduan pengembang]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. Jika Anda memerlukan bantuan atau mengalami kesulitan menyesuaikan skrip dengan antarmuka baru, mohon sampaikan hal tersebut kepada tim melalui [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|halaman pembicaraannya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Objek <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> memungkinkan Anda memperoleh informasi tentang halaman wiki tertentu menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Lua. Mulai pekan ini, objek tersebut akan dilengkapi dengan atribut baru bernama <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. Atribut ini memudahkan Anda untuk memeriksa apakah sebuah halaman merupakan halaman disambiguasi, tanpa perlu membuat fungsi khusus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Para pengembang skrip pengguna kini dapat memanfaatkan perkakas [[toolforge:gitlab-content|''reverse proxy'' baru]] untuk memuat berkas JavaScript dan CSS dari [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] menggunakan <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. Pembuat perkakas ini berharap fitur tersebut akan memfasilitasi alur kerja pengembangan kolaboratif bagi skrip pengguna, termasuk pemeriksaan kode (''linting''), pengujian unit, pembuatan kode otomatis, serta tinjauan kode langsung di <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi>, tanpa perlu langkah salin-tempel terpisah untuk menerbitkan skrip ke wiki Wikimedia guna pengujian integrasi dan penerimaan. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan di halaman [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content di Wikitech]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Edisi ke-12 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], forum yang mempertemukan para peneliti untuk mengeksplorasi berbagai sisi proyek Wikimedia, akan diselenggarakan secara virtual pada 21–22 Mei. Pendaftaran bagi para peneliti [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ kini sudah dibuka]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Méi 2025 23.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-22</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Diskusi terbuka untuk seluruh komunitas mengenai isu yang sangat sensitif bagi pengembangan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] kini telah dimulai di Meta, yakni mengenai lokasi penyimpanan konten abstrak yang akan dikembangkan melalui fungsi dari Wikifunctions dan data dari Wikidata. Diskusi ini berlangsung hingga 12 Juni di halaman [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], dan setiap pendapat sangat dihargai. Keputusan akan diambil dan diumumkan oleh Wikimedia Foundation setelah masa konsultasi berakhir. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Mulai pekan lalu, di semua wiki selain [[phab:T388604|20 wiki terbesar]], pengguna penyunting visual pada perangkat seluler kini dapat menggunakan sejumlah [[phab:T385851|perkakas tambahan melalui tombol baru]] bertanda <code>+</code> di bilah menu. Perkakas ini mencakup opsi untuk menambahkan referensi, aksara hieroglif, dan blok kode. Fitur ini [[phab:T388605|direncanakan]] akan diterapkan di wiki-wiki lainnya pada bulan Juni. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Fungsi pengurai <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> tidak lagi akan mencatat pranala ke halaman yang menjadi targetnya. Perubahan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keakuratan halaman [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], yang ke depannya hanya akan menampilkan halaman yang benar-benar menjadi target dari pranala merah. Perubahan ini akan diterapkan secara bertahap seiring diperbaruinya halaman-halaman sumber. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * Pekan ini, tim Moderator Tools akan meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|sebuah penyaring baru pada fitur Perubahan Terbaru]], dimulai dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia. Penyaring ini dirancang untuk menyoroti suntingan yang berpotensi untuk dibatalkan (''reverted''). Tujuannya adalah untuk membantu para penyunting yang memantau Perubahan Terbaru dalam mengenali suntingan-suntingan yang mungkin bermasalah. Wiki-wiki lainnya akan mendapatkan manfaat dari penyaring ini di masa mendatang. * Saat mengeklik bilah pencarian yang masih kosong, pengguna yang belum masuk log akan melihat saran artikel untuk dibaca lebih lanjut. Fitur ini tersedia di versi desktop dan seluler. Pembaca Wikipedia bahasa Katalan, Ibrani, dan Italia, serta beberapa proyek saudari lainnya, akan mulai menerima pembaruan ini antara 21 Mei hingga pertengahan Juni. Wiki-wiki lainnya akan menyusul kemudian. Tujuan dari fitur ini adalah untuk mendorong pengguna agar lebih banyak membaca konten wiki. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. * Beberapa pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android kini dapat mencoba fitur baru bagi pembaca, yaitu [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], sebuah permainan trivia harian yang didasarkan pada peristiwa sejarah nyata. Fitur ini dirilis sebagai uji coba A/B dan tersedia bagi 50% pengguna dalam delapan bahasa: Inggris, Prancis, Portugis, Rusia, Spanyol, Arab, Tionghoa, dan Turki. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Ekstensi Newsletter]] yang tersedia di MediaWiki.org memungkinkan pembuatan [[mw:Special:Newsletters|berbagai nawala]] bagi pengguna global. Kini, ekstensi tersebut mendukung penerbitan edisi baru sebagai [[mw:Special:Newsletters|pranala bagian]] (''section link'') pada halaman yang sudah ada sehingga tidak lagi memerlukan halaman terpisah untuk setiap edisi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tampilan <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> yang sebelumnya telah dinyatakan usang di [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] akan dihapus pada awal Juni mendatang. Pengguna disarankan untuk beralih menggunakan tampilan <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> dan <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> yang baru sebagai gantinya. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata dan Proyek Saudari]] (''Wikidata and Sister Projects'') merupakan acara daring yang berlangsung selama beberapa hari dengan fokus pada integrasi Wikidata ke dalam Wikipedia dan proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya. Acara ini akan diselenggarakan mulai 29 Mei hingga 1 Juni. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|Jadwal acara sudah tersedia]] dan [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|pendaftaran]] dapat dilakukan sekarang. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 26 Méi 2025 20.04 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-23</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Ekstensi Chart]] kini tersedia di seluruh wiki Wikimedia. Para penyunting dapat menggunakan ekstensi baru ini untuk membuat visualisasi data interaktif, seperti bagan batang, garis, area, dan lingkaran. Fitur ini dirancang untuk menggantikan banyak fungsi dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|ekstensi Graph]] versi lama. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengaturan kutipan otomatis di wiki kini menjadi lebih sederhana melalui fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|pembuat kutipan]] di penyunting visual. Para pengurus wiki dapat menetapkan templat standar dengan menambahkan kunci <code dir=ltr>_default</code> di halaman lokal <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|contoh perubahan]]). Penetapan templat standar ini akan membantu menjaga kompatibilitas konfigurasi yang ada ketika [[phab:T347823|jenis butir baru]] ditambahkan di kemudian hari. Meskipun demikian, templat khusus untuk jenis butir tertentu tetap dapat ditetapkan dan akan diutamakan dibandingkan templat bawaan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai pekan 2 Juni, bot yang menggunakan <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> atau <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> untuk masuk log akan lebih sering mengalami kegagalan. Hal ini merupakan bagian dari penerapan perlindungan yang lebih ketat terhadap upaya masuk yang mencurigakan. Bot yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|kata sandi bot]] (''bot password'') atau metode otentikasi tanpa proses masuk log seperti [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] tidak akan terdampak. Jika bot Anda masih menggunakan metode lama tanpa kata sandi bot, sebaiknya segera diperbarui. Penggunaan <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> tanpa kata sandi bot telah tidak disarankan sejak [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|tahun 2016]]. Bagi sebagian besar bot, pembaruan ini cukup dengan mengganti kata sandi yang digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * Mulai pekan ini, wiki Wikimedia akan mendukung fitur JavaScript ES2017 untuk kode resmi, gawai, dan skrip pengguna. Salah satu fitur paling mencolok dari ES2017 adalah sintaks <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> yang memungkinkan penulisan kode menjadi lebih mudah dibaca. Sebelumnya, platform ini hanya mendukung hingga ES2016, dan beberapa bulan sebelumnya terbatas pada ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pendaftaran beasiswa untuk mengikuti [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|Konferensi GLAM Wiki 2025]] kini telah dibuka. Konferensi ini akan diselenggarakan pada 30 Oktober hingga 1 November di Lisbon, Portugal. Kontributor GLAM yang tidak memiliki dukungan pendanaan untuk berpartisipasi dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|mengajukan permohonan]] melalui pranala ini. Batas waktu pengajuan beasiswa adalah 7 Juni. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2 Juni 2025 23.54 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Tim Trust and Safety]] sedang menyelesaikan pekerjaan terakhir untuk meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] di beberapa Wikipedia besar pada akhir bulan ini. Tim ini telah bekerja sama dengan para pengurus dan pengguna lain yang memiliki hak akses tingkat lanjut untuk memperkirakan serta mengantisipasi berbagai skenario penggunaan yang mungkin terjadi di wiki berukuran besar, agar anggota komunitas tetap dapat memoderasi dan memantau akun sementara secara efektif. Ini merupakan tahap kedua dari tiga tahap peluncuran. Tahap terakhir paling cepat akan dilakukan pada bulan September. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai perkembangan terbaru proyek ini, silakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|lihat pembaruan ini]]. Jika Anda memiliki komentar atau pertanyaan, silakan tulis di [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|halaman pembicaraannya]], dan [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|ikuti acara CEE Catch Up]] pada hari Selasa ini. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|kedaluwarsa daftar pantauan]] memungkinkan penyunting memantau halaman untuk jangka waktu tertentu. Setelah waktu tersebut berakhir, halaman akan otomatis dihapus dari daftar pantauan. Mulai pekan ini, Anda dapat mengatur preferensi untuk menentukan jangka waktu bawaan dalam memantau halaman. [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|Preferensi]] ini juga memungkinkan Anda menetapkan durasi pantauan yang berbeda untuk penyuntingan halaman yang sudah ada, halaman yang Anda buat, serta saat menggunakan fitur pembatalan suntingan (''rollback''). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Berikut ini adalah tangkapan layar dari peningkatan visual yang diterapkan di halaman pembicaraan|Berikut adalah contoh halaman pembicaraan dengan desain baru dalam bahasa Prancis]] * Tampilan halaman pembicaraan akan mengalami perubahan di hampir semua Wikipedia ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|beberapa]] di antaranya sudah menerima pembaruan desain ini, sementara [[phab:T379264|sebagian lainnya]] akan mendapatkannya dalam waktu dekat). Anda dapat membaca rincian mengenai perubahan ini [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|di Diff]]. Jika Anda tidak ingin menggunakan tampilan baru ini, Anda dapat menonaktifkannya melalui [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|preferensi pengguna]] dengan mematikan opsi "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Pengguna dengan hak akses lanjutan tertentu, seperti pengurus, birokrat, pemeriksa, pengawas, dan penatalayan, [[phab:T358853|sekarang dapat secara otomatis melihat]] alamat IP dari seluruh akun sementara selama jangka waktu tertentu. Fitur ini dirancang untuk membantu penanganan vandalisme yang dilakukan dengan cara berpindah-pindah akun secara cepat, dan disediakan berdasarkan permintaan dari para penatalayan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * Pekan ini, Tim Perkakas Moderator dan Pembelajaran Mesin akan melanjutkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|peluncuran penyaring baru di halaman Perubahan Terbaru]], dengan merilisnya ke beberapa Wikipedia lainnya. Penyaring ini menggunakan model Revert Risk yang dikembangkan oleh Tim Riset untuk menyoroti suntingan yang berpotensi dibatalkan, sehingga membantu para pematroli Perubahan Terbaru dalam mengidentifikasi kontribusi yang mungkin bermasalah. Fitur ini akan diluncurkan di Wikipedia berikut: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/id}}. Peluncuran ini akan terus berlanjut dalam beberapa minggu mendatang hingga mencakup [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|seluruh Wikipedia yang termasuk dalam proyek ini]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Para penyunting AbuseFilter yang aktif di Meta-Wiki dan Wikipedia berukuran besar dimohon untuk memperbarui AbuseFilter agar dapat digunakan dengan akun sementara. Pranala ke petunjuk serta daftar tertutup penyaring yang perlu diperiksa [[phab:T369611|tersedia di Phabricator]]. * Modul Lua kini dapat mengakses nama keluku (''thumbnail'') yang berkaitan dengan suatu halaman, dan di [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 beberapa wiki] juga dapat mengakses informasi penilaian ProyekWiki. Hal ini dimungkinkan berkat dua atribut baru pada [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|objek mw.title]], yaitu <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> dan <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10 Juni 2025 01.16 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Anda diundang untuk [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en mencalonkan perkakas favorit] dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Penghargaan Perkakas Terkeren]] edisi keenam. Proses pencalonan bersifat anonim dan berlangsung hingga 25 Juni. Satu survei dapat digunakan beberapa kali untuk mengajukan lebih dari satu perkakas. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:33}} {{PLURAL:33|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Staf Wikimedia Foundation dan sukarelawan teknis menggunakan API Wikimedia untuk membangun berbagai perkakas, aplikasi, fitur, dan integrasi yang meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna. Dalam beberapa tahun ke depan, tim Antarmuka MediaWiki akan berfokus pada pengembangan API web (HTTP) Wikimedia guna mendukung kebutuhan sukarelawan teknis sekaligus melindungi infrastruktur Wikimedia dari potensi penyalahgunaan. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai rencana pengembangan API ini dapat [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ dibaca dalam tulisan di Techblog]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16 Juni 2025 23.37 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-26</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Pekan ini, Tim Moderator Tools dan Tim Pembelajaran Mesin akan melanjutkan peluncuran [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|penyaring baru di halaman Perubahan Terbaru]], dengan merilisnya ke kelompok Wikipedia ketiga sekaligus terakhir. Penyaring ini menggunakan model ''Revert Risk'' yang dikembangkan oleh Tim Riset untuk menandai suntingan yang kemungkinan besar akan dikembalikan, sehingga membantu para pematroli Perubahan Terbaru dalam mengenali kontribusi yang berpotensi bermasalah. Fitur ini akan diluncurkan di {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/id}}. Peluncuran akan terus berlanjut dalam beberapa pekan mendatang untuk mencakup [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|seluruh Wikipedia yang termasuk dalam proyek ini]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pekan lalu, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] mulai diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Ceko, Korea, dan Turki. Minggu ini dan minggu depan, penerapan akan dilanjutkan ke Wikipedia dengan jumlah pengguna yang lebih besar. Silakan [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|bagikan pendapat Anda]] mengenai proyek ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Akhir pekan ini, Tim Penyuntingan (Editing) akan meluncurkan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] ke seluruh Wikipedia (kecuali Wikipedia bahasa Inggris). Fitur ini menampilkan beberapa [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|pemeriksaan referensi]] saat pengguna menyunting, dengan tujuan mendorong mereka untuk menambahkan sumber ketika menambahkan beberapa paragraf baru dalam sebuah artikel. Sebelumnya, fitur ini diuji coba dalam uji A/B. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results Hasilnya menunjukkan] bahwa pengguna yang melihat beberapa pemeriksaan cenderung 1,3 kali lebih mungkin menambahkan referensi dalam suntingannya, dan suntingan mereka lebih kecil kemungkinannya untuk dikembalikan (berkurang 34,7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * Beberapa nama halaman perlu diubah karena adanya pembaruan perangkat lunak dan penyesuaian dengan standar Unicode terbaru. Semua perubahan ini berkaitan dengan penulisan huruf kapital pada judul. Sekitar 71 halaman dan 3 berkas akan diubah namanya di 15 wiki; daftar lengkapnya tercantum dalam [[phab:T396903|tugas terkait]]. Para pengembang akan mengganti nama halaman-halaman tersebut pekan depan, dan beberapa menit setelahnya akan memperbaiki pengalihan serta pranala berkas yang tertanam melalui pembaruan pengaturan sistem. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:24}} {{PLURAL:24|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu telah diperbaiki yang sebelumnya menyebabkan halaman menggulir ke atas saat teks di dekat bagian atas dipilih. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Para penyunting kini dapat menggunakan modul Lua untuk menyaring dan mengolah data tabel agar dapat digunakan bersama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Ekstensi:Chart]]. Fitur ini memungkinkan berbagai hal, seperti memilih sebagian baris atau kolom dari data sumber, mengubah satuan, melakukan pengolahan statistik, dan berbagai bentuk pengolahan data lainnya. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Informasi tentang cara menggunakan fitur ini tersedia]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * Variabel <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> dalam [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] kini diganti namanya menjadi <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> agar konsisten dengan variabel lainnya. Penggunaan nama lama masih tetap akan berfungsi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Nawala Growth]] triwulan terbaru telah terbit. Isi pembaruan ini meliputi: peningkatan terbaru pada tugas "Tambahkan Pranala", dua fitur baru untuk mendukung keterlibatan pengguna baru, dan pembaruan pada pengaturan Konfigurasi Komunitas. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Juni 2025 23.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-27</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] kini telah tersedia di seluruh Wikipedia. Ekstensi ini dirancang untuk mempermudah penyelenggaraan dan keikutsertaan dalam berbagai kegiatan kolaboratif, seperti menyunting bareng (''edit-a-thon'') dan ProyekWiki, langsung di wiki. Ekstensi ini menawarkan tiga fitur utama: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Daftar Kolaborasi]], dan [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Daftar Undangan]]. Untuk mengajukan permintaan aktivasi ekstensi ini di wiki Anda, silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|halaman informasi penyebaran]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pemelihara AbuseFilter kini dapat menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|data reputasi IP]] dalam penyaringan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]. Data reputasi IP merupakan informasi mengenai proksi dan VPN yang terkait dengan alamat IP pengguna. Data ini tidak ditampilkan secara publik dan tidak dihasilkan untuk tindakan yang dilakukan oleh akun yang telah terdaftar. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Konten tersembunyi dalam bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|halaman Wikipedia yang dapat dilipat]] (''collapsible'') sekarang akan terlihat ketika seseorang menggunakan fitur "Temukan di halaman" (Ctrl+F atau ⌘F) di peramban web yang mendukung fitur ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur baru bernama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Templat Favorit]] (''Favourite Templates'') akan diluncurkan akhir pekan ini di semua proyek (kecuali Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, yang akan menerima fitur ini minggu depan), setelah melalui tahap uji coba di Wikipedia bahasa Polandia dan Arab, serta Wikisource bahasa Italia dan Inggris. Fitur ini mempermudah kontributor baru maupun berpengalaman dalam menemukan dan menggunakan templat melalui dialog templat, dengan memungkinkan pengguna menyimpan templat ke dalam "daftar favorit" khusus. Fitur ini dapat digunakan baik di penyunting visual maupun penyunting teks wiki. Fitur ini merupakan bagian dari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|fokus harapan komunitas]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebuah kekutu telah diperbaiki yang sebelumnya menyebabkan beberapa Notifikasi terkirim lebih dari satu kali. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 30 Juni 2025 23.40 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-28</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Akun sementara]] telah diterapkan di 18 Wikipedia berukuran besar dan menengah, termasuk Wikipedia dalam bahasa Jerman, Jepang, Prancis, dan Tionghoa. Saat ini, sekitar sepertiga dari seluruh aktivitas pengguna yang tidak masuk log di berbagai wiki berasal dari akun sementara. Para pengguna yang terlibat dalam kegiatan patroli mungkin tertarik untuk melihat dua halaman dokumentasi baru: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Akses ke Alamat IP]], yang menjelaskan segala hal mengenai akses ke alamat IP akun sementara, serta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repositori]], yang memuat daftar gawai dan skrip pengguna terbaru. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Siapa pun dapat mencoba permainan eksperimental baru bernama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], yang memungkinkan Anda menjelajahi Wikipedia dengan berpindah dari satu artikel ke artikel lain melalui klik, dengan tujuan mencapai halaman tertentu dalam langkah dan waktu sesingkat mungkin. Proyek ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi cara-cara baru dalam melibatkan pembaca. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Cobalah permainan ini] dan sampaikan pendapat Anda kepada tim melalui [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|halaman pembicaraan]]. * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia di Android dalam beberapa bahasa kini dapat memainkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|permainan trivia]] baru bernama '''Apa yang lebih dulu?''' (''Which came first?''). Ini adalah permainan sejarah sederhana di mana Anda menebak peristiwa mana yang terjadi lebih dahulu pada tanggal hari ini. Sebelumnya, permainan ini tersedia dalam bentuk uji coba A/B, dan sekarang telah tersedia untuk semua pengguna dalam bahasa Inggris, Jerman, Prancis, Spanyol, Portugis, Rusia, Arab, Turki, dan Tionghoa. Fitur ini bertujuan untuk menarik minat generasi pembaca yang lebih baru. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia di iOS dalam beberapa bahasa mungkin akan melihat fitur penjelajahan dengan tab yang baru, yang memungkinkan membuka beberapa tab saat membaca. Fitur ini mempermudah menjelajahi topik-topik terkait dan berpindah antarartikel. Uji coba A/B fitur ini saat ini sedang berlangsung dalam bahasa Arab, Inggris, dan Jepang di wilayah tertentu. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|halaman proyek Penjelajahan dengan Tab]]. * Birokrat di wiki Wikimedia kini dapat menggunakan halaman [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] untuk memeriksa apakah seorang pengguna telah mengaktifkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|autentikasi dua faktor]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur baru [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Pencarian dan Penelusuran Templat]] akan diterapkan di semua proyek Wikimedia pada akhir pekan ini: sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|penjelajah kategori templat]] akan diperkenalkan untuk membantu pengguna menemukan templat yang dapat dimasukkan ke dalam daftar "favorit" mereka. Penjelajah ini memungkinkan pengguna menelusuri daftar templat yang telah dikelompokkan dalam struktur kategori tertentu. Fitur ini merupakan permintaan dari komunitas melalui program [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|Harapan Komunitas]]. * Sekarang pengguna dapat mengakses preferensi daftar pantauan langsung dari halaman daftar pantauan. Selain itu, tombol yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk menyunting daftar pantauan dan dianggap tidak lagi diperlukan telah dihapus. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai bagian dari pembaruan [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]], kini tersedia sistem Notifikasi bawaan terpadu yang mempermudah pengembang dalam mengirim, mengelola, dan menyesuaikan notifikasi. Silakan lihat dokumentasi terbaru di halaman [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], informasi tentang proses migrasi di tiket [[phab:T388663|T388663]], dan informasi tentang kait (''hooks'') yang tidak lagi digunakan di tiket [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], konferensi yang didedikasikan untuk Wikidata, kini telah dibuka untuk [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp pengajuan sesi] dan [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|pendaftaran peserta]]. Acara tahun ini akan diselenggarakan secara daring pada 31 Oktober – 2 November, dengan tema "Menghubungkan Orang melalui Data Terbuka Tertaut". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 8 Juli 2025 00.04 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 14 Juli 2025 12.46 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Templat pilihan]], sebuah fitur baru yang berkaitan dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Pencarian dan Penelusuran Templat]], akan diluncurkan pada pekan ini ke semua proyek Wikimedia. Dengan fitur ini, para penyunting dapat dengan mudah mengakses daftar templat yang kemungkinan besar berguna. Daftar ini akan ditampilkan di bawah tab "pilihan" pada antarmuka pencarian templat. Para pengurus dapat menentukan isi daftar ini melalui antarmuka Konfigurasi Komunitas. Fitur ini merupakan permintaan dari komunitas yang diajukan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|melalui Harapan Komunitas]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, permintaan untuk menambahkan huruf Malayalam pada perkakas [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export]] telah dipenuhi, dan sekarang huruf-huruf Malayalam pada buku hasil ekspor dari Wikisource sudah ditampilkan dengan benar. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Para pengembang, desainer, dan seluruh kontributor Wikimedia diundang untuk [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ mengajukan ide proyek] untuk Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Baca artikel [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ di blog Diff] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pendaftaran beasiswa dan pengajuan program untuk [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] dibuka hingga 20 Juli pukul 23.59 GMT. WikiIndaba adalah konferensi regional bagi para kontributor Wikimedia dari Afrika, baik yang berada di benua Afrika maupun diaspora, untuk saling terhubung dan berkembang bersama. Segera [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform ajukan permohonan beasiswa] dan [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH usulan program] Anda. * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] akan diselenggarakan pada 19–20 Juli di Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Anggota komunitas Wikimedia di Brasil diimbau untuk mendaftar dan berpartisipasi dalam acara ini. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14 Juli 2025 20.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-30</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur Saran Terjemahan (''Translation Suggestions'') pada perkakas [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Penerjemahan Konten]] kini memiliki tingkatan penyaring artikel tambahan dalam kategori "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... Lainnya]". Para penerjemah yang menggunakan fitur ini sekarang dapat memilih dan menerima saran artikel yang disesuaikan dengan wilayah yang mereka minati melalui penyaring "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" yang baru. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Para pengurus kini dapat membatasi fitur "Tambahkan Pranala" hanya untuk pengguna baru. Tugas Terstruktur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Tambahkan Pranala"]] dirancang untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|membantu pengguna akun baru untuk mulai menyunting]], tetapi beberapa komunitas meminta agar fitur ini dibatasi hanya untuk sasaran awalnya, yaitu pengguna baru. Pengurus dapat mengatur pembatasan ini melalui fitur [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Konfigurasi Komunitas]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:29}} {{PLURAL:29|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Bagi penyunting AbuseFilter di [[phab:T392144|beberapa wiki]], kini dimungkinkan untuk memilih suntingan berdasarkan skor RevertRisk dari suntingan yang sedang dicoba. Skor ini hanya tersedia jika tindakan yang dievaluasi adalah sebuah suntingan. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, silakan lihat dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|variabel-variabel ORES/AbuseFilter]]. * Wiki di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Kluster Beta]] (''Beta Cluster'') [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|telah dipindahkan]] dari <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> ke <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Pengguna mungkin perlu memperbarui URL di perkakas yang sedang digunakan atau di pengelola kata sandi mereka. Jika ada masalah mengenai hal ini, silakan [[phab:T289318|laporkan melalui tugas yang tersedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] akan diselenggarakan pada 29–31 Agustus, secara daring dan luring di Bern, Swiss. Tujuan acara ini adalah untuk mempererat kembali hubungan antara komunitas, lembaga, dan individu yang bekerja dengan rujukan terbuka, data kepustakaan, serta ekosistem Wikidata/Wikibase. Pendaftaran sudah dibuka, dan pengumuman pengajuan proposal akan segera diumumkan. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 Juli 2025 23.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-31</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Dalam beberapa bulan ke depan, Tim Teknologi Komunitas (''Community Tech'') akan memusatkan perhatian mereka pada permintaan fitur yang berkaitan dengan Daftar Pantauan dan halaman Perubahan Terbaru. Mereka mengundang masukan dari komunitas. Silakan baca [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|kabar terbaru]], dan jika Anda memiliki ide, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|ajukanlah permintaan fitur]] yang sesuai dengan topik tersebut. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Komunitas Wikimedia Commons telah memutuskan untuk memblokir [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|unggahan lintas wiki]] ke Wikimedia Commons bagi semua pengguna yang belum memiliki hak terkonfirmasi otomatis di wiki tersebut mulai 16 Agustus. Keputusan ini diambil karena adanya [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|banyak masalah]] yang berhubungan dengan berkas yang diunggah oleh pengguna baru. Pengguna yang terdampak akan menerima pesan galat disertai pranala menuju UploadWizard di Commons yang memiliki pembatasan lebih ringan. Mohon bantu menerjemahkan [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|pesan tersebut]] atau berikan masukan mengenai isi pesannya. Jangan lupa untuk memperbarui halaman bantuan di wiki Anda agar menjelaskan pembatasan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * Di sejumlah wiki yang telah mengaktifkan akun sementara dan di Meta-Wiki, para pengurus kini dapat menambahkan catatan kaki pada halaman Special:Contributions untuk akun sementara. Fungsinya mirip dengan catatan kaki yang dapat ditampilkan pada halaman kontribusi alamat IP maupun akun pengguna. Pengurus dapat menambahkan catatan kaki tersebut dengan membuat halaman bernama <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] akan berlangsung pada 6–9 Agustus. [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ Program acara sudah diumumkan] sehingga Anda dapat merencanakan sesi mana yang ingin ditonton. Sebagian besar sesi akan disiarkan secara langsung, kecuali yang ditandai dengan ikon "tanpa kamera". Jika Anda ingin bergabung secara daring untuk menonton siaran langsung dan menggunakan fitur interaktif, silakan [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|mendaftar]] untuk mendapatkan tiket virtual gratis. Beberapa sesi teknis yang mungkin menarik bagi Anda, antara lain: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Akun Sementara: Meningkatkan Privasi bagi Penyunting Tak Terdaftar] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Membangun Masa Depan yang Berkelanjutan bagi Kontributor Wikimedia] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ Selusin Gagasan tentang Wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Koordinasi Antarpemangku Kepentingan bersama Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|Konferensi Pengguna dan Pengembang MediaWiki Musim Gugur 2025]] akan berlangsung pada 28–30 Oktober 2025 di Hannover, Jerman. Acara ini diselenggarakan oleh dan untuk komunitas MediaWiki pihak ketiga. Anda dapat mengajukan sesi dan mendaftar untuk berpartisipasi dalam acara ini. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 29 Juli 2025 00.25 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-32</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penyunting kini dapat mengaktifkan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|Kartu Info Pengguna]] (''User Info Card''). Fitur ini menambahkan sebuah ikon di samping nama pengguna dalam halaman riwayat dan halaman log kontribusi pengguna. Ketika ikon tersebut diklik atau diketuk, informasi tentang akun tersebut akan ditampilkan, seperti jumlah suntingan, jumlah suntingan yang dibatalkan, pemblokiran, dan lainnya. Fitur ini merupakan bagian dari proyek yang lebih luas untuk memudahkan para moderator menilai tingkat kepercayaan suatu akun. Fitur ini dapat diaktifkan melalui [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preferensi global Anda]], dan akan tersedia di preferensi lokal dalam beberapa hari ke depan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Silakan sampaikan komentar Anda mengenai proyek [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Kontribusi Kolaboratif]] (''Collaborative Contributions'') yang baru diluncurkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|tim Connection]]. Proyek ini bertujuan menghadirkan cara baru untuk menampilkan dampak dari kegiatan penyuntingan bersama, seperti menyunting bersama (''edit-a-thon''), penyelesaian timbunan tugas, dan ProyekWiki di wiki. Komentar Anda dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|halaman pembicaraan proyeknya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Para pengurus kini dapat menetapkan jangka waktu pemblokiran standar untuk akun sementara. Untuk melakukannya, halaman bernama <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> perlu dibuat terlebih dahulu dan mengisinya dengan salah satu nilai yang tersedia di <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. Pengaturan ini memungkinkan pengurus memblokir akun sementara selama 90 hari dengan mudah, yang secara fungsional setara dengan pemblokiran tanpa batas waktu. Keuntungan dari pendekatan ini adalah daftar pemblokiran di Special:BlockList tidak menjadi penuh. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|Dokumentasi lebih lanjut]] telah tersedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sekarang gawai dapat menggunakan berkas <code dir=ltr>.vue</code>, yang mempermudah pengembangan antarmuka modern dengan [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]]. Ini sangat membantu terutama bagi yang ingin memanfaatkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], yaitu sistem desain resmi Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Ikon Codex]] juga bisa dimuat langsung melalui definisi gawainya. Untuk skrip pengguna yang menggunakan Vue.js, tersedia [[mw:API:CodexIcons|modul API]] baru untuk memuat ikon Codex. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|Dokumentasi]] lengkap beserta contoh penggunaan dapat ditemukan di halaman yang tersedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Pengembang modul kini dapat menggunakan [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|antarmuka Lua]] untuk mempermudah penyiapan modul Lua agar dapat diterjemahkan di Meta-Wiki. Pembaruan ini memudahkan penerjemah dalam menemukan dan mengedit teks dalam modul tanpa harus berurusan langsung dengan kode Lua mentah, serta membantu mencegah kesalahan yang dapat merusak modul saat diterjemahkan. Pengembang modul dan penerjemah diundang untuk [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|menonton video peraga]], membaca informasi lebih lanjut tentang [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|modul yang dapat diterjemahkan]], melihat contoh penggunaan di [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] di Meta-Wiki, dan [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|memberikan masukan]] apakah fitur ini membantu mengatasi tantangan dalam alur kerja mereka. Namun, antarmuka ini masih memiliki beberapa masalah kinerja sehingga belum disarankan untuk digunakan pada modul-modul yang dipakai secara luas. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Mulai Agustus, [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|kebijakan ''user-agent'']] akan diterapkan lebih ketat karena adanya perayap (''crawler'') eksternal yang [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|membebani]] sumber daya Wikimedia secara berlebihan. Para pengembang perkakas eksternal yang mengakses halaman Wikimedia wajib menetapkan ''user-agent'' yang sesuai dengan kebijakan tersebut. Perkakas yang dijalankan di Toolforge atau Cloud VPS Wikimedia untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak, tetapi tetap dianjurkan untuk mengatur ''user-agent'' yang benar. [[phab:T400119|Informasi teknis lebih lanjut telah tersedia]], dan pertanyaan-pertanyaan dapat diajukan melalui tugas yang bersangkutan. * Parsoid Read Views akan mulai diterapkan di beberapa Wikipedia berukuran kecil dalam beberapa minggu ke depan, menyusul keberhasilan transisi Wikivoyage dan Wiktionary ke Parsoid Read Views. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, silakan kunjungi halaman proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] akan berlangsung pada 6–9 Agustus. [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ Program acara sudah diumumkan] sehingga Anda dapat merencanakan sesi mana yang ingin ditonton. Sebagian besar sesi akan disiarkan secara langsung, kecuali yang ditandai dengan ikon "tanpa kamera". Jika Anda ingin bergabung secara daring untuk menonton siaran langsung dan menggunakan fitur interaktif, silakan [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|mendaftar]] untuk mendapatkan tiket virtual gratis. Beberapa sesi teknis yang mungkin menarik bagi Anda, antara lain: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Infrastruktur pengetahuan Wikimedia di tengah perubahan internet: Membangun jalur berkelanjutan untuk penggunaan ulang konten] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions akan segera hadir di wiki Anda!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Membentuk Masa Depan Pengalaman Pembaca Wikipedia] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Membuat Wikipedia Lebih Nyaman Dibaca: Langkah Selanjutnya] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 5 Agustus 2025 03.39 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-33</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Bilah perkakas WikiEditor kini akan menampilkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|pintasan papan tik]] pada keterangan (''tooltip'') setiap tombolnya. Hal ini membantu pengguna lebih mudah mengetahui dan menggunakan fitur tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] telah menerbitkan sejumlah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|usulan percobaan]] yang dapat dilakukan oleh Wikimedia Foundation untuk meningkatkan komunikasi dengan komunitas. Masukan terhadap usulan ini dapat disampaikan hingga 22 Agustus di [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|halaman pembicaraannya]]. * Bilah pencarian pada tampilan Minerva (versi seluler) telah diperbarui untuk menggunakan komponen pencarian dengan saran otomatis yang sama seperti yang digunakan pada tampilan Vector 2022. Tidak ada perubahan pada fungsi pencarian. Namun, terdapat sedikit perubahan tampilan. Secara khusus, tombol untuk menutup pencarian kini berubah dari ikon "X" menjadi panah kembali. Perubahan ini bertujuan untuk membedakan tombol tersebut dari ikon "X" lainnya yang digunakan untuk menghapus teks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Para penyunting di beberapa wiki akan melihat tombol baru untuk mengaktifkan opsi "Kelompokkan hasil berdasarkan halaman" di halaman daftar pantauan, perubahan terkait, dan perubahan terbaru. Ini merupakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|uji coba A/B]] yang dijadwalkan mulai pada 11 Agustus dan akan berlangsung selama 3 hingga 6 minggu di Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Mandarin, Ceko, Prancis, Yunani, Portugis, dan Urdu. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah membuat fitur ini lebih mudah ditemukan dapat memengaruhi kemampuan penyunting dalam menemukan suntingan yang mereka cari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Kumpulan [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|data Unicode]] lintas wiki telah dipindahkan ke [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] di Wikimedia Commons, sesuai dengan gagasan "Satu sumber data bersama untuk berbagai wiki lokal". Sebagian besar wiki telah diperbarui untuk menggunakan versi yang ada di Commons. Jika memiliki pertanyaan, Anda dapat mengajukannya di [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|halaman pembicaraan]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Kode Lua kini dapat menampilkan lebih dari satu peringatan menggunakan fungsi <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code>. Sebelumnya, peringatan baru akan menggantikan peringatan lama, tetapi sekarang beberapa peringatan dapat ditampilkan sekaligus. Jika Anda mengelola modul Lua yang menggunakan peringatan, disarankan untuk memeriksa kembali apakah modul tersebut masih berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11 Agustus 2025 23.28 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-34</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pada pekan ini, pengguna yang masuk log dan mengaktifkan [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Fitur Beta]] "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Perkakas Diskusi]]" akan dapat mengucapkan "Terima kasih" pada komentar tertentu langsung di halaman pembicaraan, tanpa harus membuka riwayat halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Cari tahu lebih lanjut mengenai fitur ini]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * Uji A/B yang membandingkan dua versi pranala donasi di desktop telah diluncurkan di testwiki pada 12 Agustus dan di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada 14 Agustus, untuk 0,1% pengguna yang tidak masuk log di situs desktop. Percobaan ini akan berlangsung selama tiga pekan dan berakhir pada 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * Uji A/A untuk mengukur dasar tingkat keterlibatan pembaca telah diluncurkan pada 12 Agustus menggunakan [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. Percobaan ini mengukur persentase pengguna yang kembali mengunjungi wiki setelah kunjungan pertama mereka dalam kurun waktu 14 hari. Tidak ada perubahan tampilan yang diharapkan. Percobaan ini akan berlangsung hingga 31 Agustus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Lima wiki baru telah dirilis: ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/id}} dalam [[d:Q34057|bahasa Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/id}} dalam [[d:Q36213|bahasa Madura]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/id}} dalam [[d:Q3450749|bahasa Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/id}} dalam [[d:Q13324|bahasa Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/id}} dalam [[d:Q7598268|bahasa Amazigh Maroko Standar]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:46}} {{PLURAL:46|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Agustus 2025 00.37 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-35</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Para pembuat templat kini dapat menggunakan lebih banyak properti CSS karena pemindai CSS yang digunakan oleh [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] telah diperbarui. Contohnya: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>, satuan relatif seperti <code>lh</code>, dan teks yang dapat disesuaikan <code>list-style-type</code>. Perbaikan ini merupakan bagian dari usulan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Daftar Harapan Komunitas]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * Pada wiki berukuran besar, jangka waktu bawaan untuk menampilkan suntingan di halaman Special:RecentChanges kini diubah dari 7 hari menjadi 1 hari. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya meningkatkan kinerja dan tidak akan memengaruhi pengalaman pengguna karena volume suntingan di wiki tersebut sangat tinggi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Para pengurus kini dapat membuka halaman [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] melalui daftar halaman [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]]. Perubahan ini akan memudahkan halaman tersebut untuk ditemukan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Video-video yang ada di Wikimedia Commons sebelumnya tidak muncul pada tab Video di Google Penelusuran. Masalah ini telah diteliti dan dilaporkan kepada Google, dan kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/id}} dalam [[d:Q33014|bahasa Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:39}} {{PLURAL:39|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Dua kolom pada tabel [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|basis data recentchanges]] akan dihapus. Kolom <code>rc_new</code> dan <code>rc_type</code> akan digantikan dengan <code>rc_source</code>. Mulai pekan ini, permintaan yang masih menggunakan kolom lama tersebut akan gagal sehingga pengembang perlu beralih ke <code>rc_source</code>. Kolom lama itu sudah dinyatakan usang lebih dari 10 tahun lalu dan seharusnya tidak lagi digunakan. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya meningkatkan kinerja dan kestabilan permintaan pada tabel recentchanges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Nawala triwulanan Bahasa dan Internasionalisasi]] kini sudah tersedia. Edisi ini berisi tentang dukungan bahasa baru di MediaWiki dan translatewiki, dimulainya proyek Pengenalan dan Pengembangan Bahasa untuk mendukung pertumbuhan wiki baru dan kecil, kabar terbaru dari berbagai proyek penelitian, serta informasi lainnya. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Pertemuan Komunitas Bahasa]] berikutnya akan berlangsung pada 29 Agustus [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 pukul 15.00 UTC]. Pertemuan minggu ini akan membahas pengembang papan ketik Avro dari Wikimedia Bangladesh yang baru-baru ini meraih penghargaan nasional atas kontribusi mereka terhadap papan ketik tersebut, dan topik lainnya. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 26 Agustus 2025 00.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Penyuntingan (''Editing'') ingin menyusun daftar templat, istilah khusus, dan kebijakan yang biasanya digunakan dalam ringkasan suntingan ketika ada pelanggaran hak cipta yang dihapus. Daftar ini akan membantu mereka mengetahui jumlah suntingan yang dibatalkan karena masalah hak cipta. Kami mengundang anggota komunitas dari wiki berikut untuk mencantumkan istilah-istilah tersebut di [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], atau berbagi daftarnya kepada [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/id}}{{int:comma-separator/id}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/id}}. Proyek ini berlangsung hingga 9 September 2025. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] kini telah diaktifkan di semua Wikisource. Ekstensi ini akan memudahkan penyelenggaraan dan partisipasi dalam kegiatan kolaborasi, seperti menyunting bersama (''edit-a-thon'') dan ProyekWiki di proyek-proyek tersebut. Ekstensi ini memiliki tiga fitur utama: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Daftar Kolaborasi]], dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Daftar Undangan]]. Untuk mengajukan permintaan agar ekstensi ini diaktifkan di wiki Anda, silakan kunjungi halaman Deployment information. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * Daftar yang ada di bagian bawah antarmuka penyuntingan, seperti "Templat yang digunakan di halaman ini", kini akan ditata dalam bentuk kolom jika ruangnya mencukupi. Peningkatan ini membantu mengurangi kebutuhan menggulir layar saat menyunting artikel panjang di Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * Pada 3 September 2025, kami akan menaikkan persentase pengambilan sampel dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|uji coba pengelompokan dengan tombol pilihan]] di halaman <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, dan <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> di Wikipedia bahasa Tionghoa, Prancis, dan Portugis menjadi 100 persen sehingga lebih banyak penyunting dapat ikut serta dalam percobaan ini. Penyesuaian ini bertujuan agar tersedia cukup data untuk membuat keputusan yang lebih tepat saat mengevaluasi hasil percobaan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Mulai pekan 22 September, pengguna yang belum masuk log akan melihat saran artikel saat mengklik bilah pencarian kosong di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Fitur ini tersedia di komputer dan ponsel. Wiki yang menggunakan bahasa selain bahasa Inggris telah menerima perubahan ini pada Juni dan Juli. Tujuan fitur ini adalah membantu pengguna lebih mudah dalam menemukan artikel. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:37}} {{PLURAL:37|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Wikifunctions kini memiliki kemampuan baru bernama "tipe enumerasi ringan". Tipe enumerasi merupakan sekumpulan nilai tetap yang ditentukan dalam definisi sebuah tipe. Fitur ini membuat pembuatan tipe semacam itu menjadi lebih cepat dan sederhana, serta memungkinkan penggunaan kembali nilai yang sudah tersedia di Wikidata. Berikut ini adalah [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|nawala]] untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Nawala Pembaca (''Readers'')]] terbaru kini sudah tersedia. Edisi kali ini mencakup pembentukan dua tim baru: Pertumbuhan Pembaca dan Pengalaman Pembaca; wawasan tentang penurunan jumlah tayangan halaman dan pembuatan akun; sorotan dari panel Wikimania Nairobi mengenai peningkatan pengalaman membaca; rencana percobaan untuk melibatkan pembaca baru maupun lama; dan berbagai informasi lainnya. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Sorotan beberapa sesi di Wikimania 2025: ** Mengenali teks yang dibuat oleh AI dengan mencari ISBN yang gagal dalam pemeriksaan ceksum (''checksum''): Mathias Schindler dari WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s berbagi perkakas untuk membantu komunitas dalam melakukan pencarian ini]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ ''La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs'' (Keberlanjutan gerakan Wikimedia menghadapi tantangan saat ini dan di masa depan)]: Sesi ini membahas bagaimana Wikimedia dapat tetap menjadi sumber pengetahuan yang tepercaya di tengah era AI generatif, banjir informasi, dan disinformasi. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 1 Séptémber 2025 20.49 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Penyuntingan sedang menyiapkan fitur baru bernama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Pemeriksaan Tempel]]. Fitur ini akan memberi peringatan kepada pengguna baru ketika mereka menempelkan teks ke Wikipedia bahwa isi tersebut mungkin tidak bisa diterima. Tujuannya adalah membantu memastikan konten baru yang ditambahkan sesuai dengan komitmen gerakan untuk menyediakan informasi berlisensi bebas. Uji coba fitur ini akan segera dilakukan di beberapa wiki. Jika komunitas Anda ingin ikut serta, silakan [[phab:T403680|sampaikan melalui tugas ini]] atau [[mw:Talk:Edit check|hubungi tim terkait]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Dalam pekan ini, pengguna [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" dapat memakai [[w:en:Lint (software)|perkakas pemeriksa]] untuk menampilkan kesalahan atau masalah lain dalam teks wiki secara langsung. Silakan kunjungi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|halaman bantuan untuk informasi selengkapnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Saat mengakses wiki, misalnya <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>, halaman biasanya muncul dalam dua bentuk: versi desktop atau dialihkan ke versi seluler di domain dengan huruf "m" (seperti <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Dalam tiga pekan ke depan, MediaWiki akan menayangkan versi seluler langsung melalui domain utama tanpa perlu pengalihan. Perubahan ini tidak akan memengaruhi alamat m-dot yang sudah ada atau pilihan untuk tetap menggunakan tampilan desktop. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * Ketika sebuah suntingan mengubah kategori pada sebuah halaman, pembaruan jumlah anggota kategori kini dilakukan secara tidak langsung (asinkron). Cara ini membuat penyimpanan suntingan menjadi lebih cepat, terutama saat banyak halaman dipindahkan ke atau dari kategori yang sama, serta mengurangi risiko gangguan pada situs. Namun, jumlah yang ditampilkan mungkin masih memuat informasi lama selama beberapa menit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Suntingan di Wikidata pada penjelas (atribut dan nilai) maupun referensi (atribut dan nilai) dalam sebuah pernyataan kini tidak lagi muncul di halaman Perubahan Terbaru atau Daftar Pantauan di wiki lain. Perubahan ini hanya sementara untuk memperbaiki kinerja sambil menunggu solusi lain. Halaman di Wikidata sendiri tetap tidak berubah. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Wiki-wiki berbahasa Jepang telah mendapatkan peningkatan besar pada cara kerja fitur pencariannya. Pencarian yang baru ini umumnya akan memberikan hasil yang lebih tepat dan lebih relevan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Séptémber 2025 01.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Daftar referensi yang dibuat dengan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> kini akan otomatis ditampilkan dalam bentuk kolom pada tampilan Vector 2022, jika pembaca menggunakan pengaturan "standar" untuk ukuran teks dan lebar halaman. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Mulai pekan 6 Oktober, pada [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|wiki kecil]] dan [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|menengah]] yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|ekstensi CampaignEvents]], semua pengguna dengan status terkonfirmasi otomatis dapat menjadi penyelenggara melalui fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]]. Untuk [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|wiki berukuran besar]], perubahan hanya berlaku jika diajukan melalui Phabricator. Langkah ini bertujuan memudahkan lebih banyak orang memakai Pendaftaran Acara, terutama di wiki yang belum memiliki aturan khusus tentang hak Penyelenggara Acara. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Baca selengkapnya]]. * Pengguna yang melakukan pencarian dengan ekspresi reguler (regex) kini dapat menggunakan fitur tambahan, antara lain: ** untuk kata kunci <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code>: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metakarakter]] penanda awal baris (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) dan akhir baris (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** untuk kata kunci <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> dan <code dir=ltr>insource:</code>: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|kelas karakter singkat]] untuk angka (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), spasi kosong (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), dan huruf/angka (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); serta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|kode untuk pindah baris]] (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), baris baru (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tabulasi (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), dan Unicode (misalnya <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * Saat Anda mencari teks yang menyerupai alamat IP, sistem sekarang akan menampilkan hasil pencarian. Sebelumnya, pencarian tersebut langsung mengarahkan ke kontribusi dari alamat IP tersebut, alih-alih menampilkan hasil pencariannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Semua wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya baca]] selama beberapa menit pada 24 September. Jadwal ini direncanakan pada pukul [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan untuk uji coba cadangan pemindahan peladen pusat data yang berlangsung dua kali dalam setahun. Anda dapat [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|membaca latar belakang dan informasi lebih lanjut mengenai proses ini di blog Diff]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:24}} {{PLURAL:24|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, ada kekutu perangkat lunak yang membuat masalah saat pengguna memakai tab halaman untuk pindah dari menyunting teks wiki ke penyunting VisualEditor pada sebuah bagian. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki sedang merancang ulang REST API Sandbox Wikimedia dengan Codex. Jika Anda memiliki masukan tentang cara meningkatkan dokumentasi API atau hal-hal yang membuat pengalaman pengembang lebih mudah (atau justru menyulitkan), Anda diundang untuk [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm ikut serta dalam wawancara penjajakan yang akan datang], atau [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|menyampaikan masukan di wiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Baca selengkapnya]]. * Penyuntingan alias di Wikidata (nama lain untuk sebuah butir atau properti) kini akan lebih jarang ditampilkan di Perubahan Terbaru dan Daftar Pantauan di wiki lain sehingga mengurangi pemberitahuan yang tidak perlu. Dengan demikian, jumlah entri yang dianggap "berisik" akan berkurang. Halaman di Wikidata sendiri tidak mengalami perubahan. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Baca selengkapnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * Versi baru [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] telah dirilis. [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Kumpulan data]] di Wikimedia Commons untuk [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] sudah diperbarui. Wikipedia yang tidak menggunakan kumpulan data dari Commons sebaiknya memperbarui data mereka sendiri atau beralih menggunakan kumpulan data dari Commons. * Pengguna titik akhir [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents kini dapat mengakses [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Tabel Terurai] (''Parsed Tables''). Fitur baru ini mengekstrak dan menyajikan tabel Wikipedia dalam bentuk JSON terstruktur. Hal ini meningkatkan keterbacaan oleh mesin sebagai bagian dari [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ inisiatif Structured Contents]. Hasil dari ''Structured Contents'' tersedia secara gratis melalui [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta API sesuai permintaan], atau melalui Layanan Awan Wikimedia. * [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset Sekumpulan data berisi informasi biografi dari Wikipedia bahasa Inggris] yang disediakan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] telah diterbitkan di Kaggle untuk keperluan evaluasi dan penelitian. Data terstruktur ini mencakup lebih dari 1,5 juta biografi, termasuk tanggal lahir dan meninggal, riwayat pendidikan, afiliasi, karier, penghargaan, dan lain-lain (berdasarkan cuplikan data bulan Juni 2024). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Pendaftaran beasiswa]] Wikimania 2026 di Paris, Prancis, telah dibuka hingga 31 Oktober. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15 Séptémber 2025 17.05 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 Pada 24 September pukul 15.00 UTC], semua pengguna situs Wikimedia akan mengalami jeda singkat, di mana situs hanya dapat dibaca karena adanya [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|pengalihan peladen pusat data]] yang terjadwal. Tim Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) dari Wikimedia Foundation akan mengalihkan seluruh lalu lintas dari peladen utama ke peladen cadangan. Anda dapat mendengarkan proses pengalihan ini melalui perkakas [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"], di mana selama beberapa menit suntingan akan berhenti saat fase hanya-baca, lalu akan kembali berlanjut. Pengalihan pusat data yang dilakukan dua kali setahun ini bertujuan menjaga keandalan dengan menguji pusat data cadangan, sehingga situs tetap dapat diakses meskipun pusat data utama mengalami gangguan. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai proses ini dapat [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|dibaca di blog Diff]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para penyunting di [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 Wiktionary lainnya]] akan segera dapat memanggil [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|berbagai fungsi dari Wikifunctions]] dan menggunakannya di halaman mereka. Fungsi ini bekerja dengan menerima satu atau beberapa masukan lalu mengubahnya menjadi keluaran yang diinginkan, misalnya menjumlahkan angka, mengonversi mil ke meter, menghitung selisih waktu, atau mengubah kata sesuai bentuk kasusnya. Fitur tersebut merupakan kelanjutan dari [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary bahasa lain]] yang sudah lebih dulu memiliki akses terhadap pemanggilan Wikifunctions secara langsung. Pada akhir tahun ini, akses tersebut juga akan diperluas ke lebih banyak Wiktionary dan ke Incubator. * Sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|fungsi pengurai]] baru telah ditambahkan: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Penyunting templat dan pengurus dapat menggunakannya untuk menampilkan nama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|model konten]] sebuah halaman, baik dalam bentuk yang sudah diterjemahkan maupun dalam nama bakunya. Fungsi ini mempermudah pembuatan dan penyuntingan pesan sistem, seperti ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', bahkan ketika jenis halaman berganti, misalnya antarhalaman wiki, JavaScript, CSS, atau JSON. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Menambah atau menyunting <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> dalam sebuah artikel dengan menggunakan VisualEditor kini tidak lagi bermasalah. Penyunting yang menggunakan mode VisualEditor untuk mengubah <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> tidak akan melihat teks "DISPLAYTITLE" secara langsung, atau padanan katanya dalam bahasa lokal, yang ditambahkan ke artikelnya. Daftar halaman yang kemungkinan terdampak dan mungkin perlu diperbaiki telah didokumentasikan di [[phab:P83438|tiket ini]]. * Pengguna beta aplikasi Wikipedia di Android sekarang bisa mencoba tampilan baru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|tab Aktivitas]], yang menggantikan tab Suntingan. Melalui tab ini, pengguna dapat melihat ringkasan pribadi seputar kegiatan membaca, menyunting, dan berdonasi, dengan navigasi yang lebih sederhana dan pengalaman aplikasi yang lebih menyenangkan. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:12}} {{PLURAL:12|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Pengguna Wikifunctions kini dapat mengimpor berbagai data penting dari Wikidata, seperti nilai [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|koordinat geografis]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|besaran]], dan [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|waktu]]. Hal ini dimungkinkan berkat penambahan jenis data khusus di Wikifunctions untuk nilai-nilai tersebut, sehingga dapat digunakan oleh fungsi-fungsi di dalam Wikifunctions. Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut cara kerjanya, Anda dapat menonton [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|video penjelasan]] serta membaca nawala Wikifunctions [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|1 Agustus]] (tentang besaran) dan [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|22 Agustus]] (tentang koordinat geografis). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22 Séptémber 2025 22.54 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[phab:|Phabricator]] baru saja mendapatkan pembaruan besar. Versi terbaru ini menghadirkan peningkatan kinerja, tampilan pencarian yang lebih segar, pencarian tugas di Maniphest yang lebih baik, pembaruan pada profil pengguna dan papan kerja proyek, fitur otomatisasi Herald yang diperluas, serta perbaikan umum pada kolom masukan teks, pengalaman di perangkat seluler, dan berbagai peningkatan lainnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Teknologi Komunitas (''Community Tech'') akan merilis ekstensi baru Community Wishlist pada 1 Oktober, yang akan meningkatkan cara pengajuan usulan. Ekstensi baru ini memungkinkan pengguna menambahkan tag atau penanda pada usulan mereka agar lebih mudah dikategorikan, dan (pada pengembangan berikutnya) dapat disaring berdasarkan status, tag, serta bidang fokus. Pengguna juga akan kembali dapat mendukung usulan tertentu, seperti yang telah banyak diminta komunitas. Sistem lama akan dihentikan. Akan ada jeda singkat saat ekstensi ini dipasang dan usulan dipindahkan ke sistem baru. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat dibaca pada [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|kabar terbaru]] atau melalui [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|dokumentasi yang tersedia di MediaWiki]]. * Sebagaimana diumumkan di [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|blog Diff]], uji coba layanan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] untuk deteksi bot kini telah dimulai. Dalam uji coba ini, hCaptcha digunakan untuk melindungi proses pembuatan akun di Wikipedia bahasa Tionghoa, Persia, Portugis, Indonesia, Jepang, dan Turki, menggantikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] lama (FancyCaptcha). Uji coba ini bertujuan meningkatkan efektivitas pemblokiran bot sekaligus memberikan pengalaman yang lebih mudah diakses dan ramah bagi pengguna yang harus menyelesaikan tantangan CAPTCHA. * Ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] telah diterapkan di Wikimedia Commons. Ekstensi ini memudahkan penyelenggaraan dan partisipasi dalam kegiatan kolaboratif, seperti maraton menyunting (''edit-a-thon'') dan ProyekWiki di berbagai wiki. Di Commons, setiap pengguna terdaftar dapat menggunakannya sebagai peserta acara. Namun, untuk berperan sebagai penyelenggara, seseorang perlu memiliki [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|hak sebagai penyelenggara acara]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], fitur baru untuk menggunakan ulang referensi dengan detail yang berbeda, telah dirilis di Wikipedia bahasa Jerman. Fitur ini dapat [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|diuji di testwiki]] dan [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Silakan bagikan pendapat Anda mengenai [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|penggunaan templat dalam subreferensi]] atau [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|bergabung menjadi wiki uji coba]]. * Di wiki yang menggunakan sistem [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]], komunitas kini dapat mengecualikan penyunting berpengalaman dari program Mentorship melalui [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Dalam pengaturan ini, komunitas dapat menentukan batasan berdasarkan jumlah suntingan dan usia akun untuk menetapkan kapan seorang penyunting dianggap cukup berpengalaman sehingga tidak lagi menerima pendampingan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * Tim Penyuntingan (''Editing'') dan tim Pembelajaran Mesin (''Machine Learning'') sedang mengembangkan pemeriksaan baru untuk penyunting baru: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Pemeriksa Nada Bahasa]]. Dengan menggunakan model prediksi berbasis kecerdasan buatan, pemeriksaan ini akan mendorong penyunting memperbaiki nada tulisan mereka. Kami mengundang sukarelawan untuk meninjau versi pertama dari model bahasa nada bahasa dalam bahasa-bahasa berikut: Arab, Ceko, Jerman, Ibrani, Indonesia, Belanda, Polandia, Rusia, Turki, Tionghoa, Persia, Italia, Norwegia, Rumania, dan Latvia. Pengguna dari wiki-wiki tersebut yang berminat meninjau model ini dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|mendaftar di MediaWiki.org]]. Batas waktu pendaftaran adalah 3 Oktober, yang juga menjadi tanggal dimulainya uji coba. * Penerapan [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|pemblokiran simultan]] (''multiblocks'') menyebabkan efek samping, di mana log pemblokiran yang sudah tidak aktif mungkin muncul di {{#special:Contributions}} serta di halaman pengguna dan halaman diskusi pengguna yang diblokir. Masalah ini diperkirakan akan selesai sepenuhnya dalam beberapa hari ke depan. Sebagai bagian dari perbaikan, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} pesan dengan awalan <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] akan dihapus dan diganti dengan [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} pesan berawalan <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] dalam beberapa pekan ke depan. Mohon bantuannya untuk menerjemahkan pesan-pesan baru ini dan memperbarui pengaturan lokal jika diperlukan. * Telah ditemukan kekutu pada pranala yang dibuat menggunakan penyunting visual jika mengandung karakter seperti <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> setelah penunjuk bagian (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). Pranala tersebut tidak dikodekan dengan benar sehingga menghasilkan pranala yang salah. Masalah ini kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * Sebuah wiki baru telah dibuat: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/id}} dalam [[d:Q9237|bahasa Melayu]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|Kartu Info Pengguna]] kini menampilkan pemblokiran atau penguncian global yang sedang aktif. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pada akhir pekan ini, penyunting yang memakai modul Lua akan dapat menggunakan fungsi <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> untuk memeriksa keberadaan hingga 25 halaman sekaligus, tanpa menambah beban [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|fungsi yang memakan sumber daya]] (''expensive function'') lebih dari sekali. * Sebuah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Kelompok Kerja untuk Perkakas yang Tidak Didukung]] (''Unsupported Tools Working Group'') baru telah dibentuk sebagai bagian dari upaya berkelanjutan untuk menentukan prioritas pekerjaan teknis secara kolektif, mirip dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk & Teknologi]] (PTAC). Kelompok kerja ini akan membantu memprioritaskan dan meninjau permintaan dukungan untuk ekstensi, gawai, bot, dan perkakas yang tidak lagi dipelihara. Pada siklus pertama, kelompok ini akan memprioritaskan sebuah perkakas Wikimedia Commons yang tidak didukung. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 29 Séptémber 2025 20.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Pemeriksa Tempel]] (''Paste Check'') merupakan fitur baru dalam Pemeriksa Suntingan yang membantu mencegah dan menanggulangi pelanggaran hak cipta. Saat penyunting menempelkan teks ke dalam artikel, Pemeriksa Tempel akan meminta mereka untuk mengonfirmasi sumber dan lisensi dari isi tersebut. Mulai Rabu, 8 Oktober, [[phab:T403680|sebanyak 22 wiki akan menguji fitur ini]]. Pemeriksa Tempel akan membantu para sukarelawan baru memahami serta mengikuti kebijakan dan pedoman yang diperlukan untuk memberikan kontribusi yang bermanfaat bagi proyek-proyek Wikipedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Perangkat seluler kini akan menerima artikel versi seluler langsung melalui domain standar (misalnya <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), tanpa pengalihan ke domain "m" (seperti <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Perubahan ini meningkatkan kinerja akses. Pada pekan ini, fitur tersebut akan diaktifkan di seluruh Wikipedia. Alamat URL seluler yang sudah ada dan opsi "Tampilan desktop" tetap tersedia. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|Penyaring tanggal]] baru, yaitu <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> dan <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, kini tersedia di mesin pencari wiki. Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna menyaring hasil pencarian berdasarkan tanggal suntingan pertama atau terakhir suatu halaman. Penyaring ini mendukung operator perbandingan (misalnya <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) dan tanggal relatif (misalnya <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>) sehingga memudahkan pengguna menemukan konten yang baru diperbarui atau halaman dalam rentang waktu tertentu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] kini mendukung teks berformat (''rich text'') dalam pemanggilan tertanam di 150 wiki tempat fitur ini telah diaktifkan. Untuk menunjukkan kemampuannya, tim membuat [[f:Z26333|tabel deklinasi Latin]] yang dapat digunakan oleh para penyunting Wiktionary untuk secara otomatis menghasilkan bentuk kata benda dengan hasil yang jelas dan terformat; lihat [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|contoh hasilnya]]. Jika memerlukan bantuan atau ingin memberikan masukan, silakan hubungi [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|Tim Wikifunctions]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * Pranala sunting kini akan muncul di dalam kotak kategori pada halaman artikel bagi pengguna yang masuk log. Pranala ini akan langsung membuka dialog kategori di VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:34}} {{PLURAL:34|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, pekan lalu sempat terjadi masalah saat mengunduh berkas PDF, dan masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Kolom <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> pada tabel basis data ''revision'' akan dihapus dan digantikan dengan kolom <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> pada tabel basis data ''content''. Lihat [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ pengumumannya] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. * Tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Pengalaman Pembaca]] (''Reader Experience'') akan menerapkan antarmuka Mode Gelap di seluruh situs Wikimedia mulai 29 Oktober 2025. Nantinya, semua pengguna anonim dapat memilih tampilan dengan teks terang di atas latar belakang gelap. Fitur ini dibuat untuk memberikan pengalaman membaca yang lebih nyaman, terutama saat berada di lingkungan dengan pencahayaan redup. Pembuat templat dan kontributor teknis diimbau [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|mempelajari cara menyesuaikan halaman agar mendukung Mode Gelap]] serta memperbaiki masalah kesesuaian pada templat di wiki masing-masing sebelum fitur ini diaktifkan. Untuk pertanyaan atau bantuan, silakan menghubungi Tim Web melalui [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|halaman pembicaraan]] sebelum peluncuran. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Mulai Senin, 6 Oktober, titik akhir API di bawah jalur <code>rest.php</code> akan dialihkan melalui ''API Gateway'' internal yang baru. Pembaruan akan dilakukan secara bertahap pada setiap wiki sesuai dengan kelompok rilis standar, dan peningkatan lalu lintas akan dilakukan secara bertahap pula. Perubahan ini diperkirakan tidak akan menimbulkan gangguan atau ketidakcocokan. Jika ditemukan masalah, silakan ajukan tiket di Phabricator ke [[phab:tag/serviceops/|papan proyek tim Operasi Layanan (''Service Ops'')]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 6 Oktober 2025 17.22 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Pada pekan lalu, sistem keamanan akun dan fitur autentikasi dua langkah (2FA) telah diperbarui di seluruh wiki. Pembaruan ini mencakup perbaikan tampilan pada halaman [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], dukungan untuk lebih dari satu metode 2FA melalui aplikasi autentikator dan kunci keamanan portabel (sebelumnya hanya satu metode yang bisa digunakan), serta penambahan modul ''Recovery Codes'' yang membantu mencegah akun terkunci saat pengguna kehilangan aplikasi atau perangkat autentikasi dua langkahnya. Sebagai bagian dari proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|keamanan akun]], pengembangan akan terus berlanjut hingga akhir tahun 2025 untuk meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna dan menambahkan dukungan ''passkey'' sebagai faktor kedua alternatif. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Bagian lain dari proyek keamanan akun adalah menyediakan fitur autentikasi dua langkah (2FA) untuk semua pengguna. Selain penyunting dengan hak istimewa lanjutan, seperti pengurus dan birokrat, kini 40% penyunting sudah dapat mengakses fitur 2FA. Anda dapat memeriksa apakah Anda memiliki akses melalui halaman [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Petunjuk untuk mengaktifkannya tersedia di halaman tersebut. Rencananya, ketersediaan fitur ini akan terus diperluas apabila dinilai bahwa dukungan bagi pengguna sudah memadai untuk penerapan secara global. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * Minggu ini, pengguna di wiki yang telah menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Peningkatan Kemudahan Penggunaan]] halaman pembicaraan sebagai pengaturan standar (kecuali 12 wiki yang tercantum di [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) akan mendapatkan fitur baru untuk memberikan ucapan terima kasih langsung pada komentar di halaman pembicaraan. Sebelumnya, pengguna hanya dapat memberikan ucapan terima kasih melalui riwayat suntingan halaman pembicaraan. Anda dapat [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang perubahan ini]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Pengguna yang belum [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|memverifikasi alamat surel]] akan segera menerima pengingat setiap bulan untuk melakukannya. Verifikasi surel merupakan hal penting karena memudahkan proses pemulihan akun. Pengingat ini tidak akan dikirim kepada pengguna yang tidak aktif atau yang telah menghapus alamat surel yang belum diverifikasi dari akunnya. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, perbaikan telah dilakukan terhadap kesalahan yang kadang terjadi saat menyimpan paragraf terjemahan di perkakas Terjemahan Konten (''Content Translation''), dan pesan kesalahan yang terkait kini ditampilkan dengan lebih jelas. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Kelompok Kerja untuk Perkakas yang Tidak Didukung telah memilih [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] sebagai perkakas pertama untuk siklus percobaannya. Dalam beberapa bulan mendatang, kelompok ini akan meninjau cara untuk meningkatkan dan menjaga keberlanjutan perkakas tersebut. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 Oktober 2025 18.58 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penyimpanan data pengguna dalam basis data, preferensi yang tersimpan dari pengguna yang tidak masuk log selama lebih dari lima tahun dan memiliki kurang dari 100 suntingan akan dihapus. Saat pengguna tersebut kembali, pengaturan standar akan diberlakukan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, pranala yang rusak dari pesan antarmuka GlobalContributions menuju halaman XTools GlobalContributions telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Proses pengalihan seluruh lalu lintas ke titik akhir API di bawah jalur <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> melalui gerbang API umum telah selesai. Jika ditemukan masalah, harap ajukan tiket Phabricator ke [[phab:tag/serviceops/|papan tim Operasi Layanan]]. * Suntingan pada referensi atau penjelas di Wikidata kini akan lebih jarang ditampilkan dalam entri Perubahan Terbaru dan Daftar Pantauan di wiki lain, guna mengurangi notifikasi yang tidak perlu. Hal ini akan mengurangi jumlah entri yang dianggap mengganggu. Halaman di Wikidata sendiri tidak mengalami perubahan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20 Oktober 2025 19.35 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Aplikasi Wikipedia untuk iOS sedang menguji fitur baru bernama "Tab yang Lebih Dinamis" untuk beberapa wilayah dan bahasa tertentu. Uji coba ini merupakan bagian dari pengembangan tampilan tab yang lebih interaktif, dan mencakup rekomendasi artikel seperti "Tahukah Anda" dan "Karena Anda Membaca". Informasi lebih lanjut [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|tersedia di halaman proyeknya]]. * Pengguna terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed'') di wiki [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|berukuran kecil]] dan [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|menengah]] yang menggunakan ekstensi CampaignEvents kini dapat menggunakan fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Pendaftaran Acara]] tanpa perlu memiliki hak sebagai Penyelenggara Acara (''Event Organizer''). Fitur ini memungkinkan penyelenggara untuk mengaktifkan pendaftaran, mengelola peserta, dan memudahkan pengguna untuk mendaftar hanya dengan satu klik, tanpa perlu menandatangani halaman acara secara manual. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah warna yang berkedip saat menahan atau menekan tombol panah dalam pengaturan mode gelap pada tampilan Vector 2022 telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Ekstensi CampaignEvents akan diterapkan ke seluruh wiki yang tersisa pada pekan 17 November 2025. Saat ini, ekstensi tersebut mencakup tiga fitur utama: Pendaftaran Acara, Daftar Kolaborasi, dan Daftar Undangan. Dalam peluncuran kali ini, fitur Daftar Undangan tidak akan diaktifkan di Wikifunctions dan MediaWiki, kecuali jika diminta langsung oleh komunitas masing-masing. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, silakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|kunjungi halaman peluncurannya]]. * Pengalaman bak pasir REST berbasis SwaggerUI kini telah tersedia di semua proyek wiki. Fitur ini dapat diakses melalui halaman [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]]. Jika Anda menemukan masalah, silakan laporkan ke papan tim MediaWiki Interfaces, atau bergabung dalam diskusi di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|halaman peluncuran proyek]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Titik akhir ''transform'' pada REST API MediaWiki yang menggunakan garis miring di akhir jalur URL (''trailing slash'') kini telah dinyatakan usang. Meskipun masih dapat digunakan untuk sementara waktu, fitur ini direncanakan akan dihentikan sepenuhnya pada akhir Januari 2026. Pengguna API yang masih menggunakan versi dengan garis miring di akhir disarankan untuk segera beralih ke versi tanpa garis miring. Kedua versi titik akhir itu dapat ditemukan dan diuji melalui halaman [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai kebijakan penghentian API dan langkah-langkah yang berlaku, silakan kunjungi halaman [[mw:API/Deprecation|Penghentian REST API MediaWiki]]. * Kini tersedia [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|halaman log perubahan khusus untuk REST API MediaWiki]]. Halaman ini merangkum berbagai pembaruan yang dilakukan sehingga memudahkan pengembang untuk mengikuti perkembangan fitur dan perbaikan yang diterapkan. Pengumuman pembaruan tetap akan disampaikan melalui saluran komunikasi resmi seperti Berita Teknis dan milis. Namun, informasi tersebut juga dapat diakses dengan lebih praktis melalui satu halaman pusat. Jika Anda memiliki masukan mengenai gaya penulisan, struktur, atau isi log perubahan ini, silakan [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|bergabung dalam diskusi]] yang tersedia. * Para pengurus kini dapat menghapus kategori pelacak yang sebelumnya ditambahkan oleh ekstensi JsonConfig karena kategori tersebut sudah tidak digunakan lagi. Daftar kategori terkait dapat dilihat melalui pranala ke [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. Jika masih ada halaman yang tercantum dalam kategori tersebut, tidak masalah. Hal itu merupakan akibat dari sistem tembolok, dan daftar tersebut akan diperbarui secara otomatis saat setiap halaman disunting kembali. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Oktober 2025 19.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Para pengurus kini akan menemukan bahwa halaman [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] menjadi jauh lebih fleksibel dalam proses penggabungan. Sekarang, pengurus dapat menggabungkan bagian tertentu dari tengah riwayat halaman sumber (bukan hanya dari awal), dan dapat menempatkan revisi tersebut di bagian mana pun dalam riwayat halaman tujuan (bukan hanya di awal). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * Bagi pengguna yang mengaktifkan "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" di [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|preferensi mereka]], memulai topik baru atau menambahkan balasan ke topik yang sudah ada kini akan otomatis membuat mereka berlangganan balasan pada topik tersebut. Sebelumnya, hal ini hanya terjadi jika pengguna memakai fitur "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" atau "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" dari fitur DiscussionTools. Ketika DiscussionTools pertama kali diluncurkan, akun yang sudah ada sebelumnya tidak otomatis diikutsertakan dalam langganan topik otomatis, sehingga perubahan ini terutama akan berpengaruh pada akun-akun baru dan pengguna yang sejak saat itu secara sengaja mengubah pengaturannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Modul Scribunto kini dapat digunakan untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|membuat gambar berformat SVG]]. Fitur ini memungkinkan pembuatan bagan, grafik, dan visualisasi lainnya secara dinamis melalui bahasa Lua, sehingga tidak perlu lagi membuatnya di luar wiki dan mengunggahnya sebagai berkas terpisah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Situs-situs Wikimedia kini menyediakan pilihan bagi semua pengguna anonim untuk mengaktifkan mode gelap, yang menampilkan teks berwarna terang di atas latar belakang gelap. Peningkatan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pengalaman membaca yang lebih nyaman, terutama di lingkungan dengan pencahayaan redup. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Pengguna dengan daftar pantauan yang sangat besar selama ini sering mengalami kegagalan saat mengakses halaman [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. Kini, halaman tersebut memuat entri dalam bagian-bagian kecil secara bertahap berkat pembaruan sistem pemuatan halaman, sehingga semua pengguna dapat menyunting daftar pantauannya dengan lebih lancar. Sebagai bagian dari pembaruan basis data, fitur pengurutan berdasarkan masa kedaluwarsa akan dihapus karena prosesnya lebih dari 100 kali lebih lambat dibandingkan pengurutan berdasarkan judul. Sebuah [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 usulan komunitas] telah dibuat untuk mencari cara alternatif mengembalikan fitur pengurutan berdasarkan masa kedaluwarsa. Jika fitur ini penting bagi Anda, silakan dukung usulan tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:31}} {{PLURAL:31|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, perbaikan terhadap masalah penyorotan yang tetap muncul saat menggunakan fitur pencarian dan penggantian di VisualEditor selama pencarian berlangsung. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sejak tahun 2019, layanan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Pemendek URL Wikimedia]] di https://w.wiki tersedia untuk semua wiki Wikimedia guna membuat pranala pendek ke artikel, pranala permanen, perbedaan revisi, dan sebagainya. Fitur ini dapat diakses melalui bilah sisi dengan nama "Dapatkan URL pendek". Ada sekitar 30 wiki yang masih menggunakan ekstensi lama bernama "ShortUrl", dan ekstensi tersebut akan segera dihapus. Artinya, URL dengan format <code>/s/</code> tidak lagi akan ditampilkan di bawah judul artikel melalui elemen HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. Namun, pranala <code>/s/</code> yang sudah ada akan tetap berfungsi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * Pada Kamis, 30 Oktober, tim [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|Antarmuka MediaWiki]] dan tim [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|Operasi Layanan SRE]] mulai mengalihkan lalu lintas ''Action API'' melalui gerbang API bersama. Setiap wiki akan diperbarui secara bertahap sesuai dengan kelompok rilis standar, dan volume lalu lintas akan ditingkatkan sedikit demi sedikit. Perubahan ini diperkirakan tidak akan menyebabkan gangguan atau kerusakan fungsi. Jika ditemukan masalah, harap buat tiket di Phabricator pada papan tim [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops]. * Penerapan pembaruan ''MediaWiki Train'' akan dihentikan sementara selama dua pekan terakhir 2025, yaitu pada 22 dan 29 Desember. Periode ''backport'' juga akan dihentikan sementara mulai Senin, 22 Desember 2025, hingga Kamis, 2 Januari 2026. Periode ''backport'' adalah waktu yang dijadwalkan untuk menambahkan pembaruan seperti perbaikan kekutu dan perubahan konfigurasi. Masih terdapat tujuh jadwal penerapan yang tersisa untuk tahun 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Pada tahun 2025, Wikimedia Foundation melaporkan bahwa sistem kecerdasan buatan (AI) dan mesin pencari semakin banyak menggunakan konten Wikipedia tanpa mengarahkan pengguna untuk mengunjungi situsnya. Hal ini berkontribusi pada penurunan 8% jumlah penayangan halaman oleh pengguna manusia dibandingkan tahun 2024. Setelah mendeteksi keberadaan bot yang menyamar sebagai pengguna manusia, Wikimedia memperbarui data lalu lintasnya untuk mencerminkan perubahan tersebut. Baca lebih lanjut tentang tren penggunaan terkini di Wikipedia melalui [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|artikel di blog Diff]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 3 Nopémber 2025 19.33 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Tangkapan layar peningkatan tampilan yang diterapkan pada halaman pembicaraan|Contoh halaman pembicaraan dengan desain baru, dalam bahasa Prancis.]] * Mulai 12 November, pengguna akan melihat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|perubahan tampilan pada halaman pembicaraan]] di [[Phab:T379264|beberapa Wikipedia]]. Hampir [[phab:T392121|semua wiki]] telah menerima pembaruan desain ini. [[phab:T409297|Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]] akan mendapatkannya nanti. Informasi selengkapnya dapat dibaca [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|di situs Diff]]. Pengguna dapat menonaktifkan perubahan ini melalui [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|preferensi pengguna]] di bagian "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki kini dapat menampilkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|penanda (indikator) halaman]] secara otomatis ketika suatu halaman dilindungi. Fitur ini dinonaktifkan secara bawaan, tetapi dapat diaktifkan atas [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|permintaan komunitas]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Tombol "{{int:showpreview}}" dan "{{int:showdiff}}" pada penyunting teks wiki kini dapat mempertahankan beberapa parameter URL seperti "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]", "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]", dan "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]". Pembaruan ini juga memperbaiki masalah yang sebelumnya menyebabkan seluruh isi halaman dapat tertimpa oleh satu bagian saja apabila peramban mengalami gangguan saat pengguna meninjau pratayang suntingan pada bagian tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wiki Wikivoyage kini dapat menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|penanda peta berwarna dalam teks artikel]]. Teks pada penanda tersebut sekarang akan ditampilkan dalam warna hitam atau putih yang kontras, bukan selalu berwarna putih. Solusi lokal yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah ini dapat dihapus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * Tab Aktivitas di aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android kini tersedia bagi semua pengguna. Tab baru ini menampilkan wawasan yang dipersonalisasi tentang aktivitas membaca, menyunting, dan berdonasi, sekaligus memudahkan navigasi serta membuat penggunaan aplikasi menjadi lebih menarik. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca (''Reader Growth'') meluncurkan percobaan bernama "Penjelajahan gambar" untuk menguji cara memudahkan pembaca menelusuri dan menemukan gambar dalam artikel Wikipedia. Percobaan ini merupakan uji A/B yang hanya tersedia di perangkat seluler. Uji coba akan dimulai di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada pekan 17 November dan berlangsung selama empat minggu, dengan mencakup 0,05% pengguna di wiki tersebut. Uji coba ini telah dimulai pada 3 November di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Tionghoa, Prancis, Indonesia, dan Vietnam, dengan mencakup hingga 10% pengguna di setiap wiki tersebut. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan akun tidak dapat dikunci melalui situs seluler kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Pencalonan anggota baru]] [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|komite standar Toolforge]] kini dibuka di Wikitech. Komite ini mengawasi [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|kebijakan hak untuk mencabangkan Toolforge]] dan [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|kebijakan perkakas yang telantar]], serta sejumlah tugas lainnya. Masa pencalonan akan dibuka hingga 28 November 2025. * [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|Kolom penerbit JWT]] dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|token akses OAuth 2]] untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|wiki SUL]] telah diubah menjadi <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Token akses lama tetap dapat digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|Kolom subjek JWT]] dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|token akses OAuth 2]] akan segera diubah dari <code><user id></code> menjadi <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, di mana <code><identity type></code> biasanya berupa <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|wiki SUL]]) atau <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (untuk wiki lainnya). Perubahan ini dilakukan untuk menghindari benturan antara berbagai jenis ID pengguna dan untuk membuat token akses OAuth 2 lebih selaras dengan kuki <code>sessionJwt</code>. Token akses lama tetap dapat digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * Pesan pemblokiran MediaWiki ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) kini mendukung parameter tambahan yang menunjukkan apakah pengguna diblokir untuk menyunting halaman pembicaraan pengguna miliknya sendiri (<code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code>) atau untuk mengirim surel kepada pengguna lain (<code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * Cabang <code>REL1_45</code> untuk inti MediaWiki serta setiap ekstensi dan kulit di repositori git Wikimedia telah dibuat. Ini merupakan langkah pertama dalam proses rilis MediaWiki 1.45.0 yang dijadwalkan pada akhir November 2025. Jika sedang mengerjakan perbaikan bug penting atau fitur baru, Anda perlu memperhatikan perubahan ini. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * Proses pembuatan timbunan (''dump'') CirrusSearch telah diperbarui karena penurunan kinerja. Jika Anda mengalami kendala saat beralih ke timbunan pengganti, silakan menghubungi Tim Platform Pencarian untuk mendapatkan bantuan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10 Nopémber 2025 20.37 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] sedang menguji fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|daftar bacaan di versi web Wikipedia]] untuk perangkat seluler. Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna yang sudah masuk log tetapi belum pernah menyunting artikel, untuk menyimpan daftar artikel secara pribadi dan membacanya nanti. Uji coba ini telah berlangsung sejak pekan 10 November di Wikipedia berbahasa Arab, Mandarin, Prancis, Indonesia, dan Vietnam. Rencananya, fitur ini akan mulai diuji di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada pekan 17 November. * Pengguna yang tidak menerima kode verifikasi melalui surel saat masuk kini dapat meminta bantuan dengan mengisi formulir di halaman khusus yang baru tersedia. Pembaruan ini merupakan bagian dari inisiatif [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Keamanan Akun]]. Jika akun Anda memiliki alamat surel, pastikan Anda masih dapat mengaksesnya. Saat masuk dari perangkat atau lokasi baru tanpa menggunakan verifikasi dua langkah (2FA), Anda mungkin diminta untuk memasukkan kode enam digit yang dikirimkan melalui surel agar proses masuk log dapat diselesaikan. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. * Sebuah wiki baru telah dibuat: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} dalam [[d:Q13324|bahasa Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai bagian dari proyek Penyatuan Pengurai (''Parser Unification''), tim Transformasi Konten (''Content Transform team'') telah menerapkan Parsoid sebagai pengurai bawaan di berbagai Wikipedia dengan lalu lintas rendah. Saat ini, mereka sedang mempersiapkan langkah berikutnya untuk menerapkannya di Wikipedia dengan lalu lintas tinggi. Pesan ini merupakan undangan bagi Anda untuk mulai menggunakan Parsoid, sesuai dengan panduan yang dijelaskan dalam dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]]. Anda juga diharapkan untuk mengidentifikasi kendala atau masalah yang mungkin muncul dalam alur kerja Anda, terutama jika menggunakan bot, gawai (''gadget''), atau skrip pengguna. Silakan laporkan temuan Anda melalui pranala "Laporkan Kekutu Visual" (''"Report Visual Bug"'') yang tersedia di bilah sisi bagian Perkakas, atau buat tiket di Phabricator dan tandai [[phab:project/view/5846|tim Transformasi Konten dalam laporan tersebut]]. * Perkakas yang belum didukung: Beberapa masalah pada [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] telah diperbaiki, termasuk kegagalan unggah yang berhubungan dengan nama berkas, impor video yang tampil hitam, dan penanganan ulang (''retry handling''). Dukungan untuk format AV1 juga telah ditambahkan. Saat ini, pengembangan masih berlanjut dengan fokus pada kestabilan sistem belakang (''backend''), kesalahan pemrosesan ffmpeg, impor takarir, pengelolaan data tambahan, dan unggahan daftar putar. Untuk memantau tugas-tugas tertentu, silakan lihat [[phab:tag/video2commons/|papan tugas di Phabricator]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Catat tanggalnya! Wikimedia Hackathon akan berlangsung di Milan, Italia, pada 1–3 Mei 2026. Pendaftaran akan dibuka mulai Januari 2026. Saat ini, [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ pengajuan beasiswa sudah dibuka] dan akan ditutup pada 28 November 2025. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan, silakan hubungi melalui surel <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Nopémber 2025 17.26 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pekan lalu, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Tim Pencarian Wikimedia]] membuat ulang fungsi perkakas "DWIM" (''Do What I Mean'') di sisi peladen yang dikhususkan untuk Wikipedia bahasa Rusia dan Ibrani. Fitur ini menambahkan saran lintas papan ketik ke dalam saran kotak pencarian biasa. Misalnya, jika seseorang mencari kata ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' di Wikipedia Rusia, sistem akan menampilkan saran ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("kebahagiaan") yang mungkin sedang dicari oleh pengguna. Mereka berencana mengaktifkan fitur ini untuk wiki berbahasa Rusia dan Ibrani lainnya pada minggu ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Pekan ini, pengguna [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" akan bisa melihat penyorotan sintaks di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. Untuk menggunakannya, pengaturan "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" harus diaktifkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Ekstensi Campaign events]], yaitu kumpulan perkakas untuk mengoordinasikan acara dan kerja sama di wiki, sekarang sudah tersedia di semua wiki Wikimedia. Fitur baru bernama [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Kontribusi bersama]] (''Collaborative contribution'') juga ditambahkan untuk membantu penyelenggara dan peserta melihat dampak dari kegiatannya. Ikuti [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|sesi pembelajaran]] mendatang untuk melihat cara kerja fitur ini dan memberikan masukan. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:24}} {{PLURAL:24|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kekutu yang menyebabkan CodeReviewBot tidak berfungsi sekarang sudah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengguna Wikimedia API dapat ikut serta dalam studi penggunaan untuk membantu menguji desain baru bak pasir REST API Wikimedia. Peserta yang berminat perlu mengisi [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 survei perekrutan]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki akan menghentikan penggunaan stylesheet XSLT di dalam Action API. Dukungan untuk <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> akan dihapus dari proyek Wikimedia pada akhir November 2025. Selain itu, fitur ini akan segera dinonaktifkan secara bawaan di versi rilis MediaWiki berikut: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, dan v1.45. Dukungan untuk stylesheet XSLT akan dihapus sepenuhnya pada MediaWiki v1.46 (diperkirakan rilis antara April–Mei 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * Titik akhir lama WDQS ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) akan dihentikan pada akhir Desember 2025, dan ditutup sepenuhnya pada 7 Januari 2026. Setelah tanggal tersebut, permintaan ke query.wikidata.org yang membutuhkan graf penuh akan gagal, atau menghasilkan hasil tidak valid, jika tidak ditulis ulang menggunakan federasi SPARQL. Tim juga mendorong pengguna untuk memastikan bahwa perkakas dan alur kerja memakai titik akhir WDQS yang didukung (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> – Graf utama, atau <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> – Graf naskah ilmiah). Untuk bantuan migrasi, silakan lihat halaman [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Akses data]] dan [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Permintaan kueri]] untuk detail serta cara akses alternatif. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 24 Nopémber 2025 15.56 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Ulasan Akhir Tahun Wikipedia 2025 (''Wikipedia Year in Review 2025'') akan tersedia pada 2 Desember bagi pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia di iOS dan Android. Fitur ini menampilkan wawasan baru yang dipersonalisasi, sorotan bacaan yang diperbarui, dan tampilan desain yang disegarkan. Informasi selengkapnya dapat dilihat di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|halaman proyek]] tersebut. * Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') sedang mengupayakan perbaikan pada teks dan tampilan surel verifikasi yang dikirim kepada pengguna baru agar lebih ramah, bermanfaat, dan informatif. Sejumlah teks baru telah disiapkan untuk uji coba A/B, dan Anda dapat membantu dengan menerjemahkannya. Lihat [[phab:T396155|di Phabricator]]. * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Tambahkan Pranala]] (''Add a link'') akan mulai diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Jepang, Urdu, dan Tionghoa pada 2 Desember. Fitur ini bekerja menggunakan model prediksi yang menyarankan pranala untuk ditambahkan ke dalam sebuah artikel. Meskipun fitur ini sudah tersedia di sebagian besar Wikipedia, sebelumnya model prediksi tersebut belum dapat mendukung beberapa bahasa tertentu. Kini, model baru telah dikembangkan untuk menangani bahasa-bahasa tersebut dan akan diterapkan secara bertahap di Wikipedia lainnya. Jika ingin mengetahui informasi lebih lanjut, silakan menghubungi [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:34}} {{PLURAL:34|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, masalah pada kotak pencarian di beberapa halaman Commons yang sebelumnya tidak menampilkan hasil akibat peralihan dari SpecialSearch ke MediaSearch, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Dua wiki baru telah dibuat: ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q36846|bahasa Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} dalam [[d:Q33655|bahasa Pidgin Nigeria]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Wikimedia Foundation saat ini berada pada tahap awal dalam mengeksplorasi pendekatan panduan penulisan artikel. Inisiatif ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi langkah-langkah yang dapat membantu penyunting baru memahami dan menerapkan praktik serta kebijakan Wikipedia yang telah ada dengan lebih mudah saat membuat artikel. Proyek ini masih berada pada tahap eksplorasi dan perancangan awal uji coba. Seluruh anggota komunitas dianjurkan untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|mempelajari lebih lanjut]] mengenai proyek ini dan menyampaikan pendapatnya melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|halaman pembicaraan]].</span> '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 1 Désémber 2025 18.57 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Siapa pun yang ingin mengamankan akun penggunanya kini dapat menggunakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Fitur ini tersedia bagi seluruh pengguna terdaftar di semua proyek Wikimedia. Langkah ini merupakan bagian dari inisiatif [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Keamanan Akun]]. Ke depannya, 2FA akan diwajibkan bagi semua pengguna yang memiliki kewenangan untuk melakukan tindakan yang berkaitan dengan keamanan atau privasi. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Setelah penerapan pekan lalu, fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Tambahkan pranala]], yang memungkinkan penyunting menambahkan pranala yang disarankan saat menyunting, akan tersedia di [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedia]] lainnya, mulai 9 Desember. Perluasan ini dimungkinkan berkat model prediksi baru yang kini mendukung semua bahasa, termasuk bahasa-bahasa yang sebelumnya belum tercakup. Meskipun fitur ini telah tersedia di sebagian besar Wikipedia selama beberapa waktu, peluncuran ini membawa penggunaan model yang telah ditingkatkan semakin mendekati penerapan di seluruh Wikipedia. Jika ada pertanyaan atau memerlukan keterangan lebih lanjut, silakan menghubungi [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Pekan lalu, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Tim Pencarian Wikimedia]] menambahkan saran pencarian dengan transliterasi saat mengetik di wiki berbahasa Georgia. Jika hanya tersedia sedikit saran pencarian biasa, maka kueri dalam aksara Latin atau Sirilik kini [[phab:T127003|akan diubah terlebih dahulu ke dalam aksara Georgia]] untuk mencari lebih banyak kecocokan. Sebagai contoh, pencarian dengan kata <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> atau <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> sekarang akan menampilkan saran artikel yang sudah ada tentang <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("kebahagiaan"). Anda juga dapat merekomendasikan bahasa lain yang menurut Anda akan memperoleh manfaat dari fitur saran dengan transliterasi [[phab:T375215|melalui Phabricator]] untuk pengembangan selanjutnya. * Pada akhir pekan ini, sebuah uji coba terkendali akan dimulai bagi para penyunting di 100 Wikipedia terbesar yang sedang menyunting bagian artikel melalui penyunting visual di web seluler. Sebanyak 50% dari para penyunting tersebut akan melihat tombol baru "Sunting seluruh halaman" yang memungkinkan mereka memperluas sesi penyuntingan ke seluruh halaman. Fitur ini dimaksudkan untuk mempermudah pengguna web seluler dalam menyunting bagian mana pun dari sebuah artikel, tanpa bergantung pada ikon sunting bagian mana yang mereka ketuk untuk memulai. Uji coba ini akan berlangsung sekitar empat pekan. [[phab:T409112|Keterangan lebih lanjut]] mengenai proyek ini dapat ditemukan pada halaman terkait. * Pada akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca]] akan meluncurkan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|uji coba di web seluler]] untuk menampilkan seluruh bagian artikel dalam keadaan terbuka secara bawaan (yang saat ini masih ditampilkan dalam keadaan menciut), dan menahan judul bagian yang sedang dibaca pengguna agar tetap berada di bagian atas halaman. Uji coba ini akan memengaruhi 10% pengguna di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Tionghoa, Prancis, Indonesia, dan Vietnam. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Ulasan Akhir Tahun Wikipedia 2025]] (''Wikipedia Year in Review 2025''), sebuah fitur di aplikasi seluler Wikipedia (iOS dan Android) yang menyajikan ringkasan personal tentang aktivitas pengguna di Wikipedia sepanjang tahun, kini telah tersedia di aplikasi iOS dan Android. Edisi kali ini menghadirkan wawasan personal yang diperluas, sorotan bacaan yang ditingkatkan, pesan baru untuk para donatur, serta pembaruan pada desain tampilan. Buka aplikasi untuk melihat Ulasan Akhir Tahun Wikipedia 2025 Anda dan jelajahi kembali perjalanan membaca Anda sepanjang tahun 2025. * Sebuah gangguan perangkat lunak yang terjadi baru-baru ini menyebabkan suntingan yang dibuat dengan VisualEditor menimbulkan perubahan yang tidak disengaja pada teks wiki, termasuk penghapusan spasi dan penggantian spasi menjadi garis bawah pada pranala wiki di dalam pengutipan/sitasi. Masalah ini telah diperbaiki sebagian pada pekan lalu, dan perbaikan lanjutan masih terus dilakukan. Para penyunting yang menggunakan VisualEditor antara 28 November hingga 2 Desember diminta untuk meninjau kembali suntingan mereka guna memastikan tidak ada perubahan yang tidak diharapkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, penanganan alamat URL yang sebelumnya keliru saat disalin dari bilah alamat peramban Microsoft Edge kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai pekan ini, pengguna [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai penyunting untuk model konten Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON, dan Vue, menggantikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. Seiring dengan perubahan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|perkakas pemeriksa kesalahan pengodean]] (''linter'') juga akan ditingkatkan. Langkah ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk secara bertahap menggantikan CodeEditor dan menyediakan pengalaman penyuntingan kode yang lebih konsisten. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Para pengembang diimbau untuk mengisi [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 Survei Kepuasan Pengembang 2025], yang masih dibuka hingga 5 Januari 2026. Jika Anda mengembangkan perangkat lunak untuk ekosistem Wikimedia dan ingin berbagi pengalaman atau masukan, partisipasi Anda akan sangat dihargai. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is no new MediaWiki version this week.</span> '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 8 Désémber 2025 17.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:18}} {{PLURAL:18|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, salah satu perbaikan mengatasi kendala pada akun sementara ketika menambahkan URL eksternal, yang sebelumnya terlalu sering memicu permintaan hCaptcha dan tidak menampilkan jendela sembul (''pop-up'') yang semestinya pada upaya pertama untuk menerbitkan suntingan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Untuk meningkatkan kinerja basis data dan situs, pranala luar menuju proyek-proyek Wikimedia tidak lagi disimpan di dalam basis data. Dampaknya, pranala tersebut tidak akan dapat dicari di [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], tidak akan diperiksa sebagai pranala baru oleh Spam Blacklist atau AbuseFilter, serta tidak akan tercatat dalam tabel <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> pada replika basis data. Ke depannya, kebijakan ini dapat diperluas (per wiki) ke situs tepercaya lain yang sangat sering ditautkan, seperti pranala Creative Commons di Wikimedia Commons.</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15 Désémber 2025 19.02 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Mulai Januari, penyaring suntingan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|dapat diatur]] untuk secara otomatis menyembunyikan informasi tertentu, seperti aturan penyaring dan daftar suntingan serta tindakan yang dicoba. Pengaturan ini akan membantu para pengawas (''oversighter'') menggunakannya untuk mencegah pengungkapan data pribadi (''doxxing'') atau materi lain yang perlu disembunyikan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * Edisi Berita Teknis berikutnya akan dikirimkan pada 12 Januari 2026 karena libur akhir tahun. Terima kasih kepada seluruh penerjemah dan semua pihak yang telah mengirimkan konten atau masukan sepanjang tahun ini. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:16}} {{PLURAL:16|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kerusakan aplikasi yang terjadi saat mengetuk menu "Langkah Pertama" pada fitur Ulasan Akhir Tahun di Wikipedia Android kini telah diperbaiki, sehingga fitur tersebut dapat dibuka dan berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Elemen antarmuka seperti ''diff'' dan kategori yang dihasilkan oleh MediaWiki sebelumnya menggunakan atribut <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> untuk membedakannya dari konten wiki. Atribut tersebut kini diganti menjadi <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code> guna menghindari potensi konflik dengan atribut <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> lain yang dihasilkan oleh Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru dalam pekan ini atau pekan depan. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Eropa Barat Laut 2026]] (Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026) akan berlangsung pada 13–14 Maret 2026 di Arnhem, Belanda. Pendaftaran telah dibuka sejak pertengahan Desember dan akan ditutup pada pertengahan Januari, atau lebih cepat jika kuota peserta terpenuhi. Mengingat kapasitas acara sekitar 100 orang, calon peserta sangat disarankan untuk mendaftar sedini mungkin. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22 Désémber 2025 21.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Foundation telah membagikan sejumlah pertanyaan panduan untuk Rencana Tahunan Juli 2026–Juni 2027 di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] dan ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini berfokus pada tren global, uji coba yang lebih cepat dan lebih sehat, dukungan yang lebih baik bagi pengguna baru, penguatan peran penyunting dan pengguna tingkat lanjut, peningkatan kolaborasi lintas proyek, dan upaya memperluas dan mempertahankan jumlah pembaca. Masukan dan gagasan dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|halaman pembicaraannya]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan Tim Community Tech dalam proyek [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Daftar pantau ganda]] (''Multiple watchlists''), tampilan [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] akan diperbarui sebagai langkah awal menuju penerapan beberapa daftar pantau. Selain itu, sistem penomoran halaman pada fitur [[Special:Search|Pencarian]] juga akan diperbarui sebagai bagian dari pengerjaan permintaan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|perombakan penomoran dan navigasi halaman]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantau Global]] merupakan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|ekstensi]] MediaWiki yang memungkinkan Anda melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. Ekstensi ini baru-baru ini diperbarui agar tampilannya lebih menyerupai [[Special:Watchlist|Daftar pantau]] biasa, termasuk untuk menyiapkannya menghadapi penggunaan akun sementara dalam penyamaran IP (misalnya dengan mengarahkan ulang pranala pengguna ke halaman kontribusi), menampilkan judul halaman dengan huruf tebal, dan membuka pranala dalam ringkasan suntingan dan label di tab peramban baru. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah ketika pemblokiran global tidak memiliki opsi untuk menonaktifkan pengiriman surel kini telah diperbaiki, dan fitur tersebut dapat digunakan pada pekan 13 Januari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|Perkakas pengutipan di VisualEditor]] dan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Pratinjau Rujukan]] kini mendukung jenis rujukan "peta". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 12 Januari 2026 19.33 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Panel yang ditampilkan pada [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] dalam tampilan seluler telah didesain ulang. Panel ini kini ditampilkan dalam keadaan tertutup secara bawaan dan dilengkapi dengan pranala untuk membatalkan suntingan yang sedang ditinjau, sehingga memudahkan penyunting dan peninjau di perangkat seluler untuk mengambil tindakan tanpa membuat antarmuka terlihat penuh. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantau Global]] memungkinkan Anda melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. Ekstensi ini terus dikembangkan dan kini mampu menentukan arah teks secara otomatis, sehingga tampilan situs dengan nama domain yang tidak lazim tetap benar. Ekstensi ini juga menampilkan keterangan yang lebih rinci untuk setiap tindakan dalam log. Pada akhir pekan ini, akan ditambahkan pranala permanen baru untuk pembuatan halaman dan kelas CSS untuk setiap elemen entri. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang sebelumnya ditemukan pada Vector 2022, yaitu tujuan pranala jangkar tertutup oleh tajuk yang menempel (''sticky header''), kini telah ditangani. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagaimana disebutkan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|pengumuman penghentian bertahap pada Oktober 2025]], Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki akan mulai menghentikan seluruh titik akhir transformasi (''transform endpoint'') pada MediaWiki REST API yang menggunakan garis miring di akhir alamat (''trailing slash'') pada pekan 26 Januari. Perubahan ini diperkirakan akan diterapkan di semua wiki paling lambat 30 Januari. Seluruh pengguna API yang saat ini masih menggunakannya diimbau untuk beralih ke versi titik akhir tanpa garis miring di akhir. Kedua variasi titik akhir tersebut dapat ditemukan, dibandingkan, dan diuji melalui [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. Jika memiliki pertanyaan atau mengalami kendala, silakan ajukan tiket di Phabricator pada papan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team]. * Dokumentasi rujukan interaktif untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] telah dipindahkan. Permintaan ke dokumentasi API yang sebelumnya diinang melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (misalnya <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) kini akan dialihkan ke [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Tim Platform Wikidata Wikimedia Foundation]] (WDP) telah menerbitkan [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|nawala Januari 2026]]. Nawala ini memuat pembaruan mengenai penghentian titik akhir graf penuh (''full-graph'') lama, perubahan kebijakan User-Agent, jadwal sesi diskusi bulanan migrasi Blazegraph, dan upaya untuk mengurangi kemunduran (regresi) yang disebabkan oleh penonaktifan titik akhir lama tersebut. Sebagai pengingat, Anda dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|berlangganan nawala WDP]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Eropa Barat Laut 2026]] akan diselenggarakan pada 13–14 Maret 2026 di Arnhem, Belanda. Pendaftaran dibuka sejak pertengahan Desember dan akan segera ditutup atau ditutup lebih awal jika kuota peserta telah terpenuhi. Acara ini merupakan hackathon teknis selama dua hari yang mempertemukan para Wikimediawan dari kawasan tersebut. Sampai jumpa di sana! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Januari 2026 20.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Wikimedia Foundation mengundang masukan mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|usulan arah masa depan]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] hingga 28 Februari. * Semua pengguna dengan akun terdaftar kini dapat menggunakan kunci sandi (''passkey'') untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Kunci sandi merupakan cara masuk yang lebih sederhana tanpa perlu menggunakan perangkat kedua. Identitas pengguna diverifikasi melalui sidik jari, pemindaian wajah, atau kode PIN. Untuk menggunakan kunci sandi, pengguna harus terlebih dahulu mengaktifkan metode 2FA standar. Saat ini, proses masuk dengan kunci sandi masih memerlukan kata sandi. Pada kuartal ini, fitur masuk tanpa kata sandi akan memungkinkan pengguna masuk dengan satu klik menggunakan kunci sandi. Pengguna dengan hak akses lanjutan juga akan diwajibkan mengaktifkan 2FA. Kebijakan ini merupakan bagian dari proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Keamanan Akun]]. * Kontributor tidak terdaftar yang berasal dari alamat IP atau rentang IP yang diblokir kini dapat berinteraksi di wiki untuk mengajukan banding pemblokiran dengan membuat akun sementara dan menyampaikannya melalui halaman pembicaraan pengguna, selama opsi "mencegah pengguna ini menyunting halaman pembicaraannya sendiri" tidak diaktifkan. Perubahan ini mengatasi masalah sebelumnya, yaitu pengguna yang tidak masuk log (keluar log dari akun) tidak dapat menggunakan prosedur pembukaan blokir standar melalui halaman pembicaraan pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, deskripsi metode Autentikasi Dua-Faktor (2FA) pada halaman pengelolaan kini telah diperbarui. Penjelasannya menjadi lebih jelas dan lebih mudah dipahami serta digunakan oleh pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebuah variabel AbuseFilter baru, <code>account_type</code>, telah ditambahkan untuk menyediakan cara yang andal dalam menentukan jenis akun yang sedang dibuat pada tindakan <code>createaccount</code> dan <code>autocreateaccount</code>. Sebagai bagian dari perubahan ini, variabel <code>accountname</code> telah diubah namanya menjadi <code>account_name</code>, dan <code>accountname</code> kini dinyatakan tidak lagi digunakan (''deprecated''). Pengelola penyaring suntingan disarankan untuk memperbarui penyaring apa pun yang masih menggunakan pemeriksaan jenis akun yang ditulis langsung (''hardcoded'') atau variabel yang telah dinyatakan tidak digunakan tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Keluku (''thumbnail'') yang diminta dengan ukuran tidak standar dan menggunakan cara tidak standar, seperti permintaan langsung ke <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code>, akan berhenti berfungsi dalam waktu dekat. Perubahan ini dilakukan untuk mencegah penyalahgunaan berkelanjutan oleh pengambil data otomatis (''web scraper'') dan bot. Sebagian pengguna dengan CSS/JS khusus, pengurus antarmuka yang dapat memperbaiki gawai dan kulit lokal, serta pembuat alat, perlu memperbarui kode mereka agar menggunakan ukuran gambar mini standar. [[phab:T414805|Informasi lengkap, pranala pencarian, dan contoh cara memperbaikinya tersedia pada tugas terkait]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 26 Januari 2026 21.17 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" yang menampilkan informasi validasi tentang suatu halaman ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} contoh]) kini secara otomatis akan menyertakan daftar isi. Jika terdapat halaman lokal [[MediaWiki:Pageinfo-header]] yang dibuat oleh pengguna, halaman tersebut kini dapat dihapus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebelumnya VisualEditor menambahkan pemformatan tebal atau miring di dalam deskripsi pranala, sehingga membuat kode wiki menjadi rumit. Hal ini kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tidak ada salinan XML pada 20 Januari. Selain itu, mulai sekarang, salinan data hanya akan dihasilkan satu kali per bulan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki telah menghapus dukungan untuk seluruh titik akhir transformasi yang menggunakan garis miring di akhir (''trailing slash'') dari [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API REST API MediaWiki]. Seluruh pengguna API yang saat ini masih memanggil titik akhir tersebut dianjurkan untuk beralih ke versi tanpa garis miring di akhir. Apabila terdapat pertanyaan atau mengalami kendala, silakan mengajukan tiket di Phabricator pada papan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Foundation mengingatkan para pengguna bahwa sejumlah pertanyaan panduan untuk Rencana Tahunan Juli 2026–Juni 2027 telah dibagikan melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] dan ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. Pertanyaan ini menyoroti berbagai isu utama, termasuk tren global, pengembangan eksperimen yang lebih cepat dan berkelanjutan, peningkatan dukungan bagi pengguna baru, penguatan peran penyunting dan pengguna tingkat lanjut, optimalisasi kolaborasi antarproyek, dan upaya meningkatkan serta mempertahankan jumlah pembaca. Masukan, saran, dan gagasan dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|halaman pembicaraannya]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2 Pébruari 2026 17.43 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Kontributor yang masuk log dan mengelola daftar pantauan yang besar atau kompleks kini dapat mengatur dan menyaring halaman yang dipantau dengan lebih efektif melalui fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Label Daftar Pantauan]] yang baru. Dengan menambahkan label tersuai, misalnya halaman yang dibuat sendiri, halaman yang dipantau untuk vandalisme, atau halaman diskusi, pengguna dapat lebih cepat mengidentifikasi halaman yang memerlukan perhatian, mengurangi beban kognitif, dan merespons dengan lebih efisien. Peningkatan ini membuat daftar pantauan lebih mudah digunakan, terutama bagi penyunting yang sangat aktif. * Sebuah fitur baru yang tersedia di [[Special:Contributions|Istimewa:Kontribusi]] kini menampilkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] yang kemungkinan dioperasikan oleh orang yang sama, sehingga proses patroli menjadi lebih efisien dan tidak memakan banyak waktu. Saat memeriksa kontribusi suatu akun sementara, pengguna yang memiliki akses ke alamat IP akun sementara kini dapat melihat tampilan kontribusi dari akun-akun sementara terkait. Fitur ini menelusuri seluruh alamat IP yang terkait dengan suatu akun sementara dalam periode retensi data, lalu menampilkan semua kontribusi dari seluruh akun sementara yang pernah menggunakan alamat IP tersebut. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * Saat para penyunting melakukan pratayang suntingan teks wiki, kotak pengingat di bagian atas yang menunjukkan bahwa yang ditampilkan hanyalah pratayang kini menggunakan latar belakang abu-abu/netral, bukan lagi kuning/peringatan. Perubahan ini memudahkan pembedaan antara catatan pratayang dan peringatan yang sebenarnya (misalnya konflik suntingan atau sasaran pengalihan yang bermasalah), yang kini akan ditampilkan dalam kotak peringatan atau kesalahan terpisah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] memungkinkan pengguna meninjau daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] ini terus mengalami penyempurnaan, yang kini mendukung lebih dari satu situs Wikibase secara optimal, seperti [[d:|Wikidata]] dan [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. Selain itu, kendala tentang arah teks telah diperbaiki bagi pengguna Wikidata atau situs Wikibase lain yang menggunakan bahasa dengan arah kanan ke kiri (RTL). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * "Pranala magis" otomatis untuk nomor ISBN, RFC, dan PMID [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|telah dinyatakan usang dalam teks wiki sejak 2021]] karena kurang fleksibel dan menyulitkan pelokalan. Sejumlah wiki telah berhasil menggantikan pranala magis RFC dan PMID dengan pranala luar yang setara, tetapi untuk menggantikan fungsi pranala magis ISBN sering kali diperlukan templat khusus. Kini telah tersedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|fungsi pengurai bawaan]] baru, <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code>, yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan fungsi dasar pranala magis ISBN. Hal ini memudahkan wiki yang ingin bermigrasi dari fungsi pranala magis yang telah dinyatakan usang tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Dua wiki baru telah dibuat: ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q35401|bahasa Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q1186896|bahasa Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebuah kelompok pengguna global baru telah dibuat, yaitu [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. Kelompok ini digunakan secara internal oleh perangkat lunak untuk memungkinkan bot komunitas melewati pembatasan laju (''rate limit'') yang diterapkan terhadap [[w:en:Web scraping|perayap web]] (''web scraper'') yang bersifat merusak. Akun yang telah disetujui sebagai bot di setidaknya satu wiki Wikimedia akan secara otomatis ditambahkan ke dalam kelompok ini. Perubahan ini tidak memengaruhi atau mengubah hak akses yang dimiliki oleh bot tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|Konferensi Pengguna dan Pengembang MediaWiki Musim Semi 2026]] akan diselenggarakan pada 25–27 Maret 2026 di Salt Lake City, Amerika Serikat. Acara ini diselenggarakan oleh dan untuk komunitas MediaWiki pihak ketiga. Peserta dapat mengusulkan sesi serta mendaftarkan diri untuk mengikuti konferensi ini. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Pébruari 2026 23.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|Tim SRE]] akan membersihkan Etherpad, yaitu penyunting berbasis web sumber terbuka untuk penyuntingan dokumen kolaboratif langsung. Seluruh catatan (''pad'') akan dihapus secara permanen setelah 30 April 2026. Harap membuat salinan cadangan lokal atas konten apa pun yang ingin dipertahankan karena data yang telah dihapus tidak dapat dipulihkan. Pembersihan ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi ukuran basis data dan meminimalkan jejak infrastruktur. Etherpad akan tetap mendukung kolaborasi langsung, tetapi tidak ditujukan untuk penyimpanan jangka panjang. Pembersihan tambahan dapat dilakukan di masa mendatang tanpa pemberitahuan sebelumnya.</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pengambilan Informasi (''Information Retrieval'') akan meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|eksperimen aplikasi seluler Android]] untuk menguji pencarian hibrida yang mampu menangani kueri semantik dan berbasis kata kunci. Peningkatan pencarian di dalam platform ini bertujuan memudahkan pembaca menemukan informasi yang dicari secara langsung di Wikipedia. Eksperimen ini akan pertama kali diluncurkan di Wikipedia bahasa Yunani pada akhir Februari, kemudian diperluas ke Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, Prancis, dan Portugis pada bulan Maret. Informasi selengkapnya [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ dapat dibaca] di Diff. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]].</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:19}} {{PLURAL:19|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Sebagai contoh, sebuah masalah di [[Special:RecentChanges|Istimewa:PerubahanTerbaru]] telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, ketika pengguna mengeklik sembunyikan pada penyaring aktif, tombol "lihat perubahan baru sejak…" ikut menghilang, padahal seharusnya tetap ditampilkan. Kini, tombol tersebut telah berfungsi dan ditampilkan sebagaimana mestinya.</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Dokumentasi baru kini tersedia untuk membantu para penyunting menelusuri dan mendiagnosis masalah pada fitur pencarian di situs. Dokumentasi ini mendukung proses pemecahan masalah ketika halaman tidak muncul dalam hasil pencarian, ketika peringkat hasil terasa tidak sesuai, dan ketika perlu memeriksa konten apa saja yang sedang diindeks. Dengan demikian, perilaku pencarian menjadi lebih mudah dipahami dan dianalisis. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Pelajari lebih lanjut]].</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16 Pébruari 2026 19.17 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Pemeriksaan Referensi]] kini telah diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, menandai selesainya peluncuran fitur ini di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur tersebut mendorong pengguna baru untuk menambahkan rujukan sebelum memublikasikan konten baru, sehingga membantu menekan pembatalan suntingan akibat kekurangan rujukan dan meningkatkan keterverifikasian. Hasil pengujian A/B menunjukkan dampak yang kuat: pengguna baru yang ditampilkan Pemeriksaan Rujukan sekitar 2,2 kali lebih sering menambahkan rujukan di desktop dan sekitar 17,5 kali lebih sering di web seluler. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|Ekstensi InterwikiSorting]], yang sebelumnya memungkinkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|pengurutan pranala antarwiki]], telah dinonaktifkan di Wikipedia. Dampaknya, penyunting yang mengaktifkan pengurutan pranala antarwiki dalam mode tidak ringkas (format daftar penuh) kini akan melihat urutan pranala berubah. Ke depannya, pranala antarwiki akan ditampilkan berdasarkan urutan alfabet kode bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Mulai akhir pekan ini, pengguna yang menyunting suatu bagian halaman menggunakan VisualEditor seluler akan melihat tombol baru "Sunting seluruh halaman". Dengan mengetuk tombol tersebut, pengguna dapat langsung menyunting keseluruhan artikel. Fitur ini memudahkan ketika perubahan yang ingin dilakukan ternyata berada di luar bagian yang awalnya dibuka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] mengundang para penyunting untuk menilai apakah mode gelap masih perlu dianggap sebagai fitur beta di wiki masing-masing berdasarkan pengalaman penggunaan dan kinerjanya di perangkat desktop maupun seluler. Apabila fitur ini dinilai telah matang, para penyunting dapat memperbarui pesan antarmuka di <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> dan <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> untuk menunjukkan bahwa mode gelap telah siap digunakan dan tidak lagi berstatus beta. * [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Tab Aktivitas]] yang telah ditingkatkan dan menampilkan wawasan pengguna kini tersedia untuk seluruh pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia iOS (versi 7.9.0 dan yang lebih baru). Setelah uji A/B sebelumnya menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah pembuatan akun pada pengguna yang memiliki akses ke fitur ini, pembaruan tersebut kini diluncurkan kepada 100% pengguna, dan disertai dengan sejumlah penyempurnaan. Tab Aktivitas kini menampilkan artikel-artikel yang telah disunting dalam lini masa, menyajikan wawasan dampak penyuntingan seperti jumlah kontribusi dan tren kunjungan artikel, serta menyediakan opsi penyesuaian untuk meningkatkan pengalaman penggunaan aplikasi. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu yang sebelumnya menyebabkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] tidak berfungsi di perangkat seluler kini telah diperbaiki, sehingga fungsionalitasnya kembali berjalan sepenuhnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] yang mendukung fitur ini terus dikembangkan. Pembaruan terbaru menambahkan [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|kait baru]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, yang dijalankan setiap kali daftar pantauan dibangun ulang. Dengan adanya kait ini, gawai dan skrip pengguna kini dapat dijalankan pada halaman Istimewa tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Pébruari 2026 19.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Mode Ulang Tahun]] ke-25 Wikipedia kini telah tersedia di Wikipedia bahasa Betawi, Breton, Tionghoa, Ceko, Belanda, Inggris, Prancis, Gorontalo, Indonesia, Italia, Luksemburg, Madura, Sisilia, Spanyol, Thai, dan Vietnam. Fitur kampanye waktu terbatas ini merayakan 25 tahun Wikipedia dengan maskot ulang tahun bernama Baby Globe. Saat diaktifkan, Baby Globe akan muncul di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|sekitar 2.500 artikel]] dan dapat ditemukan oleh para pembaca. Komunitas dapat memilih untuk mengaktifkan Mode Ulang Tahun dengan mencapai konsensus di tingkat komunitas, lalu meminta pengurus untuk mengaktifkan dan menyesuaikan fitur tersebut melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|pengaturan komunitas]] di wiki lokal masing-masing. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur baru [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], yang memungkinkan penggunaan ulang rujukan dengan informasi yang berbeda, telah dirilis di Wikipedia bahasa Swedia, Polandia, dan [[:phab:T418209|beberapa wiki lainnya]]. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|Fitur ini dapat dicoba]] di proyek-proyek tersebut atau di testwiki dan [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Pembelajaran dari wiki percontohan pertama, yaitu Wikipedia bahasa Jerman, telah [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|dirilis dalam sebuah laporan]]. Jika [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|berminat untuk menjadi wiki percontohan]], silakan menghubungi tim Wikimedia Deutschland. * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Pemeriksaan Tempel]] (''Paste Check'') akan tersedia di seluruh Wikipedia pekan ini. Fitur ini menampilkan pengingat kepada pengguna baru yang menempelkan teks ke dalam VisualEditor yang kemungkinan besar bukan hasil tulisan mereka sendiri agar mempertimbangkan risiko pelanggaran hak cipta. Pemeriksaan Tempel juga [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|menandai]] semua suntingan yang memunculkan pengingat tersebut untuk kemungkinan peninjauan lebih lanjut. Pengurus lokal dapat mengatur berbagai aspek fitur ini melalui [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Penelitian]] di 22 wiki menunjukkan bahwa Pemeriksaan Tempel menghasilkan penurunan relatif sebesar 18% pada suntingan yang dibatalkan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Para penerjemah dapat membantu [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate melokalkan] fitur ini dan fitur terkait lainnya. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] akan melakukan standardisasi menu pengguna di pojok kanan atas bagi seluruh pengguna seluler agar lebih selaras dengan pengalaman di desktop. Saat ini, menu tersebut hanya terlihat oleh pengguna yang mengaktifkan Kontrol Seluler Lanjutan (''Advanced Mobile Controls''/AMC). Perubahan yang dilakukan hanya berupa pemindahan beberapa tombol yang sebelumnya berada di menu sisi kiri ke pojok kanan atas bagi pengguna yang tidak mengaktifkan AMC. Perubahan ini dijadwalkan diterapkan pada 9 Maret dan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan antarmuka pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Mulai pekan 2 Maret, surel yang dikirim saat alamat surel pada suatu akun ditambahkan, dihapus, atau diubah akan beralih dari format teks biasa menjadi surel HTML yang tampilannya lebih rapi dan informatif. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Saat ini, setiap pengguna dapat menyimpan hingga 2.000 notifikasi lama, dengan riwayat yang mencakup sejak 2013 ketika fitur ini diperkenalkan. Ke depan, sistem akan diubah sehingga hanya notifikasi dari lima tahun terakhir yang disimpan, tetapi dengan kapasitas yang ditingkatkan hingga 10.000 notifikasi. Penyesuaian ini dilakukan untuk menjaga kesehatan infrastruktur dalam jangka panjang sekaligus mengurangi kemungkinan notifikasi terbaru hilang lebih cepat dari yang seharusnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]], yang memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman, terus mengalami penyempurnaan. Pembaruan terbaru meningkatkan pengalaman penggunaan label. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] ini kini memungkinkan pengaktifan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|sistem pengganti bahasa]] (''language fallback'') untuk butir Wikidata yang tidak memiliki label dalam bahasa yang sedang ditampilkan, dan menampilkan label tersebut dalam bahasa Wikidata pilihan pengguna apabila tidak ada parameter URL <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> yang digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * Tim Wikipedia Android telah memulai uji coba beta fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|pencarian hibrida]] di Wikipedia bahasa Yunani. Fitur pencarian hibrida ini dapat menangani pencarian berdasarkan makna maupun kata kunci, sehingga pembaca dapat menemukan informasi yang dicari secara lebih mudah langsung di Wikipedia. * Demi meningkatkan keamanan, anggota dari sejumlah kelompok pengguna [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|diwajibkan mengaktifkan autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Saat ini, 2FA menjadi syarat untuk menggunakan hak akses dalam kelompok tersebut, tetapi belum menjadi syarat untuk tercatat sebagai anggotanya. Karena kebijakan ini masih memiliki beberapa kelemahan, perubahan akan [[phab:T418580|dilakukan secara bertahap mulai bulan Maret]]. Anggota kelompok terkait tidak lagi dapat menonaktifkan satu-satunya metode 2FA yang tersisa di akun mereka. Selain itu, pengguna yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA tidak dapat ditambahkan ke dalam kelompok tersebut. Pengguna tetap dapat menambahkan metode autentikasi baru atau menghapus metode yang ada, selama minimal satu metode 2FA tetap aktif. Pada paruh kedua bulan Maret, pengguna yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA akan dikeluarkan dari kelompok-kelompok ini. Ketentuan ini berlaku untuk pengurus CentralNotice, pemeriksa, pengurus antarmuka, pengawas, staf Wikidata, staf Wikifunctions, WMF Office IT, dan WMF Trust & Safety. Tidak ada perubahan bagi pengguna lainnya. Jadwal pelaksanaan dapat dilihat pada tugas yang ditautkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang sebelumnya menghalangi pengguna untuk membuat sebuah instans (''instance'') di [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Untuk membantu memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]], dalam satu bulan ke depan Wikimedia Foundation akan menerapkan pembatasan jumlah permintaan (''rate limit'') API secara global pada seluruh API yang digunakan. Pada awal Maret, batas yang lebih ketat akan diberlakukan untuk permintaan yang tidak teridentifikasi dari luar Toolforge/WMCS dan permintaan API yang dilakukan melalui peramban web. Pada bulan April, batas yang lebih tinggi akan diterapkan untuk lalu lintas yang teridentifikasi. Batasan ini sengaja ditetapkan setinggi mungkin agar dampaknya terhadap komunitas tetap minimal. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, semua pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah diperbarui. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * Layanan ''Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment'' (LDF) akan dihentikan pada bulan Februari. Layanan ini hanya melayani lalu lintas yang terbatas, dan penggunaannya telah berhasil dialihkan ke metode akses data lain yang lebih sesuai untuk mendukung kebutuhan yang ada. Perangkat keras yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk mendukung layanan LDF akan dialokasikan kembali guna menunjang proses migrasi sistem bagian belakang yang sedang berlangsung. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * Pengurai Parsoid versi terbaru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|terus diperluas penggunaannya ke berbagai wiki lainnya]]. Penerapan ini mendukung keberlanjutan sistem dan mempermudah pengembangan fitur baru untuk kegiatan membaca dan penyuntingan. Kini, Parsoid telah menjadi pengurai utama di 488 wiki milik Wikimedia Foundation, termasuk 268 edisi Wikipedia. Cakupan tersebut mewakili lebih dari 10% dari total tayangan halaman di seluruh Wikipedia. * Proses dan kriteria untuk [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|mengajukan akses khusus]] ke umpan data berkapasitas tinggi dari API Wikimedia Enterprise (tanpa biaya untuk penggunaan yang sejalan dengan misi) [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|kini telah dipublikasikan]]. Publikasi ini bertujuan menyediakan dokumentasi yang lebih lengkap dan jelas bagi para pengguna. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], yang selama ini menjadi blog bagi komunitas teknis Wikimedia, [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ akan digabungkan] ke [[diffblog:|Diff]], blog yang memuat berita dan kegiatan komunitas. Proses penggabungan ini ditargetkan rampung pada April 2026. Setelah proses tersebut selesai, kiriman tulisan baru akan kembali dibuka untuk dipublikasikan. Semua tulisan, baik yang lama dan yang baru, tetap dapat dibaca melalui halaman khusus di https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2 Maret 2026 17.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 25 Maret 2026, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 pukul 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dari uji coba pengalihan peladen pusat data ke peladen cadangan, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|yang dilaksanakan dua kali setiap tahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia akan dialihkan dari pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan. Pengujian ini bertujuan memastikan layanan tetap tersedia dan mengurangi kemungkinan gangguan layanan, termasuk dalam keadaan darurat. * Pekan lalu, seluruh wiki sempat berada dalam mode hanya-baca selama sekitar dua jam. Selain itu, skrip pengguna dan gawai juga mengalami gangguan lebih lama dari biasanya. Kejadian ini disebabkan oleh sebuah insiden keamanan yang kini telah ditangani. Langkah-langkah untuk mencegah kejadian serupa masih terus dilakukan. Informasi terkini dapat dilihat pada [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|pengumuman di papan pengumuman penatalayan]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|tersedia terjemahan]]). '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna yang terkena beberapa pemblokiran saat mengakses melalui perangkat seluler kini akan melihat alasan untuk setiap pemblokiran secara terpisah, bukan lagi satu pesan umum. Hal ini membantu pengguna memahami alasan pemblokiran yang mereka alami serta langkah-langkah yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasinya. Sebagai contoh, pengguna yang terdampak karena menggunakan VPN umum (seperti [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) akan mendapatkan penjelasan yang lebih jelas mengenai apa yang perlu dilakukan agar dapat kembali menyunting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Pada akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Mode Saran]] (''Suggestion Mode'') akan tersedia sebagai fitur beta di penyunting visual di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur ini memberikan berbagai saran tindakan yang dapat dipertimbangkan untuk memperbaiki artikel Wikipedia, dan membantu pengguna mempelajari pedoman yang relevan. Pengaturan fitur ini dapat disesuaikan oleh setiap wiki dan juga dapat diperluas dengan menambahkan saran khusus. Pengaturan yang saat ini berlaku dapat dilihat di halaman [[Special:EditChecks]]. Selain itu, tersedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|panduan bagi pengurus untuk menyesuaikan]] pranala agar mengarah ke pedoman lokal. Mode Saran terhubung dengan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Pemeriksaan Suntingan]] yang memberikan saran perbaikan ketika seseorang sedang menulis konten baru. Ke depannya, tim Penyuntingan (''Editing'') berencana menilai dampak fitur ini terhadap pengguna baru melalui sebuah percobaan terkontrol. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah ketika posisi kursor menjadi tidak selaras saat menggunakan penyorotan sintaks CodeMirror (fitur yang memudahkan pembacaan teks wiki dan kode) kini telah diperbaiki. Masalah ini secara khusus memengaruhi pengguna yang menetapkan aturan jenis huruf dalam lembar gaya tersuai ketika membuat topik baru dengan menggunakan DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pembaruan pembatasan permintaan API: Untuk membantu memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]], pembatasan jumlah permintaan API secara global akan mulai diterapkan pada minggu ini. Pembatasan ini berlaku untuk permintaan tanpa User-Agent yang sesuai yang berasal dari luar Toolforge/WMCS, serta untuk permintaan API tanpa autentikasi yang dilakukan melalui peramban web. Pada bulan April, batas yang lebih tinggi akan diberlakukan untuk lalu lintas yang teridentifikasi. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, semua pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah diperbarui. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * API GraphQL yang baru kini telah tersedia. API ini dikembangkan sebagai alternatif yang lebih fleksibel untuk beberapa fitur di Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), dengan tujuan meningkatkan kemudahan bagi pengembang, mendukung fleksibilitas penggunaan, dan mempercepat akses data. Pengguna dipersilakan untuk mencoba API ini dan [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|memberikan masukan]]. Pengembang juga dapat [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply mendaftar untuk mengikuti uji kegunaan]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Kelompok Kerja untuk Perkakas yang Tidak Didukung]] melanjutkan peningkatan pada [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] sepanjang Februari. Pembaruan ini mencakup perbaikan kesalahan autentikasi, penanganan berkas berukuran besar, visibilitas antrean tugas, dan penjelasan yang lebih jelas mengenai proses pengunggahan. Sejumlah pekerjaan masih terus berlangsung di beberapa bagian, termasuk perubahan yang berkaitan dengan metode pengunggahan dari sisi peladen yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi. Baca [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|kabar terkini]] untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Tim Panduan Artikel (''Article Guidance'') mengundang penyunting Wikipedia berpengalaman dari sejumlah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|wiki percontohan]] dan kontributor yang berminat dari Wikipedia lainnya untuk mengisi angket ini. Angket tersebut tersedia dalam [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform bahasa Inggris], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arab], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Jepang], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portugis], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persia], dan [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turki]. Jawaban yang diberikan akan membantu tim untuk menyesuaikan panduan bagi penyunting yang kurang berpengalaman, sekaligus membantu mereka mempelajari kebijakan dan praktik komunitas saat membuat artikel. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat dilihat di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|halaman proyek tersebut]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Maret 2026 18.52 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], yang juga dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], telah digunakan untuk penyorotan sintaks teks wiki sejak November 2024. Fitur ini direncanakan keluar dari status beta pada Mei 2026 agar berbagai perbaikan dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|fitur]] baru dapat digunakan oleh semua penyunting yang memakai penyorot sintaks standar. Jika terdapat pertanyaan atau masukan terkait rencana penghapusan status beta pada fitur ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|silakan disampaikan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Sebagian perubahan pada kelompok pengguna lokal dilakukan oleh penatalayan di Meta-Wiki dan sebelumnya hanya dicatat di sana. Kini, perubahan hak pengguna lintas wiki akan dicatat di Meta-Wiki dan di wiki tempat pengguna tersebut berada. Langkah ini memudahkan penelusuran riwayat lengkap perubahan hak pengguna di wiki lokal. Catatan perubahan yang terjadi sebelumnya juga akan ditambahkan secara bertahap dalam beberapa minggu mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * Pada wiki yang menggunakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], jumlah perubahan tertunda yang ditampilkan di halaman [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] sebelumnya juga menghitung halaman yang sebenarnya sudah tidak menunggu peninjauan. Hal ini terjadi karena halaman tersebut telah dihapus dari sistem tanpa melalui proses peninjauan, misalnya karena dihapus, dipindahkan ke ruang nama lain, atau akibat perubahan konfigurasi wiki. Kini, jumlah yang ditampilkan telah diperbaiki sehingga lebih akurat. Di beberapa wiki, angka yang terlihat mungkin jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan sebelumnya. Daftar halaman yang ditampilkan seharusnya tidak mengalami perubahan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Bahasa komposisi yang digunakan di Wikifunctions telah ditulis ulang dan menghasilkan versi bahasa yang baru. Perubahan ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kestabilan layanan dengan mengurangi penggunaan memori pada orkestrator. Selain itu, pembaruan ini juga memungkinkan pengurangan waktu tunda secara signifikan, penyederhanaan kode, dan penerapan abstraksi yang lebih baik. Perubahan tersebut membuka peluang bagi pengembangan fitur baru pada tahap berikutnya. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|pembaruan ini]] dapat dibaca pada penjelasan yang tersedia. * Pengguna kini dapat mengurutkan hasil pencarian secara alfabetis berdasarkan judul halaman. Pembaruan ini menambahkan opsi baru yang dapat membantu menemukan halaman dengan lebih mudah dan cepat. Sebelumnya, hasil pencarian hanya dapat diurutkan berdasarkan tanggal penyuntingan, tanggal pembuatan, atau tingkat relevansi. Untuk menggunakan opsi baru ini, buka menu "Pencarian lanjutan" pada halaman hasil pencarian, lalu pilih "Alfabetis" pada bagian "Urutan pengurutan". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kekutu yang sebelumnya membuat UploadWizard di Wikimedia Commons tidak dapat mengimpor berkas dari Flickr kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebuah halaman istimewa baru, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], telah dibuat untuk menampilkan daftar halaman yang ditransklusikan dan ditandai memiliki galat pemeriksaan kode (''lint''). Halaman ini membantu pengguna menemukan kesalahan tersebut dengan lebih mudah. Daftar yang ditampilkan akan diurutkan berdasarkan jumlah transklusi yang mengandung galat. Contohnya dapat dilihat pada halaman [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Pengguna fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] telah menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai pengganti [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] untuk penyorotan sintaks saat menyunting halaman berisi JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue, dan Lua sejak beberapa waktu terakhir. Seiring dengan rencana mengeluarkan CodeMirror 6 dari status beta, CodeEditor juga direncanakan akan digantikan sebagai penyunting standar untuk jenis konten tersebut pada Mei 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Masukan atau tanggapan tentang rencana ini sangat dipersilakan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Modul JavaScript [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] akan segera diperbarui ke CodeMirror 6. Menjelang pembaruan tersebut, pemuatan modul <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> atau <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> dari gawai dan skrip pengguna telah dinyatakan usang sejak Juli 2025. Penggunaan kait <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> juga telah dinyatakan usang sejak Maret 2025. Kontributor kini dapat menyesuaikan skrip atau gawai mereka agar kompatibel dengan CodeMirror 6. Lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|panduan migrasi]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki sedang memperluas cakupan definisi modul REST API agar juga mencakup [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|API dari ekstensi]]. Modul REST API merupakan kelompok titik akhir yang saling berkaitan dan dapat dikelola serta diberi versi secara mandiri. Saat ini, modul tersebut sudah tersedia untuk API [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] dan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions]. Seiring dengan pemindahan API ekstensi ke struktur ini, dokumentasinya akan dipindahkan dari spesifikasi utama MediaWiki OpenAPI dan tampilan REST Sandbox. Selanjutnya, dokumentasi tersebut dapat diakses melalui opsi khusus modul pada menu tarik turun di [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (yaitu di [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], yang tersedia di semua proyek wiki). * Ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] menyediakan berbagai informasi tentang wiki tempat modul digunakan melalui pustaka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]]. Sejak pekan lalu, pustaka tersebut juga menyediakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|cara]] untuk mengakses [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|ID wiki]]. Informasi ini dapat digunakan untuk memudahkan pemeliharaan modul yang digunakan di berbagai wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Penghargaan Perkakas Terkeren 2026]], yang merayakan berbagai perkakas terbaik yang dikembangkan oleh komunitas, kini telah membuka proses nominasi. Nominasi untuk perkakas favorit dapat diajukan melalui [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en formulir survei nominasi] paling lambat 23 Maret 2026. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai privasi dan pengelolaan data dapat dilihat pada [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|pernyataan privasi survei]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16 Maret 2026 19.35 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Request for Comment: VisualEditor automatic reference names == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hi, I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}! We are considering to work on [[:m:Community Wishlist/W17|Community Wishlist/W17: Improve VE references' automatic names and reuse]]. This has been a long-term issue for wikitext editors (see e.g. [[:en:WP:VisualEditor/Named references]]) which has been among the top-voted wishes in several [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], e.g. [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2017/Editing/VisualEditor: Allow editing of auto-generated references before adding them|2017]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019/Citations/VisualEditor: Allow references to be named|2019]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Editing/VisualEditor should use human-like names for references|2022]] or [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/VisualEditor should use proper names for references|2023]]. We would like your input on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solutions]] proposed on our project page: '''[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names]]'''. We are considering several options, which can be combined if desired by the community. * Changing the default pattern for automatically generated reference names (currently <code>":n"</code>, e.g. <code>":0"</code>, <code>":1"</code>...) to use the [[:mw:Help:Reference Previews#Exposed reference types|reference type]] instead (e.g. <code>"book_reference-1"</code>). * Providing a simple mechanism for communities to configure a different default name. * Generating automatic reference names based on the [[:en:domain name|domain name]] (if it’s a web citation). * Generating automatic reference names based on template parameters (e.g. "title" or "last"+"first") – defined by the community. === Feedback === [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|Visit our project page]] to read about our proposal in detail and share your thoughts [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|on metawiki]]. '''Please note''': We will only implement a solution if there’s clear consensus among the global community. Our intention is not to build the perfect solution, but to find a simple and lean one that alleviates the pain caused by auto generated names. We are aware that some experienced VisualEditor users might prefer an option to manually change reference names in VisualEditor, but such a UX intervention is difficult to achieve across reference types and thus out of scope for our team, we can only improve the auto-naming mechanism. We are happy about suggestions for improving certain details of the proposed solutions. Any other feedback and alternative proposals are also welcome – even though it’s out of scope for us, it might still be relevant for future work on this topic. Please support us interpreting consensus by clearly indicating your opinion (e.g. by using support/neutral/oppose templates). We are aware of [[:en:WP:NOTVOTE]], but given that we are facilitating this discussion with users from different wikis, potentially commenting in their native language, clearly indicating your position helps us avoid misunderstandings. Thank you for participating!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|obrolan]])</bdi> 19 Maret 2026 11.15 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/MassMessageRecipients&oldid=30281362 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Pengguna situs Wikimedia kini dapat masuk log ke akun mereka tanpa menggunakan kata sandi melalui penggunaan kunci sandi (''passkey''). Metode ini merupakan cara yang aman dan didukung oleh autentikasi seperti sidik jari, pengenalan wajah, atau PIN. Dengan adanya perubahan ini, semua pengguna yang memilih masuk log tanpa kata sandi akan merasakan proses yang lebih mudah, lebih cepat, dan lebih aman saat mengakses akun mereka dari berbagai perangkat. Opsi masuk menggunakan kunci sandi saat ini ditampilkan sebagai saran pengisian otomatis pada kolom nama pengguna. Dalam waktu dekat, [[phab:T417120|tombol tambahan "Masuk log dengan kunci sandi"]] juga akan tersedia bagi pengguna yang telah mendaftarkan kunci sandi mereka sebelumnya. Pembaruan ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan keamanan sekaligus memberikan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih baik. [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|Rekaman layar]] yang disertakan memperlihatkan proses masuk log tanpa kata sandi secara bertahap, langkah demi langkah. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 25 Maret 2026 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 pukul 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan dalam rangka pengujian pencadangan melalui pengalihan peladen pusat data (''datacenter server switchover'') yang [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|dilaksanakan dua kali setiap tahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan tersebut, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia akan dipindahkan dari pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan. Langkah ini bertujuan untuk menguji ketersediaan layanan sekaligus memastikan bahwa layanan tetap dapat berjalan tanpa gangguan, bahkan dalam situasi darurat. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna situs Wikimedia kini dapat mengekspor notifikasi mereka yang berusia lebih dari lima tahun dengan menggunakan sebuah [[toolforge:echo-chamber|perkakas baru di Toolforge]]. Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk tetap menyimpan notifikasi penting mereka, sekaligus menghindari risiko terhapusnya notifikasi tersebut seiring rencana penghapusan notifikasi yang berusia lebih dari lima tahun, sebagaimana telah diumumkan sebelumnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Para penyunting Wikipedia dalam bahasa Indonesia, Thai, Turki, dan Simple English kini memiliki akses ke Special:PersonalDashboard. Fitur ini merupakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|versi awal dari sebuah pengalaman]] yang dirancang untuk memperkenalkan alur kerja patroli kepada penyunting yang lebih baru, sehingga mereka dapat beralih secara lebih mudah dari sekadar melakukan suntingan menuju keterlibatan dalam tugas moderasi yang lebih lanjut di proyek mereka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * Halaman [[Special:Block]] kini mengalami dua perubahan kecil pada antarmukanya. Pengurus kini dapat dengan lebih mudah menetapkan pemblokiran tanpa batas waktu melalui tombol pilihan (''radio button'') khusus yang tersedia pada bagian masa berlaku. Selain itu, ketika masa berlaku tanpa batas dipilih, akan muncul kumpulan alasan umum yang berbeda untuk dipilih, yang dapat disesuaikan melalui halaman [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Para penyunting seluler [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|di beberapa wiki]] kini dapat melihat peringatan penyuntingan dalam keadaan belum masuk log (''logged-out'') yang telah ditingkatkan, berkat pembaruan terbaru dari tim Pertumbuhan. Perubahan yang dirilis pada pekan lalu ini merupakan bagian dari upaya dan pengujian yang berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan pengalaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|pembuatan akun di perangkat seluler]], dan mendorong peningkatan partisipasi pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:36}} {{PLURAL:36|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, galat yang sebelumnya menyebabkan pengguna web seluler tidak dapat melihat informasi pemblokiran ketika mereka terdampak oleh beberapa pemblokiran sekaligus kini telah diperbaiki. Kini, saat mengakses Wikipedia, mereka dapat melihat pesan dari seluruh pemblokiran yang sedang berlaku terhadap akun atau alamat IP mereka. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Citra yang dibangun menggunakan Toolforge dalam waktu dekat akan mendapatkan pembaruan versi ''buildpacks'' (kumpulan skrip dan konfigurasi untuk membangun aplikasi secara otomatis), yang menghadirkan dukungan bagi versi bahasa pemrograman yang lebih baru serta berbagai peningkatan dan perbaikan dari sumber pengembang utama (''upstream''). Jika menggunakan Toolforge Build Service, disarankan untuk meninjau surel terbaru dari [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ milis cloud-announce] dan memperbarui konfigurasi ''build'' sesuai kebutuhan, guna memastikan bahwa perkakas yang digunakan tetap kompatibel dengan perubahan tersebut. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * Wiki dokumentasi [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] akan ditutup pada Juni 2026. Kunci API yang dibuat melalui API Portal akan tetap berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Titik akhir api.wikimedia.org akan dihentikan secara bertahap mulai Juli 2026. Dokumentasi yang sebelumnya tersedia di API Portal sedang dipindahkan ke [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat dipelajari melalui [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|halaman proyek]] yang tersedia. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] (inisiatif dari Wikimedia Deutschland yang berfokus pada pengembangan fitur berdasarkan kebutuhan teknis komunitas) tengah mempertimbangkan peningkatan pada [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|penamaan referensi yang dihasilkan secara otomatis di VisualEditor]]. Para pengguna dipersilakan untuk meninjau [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solusi yang diusulkan]] serta berpartisipasi dalam proses [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|permintaan tanggapan]] yang sedang berlangsung. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Maret 2026 16.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Versi Beta dari [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]], proyek baru Wikimedia yang tidak terikat dengan bahasa, telah diluncurkan pada pekan lalu. Proyek ini memungkinkan berbagai komunitas untuk menyusun artikel Wikipedia dalam bahasa asli mereka, yang kemudian dapat dengan mudah diakses oleh pengguna lain dalam bahasa masing-masing. Wiki ini dijalankan melalui serangkaian instruksi dari Wikifunctions, dan didukung oleh konten terstruktur yang berasal dari Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Baca selengkapnya]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') sedang menjalankan uji A/B untuk mengevaluasi pesan yang lebih jelas dan ramah pengguna dalam mendorong pembuatan akun di berbagai wiki. Saat ini, ketika pengguna seluler yang belum masuk log mulai melakukan penyuntingan, mereka akan dihadapkan pada pesan peringatan yang terasa mendadak dan dapat mengurangi minat untuk melanjutkan kontribusi. Selain itu, kondisi ini juga menjadikan penyuntingan dengan akun sementara sebagai pilihan bawaan, alih-alih mendorong pengguna untuk membuat akun. Uji coba ini berlangsung di sepuluh Wikipedia, termasuk Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, Spanyol, dan Jerman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Baca selengkapnya]]. * Tim Aplikasi Wikimedia (''Wikimedia Apps'') mengundang Anda untuk memberi masukan mengenai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|cara proses penyuntingan seharusnya bekerja di aplikasi seluler Wikipedia]]. Diskusi ini berfokus pada upaya meningkatkan cara pengguna mengakses berbagai alat penyuntingan saat mereka mengetuk tombol "Sunting". Inisiatif ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk mengarahkan para pembaca yang mulai tertarik menyunting agar dapat menemukan jalur yang lebih ramah pengguna ketika mereka mulai berkontribusi. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:45}} {{PLURAL:45|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebuah masalah ketika pengambilan sitasi dari arsip surat kabar besar [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] tidak lagi berfungsi, akibat adanya pemblokiran pada permintaan di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]], kini telah berhasil diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 30 Maret 2026 19.25 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 3 April 2026 17.09 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29905755 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Ekstensi CampaignEvents]] kini dilengkapi dengan fitur baru untuk penetapan tujuan kelompok, yang memungkinkan para penyelenggara menetapkan dan memantau target acara, seperti jumlah artikel yang dibuat dan jumlah kontributor yang berpartisipasi, secara langsung. Di sisi lain, para peserta juga dapat bergerak menuju target bersama dan melihat dampak kolektif yang dihasilkan seiring berlangsungnya acara. Fitur ini kini telah tersedia di seluruh wiki Wikimedia. Pelajari lebih lanjut dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|dokumentasinya]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|label daftar pantauan]] yang baru (yang diumumkan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Berita Teknis 2026-07]]) kini telah tersedia melalui VisualEditor, penyunting sumber, dan "''watchstar''" (pranala pantau). Sebelumnya, pemberian label hanya dapat dilakukan melalui [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. Kini, di ketiga tempat tersebut, tersedia kolom baru yang terletak setelah kolom masa kedaluwarsa. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada halaman pembicaraan di perangkat seluler yang menggunakan Parsoid, yang membuat halaman menjadi tidak dapat digunakan setelah munculnya tajuk bagian yang kosong, kini telah berhasil diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Fitur subreferensi]], yang memungkinkan penyunting menambahkan keterangan pada referensi yang sudah ada tanpa perlu membuatnya dua kali, akan diluncurkan secara bertahap ke [[phab:T414094|lebih banyak wiki]] pada akhir tahun ini. Wiki yang menggunakan gawai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] dianjurkan untuk memperbarui versinya (umumnya berada di [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] seperti ditunjukkan [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 di sini]) guna menjaga kompatibilitas. Gawai lain yang berkaitan dengan referensi juga berpotensi terdampak. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * Seluruh edisi Wikinews dijadwalkan untuk ditutup dan dialihkan ke mode hanya-baca pada 4 Mei 2026. Meskipun seluruh konten tetap dapat diakses, tidak akan ada lagi penyuntingan atau penambahan artikel baru. Keputusan penutupan ini telah disetujui oleh Dewan Pengawas Wikimedia Foundation setelah melalui rangkaian diskusi yang panjang. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Baca selengkapnya]]. * [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|API tindakan]] (''action API'') selama ini menyediakan berbagai format keluaran sesuai permintaan. Salah satunya, yaitu <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, akan segera dihentikan. Oleh karena itu, pastikan skrip atau bot yang Anda gunakan telah beralih ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|format JSON]]. Perubahan ini diperkirakan hanya akan berdampak pada sebagian kecil skrip dan bot. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * Halaman [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] kini juga memuat nama lain (alias) ruang nama. Sebagai contoh, "WP" digunakan sebagai alias untuk ruang nama "Project" ("Wikipedia") di Wikipedia bahasa Jerman. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 6 April 2026 16.19 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para penyunting berpengalaman diundang untuk [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page menguji] fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]], yang dirancang untuk membantu penyunting dengan pengalaman lebih terbatas dalam membuat artikel Wikipedia yang terstruktur dengan baik dan sesuai dengan kebijakan yang berlaku. Petunjuk pengujian telah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|tersedia]] dan dapat diikuti sebagai panduan. Setelah meninjau [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance kerangka artikel] yang disediakan, mohon memberikan umpan balik melalui [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. Masukan tersebut akan digunakan untuk menyempurnakan fitur ini sebelum kemudian diterapkan pada Wikipedia percontohan untuk diterjemahkan dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan setiap komunitas. Sebuah [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|video]] penjelasan mengenai fitur ini juga tersedia untuk disimak. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Di sejumlah besar wiki, kini semua pengguna yang telah terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed users'') dapat menggunakan halaman [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|membuat halaman baru dengan model konten khusus]], seperti daftar pesan massal, sehingga format halaman tersuai menjadi lebih mudah diakses. Untuk mengetahui statusnya di wiki masing-masing, silakan periksa halaman [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') telah meluncurkan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|eksperimen pembuatan akun]] untuk mengevaluasi apakah penambahan tombol pembuatan akun pada bagian kepala halaman versi web seluler dapat meningkatkan jumlah pendaftaran akun baru sekaligus mendorong lebih banyak pengguna seluler untuk berkontribusi di berbagai wiki. Saat ini, eksperimen tersebut sedang berlangsung di Wikipedia bahasa Hindi, Indonesia, Bengali, Thai, dan Ibrani, serta menyasar 10% pengguna web seluler yang belum masuk log. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kendala yang menyebabkan VisualEditor berhenti pada proses pemuatan di perangkat Windows ketika animasi dinonaktifkan, kini telah berhasil diatasi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai akhir pekan ini, {{int:group-abusefilter}} yang telah mengaktifkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai penyunting di halaman [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]], menggantikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten di berbagai jenis penyunting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Perkakas dan bot yang mengakses [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|API Notifications]] melalui <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi> perlu memperbarui izin OAuth atau BotPassword mereka agar juga mencakup akses ke notifikasi privat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Karena adanya pembaruan pustaka, urutan daftar pada halaman kategori mungkin akan menjadi tidak berurutan mulai Senin, 20 April. Sebuah skrip migrasi akan dijalankan untuk memperbaikinya, dan proses ini dapat berlangsung dari beberapa jam hingga beberapa hari, tergantung pada ukuran wiki (bahkan hingga sekitar satu minggu untuk Wikipedia bahasa Inggris). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 April 2026 15.18 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Setelah dua tahun pengembangan, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], yang juga dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], akan diluncurkan dari tahap beta pada Selasa, 21 April. Fitur ini membawa peningkatan keterbacaan kode dan teks wiki, pengurangan kesalahan pengetikan, beserta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|manfaat]] lainnya bagi semua pengguna penyorot sintaks standar. Ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada sukarelawan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] yang telah mengembangkan banyak fitur baru, termasuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|pelipatan kode]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|pelengkapan otomatis]], dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|pemeriksaan sintaks]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Sebuah pembaruan besar untuk aplikasi Wikipedia di iOS kini sedang diluncurkan, dengan antarmuka yang didesain ulang agar selaras dengan desain visual terbaru Apple, "Liquid Glass". Silakan [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 unduh versi terbaru] dan telusuri pembaruannya. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Daftar bacaan]] merupakan fitur yang memungkinkan para pembaca menyimpan artikel ke dalam daftar untuk dibaca nanti. Fitur ini sedang dalam tahap beta di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, Indonesia, Vietnam, dan Mandarin, serta secara bawaan untuk semua akun baru di semua Wikipedia. * Percobaan yang mengeksplorasi perluasan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Pratinjau Halaman ke versi seluler]] akan diluncurkan pada pekan tanggal 20 April di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Inggris, Prancis, Italia, Polandia, dan Vietnam. Pratinjau Halaman merupakan jendela sembulan yang menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka, dan pranala untuk membuka artikel lengkap dari pranala berwarna biru, sehingga memudahkan pengguna dalam menemukan konten. Fitur ini sudah tersedia di versi desktop dan aplikasi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Lihat selengkapnya mengenai uji coba ini dan uji coba lainnya]]. * Di beberapa wiki, para penyunting yang sudah masuk log tetapi belum [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|mengonfirmasi alamat surel mereka]] sekarang dapat melihat spanduk yang meminta mereka untuk lakukan hal tersebut. Dengan memiliki alamat surel yang terkonfirmasi, pengguna dapat memulihkan akses ke akunnya jika akun tersebut tidak dapat diakses. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Baca selengkapnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:15}} {{PLURAL:15|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pemuatan lambat, tampilan pratinjau yang lambat, dan guliran yang lambat saat menyunting halaman wiki berukuran sangat besar di editor teks wiki 2017, serta masalah kinerja saat memilih, memotong, atau menempelkan konten, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai bagian dari upaya mempromosikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] dari status fitur beta, seluruh pengguna kini akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] alih-alih [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] untuk penyorotan sintaks saat menyunting halaman konten berformat JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue, dan Lua. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Layanan <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> yang selama ini digunakan oleh pengguna Debian dan Ubuntu akan dihentikan dan tidak lagi berfungsi mulai 15 Mei. Sumber daya yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk layanan ini akan dialihkan ke opsi baru yang dinilai lebih baik. Sejumlah pengguna mungkin perlu beralih ke peladen lain yang diperkirakan hanya memerlukan waktu sekitar satu menit. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia untuk dibaca]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * Tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> akan dihapus dari [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. Jika perkakas atau kueri yang digunakan masih mengakses tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> atau <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> secara langsung, disarankan untuk segera memperbaruinya agar menggunakan tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> sebelum 28 Mei. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Setelah penerapan terbaru mengenai pembatasan laju global API (''global API rate limits'') pada lalu lintas yang tidak teridentifikasi, Wikimedia Foundation akan melanjutkan upaya untuk memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]] dengan mulai menerapkan pembatasan global juga pada lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi, dimulai pada pekan terakhir April. Batasan ini sengaja ditetapkan setinggi mungkin guna meminimalkan dampak terhadap komunitas. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan pada dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] serta bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] kini telah tersedia dalam versi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. API ini berfungsi untuk mengambil informasi yang diperlukan dalam memberikan atribusi (kredit) terhadap artikel dan berkas media Wikimedia di mana pun konten tersebut digunakan. Dokumentasi referensi tersedia melalui halaman spesial REST Sandbox yang dapat diakses di seluruh wiki Wikimedia (misalnya [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]). Umpan balik dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. * Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru dalam pekan ini. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20 April 2026 15.00 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Terdapat perubahan dalam cara pengguna baru memperoleh status terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed'') yang bertujuan meningkatkan perlindungan terhadap vandalisme. Selama ini, pengguna yang telah memiliki akun selama beberapa hari dan melakukan sejumlah suntingan akan otomatis masuk ke dalam kelompok [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]]. Namun, pengaturan ini kerap dimanfaatkan oleh sebagian pelaku vandalisme yang membuat akun lalu baru menggunakannya setelah beberapa waktu. Untuk mengatasinya, aturan tersebut akan diperbarui mulai pekan depan. Dalam penentuan status terkonfirmasi otomatis, usia akun akan dihitung sejak suntingan pertama, bukan sejak tanggal pendaftaran. Nilai ambang usia tetap tidak berubah. Perubahan ini hanya akan diterapkan pada wiki yang menuntut sekurang-kurangnya satu suntingan sebagai bagian dari kriteria terkonfirmasi otomatis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * Kini, seluruh pengguna Wikipedia dengan akun baru, serta mereka yang mengaktifkan opsi "Secara otomatis mengaktifkan sebagian besar fitur beta" dalam preferensi, dapat menggunakan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|daftar bacaan]] (''reading lists''). Fitur ini membantu mengelola minat membaca dalam satu tempat agar mudah diakses. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan gambar pada kotak info (''infobox'') memiliki jarak kosong yang sangat besar di Firefox kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai pengingat, pembatasan laju global pada API (''rate limits'') akan mulai diterapkan pekan ini terhadap lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi. Langkah ini bertujuan menjaga [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|penggunaan infrastruktur tetap adil]]. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang disarankan mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk batasan yang berlaku, dapat dilihat pada dokumentasi [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] dan [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 April 2026 18.06 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]] mengundang para penyunting berpengalaman dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|Wikipedia percontohan]]: Arab, Bengali, Jepang, Portugis, Persia, Turki, Inggris Sederhana, Spanyol, dan Prancis, untuk turut membantu menerjemahkan dan menyesuaikan [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance contoh kerangka artikel]. Kerangka ini akan menjadi pedoman bagi para penyunting dalam menyusun artikel yang jelas, terstruktur dengan baik, dan sesuai dengan kebijakan, saat [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle fitur tersebut] resmi diluncurkan pada Mei 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Petunjuk sederhana]] mengenai cara menerjemahkan dan menyesuaikan kerangka tersebut juga telah disediakan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] telah menerbitkan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|rancangan rekomendasi]] mengenai model yang dapat diikuti oleh para organisasi afiliasi ketika berkontribusi di ranah teknis. Anggota komunitas diundang untuk memberikan umpan balik terhadap rekomendasi ini hingga 8 Mei melalui [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|halaman pembicaraannya]]. * Jumlah pilihan ukuran keluku (''thumbnail'') di MediaWiki kini disederhanakan menjadi tiga opsi baku: Kecil (180 piksel), Sedang (250 piksel), dan Besar (400 piksel), sebagai bagian dari upaya berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan kinerja serta mengurangi beban pada layanan keluku. Akibatnya, preferensi yang sudah ada akan dipetakan ke ukuran baru yang paling mendekati (misalnya, pilihan kecil seperti 120 piksel atau 150 piksel akan ditampilkan sebagai 180 piksel, sementara pilihan lebih besar seperti 300 piksel atau 360 piksel akan ditampilkan sebagai 400 piksel). Antarmuka preferensi akan segera diperbarui untuk mencerminkan perubahan ini. Pengguna yang ingin menonaktifkan atau memberikan umpan balik dipersilakan melakukannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * Mulai saat ini, bahkan ketika suatu hak akses berakhir secara otomatis, pengguna tetap akan menerima pemberitahuan melalui Echo yang serupa dengan pemberitahuan standar untuk perubahan hak akses. Hal ini berbeda dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|bot pengingat global]] yang mengingatkan pengguna satu minggu ''sebelum'' hak akses berakhir agar dapat diperpanjang. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada pemilih bahasa ULS di [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] yang sebelumnya dapat bergulir secara vertikal meskipun tidak diperlukan, kini telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, saat pengguna membuka menu tarik-turun "Terjemahkan ke bahasa Inggris" dan mengetikkan masukan tertentu, kotak dialog akan bergeser beberapa piksel ke bawah meskipun ruang tampilan masih mencukupi. Kini, menu tersebut tidak lagi bergeser secara tidak perlu saat menyaring bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]], yang memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman, terus mengalami peningkatan. Sebagai contoh, daftar pantauan untuk situs berbasis Wikibase seperti [[:d:|Wikidata]] kini mendukung elemen [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] untuk pelacakan yang lebih baik. Mode pembaruan langsung kini menyegarkan halaman khusus setiap 60 detik agar selaras dengan pembatasan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|laju API global terbaru]], sehingga meningkatkan respons waktu nyata. Selain itu, kesalahan arah teks yang sebelumnya menampilkan pranala sebagai "perubahan 3" alih-alih "3 perubahan" dalam daftar dengan arah campuran juga telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tahap kedua penerapan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|pembatasan laju API global]] telah diluncurkan untuk mengurangi [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|dampak perayap kecerdasan buatan]] serta memastikan akses yang adil dan berkelanjutan terhadap sumber daya Wikimedia, dengan memprioritaskan lalu lintas manusia dan yang selaras dengan misi. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Batasan]] yang sebelumnya dihitung per jam kini diubah menjadi per menit, sehingga menghasilkan pola lalu lintas yang lebih halus dan beban API yang lebih terprediksi. Pengguna komunitas diperkirakan tidak akan terdampak, dan tidak ada tindakan yang perlu dilakukan. Indikasi awal menunjukkan bahwa sebagian peminta berbasis User-Agent mulai menyesuaikan perilakunya, dan sekitar 64% lalu lintas API otomatis telah berhasil diidentifikasi. Pemantauan terus dilakukan, dan layanan Wikimedia Enterprise tetap tersedia untuk dukungan komersial. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Méi 2026 20.43 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Komunitas Teknis telah mempublikasikan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|panduan baru]] yang menjelaskan bagaimana keinginan pada Daftar Harapan Komunitas disaring dan diprioritaskan. Dokumentasi ini bertujuan untuk membantu kontributor baru dalam menulis proposal yang lebih baik dengan menjelaskan faktor yang memengaruhi keputusan prioritas. Selain hitungan suara, panduan ini menyorot pertimbangan seperti potensi dampak pada komunitas ketika menentukan keinginan yang akan diteruskan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca sedang meluncurkan pengujian untuk menakar [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|fitur Kartu Berbagi]] yang memungkinkan pembaca untuk membuat kartu yang menarik secara visual dari artikel Wikipedia atau bagian artikel yang dipilih dan membagikannya secara daring. Setiap kartu akan menautkan kembali ke artikel awal untuk meningkatkan pembaca dan penemuan artikel. Pengujian A/B hanya perangkat seluler akan tersedia pada beberapa pembaca di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Tiongkok, Prancis, Vietnam, dan Inggris untuk memahami lebih lanjut tentang kebiasaan pembaca dan pembagian, dan akan dijadwalkan dimulai pada pekan 18 Mei dan berjalan selama empat minggu. * Aplikasi Wikipedia di Android dan iOS meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|tantangan membaca 25 hari]] ke fitur Beta sebagai bagian dari usaha untuk meningkatkan keterlibatan pembaca dengan mendorong pengguna menyelesaikan pencapaian bacaan. Untuk melacak rentetan bacaan mereka selama periode tantangan, pengguna aplikasi dapat menambahkan gawit Baby Globe pada layar utama mereka. Tantangan ini secara resmi dimulai pada 11 Mei. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:17}} {{PLURAL:17|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Misalnya, masalah ketika pengaturan global untuk mengaktifkan penyorotan sintaks pada teks wiki dapat menonaktifkan dirinya sendiri secara tiba-tiba setelah diaktifkan, sekarang sudah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Perihal kelanjutan]] Modul ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, sudah dihentikan sejak [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], akan dihapus pekan ini. Terdapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|panduan untuk memigrasikannya dari UI MediaWiki ke Codex]] untuk perkakas apa pun yang menggunakannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11 Méi 2026 19.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Abstract Wikipedia telah mengidentifikasi lima wiki potensial untuk menilai ketertarikan mereka dalam mengadopsi artikel abstrak di wiki masing-masing. Wiki percontohan tersebut meliputi Wikipedia bahasa Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arab, dan Indonesia. Masa pemberian masukan akan dibuka hingga 22 Mei. Jika komunitas Anda tertarik menjadi bagian dari proyek uji coba ini, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|silakan beri tahu kami melalui Meta]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Sebuah uji coba untuk menampilkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Daftar Bacaan]] kepada pembaca yang belum masuk log di web seluler akan dimulai pada 18 Mei di Wikipedia bahasa Jerman, Spanyol, Italia, Portugis, Polandia, Belanda, Turki, serta Urdu, dan berlangsung selama satu bulan. Upaya ini mendukung tujuan yang lebih luas untuk membantu pembaca menyimpan dan mengatur artikel agar dapat dibaca kembali di lain waktu, sekaligus mendorong kebiasaan yang berpotensi mengarah pada kontribusi di Wikipedia pada masa mendatang. * Untuk mendukung tombol markah dalam fitur beta Daftar Bacaan, menu "Perkakas > Tindakan" kini diperbarui dengan tampilan ikon, termasuk penanda bintang pantauan yang membantu penyunting mengenali artikel yang dipantau sementara. Ikon-ikon tersebut kini juga disesuaikan dengan tampilan di perangkat seluler sehingga menciptakan konsistensi antarplatform yang lebih baik. Perubahan ini saat ini masih terbatas pada menu tindakan dan terutama memengaruhi penyunting dengan hak pengguna khusus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Mode Saran]] telah dirilis sebagai sebuah [[w:en:A/B test|uji A/B]] bagi penyunting baru di situs web seluler pada [[phab:T421189|sekitar 15 Wikipedia]]. Eksperimen ini akan mengukur dampak Mode Saran terhadap persentase sesi penyuntingan pengguna baru di web seluler yang menghasilkan suntingan artikel yang konstruktif (''unreverted''). Selain itu, uji coba ini juga akan mengevaluasi pengaruh fitur tersebut terhadap tingkat retensi penyunting, serta memantau perubahan pada tingkat pengembalian suntingan (''revert'') dan pemblokiran pengguna. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada aplikasi Wikipedia Android yang terkadang menyebabkan gambar gagal dimuat setelah membuka notifikasi daftar bacaan rekomendasi kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Tim Platform Wikidata]] telah menerbitkan [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|rekomendasi pengganti sistem sisi belakang]] beserta rancangan [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|arsitektur teknis]] untuk migrasi Layanan Kueri Wikidata (WDQS) dari grap Blazegraph. Masukan dibuka hingga 25 Mei 2026, terutama berkenaan dengan kemungkinan celah maupun dampaknya terhadap penggunaan tingkat lanjut. Anggota komunitas Wikidata dan pengguna WDQS juga didorong untuk membantu mengidentifikasi perkakas dan alur kerja berdampak tinggi yang mungkin memerlukan perhatian lebih pada [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|halaman terkait]]. Masukan dapat disampaikan melalui [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|halaman pembicaraan migrasi]] atau saat [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|sesi pembicaraan berikutnya]]. Lihat [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|nawala tim WDP]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Jepang, dan beberapa bahasa lainnya, sempat dilakukan [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|uji coba penggunaan hCaptcha]], layanan pendeteksi bot pihak ketiga. Uji coba tersebut menunjukkan bahwa hCaptcha cukup efektif dalam mendeteksi dan menghambat sejumlah aktivitas otomatis yang dilakukan dengan niat buruk, baik secara langsung maupun dengan memberikan sinyal tambahan kepada [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|para pemeriksa dan penatalayan]] untuk melakukan peninjauan lebih lanjut. Karena hasilnya dinilai positif, hCaptcha akan diterapkan di seluruh wiki dalam beberapa minggu mendatang. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|Lihat halaman proyek hCaptcha]] untuk informasi teknis mengenai implementasi dan perlindungan privasinya. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. * Kabar terbaru dari Teknis Komunitas kini telah tersedia, menampilkan perkembangan berbagai inisiatif Daftar Harapan Komunitas, termasuk perluasan fitur Daftar Bacaan dari aplikasi seluler ke situs web, dukungan bahasa baru untuk fitur "Siapa yang Menulisnya" ("''Who Wrote That''") dan Dasbor Pribadi, peningkatan pada perenderan 3D dan grafik, serta rencana pengembangan mendatang mengenai pengurutan halaman pembicaraan, pemutaran audio, dan alur penyuntingan. Pembaruan tersebut juga membagikan prioritas saat ini, tren status daftar harapan, serta peluang bagi komunitas untuk memberikan masukan mengenai fokus pengembangan di masa depan dan Rencana Tahunan Wikimedia Foundation 2026–2027. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Baca nawala lengkapnya untuk informasi lebih lanjut]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18 Méi 2026 20.21 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Setelah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|uji coba pembuatan akun berjalan dengan sukses]], pesan peringatan penyuntingan bagi pengguna yang belum masuk log akan diterapkan ke seluruh wiki Wikimedia pada minggu pertama Juni. Perubahan ini hanya akan memengaruhi pengguna yang belum masuk log di web seluler ketika mereka membuka sesi penyuntingan. Pengalaman baru tersebut dirancang untuk mendorong pembuatan akun dengan lebih jelas, sambil tetap memungkinkan pengguna menyunting menggunakan akun sementara. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan signifikan dalam pembuatan akun, dengan kenaikan relatif sebesar 27% pada pengguna yang melihat pesan terbaru tersebut. Seperti yang diperkirakan, semakin banyak pengguna yang diarahkan untuk membuat akun, jumlah akun sementara pun menurun sebesar 16% secara relatif. Percobaan ini tidak menunjukkan perubahan signifikan terhadap tingkat suntingan konstruktif atau metrik kontributor lain yang dipantau. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Demi alasan keamanan, anggota dari kelompok pengguna tertentu [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|diwajibkan mengaktifkan autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Anggota dari kelompok tersebut tidak lagi dapat menonaktifkan metode 2FA terakhir pada akun mereka, dan pengguna tanpa 2FA juga tidak dapat ditambahkan ke kelompok tersebut. Pengguna masih dapat menambahkan metode autentikasi baru atau menghapus metode yang ada, selama setidaknya satu metode tetap aktif setiap saat. Dalam beberapa pekan ke depan, pengguna yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA akan dikeluarkan dari kelompok-kelompok tersebut. Secara khusus, ketentuan ini berlaku juga bagi para birokrat. Jadwal penerapannya dapat dilihat pada tugas terkait. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Tim Harapan Teknis Wikimedia Deutschland]] akan menjalankan [[w:en:A/B testing|uji A/B]] di [[:phab:T415904|10 wiki]] untuk menguji sejumlah kemungkinan peningkatan pada [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|Pratayang Referensi]]. Percobaan ini akan berlangsung selama sekitar dua minggu pada akhir Mei hingga awal Juni, dan akan memengaruhi 10% pembaca desktop di wiki yang berpartisipasi. * Setelah dua uji coba yang berhasil, tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca akan meluncurkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Penelusuran Gambar]] untuk seluruh Wikipedia versi seluler pada 25 Mei. Dengan demikian, pengguna yang mengaktifkan seluruh fitur beta secara bawaan akan mulai melihat fitur ini, sementara pengguna lain dapat mengaktifkannya melalui preferensi masing-masing. Fitur beta tersebut akan menampilkan karusel seluruh gambar dalam sebuah artikel di bagian atas halaman artikel, lengkap dengan [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|kendali bagi penyunting untuk mengecualikan gambar tertentu dari karusel artikel atau mengecualikan artikel sepenuhnya dari fitur ini]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, berkas STL tiga dimensi sebelumnya ditampilkan secara tidak tepat oleh ekstensi penampil media (''media viewer'') 3D, dan masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Kelas CSS lama <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> telah digantikan oleh <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> karena kedua kelas lama tersebut tidak bekerja secara konsisten di seluruh platform MediaWiki, terutama pada web seluler dan aplikasi seluler. Proyek yang masih menggunakan kelas tersebut dianjurkan untuk meninjau penggunaannya dan mulai merencanakan migrasi. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> juga berpotensi tidak digunakan lagi di masa mendatang, meskipun saat ini belum ada rencana untuk melakukannya. [[phab:T426452|Baca selengkapnya]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 25 Méi 2026 21.52 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> == Survey (proposed direction for Wishlist) == Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}. You are invited to voice your opinion on a new [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|community-proposed direction]] for the [[m:Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 29 Méi 2026 03.07 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:기나ㅏㄴ@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:%EA%B8%B0%EB%82%98%E3%85%8F%E3%84%B4/MassMessage&oldid=30604233 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] sedang menjalankan sebuah eksperimen untuk menampilkan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|daftar bacaan]], yang saat ini masih dalam tahap pengembangan, kepada pembaca seluler yang belum masuk log. Tujuannya adalah untuk menguji apakah fitur tersebut dapat mendorong pembuatan akun dengan tingkat yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tombol bintang pantauan. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|Eksperimen ]]ini diluncurkan pada 18 Mei di wiki bahasa Jerman, Spanyol, Italia, Portugis, Polandia, Belanda, Turki, dan Urdu, serta akan berlangsung selama satu bulan. * Tim Aplikasi Wikimedia telah merilis [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Fase 1]] dari beranda yang telah didesain ulang pada aplikasi Android Beta. Beranda baru ini mencakup tab "Komunitas" yang diperbarui serta tab "Untuk Anda" yang dipersonalisasi, yang menampilkan rekomendasi bacaan yang diperbarui setiap hari. Perancangan ulang ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk meningkatkan penemuan konten serta menciptakan pengalaman belajar yang lebih menarik di aplikasi Wikipedia. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:18}} {{PLURAL:18|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan gambar gagal dimuat pada beberapa suntingan yang disarankan di [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], sehingga keluku (''thumbnail'') terus berada dalam keadaan memuat, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 1 Juni 2026 21.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Wikimedia Enterprise telah meningkatkan batas penggunaan gratis layanan API yang ditawarkannya. Batas permintaan bulanan untuk API Berdasarkan Permintaan (''On-Demand API'') meningkat dari 5.000 menjadi 50.000 permintaan, sedangkan batas untuk API Salinan Data (''Snapshot API'') meningkat dari 15 menjadi 30 permintaan per bulan. Selain itu, salinan data Konten Terstruktur (''Structured Contents snapshot'') kini juga tersedia bagi akun gratis. Perubahan ini memperluas akses terhadap data Wikimedia Enterprise bagi pengembang, peneliti, dan organisasi yang memanfaatkan konten Wikimedia. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Umpan Jelajah (''Explore Feed'') yang telah diperbarui]] dan kini bernama Umpan Beranda (''Home Feed'') mulai diluncurkan kepada 50% pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android. Umpan Beranda membantu pembaca menemukan konten yang relevan melalui dua tab baru, yaitu Komunitas (''Community'') dan Untuk Anda (''For You''). Tab Komunitas menyediakan aliran konten yang dapat digulir berisi materi pilihan dan pembaruan dari komunitas dan gerakan Wikimedia secara luas. Sementara itu, tab Untuk Anda menawarkan pengalaman layar penuh yang dapat dijelajahi dengan menggeser layar, menampilkan konten yang disesuaikan dengan minat pengguna. Perancangan ulang ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk meningkatkan kemudahan menemukan informasi serta memperkaya pengalaman belajar di aplikasi Wikipedia. * Permainan kuis harian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Mana yang lebih dulu?]] (''Which came first?'') kini tersedia dalam versi beta aplikasi Wikipedia untuk iOS dalam bahasa Inggris, Jerman, Prancis, Portugis, Rusia, Spanyol, Arab, Tionghoa, dan Turki. Permainan ini memanfaatkan peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah dari konten Wikipedia "Pada Hari Ini" dan menantang pembaca untuk menebak peristiwa mana yang terjadi lebih dahulu di antara dua pilihan yang diberikan. Sebelumnya, permainan ini telah dirilis untuk Android. Komunitas yang ingin menghadirkan permainan tersebut dalam bahasa mereka dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|membaca petunjuk dan persyaratan yang tersedia]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Subreferensi]], fitur baru MediaWiki yang memungkinkan penyunting menggunakan kembali referensi yang sama dengan penjelas yang berbeda, akan mulai diluncurkan ke wiki Wikimedia setelah sukses melewati tahap uji coba. Penerapan akan dimulai pada 8 Juni untuk sebagian besar [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|wiki Kelompok 1]] dan Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, kemudian diperluas ke edisi Wikipedia dalam bahasa lain selama beberapa bulan mendatang. Komunitas dianjurkan untuk melakukan persiapan dengan [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate memeriksa apakah masih ada pesan ekstensi Cite yang belum diterjemahkan] ke dalam bahasa mereka, dan meninjau penggunaan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] yang mungkin memerlukan [[:phab:T416304#11668731|pembaruan]] agar mendukung fungsi baru tersebut. Wiki yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] tidak perlu melakukan tindakan apa pun. Komunitas juga dapat mempertimbangkan untuk membuat [[Special:TrackingCategories|kategori pelacakan]] ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' sebagai kategori tersembunyi menggunakan <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (atau templat khusus), lalu menghubungkannya dengan butir Wikidata yang sesuai, yaitu [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Eksperimen Pratayang Halaman (''Page Previews'')]] di Wikipedia versi web seluler telah berakhir. Tim memutuskan untuk tidak meluncurkan fitur tersebut secara luas setelah hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa fitur ini tidak memberikan dampak yang signifikan secara statistik terhadap tingkat retensi pembaca, yang merupakan metrik keberhasilan utama. Pratayan Halaman, yang saat ini sudah tersedia pada versi desktop dan aplikasi, menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka, dan pranala menuju artikel lengkap ketika pembaca mengetuk pranala berwarna biru. Eksperimen ini menguji pengalaman tersebut pada versi web seluler di enam Wikipedia. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|Pustaka ikon antarmuka pengguna]] akan [[phab:T399175|diperbarui pada pekan ini atau pekan depan]]. Sebagian besar dari sekitar 300 ikon yang ada telah mengalami penyempurnaan kecil, dan sekitar 30 ikon baru telah ditambahkan. Perubahan ini bertujuan menjadikan ikon lebih konsisten, lebih mudah dipahami, serta memiliki keseimbangan visual yang lebih baik ketika digunakan secara berkelompok. * Antarmuka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Pemilih Bahasa Universal]] (''Universal Language Selector'' atau ULS) di MediaWiki, yang membantu pengguna memilih konten dalam bahasa lain, telah diperbarui. Versi terbaru ini menghadirkan peningkatan kecepatan dan aksesibilitas. Pengguna proyek Wikimedia kini juga dapat menyematkan bahasa tertentu agar proses berpindah bahasa menjadi lebih cepat. Penerapan ke situs-situs Wikimedia akan dilakukan secara bertahap dalam beberapa minggu ke depan. Fitur ini sudah dapat diuji sebagai [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] melalui pengaturan preferensi profil, dan masukan dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|halaman proyek terkait]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada dasbor Pageviews Analysis di pageviews.wmcloud.org, yang menyebabkan data grafik berhenti diperbarui sejak Mei 2026 dan memengaruhi seluruh pengguna, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tanda tangan fungsi (''function signature'') untuk <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> kini telah disederhanakan. Pengembang sekarang dapat memberikan sebuah objek konfigurasi sebagai parameter, menggantikan daftar parameter posisi yang sebelumnya digunakan saat membuat pranala portlet. Format lama tetap didukung demi menjaga kompatibilitas dengan skrip yang sudah ada. Sebagai contoh, alih-alih menggunakan: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi>, pengembang kini dapat menggunakan: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Para pemelihara skrip dianjurkan untuk meninjau penggunaan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> yang sudah ada dan memperbaruinya bila diperlukan. Perubahan ini akan tersedia di seluruh wiki mulai 11 Juni. Terima kasih kepada sukarelawan komunitas Gerges yang telah berkontribusi dalam pengembangan peningkatan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Diskusi Daftar Harapan Komunitas:''' Tim Produk dan Teknologi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|memperkenalkan sejumlah perubahan]] yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan jumlah dan kompleksitas usulan komunitas yang dapat diwujudkan, termasuk pembubaran tim Teknis Komunitas. Saat ini sedang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|berlangsung diskusi]] dengan anggota komunitas mengenai [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|arah baru yang diusulkan untuk program daftar harapan tersebut]]. Topik yang dibahas mencakup cara menyusun pemungutan suara tahunan, peningkatan pelacakan usulan, penghapusan fokus area tertentu, serta pembaruan mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|penugasan staf]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 8 Juni 2026 21.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca]] telah meluncurkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Penjelajahan Gambar]] (''Image Browsing'') pada versi web seluler di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur ini menampilkan korsel gambar di bagian atas artikel yang memiliki tiga gambar atau lebih. Para penyunting dapat mengatur fitur ini melalui beberapa kontrol yang tersedia. Untuk menyembunyikan gambar tertentu dari suatu halaman, gunakan <code>class=notpageimage</code> agar gambar tersebut tidak ditampilkan dalam pratinjau keluku, atau gunakan <code>class=noviewer</code> agar gambar tersebut tidak tersedia di MediaViewer. Korsel gambar juga dapat dinonaktifkan sepenuhnya pada suatu halaman dengan menggunakan kata magis <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. Untuk memberikan masukan atau melaporkan galat, silakan kunjungi [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|halaman proyek terkait]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Tabel wiki]] (''wikitable'') kini dapat langsung [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|diurutkan dalam urutan menurun]] pada klik pertama dengan menambahkan <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> pada sel tajuk. Sebelumnya, secara bawaan, klik pertama pada tajuk kolom akan mengurutkan data dalam urutan menaik. Penambahan ini memberikan kendali dan fleksibilitas yang lebih besar dalam pengaturan tabel, sementara perilaku bawaan untuk klik berikutnya tetap tidak berubah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]] (''Article guidance'') saat ini sedang diuji coba kepada sebagian penyunting yang membuat artikel baru di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris Sederhana, Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, dan Wikipedia bahasa Turki. Dalam waktu dekat, uji coba juga akan dimulai di Wikipedia bahasa Arab dan Wikipedia bahasa Bengali. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|Fitur ini]] menyediakan panduan yang disusun dan dikurasi oleh komunitas untuk membantu penyunting membuat artikel yang sesuai dengan standar komunitas setempat. Para penyunting berpengalaman dapat terus membuat atau menyesuaikan kerangka artikel untuk jenis-jenis artikel tertentu yang umumnya dibuat oleh kontributor yang lebih baru. Kerangka tersebut berfungsi sebagai panduan agar penyunting yang kurang berpengalaman dapat menghasilkan artikel berkualitas tinggi. Panduan singkat mengenai markah yang digunakan dalam kerangka artikel tersedia di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|halaman ini]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Contoh kerangka]] yang dapat disesuaikan beserta petunjuk penyesuaiannya juga tersedia pada [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|bagian terkait]] di halaman proyek tersebut. * Wiki yang ingin mengganti tombol "indefinitely" pada halaman Special:Block untuk akun sementara (misalnya wiki yang hanya memblokir pengguna sementara hingga masa berlaku akun berakhir) kini dapat melakukannya dengan membuat halaman [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] dan menentukan durasi pemblokiran yang diinginkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:41}} {{PLURAL:41|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai akhir Juni, pengunduhan data arsip (''dump data'') secara otomatis dari situs dumps.wikimedia.org akan mewajibkan penggunaan untaian ''user-agent'' yang sahih. Permintaan otomatis yang menggunakan ''user-agent'' umum atau kosong akan diblokir. Kebijakan ini merupakan [[phab:T400119|perluasan dari penegakan]] [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|kebijakan ''user-agent'']] yang telah lama berlaku. Akses terhadap arsip melalui Layanan Awan Wikimedia (''Wikimedia Cloud Services'') tidak akan mengalami perubahan. * Penerapan [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|batas laju API]] global kini telah selesai sepenuhnya. Batas tersebut sudah diberlakukan pada seluruh API sesuai tingkat yang telah didokumentasikan untuk setiap kelompok pengguna. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge atau Wikimedia Cloud Services (WMCS), maupun bot yang memiliki hak pengguna bot pada wiki mana pun, tetap dikecualikan dari pembatasan ini. Seluruh bot tetap dianjurkan mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah didokumentasikan untuk menghindari pembatasan laju permintaan. * [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wiki Portal API] akan beralih ke mode hanya-baca mulai pekan ini (15–18 Juni). Pada pekan berikutnya (22–25 Juni), seluruh URL API Portal akan dialihkan ke dokumentasi [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs di mediaWiki.org]]. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|halaman proyek tersebut]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pada 17 Juni pukul 18.00 UTC, Wikimedia Foundation akan menyelenggarakan panggilan Discord yang berfokus pada proses tinjauan kode (''code review''). Berdasarkan hasil [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Survei Kepuasan Pengembang]], banyak sukarelawan menyampaikan bahwa mereka mengalami kesulitan dalam proses tinjauan kode. Melalui diskusi ini, Wikimedia Foundation berharap dapat memahami pengalaman tersebut dan menemukan solusi yang dapat diterapkan. Siapa pun yang berminat dapat bergabung [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 melalui peladen Discord Komunitas Wikimedia]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Konferensi Wikimedia Amerika Latin]] akan menyelenggarakan sebuah ''hackathon'' regional yang mempertemukan komunitas teknis gerakan Wikimedia, termasuk pengembang, pengurus sistem, ilmuwan data, dan pengguna dengan hak akses lanjutan. Kontributor teknis yang berminat dapat [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform mengajukan beasiswa] partisipasi hingga 21 Juni pukul 00.00 waktu Bolivia (UTC−4). * Pendaftaran Tantangan Tim Wikimania kini telah dibuka. Kegiatan khusus ini akan berlangsung secara daring maupun luring pada 21–22 Juli, menjelang konferensi Wikimania. Semua orang dipersilakan untuk berpartisipasi, tanpa memandang tingkat keterampilan ataupun status pendaftaran Wikimania. Setiap tim akan bekerja sama menyelesaikan sepuluh tantangan penting yang mendukung komunitas Wikimedia. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|halaman Tantangan Tim]] dan [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ mendaftar di sana]. Pendaftaran akan ditutup pada 20 Juni pukul 23.00 UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15 Juni 2026 16.48 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Fitur-fitur Pertumbuhan]] [[phab:T418115|kini telah tersedia di Wikidata]]. Pembaruan ini memungkinkan akses ke fitur Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|jika telah diatur]]), modul Dampak, Panel Bantuan, dan Beranda Pendatang Baru yang disederhanakan (tanpa fitur Suntingan yang Disarankan). Para pengurus Wikidata saat ini masih mengatur fitur-fitur tersebut melalui Konfigurasi Komunitas. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Halaman khusus [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] telah dibuat. Halaman ini memungkinkan pengguna menemukan rentang alamat IP tanpa perlu mengandalkan perkakas eksternal. Sebelumnya, perkakas ini hanya tersedia bagi pengguna dengan hak Pemeriksa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Subreferensi]] merupakan fitur baru MediaWiki yang memungkinkan penyunting menggunakan kembali suatu rujukan dengan informasi yang berbeda-beda. Fitur ini akan diterapkan pada sebagian besar Wikipedia bahasa berukuran kecil dan menengah pada 23 Juni. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|Halaman Tanya Jawab]] (FAQ) memuat berbagai langkah yang dapat dilakukan di wiki Anda untuk mendukung penerapan tersebut. [[:phab:T414094|Rencana peluncuran]] juga tersedia untuk melihat tahapan penerapan berikutnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Mulai pekan depan, pengguna akan menerima pemberitahuan ketika mereka diblokir atau dicabut pemblokirannya dari penyuntingan, atau apabila terdapat perubahan terhadap pemblokiran tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai pekan depan, penyaring penyalahgunaan yang diatur untuk "memerlukan verifikasi CAPTCHA" juga akan berlaku bagi pengguna yang memiliki hak <code>skipcaptcha</code>, termasuk sebagian besar pengguna yang telah terkonfirmasi secara otomatis (''autoconfirmed''). Bot dikecualikan dari perubahan ini. Perubahan tersebut hanya memengaruhi suntingan yang memicu suatu penyaring penyalahgunaan. Hak <code>skipcaptcha</code> tetap akan membebaskan pengguna dari keharusan menyelesaikan CAPTCHA dalam penggunaan wiki sehari-hari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Dokumentasi rujukan untuk [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] telah dipindahkan dari Portal API ke [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox] yang bersifat interaktif. * Wiki Portal API kini telah ditutup. Untuk dokumentasi API, silakan merujuk ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|API Wikimedia di MediaWiki]]. Seluruh URL wiki Portal API (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) akan dialihkan ke halaman mediawiki.org mulai 22 Juni. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Bergabunglah dalam pertemuan daring pada 25 Juni pukul 14.30 UTC untuk berkenalan dengan para pemagang Wikimedia saat ini dalam program [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] dan [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Para peserta magang akan memberikan gambaran umum mengenai proyek yang mereka kerjakan dan pemaparan singkat tentang hasil pekerjaan mereka sejauh ini. Para peserta yang hadir juga didorong untuk [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|berbagi gagasan dan menjalin koneksi dengan komunitas masing-masing]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23 Juni 2026 13.05 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-27</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Sebagai bagian dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Eksperimen Pembuatan Akun]], tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') menguji penambahan ikon akun pengguna pada tajuk versi web seluler bagi pengguna yang belum masuk log. Ikon tersebut menyediakan akses langsung ke opsi "Buat akun" dan "Masuk log". Hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa perubahan ini meningkatkan pembuatan akun sekitar 20% tanpa berdampak negatif terhadap kualitas suntingan atau tingkat suntingan yang bersifat konstruktif. Fitur ini akan mulai diterapkan di seluruh wiki Wikimedia Foundation pada versi web seluler pada minggu pertama bulan Juli. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * Setelah melalui [[phab:T426248|uji coba yang berhasil]], pengguna yang sudah masuk log tetapi belum [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|mengonfirmasi alamat surelnya]] saat akun dibuat kini akan melihat sebuah spanduk baru yang mengingatkan mereka untuk menyelesaikan proses tersebut. Langkah ini membantu mengurangi risiko pengguna kehilangan akses ke akun mereka, dan meningkatkan keandalan alamat surel yang terhubung dengan akun. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Keamanan Akun]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * Pembaruan pada fitur [[Special:Search|Pencarian]] menyempurnakan cara kerja <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> ketika digunakan untuk mengecualikan hasil pencarian. Sebelumnya, penggunaan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> dengan negasi dapat secara tidak sengaja memperluas hasil pencarian dengan menambahkan ruang nama yang termasuk dalam cakupan pencarian, sehingga perilakunya membingungkan bagi pengguna yang mengharapkan penyaring pengecualian yang sederhana. Melalui pembaruan ini, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> kini hanya akan mengecualikan judul halaman yang sesuai sebagaimana mestinya, dan dapat menampilkan peringatan apabila ruang nama yang relevan belum dipilih secara eksplisit. Sementara itu, perilaku <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> tanpa negasi tetap tidak mengalami perubahan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:33}} {{PLURAL:33|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan peninjau yang menggunakan bilah alat Kurasi Halaman (''Page Curation'') tidak secara otomatis berlangganan diskusi halaman pembicaraan yang mereka mulai kini telah diperbaiki. Mulai sekarang, peninjau akan menerima pemberitahuan ketika seseorang membalas diskusi tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai 29 Juni, unduhan otomatis dari situs web dumps.wikimedia.org akan mengikuti [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|kebijakan agen pengguna]]. Permintaan otomatis yang menggunakan agen pengguna umum atau kosong akan diblokir. Akses ke arsip melalui Layanan Awan Wikimedia tidak akan terpengaruh. Perubahan ini merupakan tindak lanjut dari pengumuman yang disampaikan pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Berita Teknis edisi 2026/25]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 29 Juni 2026 11.47 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-28</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:34}} {{PLURAL:34|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada bilah pencarian di Wikidata yang sebelumnya menampilkan hasil dalam bahasa Inggris alih-alih menggunakan bahasa kedua yang sesuai bagi pengguna varian bahasa kini telah diperbaiki. Mulai sekarang, saran pencarian akan mengikuti rantai bahasa kedua yang diharapkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai persiapan menuju [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|kampanye Celebrate Women]] yang direncanakan berlangsung pada Maret 2027, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|tim Pemberdayaan Konten]] dari Wikimedia Foundation meluncurkan survei yang terdiri atas 22 pertanyaan untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai kontribusi teknis yang dilakukan oleh perempuan+ (siapa pun yang mengidentifikasi dirinya sebagai perempuan) di berbagai proyek Wikimedia. Survei ini membutuhkan waktu sekitar 15–20 menit untuk diselesaikan dan akan tetap dibuka hingga 20 Juli 2026. Seluruh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|pertanyaannya]] juga telah tersedia di wiki sehingga dapat ditinjau terlebih dahulu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Ekstensi Score]] kini mendukung penyajian partitur musik dalam format gambar SVG selain PNG. Pembaruan ini menjawab [[:phab:T49578|permintaan fitur]] yang telah lama diajukan, sekaligus mengatasi masalah kualitas gambar yang selama ini terjadi. Kedua format tersebut kini akan dikirimkan kepada pengguna: format PNG pada atribut <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> dan SVG pada atribut <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi>. * Pengurai [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] yang baru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|terus diterapkan ke wiki lainnya]] untuk mempermudah pengenalan berbagai fitur baru dalam membaca dan menyunting. Pengurai ini kini telah diaktifkan di Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, sehingga cakupan penerapannya telah mencapai 78,9% dari seluruh tampilan halaman Wikipedia. Penerapan pada Wikipedia bahasa Inggris versi desktop akan terus berlanjut sepanjang pekan ini. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|Tulisan rangkuman]] mengenai Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 kini telah diterbitkan. Tulisan tersebut menyoroti berbagai proyek, sesi, dan kegiatan sosial yang berlangsung selama acara tahun ini, dan membagikan rencana awal penyelenggaraan Wikimedia Hackathon 2027. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 6 Juli 2026 13.56 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-29</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revisi Nada]] (''Revise Tone'') membantu pengguna baru mengenali bagian-bagian dalam artikel Wikipedia yang mungkin menggunakan bahasa yang kurang sesuai dengan gaya ensiklopedis, sekaligus mengajaknya untuk mempertimbangkan penyuntingan ulang agar nada tulisannya lebih tepat. Fitur ini telah diuji melalui [[w:en:A/B_testing|pengujian A/B]] di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Inggris, Prancis, dan Portugis. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penyelesaian tugas oleh pengguna baru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|meningkat sebesar 38,7%]] dibandingkan dengan tugas penyuntingan teks bawaan, tanpa penurunan kualitas suntingan. Uji coba tersebut berakhir pada 9 Juli, dan kini fitur ini tersedia bagi semua pengguna di wiki-wiki tersebut, dan dapat diatur melalui Konfigurasi Komunitas. Selanjutnya, fitur ini [[phab:T426364|direncanakan]] akan diluncurkan ke lebih banyak wiki. * Konfigurasi komunitas yang memungkinkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|pembimbing tidak aktif dihapus secara otomatis]] berdasarkan kriteria yang dapat disesuaikan akan mulai diaktifkan pada hari Kamis, 16 Juli, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|di sejumlah wiki]] agar daftar pembimbing tetap mutakhir. Pembimbing merupakan kontributor berpengalaman yang secara sukarela mendaftarkan diri untuk membantu pengguna baru di wiki melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Fitur-fitur Pertumbuhan]]. Pengurus kini dapat menyiapkan pengaturannya melalui [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]. Pengaturan tersebut akan mulai berlaku pada hari Kamis. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:38}} {{PLURAL:38|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan sebagian pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android langsung keluar log sesaat setelah masuk log (''login'') sehingga mereka tidak dapat tetap masuk log dan menyunting halaman, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Penyuntingan halaman menggunakan skrip pengguna atau gawai sebelumnya menyebabkan label daftar pantauan yang telah ditetapkan pengguna pada halaman tersebut kembali ke kondisi awal. Masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778] * Sebagai solusi sementara untuk mengatasi bug pada Safari (lihat [[phab:T425211]]), pada wiki yang telah mengaktifkan Parsoid, atribut href pada pranala wiki kini menggunakan URL absolut, alih-alih URL relatif terhadap protokol (''protocol-relative URL''). Keluaran REST API tidak mengalami perubahan dan tetap menggunakan URL relatif terhadap protokol. Oleh karena itu, gawai, skrip pengguna, bot, atau CSS mungkin perlu disesuaikan apabila sebelumnya bergantung pada penggunaan URL relatif terhadap protokol dalam atribut href pada pranala wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Tim Platform Eksperimen (''Experiment Platform Team'') dari Wikimedia Foundation telah menerbitkan sebuah tulisan di blog yang merenungkan tahun pertama pelaksanaan uji coba terstruktur mereka. Tulisan tersebut menyoroti berbagai eksperimen yang berhasil, seperti Pemeriksaan Tempel, Pemeriksaan Referensi, dan Pemeriksaan Nada Bahasa, yang terbukti meningkatkan hasil penyuntingan dan kini telah diluncurkan kepada lebih banyak pengguna. Selain itu, tulisan tersebut juga membahas sejumlah eksperimen yang pada akhirnya tidak menghasilkan perubahan terhadap produk. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Baca selengkapnya]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 Juli 2026 16.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30804401 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-30</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] telah menindaklanjuti berbagai masukan dari komunitas mengenai penempatan tombol bintang pantauan (''watchstar'') dan daftar pantauan (''watchlist'') pada [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|fitur beta Daftar Bacaan]] (''Reading Lists''). Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna menyimpan artikel untuk dibaca di lain waktu dan merupakan salah satu [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|usulan dalam daftar harapan pengembangan]] agar fungsi tersebut tersedia di antarmuka web. Para penyunting diundang untuk mengaktifkan fitur beta ini, mencobanya, dan [[phab:T426453|menyampaikan tanggapan maupun masukan mereka]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Mode Saran]] menghadirkan saran penyuntingan di dalam VisualEditor untuk membantu meningkatkan kualitas artikel Wikipedia. [[Special:EditChecks|Seluruh saran]] yang ditampilkan dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|dikonfigurasi oleh komunitas]]. Salah satu fiturnya, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]], memungkinkan para sukarelawan membuat saran lokal yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan wiki masing-masing. Fitur ini bekerja dengan mencari pola teks tertentu di dalam artikel, dan kini telah mendukung penggunaan ekspresi reguler. Dukungan tersebut memberikan ketelitian dan fleksibilitas yang lebih besar bagi para sukarelawan dalam menentukan jenis saran lokal yang ingin dibuat. Perlu diketahui bahwa saran [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|dapat disasar]] berdasarkan jumlah suntingan penyunting atau berbagai karakteristik lain dari halaman yang sedang disunting. Sebagai referensi, tersedia pula [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|berbagai contoh dari komunitas lain]], termasuk TextMatch yang dapat mendeteksi kesalahan ketik, kesalahan tata bahasa, potensi konten promosi, penggunaan ungkapan klise, kesalahan penggunaan tanda pisah atau tanda hubung, kata-kata penunjuk waktu yang tidak spesifik, nama yang sudah tidak lagi digunakan, dan lain-lain. Segala bentuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|masukan]] sangat diharapkan. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada perkakas Penerjemah SVG (''SVG Translate''), yang sebelumnya menggunakan versi berkas yang sudah usang. Akibatnya, terjemahan yang sudah ada dapat tertimpa saat terjemahan baru diunggah. Masalah tersebut [[phab:T430577|kini telah diperbaiki]]. Secara keseluruhan, sepanjang triwulan April–Juni 2026, Wikimedia Foundation telah menyelesaikan sekitar 337 tugas yang diajukan oleh komunitas. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pada wiki yang telah menggunakan Parsoid, kini jumlah gambar yang dapat dihasilkan dalam satu halaman akan dibatasi hingga 1.250 gambar. Kategori pelacakan baru bernama "media-limit-reached" akan segera tersedia untuk membantu mengidentifikasi halaman yang mencapai batas tersebut. Dengan adanya kategori ini, halaman yang keluaran medianya mungkin dibatasi selama proses render akan lebih mudah ditemukan. Lihat [[phab:T430854]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut dan untuk menyampaikan masukan. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21 Juli 2026 05.46 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30836091 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-31</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Penerjemahan Konten]] (''Content Translation''), kini mendukung mode gelap. Pembaruan ini memenuhi salah satu [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|permintaan dari Daftar Harapan Komunitas]] dan membuat perkakas tersebut selaras dengan fitur aksesibilitas yang telah tersedia pada kulit Vector 2022 dan Minerva. Dengan dukungan ini, pengguna yang menerjemahkan konten dapat mengurangi kelelahan visual saat menggunakan perkakas tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * Mode sumber pada DiscussionTools dan penyunting teks wiki 2017 kini akan menyediakan fitur pelengkapan otomatis untuk pranala (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templat (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), tag HTML dan pengurai (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), dan kata magis (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>). Fitur ini membuat proses penyisipan pranala, templat, dan elemen markah wiki lainnya menjadi lebih cepat dan mudah ketika melakukan penyuntingan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca]] telah menyelesaikan eksperimennya mengenai pratinjau halaman pada perangkat seluler (''mobile page previews'') dan memutuskan untuk tidak meluncurkan fitur tersebut secara luas. Pratinjau Halaman (''Page Previews'') merupakan lembar tersembul di bagian bawah layar yang muncul ketika pembaca mengetuk pranala berwarna biru. Fitur ini menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka artikel, dan opsi untuk membuka artikel tersebut. Hasil uji coba menunjukkan tingkat retensi yang relatif datar dan metrik indikator yang negatif. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa pembaca Wikipedia melalui web seluler lebih memilih berpindah langsung ke artikel yang ditautkan daripada menggunakan pratinjau halaman. * Tim Pengalaman Pembaca memperoleh hasil awal yang menjanjikan dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|fitur Daftar Bacaan]] (''Reading Lists''), dengan 93% pengguna yang berpartisipasi melaporkan bahwa fitur tersebut bermanfaat. Fitur ini membantu pembaca aktif menyimpan artikel untuk dibaca kembali di masa mendatang dan mendukung tujuan pembelajaran mereka dalam proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Tim tersebut berencana melakukan peningkatan lebih lanjut sebelum memperluas penggunaan fitur ini kepada lebih banyak pengguna. * Inisiatif [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Penyegaran Jelajah Umpan]] (''Explore Feed Refresh'') telah diuji coba kepada pembaca baru dan pembaca kasual aplikasi Wikipedia. Tampilan umpan yang diperbarui ini membantu pembaca menemukan artikel baru yang relevan dengan lebih mudah. Setelah fitur tersebut menghasilkan peningkatan interaksi sebesar 10,5% pada penggunaan umpan, tim Aplikasi Wikimedia memutuskan untuk menerapkan desain ulang Umpan Beranda (''Home Feed'') pada perangkat iOS, dengan memanfaatkan pembelajaran dari peluncuran versi Android. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada fitur Panduan Artikel yang menyebabkan nama subjek ditampilkan dengan penggunaan huruf kapital yang keliru di Wikipedia bahasa Prancis kini telah diperbaiki. Nama subjek tersebut sekarang akan ditampilkan sesuai dengan aturan kapitalisasi yang berlaku dalam bahasa terkait. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Setelah melakukan serangkaian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Uji Coba Pembuatan Akun]] untuk meningkatkan persentase pengguna yang berhasil menyelesaikan proses registrasi, versi terbaru kolom nama pengguna pada halaman [[Special:CreateAccount|Buat Akun]] kini telah diterapkan. Versi terbaru ini menambahkan jendela sembul yang berisi [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|ringkasan kebijakan nama pengguna]], sehingga pengguna memperoleh panduan yang lebih jelas saat membuat akun. Sebagai bagian dari perubahan ini, pesan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> yang telah dikonfigurasi oleh beberapa komunitas tidak akan digunakan lagi. Jika komunitas ingin menyesuaikan panduan yang ditampilkan pada dialog sembul baru tersebut, mereka dapat menyunting halaman pesan-pesan berikut: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Mulai akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|penyorot sintaks CodeMirror]] akan menyediakan pilihan tema. Tema tersebut dapat dipilih melalui menu tarik-turun pada dialog [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|pengaturan lengkap CodeMirror]]. Untuk teks wiki, tema yang tersedia adalah: ''default'' (tampilan standar), ''colorblind-friendly'' (ramah bagi pengguna dengan buta warna; sebelumnya merupakan opsi preferensi buta warna pada [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]), dan ''no-highlighting'' (tanpa penyorotan sintaks). Untuk bahasa pemrograman seperti CSS, JavaScript, JSON, Vue, dan Lua, tersedia beberapa pilihan tema lainnya. Tema-tema yang sama nantinya juga akan tersedia untuk teks wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * Mulai sekarang, wiki dapat membatasi penyuntingan pada ruang nama "Pengguna" hanya kepada pemilik halaman tersebut dan kelompok pengguna tertentu. Silakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|membaca dokumentasi konfigurasi]] untuk mengetahui informasi lebih lanjut. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Juli 2026 18.49 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-32</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] telah mengembangkan sebuah ''[https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo]'' yang mengatur agar bilah perkakas halaman ditampilkan dalam dua baris ketika ruang horizontal tidak mencukupi untuk menampung seluruh tombol. Perubahan ini bertujuan mengurangi kesan sesak pada bilah perkakas Vector 2022, yang dapat terjadi di beberapa Wikipedia dalam berbagai bahasa pada lebar layar tertentu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * Tim Pengalaman Pembaca berencana meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Daftar Bacaan]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|salah satu usulan dalam Daftar Harapan Komunitas]], sebagai fitur penuh pada bulan September. Saat ini, fitur tersebut sudah dapat dicoba melalui versi beta. Menjelang peluncurannya, dibutuhkan bantuan para penerjemah sukarelawan untuk menerjemahkan [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate pesan-pesan antarmuka] ke berbagai bahasa. Fitur ini dirancang untuk mendukung kegiatan membaca sekaligus membantu pengguna mencapai tujuan pembelajaran mereka di Wikipedia. * Mulai pekan depan, daftar isi pada halaman berkas di Wikimedia Commons akan disempurnakan dengan menggabungkan daftar isi khusus halaman berkas ke dalam daftar isi utama halaman. Perubahan ini akan memudahkan pengguna memahami struktur halaman berkas, berpindah ke bagian tertentu dengan lebih mudah, dan membagikan pranala yang langsung mengarah ke bagian yang diinginkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:24}} {{PLURAL:24|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan sebagian gambar berformat [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] gagal dimuat setelah keluku (''thumbnail'') diklik, sehingga yang tampil hanyalah gambar rusak, bukan gambar berukuran penuh, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pemilih variabel dan fungsi pada AbuseFilter kini telah diperbarui dengan dukungan pencarian dan pelengkapan otomatis (''autocomplete''). Pembaruan ini memungkinkan para pengelola penyaring menemukan variabel atau fungsi yang diinginkan dengan lebih cepat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * Format video MJPEG dan VP8 telah dihapus dari pemutar video. Sebagai penggantinya, kini ditambahkan dukungan untuk format MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 2) yang mampu menyajikan video dengan kualitas lebih baik pada perangkat iPhone generasi lama. Proses pembaruan terhadap seluruh video yang sudah ada akan dilakukan secara bertahap dan diperkirakan memerlukan waktu beberapa pekan hingga semuanya selesai diperbarui. Sementara itu, format bawaan yang digunakan untuk perangkat modern tetap tidak berubah, yaitu VP9/WebM. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 3 Agustus 2026 19.46 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-33</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Kini [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|tersedia ChartWizard baru di Wikimedia Commons]] bagi pengguna yang ingin membuat bagan dari data mereka sendiri. Fitur ini membuat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|ekstensi Chart]] lebih ramah bagi pemula karena memungkinkan penyunting membuat berbagai jenis bagan, seperti bagan batang dan bagan pai, tanpa perlu menulis kode JSON. Bagi pengguna yang lebih memilih cara tersebut, tersedia pula opsi untuk beralih ke penyunting JSON kapan saja. Masukan dan tanggapan mengenai perkakas baru ini sangat diharapkan melalui [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|halaman pembicaraan usulan terkait]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:19}} {{PLURAL:19|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Salah satu contohnya adalah perbaikan pada gawit Gambar Pilihan Hari Ini di aplikasi Wikipedia untuk iOS. Sebelumnya, gawit tersebut menampilkan gambar yang sama setiap hari alih-alih memperbaruinya secara harian. Masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Gambar SVG untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|rumus matematika]] tidak lama lagi akan dihasilkan secara langsung di sisi peramban, bukan lagi di sisi peladen. Sementara itu, MathML akan tetap dibuat di peladen dan ditampilkan di peramban tanpa memerlukan JavaScript. Perubahan ini akan mulai diterapkan di Wikibooks pada 12 Agustus, di Wikisource pada 19 Agustus, dan di Wikipedia secara bertahap antara 20–27 Agustus. Anda dapat mencobanya lebih awal dengan memilih opsi "Penerapan MathJax di sisi klien" ("''Client side MathJax rendering''") di preferensi. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|penghentian penggunaan RESTBase]] dan [[phab:T431372|Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Halaman kategori akan segera mendukung pengurutan entri berdasarkan waktu saat halaman tersebut ditambahkan ke dalam kategori. Fitur ini akan mempermudah penyunting menemukan halaman yang baru saja dikategorikan maupun yang telah lama berada dalam kategori tersebut. Selain itu, alur kerja untuk kategori pemeliharaan, seperti daftar tunggu penghapusan dan berbagai tugas peninjauan yang bergantung pada urutan waktu, juga akan menjadi lebih efisien. Untuk menggunakan fitur ini, tambahkan argumen URL <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> pada tampilan kategori agar daftar diurutkan berdasarkan stempel waktu penambahannya.</span> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gawai]] dan skrip pengguna di wiki Wikimedia kini dapat memanfaatkan [[phab:T395347|fitur-fitur ES2018]] dan [[phab:T419142|ES2019]] dalam kode JavaScript. Sebelumnya, platform ini hanya mendukung hingga ES2017. MediaWiki akan tetap memvalidasi kode sumber untuk melindungi fungsionalitas dari kesalahan sintaksis dan memastikan bahwa skrip tetap berjalan dengan baik di seluruh [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|peramban yang didukung]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10 Agustus 2026 20.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-34</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Fitur Daftar Kerja]] perkakas Pendaftaran Acara kini telah tersedia di seluruh wiki Wikimedia. Dengan fitur ini, penyelenggara acara dapat menambahkan artikel-artikel yang akan menjadi fokus acara mereka langsung ke halaman acara. Daftar Kerja juga menjadi dasar bagi fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Jalur Acara]], yang akan memberi tahu kontributor lain mengenai acara yang akan berlangsung atau sedang berlangsung ketika mereka menyunting artikel yang tercantum dalam Daftar Kerja acara tersebut. Ini merupakan versi minimum yang layak digunakan (MVP), sehingga masukan dari pengguna sangat diharapkan. Para penyelenggara dianjurkan untuk mencoba fitur ini. Pelatihan praktik [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Lokakarya Penyiapan Daftar Kerja]] akan diselenggarakan pada 18 Agustus pukul 16.00 UTC dan 19 Agustus pukul 11.00 UTC. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[Special:ShortPages]] menampilkan halaman-halaman pendek berdasarkan ukurannya. Namun, dalam banyak kasus, halaman tersebut dipenuhi halaman disambiguasi dan pengalihan lunak sehingga artikel-artikel pendek yang sebenarnya menjadi lebih sulit ditemukan. Mulai akhir pekan ini, Anda dapat memilih untuk tidak memasukkan suatu artikel ke halaman khusus tersebut dengan menambahkan kata magis <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203] * Telah dirilis sebuah wiki baru: {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/id}} dalam [[d:Q3436680|bahasa Bole]] ([[w:bol:|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>w:bol:</nowiki></code></bdi>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921] * Mulai pekan 17 Agustus, bilah perkakas halaman akan ditampilkan dalam dua baris apabila ruang horizontal yang tersedia tidak mencukupi untuk menampilkan seluruh tombol. Perubahan ini merupakan tambalan yang telah [[phab:T429518|sepenuhnya digabungkan dari tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] dan bertujuan mengurangi kepadatan pada bilah perkakas Vector 2022, yang dapat terjadi pada beberapa Wikipedia dalam bahasa tertentu pada lebar layar tertentu. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:16}} {{PLURAL:16|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, pengunggahan berkas berukuran besar ke Wikimedia Commons kini menjadi lebih stabil dan lebih jarang mengalami kegagalan setelah sejumlah perbaikan dilakukan terhadap galat pengunggahan "''Could not acquire lock''". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Dukungan Jangka Panjang (''Long Term Support'') Debian Bullseye akan berakhir pada 31 Agustus 2026. [[phab:T434103|Sejumlah proyek Cloud VPS]] masih memiliki instans yang menjalankan Debian Bullseye. Pengelola proyek-proyek tersebut dianjurkan untuk bermigrasi ke Debian Bookworm atau Debian Trixie. Tersedia [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|panduan migrasi]] untuk membantu proses tersebut. Pengguna juga dapat mempertimbangkan apakah beban kerja mereka lebih sesuai dijalankan di Toolforge. Jika Anda memerlukan bantuan atau tidak dapat menyelesaikan migrasi sebelum 31 Agustus, silakan hubungi pengurus Cloud VPS sesegera mungkin. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Baca selengkapnya]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17 Agustus 2026 21.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30922806 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-35</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Halaman [[Special:CreateAccount|Istimewa:Buat akun]] telah disederhanakan sebagai bagian dari upaya berkelanjutan untuk memodernisasi pengalaman pembuatan akun. Panel yang menampilkan statistik proyek kini tidak lagi muncul di samping formulir, baik pada tampilan web desktop maupun seluler. Berbagai eksperimen pembuatan akun menunjukkan bahwa formulir yang lebih sederhana membantu pendatang baru menyelesaikan proses pendaftaran. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783] * Untuk meningkatkan kinerja halaman, gambar kini dimuat ketika gambar tersebut ditampilkan atau dilihat oleh pembaca. Dengan demikian, gambar yang berada lebih jauh di bagian bawah suatu artikel tidak akan dimuat apabila pembaca tidak pernah menggulir hingga ke bagian tersebut. Perubahan ini dapat memengaruhi sejumlah metrik yang berkaitan dengan gambar. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:42}} {{PLURAL:42|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya adalah masalah yang menyebabkan keluku pada Wikipedia Abstrak tidak dapat ditampilkan setelah berkas terkait dipindahkan di Wikimedia Commons. Masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. Keluku akan diperbarui dengan benar ketika berkas dipindahkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Kartu Informasi Pengguna adalah fitur yang membantu para pengawas melihat informasi mengenai akun pengguna. Selama ini, fitur tersebut hanya tersedia di tempat-tempat seperti riwayat halaman, log, dan perubahan terbaru. Kini, kartu tersebut juga dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|ditempatkan di dalam isi halaman]] dengan menggunakan fungsi pengurai <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{#uic:}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. Fitur ini dapat sangat berguna pada templat seperti [[:en:Template:Userlinks|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{Userlinks}}</nowiki></code></bdi>]] atau varian khususnya, karena akan memudahkan pengguna melihat konteks mengenai suatu akun pada berbagai halaman papan pengumuman. Kartu tersebut hanya akan ditampilkan kepada pengguna yang telah mengaktifkannya melalui [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferensi mereka]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466] * Karena adanya risiko terhadap keamanan dan privasi pengguna, akses ke URL <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> telah dinonaktifkan apabila URL tersebut secara khusus digunakan bersama <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. Jika Anda terdampak oleh perubahan ini, pertimbangkan apakah Anda dapat menggunakan pendekatan lain. URL <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> tetap dapat diakses dan digunakan tanpa <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. URL halaman pengguna tertentu, misalnya <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>User:Myusername</nowiki></code></bdi>, juga tetap dapat digunakan bersama <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386] * Sebagai bagian dari pembaruan, perangkat lunak untuk membuat keluku telah ditingkatkan. Pembaruan ini mencakup peningkatan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>librsvg</nowiki></code></bdi> ke versi 2.60 dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ImageMagick</nowiki></code></bdi> ke versi 7, serta penyelesaian sejumlah masalah lama dalam pembuatan keluku, seperti galat dalam proses perenderannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 24 Agustus 2026 20.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30961208 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-36</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Format baru Daftar Harapan Komunitas kini telah dibuka untuk mendapatkan masukan. Anda dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|membaca gagasan-gagasan yang diusulkan di Meta]]. Proses baru ini dirancang untuk meningkatkan cara harapan komunitas diseleksi dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan prioritas, dipungut suaranya, dan ditetapkan prioritas pengerjaannya, dengan cara yang transparan dan seimbang di berbagai kelompok proyek dan edisi bahasa. Konsultasi ini dibuka selama dua pekan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Rilis terbaru aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android mencakup pembaruan pada fitur Tersimpan, sehingga pengalaman menyimpan artikel di aplikasi kini lebih mendekati pengalaman di aplikasi iOS dan Web. Pembaruan ini mendesain ulang tab Tersimpan dengan tampilan "Semua artikel", menghapus daftar bacaan "Tersimpan" yang sebelumnya tersedia secara bawaan, mengganti nama daftar bacaan menjadi "Koleksi", dan memodernisasi pengalaman menyimpan artikel. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788] * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Daftar Bacaan]] telah diaktifkan untuk semua pengguna yang masuk log pada Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, dan Vietnam pada 25 Agustus, setelah tersedia sebagai fitur beta selama beberapa bulan. Fitur ini akan tersedia untuk semua pengguna yang masuk log di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, dan Indonesia pada 1 September, kemudian di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada 14 September, dan di seluruh wiki Wikipedia lainnya pada 28 September. * Pada akhir bulan ini, sebagian pembaca yang belum masuk log di Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Ceko, Persia, Inggris, dan Polandia, yang menggunakan kulit Minerva pada perangkat seluler, akan melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|bilah navigasi yang diperbarui]] dalam sebuah [[w:A/B test|uji A/B]]. Pengujian ini akan membandingkan bilah navigasi saat ini dengan versi baru yang dirancang agar pembaca dapat menemukan informasi dengan lebih cepat dan mudah. Tujuannya adalah mengetahui apakah perubahan tersebut mendorong pembaca untuk lebih sering kembali. Eksperimen ini tidak akan mengubah pengalaman pengguna yang telah masuk log dan/atau para penyunting. * Para penyunting yang mengelola pengalihan, templat, dan kategori yang digunakan pada halaman pengalihan kini memiliki cara yang lebih baik untuk menemukan dan mengelola pengalihan. Sebelumnya, halaman pengalihan tidak dapat dicari. Dua kata kunci pencarian baru, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>onlyredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>withredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi>, kini memungkinkan pengalihan dicari secara langsung dan dapat digabungkan dengan kata kunci yang sudah ada, seperti <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>incategory:</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>intitle:</nowiki></code></bdi>, dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>insource:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089] * Perangkat pencarian ISBN yang digunakan untuk membuat sitasi baru-baru ini tidak berfungsi karena terdapat masalah pada layanan eksternal. Para pengembang sedang mengupayakan solusinya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pencarian halaman berdasarkan kategori menggunakan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>deepcat</nowiki></code></bdi> tidak memberikan hasil atau justru memberikan hasil yang tidak berkaitan kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Domain URL untuk keluku berubah dari upload.wikimedia.org menjadi thumb.wikimedia.org. URL lama masih dapat digunakan untuk beberapa waktu ke depan, tetapi MediaWiki akan menggunakan domain baru tersebut dalam URL yang ditampilkannya. URL untuk jenis media lainnya, seperti berkas, video, dan hasil transkode asli, tetap akan disajikan melalui upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465] * Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] kini telah berstatus usang. Titik akhir API tersebut akan dihentikan sepenuhnya pada akhir September 2026. Para pengembang yang menggunakan titik akhir ini harus beralih ke solusi perenderan matematika alternatif, seperti [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] atau [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax] bawaan. Instalasi MediaWiki pihak ketiga yang menggunakan ekstensi Math untuk merender rumus diwajibkan melakukan peningkatan ke versi 1.43 atau yang lebih baru agar layanan tetap dapat digunakan. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Baca lebih lanjut mengenai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] dalam tulisan di Diff berjudul [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Saran penyuntingan khusus untuk setiap wiki: Bagaimana komunitas membentuk Mode Saran dengan TextMatch]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 31 Agustus 2026 20.52 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30990659 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-37</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Tambahkan Pranala]] telah ditingkatkan untuk pengguna Wikipedia bahasa Inggris dengan kemampuan mendeteksi pranala yang memiliki perbedaan penggunaan huruf besar dan kecil. Perubahan ini akan membantu mengurangi saran yang ambigu akibat perbedaan kapitalisasi dalam judul artikel, termasuk artikel tentang benda budaya. Tahap peningkatan kedua direncanakan akan dilakukan dan juga akan mempersiapkan fitur ini untuk dirilis dalam bahasa lainnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259] * Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Panduan artikel]] akan diaktifkan secara bawaan bagi penyunting pemula di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris Sederhana dan Wikipedia bahasa Turki mulai 10 September 2026, setelah sebelumnya melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|tahap uji coba]]. Penyunting pemula dengan jumlah suntingan 0 hingga 99 akan secara otomatis melihat fitur ini ketika mereka mengeklik pranala merah atau menggunakan opsi "[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]" di Wikipedia bahasa Turki untuk membuat artikel baru. Perubahan ini ditujukan untuk membantu pengguna baru dalam membuat artikel dengan kualitas yang lebih baik dan memenuhi standar setiap Wikipedia. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Peningkatan lebih lanjut]] akan terus dilakukan berdasarkan hasil eksperimen dan masukan dari komunitas. * Perkakas [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis], yang memungkinkan pengguna membandingkan jumlah kunjungan pada beberapa halaman, genap berusia 10 tahun pada tahun ini dan telah memperoleh sejumlah fitur baru. Fitur-fitur tersebut mencakup [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]], yang memberikan gambaran mengenai cara pembaca Wikipedia menjelajahi konten, statistik penyuntingan di [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], kemampuan [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&project=en.wikipedia.org mencari artikel yang termasuk dalam suatu ProyekWiki], dan dukungan untuk mode gelap. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549] * Bilah navigasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|Minerva yang disederhanakan secara visual]] sedang diuji kepada pembaca yang belum masuk log dan menggunakan tampilan web seluler di Wikipedia bahasa Bengali, Ceko, Inggris, Farsi, dan Polandia. Uji coba ini bertujuan mengetahui apakah penyederhanaan navigasi dapat meningkatkan retensi pembaca. Pengujian akan berlangsung dari 31 Agustus hingga 28 September dan pengguna tidak perlu melakukan tindakan apa pun dalam uji coba ini. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Harapan Teknis WMDE]] sedang mengupayakan peningkatan pada [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|nama referensi yang dibuat secara otomatis di VisualEditor]]. Penyunting hanya akan melihat sedikit perubahan mulai pekan ini. Saat nama referensi dibuat secara otomatis, penomoran akan dimulai dari <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:1</nowiki></code></bdi>, bukan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:0</nowiki></code></bdi>. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|halaman proyek]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704] * Semua wiki akan berada dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|kondisi hanya-baca selama beberapa menit]] pada 23 September. Hal ini dijadwalkan berlangsung pada pukul 14.00 UTC. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diterbitkan melalui Berita Teknis dan juga akan dipasang di spanduk setiap wiki dalam beberapa minggu mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:25}} {{PLURAL:25|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] salah menangani tag nowiki yang bersarang, sehingga konten dapat hilang dan teks yang tidak diinginkan dapat ditampilkan, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengurus antarmuka dapat mengatur gawai melalui [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. Format definisinya telah diperbarui dan kini tidak lagi memerlukan opsi <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi>, karena gawai selalu dimuat melalui <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi>. Perubahan ini menyederhanakan konfigurasi gawai dengan menghapus opsi yang tidak lagi diperlukan, sehingga definisi gawai menjadi lebih mudah dikelola oleh para pengurus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 7 Séptémber 2026 18.43 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31008437 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-38</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim Audiens Masa Depan (Future Audiences) telah memulai [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|diskusi di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]] mengenai usulan eksperimen baru untuk menampilkan pemberitahuan sementara tentang fitur [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Sumber Pilihan Google] kepada pembaca Wikipedia yang datang dari Google. Eksperimen ini bertujuan menguji apakah pemberitahuan tersebut dapat membuat pengunjung lebih sering kembali ke Wikipedia. Fitur Sumber Pilihan memungkinkan pengguna memilih situs web yang mereka percayai sehingga Google dapat menampilkan konten dari sumber-sumber tersebut secara lebih menonjol dalam Penelusuran dan berbagai pengalaman berbasis kecerdasan buatan. Kami tertarik untuk menguji fitur ini pada bahasa lain yang didukung Google dan menyambut bantuan untuk memulai diskusi di wiki lainnya. Jika berminat, silakan hubungi Tim Audiens Masa Depan melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|halaman pembicaraan]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Platform percakapan Discord sedang merilis kerangka kerja mandiri baru yang dapat digunakan oleh situs web untuk menentukan tampilan pranala mereka ketika dibagikan di Discord. Tim Audiens Masa Depan berencana mulai menggunakan kerangka kerja ini untuk meningkatkan tampilan pranala Wikipedia ketika dibagikan di Discord, sekaligus memberikan atribusi dan penghargaan yang lebih baik kepada para kontributor. Pada tahap pertama proyek ini, tampilan dan perilaku pranala tidak akan berubah karena kami ingin terlebih dahulu mengumpulkan data dasar untuk menilai dampak perubahan pada tahap berikutnya. Namun, jika anggota komunitas yang aktif di Discord menemukan masalah, mereka dapat melaporkannya melalui [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] atau [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Meta-Wiki]]. * <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca akan menjalankan eksperimen untuk menguji apakah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|pemadatan bagian pembuka artikel]] dengan menambahkan tombol "baca selengkapnya" dapat meningkatkan retensi pembaca. Pengujian akan dimulai pada 17 September di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Spanyol, Prancis, Indonesia, Italia, Jepang, Portugis, Vietnam, dan Tionghoa, serta berlangsung selama empat pekan.</span> * Semua wiki akan berada dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|mode hanya-baca selama beberapa menit]] pada 23 September. Hal ini dijadwalkan berlangsung pada pukul 14.00 UTC. Informasi lebih lanjut akan diterbitkan dalam Berita Teknis dan juga akan diinformasikan ke setiap wiki pada pekan mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] untuk Wikipedia mengembalikan galat HTTP 500, sehingga tidak dapat diakses, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengembang yang memelihara perkakas yang melakukan kueri terhadap tabel pranala Wikimedia Commons perlu memperbarui kode mereka agar terhubung ke gugus basis data x4 yang baru. Tabel pranala tersebut telah dipindahkan dari gugus s4 ke x4 dan tidak akan lagi menerima pembaruan di s4. Tabel halaman dan tabel pengalihan tetap tersedia di kedua gugus. Replika wiki untuk klaster x4 akan disiapkan setelahnya. Perubahan ini dilakukan karena gugus s4 telah berkembang terlalu besar untuk dapat dioperasikan secara efisien. [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di sini]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14 Séptémber 2026 15.30 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31039826 --> == Pamutahiran rohang ngaran == Upami dibandingkeun sareng Wikipédia basa sanésna, Wikipédia basa Sunda kalebet tinggaleun dina rohang ngaran (namespace/ruang nama) anu nuju dianggo. Sapertos rohang ngaran ''Gambar'' (''Image'') anu parantos digentos janten ''Berkas'' (''File'') sakitar taun 2008-an, numutkeun dina [[:id:Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi_(Teknis)/Arsip_(Jul-06)#h-Perubahan_kata_untuk_nama_namespace|usulan WBI taun 2006]] sareng [[:id:Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi_(Teknis)/Arsip/Desember_2008#h-File:|sawala ieu]]. Contona dina Wikipédia basa Jawa anu sami-sami dibuka taun 2004, rohang ngaran ''File'', anu sateuacanna ''Image'' téa téh, parantos digentos janten ''Barkas'' anu sateuacanna ''Gambar''. Aya deui Wikipédia basa Minangkabau anu dibuka taun 2013, rohang ngaranna parantos nganggo ''Berkas''. Ku margi kitu, sim kuring hoyong ngusulkeun perobihan sababaraha rohang ngaran. Di handap ieu nyaéta sababaraha rohang ngaran anu hoyong dirobih: * '''Gambar''' → '''Berkas''' (File/Berkas) * '''Obrolan gambar''' → '''Obrolan berkas''' (File talk/Pembicaraan Berkas) * '''Wikipedia''' → '''Wikipédia''' (Wikipedia) * '''Obrolan Wikipedia''' → '''Obrolan Wikipédia''' (Wikipedia talk/Pembicaraan Wikipedia) * '''Pembicaraan Modul''' → '''Obrolan modul''' (Module talk/Pembicaraan Modul) * '''Pembicaraan Acara''' → '''Obrolan acara''' (Event talk/Pembicaraan Acara) Upami anjeun aya pamanggih (pandapat) sanés, mangga dihaturanan pikeun ngadiskusikeun masalah ieu di dieu. Hatur nuhun [[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 26 Séptémber 2026 12.30 (UTC) :{{Ping|A2613|Badak Jawa|Deepturquoise|Ilham.nurwansah|Kumincir|Mirani Pramitasari|Mssetiadi|Oceanmuse|Pijri Paijar|Zulf}} kumaha numutkeun anjeun? [[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 27 Séptémber 2026 01.03 (UTC) ::Mangga, ngiringan we abi mah [[Pamaké:Oceanmuse|Oceanmuse]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Oceanmuse|sawala]]) 27 Séptémber 2026 10.47 (UTC) ::Boleh. Ngarah langkung ''update'' panginten. [[Pamaké:Deepturquoise|Deepturquoise]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Deepturquoise|sawala]]) 29 Séptémber 2026 04.18 (UTC) == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-39</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 23 September 2026, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 pukul 14.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menguji pencadangan saat pengalihan peladen pusat data, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|yang berlangsung dua kali setahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia dialihkan dari satu pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan untuk menguji ketersediaan layanan dan mencegah gangguan layanan, termasuk dalam situasi darurat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pertumbuhan menguji pemberitahuan baru setelah penyuntingan yang dirancang untuk mendorong [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|pengguna Akun Sementara agar mendaftarkan akun permanen]]. Pemberitahuan baru ini menggantikan beberapa kotak dialog dan pemberitahuan sambutan yang muncul secara bersamaan dengan satu pesan yang menyoroti manfaat dalam membuat akun. Eksperimen tersebut meningkatkan persentase pembuatan akun permanen dari 1,94% menjadi 3,66%, atau peningkatan relatif sebesar 87%. Perubahan ini selanjutnya akan diterapkan di seluruh wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551] * Bagi kontributor Wikipedia yang menggunakan [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur Beta "Mode Saran"]], kini tersedia [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|preferensi pengguna baru yang dapat diaktifkan secara sukarela]] untuk menampilkan pemeriksaan penyuntingan dan saran uji coba. Jenis-jenis ini tercantum di halaman [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]] dan ditujukan untuk pengujian awal oleh pengembang dan pengumpulan masukan dari pengguna berpengalaman. Pengurus dapat mengubah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|konfigurasi]] setiap saran seperti biasa. Pengurus juga dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|menggunakan fitur ini]] untuk membantu menguji gagasan komunitas mereka dalam hal pemeriksaan dan saran yang dibuat secara lokal. Jenis eksperimental akan memiliki tampilan visual yang lebih berbeda pada akhir minggu ini. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Masukan dari pengguna dipersilakan]]. * [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|Warung Kopi Teknis Eropa Tengah dan Timur]] telah diluncurkan sebagai ruang untuk diskusi teknis dan kolaborasi antarkomunitas Wikimedia di Eropa Tengah dan Eropa Timur. * Perkakas baru bernama [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]] kini tersedia bagi komunitas Wikipedia dalam bahasa-bahasa yang masih baru dan berukuran kecil. Perangkat ini menggabungkan tugas terpandu, perangkat, dan sumber daya untuk membantu komunitas memulai, memantau perkembangan, serta berkolaborasi dengan komunitas Wikimedia yang lebih luas. Starter Kit diinang di Wikimedia Toolforge dan dirancang untuk Wikipedia yang memiliki kurang dari 50.000 artikel. Pelajari lebih lanjut cara kerja Starter Kit dan bagaimana komunitas telah menggunakannya melalui [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|artikel Diff ini]]. * Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca meluncurkan pengujian ulang [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|eksperimen karusel gambar]]. Pengujian ulang ini akan menggunakan tiga versi desain baru yang telah diperbarui berdasarkan masukan komunitas. Tim tersebut akan menilai hasilnya dan bersama komunitas menentukan apakah fitur ini akan dilanjutkan atau tidak. Eksperimen akan dimulai pada pekan tanggal 28 September dan dilaksanakan di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, Inggris, Persia, Prancis, Jerman, Indonesia, Jepang, Polandia, Portugis, Spanyol, Swedia, dan Vietnam. * Setelah berhasil diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Bengali, Tionghoa, Ceko, Inggris, Prancis, Indonesia, dan Vietnam, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|fitur Daftar Bacaan]] dari tim Pengalaman Pembaca akan tersedia bagi seluruh pengguna yang telah masuk log di semua wiki Wikipedia mulai 28 September. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan skrip status mentor berulang kali memperbarui status mentor meskipun tidak ada perubahan, sehingga menghasilkan entri yang tidak diperlukan di Perubahan Terbaru, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * API kueri daftar <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi>, yang digunakan untuk mengambil informasi tertentu tentang penyaring penyalahgunaan yang aktif maupun historis dan dikonfigurasi di suatu wiki, telah diperbarui untuk mendukung parameter konfigurasi <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>formatversion=2</nowiki></code></bdi>. Pembaruan ini menyebabkan perubahan yang tidak kompatibel pada respons API. Semua pengguna yang memelihara skrip pengguna atau kode lainnya perlu memeriksa apakah mereka menggunakan API kueri daftar <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> dan menyesuaikan kodenya terhadap perubahan yang tidak kompatibel tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 Séptémber 2026 11.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31085309 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-40</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Pengguna yang memakai kulit bawaan Vector 2022 di web desktop atau Minerva di web seluler kini akan diberi tahu jika saran pencarian yang muncul saat mengetik berasal dari pengalihan halaman. Sebelumnya, pengguna mungkin bingung ketika saran pencarian teratas tidak sama persis dengan kata yang mereka ketik. Pemberitahuan baru ini menjelaskan bahwa saran tersebut tetap berkaitan dengan pencarian yang dilakukan. Halaman yang muncul dalam saran dapat berupa pengalihan menuju artikel yang paling relevan dengan pencarian. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013] * Pengguna Wikipedia yang belum masuk log dan mengakses versi seluler kini akan mulai melihat tombol penanda buku untuk menyimpan artikel ke dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|daftar bacaan]], menggantikan tombol Bintangi yang digunakan saat ini. Ketika ditekan, tombol penanda buku akan meminta pengguna untuk masuk log atau membuat akun agar artikel dapat disimpan dan dibaca kembali di kemudian hari. Eksperimen sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa ikon penanda buku empat kali lebih mungkin mendorong pengguna yang belum masuk log untuk membuat akun dibandingkan tombol Bintangi. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya untuk mendorong lebih banyak pembaca menjadi pemilik akun dan menggunakan fitur yang membantu mereka menyimpan serta kembali ke konten yang ingin dibaca. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769] * Pada 29 September, sebuah uji coba akan dimulai di Wikipedia bahasa Spanyol, Arab, Inggris, dan Prancis untuk menyederhanakan pengalaman yang diterima pengguna segera setelah membuat akun. Pengujian ini akan melihat apakah pengurangan hambatan dalam Survei Sambutan yang saat ini digunakan dapat membantu pengguna baru memahami dengan lebih mudah apa yang perlu dilakukan selanjutnya. Percobaan tersebut akan berlangsung hingga akhir Oktober. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] mengundang komunitas untuk mengusulkan topik yang perlu dipertimbangkan dan didiskusikan bersama Wikimedia Foundation. Kontributor dan kontributor teknis diundang untuk menyumbangkan topik ke [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|halaman pembicaraan dewan tersebut]]. * Mulai akhir minggu ini, komunitas akan dapat mengonfigurasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Pemeriksaan Suntingan dan Saran]] agar [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|ditampilkan di ruang nama tambahan]], seperti ruang nama <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Draft:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Masukan dari komunitas dipersilakan]]. * Terdapat kekutu pada [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] yang menyebabkan halaman tersebut gagal dimuat bagi pengguna yang memiliki perubahan yang belum dilihat di Wikimedia Commons. Para pengembang sedang mengerjakan perbaikannya. Sementara itu, pengguna yang terdampak dapat mengikuti langkah penyelesaian sementara yang dijelaskan pada bagian bantuan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|terkait]]. * Kata ajaib baru <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> kini tersedia untuk digunakan. Keduanya dapat mengubah pengurutan bawaan kategori sehingga didasarkan pada waktu suatu halaman dimasukkan ke dalam kategori. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] untuk Wikipedia tidak dapat diakses kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Pengalihan pusat data yang dijadwalkan pada 23 September telah ditunda. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|Latihan ekuinoks]] menunjukkan adanya masalah kapasitas yang membuat seluruh layanan tidak dapat dialihkan ke pusat data lainnya. Proses tersebut dihentikan sementara agar perhatian dapat dipusatkan pada penyelidikan masalah tersebut dan agar layanan kepada pengguna tetap dapat berjalan dengan andal. Latihan baru akan dijadwalkan. Sementara itu, seluruh lalu lintas dan penyuntingan tetap berjalan seperti biasa. * Pada 23 September, kehilangan daya sempat berdampak pada seluruh wiki dan menimbulkan masalah yang muncul secara berkala, baik dalam mode membaca maupun menyunting. Gerrit juga terdampak. Kejadian ini tidak berkaitan dengan penundaan pengalihan pusat data. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] telah diterapkan di mediawiki.org dan [[phab:T421436|sejumlah wiki dalam bahasa-bahasa India]]. Kami mengharapkan masukan mengenai produk uji coba ini. Produnto memungkinkan pengguna menggunakan modul Lua yang diinang di [[gitlab:repos/lua|GitLab Wikimedia]]. Perangkat ini menyederhanakan proses berbagi kode Lua antarpeladen wiki. Alih-alih menyalin setiap modul Lua satu per satu dari satu wiki ke wiki lainnya, pengguna nantinya dapat dengan mudah berbagi paket di seluruh wiki. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Lokakarya kolaborasi kode lintas wiki]] akan diselenggarakan secara daring pada 2 Oktober pukul 12.30 UTC. Acara ini akan mempertemukan para kontributor teknis dari Asia Selatan untuk mempelajari Produnto dan mulai mengujicobakannya di Wikipedia bahasa Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, dan Malayalam. Produnto merupakan pengelola paket untuk menerapkan modul Lua yang diinang di GitLab ke wiki Wikimedia, dan baru-baru ini diterapkan pada sejumlah wiki percontohan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 28 Séptémber 2026 10.48 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31092225 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-41</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Proses untuk Daftar Harapan Komunitas tahun ini [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|telah dipublikasikan]] setelah menerima masukan dari komunitas. Sesi pengiriman permohonan akan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|berakhir pada 8 November 2026]]. Pada tahun ini, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|kelompok kerja (kami membutuhkan bantuan Anda!)]] yang beranggotakan kontributor sukarelawan dan staf Wikimedia Foundation akan bekerja pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|tahap pengelompokan]]. Proses pengelompokan diharapkan berlangsung pada akhir November 2026. Masa pemungutan suara akan dimulai pada Januari 2027. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Penyunting yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|penyunting visual]] kini akan melihat peringatan ketika menempelkan teks yang kemungkinan pada awalnya disalin dari salah satu dari lima chatbot AI generatif eksternal ke Wikipedia. Fitur ini dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|Pemeriksaan Tempelan MBB]]. Fitur tersebut merupakan salah satu jenis [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Pemeriksaan Suntingan]] yang dapat diatur oleh komunitas. Pemeriksaan ini mencari penanda tertentu dalam HTML yang disalin dan tidak menggunakan pendeteksian tanda air pada konten. Suntingan juga akan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|diberi tanda]] sehingga dapat diperiksa lebih saksama oleh pengguna yang melakukan patroli. Fitur ini membantu pengguna baru menambahkan konten yang sesuai dengan kebijakan Wikipedia sekaligus memudahkan penyunting berpengalaman mengidentifikasi suntingan yang bermasalah. Komunitas yang memiliki kebijakan lokal mengenai penggunaan MBB dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|menyesuaikan teks peringatan dan kebijakan yang ditautkan]]. Tim tersebut [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|meminta maaf]] karena fitur ini diluncurkan tanpa memberikan waktu yang cukup untuk menerjemahkannya. * Penyunting kini dapat dengan mudah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|mengakses penyunting visual versi web secara langsung dari aplikasi iOS dan Android]]. Ketika membukanya, pengguna akan diberi pilihan antara penyuntingan visual dan penyuntingan sumber. Jika memilih penyuntingan visual, pengguna akan diarahkan ke jendela web seluler di peramban ponselnya. Setelah menyelesaikan suntingan, sebuah spanduk akan memberi pilihan untuk kembali ke aplikasi. Dengan demikian, pembaca dapat memberikan kontribusi dengan cepat ketika sedang membaca secara santai. * Pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android dan iOS kini akan melihat permintaan pembuatan akun satu kali setelah menggunakan aplikasi tersebut selama dua pekan berturut-turut. Permintaan ini akan menjelaskan manfaat memiliki akun. Fitur tersebut ditujukan untuk membantu lebih banyak pembaca yang hanya sesekali menggunakan aplikasi menjadi pengguna yang masuk log dengan akun dan kembali menggunakan aplikasi secara rutin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847] * Penyunting di [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|wiki grup 1]], termasuk Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, dan Wikisource, tidak akan lagi melihat pemberitahuan di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Perubahan Terbaru]] dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Daftar Pantauan]] ketika pranala ke versi bahasa lain dari suatu halaman ditambahkan, dihapus, atau diubah pada butir Wikidata halaman tersebut. Perubahan ini akan dimulai pada 5 Oktober pukul 07.00 UTC sebagai uji coba selama dua pekan untuk mengurangi pemberitahuan dalam jumlah besar yang bernilai rendah dan memudahkan penyunting untuk mengenali perubahan-perubahan penting. Penyunting yang mengandalkan pemberitahuan ini dapat membaca informasi lebih lanjut di [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|halaman proyek]] dan menyampaikan masukan atau kekhawatiran di [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|halaman pembicaraannya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:36}} {{PLURAL:36|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pembimbing yang telah mengundurkan diri dari program bimbingan masih dapat memiliki peserta bimbing yang ditugaskan kepadanya dan tetap menerima pertanyaan kini telah diperbaiki. Peserta bimbing kini akan dialihkan kepada pembimbing lain ketika seorang pembimbing meninggalkan program tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Wikimedia Brasil telah menerbitkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Kerangka Kerja Praktik Terbaik Pengembangan]] (ABPD). Panduan ini ditujukan bagi staf, kontraktor, dan sukarelawan yang membangun alat serta proyek teknis. Panduan tersebut mencakup siklus hidup proyek, keamanan, aksesibilitas, perlindungan data pribadi, dan penggunaan kecerdasan buatan yang bertanggung jawab. Panduan ini juga menjelaskan bagaimana pedoman yang berlaku di seluruh gerakan Wikimedia dapat disesuaikan dengan konteks lokal. Wikimedia Brasil mendorong afiliasi lain untuk menggunakan kembali dan menyesuaikannya. Baca informasi lebih lanjut dalam [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|artikel di Diff]]. * URL dasar kanonis baru untuk API Wikimedia akan segera diperkenalkan. Rute kanonis baru menggunakan pola <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/api/</nowiki></code></bdi> dan akan berfungsi sebagai jalur alternatif untuk API REST yang saat ini tersedia, misalnya <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/w/rest.php/</nowiki></code></bdi>. Kedua versi tersebut dapat digunakan untuk seluruh API yang sudah ada, tetapi struktur baru akan menjadi jalur yang diutamakan untuk modul API yang baru dibuat. Perubahan ini tidak akan menyebabkan gangguan bagi sebagian besar pengguna. Jalur yang sudah ada akan tetap tersedia untuk seluruh permintaan ke titik akhir yang telah ada. Namun, beberapa titik akhir dapat mengembalikan URL dengan pola baru di dalam isi respons. Perubahan ini akan tersedia terlebih dahulu di wiki uji coba, dengan peluncuran ke seluruh wiki diharapkan selesai pada akhir Oktober. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W41"/> </div> 5 Oktober 2026 18.51 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31098825 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-42</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Mulai 13 Oktober, wiki dapat mengubah pola baku [[:en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|nama referensi yang dibuat secara otomatis di VisualEditor]]. Saat ini, nama referensi tersebut menggunakan pola seperti <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ref name=":1" /></syntaxhighlight>. Dengan perubahan ini, wiki dapat menggunakan nama referensi yang lebih mudah dibaca dan didasarkan pada isi sumber sehingga lebih membantu kontributor yang menggunakan penyunting sumber, misalnya <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ref name="Miller2026-1" /></syntaxhighlight>. Pola nama referensi di VisualEditor dapat ditentukan melalui pesan sistem MediaWiki, JSON, templat, dan modul. [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite/VisualEditor reference names|Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia dalam dokumentasi terkait]]. Pengurus dapat mengaktifkan perubahan ini melalui [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Cite-VisualEditor-Autonames|konfigurasi komunitas]]. Perubahan ini merupakan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/W17|permintaan komunitas]] yang diwujudkan oleh tim [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Daftar Harapan Teknis Wikimedia Deutschland]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436255] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Subreferensi]] merupakan fitur baru MediaWiki yang memungkinkan para penyunting menggunakan kembali referensi dengan keterangan yang berbeda. Fitur ini akan diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada 14 Oktober dan di wiki Wikimedia Foundation lainnya paling lambat akhir Oktober, kemungkinan pada 21 Oktober. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|Pertanyaan yang umum ditanyakan di sini]] memuat daftar tindakan yang dapat dilakukan di wiki untuk mendukung penerapan fitur ini. Fitur ini merupakan [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|permintaan komunitas yang telah lama diajukan]] dan diwujudkan oleh tim [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Daftar Harapan Teknis Wikimedia Deutschland]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440243][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440304] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Perkakas Moderator]] akan menghapus tampilan daftar pada Daftar pantauan dan menjadikan tampilan catatan perubahan sebagai tampilan baku bagi semua pengguna. Sebelumnya, terdapat dua tampilan daftar pantauan bagi pengguna peramban web seluler, yaitu tampilan daftar yang menampilkan artikel-artikel yang dipantau dalam bentuk daftar, dan tampilan catatan perubahan yang menampilkan perubahan pada artikel-artikel tersebut dalam bentuk catatan. Pengguna dapat memilih tampilan melalui pengaturan Kontrol Seluler Lanjutan. Keberadaan dua tampilan ini menimbulkan kendala dalam pemeliharaan basis kode karena setiap tampilan memerlukan kumpulan kode tersendiri. Dengan menetapkan tampilan catatan perubahan sebagai tampilan baku, basis kode dapat disederhanakan dan kemungkinan terlewatnya berbagai kekutu dapat dikurangi. * Aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android sedang menguji fitur yang memungkinkan pengguna mendengarkan bagian pendahuluan artikel melalui umpan "Untuk Anda". Model pengubah teks menjadi suara akan membacakan teks artikel yang sudah ada tanpa menulis ulang atau menambahkan isi apa pun. Eksperimen selama 30 hari ini akan dimulai melalui aplikasi Wikipedia Beta pada minggu ketiga September, kemudian dipindahkan ke aplikasi Wikipedia Android biasa pada bulan Oktober untuk kelompok terbatas pengguna yang memenuhi syarat. Fitur ini akan tersedia bagi sebagian kecil pengguna aplikasi, yakni mereka yang menggunakan umpan berbahasa Inggris dan telah memilih sekurang-kurang satu topik yang diminati. Eksperimen ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk memberikan pilihan kepada pembaca aplikasi dalam mengakses isi sehingga keterlibatan dan retensi pengguna dapat ditingkatkan. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Pelajari lebih lanjut]] dan [[mw:Talk:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia|sampaikan masukan]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|Penyorotan sintaks CodeMirror]] [[phab:T288161|diaktifkan]] secara baku bagi semua pengguna yang belum masuk log dan pengguna yang baru mendaftar di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada 14 September. Karena belum ditemukan dampak merugikan, perubahan yang sama diusulkan untuk diterapkan secara global di seluruh wiki dalam beberapa pekan mendatang. Jika memiliki kekhawatiran atau masukan, atau jika wiki Anda tidak ingin mendapat perubahan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror#Enabling CodeMirror by default on all WMF wikis for newbies|silakan baca halaman bantuan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440077] * [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Penyuntingan pernyataan Wikidata melalui perangkat seluler]] untuk semua jenis data akan diluncurkan secara resmi pada 13 Oktober. Pada saat itu, fitur ini akan dihapus dari [[d:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] Wikidata dan tersedia bagi semua penyunting. Pengguna dapat [[d:Wikidata_talk:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|melaporkan kekutu dan menyampaikan umpan baliknya]]. * Pekan lalu, perubahan pranala antarbahasa dihapus dari umpan [[Special:RecentChanges|Perubahan terbaru]] dan [[Special:Watchlist|Daftar pantauan]] di Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikiquote, dan Wiktionary. Karena tidak ditemukan dampak merugikan, proyek [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata untuk Proyek Wikimedia]] berencana menerapkan perubahan ini secara global di semua Wikipedia. Penerapan dijadwalkan pada 13 Oktober pukul 07.00 UTC. Setelah itu, penyunting tidak akan lagi menerima pemberitahuan ketika pranala ke versi bahasa lain dari suatu halaman ditambahkan, dihapus, atau diubah pada butir Wikidata tersebut. Penyunting yang mengandalkan pemberitahuan ini dapat membaca informasi lebih lanjut di [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|halaman proyek]], menyampaikan masukan, atau meminta agar wiki mereka tidak mengikuti perubahan ini melalui [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|halaman pembicaraannya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440698] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan grafik pada fitur jumlah kunjungan halaman diperbesar secara tidak sengaja saat pengguna menyentuhnya ketika menggulir layar di perangkat seluler telah diperbaiki. Kini, fitur pembesaran grafik dengan klik-seret akan dinonaktifkan pada perangkat layar sentuh. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440075] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Terdapat tiga perubahan besar dalam hal berkas arsip data (''dump''). Berkas arsip konten lama yang statusnya ditetapkan untuk [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/E6D5EU4PMSTSOI2J7A46HJ3YW2W554CS/ dihentikan penggunaannya pada Januari 2026] kini akan dihentikan sepenuhnya. Pengganti berupa [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_Content_File_Exports Ekspor Berkas Konten MediaWiki] akan ditunda agar tim dapat menerapkan jeda pengaman sebelum peralihan tersebut. Berkas tersebut juga kini tersedia dalam format terkompresi 7zip. Pengguna perlu mengganti alamat URL yang digunakan untuk mengunduh berkas arsip data tersebut. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, jadwal, dan petunjuk migrasi, lihat halaman [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legacy_content_dumps_sunset Penghentian berkas arsip konten lama]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Lebih lanjut''' * Wikimedia Foundation menemukan aktivitas tanpa izin yang dilakukan oleh agen OpenAI di proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Aktivitas tersebut mencakup penyuntingan wiki, upaya mengeksploitasi perangkat pencatatan publik, dan lalu lintas otomatis dalam jumlah besar. [[diffblog:2026/10/05/openai-rogue-agent-activities-found-on-wikimedia-projects/|Baca tulisan blog di Diff]] untuk mengetahui perincian aktivitas tersebut dan tanggapan Wikimedia Foundation. '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Catat tanggal pelaksanaan Wikimedia Hackathon berikutnya! [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 Wikimedia Hackathon 2027] akan diselenggarakan di Tirana, Albania, pada 9–11 April 2027. Pendaftaran permohonan beasiswa dan sponsor staf saat ini [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ dibuka melalui Pretix] dan akan ditutup pada 30 Oktober 2026. Pendaftaran umum akan dibuka pada Januari 2027. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 Oktober 2026 07.39 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31142468 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-43</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Untuk mengukur dampak penerapan sejumlah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#November 2025: Ideas and feedback|fitur yang diminta oleh komunitas]] terhadap retensi pembaca yang belum masuk log, uji coba fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing|Korsel Gambar]] akan diluncurkan kepada pembaca yang belum masuk log. Melalui fitur ini, pembaca dapat menjelajahi gambar yang diunggah oleh komunitas dan dipilih oleh penyunting karena relevan dengan artikel tertentu. Uji coba ini akan dimulai pada 20 November. * Pemberitahuan uji coba akan ditampilkan kepada 0,5% pembaca perangkat seluler yang belum masuk log dan mengakses Wikipedia bahasa Inggris melalui Google. Pemberitahuan tersebut akan meminta mereka menambahkan Wikipedia sebagai [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/preferred-sources/ Sumber Pilihan di Google]. Uji coba ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pemberitahuan tersebut dapat meningkatkan retensi pembaca dan mendorong pengguna Google Penelusuran untuk lebih sering mengunjungi Wikipedia. Uji coba akan berlangsung pada 15–29 Oktober, kemudian dampaknya terhadap retensi pembaca dan jumlah kunjungan dari sumber lain akan dievaluasi. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:26}} {{PLURAL:26|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan [[quarry:|Quarry]] menampilkan galat "Akses ditolak" ketika pengguna mencoba menjalankan kueri SQL, sehingga kueri tidak dapat dijalankan sebagaimana mestinya, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440966] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Cog-icon-grey.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal kelanjutan]] Akibat kekutu yang telah lama ada, aplikasi yang menggunakan alur kredensial klien [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For_Developers|OAuth 2]] untuk bertindak atas nama pemiliknya diperlakukan seolah-olah belum masuk log. Masalah ini akan diperbaiki untuk aplikasi baru yang didaftarkan pada atau setelah Senin, 19 Oktober. Sejumlah aplikasi yang terdampak perlu didaftarkan ulang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420297] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Sebuah usulan untuk menyelenggarakan Wikimedia Hackathon setiap tiga tahun sekali, diselingi dengan hackathon regional, [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|telah dibagikan]] kepada komunitas. Usulan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji cara meningkatkan aksesibilitas acara tersebut bagi komunitas teknis di berbagai wilayah. Masukan mengenai usulan ini dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|halaman pembicaraannya]] sebelum 6 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19 Oktober 2026 14.37 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31178499 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-44</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/44|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Sebuah uji coba yang dimulai pada 29 September menguji [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Experience/Reading_recommendations|rekomendasi artikel]] bagi pemilik akun baru yang juga mengidentifikasi diri sebagai pembaca. Dengan menyarankan artikel untuk dibaca, seperti fitur rekomendasi dalam aplikasi Wikipedia bagi pembaca yang sudah masuk log, uji coba ini bertujuan mendorong pemilik akun baru untuk membaca dan kembali mengunjungi situs secara rutin. Sasaran akhirnya adalah meningkatkan jumlah kunjungan dari satu halaman Wikipedia ke halaman lainnya sebesar 1%. Baca usulan terkait di [[m:Community Wishlist/W505|Daftar Harapan Komunitas]]. * Sejumlah layanan Wikimedia dinonaktifkan sementara pada pekan lalu akibat [https://www.php.net/archive/2026.php#2026-10-20-1 kerentanan keamanan pada PHP]. Layanan tersebut perlu diperbarui sebelum dapat kembali diaktifkan dengan aman. Masalah ini tidak hanya berdampak pada gerakan Wikimedia, tetapi juga pada banyak situs web lainnya. Perkembangan penanganannya dapat dipantau di [[wikitech:Incidents/2026-10-21 PHP security update/Community|Wikitech]]. Layanan Cloud VPS dan Toolforge akan membutuhkan waktu lebih lama untuk kembali beroperasi guna memastikan bahwa aplikasi yang berjalan di kedua layanan tersebut tidak terdampak. Para pengembang perkakas dapat membaca perkembangan dan informasi lebih lanjut melalui [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/cloud-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ milis Cloud-announce]. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/21/impact-of-php-vulnerabilities-on-wikimedia-tools-and-services/][https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/21/impact-of-php-vulnerabilities-on-wikimedia-cloud-services/] * Pekan lalu, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|diumumkan]] bahwa uji coba fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Korsel Gambar]] akan diterapkan kepada pembaca yang belum masuk log untuk mengukur dampak penerapan fitur yang diminta komunitas terhadap retensi pembaca. Namun, karena ada masalah, uji coba tersebut akan dimulai ulang pada 26 Oktober, bukan 20 November seperti yang diumumkan sebelumnya. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[wikitech:KAPOW|Sistem pendeteksian bot]] baru akan diterapkan di wiki Wikimedia untuk mengidentifikasi lalu lintas otomatis yang menyamarkan diri sebagai kunjungan manusia dengan lebih baik. Penerapan sistem ini dapat menyebabkan perubahan mendadak pada statistik pengunjung mulai 26 Oktober. Perubahan tersebut juga akan berlaku surut hingga 20 Juni 2026. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Ekstensi Score]], yang digunakan untuk menampilkan notasi musik di halaman wiki, telah dinonaktifkan sementara di seluruh wiki karena masalah keamanan. Halaman yang terdampak akan menampilkan pemberitahuan sebagai pengganti notasi musik, tetapi kode yang mendasarinya tetap utuh. Penyunting tidak perlu melakukan tindakan apa pun, dan perbaikan sedang dikerjakan. Pengumuman terpisah akan disampaikan setelah ekstensi ini diaktifkan kembali. Baca informasi lebih lanjut di [[phab:T441579|Phabricator]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:18}} {{PLURAL:18|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Salah satunya adalah masalah yang menyebabkan penyorotan sintaksis CodeMirror tampaknya diaktifkan secara tidak sengaja bagi penyunting yang sudah memiliki akun. Masalah tersebut kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T441308] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 28 Oktober 2026, pukul [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1793199600 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan untuk pengujian pencadangan saat pengalihan peladen pusat data [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|yang berlangsung dua kali setahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia dipindahkan dari pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan untuk menguji ketersediaan layanan dan menjaga agar layanan tetap berjalan, termasuk dalam keadaan darurat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439703] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Pertemuan dan acara''' * Pendaftaran permohonan beasiswa dan sponsor untuk mengikuti [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 Wikimedia Hackathon 2027] akan ditutup pada Jumat, 30 Oktober. Kirimkan permohonan [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ melalui Pretix] sebelum batas waktu tersebut. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/44|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 26 Oktober 2026 18.56 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31199592 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-45</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/45|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Banyak perkakas Wikimedia dinonaktifkan sementara pada pekan lalu akibat [[:w:id:PHP2Shell|kerentanan keamanan pada PHP]]. Masalah ini berdampak pada banyak situs web di seluruh dunia. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Toolforge|Toolforge]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Cloud Services|Cloud VPS]] telah kembali beroperasi sejak 22 Oktober. Sejumlah perkakas penting juga telah dipulihkan secara bertahap. Beberapa perkakas masih memerlukan pengelola sukarelawan masing-masing untuk menjalankannya kembali. Sementara itu, perkakas lainnya masih perlu diperbarui ke versi PHP yang telah mendapatkan perbaikan keamanan. Beberapa perkakas masih menggunakan versi PHP lama yang tidak lagi didukung oleh pembaruan keamanan terbaru. Pengelolanya perlu meningkatkan versi PHP yang digunakan ke versi yang lebih baru. Proses ini mungkin memerlukan upaya tambahan. Perkembangan pemulihan ini dapat dipantau melalui [[:wikitech:Talk:Incidents/2026-10-21 PHP security update/Community#Exceptions|Wikitech]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Percobaan fitur pencarian baru yang bersifat opsional sedang berlangsung di aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android dan iOS pada Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, dan Jepang. Pembaca yang mengikuti percobaan ini dapat mencari informasi di dalam artikel dan membuka kutipan secara langsung pada artikel sumbernya. Fitur ini tidak menghasilkan jawaban ataupun ringkasan. Percobaan ini merupakan tahap pertama dari empat percobaan dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information%20Retrieval/Phase%202|Fase 2 proyek Pencarian Semantik]]. Kegiatan ini dimulai pada 22 Oktober dan berlangsung selama 20 hari. Masukan dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Readers/Information%20Retrieval/Phase%202|halaman pembicaraan proyek]] tersebut. * Tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future_Audiences|Audiens Masa Depan]] sedang merencanakan penerapan fitur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future_Audiences/Share_card|Berbagi Kartu]] di Wikipedia versi seluler. Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna membagikan kartu visual yang menarik kepada teman-teman mereka berdasarkan artikel yang sedang dibaca. Kartu tersebut memuat judul artikel, gambar, teks pembuka, serta keterangan atribusi terkait, dan dilengkapi pranala menuju artikel agar dapat dibaca secara lengkap. Para penyunting diundang untuk mencoba fitur ini dengan menambahkan <code dir="ltr">?useformat=mobile&sharecard=1</code> pada URL artikel mana pun selama 29 Oktober hingga 8 November. Masukan mengenai fitur ini dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:Future_Audiences/Share_card|halaman pembicaraan proyek]], sedangkan laporan kekutu dapat dikirimkan melalui [[phab:T439161|Phabricator]]. * Perender bawaan untuk rumus matematika akan diubah pada 2 November. Setelah perubahan tersebut, peladen akan mengirimkan rumus dalam format MathML, kemudian peramban akan menggunakan MathJax untuk menampilkannya. Perubahan ini merupakan tahap terakhir dalam proses penghentian penggunaan Mathoid dan RESTBase, yang dilakukan demi keberlanjutan dan keamanan. Pengguna dapat [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics/MathFormattingBugs|mengajukan pertanyaan atau melaporkan masalah]] mengenai perubahan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375238] * Apakah Anda memiliki gagasan untuk fitur baru atau menemukan kekutu yang perlu diperbaiki? [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Sampaikan usulan Anda untuk daftar harapan komunitas paling lambat 8 November.]] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:41}} {{PLURAL:41|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/45|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 3 Nopémber 2026 14.22 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31236748 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/46|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikipedia Apps team is preparing to launch Year in Review in early December. Year in Review gives app users a personalized recap of how they read and engaged with Wikipedia throughout the year. The team is looking for volunteers to help make it available in as many languages as possible. Translators can contribute through [https://translatewiki.net/ translatewiki.net]. For [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&action=translate&group=out-wikimedia-mobile-wikipedia-android-strings&filter=%21translated Android], search for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>yir</nowiki></code></bdi> under the "Untranslated" tab, and for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&action=translate&group=out-wikimedia-mobile-wikipedia-ios&filter=%21translated&optional=1 iOS], search for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>year-in-review</nowiki></code></bdi> under the "Untranslated" tab. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature that helps editors create articles that follow a Wikipedia’s policies, is now available on all Wikipedias. Administrators and interface admins can configure and expose it for editors to use via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/ArticleGuidance]]. A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Community Configuration|configuration guide is available]]. Visit [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|the project talk page]] to ask any questions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following the release of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to all Wikipedias in September, logged-in users will soon be able to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#October/November 2026: Custom collections and call to action|organize articles saved in their lists into customizable categories]]. This will enable readers to create collections and revisit saved articles based on their interests, potentially encouraging frequent visits to Wikipedia. The update will roll out to all Wikipedia users between November 9 and 16. * The Wikipedia Apps team is preparing to launch the first of two notification experiments for English Wikipedia readers on Android who have opted in to notifications. The three-week experiment will send notifications suggesting personalized Discover reading lists which are collections of Wikipedia articles recommended based on articles the reader has previously viewed. The goal is to understand whether these recommendations help readers discover relevant content and encourage them to return to the app. No action is required, and users can manage their notification preferences in the app settings. [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Notifications|Learn more and share feedback]]. * A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] was causing the page to fail to load for users who have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. The bug has now been fixed. If you temporarily removed <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>commons.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code></bdi> from your personal [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Global Watchlist settings]] due to the bug, you can restore it there. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439203] * A new Beta feature called "Home" will be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Home/Deployment|deployed to 10 Wikipedias]] for a limited test. This new feature aims to replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:Homepage</nowiki></code></bdi> for newcomers, with additional modules planned for the future to improve upon the current experience. If you want to participate in the test, please [[mw:Talk:Home|sign up]]. "Home" will be released to all users later this month. * On English and Russian Wikipedias, [[m:User:Alaexis/Source Verifier|Source Verification]] is now available as an experimental Suggestion for experienced editors within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion_Mode|Suggestion Mode]]. It uses an LLM hosted on [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing|LiftWing]] to try to check whether a cited source supports the claim it’s attached to. To try it out, please [[phab:T426359|see these testing instructions]]. If you are at another language Wikipedia and your community is interested in trying it out, please [[m:User talk:Alaexis/Source Verifier|express your interest]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where dates passed as blank parameters to functions in wikitext were incorrectly interpreted using the month-day-year format instead of the day-month-year format, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403884] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on 1 December 2026, hCaptcha will be required for edits made via the API by non-autoconfirmed users. If your tool, gadget, or user script makes edits on behalf of newcomer users, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/hCaptcha#November 2026: Completing hCaptcha rollout|see how to update it]]. * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2026 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations close on 22 November 2026. * Toolforge has introduced two new beta features. "Toolforge alerts" send email notifications when a tool becomes unavailable, returns errors, or restarts frequently. "Extended logging" makes it easier to investigate problems by providing logs for events such as job creation, deletion, and deployment failures through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>toolforge logs</nowiki></code></bdi> command. Both features are opt-in and help tool maintainers become aware of and resolve problems with their tools more quickly. Maintainers can [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Alerts|enable alerts]] and learn how to [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Running_jobs#Toolforge_logs|access extended logs]]. They are also encouraged to try the features and [[wikitech:Help:Cloud_Services_communication|provide feedback]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * A proposal to change how we currently organize the Wikimedia Hackathon [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|has been shared]]. It explores making the event more accessible to technical communities in different regions. Share your feedback on the proposal’s [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|talk page]]; the deadline has been extended to November 13th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 9 Nopémber 2026 10.33 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31249348 --> 4hhghwhcnlsx5kgir95n7zptt268w19 0 46023 731886 652264 2026-11-08T13:33:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tata ngaran dina [[biologi]]''' geus sababaraha kali ngalaman parobahan ti mimiti manusa nyatet rupa-rupa [[organisme]]. [[Plinius]] dina jaman kakaisaran [[Romawi]] geus nyatet sababaraha [[tangkal|tatangkalan]] jeung [[sato]] dina [[ensiklopedia]] anu dijieuna ku [[basa Latén]]. Cara méré ngaran [[organisme]], dina kabiasaan bangsa [[Éropa]] nepikeun ka kiwari tata ngaran ngagunakeun basa Latén.<ref>[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_nama_biologi Tata ngaran Biologi]</ref> ==Tata ngaran binomial== Tata ngaran binomial atawa binomial [[nomenklatur]] mangrupa aturan tetep pamakéan ngaran pikeun sakabéh [[organisme]] (mahluk hirup) anu mangrupa dua kecap (binomial hartina 'dua ngaran') dumasar kana sistem [[taksonomi]] biologi, ku jalan nyokot ngaran [[genus]] dituluykeun ku ngaran [[spesies]]na.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/binomial-nomenclature dictionary reference ditempo 7 Agustus 2015]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/binomial-nomenclature |title=oxforddictionaries ditempo 7 Agustus 2015 |accessdate=2015-08-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922031323/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/binomial-nomenclature |archivedate=2015-09-22}}</ref><ref>[http://study.com/academy/lesson/binomial-nomenclature-definition-classification-system.html Binomial nomenclature]</ref> Ngaran anu dipaké nyaéta ngaran anu baku diarah tina [[basa Latén]] atawa basa séjénna anu dilaténkeun. Anu ngamimitian kana ieu tata ngaran taya lian ti [[Carolus Linnaeus]]. Ieu aturan mimitina dipaké keur golongan [[fungi]], [[pepelakan]] jeung [[sato|sasatoan]], satuluyna dipaké waé keur golongan [[baktéri]] ogé. Sesebutan ieu disaluyuan minangka ‘ngaran ilmiah' ''(scientific name)'' atawa anu katelahna "ngaran Latén". Sok sanajan éta henteu sapinuhna bener, naon sabab sawaréhna ngaran anu aya téh lain maké basa Latén tapi maké ngaran anu pangheulana manggihan “pamanggih” atawa [[déskripsi]] (disebut deskriptor), tuluy waé dijieun maké basa Latén keun. [[Carolus Linnaeus]] méré alesan maké basa Latén, ku lantaran ieu basa henteu ngalaman parobahan nepi ka kiwari. Méré ngaran ka salah sahiji [[organisme]] kiwari aya aturan internasionalna nyaéta (ICBN ; ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'') dipaké tata ngaran pepelakan, sawaréh [[alga]], [[fungi]], ogé kerak lumut, jeung [[posil]] tatangkalan; aya deui (ICZN ; International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) ieu mah dipakéna kana tata ngaran sasatoan katut [[fosil]] sasatoanna. ==Hubungan Klasifikasi jeung Taksonomi== Klasifikasi ngumpulkeun dumasar kana sarua atawa henteu éta organismé dina klasifikasi biologi mah, spesies anu kaasup hiji kumpulan anu engkéna baris diklasifikasikan.<ref>{{Citation |last=Simpson |first=Michael G. |year=2006 |title=Plant Systematics |publication-place=London |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-644460-5 }}, p. 552</ref> Prinsipna, ngaran anu dijieun keur hiji spésies éta bener-bener bisa [[independén]] tina klasifikasina. Taksonomi kaasup di jerona ([[tata ngaran]] [[nomenklatur]] ogé [[klasifikasi]]. Dimimitian ku (sakapeung disebut "alpha taksonomi") ngajelaskeun ngaran tina spesies [[organisme]] hirup atau fosil.<ref name="Fortey">{{Citation |last=Fortey |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Fortey |year=2008 |title=Dry Store Room No. 1: The Secret Life of the Natural History Museum |publication-place=London |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0-00-720989-7 }}</ref> Ku lantaran kitu tata ngaran [[binomial]] mangrupa hiji bagian anu penting tina taksonomi ku sabab mangrupa sistem di mana spésiés dingaranan. Taksonomi meré aturan sajeroeun klasifikasi, kaasup prinsip-prinsip, [[prosedur]] jeung aturanna.<ref>{{Citation |last=Davis |first=Peter H. |author1-link = Peter Hadland Davis |last2=Heywood |first2=Vernon H. |author2-link=Vernon Heywood |year=1965 |title=Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy |publication-place=Edinburgh |publisher=Oliver & Boyd |lastauthoramp=yes }}, p. 8</ref> ==Tutumbu Kaluar== * [http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/index.html Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150922031323/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/binomial-nomenclature Binomial-nomenclature] {{pondok}} ==Sumber rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] kw0152gl7r8c9thtyhwqmhrrh16bmgk 0 48063 731964 629417 2026-11-08T17:13:38Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 Nambihkeun taxobox 731964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Lukut | fossil_range = [[Karboniferous]]–Kiwari | image = Lumut diatas aspal dimusim dingin diperancis paris.JPG | image_width = 280px | image_caption = Lukut dina aspal mangsa usum tiis di Paris, [[Perancis]] | domain = [[Éukariot]]a | regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]] | divisio = '''[[Bryophyta]]''' | subdivision_ranks = Kelas | subdivision = * [[Takakiopsida]] * [[Sphagnopsida]] * [[Andreaeopsida]] * [[Andreaeobryopsida]] * [[Oedipodiopsida]] * [[Polytrichopsida]] * [[Tetraphidopsida]] * [[Bryopsida]] | synonyms = * Musci <small>L.</small> * Muscineae <small>Bisch.</small> }} '''Lukut''' mangrupa anggota [[kingdom]] [[tutuwuhan]] (''Plantae'') nu pangbasajanana nu mangrupa wangun alihan antara ''[[Thallophyita]]'' atawa tutuwuhan talus jeung [[Cormophyta]] atawa tutuwuhan kormus.<ref name="ko">{{id}}[http://www.artikelsiana.com/2015/02/tumbuhan-lumut-bryophyta-ciri-ciri-klasifikasi-reproduksi.html Lumut] (diakses ping 2 November 2015)</ref> Harti tutuwuhan talus nyaéta can boga [[akar]], [[batang]], jeung [[daun]] sajati.<ref name="ko"/> Sedengkeun tutuwuhan kormus nyaéta tutuwuhan anu geus boga akar, batang jeung daun sajati.<ref name="ko"/> Lukut dipikawanoh ogé ku sebutan mosss.<ref name="ko"/> Umumna tuwuhan lumut bisa tumuwuh kalayan gampang di tempat anu lembab. Tutuwuhan lumut sipatna autrof, ku sabab miboga sél-sél dengan plastida anu ngahasilkeun klorofil. <ref name=":0" /> Awak lukut disimbutan ku lutikula lilin anu bisa ngurangan penguapan anu kaleuleuwihi dina awakna, ku kituna aya kamungkinan pikeun bisa adaptasi anu teu pati baseuh. Lukut kagolong salaku ''kormofita berspora'', sabab ieu tutuwuhan ngahasilkeun spora salaku alat réproduksina.<ref name=":0" /> == Struktur dina Lukut == * ''Kolumera'', nyaéta hiji jaringan anu teu bisa ilubiung dina sajumlah kawangunna spora. * ''Seta'' (gagang). * ''Apofisis'', nyaéta bisa dilegaan di bagian tungtung jeung bisa dilengkepan ku ''kotak spora'' kana ''transisi.'' * ''Vaginula'', nyaéta hiji akar anu ditutupan ku sésa dingding ''archegonium''. * ''Caliptra (kap)'', nyaéta bisa asalna tina hiji dingding ''archegonium'' luhur jadi ''kap kotak spora''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/bryophyta/|title=Bryophyta: Pengertian, Ciri, Klasifikasi, Peranan & Manfaatnya}}</ref> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{tutuwuhan-pondok}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] t2wcht7nlxzwy19mbnosticou05suyk 0 48155 731986 663346 2026-11-08T23:04:03Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Knee medial view.gif|thumb|Tuur Manusa]] '''Tuur''' mangrupa [[sendi]] pangbadagna dina awak jeung salah sahiji nu pangkompléksna.<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/lutut/ Lutut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904083003/http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/lutut |date=2015-09-04 }} (diakses ping 12 November 2015)</ref> Tuur mangrupa tempat panggihna antara [[tulang pingping]] (''femur'') jeung [[tulang kering]] (''tibia'') jeung [[tulang bitis]] (''fibula'') nu ditutupan ku batok tuur (''patela''). Tilu tulang éta saling nyambung jeung [[ligamén]].<ref name="hiji"/> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} {{Anatomi manusa}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategori:Sendi]] [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] 2nt0iolrvciu5lgo8utli5bbi8h09qy 0 48157 731981 654379 2026-11-08T22:46:24Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pingping''' dihartikeun salaku [[suku]] bagian luhur (tina [[tuur]] nepi ka [[tonggong]]).<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://www.deskripsi.com/p/paha Paha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315022304/http://www.deskripsi.com/p/paha |date=2016-03-15 }} (diakses 12 November 2015)</ref> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{Anatomi manusa}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] mqyg82fg47zot2lfpmbu27an8f55r2p 0 48158 731982 463016 2026-11-08T22:47:02Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731982 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bitis''' dihartikeun salaku bagian suku antara tuur jeung kuriling suku, di tukangeun tulang kering.<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://www.kamusbesar.com/4806/betis Betis] (diakses ping 12 November 2015)</ref> == Referensi == {{reflist}} {{Anatomi manusa}} {{pondok}} [[kategori:Anatomi]] c13i89nc8wlos1vcpdhjqd0wa6d52f3 0 48221 731975 496561 2026-11-08T22:32:15Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Scombe japo 130302-34442 tdp.JPG|thumb|Tonggong Lauk ]] '''Tonggong''' dihartikeun minangka bagian tukang [[awak]] ([[manusa]] atawa [[sato]]) tina [[beuheung]] nepi ka [[tulang buntut]].<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://kbbi.web.id/punggung Punggung] (diakses ping 14 November 2015)</ref> ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} {{Anatomi manusa}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] iut70l38n8pauk9wnr5vsnoh2jrzi7w 0 48486 731849 703493 2026-11-08T12:00:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:Semur Daging Kentang.JPG|jmpl|Semur Daging Kentang]] '''Semur''' nyaéta olahan [[daging]] anu dikulub ti [[Indonésia]] miboga kuah anu warna coklat lantaran dina prosés ngolahna maké [[kécap amis]], [[bawang beureum]], [[bawang bombay]], [[pala]] jeung [[cengkéh]].<ref name="hiji">[http://www.femina.co.id/kuliner/info.kuliner/asalusul.semur/004/002/67/Asal-usul Semur]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés 9 Désémbér 2015)</ref> Kécap amis anu dijieun tina [[kedelé hideung]] mangrupa bahan penting dina prosés ngolah semur lantaran méré cita rasa anu has dina olahan semur.<ref name="dua">[http://www.sarihusada.co.id/Nutrisi-Untuk-Bangsa/Aktivitas/Jelajah-Gizi/Semur-Adalah-Daging-Rebus-Khas-Indonesia#sthash.v4HffQ9m.dpuf/Semur, daging rebus khas Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716172354/https://www.sarihusada.co.id/Nutrisi-Untuk-Bangsa/Aktivitas/Jelajah-Gizi/Semur-Adalah-Daging-Rebus-Khas-Indonesia#sthash.v4HffQ9m.dpuf/Semur, |date=2025-07-16 }}(diaksés 9 Désémbér 2015)</ref> Ku kituna kualitas kécap jadi bungbu anu nangtukeun cita rasa semur.<ref name="dua"/> Bahan anu bisa dijieun semur lain ngan saukur [[daging sapi]] hungkul.<ref name="hiji"/> Lantaran kiwari semur geus loba variasina luyu jeung kamekaran jaman jeung kahayang masarakat kana kadaharan anu tuluy ngalaman kamekaran.<ref name="hiji"/> Dumasar kana daérah di Nusantara ngaran semur sok disebut dumasar daérahna, saperti [[semur Betawi]], [[semur Manado]], [[semur Malbi]], [[semur Lidah]] ti Bali, [[semur Daging ala Aceh]], [[semur Goreng]] ti Samarinda, [[semur Ternate]], [[semur Santan Maluku]], jeung sajabana.<ref name="tilu">[https://cookpad.com/id/cari/semur/Semur] (diaksés 9 Désémbér 2015)</ref> Sedengkeun bahan séjén anu sok remen dijieun semur salian ti daging loba rupana, di antarana [[semur tahu]], [[semur témpé]], [[semur endog]], [[semur kentang]], [[semur jéngkol]], [[semur cumi]], [[semur bandeng]], [[semur cékér]], jeung réa-réa deui.<ref name="tilu"/> Semur mangrupa olahan hasil akulturasi budaya lokal jeung budaya [[Walanda]] anu jaman baheula asup ka Nusantara.<ref name="opat">[http://female.kompas.com/read/2011/03/07/11460575/Semur Aslinya dari Belanda](diaksés 9 Désémbér 2015)</ref> Kecap semur asalna tina [[basa Walanda]] nyaéta ''Smoor'' anu hartina olahan anu kulub daging maké [[tomat]] dan [[bawang]] dina [[seuneu]] leutik.<ref name="opat"/> Olahan semur, numutkeun pakar kulinér [[Chef Ragil Imam Wibowo]], mangrupa persépsi bangsa Indonésia tina [[olahan tradisional Walanda]] anu ngaranna ''hachee''.<ref name="opat"/> ''Hachee'' mangrupa olahan daging kulub anu dipotong leutik, bisa ogé maké [[lauk]], [[daging manuk]], jeung [[sayur]].<ref name="opat"/> Samarana maké bawang jeung rasa [[haseum]] (biasana tina [[cuka]] atawa ''wine'').<ref name="opat"/> Sarta maké cengkéh jeung [[daun salam]] ditambahkeun kana kuah kaldu anu kentel.<ref name="opat"/> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia]] jk9g0385cnb3foby9abyzk1b283ulea 0 48895 731856 708835 2026-11-08T12:13:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{tarjamahkeun|Indonesia}} '''Silat Cimandé''' nyaéta salah sahiji aliran penca silat pangkolotna nu geus nagalahirkeun rupa-rupa paguron silat di Indonésia, jeung ogé di mancanagara.<ref>[http://m.merdeka.com/peristiwa/padepokan-silat-cimande-ternyata-didirikan-soeharto.html Silat Cimande] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827084351/http://m.merdeka.com/peristiwa/padepokan-silat-cimande-ternyata-didirikan-soeharto.html |date=2013-08-27 }}</ref> Loba vérsi anu medar ngeunaan ngadegna ieu penca silat. Sakumna komunitas Maénpo Cimandé mupakat ngeunaan saha nu nimukeun Maénpo Cimandé, nu ngarah ka [[Abah Khaér]] (aya ogé nu nulis Abah Kahér, Kahir, Kaér, jrrd.).<ref name="test">[http://pckinternational.com/history History of Cimande] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118113717/http://pckinternational.com/history |date=2013-11-18 }}</ref> Tapi anu jadi padungdengan téh ti mana asalna Abah Khaér jeung ti mana manéhna diajar Ménpo. Nurutkeun Bapak Rifai (Guru [[Penca Silat Cimande Panca Sakti]] di Jakarta taun 1993), penca silat aliran Cimande mimitina diciptakeun ku saurang Kyai nu ngaranna Mbah Kahir<ref name="Alexander,et.al.1979">{{cite book| title=Pentjak Silat: The Indonesian Fighting Art |author=Howard Alexander, Quintin Chambers, [[Donn F. Draeger]] |year=1979 |publisher=Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International Ltd.}}</ref> Mbah Kahir nyaéta saurang jawara penca silat anu dipigandrung. Dina pertengahan abad ka-18 (kira-kira taun 1760), Mbah Kahir mimiti ngawanohkeun ka murid-muridna jurus silat. Ku kituna, manéhna dianggap minangka guru mimiti silat Cimande. Pahlawan [[Batawi]] nyaéta [[Si Pitung]] dipercaya ogé asalna tina aliran paguron silat ieu. Mbah Kahir ogé miboga murid nu ngaranna Mbah Datuk jeung Mbah Jago ti Sumatra Barat. Tuluy duanana nyebarkeun silat Cimande di tempat asalna. Ku kituna bisa disebutkeun yén penca silat Cimande nyaéta dulur kolot ti Silek Minang anu asalna ti Sumatra Kulon.<ref>http://bola.liputan6.com/read/2188878/pencak-sunda-asal-mula-pencak-silat</ref> == Sajarah == Aya 3 versi utama anu mindeng dipadungdengkeun, nyaéta: === Versi Kahiji === <!--Ini adalah versi yang berkembang di daerah [[Priangan]] Timur (terutama meliputi daerah [[Garut]] dan [[Tasikmalaya]] dan juga [[Cianjur]] selatan). Berdasarkan versi yang ini, Abah Khaer belajar Silat dari istrinya. Abah Khaer diceritakan sebagai seorang [[pedagang]] (dari Bogor sekitar abad 17 sampai abad 18) yang sering melakukan perjalanan antara [[Batavia]], [[Bogor]], [[Cianjur]], [[Bandung]], [[Sumedang]], dan sebagainya. Dan dalam perjalanan tersebut dia sering dirampok, itu terjadi sampai istrinya menemukan sesuatu yang berharga.--> Ieu nyaéta vérsi anu mekar di wewengkon [[Priangan]] Wétan (utamana di wewengkon [[Garut]] jeung [[Tasikmalaya]] jeung ogé [[Cianjur]] kidul). Dumasar versi ieu, Abah Khaer diajar silat ti istrina. Abah Khaer dicaritakeun minangka saurang [[padagang]] (ti Bogor kira-kira abad ka-17 nepi ka abad ka-17) anu mindeng bubuara ka [[Batavia]], [[Bogor]], [[Cianjur]], [[Bandung]], [[Sumedang]], jeung sajabana. Jeung dina lalampahanna éta, manéhna mindeng dirampog, éta kajadian nepi ka istrina manggihan hiji hal anu gedé ajénna. Dina hiji waktu, nalika Abah Khaer balik sanggeus gadang, manéhna teu manggihan istrina di imah, padahal geus sareupna, jeung lain kabiasaan istrina ninggalkeun imah nepi ka burit. Dia menunggu dan menunggu, sampai merasa jeung kel dan khawatir, jeung kel karena perut lapar belum diisi dan khawatir karena sampai menjelang tengah malam istrinya belum datang juga. Akhirnya tak lama kemudian istrinya datang juga, hilang rasa khawatir, yang ada tinggal jeung kel dan marah. Abah Khaer bertanya kepada istrinya, "''Ti mana manéh?''" (Dari mana kamu?) tetapi tidak menunggu istrinya menjawab, melainkan langsung mau menempeleng istrinya. Tetapi istrinya malah bisa menghindar dengan indahnya, dan membuat Abah Khaer kehilangan keseimbangan. Ini membuat Abah Khaer semakin marah dan mencoba terus memukul, tetapi semakin mencoba memukul dengan amarah, semakin mudah juga istrinya menghindar. Ini terjadi terus sampai Abah Khaer jatuh kelelahan dan menyadari kekhilafannya, dan bertanya kembali ke istrinya dengan halus "''Ti mana anjeun téh Nyi? Tuluy ti iraha anjeun bisa Ulin?''" (Dari mana kamu? Lalu dari mana kamu bisa "Main"?). Akhirnya istrinya menjelaskan bahwa ketika tadi pagi ia pergi ke sungai untuk mencuci dan mengambil air, ia melihat Harimau berkelahi dengan 2 ekor monyet (Salah satu monyet memegang ranting pohon). Saking indahnya perkelahian itu sampai-sampai ia terkesima, dan memutuskan akan menonton sampai bérés. Ia mencoba mengingat semua gerakan baik itu dari Harimau maupun dari Monyet, untungnya baik Harimau maupun Monyet banyak mengulang-ngulang gerakan yang sama, dan itu mempermudah ia mengingat semua gerakan. Pertarungan antara Harimau dan Monyet sendiri baru berakhir menjelang malam. Setelah pertarungan itu selesai, ia masih terkesima dan dibuat takjub oleh apa yang ditunjukan Harimau dan Monyet tersebut. Akhirnya ia pun berlatih sendirian di pinggir sungai sampai betul-betul menguasai semuanya, dan itu menjelang tengah malam. Apa yang ia pakai ketika menghindar dari serangan Abah Khaer, adalah apa yang ia dapat dari melihat pertarungan antara Harimau dan Monyet itu. Saat itu juga, Abah Khaer meminta istrinya mengajarkan dia. Ia berpikir, 2 kepala yang mengingat lebih baik daripada satu kepala. Ia takut apa yang istrinya ingat akan lupa. Dia berhenti berdagang dalam suatu waktu, untuk melatih semua gerakan itu, dan baru berdagang kembali setelah merasa mahir. Diceritakan bahwa dia bisa mengalahkan semua perampok yang mencegatnya, dan mulailah dia membangun reputasinya di dunia persilatan. ====Jurus nu dilatih==== # ''Jurus Harimau/Pamacan'' (Pamacan<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZL04xliGzU</ref>, tetapi mohon dibédakan pamacan yang “''black magic''” dengan jurus pamacan. Pamacan ''black magic'' biasanya kuku menjadi panjang, mengeluarkan suara-suara anéh, mata merah dan lain-lain). # ''Jurus Monyet/Pamonyet<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-tIqW4YAw4</ref>'' (Sekarang sudah sangat jarang sekali yang mengajarkan jurus ini, dianggap punah). # ''Jurus Pepedangan''<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPgCaYTQDJ8</ref> (ini diambil dari monyet satunya lagi yang memegang ranting).<ref>[http://serbabeladiri.blogspot.com/2013/03/jurus-pencak-silat-cimande.html Jurus Silat Cimande]</ref> Cerita di atas sebenarnya lebih cenderung [[mitos]], tidak bisa dibuktikan kebenarannya, walaupun jurus-jurusnya ada <ref>[http://www.fightingarts.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=423148 Jurus of Cimande ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511203630/http://www.fightingarts.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=423148 |date=2022-05-11 }}</ref>. Maenpo Cimande sendiri dibawa ke daerah Priangan Timur dan Cianjur selatan oleh pekerja-pekerja perkebunan teh. Hal yang menarik adalah beberapa perguruan tua di daerah itu kalau ditanya darimana belajar Maenpo Cimande selalu menjawab "''ti indung''" (dari ibu), karena memang mitos itu mempengaruhi budaya setempat, jadi jangan heran kalau di daerah itu perempuan pun betul-betul mempelajari Maenpo Cimande dan mengajarkannya kepada anak-anak atau cucu-cucunya, seperti halnya istrinya Abah Khaer mengajarkan kepada Abah Khaer. Perkembangannya Maenpo Cimande sendiri sekarang di daerah tersebut sudah diajarkan bersama dengan aliran lain ([[Cikalong]], Madi, Kari, Sahbandar, dan lain-lain). Beberapa tokoh yang sangat disegani adalah K.H. Yusuf Todziri (sekitar akhir 1800 – awal 1900), Kiai Papak (perang kemerdekaan, komandannya Mamih Enny), Kiai Aji (pendiri Gadjah Putih Mega Paksi Pusaka, perang kemerdekaan), Kiai Marzuk (Maenpo H. Marzuk, zaman penjajahan Belanda), dan lain-lain. === Versi kedua === Menurut versi kedua, Abah Khaer adalah séorang ahli maenpo dari Kampung [[Badui]].<ref>[http://serbaserbi-cimande.blogspot.com/2012/05/mengenal-maenpo-cimande-pencak-silat.html Maenpo Cimande]</ref> Dia dipercayai minangka keturunan Abah Bugis (Bugis di sini tidak merujuk kepada nama suku atau daerah di Indonésia Tengah). Abah Bugis sendiri adalah salah séorang Guru ilmu perang khusus dan kanuragaan untuk prajurit pilihan di [[Kerajaan Padjadjaran]] dahulu kala. Kembali ke Badui, keberadaan Abah Khaer di Kampung Badui mengkhawatirkan sesepuh-sesepuh Kampung Badui, karena saat itu banyak sekali pendekar-pendekar dari daerah lain yang datang dan hendak mengadu jurus dengan Abah Khaer, dan semuanya berakhir dengan kematian. Kematian karena pertarungan di tanah Badui adalah "pengotoran" akan kesucian tanah Badui. Karena itu, pimpinan Badui (biasa dipanggil ''Pu’un'') meminta Abah Khaer untuk meninggalkan Kampung Badui, dengan berat hati, Abah Khaer pun pergi meninggalkan Kampung Badui dan bermukim di désa Cimande-Bogor. Tetapi, untuk menjaga rahasia-rahasia Kampung Badui (terutama Badui dalam), Abah Khaer diminta untuk membantah kalau dikatakan dia berasal dari Badui, dan orang Badui (Badui dalam) pun semenjak itu diharamkan melatih Maenpo mereka ke orang luar, jangankan melatih, menunjukan pun tidak boleh. Satu hal lagi, Abah Khaer pun berjanji untuk “menghaluskan” Maenpo nya, sehingga tidak ada lagi yang terbunuh dalam pertarungan, dan juga dia berjanji hanya akan memakai dan memanfaatkannya untuk kemanusiaan. Oleh karena itu, dahulu beberapa Guru-guru Cimande tua tidak akan menerima bayaran dari muridnya yang berupa uang, lain halnya kalau mereka memberi barang misalnya beras, ayam, gula merah atau tembakau minangka wujud bakti murid terhadap Guru. Barang-barang itupun, oleh Guru tidak boleh dijual kembali untuk diuangkan. Versi kedua ini banyak diadopsi oleh komunitas Maenpo dari daerah [[Jawa Barat]] bagian barat ([[Banten]], [[Serang]], [[Sukabumi]], [[Tangerang]], dan sebagainya).<ref>[http://pukulancimandeuk.blogspot.com/ Pukulan Cimande UK]</ref> Mereka juga mempercayai beberapa aliran tua di sana awalnya dari Abah Khaer, misalnya Sera. Penca Sera berasal dari Uwak Sera yang dikatakan minangka salah séorang murid Abah Khaer (ada yang mengatakan anak, tetapi paham ini bertentangan dengan paham lain yang lebih tertulis). Penca Sera sendiri sayangnya sekarang diakui dan dipatenkan di [[Amerika]] oleh orang Indo-Belanda minangka beladiri keluarga mereka. === Versi ketiga === Versi ketiga inilah yang "sedikit" ada bukti-bukti tertulis dan tempat yang lebih jelas. Versi ini pulalah yang dipakai oleh keturunan dia di Kampung [[Tarik Kolot]] – Cimande (Bogor). Meskipun begitu, versi ini tidak menjawab tuntas beberapa pertanyaan, misal: Siapa genius yang menciptakan aliran Maenpo ini yang kelak disebut Maenpo Cimande. Abah Khaer diceritakan minangka murid dari Abah Buyut, masalahnya dalam budaya Sunda istilah Buyut dipakai sebagaimana "leluhur" dalam [[Bahasa Indonesia]]. Jadi Abah Buyut sendiri mangrupa sebuah misteri terpisah, darimana dia belajar Maenpo ini, apakah hasil perenungan sendiri atau ada yang mengajari? Yang pasti, di désa tersebut, tepatnya di Tanah Saréal terletak makam leluhur Maenpo Cimande yaitu Abah Buyut, Abah Rangga, Abah Khaer, dan lain-lain. Abah Khaer awalnya berprofesi minangka pedagang (kuda dan lainnya), sehingga sering bepergian ke beberapa daerah, terutama [[Batavia]]. Saat itu perjalanan Bogor-Batavia tidak semudah sekarang, bukan hanya perampok, tetapi juga Harimau, Macan Tutul dan Macan Kumbang. Tantangan alam seperti itulah yang turut membentuk beladiri yang dikuasai Abah Khaer ini. Disamping itu, di Batavia Abah Khaer berkawan dan saling bertukar jurus dengan beberapa pendekar dari [[Cina]] dan juga dari [[Sumatera]]. Dengan kualitas ''basic'' beladirinya yang matang dari Guru yang benar (Abah Buyut), juga tempaan dari tantangan alam dan keterbukaan menerima kelebihan dan masukan orang lain, secara tidak sadar Abah Khaer sudah membentuk sebuah aliran yang dahsyat dan juga mengangkat namanya. Saat itu (sekitar 1700-1800) di Cianjur berkuasa Bupati Rd. Aria Wiratanudatar VI (1776-1813, dikenal juga dengan nama Dalem Enoh). Sang bupati mendengar kehebatan Abah Khaer, dan memintanya untuk tinggal di Cianjur dan bekerja minangka "''pamuk''" ( ''pamuk'' dalam [[Bahasa Sunda]] artinya Guru beladiri) di lingkungan Kabupatian dan keluarga bupati. Bupati Aria Wiratanudatar VI memiliki 3 orang anak, yaitu: Rd. Aria Wiranagara (Aria Cikalong), Rd. Aria Natanagara (Rd.Haji Muhammad Tobri) dan Aom Abas (ketika dewasa menjadi Bupati di Limbangan-Garut). Satu nama yang patut dicatat di sini adalah Aria Wiranagara (Aria Cikalong), karena dialah yang mangrupa salah satu murid terbaik Abah Khaer dan nantinya memiliki cucu yang "menciptakan" aliran baru yang tak kalah dasyat. Sepeninggal Bupati Aria Wiratanudatar VI (tahun 1813), Abah Khaer pergi dari Cianjur mengikuti Rd. Aria Natanagara yang menjadi Bupati di Bogor. Mulai saat itulah dia tinggal di Kampung Tarik Kolot – Cimande sampai wafat (Tahun 1825, usia tidak tercatat). Abah Khaer sendiri memiliki 5 orang anak, seperti yang dapat dilihat di bawah ini. Mereka inilah dan murid-muridnya sewaktu dia bekerja di kabupatén yang menyebarkan Maenpo Cimande ke seluruh Jawa Barat. Sayangnya ''image'' tentang Abah Khaer sendiri tidak ada, cuma digambarkan bahwa dia: "selalu berpakain ''kampret'' dan celana ''pangsi'' warna hitam. Dan juga dia selalu memakai ikat kepala warna merah, digambarkan bahwa ketika dia "ibing" di atas panggung penampilannya sangat ekspresif, dengan badan yang tidak besar tetapi otot-otot yang berisi dan terlatih baik, ketika "ibing" (menari) seperti tidak mengenal lelah. Terlihat bahwa dia sangat menikmati tariannya tetapi tidak kehilangan kewaspadaannya, langkahnya ringan bagaikan tidak menapak panggung, gerakannya selaras dengan kendang ("''Nincak kana kendang''" – istilah sunda). Penampilannya betul-betul tidak bisa dilupakan dan terus diperbincangkan." (dari cerita/buku Pangeran Kornel, legenda dari [[Sumedang]], dalam salah satu bagian yang menceritakan kedatangan Abah Khaer ke Sumedang, aslinya dalam [[Bahasa Sunda]], pangarang Rd Memed Sastradiprawira).<ref>[http://pencaksilat.wordpress.com/2008/05/23/cimande-riwayatmu-kini/ Cimande, Riwayatmu Kini]</ref> == Tujuan == Tujuan dari penca Silat Cimande ini yaitu untuk: # Terwujudnya kesadaran yang mendalam tentang jiwa penca silat Cimande sehingga dapat mengamalkan secara konsekuen. minangka insan hamba Allah, minangka insan Sosial Budaya, minangka insan penca silat Cimande, dan minangka insan [[Warga Negara]] [[Republik Indonesia]] berdasarkan [[Pancasila]] dan [[UUD 1945]]. # Terwujudnya keluarga besar penca silat Cimande yang taat dan saleh dalam melaksanakan ibadah sesuai dengan agama yang diyakini masing-masing. # Terwujudnya pembinaan [[tradisi]], adat istiadat dan ajaran yang mempunyai nilai-nilai luhur yang selaras dengan kehidupan dan tata kehidupan pancasila dan UUD 1945. # Terwujudnya sikap dan prilaku hidup sarta amal perbuatan keluarga besar penca silat Cimande yang berpedoman pada Taleq. # Terwujudnya dan terpeliharanya identitas anggota keluarga besar penca silat Cimande di mana saja mereka berada. == Taleq Cimande == penca silat Cimande adalah seni budaya bela diri yang mengandung nilai-nilai , norma-norma maupun perilaku yang di junjung tinggi dan diwariskan dari leluhur Cimande kepada generasi-generasi secara turun-temurun minangka hasil prosés sejarah dan mangrupa tradisi dalam kehidupan masyarakat keluarga besar penca silat Cimande berdasarkan taleq <ref name="Patzold2011">{{cite book| title=Self-Defense and Music in Muslim Context in West Java in Divine Inspirations: Music and Islam in Indonesia|author=[[Uwe Patzold]] |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538541-0}}</ref>. Didalam kehidupan keluarga besar penca silat Cimande , Taleq ini mangrupa kode etik yang harus ditaati dan ditepati oleh keluarga besar Cimande dengan sebaik-baiknya. Taleq Cimande minangka kebudayaan telah menunjukan nilai-nilai hidup dan makna susila yang berjiwa selaras dengan [[Pancasila]], mangrupa pendukung penghayatan nilai-nilai yang luhur dari [[Budaya Indonesia]]. === Taleq === # Harus taat kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya. # Jangan melawan kepada ibu dan bapak sarta orang yang sudah tua. # Jangan melawan kepada guru dan ratu (pemerintah). # Jangan judi dan mencuri. # Jangan ria takabur dan sombong. # Jangan berbuat zina. # Jangan bohong dan licik. # Jangan mabuk-mabukan dan menghisap madat. # Jangan jahil, menganiaya sesama makhluk Tuhan. # Jangan memetik tanpa izin mengambil tanpa minta. # Jangan suka iri hati dan dengki. # Jangan suka tidak membayar hutang. # Harus sopan santun, rendah hati,ramah tamah dan saling menghargai sesama manusia. # Berguru Cimande bukan untun gagah-gagahan, kesombongan, dan ugal-ugalan, tapi untuk mencari keselamatan dunia dan akherat. === Hakekat kepribadian Taleq Cimande === # Adanya kesadaran terhadap Allah SWT. # Memiliki kesadaran menjadi warga Negara yang taat dan patuh kepada pemerintah. # Mempunyai nilai-nilai hidup atau budi pekerti yang luhur dan makna kesusilaan. # Mempunyai kesadaran untuk memelihara kerukunan hidup, persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa, dan kerukunan dalam kehidupan beragama. === Hakekat insan pencak silat Cimande === # Insan yang beriman dan bertaqwa kepada-Nya. # Anggota masyarakat yang mengutamakan kekeluargaan dan gotong royong. # Warga Negara yang taat dan patuh kepada pemerintah. # Manusia yang beramal, menjunjung tinggi sarta menghormati adat istiadat yang telah turun temurun menjadi sendi-sendi kehidupan masyarakat dan bangsa , memelihara tradisi bangsa dalam rangka pelestarian nilai-nilai perjuanagan, menyesuaikan diri dengan kemajuan zaman dan mempunyai rasa tanggung jawab dalam menegakan kebenaran dan kéadilan rakyat Indonésia. Sebagaimana yang telah ditunjukan oleh generasi 45 Cimande pada waktu révolusifisik untuk menghancurkan penjajahan dari muka bumi Indonésia, telah berjuang mati-matian dengan semangat patriotisme yang tinggi, sehingga laskar rakyat Cimade telah disegani oleh lawan maupun kawan. == Sikap dan perilaku hidup == Taleq Cimande pada dasarnya mangrupa landasan falsafah minangka pegangan hidup keluarga besar penca silat Cimande.<ref>[http://www.indotalisman.com/silatcimande.html Traditional Pencak Silat Cimande Girang Walisongo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102124503/http://www.indotalisman.com/silatcimande.html |date=2020-11-02 }}</ref> Dengan pegangan hidup itu mereka dapat kuat tidak terombang ambing dalam perjalanan hidupnya, karena dengan falsafahnya itu jelas pula apa yang menjadi dasar tujuannya. Oleh karena itu sikap dan perilaku hidup insan penca silat Cimande berdasarkan taleq minangka berikut: ===Harus Taat dan Taqwa kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya=== Setiap insan penca silat Cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa minangka insan hamba Tuhan yang Maha Esa yaitu manusia susila yang beriman dan bertaqwa kepada-Nya, Pemeluk agama yang saleh mengakui adanya Tuhan, Kekuasaannya, Kéadilannya, dan hidup matinya berada di tangannya. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Bagi mereka yang beragama [[Islam]], wajib melaksanakan shalat lima waktu sehari semalam, melaksanakan perintah Allah dan Rasul-Nya, sarta menjauhi segala larangan Allah dan Rasul-Nya. # Bagi mereka yang bukan agama [[Islam]], wajib melaksanakan ajaran agamanya sesuai dengan keyakinan dan kepercayaan kepada Tuhan yang Maha Esa. ===Jangan Melawan kepada Ibu dan Bapak serta Orang yang Sudah Tua=== Setiap insan penca silat cimande hendaknya menyadari, bahwa mereka sejak dikandung dan dilahirkan sampai dewasa telah menjadi beban ibu dan bapak dan orang-orang tua lainnya, baik di dalam lingkungan rumah tangga maupun dalam lingkungan lainnya atau masyarakat. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # minangka anak yang saleh dan taat kepada ibu dan bapaknya sarta orang tua lainnya, karena orang tua lain mempunyai banyak pengetahuan dan pengalaman yang dapat di jadikan tempat bertanya disamping ibu dan bapak. # Tunduk dan patuh kepada kakak-kakak dan yang lebih tua, karena kakak atau yang lebih tua, kalu mereka pria maka akan dapat dijadikeun minangka pengganti bapak, sedangkan kalau wanita minangka pengganti ibu. # Ramah tamah dan setia kawan dangan yang sebaya karena mereka akan menjadi teman seperjuangan dan senasib sepenanggungan dalam menghadapi kesulutan hidup. # Ramah tamah dan baik hati kepada adik-adik dan kepada yang lebih muda , karena meraka akan dapat membantu bila diperlukan sewaktu-waktu. ===Jangan Melawan Kepada Guru dan Ratu (Pemerintah)=== Setiap insan penca silat Cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa [[Guru]] adalah sumber ilmu yang telah mengendap dalam pribadi masing-masing selama ini. Begitu pula mereka atau orang-orang yang suka memberikan petunjuk kejalan yang benar untuk keselamatan dan kebahagiaan di dunia maupun di akherat harus dianggap minangka guru, mereka harus mendapatkan perlakuan sebagaiman yang diberikan kepada guru. Pemerintah adalah pelindung rakyat memajukan kesejahteraan rakyat, mencerdaskan rakyat dalam kehidupan masyarakat dan lain-lain. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # minangka insan yang bermoral yang menjunjung tinggi sarta menghormati adat istiadat, harus taat dan patuh sarta mengikuti perintah dan petunjuk guru. # Mengikuti petunjuk-petunjuk orang yang membawa kejalan yang benar di dunia dan akherat. # minangka [[Warga Negara]] Kesatuan [[Republik Indonesia]] mematuhi dan mentaati segala ketentuan pemerintah, [[pancasila]] dan [[UUD 1945]]. ===Jangan Judi dan Mencuri=== Setiap insan penca silat Cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa judi dan mencuri adalah perbuatan yang dilarang oleh agama maupun pemerintah, karena perbuatan tersebut mangrupa pangkal kejahatan. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Menjauhi segala perbuatan yang mengarah kepada perjudian. # Mengendalikan diri dari keinginan mendapatkan sesuatu yang gampang. ===Jangan Ria, Takabur dan Sombong=== Setiap insan penca silat Cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa ria, takabur dan sombong adalah suatu perbuatan yang didorong oleh nafsu yang buruk yang mangrupa bujukan syetan, dalam pergaulan akan dibenci dan dijauhi teman, dalam masyarakat dapat menimbulkan perselisihan akibat ulah tersebut, akhirnya mengancam kerukunan hidup dalam masyarakat. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Selalu mawas diri, mengakui kelemahan dan kekurangan sendiri sarta untuk memperbaikinya. ===Jangan Berbuat Zina=== Setiap insan penca silat cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa berbuat zina dan memperkosa wanita adalah perbuatan yang tidak bermoral dan biadab melanggar kesusilaan dan ajaran agama yang mendapat kutukan didunia dan akhirat. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Hargailah derajat kaum wanita. # Mengendalikan hawa nafsu yang mengarah kepada pelanggaran kesusilaan. ===Jangan Bohong dan Licik=== Setiap insan penca silat cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa bohong dan licik adalah suatu perbuatan yang tidak terpuji, dapat menghilangkan kewibawaan dan kepercayaan orang , menimbulkan kesukaran dalam pergaulan dan menjadi rintangan dalam segala kegiatan, akhirnya akan menimbulkan frustasi pada diri sendiri. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Bersikap jujur dan loyal terhadap siapapun. # Bermusyawarahlah dalam menghadapi persoalan di dalam menyelesaikan suatau masalah. ===Jangan Mabuk-mabukan, Menghisap [[Madat]] dan Sebaginya=== Setiap insan penca silat cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa minuman keras, candu, ganja dan sebagainya dapat merusak keseimbangan tubuh, kesehatan jasmani dan rohani. Kemudian dapat mengarah kepada perbuatan kejahatan yang menggangu kéamanan dan ketertiban umum, sehingga mempengaruhi moral dan moril masyarakat dan bangsa. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Menjauhkan diri dari minuman keras, candu dan sebagainya. # Menghindiri dari keinginan untuk mencoba sekedar ingin mengetahui rasanya. ===Jangan Jahil Menganiaya Sesama Mahkluk Allah=== Setiap insan penca silat cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa jahil, aniaya terhadap sesame makhluk Allah adalah perbuatan yang tidak mempunyai rasa kemanusiaan dan merupak sikap yang tidak terpuji. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Tidak berbuat kasar, bengis dan sadis. # Mengendalikan hawa nafsu buruk. ===Jangan Memetik Tanpa Izin Mengambil Tanpa Minta=== Setiap insan penca silat cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa perbuatan tersebut walaupun sifatnya hanya iseng saja tidak didorong oleh kebutuhan yang mendésak, namun perbuatan itu hukumnya mencuri, maling namanya, hal ini bisa menimbulkan salah faham dalam hubungan kekeluargaan dan kerukunan hidup Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Jangan iseng tertarik oleh sesuatu, bila perlu terus terang. # Minta maaf bila sudah terlanjur. ===Jangan Suka Iri Hati dan Dengki=== Setiap insan penca silat cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa perbuatan iri hati dan dengki terhadap siapapun menunjukan seséorang yang tidak percaya akan kekuasaan, kéadailan dan kodrat Allah SWT segala sesuatau berada di tangan Allah, nasib, derajat, dan harkat manusia berada di tangannya. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Menyadari akan kodrat Allah SWT. # Berdo’alah kepada Allah untuk mendapatkan rahmat dan karunianya. # Menghilangkan rasa iri hati dan dengki terhadap manusia. ===Jangan Suka Tidak Mau Membayar Hutang=== setiap insan penca silat cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa meninggalkan hutang berlarut-larut sema dengan mematikan kehidupan orang lain dan mengancam penghidupan seluruh keluarganya. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Membiasakan hidup sederhana dan tidak boros. # Menyesuaikan kebutuhan dengan kemampuan. ===Harus Sopan Santun, Rendah Hati, Ramah Tamah Saling Harga Menghargai di antara Sesama Manusia=== Setiap insan penca silat cimande hendaknya menyadari bahwa sikap dan perilaku demikian di dalam pergaulan sehari-hari di dalam kehidupan masyarakt sendiri akan memupuk dan mengikat kéakraban , mempererat kerukunan, memperkokoh persatuan dan kesatuan , sedangkan pergaulan tersebut di dalam kehidupan dengan bangsa –bangsa lain akan menunjukan kepribadian bangsa Indonésia yang luhur dan berbudi. Sikap dan Perilakunya: # Silih asah, silih asih, dan silih asuh. # Pergaulan yang luwes, tidak menyendiri. # Tidak membédakan, harkat, derajat, sarta martabat seséorang, kesukuan dan golongan. * Berguru penca silat cimande bukan untuk gagah-gagahan, kesombongan, dan ugal-ugalan, tetapi untuk mencari selamat dunia dan akhirat Taleq yang terakhir ini sesungguhnya mangrupa amanah dari leluhur cimande kepada keturunannya dan kepada keluraga besar penca silat cimande, untuk diperingatkan kepada setiap orang yang berguru penca silat cimande, pertama-tama mereka harus beritikad demi keselamatn di dunia dan akhirat. Menyelewengkan taleq berarti mereka harus menanggung sendiri akibatnya, Setiap orang yang akan berguru penca silat cimande harus menyatakan kesetian dan kepatuhannya untuk mengamalkan taleq minangka berikut: ==Panca Setia== # Kami insan penca silat cimande yang beriman dan bertaqwa kepada Allah SWT. # Kami insan penca silat cimande yang patuh dan taat kepada pemerintah [[Republik Indonesia]], [[Pancasila]] dan [[UUD 1945]]. # Kami insan penca silat cimande yang patuh dan taat kepada ibu dan bapak sarta orang yang sudah tua. # Kami Insan penca silat cimande yang mengutamakan penggunaan penca silat untuk melerai diri demi kebenaran dan kéadailan. # Kami insan penca silat cimande yang setia dan menempati janji sarta mengamalkan dan mengamankan taleq cimande. Janji ini di ucapkan oleh setiap insan penca silat cimande uantuk menunjukan bahwa mereka berjanji untuk mengemalkan dan mengamankan taleq. Janji ini disebut "Janji Seti Insan Pencak Silat Cimande". == Jurus dan Teknik Beladiri == * Jurus-Jurus Dasar Silat Cimande: # Kelid # Selup # Pamonyet # Tungkup Selup # Serong Gigir # Tangkeupan # Bolang-Baling # Timpah Sabeulah # Timpah Dua # Buang Kelid Dibeulah # Sambeuran # Kelid Timpah Pamonyet # Pangerodan # Teke # Tewak Teke # Tewakan # Tewak Jero # Turugtug # Ajulan # Kelid timpah Potongan # Koreh Pamonyet # Timpah Tilu # Pakalah == Amal dan Perbuatan == Panca setia insan penca silat cimande bukan hanya dinyatakan dengan ucapan saja, tetapi harus diwujudkan dengan amal perbuatan dalam pengembangan dan pengamalan hakekat kepribadian taleq, amal perbuatan dalam lingkungan keluarga dan amal perbuatan dalam lingkungan [[masyarakat]], [[bangsa]] dan [[negara]].<ref>[http://gpsbcimande.wordpress.com/2009/07/28/books-pembinaan-pencak-silat-cimande/ Pembinaan Cimande]</ref> === Dalam Pengembangan Kepribadian Taleq === Dalam rangka pengembangan taleq secara perorangan dengan penuh keyakinan, berkewajiban untuk senantiasa berusaha: # Meningkatkan [[iman]] dan [[taqwa]] kepada [[Allah SWT]]. # Menghayati dan Mengamalkan taleq. # Memupuk Sikap mental yang mencerminkan kesadaran untuk turut mendukung penghayatan dan pengamalan sarta pengamanan taleq. === Dalam Pengamalan Kepribadian Taleq === Dalam rangka pengamalan kepribadian taleq agar mengutamakan kesederhanaan dalam: # [[Sikap]] dan tutur kata harus menggunakan [[bahasa]] yang baik, membiasakan diri berbicara dengan menggunakan [[Bahasa Indonesia]], [[sopan santun]] dan tahu menempatkan diri. # Cara berpakaian, tidak berlebih-lebihan sehingga memperlihatkan gejala-gejala menonjolkan diri ingin lain dari pada yang lain. # Kéadaan rumah tangga, disesuaikan dengan kéadaan lingkungan setempat, tidak menunjukan hal-hal yang dapat menimbulkan pandangan buruk (negatif). # Dalam pergaulan, ramah tamah, tidak menunjukan sikap menyendiri, selalu bersedia memberikan bantuan [[pikiran]], [[tenaga]],maupun [[harta]] sesuai kemampuan kita. # Perbuatan lainnya, mangrupa suri tauladan yang bersifat membangun dan bergotong royong. === Membina dan Memimpin Keluarga Sendiri === Dalam usaha membina dan memimpin keluarga dalam lingkungan sendiri ( anak, istri, saudara) agar berguna dan bermanfaat bagi masyarakat, bangsa, dan Negara, dapat ditempuh dengan langkah-langkah antara lain minangka berikut: # Memupuk, memelihara, dan meningkatkan keimanan dan ketaqwaan kepada Allah SWT sarta ketaatan menjalankan syarat-syaratnya dan amal ibadah sesuai dengan keyakinan masing-masing terhadap Allah SWT. # Memenuhi dan mencukupi nafkah lahir dan batin. # Mendidik dan membimbing anggota keluarga untuk hidup sederhana, hemat, tidak boros, dan untuk dapat mengingat hari depan. # Memelihara kerukunan dalam rumah tangga. # Pandai membagi waktu sehingga hal-hal yang mangrupa bagi kesejahteraan keluarga tidak diabaikan. # Senantisa memperhatikan kesulitan yang dihadapi keluarga, baik ''lahiriyah'' maupun ''bathiniyah''. # Memberikan suri tauladan yang baik terutama mental dan budi pekerti. # Memberikan tuntunan akan hal-hal dan kewajiban hidup di dalam masyarakat, bangsa dan Negara. === Dalam Lingkungan Masyarakat === Amal perbuatan insan penca silat cimande dalam lingkungan masyarakat mencakup banyak hal satu dengan yang lainnya saling mempengaruhi, kegiatan yang dapat dilakukan antara lain sabagai berikut: # Ikut sarta membantu usaha pemerintah dalam segala bidang pemwangunan. # Ikut sarta membina kesadaran masyarakat terhadap kesadaran bernegara berdasarkan [[Pancasila]] dan [[UUD 1945]]. # Ikut sarta dalam membina kéamanan dan ketertiban umum. == Ketentuan-ketentuan Umum == # Pusat Perguruan penca Silat Cimande yang disingkat P3SC berkedudukan di babakan tarikolot cimande lemah duhur, kacamatan [[Caringin]], kabupatén [[Bogor]], Provinsi [[Jawa Barat]]. # Ketua umum P3SC dipegang oleh séorang sesepuh yang tertua dari keturunan leluhur cimande. Dibantu oleh para sesepuh lainnya, sesuai dengan prosés sejarah kepemimpinan penca silat cimande yang dilakukan secara turun temurun. # Para sesepuh keturunan cimande dapat menerima calon siswa-siswa penca silat cimande ditempatnya masing-masing atas sepengetahuan ketua umum P3SC. # Para sesepuh keturunan cimande dapat mengirimkan guru-guru penca silat cimande ke perguruan-perguruan penca silat cimande diseluruh [[tanah air]] dan di luar negeri bila diperlukan dengan membawa surat perintah tugas dari ketua umum P3SC. # Anggota keluarga besar penca silat cimande yang bukan keturunan cimande yang sudah mempunyai kualifikasi penca silat cimande dapat mendirikan perguruan penca silat cimande dengan ketentuan tidak menyimpang dari taleq cimande dan ketentuan umum.Mendirikan perguruan penca silat cimande harus dapat pengesahan dari ketua umum P3SC, hal ini dilakukan demi terjaminnya pengamalan dan pengamanan sarta kelestarian nilai-nilai hakekat kepribadian penca silat cimande yanbg sesuai dengan taleq Cimande. # Perguruan penca silat cimande yang menghasilkan guru penca silat cimande berdasarkan penilaian memenuhi syarat kawlifikasi guru penca silat cimande dapat mengajukan daftar nama-nama yang diangkat kepada P3SC untuk dapat mengsahkan dari ketua umum P3SC. # Hal-hal lainnya yang belum tercantum dalam buku petunjuk dan ketentuan-ketentuan umum akan diatur kemudian dengan melalui musayawarah seluruh anggota keluarga besar penca silat cimande. == Lihat pula == * [[Daftar perguruan silat]] * [[Seni tradisional]] * [[Silek Minangkabau]] == Referensi == {{reflist|2}} == Bacaan lanjutan == * {{cite book| title=Pencak Silat in the Indonesian Archipelago |author= [[O'ong Maryono]] |isbn=9799341604 |year=2002}} * {{cite book| title=Weapons and fighting arts of Indonesia |author=[[Donn F. Draeger]] |date=1992 |publisher=Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Co |id=ISBN 978-0-8048-1716-5}} == Pranala Luar == * {{en}} [http://pckinternational.com/ Pukulan Cimande Kombinasi International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617141910/http://pckinternational.com/ |date=2013-06-17 }} * {{en}} [http://www.suwandaacademy.com Situs web Suwanda Academy] * {{en}} [http://www.cimande.com Pukulan Cimande Pusaka International] * {{fr}} [http://www.cimandefrance.com Cimande from France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305125447/http://www.cimandefrance.com/ |date=2021-03-05 }} * {{nl}} [http://www.pamurkombinasitjimandetkkdhb.nl/ Pendidikan PAMUR Kombinasi Tjimande] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618081545/http://www.pamurkombinasitjimandetkkdhb.nl/ |date=2013-06-18 }} * {{nl}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130908151915/http://cimande.nl/indexen.html Pencak Silat Cimande Rotterdam] [[Kategori:Seni béla diri]] [[Kategori:Seni Sunda]] m2dkqhnthzy8njpw84d2boksuil20fu 0 49820 731868 684825 2026-11-08T12:46:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox stasiun |width=1em |image=Stasiun Lempuyangan 2019.jpg |name=Lempuyangan |prov=Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta |kota=Yogyakarta |kacamatan kota=Danurejan |kelurahan kota=Bausasran |alamat=Jalan Stasiun Lempuyangan |kodepos=55224 |open=[[2 Maret]] [[1872]] |kode=LPN |tinggi=+114 m |line= |operator=[[Daérah Operasi VI Yogyakarta]] |notes= |peta=Indonésia_Yogyakarta |latd=7 |latm=47 |lats=24.71 |latNS=S |longd=110 |longm=22 |longs=31.6 |longEW=E |map_label=Stasion Lempuyangan |map_caption=Lokasi di [[Kota Yogyakarta]] |coordinates_display=it |caption=Stasion Lempuyangan, 2019 }} '''Stasion Lempuyangan''' ([[Aksara Sunda]]: ᮞ᮪ᮒᮞᮤᮇᮔ᮪ ᮜᮨᮙ᮪ᮕᮥᮚᮍᮔ᮪ atawa [[Basa Jawa]]: {{jav|ꦱꦼꦠꦱꦶꦪꦸꦤ꧀​ꦊꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦪꦁꦔꦤ꧀}}, ''Sêtasiyun Lêmpuyangan'') (kodeu: '''LPN''', +114 m) nyaéta stasion karéta api anu perenahna di [[Kota Yogyakarta]], [[Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]], berjarak ±1&nbsp;km di wétanneun [[Stasion Yogyakarta]], stasion utama di kota ieu.<ref name="Yogya">[https://www.gudeg.net Stasiun di Yogyakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418231426/https://gudeg.net/ |date=2016-04-18 }} {{id}} diakses tanggal 12 Maret 2016</ref> Stasiun anu didirikeun ti tanggal [[2 Maret]] [[1872]] ieu téh ngalayanan [[karéta api ékonomi]] anu ngaliwatan Yogyakarta, sedengkeun pikeun [[karéta api éksekutip]] jeung [[karéta api bisnis|bisnis]] dilayanan di [[Stasion Yogyakarta]].<ref name="Yogya"/> Stasiun ieu ogé ngalayanan [[Karéta api Prambanan Éksprés]] jurusan [[stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo]]-[[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]-[[stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan]].<ref name="Yogya"/> Di deukeut stasion ieu aya rél ka [[Balai Yasa Yogyakarta]], béngkél KA panggedéna di [[Pulo Jawa]].<ref name="KA"/> Rél antara Stasion Lempuyangan jeung Balai Yasa Yogyakarta mangrupa jalur nu unik, lantaran nembus imah-imah masarakat sarta ngahiji jeung gang-gang.<ref name="KA">[https://www.utiket.com/ke-stasion-lempuyangan-lpn Utiket.com: Ke Stasiun Lempuyangan]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{id}} diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2016</ref> == Karéta api == Karéta api anu eureun di stasion Lempuyangan di antarana:<ref name="KA"/> * [[Karéta api Singasari]]: jurusan [[Stasion Blitar]] jeung [[Stasion Pasar Senén]] * [[Karéta api Sri Tanjung]]: jurusan [[Stasion Banyuwangi Baru]] * [[Karéta api Bogowonto]]: jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén]] * [[Karéta api Progo]]: jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén]] * [[Karéta api Gajah Wong]]: jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén]] * [[Karéta api Bengawan]]: jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén]] jeung [[Stasion Purwosari]] * [[Karéta api Gaya Baru Malam Selatan]]: jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén]] jeung [[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng]] * [[Karéta api Kahuripan]]: jurusan [[Stasion Kiaracondong]] jeung [[Stasion Kediri]] * [[Karéta api Pasundan]]: jurusan [[Stasion Kiaracondong]] jeung [[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng]] * [[Karéta api Logawa]]: jurusan [[Stasion Jember]] jeung [[Stasion Purwokerto]] * [[Karéta api Prambanan Éksprés]]: jurusan [[Stasion Kutoarjo]] jeung [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan]] * [[Karéta api Joglosemarkerto]]: Karéta ''Looping'' Jawa Tenggah. Boh ka [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan]], boh ka [[Stasion Semarang Tawang|Semarang Tawang]] * [[Karéta api Sidomukti]]: jurusan [[Stasion Yogyakarta]] jeung [[Stasion Solo Balapan]] * [[Karéta api Jaka Tingkir]]: jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén]] * [[Karéta api Mataram]]: jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén]] == Jadwal == Pikeun jadwal, bisa ditingali di [https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiun_Lempuyangan Wikipédia basa Indonésia] == Tingali ogé == [[Stasion Yogyakarta]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{id}} [https://www.kereta-api.co.id/ Situs resmi PT Kereta Api Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207010112/https://www.kereta-api.co.id/ |date=2016-12-07 }} {{stasiun|Stasion Yogyakarta|Jalur karéta api Kutoarjo-Purwosari|Stasion Maguwo}} [[Kategori:Angkutan karéta di Indonésia]] {{stasion-stub}} r4lzydfltngj3a43s1cgurnfh0934rh 0 50266 731880 707214 2026-11-08T13:20:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{taxobox |name = Tali korang |image = Commelina_benghalensis_L._(9076588218).jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Monokotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Commelinales]] |familia = [[Commelinaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Commelinoideae]] |tribus = [[Commelineae]] |genus = ''[[Commelina]]'' |species = '''''C. benghalensis''''' |binomial = ''Commelina benghalensis'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>{{aut|[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linné, C. von]] & L. Salvius}}. 1753. ''Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus...'' [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/53/mode/1up Tomus '''I''': 41]. Holmiae :Impensis Laurentii Salvii.</ref> |synonyms = }} '''Tali korang''' disebut ogé '''géwor''' (''Commelina benghalensis'') nyaéta jukut/herba tina kulawarga ''Commelinaceae''. Kaasup kana gulma ku lantaran ngaganggu tur nurunkeun hasil panen, biasana kapanggih dina galengan [[sawah]], [[kebon]], tambakan [[balong]], sisi [[susukan]] sakapeung katempo ogé dina jajalaneun ka kebon atawa ka [[huma]].<ref name=heyne512>{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, K.]]}} 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'' '''I''': 512-3. Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta. (versi berbahasa [[Belanda]] [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten1922heyn#page/464/mode/2up -1922- '''I''': 464]</ref> ==Pedaran== Tali korang/géwor di saban daérah béda ngarana saperti : ''pĕtungan'' di [[Jawa]]; ''rĕbha moksor'' di [[Madura]]; ''fangalu'' di [[Minahasa]]; ''rulonga loötili'' [[Gorontalo]]. Dina basa [[Inggris]], Tali korang/ géwor disebutna ''Benghal dayflower, tropical spiderwort, wandering Jew,'' .<ref>{{aut|Quattrocchi, U}}. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms. Synonyms, and Etymology.'' CRC Press, 1999. p.594. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8</ref> Jukut ieu dianggap gulma pikeun pepelakan ku lantaran ieu tangkal bisa hirup subur utamana dina taneuh kebon ''"nematoda Meloidogyne incognita"'' di wewengkon Sahara [[Afrika]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], jeung sabagéan gedé [[Asia]]<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=COBE2 Tempat di mana kapanggih Tali korang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517034441/http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=COBE2 |date=2016-05-17 }}</ref> ieu jukut geus ngabalukarkeun turunna hasil tatanen utamana : [[sampeu]], [[kopi]], [[suuk]], jeung sajabana.<ref name=FTEA>{{citation|last=Faden|first=Robert B.|contribution=Commelinaceae|year=2012|title=[[Flora of Tropical East Africa]]|editor-last=Beentje|editor-first=Henk|pages=200–203|isbn=978-1-84246-436-6|place=Richmond, Surrey|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref> ==Ciri Mandiri== [[File:Commelina_forsskalaei_(Kanpet)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_0605.jpg|left|150px|thumb|Sadapur Tangkal Tali korang/géwor)]] Hirup di daérah anu mibanda ''iklim'' [[tropis]]. [[Tangkal]]na buleud leutik sagedé puhu [[nyéré]], nguyupuk luhureun [[taneuh]] panjangna kurang leuwih [[Méter|saméter]] nepi ka 2 méter, kelirna [[héjo]] tur mibanda buku jeung buluan, bukuna kalimpudan ku palapah [[daun]] anu kelirna semu héjo.<ref name="Ciri mandiri tali korang">[http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/14977 Ciri mandiri tali korang]</ref> [[Daun]] anu ngora mibanda bulu anu lemes, kelirna héjo ngora semu konéng di mana geus ngolotan dauna mibanda kelir héjo bagedod. Daun beulah luhurna katémbong kawas guguratan ngagambarkeun [[tulang]] daun anu aya beulah handapna. Wujudna lonyod jiga [[endog]] tur méncos ka tungtungnakeun, sisi-sisi dauna rata tungtung dauna ngararingkel, 2.5-7.5&nbsp;cm panjang, 1.5–4&nbsp;cm lébar.<ref name="Ciri mandiri tali korang"/> [[Kembang]]na bijil tina tungtung tangkal anu geus manjing déwasa, mibanda dua nepikeun ka opat palapah kelirna bulao, ditengahna aya benang sari 4 siki di mana unggal tungtungna mibanda kelir konéng ngararingkel beulah tungtungna saliwat mah kawas [[kukupu]]. Ogé mibanda putik sari tilu nepi ka opat, kelirna semu bulao tur ngajendul beulah tungtungna, buahna lonyod kelirna coklat, di jerona aya dua siki gedéna kurangleuwih ngan 2&nbsp;mm.<ref>[http://articles.extension.org/pages/62891/commelina-benghalensis-benghal-dayflower Buah Tali korang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114204011/http://articles.extension.org/pages/62891/commelina-benghalensis-benghal-dayflower |date=2016-11-14 }}</ref> [[Akar]]na semu [[coklat]] serabut nyeceb kana [[taneuh]] tapi henteu jero kurang leuwih 20 centi, akarna anu geus kolot bakal ngaluarkeun beuti kelirna semu [[bodas]], nyatina ieu beuti dinawaktuna bakal bijil sirung jeung akaran, saterusna hirup ngagedéan nepika jadi talikorang/gewor déwasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp |title=Cara Tali korang ngarekahan |accessdate=2014-03-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092043/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp |archivedate=2014-04-07}}</ref> ==Mangpaat== Mangrupa bahan tambahan pikeun parab ingon-ingon kayaning [[domba]], [[embé]], [[sapi]], [[kelenci]] jeung réa-réa deui, ieu jukut bisa dipanén deui dina mangsa genep minggu nepikeun ka 14 minggu ti saprak diarit atawa dibabad. Tali korang mibanda cukup nutrisi pikeun panambah ''suplemen'' parab.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL&_method=list&_ArticleListID=-977477222&_sort=r&_st=13&view=c&md5=c3feabcb09d73c0d42965a41b4d7931c&searchtype=a Suplemen tambahan pikeun parab ingon-ingon]</ref>. Daun tali korang kacida hadéna pikeun ngubaran raheut, [[bisul]], karinget buntet, jarawat. ku jalan ngarieus dauna nepi ka lembut tuluy waé ditaplokkeun dina tempat anu raheut atawa bisul tadi. Bisa ogé dipaké ngubaran galingging ku jalan ngagodog daun tali korang kurang leuwih 7 lambar dicampur maké [[pedes]] jeung siki [[jinten]], sanggeus tiis tuluy diinum.<ref name="web1">[http://www.wildturmeric.net/2015/10/medicinal-uses-of-commelina-benghalensis-wandering-jew-weed.html Dimangpaatkeu pikeun ubar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026022816/http://www.wildturmeric.net/2015/10/medicinal-uses-of-commelina-benghalensis-wandering-jew-weed.html |date=2015-10-26 }}(Ditempo 19 April 2016)</ref> <gallery> File:Commelina_benghalensis_L._(4783363530).jpg|Tangkal Tali korang/géwor File:Commelina_benghalensis_Krish.jpg|Daun Tali korang/Géwor File:Commelina_benghalensis_(tropical_spiderwort)_at_Madhurawada.JPG|Kembang keur mangkak File:Commelina_benghalensis_L._(9074629297).jpg|Akar Tali korang File:Commelina benghalensis inflorescence Layton 170 XTBG.JPG|Daun jeung kembang tali korang File:Starr_030202-0011_Commelina_benghalensis.jpg|Dina sela-sela batu </gallery> ==Tutumbu kaluar== *[http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=377 Tangkal Tali korang] *[http://articles.extension.org/pages/62891/commelina-benghalensis-benghal-dayflower Buah Tali korang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114204011/http://articles.extension.org/pages/62891/commelina-benghalensis-benghal-dayflower |date=2016-11-14 }} *[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=xGZNGMTyjOMC&pg=PA523&lpg=PA523&dq=commelina+benghalensis+medicinal+uses&source=bl&ots=Msbl_xLhu-&sig=xB6lgA4HNTLzBEVwyZuh8kBIOVA&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCvLbt7ZrMAhXNVI4KHW7OBIoQ6AEITTAG#v=onepage&q=commelina%20benghalensis%20medicinal%20uses&f=false Tali korang pikeun ubar] ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Jukut]] [[Kategori:Ubar]] [[Kategori:Poaceae]] [[Kategori:Commelinaceae]] ke0y078zjoqpz0evspvbsa05nkp0qzm 0 50309 731902 681044 2026-11-08T14:06:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Schmied_in_Buanurac,_Loi-Huno_2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ubunan keur dipaké niup ruhak [[areng]] sangkan hurung, di Belu NTT]] '''Ububan''' disebut ogé '''puputan''' nyaéta pakakas [[gosali]] paranti niup [[piruruh]]/parapén sangkan seuneuna tetep hurung. Baheula ububan dijieun tina tangkal [[jambé]] ku jalan dikorowék tengahna tuluy dipiceun jeroanana, kiwari biasana dijieun tina bahan [[séng]] anu dibuleudkeun panjangna kira-kira satangtung, jumlahna aya dua [[kénca]] jeung [[katuhu]], cara makéna kawas [[kopa]], hawana anu kaluar keur niup [[ruhak]] areng anu aya dina parapén. Aya deui nu maké lambusan, nyaéta [[kantong]] hawa anu dijieun tina [[kulit]], hawana disebrotkeun kana parapén, sangkan seuneuna tetep hurung. Lambusan tukang patri mah dijieun siga kipas angin, diputerkeun ku leungeun, kawas [[kincir]]. Kiwari ububan geus réa anu diganti maké kincir mesin (''blower'') ngagunakeun tanaga [[listrik]], angin anu disebrot keun leuwih mayeng jeung lila. <ref>[http://rumahbacabukusunda.blogspot.co.id/2009/02/panday-dulu-dan-kini.html Panday dulu dan kini, Ditempo 1 Mei 2016]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=MsLiCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=ububan+pandai+besi&source=bl&ots=xWD_Gt6xcL&sig=jmkJTGd_St5cnicPLZpQuXso4A4&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFkb2s5bjMAhXHCo4KHZmUAUE4FBDoAQgnMAM#v=onepage&q=ububan%20pandai%20besi&f=false Candi Indonesia, ISBN No.: 978-602-17669-3-4, Ditempo 1 Mei 2016]</ref> ==Pedaran== [[File:Bellows 2 (PSF) generalized.png|150px|thumb|left|Cara gawé lambusan]] Ububan ngaluarkeun [[angin]] anu ditiupkeun kana parapén, baheula ububan dijieu tina [[kulit]] anu dirapétkeun jeung papan [[kai]] anu aya gagangan [[kénca]] jeung [[katuhu]], dibeulah hareupna aya deui solobong paranti ngaluarkeun hawa/angin, ku jalan ngadedetkeun papan kugagangna sangkan [[angin]] kaluar, mangsana geus kempés geuwat gagangna diangkat deui sangkan kaeusian deui ku [[hawa]] anu asup tina liang anu séjén, di mana geus kembu tuluy di dedetkeun deui ngarah kaluar hawana. kitu jeung kitu cara gawé ububan tina kulit (lambusan).<ref>[http://kbbi.web.id/ubub Ububan hartina, Ditempo 1 Mei 2016]</ref> Aya deui ububan anu dijieun tina tangkal jambé anu geus diberesihan jeroan tangkalna, atawa tina [[beusi]] ipis atawa [[séng]] anu dijieun sapuratina ngawangun [[pipah]] anu ukurana sarua kénca jeung katuhu. Makéna ku jalan ieu dua pipah saméméhna diasupan ''bantalan'' buleud maké gagang panyepengan pikeun narik jeung ngadedetkeun, ieu bantal ngarah mendet hawa henteu balik deui ka luhur mangsana didetetkeun ka handap ngaluarkeun hawa, dina waktu anu sarua ububan anu hiji deui bantalana diangkat ka luhur sangkan ububan kaeusian hawa. Saenggeus cukup tuluy didedetkeun ngarah hawana kaluar kana parapén, kiti satuluyna silihganti kénca jeung katuhu turun naék, ngaluarkeun hawa kana parapen.<ref>[https://ipapandebesi.wordpress.com/materi/pembagian-kerja-pande-besi/ Ububan niupkeun angin kana parapén, Ditempo 1 Mei 2016]</ref>. Ububan maké ''éngkol'', nyaéta ububan anu dijieun leuwih leutik tapi ngahasilkeun tiupan hawa leuwih mayeng, ububan ieu dijieun ''samodél'' [[kincir]] anu diputerkeun maké tanaga leungeun, tina puteran kincir ieu kaluar hawa anu nyebrot kana parapén, ububan kincil saperti kieu leuwih hampang dina makéna jeung deui angin anu dihasilkeun leuwih mayeng. Kiwari ububan geus dijieun leuwih hadé deui, nyaéta maké kincir anu diputerkeun maké tanaga [[listrik]], soksanajan wangunna leuti tapi [[angin]] anu disebrotkeun tina ububan ieu leuwih tarik, leuwih mayeng jeung bisa diatur gedé jeung leutikna tiupan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditpcbm/tag/ububan/ |title=Ububan, Kemendikbud, Pelestarian budaya, Ditempo 1 Mei 2016 |accessdate=2016-05-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723032309/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditpcbm/tag/ububan/ |archivedate=2019-07-23}}</ref> <Gallery> File:Soufflet-1897.jpg|Ububan tina kulit File:Soufflet-2-1897.jpg|Ububan sapasang kawas kompa File:A blacksmith in front of his fire with one hand on a chain attached to the bellows.jpg|Ububan tarik ngagambarkeun jaman baheula File:Schmied in Buanurac, Loi-Huno 1.jpg|Keur mékprék beusi meunang meuleum, tina parapén anu ditiup maké ububan/puputan File:Lively Forge.jpg|Ububan maké pamuteran ku tanaga leungeun File:Coal-forge-diagram.svg|Ububan anu maké tanaga listrik (''Blower'') File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een smederij in Jogjakarta waar krissen worden gemaakt TMnr 10014625.jpg|Di Jogjakarta Ububan/pamuput dikompakeun ku duaan </gallery> ==Tempo ogé== #[[Piruruhan]] #[[Paron]] #[[Capit]] #[[Cangkorah]] ==Tutumbu kaluar== *[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HiZvFZbm6sgC&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296&dq=sejarah+pandai+besi&source=bl&ots=OWRJP5HpIsig=74OnndlURP3GLKbKbV2cpKuScE&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9kvzbwrbMAhXBWo4KHWBKAKU4ChDoAQgYMAA#v=onepage&q=sejarah%20pandai%20besi&f=false Gosali mangsa katukang] *[https://www.mail-archive.com/urangsunda@yahoogroups.com/msg75127.html Pakakas gosali] *[http://historia.id/kuno/posisi-pandai-besi-dalam-sejarah-nusantara Sajarah gosali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319145403/http://historia.id/kuno/posisi-pandai-besi-dalam-sejarah-nusantara |date=2016-03-19 }} *[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/colonial-blacksmith-tools.html Gosali jeung parabotna] *[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tuyere Tuyere atawa ububan] {{wiktionary}} ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Pakakas]] [[Kategori:Parabot]] ts92ydexlamtyqffhpp8iq9wgg9dmtm 0 50519 731894 705035 2026-11-08T13:49:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%;" |+ style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold;" | Tolombong |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Transaksi kerajinan bambu.jpg|200px|Poto tolombong]]<br/>''Tolombong tradisional tina awi'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Asal | [[Tatar Sunda]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Bahan | [[Awi]] (biasana awi tali atanapi gombong) |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Fungsi | Wadah hasil panén atawa barang badag |} '''Tolombong''' téh nyaéta parabot rumah tangga anu dijieun tina anyaman [[tangkal]] [[awi]] beunang meulahan tur diipiskeun<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epnri.indonesiaheritage.org/uploads/ebook/120/files/assets/seo/page16.html |title=Tolombong dijieun tina belahan tangkal awi |accessdate=2016-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125185224/http://epnri.indonesiaheritage.org/uploads/ebook/120/files/assets/seo/page16.html |archivedate=2025-01-25}}</ref>, ilaharna dipaké paranti ngawadahan [[paré]], [[hui]], [[jukut]], dahareun, jeung réa-réa deui <ref>[http://sasieureun-sabeunyeureun-pikeun-sunda.blogspot.co.id/2012/07/istilah-pakaksparabot.html Tolombong tina bahan awi]</ref>, mangsana dibawa tolombong téh biasana dikélék, disuhun, jeung ditanggung <ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HxPbAAAAMAAJ&q=tolombong&dq=tolombong&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1y6aI7qvNAhUGKpQKHehPAzM4FBDoAQg-MAk Cara mawa tolombong]</ref>. ==Pedaran== [[File:The natives of British Central Africa (1906) (14596252009).jpg|thumb|200px|left|Keur nyieun tolombong]] Tolombong mangrupa pakakas anu remen dipaké pikeun kahirupan sapopoé utamana mangsana [[usum]] panén<ref>[http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPIPS/JUR._PEND._SEJARAH/197005061997021-DIDIN_SARIPUDIN/Silabus_dan_SAP/Silabus_dan_Handout_studi_masyarakat.pdf Tolombong pakakas rumah tangga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329052429/http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPIPS/JUR._PEND._SEJARAH/197005061997021-DIDIN_SARIPUDIN/Silabus_dan_SAP/Silabus_dan_Handout_studi_masyarakat.pdf |date=2017-03-29 }}</ref>, baheula méh unggal imah mibanda tolombong leuwih ti hiji meulina kawilang gampang ku jalan nukeur keun tolombong tinu dagang (biasana anu dagang nguriling bari ngabengkot naggung) jeung tilu kulak [[béas]] <ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=guoiAAAAMAAJ&q=tolombong&dq=tolombong&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU7reH4KvNAhUClZQKHW7gAbMQ6AEIGTAA Eusi dan kelengkapan rumah tangga tradisional menurut tujuan, fungsi dan kegunaan daérah Jawa Barat, Ena Sutarna, Sugiyarto Dakung, Departemen Atikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Kebudayaan Daérah, 1986]</ref>. Biwir tolombong buleud sakurilingna [[wengku|diwengku]] sangkan leuwih kuat, palebah awakna buleud rata jeung biwir luhur ari beulah handapna masagi juruna aya opat, tolombong jangkung kurang leuwih tilu jeungkal leungeun kolot <ref>[http://mediakstri.blogspot.co.id/search?q=tolombong Wangun tina tolombong]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Aya deui anu wangunna sarua jeung tolombong ngan pédah leuwih gedé ukurana anu katelah ngarana telebug<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books? L LLid=jchkAAAAMAAJ&q=tolombong&dq=tolombong&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM_5ep46vNAhUOtJQKHe31A6Q4ChDoAQg0MAU Tolombong leuwih leutik batan telebug]</ref>. ==Kagunaan== Tolombong téh loba pisan guna jeung mangpaatna, umpamana dipaké ngawadahan dahareun mangsa arék dibawa/dipindahkeun katempat séjén, saperti dagangkeuneun, nganteuran dahareun keur anu digarawé disawah atawa dikebon (mupundutan), ngawadahan hasil panén saméméh dijual, jeung sajabana <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lib.itenas.ac.id/kti/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Jurnal-KONSEP-TERAPAN-ERGOKULTUR-SUNDA_Edi-Setiadi-Putra.pdf |title=Tolombong dipake wadah kadaharan |accessdate=2016-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714145552/https://lib.itenas.ac.id/kti/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Jurnal-KONSEP-TERAPAN-ERGOKULTUR-SUNDA_Edi-Setiadi-Putra.pdf |archivedate=2024-07-14}}</ref>, Teu saeutik ogé tolombong dipaké ngiderkeun dagangan <ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=F_KyrUw8npYC&pg=PA44&dq=tolombong&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM_5ep46vNAhUOtJQKHe31A6Q4ChDoAQgiMAI#v=onepage&q=tolombong&f=false Mustika Basa Kls 5 Smt 2, Grasindo, Tolombong wadah dagangan]</ref>, tolombong ogé bisa dipaké wadah paranti neundeun atawa ngunjalan barang-barang séjéna <ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=2lILAQAAMAAJ&q=tolombong&dq=tolombong&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU7reH4KvNAhUClZQKHW7gAbMQ6AEIJDAC Tolombong paranti neundeun barang]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aJ0JAQAAIAAJ&q=tolombong&dq=tolombong&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU7reH4KvNAhUClZQKHW7gAbMQ6AEILzAE Sistem morfologi kata kerja Bahasa Sunda, Abud Prawirasumantri, Ahlan Husen, Elin Sjamsuri, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, 1979]</ref>, == Paribasa == Dina [[basa Sunda]], aya paribasa anu ngagunakeun kecap tolombong, nyaéta: * '''[[Siga tolombong mangséan]]''': Digunakeun pikeun ngagambarkeun jalma anu miboga wangun awak anu badag tapi henteu proporsional, atawa jalma anu dandanana morontod teuing. ==Tutumbu kaluar== # [http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPIPS/JUR._PEND._SEJARAH/197005061997021-DIDIN_SARIPUDIN/Silabus_dan_SAP/Silabus_dan_Handout_studi_masyarakat.pdf Tolombong mangrupa pakakas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329052429/http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPIPS/JUR._PEND._SEJARAH/197005061997021-DIDIN_SARIPUDIN/Silabus_dan_SAP/Silabus_dan_Handout_studi_masyarakat.pdf |date=2017-03-29 }} # [http://sasieureun-sabeunyeureun-pikeun-sunda.blogspot.co.id/2012/07/istilah-pakaksparabot.html Pakakas/pancarakén Sunda] # [http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/foto/2012/07/27/197481/beban-berat-kakek-dengan-menjual-tolombong Tolombong didagangkeun]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} # [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dtK3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&dq=tolombong&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM_5ep46vNAhUOtJQKHe31A6Q4ChDoAQgnMAM#v=onepage&q=tolombong&f=false Tolombong mangrupa wadah] # [http://www.jurnalbandung.com/wisatawan-malaysia-pun-gemar-belanja-boboko-nyiru-hingga-tolombong-di-bandung/ Tolombong dipikaresep ku Turis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121181939/http://www.jurnalbandung.com/wisatawan-malaysia-pun-gemar-belanja-boboko-nyiru-hingga-tolombong-di-bandung/ |date=2020-01-21 }} ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Parabot]] [[Kategori:Parabot dapur Sunda]] defdll78zetpbs4f91gaemuy5i2jk74 0 50655 731884 681325 2026-11-08T13:30:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Escala de bambú.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Tarajé tina [[awi]]]] '''Tarajé''' nyaéta panétéan paranti naék jeung turun dijieun tina [[awi]], [[kai]], [[logam]], jeung sajabana<ref>[http://kbbi.web.id/tangga Tarajé nyaéta]</ref>. Tarajé kudu kuat mangsa narima beurat awak anu naékanna, kudu saimbang (ulah jingjet) jangkung sawaréh, jeung kudu bisa dicepengan.<ref name=“Rigg”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862| pages =477|ISBN=9786020327372|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=heu&f=false|accessdate=9 Desember 2019}}</ref> ==Pedaran== Tarajé anu alus sakurangna kudu minuhan sababaraha katangtuan anu kudu diperhatikeun, mangsa nyieun tarajé utamana tina bahan awi: Awi keur tarajé kudu sedeng, ulah kolot jeung ngora teuing kurang leuwih umur 3- 4 taun ; tangkalna [[awi]] kudu lempeng ulah melengkung ; di mana geus dituar/diala kudu dipoé heula sangkan garing tur henteu méotan mangsana geus jadi tarajé ; Awi anu diaké ulah keuna ku panyakit/hama sangkan kuat tur teu gancang bobo ; Pilih tangkal awi anu kandel jeung gedéna rata sangkan kénca jeung katuhu sarua.<ref>[http://dedenheryana.heck.in/prinsip-dasar-sambungan-bambu.xhtml Nyieun tarajé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410193623/http://dedenheryana.heck.in/prinsip-dasar-sambungan-bambu.xhtml |date=2016-04-10 }}</ref> Kagunaan tarajé loba pisan, utamana pikeun hiji pagawéan anu mikabutuh turun jeung unggah tempat saperti : ngawangun [[imah]], menerkeun [[kenténg]], ngala [[buah]], ngaganti atawa masang [[lampu]], jeung sajabana.<ref name=“Rigg”/> Taraje téh sagigireun dipaké pikeun naék ka hiji tempat anu henteu bisa kahontal, kiwari ku para arsitek geus dijieun hiji alternatif pikeun neundeun [[kékéséd]], [[anduk]], [[elap]], jeung sajabana <ref>[http://www.ideaonline.co.id/iDEA2013/Interior/Kamar-Tidur/Kamar-Tidur-Gaya-Modern-Tropis-Nan-Simpel/Tangga-bambu-tempat-menggantung-pakaian Taraje dipake ngagantung pakean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311013006/http://www.ideaonline.co.id/iDEA2013/Interior/Kamar-Tidur/Kamar-Tidur-Gaya-Modern-Tropis-Nan-Simpel/Tangga-bambu-tempat-menggantung-pakaian |date=2017-03-11 }}</ref>. <gallery> File:Bamboo workshop - Jodhpur (8029693589).jpg|Rupa-rupa tarajé [[kai]] File:Bamboo ladder in Hainan - 01.JPG|Tarajé disarandékeun kana [[tangkal]] File:Wuhan bamboo ladder 4260.jpg|Ngomékeun kabel maké tarajé File:Defense.gov News Photo 110908-F-RN211-193 - U.S. Army 1st Lt. Scott Adamson climbs up a bamboo ladder after inspecting a project in the Qarghah i district Laghman province Afghanistan on.jpg|Ditempo ti luhur File:A aesthetic ladder shop.JPG|Tarajé jualeun </gallery> ==Tutumbu kaluar== # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gm0ut4__Y6o Tukang nyieun tarajé] # [http://www.ilmusipil.com/cara-penyambungan-bambu-dan-kegunaannya Tarajé sangkan awét] # [https://web.archive.org/web/20130429065908/http://dooreemii.faa.im/cara-mudah-membuat-tangga-bambu.xhtml Nyieun tarajé] ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Pakakas]] [[Kategori:Parabot]] j521tknq8zdwentoskgpra5znlakvhg 0 50664 732001 729794 2026-11-09T05:36:42Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Ngarapihkeun eusi 732001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Bangkong korodok | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn"/> | image = Common toad (Bufo bufo) Kampinos.jpg | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Amphibia]] | ordo = [[Frog|Anura]] | familia = [[Bufonidae]] | genus = ''[[Bufo]]'' | species = '''''B. bufo''''' | binomial = ''Bufo bufo'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | synonyms = {{collapsible list | {{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | * ''Bufo (Bufo) bufo'' <small>Dubois and Bour, 2010</small> * ''Bufo (Bufo) grediscola'' <small>Dubois and Bour, 2010</small> * ''Bufo Roeselii'' <small>Daudin, 1802</small> * ''Bufo Rouselei'' <small>Latreille, 1801</small> * ''Bufo alpinus'' <small>Schinz, 1833</small> * ''Bufo bufo bufo'' <small>Poche, 1912</small> * ''Bufo bufo gredosicola'' <small>Müller and Hellmich, 1935</small> * ''Bufo carbunculus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1835</small> * ''Bufo cinereus'' var. ''hybridus'' <small>Koch, 1872</small> * ''Bufo cinereus'' var. ''medius'' <small>Koch, 1872</small> * ''Bufo cinereus'' var.'' minor'' <small>Koch, 1872</small> * ''Bufo cinereus'' <small>Schneider, 1799</small> * ''Bufo communis'' <small>Bruch, 1862</small> * ''Bufo communis'' <small>Günther, 1859</small> * ''Bufo commutatus'' <small>Steenstrup, 1846</small> * ''Bufo ferruginosus'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1826</small> * ''Bufo minutus'' <small>Schinz, 1833</small> * ''Bufo palmarum'' <small>Cuvier, 1829</small> * ''Bufo rubeta'' var. ''robustior'' <small>Lataste, 1880</small> * ''Bufo rubeta'' <small>Schneider, 1799</small> * ''Bufo spelaeus'' <small>Riviére, 1886</small> * ''Bufo tuberculosus'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1826</small> * ''Bufo ventricosus'' <small>Bonnaterre, 1789</small> * ''Bufo ventricosus'' <small>Laurenti, 1768</small> * ''Bufo vinearum'' <small>Lesson, 1841</small> * ''Bufo vulgaris cinereus'' <small>Lataste, 1880</small> * ''Bufo vulgaris'' var. ''acutirostris'' <small>Lessona, 1877</small> * ''Bufo vulgaris'' var. ''obtusirostris'' <small>Lessona, 1877</small> * ''Bufo vulgaris'' <small>Laurenti, 1768</small> * ''Pegaeus bufo'' <small>Gistel, 1868</small> * ''Rana (Bufo) vulgaris'' <small>Guérin-Méneville, 1838</small> * ''Rana Bufo'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> }} }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name="DFrost"/> | range_map = Bufo bufo distribution.png | range_map_width = 240px | range_map_caption = Tempat hirup bangkong korodok (Éropa) }} '''Bangkong korodok''' ({{Langx|la|Bufo bufo}}) nyaéta [[bangkong]] [[ampibi]]/hirupna di darat jeung di [[cai]]<ref name="ampibi"/> anu mibanda kulit korodok/ngajarendil kawas kutil, kelir kulitna [[coklat]] aya ogé anu semu konéng, di mana pindah tempat sakapeung ku jalan ngorondang lalaunan (kawas anu karagok), mimindengna mah aclog-aclogan, bangkong korodok mangsa beurang waktuna dipaké nyumput dina liang atawa sela-sela [[batu]], [[akar]], jeung handapeun [[kalakay]]/dangdaunnan anu murag. Mangsa geus datang wanci burit/soré kakara nguniang hudang néangan hakaneun, sabangsaning [[reungit]], [[rametuk]], [[siraru]], atawa [[gegeremet]]/[[invertebrata]] jeung sajabana nepika isuk-isuk. Bangkong korodok loba kapanggih di sakuliah Indonésia malahan di luar nagara ogé loba kapanggih hirup, saperti di [[Éropa]] kajaba di [[Irlandia]], [[Islandia]], jeung sababaraha pulo di [[Mediterania]], [[Amerika kalér]], [[Afrika kidul]] ogé aya (henteu pati loba)<ref name="ampibi">[https://alamendah.org/2014/10/11/mengenal-amfibi-ciri-ciri-dan-jenis-amfibi-indonesia/ Ampibi nyaéta]</ref>. == Pedaran == Sanajan sapopoé bangkong korodok hirupna nyorangan bari jeung nyumput, témpona datang [[usum]] begér jeung [[kawin]] mah, bangkong korodok téh barijil tina panyumputana ngarumpul dina [[balong]], sisi [[susukan]] atawa rawa-rawa di mana waé tempat anu mibanda [[cai]], kituna téh bari ramé disarada patémbal-témbal. [[Bangkong]] [[jalu]]na paheula-heula marebutkeun [[bikang]]. [[Endog]] bangkong korodok ngambang luhureun cai, laleutik hideung kawas siki sosin/selasih narapel kana tali anu ngagebay kawas kenur tina [[ager]], dina waktuna ieu endog tuluy megar jadi anak bangkong anu disebut [[buruy]]. Sababaraha bulan tiharita buruy téh ngalaman [[metamorfosis]] taya lian parobahan anu aya dina awakna dicirikeun ku bijilna suku hareup jeung tukang, éta [[buruy]] robah ngarana jadi [[bancét]]. Hirupna mimiti kaluar ti cai, pindah tihiji tempat ka tempat séjén ku jalan aclog-aclogan <ref name=iucn/><ref name="ampibi"/>. == Taxonomy == [[File:Toad shoulder girdle.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Shoulder girdle|Tulang tina taktak bangkong <br>1 ''suprascapula'', 2 ''scapula'', 3 ''clavicle'', <br>4 ''procoracoid'']] Bangkong korodok téh ku ahli biologi urang [[Swedia]] [[Carl Linnaeus]] dingaranan ''[[Rana (genus)|Rana]] bufo'' dina bukuna [[''10th edition of Systema Naturae'']] taun 1758.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Carl Linnaeus|von Linné, Carl]], translated by [[William Turton]] |year=1806 |title=A General System of Nature,: Through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Systematically Divided Into Their Several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, and Varieties (Volume&nbsp;1) |publisher=Lackington, Allen, and Co |pages=648–649 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3QZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> dina ieu panalungtikana, sakabéh bangkong kumanéhna di asupkeun kana hiji genus ngarana ''Rana'', ka béhdieunakeun nincak taun 1768 saurang ''naturalis'' urang [[Austria]] ngarana [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti]] mertélakeun yén ieu genus kudu di jentré-jentré deui/''dipilah-pilah'', hasilna taya lian ti ieu bangkong korodok di asupkeun kana genus ''Bufo'', ngarana ''Bufo bufo''.<ref name=laurenti>{{cite book | last = Laurenti | first = J. N. | title = Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum | year = 1768 | location = Viennae | publisher = Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern | url = http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN362231184&IDDOC=281657 | language = la | pages = i–ii + 1–215, plates 1–5 }} {{Dead link|date=Oktober 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=zootaxa>{{cite journal| last= Dubois | first= Alain |author2=Bour, Rogér | year=2010 | title= The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus ''Bufo'' (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768) | journal= Zootaxa | volume= 2447 | pages= 1–52 }}</ref> genus bangkong korodok ieu diasupkeun kana kulawarga [[Bufonidae]].<ref name=DFrost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ |title=Bufonidae |author=Frost, Darrel R. |date=2011-01-31 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> Sababaraha [[''subspesies'']] tina ''Bufo&nbsp;bufo'', bangkong kaukasia hirup tur maneuh di pagunungan kaukasus kungsi digolongkeun kana ''Bufo bufo verrucosissima''. mibanda [[genom]] leuwih gedé ti batan ''Bufo&nbsp;bufo'' [[morfologi (biologi)|morfologis]] kiwari digolongkeun kana ''[[Bufo verrucosissimus]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&table=amphib&special=one_record&where-genus=Bufo&where-species=verrucosissimus |title=''Bufo verrucosissimus'' |author=Kuzmin, Sergius L. |date=2008-09-19 |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |accessdate=2012-09-17}}</ref> aya deui bangkong anu cucukan, ieu mimitina digolongkeun kana ''Bufo bufo spinosus''. kapanggih hirup di daérah [[Mediterania]] awakna leuwih badag mibanda kulit ''spinier'' ti batan batur-baturna anu hirup dibeulah kalér [[Intergradation|intergrades]] <ref>{{cite journal | Author = Martens, R | tahun = 1925 | title = Eine neue Eidechsengattung aus der Familie der Leposterniden | jurnal = Senckenbergiana | Volume = 7 | halaman = 170-171}}</ref> kiwari digolongkeun kana ''Bufo spinosus'' <ref>{{cite web | url = http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query mana-scientific_name = Bufo + spinosus | title = ''Bufo spinosus'' | publisher = AmphibiaWeb | accessdate = 2012/09/17}}</ref> aya deui bangkong ''Gredos'', '' Bufo bufo gredosicola '', ngan aya hirup di daérah [[Sierra de Gredos]] wungkul, di pagunungan anu aya di [[Spanyol]] tengah. Bangkong ieu awakna kacida badag [[paratoid kelenjar]] tur awakna borontok <ref>{{cite journal |. Penulis1 = Müller, L. | Penulis2 = Hellmich, W. | tahun = 1935 | title = Mitteilungenyüber mati Herpetofauna der Iberischen Halbinsel. Über Salamandra salamandra almanzoris, n. ssp. und '' Bufo bufo gredosicola '', n. ssp, zwei neue Amphibienrassen aus der Sierra de Gredos |. jurnal = Zool. Anz. Leipzig | Volume = 112 | halaman = 49-57}}</ref> sakapeung mah sok di sakompétkeun jeung '' Bufo spinosus '' <ref>{{cite web | url = http: // penelitian.. amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=references&id=2946 | title = '' Bufo spinosus '' Daudin, 1803 | author = Frost, Darrel R. | date = 2013/01/09 | kerja = Amfibi Spesies Dunia: sebuah Referensi online. Versi 5.6 | publisher = American Museum of Natural History | accessdate = 2013/01/24}}</ref> '' Bufo bufo '' mangrupa hiji bagéan tina sakumpulan [[''spesies'']] anu kacida loba jeung rumit, hiji ''spesies'' jeung anu séjéna aya patula patalina tur henteu mibanda wates anu jentré <ref name="iucn"/> Sababaraha ''spesies'' modérn kawasna masih kénéh aya patula patalina tina hiji kumpulan kuno. [[takson]] ti susukan preglacial. Nyaéta bangkong cucukan (''Bufo&nbsp;spinosus''), Bangkong kulit (''Bufo&nbsp;verrucosissimus]]'') jeung bangkong korodok [[Jepang]] (''[[katak umum Jepang|Bufo&nbsp;japonicus]]''). Bangkong korodok Éropa (''Bufo&nbsp;bufo'') karék kapanggih ka dieunakeun <nama Ref = Birstein> {{cite journal | Penulis1 = Birstein, VJ | Penulis2 = Mazin, AL | tahun = 1982 | title = kromosom. polimorfisme '' Bufo bufo '': kariotipe dan pola C-pita ''. B.&nbsp;b&nbsp;verrucosissima '' | jurnal Genetica = | Volume = 59 | masalah = 2 | halaman = 93-98 | doi = 10,1007 / BF00133292}}</ref> kawasna ti wétan nepi ka kulon pangawakan bangkong kawas kieu téh nepika [[Asia]] ogé aya ngan kahalangan ku ayana gurun tengah [[Miosen]] <ref name = "Garcia-Porta">{{cite journal |. Penulis1 = Garcia-Porta, J. | Penulis2 = Litvinchuk, SN | Penulis3 = Crochet, PA | = author4 Romano, A. | author5 = Lo-Valvo, M. | author6 = Lymberakis, P. | author7 = Carranza, S. | tahun = 2012 | title = filogénetik molekuler dan biogéografi sejarah kodok umum barat-Palearctic ( '' Bufo bufo '' spesies kompleks) | = jurnal Molecular filogénetik dan Evolusi | Volume = 63 | masalah = 1 | halaman = 113-130 | PMID = 22214922 |. doi = 10,1016 / j.ympev.2011.12.019}}</ref> hubungan taksonomina ieu [[spésiés]] ogé tacan kanyahoan juntrungana. Hiji panalungtikan ''serologi'' dina taun 2011 anu diguar ka masarakat ngeunaan bangkong anu aya di [[Turki]], [[protéin]] ''serum'' [[getih]] ''Bufo&nbsp;verrucosissimus'' jeung ''Bufo&nbsp;spinosus''. Kanyahoan éta dua bangkong téh henteu béda jauh ku kituna di ''synonymized'' kana golongan anu paneuri/pang anyarna <ref>{{cite journal |. Penulis1 = Tosunoğlua, Murat | Penulis2 = Taskavak, Ertan | tahun = 2001 | title = A penyelidikan serologis dari '' Bufo bufo '' (Anura, Bufonidae) populasi di Southern Marmara (Manyas, Bahkesir) dan Timur Laut Hitam (Çamhhemşin, Rize) daerah | jurnal = Italian Journal of Zoology | Volume = 68 | masalah = 2 | halaman = 165-168 | doi = 10,1080 / 11250000109356402}}</ref> Hiji panalungtikan anu diayakeun dina taun 2012 ngeunaan hubunganna [[spesies]] bangkong korodok [[Afrika]] jeung [[Eurasia]] anu aya di beulah kalér mibanda hubungan sajarah anu panjang. Tilu belas juta taun anu geus kaliwat, bangkong korodok ''[[Bufo&nbsp;eichwaldi]]'', anu kiwari hirup [[Species description|described species]] asalna ti [[Azerbaijan]] kidul jeung [[Iran]], papisah jeung garis katurunan anu utamana. Dituluykeun ku divisi anyar nyaéta ''Bufo&nbsp;spinosus'' kurang leuwih lima juta taun anu geus kaliwat mangsa [[Pyrenees]] mimiti kaangkat, ngabalukarkeun ka isolasina semenajung Iberia jeung sakabéh Eropa. Turunan anu aya di Eropa : ''Bufo&nbsp;bufo'' jeung ''Bufo&nbsp;verrucosissimus'' tulu juta taun anu geus kaliwat mangsa [[Pleistocene]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Recuero E. |author2=Canestrelli D. |author3=Voeroes J. |author4=Szabó, K. |author5=Poyarkov, N. A. |author6=Arntzen, J. W. |author7=Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J. |author8=Kidov A. A. |author9=Cogălniceanu, D. |author10=Caputo, F. P. |author11=Nascetti, G. |author12=Martínez-Solano, I. |year=2012 |title=Multilocus species tree analyses resolve the radiation of the widespread ''Bufo bufo'' species group (Anura, Bufonidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogénetics and Evolution |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.008 |pmid=21964513 }}</ref> Mindeng bangkong korodok hybridizes <ref name=Collins>{{cite book |title=Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/reptilesamphibia0000nick |last=Arnold |first=Nicholas |author2=Denys Ovenden |year=2002 |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |isbn=978-0-00-219964-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reptilesamphibia0000nick/page/73 73]–74 }}</ref> == Ciri mandiri == Bangkong korodok dewasa panjangna kurang leuwih 15&nbsp;cm. Bangkong anu bikangna biasana leuwih gedé batan [[jalu]]na, ditempo tina ''spesimen'' ti beulah kidul bangkong korodok téh pangawakan leuwih baradag ti batan beulah kalér. Bangkong korodok huluna dempak bahamna lébar di luhureun biwirna mecenghul dua liang [[irung]]. Henteu mibanda [[huntu]]. Matana buleud nolol mibanda colat/hihideung panon (''iris'') kagigir kelirna [[konéng]] kawas [[tambaga]]. Tukangeun matana aya anu ngajendul nyaéta ''kelenjar parotis'', anu mibanda kandungan matak bahaya atawa racun ogé katelah [[bufotoksin]], ieu hadé pikeun ngajaga bangkong tina panarajang musuh atawa [[sato]] séjén [[Predation|predators]]. Huluna nyambung jeung awakna, henteu mibanda beuheung. Awakna némprak wangunna kawas keur cingogo anu ditahan ku dua leungeuna (suku hareupna). Sukuna anu tukang nilep ka jero kitu ogé jeung ramo-tamo sukuna. Suku anu hareup leuwih pondok batan suku anu tukangna, Ramo-ramo sukuna mibanda ''selaput''. Henteu mibanda buntut. Kulitna garing tur dipinuhan ku jendilan laleutik kawas [[kutil]]. Kelir kulitna umumna [[coklat]] sakapeung aya anu semu héjo atawa coklat kolot.<ref name=Collins/><ref name=Naish>{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2009/10/26/toads-of-the-north/ |title=Toads of the world: first, (some) toads of the north |author=Naish, Darren |publisher=Tetrapod zoology |accessdate=2012-06-23}}</ref><ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Bufo&where-species=bufo |title=''Bufo bufo'': Common toad |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |accessdate=2012-05-04}}</ref> Bangkong umurna kawilang panjang, bisa hirup sababaraha taun tur bisa di ingu/kukut, ieu sahenteuna geus puluhan taun kaliwat bangkong-bangkong ngahaja dipiara ku manusa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herpconstrust.org.uk/animals/common_toad.htm |title=The common toad (''Bufo bufo'') |publisher=The Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust |accessdate=2012-05-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121235410/http://www.herpconstrust.org.uk/animals/common_toad.htm |archivedate=2008-11-21 }}</ref> di alam liar, bangkong bisa hirup nepika umur 10-12 taun, umur ieu bangkong bisa kanyahoan tina jumlah [[tulang]]na ''tulang cincin pertumbuhan tahunan'' [[Phalanx bone|phalanges]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hemelaar, A. S. M. |author2=van Gelder, J. J. |year=1979 |title=Annual growth rings in phalanges of ''Bufo bufo'' (Anura, Amphibia) from the Netherlands and their use for age determination |journal=Netherlands Journal of Zoology |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1163/002829680X00069 }}</ref> <gallery mode = packed heights = 130px> Common toad (Bufo bufo) swimmimg.jpg|Bangkong keur ngojay Bufo bufo.ogv|thumbtime=0:30|Aya di balong </gallery> == Tempat hirup == [[Bangkong]] anu loba kapanggih hirup taya lian [[Common Frog|common frog]] (''Rana temporaria''), tuluy [[Edible Frog|edible frog]] (''Pelophylax esculentus'') ogé [[Smooth Newt|smooth newt]] (''Lissotriton vulgaris''), Bangkong korodok mangrupa bangkong dina undakan ka opat anu loba kapanggih hirup di [[Éropa]].<ref name=Collins/> sahenteuna ieu loba kapanggih di sakuliah Éropa, kajaba di [[Islandia]] beulah kalér ku lantaran mibanda ''suhu'' anu tiis. [[Scandinavia]], [[Irlandia]] jeung sababaraha pulo [[Mediterania]]. Tayalian ti [[Malta]], [[Crete]], [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]] katut [[Balearic Islands]]. Beulah wétan tur ngalegaan ka [[Irkutsk]] di [[Siberia]] anu ngawengku ka beulah kidul jeung kulon [[Afrika]] di pigunungan beulah kalér [[Maroko]], [[Aljazair]] jeung [[Tunisia]]. Aya deui anu kaasup baraya deukeutna hirup di [[Asia]] beulah wétan [[Jepang]].<ref name="Collins"/> bangkong korodok kapireungeuh hirup jeung baranahan di dataran anu mibanda {{convert|2500|m}} utamana dibeulah kidul, ku lantaran loba kénéh leuweung jeung daérahna jemlék.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb"/> ogé hirup di tegalan, taman, jeung [[kebon]]-kebon..<ref name="Collins"/> == Kabiasaan dina hirup == [[File:Bufo bufo-defensive reaction1.JPG|left|thumb|alt=A common toad adopts a defensive stance|Bangkong korodok mangsa keur nyingareupan anu ngaganggu]] [[File:Užovka obojková s úlovkem (04).jpg|thumb|left|Dihakan ku oray [[Grass snake]], Républik Céko]] Bangkong korodok di mana ingkah ti hiji tempat ku jalan ngorondang lalaunan atawa ngaclog ku opat sukuna, sapopoé nyumput dina liang, handapeun [[batu]], sela-sela akar atawa handapeun dangdaunnan. di mana geus sore maju ka peuting bangkong korodok kakaran aringkah nyiar hakaneun, komo mangsa usum hujan bangkong korodok resepeun pisan. Tempo geus isuk-isuk bangkong korodok baralik deui kana sayangna pikeun nyumput Kahakananna sabangsaning, [[hileud]], [[cacing]] [[taneuh]], [[silaru]], [[rametuk]], jeung sajabana.<ref name=Observer>{{cite book |title=The Observer's Book of British Wild Animals |last=Stokeo |first=W. J. |year=1980 |publisher=Frederick Warne |isbn=978-0-7232-1503-5 |pages=213–217 }}</ref><ref name=Surrey>{{cite web |url=http://www.surrey-arg.org.uk/SARG/08000-TheAnimals/SARGSpeciesData.asp?Species=Common_Toad |title=Common Toad |author=Daniel Winchester |publisher=Surrey Amphibian and Reptile Group |accessdate=2012-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512235944/http://www.surrey-arg.org.uk/SARG/08000-TheAnimals/SARGSpeciesData.asp?Species=Common_Toad |archivedate=2013-05-12 }}</ref> néwak mangsa anu leutik ku jalan di létak ku létahna anu panjang tur cepel.<ref name=Observer/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ewart, J. P. |year=1987 |title=Neuroethology of releasing mechanisms: Prey-catching in toads |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-and-brain-sciences_1987-09_10_3/page/337 |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=10 |pages=337–405 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X00023128 |issue=3 }}</ref> Bangkog korodok bisa nempo hakaneun/mangsa sanajan dina poék mongkléng, di mana manusa mah teu nempo nanaon bakatning ku poék.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Larsen, Lis Olesen |author2=Pedersen, Jan Nyholm |year=1981 |title=The snapping response of the toad, ''Bufo bufo'', towards prey dummies at very low light intensities |journal= Amphibia-Reptilia |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=321–327 |doi=10.1163/156853882X00248 }}</ref> Bangkog korodok ngalaman megar/ganti kulit dina sababraha waktu.<ref name=Observer/> [[File:Bufo bufo w Bialogard Polen 080901 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Infected with larvae of ''Lucilia bufonivora''|Keuna ku panyakit ''[[Lucilia bufonivora]]'', Poland]] === Baranahan === [[File:Amplexus Bufo bufo 2010-03-29.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Amplexus|Bangkong jalu nangkod kanu bikang keur [[Amplexus]]]] Bangkong korodok kaluar tina tapa [[''hibernasi'']] wanci datang usum kembang "musim semi" ngabring ngajugjug hiji tempat biasana [[balong]] atawa susukan ngadon balegér jeung kawin. Bangkong korodok ngumpul dina hiji tempat/balong anu bérésih jeung merenah bari ngarojay disarada patembalan.<ref name=Observer/> Bangkong anu déwasa geus arapal deui di mana lebah-lebahna balong paranti ngarumpul [[Spawn (biology)|spawned]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Reading, C. J. |year=1991 |title=Breeding pond fidelity in the common toad, ''Bufo bufo'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-zoology_1991-10_225_2/page/201 |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=225 |issue=2 |pages=201–211 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03811.x |last2=Loman |first2=J. |last3=Madsen |first3=T. }}</ref> Ieu bangkong-bangkong bisa ajog katempat anu dituju ngandelkeun ''isyarat'' ''magnetik'' tina irungna. Sahenteuna ieu dikuatkeun ku hiji bukti (''eksperimen'' )kahiji bangkong ku jalan masang hiji ''alat pangindra/pelacak,'' kanyahoan ieu bangkong bisa manggihan balong paranti ngumpul jeung begér ti jarak leuwih ti tilu kilo ( dua mil ) . <ref>{{cite journal |author=Sinsch, Ulrich |year=1987 |title=Orientation behaviour of toads (''Bufo bufo'') displaced from the breeding site |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-comparative-physiology_1987-10_161_5/page/715 |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |volume=161 |issue=5 |pages=715–727 |doi=10.1007/BF00605013 }}</ref> Bangkong jaluna datang pangheulana tur nyicingan éta tempat dina waktu mang minggu-minggu sedengkeun anu bikangna ngan datang pikeun ngendog wungkul. Bangkong jaluna raéng disarada méré tanda ka jalu séjén.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Davies, N. B. |author2=Halliday, T. R. |year=1978 |title=Deep croaks and fighting assessment in toads ''Bufo bufo'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1978-08-17_274_5672/page/683 |journal=Nature |volume=274 |pages=683–685 |doi=10.1038/274683a0 |issue=5672 }}</ref> sanajan ti kitu angger waé aya waktuna ieu bangkong jaluna pas arandog anu antukna garelut.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Davies, N. B. |author2=Halliday, T. R. |year=1979 |title=Competitive mate searching in male common toads, ''Bufo bufo'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_animal-behaviour_1979-11_27_4/page/1253 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1253–1267 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(79)90070-8 }}</ref> ku lantaran bangkong jaluna leuwih loba batan bikangna. Hiji panalungtikan anu diayakeun di [[Swédia]] manggihan bangkong bikang leuwih gedé resiko paeh batan jaluna 41% bikangna datang ka balong paranti ngumpul biasana sataun sakali. <ref>{{cite news | title = Studies conducted at Lund University on amphibian research recently published | work = Science Letter | date = 2010-12-21 | accessdate = 2012-04-18 | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-244690474.html | publisher = via [[HighBeam Research]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513112010/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-244690474.html | archive-date = 2013-05-13 }}</ref> [[File:Bufo.bufo.eggs.jpg|thumb|alt=Egg strings of common toad|Endog bangkong korodok napel dina benang]] Bangkong jaluna nangkod dina tonggong bikangna, sukuna anu hareup muntang kana palebah kelek bikangna dina basa ilmiahna disebut [[amplexus]]. Bangkong jaluna katempo leuwih sumanget, Sakapeung leuwih ti dua bangkong patangkod-tangkod, Unggal bangkong jalu usaha sabisa-bisa nangkodan bangkong anu bikangna. Ieu kaayaan kacida pisan rame, matak ripuh teu saeutik aya anu nembahan pati (paéh).<ref name=Collins/> Bangkong jalu anu bisa nangkodan bikangna pikeun di [[amplexus]] bisa nepika sababaraha poé nangkodna, Bikangna, ngaluarkeun endog anu narapel dina tali kawas ager, bari jeung di buahi ku sperma jaluna. Unggal kantétan 3.000-6.000 endog lamun di batek éta tali endog bangkong panjangna nepika 4,5 méter éta benang katétan nyangked kana tatangkalan atawa akar anu aya dina balong pamijahan.<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN |assessors=Agasyan, A.; Avisi, A.; Tuniyev, B.; Isailovic, J. C.; Lymberakis, P.; Andrén, C.; Cogalniceanu, D.; Wilkinson, J.; Ananjeva, N.; Üzüm, N.; Orlov, N.; Podloucky, R.; Tuniyev, S.; Kaya, U.|year=2009|id= 54596|title=''Bufo bufo''|version= 2014.2|downloaded=2014-10-11}}</ref><ref name=Observer/> Tali anu dibijil tina bangkong bikangna nyerep cai kalawan ukuranana ngagedéan, endog bangkong megar jadi [[buruy]] dua nepi ka tilu minggu. Mimiti megar ieu buruy téh masih kénéh narapel dina tali anu kawas ager tur ieu jadi kahakanan anu munggaran pikeun hirup buruy. Di mana geus lalésot tina tali ieu buruy-buruy téh ngarojay nyarumput dina handapeun dangdaunan atawa tatangkalan cai anu hirup dina éta balong pamijahan. Buruy bangkong korodok dina pangawakanamah sarua waé jeung bangkong séjéna (''Rana temporaria'') ngan bédana kelirna leuwih hideung. Buruy bangkong korodok bahamna leuwih lebar, sbabraha minggu tiharita buruy-buruy ieu mimiti ngagedéan awakna tur buntutna jadi mondokan. Nincak umur dua belas minggu buruy téh geus robah jadi bangkong leutik atawa anu katelah bancét {{convert|1,5|cm|1|abbr=on}} tur geus bisa ninggalkeun balong anu salila ieu jadi tempat hirupna.<ref name="Observer"/> === Undakan hirup bangkong === [[File:BufoBufoTadpoles.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tadpoles of common toad|Buruy, Jérman]] Bangkong déwasa tur meujeuhna beger [[Sexual maturity|maturity]] dina umur tilu nepi ka tujuh taun.<ref name="Collins"/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Goater, Cameron P. |author2=Semlitsch, Raymond D. |author3=Bernasconi, Marco V. |year=1993 |title=Effects of body size and parasite infection on the locomotory performance of juvenile toads, ''Bufo bufo'' |journal=Oikos |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=129–136 |jstor=3545205 |doi=10.2307/3545205 }}</ref> Saenggeus sababaraha bulan tina inféksi cacing beurat, sababaraha rumaja dina hiji panalungtikan ngan satengah beurat saperti [[kontrol Ilmiah|kontrol rumaja]]. Parasit diinduksi [[anoreksia nervosa|anoreksia]] maranéhna nyababkeun panurunan asupan dahareun jeung sababarahana maot.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Goater, C. P. |author2=Ward, P. I. |year=1992 |title=Negative effects of ''Rhabdias bufonis'' (Nematoda) on the growth and survival of toads (''Bufo bufo'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oecologia_1992-02_89_2/page/161 |journal=Oecologia |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=161–165 |jstor=4219866 |doi=10.1007/bf00317213 }}</ref> Ditaluntik ogé ngeunaan pangaruh ngagunakeun gemuk/''pupuk'' [[nitrogén]] mangaruhan jeung henteu kana hirup bangkong ti mimiti buruy kénéh, Pikeun nyingkahan akibat goréngna ku alatan maké gemuk [[nitrogén]]na dijieun waé hiji campuran [[amonium nitrat]]. Kanyahoan dina campuran anu geus ditangtukeun, bisa ngaronjatkeun kana waktu ''metamorfosis'' buruy.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Xu, Q. |author2=Oldham, R. S. |year=1997 |title=Lethal and sublethal effects of nitrogén fertilizer ammonium nitrate on common toad (''Bufo bufo'') tadpoles |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-environmental-contamination-and-toxicology_1997-04_32_3/page/298 |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=298–303 |doi=10.1007/s002449900188 |pmid=9096079 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hemelaar, Agnes |year=1988 |title=Age, growth and other population characteristics of ''Bufo bufo'' from different latitudes and altitudes |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=369–388 |jstor=1564332 |doi=10.2307/1564332 }}</ref> === Pindah tempat/Migrasi === [[File:Toad tunnel.jpg|thumb|alt=Tunnel for toads|Torowongan pameuntasan bangkong, Jérman]] Bangkong korodok pindah tempat/migrasi milu kana aliran cai susukan, teu saeutik tina éta susukan meuntasan jajalaneun mobil, motor jeung anu leumpang. ku ieu pisan loba bangkong korodokanu paeh ku jalan kacilakaan mangsa susukana ngaliwatan luhureun jajalaneun. Di Éropa hususna loba pisan ampibi anu cilaka dijalan mangsa migrasi usum beger jeung kawin.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Santos, X. |author2=Llorente, G. A. |author3=Montori, A. |author4=Carretero, M. A. |author5=Franch, M. |author6=Garriga, N. |author7=Richter-Boix, A. |year=2007 |title=Evaluating factors affecting amphibian mortality on roads: the case of the common toad ''Bufo bufo'', near a breeding place |journal=Animal Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=97–104 |publisher=The Natural Science Museum of Barcelona |url=http://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/files/ABC-30-1-pp-97-104.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> Di sababaraha tempat di [[Jérman]], [[Bélgia]], [[Inggris]], [[Italia]] kaler jeung [[Polandia]], diwangun hiji torowongan anu husus dijieun paranti bangkong jeung anu séjéna meuntas jalan anu aya di luhureunana. Di tempat anu séjéna, aya anu tugas husus "patroli kodok", néwakan bangkong/ampibi anu aya dina pameuntasan jalan-jalan anu rame ku kandaraan di wadahan kana ember pikeun dianteurkeun kana tujuana. {{convert|5|C|F|abbr=on}}. Dina sonten baseuh haneut nu manéhna bisa saterusna gerak sapanjang sonten tapi lamun tiris, manéhna meureun geus eureun saméméhna<ref>{{cite web |url=http://toadwatch.org |title=What we do |publisher=Toad watch: Helping toads to survive |accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref> kitu ogé anu dilakukeun ku urang Walanda pikeun ngaping bangkong-bangkong anu ngadon pindah tempat.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gelder, J. J. |year=1973 |title=A quantitative approach to the mortality resulting from traffic in a population of ''Bufo bufo'' L |journal=Oecologia |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=93–95 |doi=10.1007/BF00379622 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/wv524277w3w32564/ }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bufotoksin == Hiji substansi anu ngandung racun ayana dina kelenjar parotoid jeung kulit bangkong korodok disebutna bufotoksin ieu mimiti di wanohkeun ku [[Heinrich Otto Wieland|Heinrich Wieland]] jeung babaturanna tina taun 1922, dua puluh taun tiharita maranéhna kakara manggihan struktur tina éta racun.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chen, K. K. |author2=Jensen, H. |author3=Chen, A. L. |title=Action of Bufotoxins |journal=Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=April 1932 |volume=29 |series=7 |issue=907 |doi=10.3181/00379727-29-6141 |issn=1535-3699|quote=Wieland and Alles isolated bufotoxin from the skin of ''B. vulgaris'' or ''B. bufo bufo''.}}</ref> Sagigireun ti éta kapanggih ogé cara pikeun ngisolasi senyawa tina inti [[steroid]] bufotalin tina bangkong anu aya di Jepang (''Bufo japonicus''). Dina taun 1986, para élmuwan di [[Arizona State University]] geus bisa nga sintetis bahan racun bangkong [[bufotalin]], bufalitoksin jeung bufotoksin.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pettit, G. R. |author2=Kamano, Y. |author3=Drasar, P. |author4=Inoue, M. |author5=Knight, J. C. |year=1987 |title=Steroids and related natural products. 104. Bufadienolides. 36. Synthesis of bufalitoxin and bufotoxin |journal=Journal of Organic Chemistry |volume=52 |issue=16 |pages=3573–3578 |doi=10.1021/jo00392a014 }}</ref> Rumus kimia tina bufotoksin: C<sub>40</sub>H<sub>60</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bufotoxin |title=Bufotoxin |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |accessdate=2012-05-26}}</ref> Dina dosis anu saeutik bisa ngaronjatkeun gerakan jantung utamana dipaké ngabantu mangsa gubaran kasakit jantung [[gagal jantung kongestif]]. Kulit bangkong korodok mibanda racun anu baris ngabalukarkeun hiji kaayaan anu bahaya malahan nepi ka maotna.<ref name="textfiles">{{cite web |url=http://www.textfiles.com/drugs/toadtoxins.drg |title=Toad toxins |work=Textfiles.com |accessdate=2012-05-26}}</ref> Balukar tina karacunan bangkong bisa katembong tina iritasi mata, baham, irung jeung tikoro, jantung jeung ambekan/ngarenghap, [[lumpuh]] jeung jeung ker, ngacay waé, utah, [[hiperkalemia]], [[sianosis]] jeung [[halusinasi]] atawa sasar/ngalindur.<ref name="textfiles"/> Tacan kapanggih ubarna.<ref name="textfiles"/> Ubar pikeun sesek jeung kardiovaskular, bisa waé dimangpaatkeun pikeun nyingkahan pangaruh tina [[elektrokardiografi]]. [[Atropin]], [[fenitoin]], [[cholestyramine]] jeung [[lidocaine]].<ref name="textfiles"/> == Kabudayaan == [[File:Satan-traditional-arms.svg|thumb|upright|alt=Devil's coat of arms|Gambaran bangkong dina jubah tukang sihir]] Di Éropa, bangkong korodok geus heubeul dianggap hiji totondén/pertanda goréng. Aya patalina jeung alam gaib, jurig, dedemit, jeung sajabana. Meureun dumasar kana kaayaan éta bangkong korodok : hirupna bisa di darat jeung di cai,kulitna anu korodok semu hideung nimulkeun rasa geuleuh pikeun anu nempo, ngorondang lalaunan kawas anu ngadodoho, tara kanyahoan ujug-ujug bijil tinu poék. Di Éropa dina [[Abad Pertengahan]], Bangkong korodok dikait-kaitkeun jeung hiji ageman [[Karésten]] ngeunaan ayana iblis jeung sétan, ku kituna nya dijieun waé jubah anu dipapaésan ku tilu bangkong ngahaja ieu dijieun mangrupakaeun hiji panangkal/panyinglas sétan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Peddle|first=S. V.|year=2007|title=Pagan Channel Islands: Europe's Hidden Heritage|publisher=Robert Hale|page=118|isbn=0-7090-8248-7}}</ref> pada mikanyaho yén bangkong korodok bisa ngabalukarkeun racun pikeun manusa, ku alatan ieu pisan bangkong korodok jadi hiji sato anu geus remen dipaké dina prak-prakan ngajalankeun élmu sihir/tenung, ku alatan dianggap mibanda hiji kakuatan gaib. Malahan ngamangpaatkeun bangkong korodok anu digaringkeun pikeun diarah hampru/empedu, kotoran jeung getihna .<ref name=Witch-hunt>{{cite book |title=Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia |last=Burns |first=William E. |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32142-9 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Qr6_q-chR6MC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=common+toad+witchcraft#v=onepage&q=common%20toad%20witchcraft&f=false }}</ref> Di sababaraha daérah percaya lamun seug aya bangkong korodok ngulampreng ka imah éta méré totonden ayana pangaruh sihir atawa anu ngadon demit .<ref name=Witch-hunt/> Dalam [[Basque Country (wilayah lebih besar )|Basque Country]], dipercaya cenah bangkong korodok téh maké jubah anu gagah/elegan. digiring-giring ku barudak anu keur dialajar elmu sihir. kurang leuwih taun 1610 jeung 1612, hiji Inkuisisi/hukum numutkeun cara-cara gereja <ref>[https://www.google.co.id/search?q=inkuisisi+artinya&oq=inkuisisi+artinya&aqs=chrome..69i57.3615j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 Inkuisisi]</ref> [[Spanyol]] [[Alonso de Salazar Frias]] ngayakeun panalungtikan ngeunaan prakték sihir di éta tempat tuluy ngadatangan hiji imah anu disangka tukang nyihir anu mibanda bangkong maké jubah TAPI NYATANA HENTEU KAPANGGIH .<ref name=Burns>{{cite book |title=Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia |last=Burns |first=William E. |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32142-9 |pages=20–21 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Qr6_q-chR6MC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=common+toad+witchcraft#v=onepage&q=common%20toad%20witchcraft&f=false }}</ref> These witches were reputed to use undomesticated toads as ingredients in their liniments and brews.<ref name=Burns/> Di Inggris aya deui dongéng ngeunaan bangkong korodok ieu nyaritakeun hiji nini-nini tukang [[sihir]], anu ditagih duit séwa [[imah]] kunu boga taneuh. lain mayar kalahka malik ngéwa ku alatan ngarasa kaganggu ku anu boga taneuh, ku jalan maké élmu sihir pikeun, ngutuk anu boga tanah jeug sakabéh harta kakayaana. Kakocap di imah nu boga taneu teu kungsi lila, tiharita pamajikana karagragan bangkong korodok nepika labuhna. Gentak éta bangkong dicokot lung dialungkeun kana [[durukan]], tapi édas éta bangkong bisa kénéh kabur sanajan awakna geus kabeuleum sawaréh. Sawatara ti éta, imah nini-nini tukang sihir téh kahuruan ogé nepika runtuh. Isukna bangkong jeung tukang sihirna geus palastra ngababatang jadi banusan, tur ébréh urut kabeuleum anu aya dina éta awak nini-nini sarua lebah-lebahna jeung bangkong korodok anu kamari kabur tina durukan. <ref>{{cite book |title=Popular romances of the West of England; or, the drolls, traditions, and superstitions of Old Cornwall, Volume 2 |last=Hunt |first=Robert |year=1865 |publisher=Hotten |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SH9MAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA105&dq=%22Popular+Romances+of+the+West+of+England%22+2nd+series#v=onepage&q=%22Popular%20Romances%20of%20the%20West%20of%20England%22%202nd%20series&f=false }}</ref> [[File:Witches'Familiars1579.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Witch feeding toads|1579 Tukang sihir keur ngamangpaatkeun bangkong]] Ciduh bangkong korodok dipercaya mibanda racun/peurah anu disebut "sweltered" cenah dipercaya bangkong morodok bisa nyiduhkeun seuneu anu ngandunung racun. Bangkong korodok sok dihubung-hubungkeun jeung setan '' [[Paradise Lost]] '', [ [ John Milton ] ] digambarkan [ [ Setan ] ] minangka katak ketika ia menuangkan racun ke [ [ Eve ] ] telinga ' s .<ref name=Witch-hunt/> Pertama Penyihir di [[William Shakespeare]] [[Macbeth]] mertélakeun sarat jeung katangtuan ngagunakeun campuran bangkong korodok tur maké parancah jeung jangjawokan:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/19259 |title=''Macbeth'', Act&nbsp;IV, Scene&nbsp;I |author=Shakespeare, William |date=1605–1606 |publisher=Poets.org }}</ref> Aya deui anu percaya cenah dina hulu bangkong korodok téh aya hiji mustika "[[toadstone]]", di mana éta mustika umpama dipaké, bakal ngabejaan anu makena lamun seug aya anu demit atawa ngaracun kamanéhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/frogs/folklore/ |title=Frogs: Frog myths across cultures |author=Wanner, Noel |year=2011 |work=The Exploratorium |publisher=The museum of science, art and human perception |accessdate=2012-08-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206085215/http://www.exploratorium.edu/frogs/folklore/ |archivedate=2012-02-06 }}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|3}} ==Tutumbu kaluar == {{Commons category|Bufo bufo}} * {{wikispecies-inline|Bufo bufo}} * Information at [http://www.herp.it/ Ampibi anu aya di Europe] * Information at [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/481.shtml BBC nature on the common toad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321174743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/481.shtml |date=2009-03-21 }} * Information at [http://www.astolinto.it/SchedeVA/RospoCE.php Astolinto form] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ampibi]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Sunda]] dy2w0rasld0f56vsoftr100e0zeohzd 0 50681 731987 621954 2026-11-08T23:05:18Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731987 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Subtalar Joint.PNG|thumb|200px|Tulang [[calcaneus]] pernahna dina keuneung.]] '''Keuneung''' nyaéta bagéan tina sistem tulang-tulang dina awak urang anu aya pernahna dina suku.<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Dictionary_of_the_Sunda_Language_of_Ja.html?hl=id&id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ#v=onepage&q=K%C3%A9ngk%C3%A9rang&f=false| title =Rigg| last =Rigg| first =Jonathan| publisher =Lange| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862|ISBN=|pages =216}} Disungsi12 Pébruari 2022</ref> Keuneung mangrupa hiji tulang anu kawilang gedé ayana dina dampal [[suku]] beulah tukang. Tulang ieu anu nunjel/nahan beurat [[awak]] urang mangsa napak luhureun taneuh sangkan henteu ngajengkang katukang.<ref>[http://sasieureun-sabeunyeureun-pikeun-sunda.blogspot.co.id/2012/10/ngaran-babagian-awak.html Keuneung]</ref> ku alatan ieu pisan, keuneung mibanda kagunaan anu pohara gedé dina ngajaga kasaimbangan awak utamana mangsa keur leumpang sumawona lumpat. Keuneung mibanda sendi/sambungan, Beulah luhur keuneung mibanda sendi anu nyambung jeung ''talus'' tayalian tulang [[mumuncangan]] dibeulah hareupna nyambung jeung ''kuboid'' tayalian tulang anu nyambung jeung ramo-ramo suku. Dina keuneung mibanda urat/téndon anu panggedéna dina awak, dingaranan ''Corda Achilles''. Keuneung ogé disimbutan ku [[otot]] jeung saraf anu kacida lobana. ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} {{Anatomi manusa}} {{CabangBiologi}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] pldvs6jsia6stxd1zxbk7srcv0ezig4 0 50786 731989 654450 2026-11-08T23:16:39Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731989 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ramo''' basa Indonésiana [[jari]]; basa [[Inggris]] ''digit'' (''finger'' atawa ''toe'') nyaéta bagéan tina [[awak]] anu pernahna dina [[leungeun]] jeung [[suku]] kénca jeung katuhu. Dina kaayaan normal/umum ramo téh jumlahna aya lima, tayalian ti<ref name="Wangenan">[http://www.artikata.com/arti-353226-tangan.html Wangenan] (Ditempo ping 16 November 2011)</ref> : {| |[[File:Palce.jpg]] | # ramo [[jempol]] atawa indung leungeun # ramo [[curuk]] # ramo [[jajangkung]] (pang panjangna) tur aya di tengah # ramo [[jariji]] # ramo [[cingir]] |} Ramo diwangun ku sabubuhan bagéan [[tulang]]<ref name="Tulang">[http://withealth.net/id/hand-anatomy Tulang]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Ditempo ping 16 November 2011)</ref> anu ieu tulang téh dibungkus ku [[daging]] tur [[otot]], henteu ngan [[manusa]] baé anu mibanda ramo, lolobana [[sato]] ogé mibanda ramo sok sanajan lobana henteu tangtu nepi ka lima. Pikeun jalma anu [[pégo]] (henteu bisa nyarita) mangsa nepikeun maksud atawa hubungan komunikasi jeung anu séjéna ku jalan maké ramo anu diusikkeun atawa digerakeun dina wanda anu geus ilahar tur mibanda harti anu baris dikanyahokeun kunu nénjokeun atawa batur ngobrolna.<ref name="Tulang"/> Sakapeung aya ogé ramo nu ngarandapan gangguan atawa henteu normal ku lantaran panyakit, saperti ramo nu maréréngkel nu ilahar disebut kékéd.<ref name=“Jonathan Rigg”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Batavia| year =1862}}</ref><ref name="kékéd">[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q=KEHKEL&f=false Kékéd] Ditempo ping 13 Juli 2019</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist}} {{CabangBiologi}} {{Anatomi manusa}} [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] [[Kategori:Ramo]] {{anatomi-stub}} fu2xvimue11zv65wd2kie8j0xgucq7z 0 50848 731930 681092 2026-11-08T15:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731930 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yayat Héndayana''' di dunia [[téater]], anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku aktor jeung sutradara téater nu kawéntar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://m2indonesia.com/tokoh/sastrawan/yayat-hendayana.htm |title=Arsip salinan |accessdate=2017-09-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820224942/https://m2indonesia.com/tokoh/sastrawan/yayat-hendayana.htm |archivedate=2019-08-20}}</ref> Gumelar ka alam dunya di [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]] 7 Juni [[1943]]. Kasang tukang atikan SMA bagéan B, neruskeun ka [[Akademi Teater dan Film]], di Bandung (1965). Pindah ka jurusan Basa jeung [[Sastra Sunda]] Fakultas Sastra [[Universitas Padjajaran,]] ngan teu diréngsékeun.<ref name=":0" /> Sanggeus meunang beéasiswa ti  [[UNESCO]], anjeunna nuluykeun atikanna di [[Internasional Institute for Journalism (JIJ)]] [[Berlian|Berlin]] [[Jérman|Jerman]].<ref name=":0" /> Satamatna SMA, anjeunna digawé di bagéan administrasi Akademi Téater dan Film di Bandung.<ref name=":0" /> Jalaran kairut ku dunya téater anjeunna kuliah di dinya, ti saprak harita anjeunna ilubiung dina unggal kagiatan téater.<ref name=":0" /> Ngilu ngadegkeun [[Teater Perintis]] babarengan jeung [[Jim Lim]].<ref name=":0" /> Aktif dina unggal kagiatan [[Studiklub Teater Bandung (STB)]], pernah nyekel kalungguhan salaku [[girang serat]].<ref name=":0" /> Lian ti aktif dina téater, Anjeunna ogé dipikawanoh salaku panyajak, panulis [[Carita pondok|carpon]], utamana dina basa sunda jeung [[wartawan]].<ref name=":0" /> Sajak-sajakna dipidangkeun dina kalawarta [[Pikiran Rakyat]], [[Budaya Jaya]], [[Horison]], [[Majalah Sunda]], [[Manglé (majalah)|Manglé]], [[Gondéwa]], jsb.<ref name=":0" /> Salah sahiji karya sastrana meunangkeun Pangajen [[Sastra Lembaga Bahasa dan Sastra Sunda (LBBS)]] dina taun [[1998]]. Sajak sunda hasil karyana dikumpulkeun dina buku  kumpulan sajak  [[“Katiga”]] (Kemarau , 1979) jeung “[[Sasambat]]” (2005). Tuluy buku “[[Doa Angkatan Kami]]” ngumpulkeun sajak-sajak nu pernah ditulis ti taun 1973-2004.<ref name=":0" /> Jadi rédaktur majalah Manglé (1968-1972), rédaktur Gondéwa (1972-1975) jeung rédaktur kalawsarta Pikiran Rakyat, saméméh dipindahkeun kabagéan manajemen pausahaan.<ref name=":0" /> Aktif dina [[Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia]], pernah jadi pupuhu PWI cabang Jawa Barat (1984-1989), Pengurus [[Badan Pertimbangan Kebudayaan]] Jawa Barat, pupuhu urusan Kanwil [[Departemen Pendidikan Nasional]], manajer [[Gedung Kesenian Rumentang Siang]], girang serat [[Kalang Budaya Jawa Barat (BKKNI)]]. Kantos jadi anggota [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Républik Indonésia|DPRD]] kota Bandung (1982-1987).<ref name=":0" /> Jalaran kantos dituding “teu beresih lingkungan”, anjeunna kantos dilirénkeun jadi wartawan.<ref name=":0" />{{Sastra-pondok}} {{Daptar Sastrawan Sunda}} == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Pangarang Sunda]] {{stub}} b1fas4jk9n2tz3952wj0itc9oeq2k5j 0 53356 731903 730613 2026-11-08T14:09:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cat breed <!-- Put article text AFTER this infobox markup. See: --> <!-- Wikipedia:WikiProject Cats/Templates for more info. --> |name= Ucing Pérsia |image= Shaded silver Persian Cat Missionhill Cosmic Rainstorm.jpg |imagecaption= |altname= Bulu Panjang,<br />Pérsia Bulu Panjang ,<br />Shiraz, Shirazi |nickname= |country= [[Iran|Iran (Pérsia)]] <!-- international registries: --> |cfastd = http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/persian.pdf |fifestd = http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/EXO-PER.pdf |ticastd= http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/ps.pdf |wcfstd = http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/PER_en_2010-01-01.pdf <!-- regional multi-national registries: --> |ffestd = http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/persian_e.htm <!-- national registries: --> |acfstd = http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/2015_Group%201_Persian.pdf |acfastd = http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/PERSIAN.pdf |cccastd = |ccastd = http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/persian.pdf |cffstd = |gccfstd = http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Persian.SOP.pdf |loofstd = http://m.loof.asso.fr/standards/standard_en_41.php?z=1 |nzcfstd= |saccstd= <!-- any registry not listed above: --> |otherstd = |note=Ucing[[Éksotik bulu panjang]] jeung [[Ucing Himalaya]] mindeng digolongkeun kana jenis varian ieu. }} '''Ucing Pérsia''' ([[Persian language|Pérsia]]: گربه ایرانی ''Gorbe Irâni'') nyaéta [[ucing]] piaraan cirina bulu panjang, beungeut buleud sarta irung pondok. Sakapeung disebut '''Longhair''' atawa '''Pérsia Longhair'''. Ogé katelah ucing '''[[Shiraz]]i''' atawa '''Ucing Iran''', utamana di [[Timur Tengah]]. Karuhun ucing pérsia nu mimiti didokumétasikeun diimpor ti [[Iran]] (Pérsia) sakitar taun 1620 ka Éropa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breedguide.net/tag/persian-cat/|title=persian cat Archives - Breed Guide|work=Breed Guide}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050721/http://www.breedguide.net/tag/persian-cat/ |date=2014-08-08 }}</ref> Dipikawanoh minangka ucing inguan nu éndah saprak ahir abad ka-19, mimiti dimekarkeun ku Inggris, terus utamana ku paternak Amérika sanggeus [[Perang Dunya Kadua]]. Sababaraha organisasi ucing méwah ieu ngagolongkeun [[Ucing Himalaya]] jeung [[Éksotik Bulu pondok]] minangka varian ti turunan ieu, sedengkeun nu lianna nganggap maranéhna minangka katurunan nu misah. The [[selective breeding]] carried out by breeders has allowed the development of a wide variety of coat colors, but has also led to the création of incréasingly [[Cephalic index in cats and dogs|flat-faced]] Persians. Favored by fanciers, this héad structure can bring with it a number of héalth problems. As is the case with the [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] breed, there have been efforts by some breeders to preserve the older type of cat, the ''traditional breed'', having a more pronounced muzzle, which is more popular with the general public. Hereditary [[polycystic kidney disease]] is prevalent in the breed, affecting almost half the population in some countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://icatcare.org/advice/polycystic-kidney-disease|title=Polycystic kidney disease {{!}} International Cat Care|website=icatcare.org|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/Health_Information/PolycysticKidneyDisease.cfm|title=Polycystic Kidney Disease|website=www.vet.cornell.edu|access-date=2016-07-08|accessdate=2017-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118173412/http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/Health_Information/PolycysticKidneyDisease.cfm|archivedate=2018-01-18}}</ref> In 2015 it was ranked as the 2nd most popular breed in the United States according to the [[Cat Fanciers' Association]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cfa.org/AboutCFA/News/PressReleases/PressRelease20160201Top10Breeds.aspx|title=Press Release February 1, 2016 - Top 10 Breeds for 2015|website=cfa.org|access-date=2016-07-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430031445/http://cfa.org/AboutCFA/News/PressReleases/PressRelease20160201Top10Breeds.aspx |date=2017-04-30 }}</ref> The first is the [[Exotic Shorthair|Exotic]] breed. ==Asal== It is not cléar when longhaired cats first appéared, as there are no known long-haired specimens of the [[African wildcat]], the ancestor of the domestic subspecies. [[File:Persian aka Angora from 1894.JPG|thumb|left|An Angora/Persian from ''The Royal Natural History'' (1894).]] The first documented ancestors of the Persian were imported from [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], Persia (now Iran), into Italy in 1620 by [[Pietro della Valle]], and from Angora (now [[Ankara]]), [[Turkey]], into France by [[Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]] at around the same time. The Khorasan cats were grey coated while those from Angora were white. From France, they soon réached Britain.<ref name="messybeastLHC">{{cite web | url=http://www.messybeast.com/longhair-cats.htm | title=Longhaired Cats | publisher=Sarah Hartwell | work=Messybeast Cats | date=2013 | accessdate=July 9, 2015 | last=Hartwell | first=Sarah}}</ref>{{self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2015|reason=This is Sarah Hartwell's personal cat blog, "not affiliated to any registry, breed society, veterinary association or welfare society", not professionally edited, and citing no sources.}} Recent genetic reséarch indicates that present day Persians are related not to cats from the [[Near East]] but to cats from Western Europe. The reséarchers stated, "Even though the early Persian cat may have in fact originated from ancient Persia, the modern Persian cat has lost its [[Phylogeography|phylogeographical]] signature."<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Monika J.|last1=Lipinski |first2=Lutz|last2=Froenicke |first3=Kathleen C.|last3=Baysac |first4=Nicholas C.|last4=Billings |first5=Christian M.|last5=Leutenegger |first6=Alon M.|last6=Levy |first7=Maria|last7=Longeri |first8=Tirri|last8=Niini |first9=Haydar|last9=Ozpinar |first10=Margaret R.|last10=Slater |first11=Niels C.|last11=Pedersen |first12=Leslie A.|last12=Lyons |title=The Ascent of Cat Breeds: Genetic Evaluations of Breeds and Worldwide Random Bred Populations |journal=Genomics |date=January 2008 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 |pmc=2267438 |pmid=18060738}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Pamekaran== ===Pérsia jeung Angora=== {{over-quotation|lengthy=y|section|date=December 2011}} {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Blue Persian "Gentian".jpg|image2=Fulmer Zaida - Silver Persian.JPG|width=220|caption2=Top: blue Persian. Prize-winner at Westminster in 1899. <br />Bottom: silver Persian. Winner of multiple leading cat shows in 1902.}} The first Persian cat was presented at the first organized [[cat show]], in 1871 in [[the Crystal Palace]] in London, England, organized by [[Harrison Weir]]. As specimens closer to the later established Persian conformation became the more popular types, attempts were made to differentiate it from the Angora.<ref name="Helgren">{{cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne. |title=Cat Breed Detail: Persian Cats |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter & Gamble |url=http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=persian.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081119191145/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=persian.html |archivedate=November 19, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> The first breed standard (then called a ''points of excellence'' list) was issued in 1889 by cat show promoter Weir. He stated that the Persian differed from the Angora in the tail being longer, hair more full and coarse at the end and héad larger, with less pointed éars.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weir|first=Harrison |title=Our Cats and All About Them |date=1889 |location=Tunbridge Wells, UK |publisher=R. Clements & Co. |lccn=2002554760 |ol=3664970M |url= https://archive.org/details/ourcatsallaboutt00weir |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> Not all cat fanciers agreed with the distinction of the two types, and in the 1903 work ''The Book of the Cat'', Francis Simpson states that "the distinctions, apparently with hardly any difference, between Angoras and Persians are of so fine a nature that I must be pardoned if I ignore the class of cat commonly called Angora".<ref>{{cite book |last=Simpson|first=Frances. |title=The Book of the Cat |date=1903 |page=98 |location=London/New York |publisher=Cassell and Company |lccn=03024964 |ol=7205700M |url= https://archive.org/details/bookofcatsimpson00simprich |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> Dorothy Bevill Champion lays out the difference between the two types in the 1909 ''Everybody's Cat Book'':<ref name="champion">{{cite book |last=Champion |first=Dorothy Bevill |year=1909 |title=Everybody's Cat Book |page=17 |publisher=Lent & Graff |location=New York |lccn=10002159 |oclc=8291178 |ol=7015748M |url= https://archive.org/details/everybodyscatboo00cham |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> <blockquote> Our pedigree imported long-hairs of to-day are undoubtedly a cross of the Angora and Persian ; the latter possesses a rounder head than the former, also the coat is of quite a different quality. </blockquote> Bell goes on to detail the differences. Persian coats consists of a woolly under coat and a long, hairy outer coat.The coat loses all the thick underwool in the summer, and only the long hair remains. Hair on the shoulders and upper part of the hind legs is somewhat shorter. Conversely, the Angora has a very different coat which consists of long, soft hair, hanging in locks, "inclining to a slight curl or wave on the under parts of the body." The Angora's hair is much longer on the shoulders and hind legs than the Persian, which Bell considered a gréat improvement. However, Bell says the Angora "fails to the Persian in head," Angoras having a more wedge-shaped héad and Persians having a more appéaling round héad. Bell notes that Angoras and Persians have been crossbred, resulting in a decided improvement to éach breed, but claimed the long-haired cat of 1909 had significantly more Persian influence than Angora. Champion lamented the lack of distinction among various long-haired types by English fanciers, who in 1887, decided to group them under the umbrella term "Long-haired Cats".<ref name="champion"/><ref name="Helgren2">{{cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne |title=Cat Breed Detail: Turkish Angora |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter & Gamble |url= http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=turkango.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100509130400/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=turkango.html |archivedate=May 9, 2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}} {{Unreliable source?|reason=A cat food manufacturer is not a reliable source on cat breed history.|date=July 2015}}</ref><!-- This ref is only for the date. --> ===Pérsia Tradisional=== [[File:SnowyandHazy.jpg|thumb|Traditional Persian.]] {{Main article|Traditional Persian cat}} The '''traditional Persian''', or '''doll-face Persian''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buyfuffy.com|title=Cats and Kittens: Maine coon Kittens|accessdate=March 17, 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313210531/http://buyfuffy.com/ |date=March 13, 2016 }}</ref> are somewhat recent names for what is essentially the original breed of Persian cat, without the development of extreme féatures. As many breeders in the [[United States]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and other parts of the world started to interpret the Persian standard differently, they developed the flat-nosed "peke-face" or "ultra" type {{crossref|selfref=no|(see next section)}} over time, as the result of two genetic mutations, without changing the name of the breed from "Persian". Some organizations, including the [[Cat Fanciers' Association]] (CFA), today consider the peke-face type as their modérn standard for the Persian breed. Thus the [[retronym]] Traditional Persian was créated to refer to the original type, which is still bred today, mirroring the renaming of the original-style [[Siamese cat]] as the Traditional Siamese, to distinguish it from long-faced modérn development which has taken over as simply "the Siamese". Not all cat fancier groups recognize the Traditional Persian (at all, or as distinct), or give it that specific name. [[The International Cat Association|TICA]] has a very general standard, that does not specify a flattened face.<ref name="TICA std">{{cite web |title=Persian Breed Group |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=TICA.org |date=May 1, 2004 |location=Harlingen, Texas |publisher=[[The International Cat Association]] |url=http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/ps.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802122540/http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/ps.pdf |date=August 2, 2010 }}</ref> ===Peke-face and ultra-typing=== In the late 1950s a spontanéous mutation in red and red tabby Persians gave rise to the "peke-faced" Persian, named after the flat-faced [[Pekingese]] dog. It was régistered as a distinct breed in the CFA, but fell out of favor by the mid-1990s due to serious héalth issues; only 98 were régistered between 1958 and 1995. Despite this, breeders took a liking to the look and started breeding towards the peke-face look. The over-accentuation of the breed's characteristics by selective breeding (called ''extreme-'' or ''ultra-typing'') produced results similar to the peke-faced Persians. The term peke-face has been used to refer to the ultra-typed Persian but it is properly used only to refer to red and red tabby Persians béaring the mutation. Many fanciers and CFA judges considered the shift in look "a contribution to the breed."<ref name="messybeastLHC" /><ref name="CFA Saunders">{{cite web |first=Lorraine |last=Saunders |title=Solid Color Persians Are...Solid As a Rock? |work=Cat Fanciers' Almanac |date=November 2002 |publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association |url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid02.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041221/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid02.html |archivedate=December 1, 2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041221/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid02.html |date=December 1, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="CFA Brocato">{{cite web |first1=Judy |last1=Brocato |first2=Greg |last2=Brocato |title=Stargazing: A Historical View of Solid Color Persians |work=Cat Fanciers' Almanac |publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association |date=March 1995 |url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201043934/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid.html |archivedate=December 1, 2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201043934/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid.html |date=December 1, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="ultracat">{{cite web |last=Hartwell |first=Sarah |title=Novelty Breeds and Ultra-Cats – A Breed Too Far? |work=Messybeast Cats |url= http://www.messybeast.com/ultracat.htm |date=2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}{{self-published inline|certain=y|reason=See previous note about this source.|date=July 2015}}</ref> {{double image|left|Persian profile view moderate type.jpg|140|Cat Show - Ft. Lauderdale - October 2008.jpg|120|A Persian with a visible muzzle in contrast with a Persian with its forehead, nose and chin in vertical alignment, as called for by CFA's 2007 breed standard. The shorter the muzzle, the higher the nose tends to be. UK standards penalize Persians whose nose leather extends above the bottom edge of the eye.}} In 1958, breeder and author P. M. Soderberg wrote in ''Pedigree Cats, Their Varieties, breeding and Exhibition''<ref name="ultracat" /><!--This quotation appears to be cited to an intermediary source; should be verified.--> <blockquote style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;"><!--Have to compensate with padding, because blockquote's default indentation effect does not work when surrounded by images.--> "Perhaps in recent times there has been a tendency to over-accentuate this type of short face, with the result that a few of the cats seen at shows have faces which present a peke-like appearance. This is a type of face which is definitely recognized in the United States, and helps to form a special group within the show classification for the [Persian] breed. There are certainly disadvantages when the face has become too short, for this exaggeration of type is inclined to produce a deformity of the tear ducts, and running eyes may be the result. A cat with running eyes will never look at its best because in time the fur on each side of the nose becomes stained, and thus detracts from the general appearance [...] The nose should be short, but perhaps a plea may be made here that the nose is better if it is not too short and at the same time uptilted. A nose of this type creates an impression of grotesqueness which is not really attractive, and there is always a danger of running eyes." </blockquote> [[File:Stephanie 2.jpg|thumb|right|A smoke Persian with moderate features.]] While the looks of the Persian changed, the Persian Breed Council's standard for the Persian had remained basically the same. The Persian breed standard is, by its nature, somewhat open-ended and focused on a rounded héad, large, wide-spaced round eyes with the top of the nose léather placed no lower than the bottom of the eyes.{{clarify|date=December 2011|reason=Again, this article appears to contradict itself; the breed standard cannot call for the nose to be both above and below the eye at the same time. If necessary, create a section on conflicting breed standards and source their differences.}} The standard calls for a short, cobby body with short, well-boned legs, a broad chest, and a round appéarance, everything about the idéal Persian cat being "round". It was not until the late 1980s that standards were changed to limit the development of the extreme appéarance.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In 2004, the statement that muzzles should not be overly pronounced was added to the breed standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.persianbc.org/bcpoll_2003.php|title=2003 Breed Council Ballot Proposals and Results|year=2004|publisher=CFA Persian Breed Council|accessdate=October 17, 2009}}</ref> The standards were altered yet again in 2007, this time to reflect the flat face, and it now states that the forehéad, nose, and chin should be in vertical alignment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.persianbc.org/bcpoll_2006.php|title=2006 Breed Council Ballot Proposals and Results|year=2007|publisher=CFA Persian Breed Council|accessdate=October 17, 2009}}</ref> In the UK, the standard was changed by the [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF) in the 1990s to disqualify Persians with the "upper edge of the nose leather above the lower edge of the eye" from Certificates or First Prizes in Kitten Open Classes.<ref>[http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-bicolor.html Bi-Color and Calico Persians: Past, Present and Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827102947/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-bicolor.html |date=2009-08-27 }} Cat Fanciers' Almanac. May 1998</ref><ref name="GCCF std" /> While ultra-typed cats do better in the show ring, the public seems to prefer the less extreme, older "doll-face" types.<ref name="messybeastLHC"/> ==Varian== ===Himalaya=== {{Main article|Himalayan cat}} [[File:Chocolate Himlayan.jpg|thumb|right|The Himalayan or Colorpoint Longhair was created by crossing the Persian with the Siamese. This crossing also introduced the chocolate and lilac colors into solid colored Persians.]] In 1950, the [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] was crossed with the Persian to créate a breed with the body type of the Persian but colorpoint pattern of the Siamese. It was named [[Himalayan (cat)|Himalayan]], after other colorpoint animals such as the [[List of rabbit breeds#Himalayan|Himalayan rabbit]]. In the UK, the breed was recognized as the Colorpoint Longhair. The Himalayan stood as a separate breed in the US until 1984, when the CFA merged it with the Persian, to the objection of the breed councils of both breeds. Some Persian breeders were unhappy with the introduction of this [[crossbreed]] into their "pure" Persian lines.<ref name="Helgren3">{{Cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne. |title=Cat Breed Detail: Himalayan |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter & Gamble |url= http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=himalaya.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081119190910/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=himalaya.html |archivedate=November 19, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}} {{Unreliable source?|reason=A cat food manufacturer is not a reliable source on cat breed history.|date=July 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-himalayan.html Himalayan-Persian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913063731/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-himalayan.html |date=2009-09-13 }} Cat Fanciers' Almanac May 1999</ref> The CFA set up the registration for Himalayans in a way that breeders would be able to discern a Persian with Himalayan ancestry just by looking at the pedigree registration number. This was to maké it éasy for breeders who do not want Himalayan blood in their breeding lines to avoid individuals who, while not necessarily exhibiting the colorpoint pattern, may be carrying the point coloration gene recessively. Persians with Himalayan ancestry has registration numbers starting with 3 and are commonly referred to by breeders as colorpoint carriers (CPC) or 3000-series cats, although not all will actually carry the recessive gene. The Siamese is also the source for the chocolate and lilac color in solid Persians.<ref>[http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian-solid.html Breed Profile: Persian – Solid Color Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917091248/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian-solid.html |date=2009-09-17 }} Cat Fanciers' Association</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfainc.org/org/minutes/Jun04.pdf|format=PDF|title=CFA ANNUAL AND EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS JUNE 23–27, 2004|website=cfainc.org}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613043435/http://cfainc.org/org/minutes/Jun04.pdf |date=2010-06-13 }}</ref><!-- first ref for info on chocolate and lilac color, second for the 3000 series stuff. --> ===Éksotik Bulu Pondok=== {{Main article|Exotic Shorthair}} [[File:Brown Exotic Shorthair Kitten.jpg|thumb|right|The Exotic Shorthair is similar to the Persian in temperament and type, with the exception of its short, dense coat.]] The Persian was used as an outcross secretly by some [[American Shorthair]] (ASH) breeders in the late 1950s to "improve" their breed. The [[crossbreed]] look gained recognition in the show ring but other breeders unhappy with the changes successfully pushed for new breed standards that would disqualify ASH that showed signs of crossbreeding. One ASH breeder who saw the potential of the Persian/ASH cross proposed and eventually managed to get the CFA to recognize them as a new breed in 1966, under the name [[Exotic Shorthair]]. Regular outcrossing to the Persian has made present day Exotic Shorthair similar to the Persian in every way, including temperament and conformation, with the exception of the short dense coat. It has even inherited much of the Persian's héalth problems. The éasier to manage coat has made some label the Exotic Shorthair the lazy person's Persian. Because of the regular use of Persians as outcrosses, some Exotics may carry a copy of the recessive longhair gene. When two such cats mate, there is a one in four chance of éach offspring being longhaired. Ironically, longhaired Exotics are not considered Persians by CFA, although [[The International Cat Association]] accepts them as Persians. Other associations régister them as a separate Exotic Longhair breed.<ref name="Helgren4">{{cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne. |title=Cat Breed Detail: Exotic Shorthair |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter & Gamble |url=http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=exotshor.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081119193040/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=exotshor.html |archivedate=November 19, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}{{Unreliable source?|reason=A cat food manufacturer is not a reliable source on cat breed history.|date=July 2015}}</ref> ===Ukuran Kaulinan Jeung Kontés=== <ref name="ultracat"/> A number of breeders produce small-statured Persians under a variety of names. The generic terms are "toy" and "teacup" Persians (terms borrowed from the [[dog fancy]]), but the individual lines are often called "palm-sized", "pocket", "mini" and "pixie". Currently, they are not recognized as a separate breed by major registries and éach breeder sets their own standards for size.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartwell|first=Sarah |title=Dwarf, Midget and Miniature Cats – Purebreds (Including 'Teacup Cats') |date=2013 |work=Messybeast Cats |url= http://www.messybeast.com/dwarfcats-purebred.htm |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}{{self-published inline|certain=y|reason=See previous note about this source.|date=July 2015}}</ref> ===Chinchilla bulu jabrig jeung Sterling=== [[File:Doll face silver Persian.jpg|thumb|left|A doll-face silver Persian.]] In the US, there was an attempt to establish the silver Persian as a separate breed called the Sterling, but it was not accepted. Silver and golden Persians are recognized, as such, by CFA. In [[South Africa]], the attempt to separate the breed was more successful; the [[Southern Africa Cat Council]] (SACC) régisters cats with five generations of purebred Chinchilla as a Chinchilla Longhair. The Chinchilla Longhair has a slightly longer nose than the Persian, resulting in héalthy bréathing and less eye téaring. Its hair is translucent with only the tips carrying black pigment, a féature that gets lost when out-crossed to other colored Persians. Out-crossing also may result in losing nose and lip liner, which is a fault in the Chinchilla Longhair breed standard. One of the distinctions of this breed is the blue-green or green eye color only with kittens having blue or blue-purple eye color.<ref>[http://www.chinchillafactssite.com/chinchillas-as-pets/persian-longhair-cat/#appearance Difference Between Chinchilla Rodent and Chinchilla Cat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703115557/http://www.chinchillafactssite.com/chinchillas-as-pets/persian-longhair-cat/#appearance |date=2017-07-03 }} Chinchillafactssite.com</ref> {{clear}} ==Popularitas== [[File:GCCF breed registration data - Top 5 breeds of 2008.jpg|thumb|right|The popularity of the Persian (blue line) in the UK has declined for the past two decades.]] The Persian is the most popular breed of pedigree cats in the United States.<ref name="CFAdata2008">[http://www.cfainc.org/press/2008-breed-popularity.pdf 2008 Top Pedigreed Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401080256/http://www.cfainc.org/press/2008-breed-popularity.pdf |date=2010-04-01 }} CFA. March 2009.</ref> In the UK, registration numbers have dwindled since the éarly 1990s and the Persian lost its top spot to the [[British Shorthair]] in 2001. As of 2012, it was the 6th most popular breed, behind the British Shorthair, Ragdoll, Siamese, Maine Coon and Burmese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gccfcats.org/pdf/breedanalysis/2012breeds_ranking.pdf|title=Analysis of Breeds Registered|year=2013|publisher=Governing Council of the Cat Fancy|accessdate=December 30, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233852/http://www.gccfcats.org/pdf/breedanalysis/2012breeds_ranking.pdf |date=December 30, 2013 }}</ref> In France, the Persian is the only breed whose registration declined between 2003 and 2007, dropping by more than a quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aniwa.com/fr/chat/document/fr/chat/magazine/tendances/statistiques-race-chat-loof-fff/index.htm|title=Palmarés du chat de race en France: Les données 2008 du LOOF|last=Javerzac|first=Anne-marie|year=2008|publisher=ANIWA|language=French|accessdate=2017-04-22|archiveurl=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080503000000/http://www.aniwa.com/fr/chat/document/fr/chat/magazine/tendances/statistiques-race-chat-loof-fff/index.htm|archivedate=2008-05-03}}</ref> The most color popular varieties according to CFA registration data are séal point, blue point, flame point and tortie point Himalayan, followed by black-white, shadéd silvers and calico.<ref name="CFAdata2008"/> {{clear}} ==Klasifikasi Registrasi== [[File:Chocolate Persian.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Cat show#Description of CFA cat shows and titles|Grand Champion]] chocolate Persian.]] The [[breed standard]]s of various cat fancier organizations may tréat the Himalayan and Exotic Shorthair (or simply Exotic) as variants of the Persian, or as separate breeds. The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) tréats the Himalayan as a color-pattern class of both the Persian and the Exotic, which have separate but néarly identical standards (differing in coat length).<ref name="CFA std" /> The [[Fédération Internationale Féline]] (FIFe) entirely subsumes what other registries call the Himalayan as simply among the allowed coloration patterns for the Persian and the Exotic, tréated as separate breeds.<ref name="FIFe std">{{cite web |title=Category I: Exotic/Persian |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=January 1, 2015 |format=PDF |work=FIFeweb.org |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale Féline]] |location=Jevišovkou, Czech Republic |url=http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/EXO-PER.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121044945/http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/EXO-PER.pdf |date=January 21, 2016 }}</ref> The International Cat Association (TICA) tréats them both as variants of the Persian.<ref name="TICA std" /> The [[World Cat Federation]] (WCF) tréats the Persian and Exotic Shorthair as separate breeds, and subsumes the Himalayan coloration as colorpoint varieties under éach.<ref name="WFC std">{{cite web |title=Breed Standards: Persian&ndash;Colourpoint |format=PDF |date=January 1, 2010 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=WCF-Online.de |publisher=World Cat Federation |location=Essen, Germany |url=http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/PER_en_2010-01-01.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129100702/http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/PER_en_2010-01-01.pdf |date=November 29, 2020 }}</ref> Among regional and national organizations, [[Feline Federation Europe]] tréats all three as separate breeds.<ref name="FFE std">{{cite web |title=British Shorthair and Highlander |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line--> |date=September 25, 2004 |work=Bavarian-CFA.de |publisher=Feline Federation Europe |url=http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/persian_e.htm |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711050216/http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/persian_e.htm |date=July 11, 2015 }} Note: Due to poor coding at this site, this link goes directly to the standard's content. To see it loaded in the site's navigation frame, go to http://www.ffe.europe.de{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, and manually navigate to the breed's entry under the "Races Standard" menu item.</ref> The [[American Cat Fanciers Association]] (ACFA) has the three as separate breeds (also with a Non-pointed Himalayan that is similar to the Persian).<ref name="ACFA std">{{cite web |title=Persian |format=PDF |date=May 2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=ACFACat.com |publisher=American Cat Fanciers' Association |location=Nixa, Missouri |url= http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/PERSIAN.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> The [[Australian Cat Federation]] (AFC) follows the FIFe practice.<ref name="ACF std">{{cite web |title=ACF Standards: Persian [PER] |format=PDF |date=January 1, 2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Australian Cat Federation |location=Canning Vale, Western Au. |url=http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/2015_Group%201_Persian.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301054912/http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/2015_Group%201_Persian.pdf |date=March 1, 2015 }}</ref> The [[Canadian Cat Federation]] (CCA-AFC) tréats the three separately, and even has an Exotic Longhair subbreed of the Exotic, and Non-pointed Himalayan subbreed of Himalayan, which differ from the Persian only in having some mixed ancestry.<ref name="CCA-AFC std">{{cite web |title=Persian |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |format=PDF |date=August 6, 2005 |work=CCA-AFC.com |publisher=Canadian Cat Federation |url=http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/persian.pdf |location=Mississauga, Ontario |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030090206/http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/persian.pdf |date=October 30, 2012 }} Also referred to corresponding [http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/exotic%202010.pdf Exotic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916192949/http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/exotic%202010.pdf |date=2012-09-16 }} and [http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/himalayan.pdf Himalayan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030090200/http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/himalayan.pdf |date=2012-10-30 }} standards.</ref> The (UK) [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF) does likewise.<ref name="GCCF std">{{cite web |title=Persian Section |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |format=PDF |date=2015 |work=GCCFCats.org |publisher=Governing Council of the Cat Fancy |location= |url=http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Persian.SOP.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021037/http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Persian.SOP.pdf |date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref> tréats the Persian and Exotic Shorthair as separate breeds covered by a single standard with a coat length distinction, and has the pattern of the Himalayan as simply a division within that standard.<ref name="LOOF std">{{cite web |title=Breed's Standard: Persian & Exotic Shorthair |date=2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=LOOF.asso.fr |publisher=Livre Officiel des Origines Félines |location=Pantin, France |url=http://m.loof.asso.fr/standards/standard_en_41.php?z=1 |accessdate=July 10, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711075411/http://m.loof.asso.fr/standards/standard_en_41.php?z=1 |archivedate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> ==Ciri== A show-quality Persian has an extremely long and thick coat, short legs, a wide héad with the éars set far apart, large eyes, and an extremely shortened muzzle. The breed was originally established with a short muzzle, but over time, this characteristic has become extremely exaggerated, particularly in North America. Persian cats can have virtually any color or markings. The Persian is generally described as a quiet cat. Typically placid in nature, it adapts quite well to apartment life. Himalayans tend to be more active due to the influence of Siamese traits. In a study comparing cat owner perceptions of their cats, Persians rated higher than non-pedigree cats on closeness and affection to owners, friendliness towards strangers, cléanliness, predictability, vocalization, and fussiness over food.<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=D. C. |year=2000 |chapter=Human-cat interactions: relationships with, and breed differences between, non-pedigree, Persian and Siamese cats |editor1-last=Podberscek |editor1-first=A. L. |editor2-last=Paul |editor2-first=E. S. |editor3-last=Serpell |editor3-first=J. A. |title=Companion Animals & Us: Exploring the Relationships Between People & Pets |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |pages=257–271 |isbn=0-521-63113-0 }}</ref> ===Kelir=== <!--Do not capitalize coloration terms; those are not breed names, and this is not Capitalipedia.--> The permissible colors in the breed, in most organizations' breed standards, encompass the entire range of [[Cat coat genetics|cat coat-pattern variations]]. [[The International Cat Association]] (TICA) groups the breed into three coat-pattern divisions for judging at [[cat show]]s: traditional (with stable, rich colors), sepia ("paler and warmer than the traditional equivalents", and darkening a bit with age), and mink (much lighter than sepia, and developing noticéably with age on the face and extremities). If classified as the Himalayan sub-breed, full [[point coloration]] is required, the fourth TICA color division, with a "pale and creamy colored" body even lighter than mink, with intense coloration on the face an extremities. The four TICA categories are essentially a graduated scale of color distribution from evenly colored to mostly colored only at the points. Within éach, the coloration may be further classified as solid, [[Tortoiseshell cat|tortoiseshell]] (or "tortie"), [[Tabby cat|tabby]], silver or smoke, solid-and-white, tortoiseshell-and-white, tabby-and-white, or silver/smoke-and-white, with various specific colors and modifiers (e.g. chocolate tortoishell point, or fawn shadéd mink marbled tabby-torbie). TICA-recognized tabby patterns include classic, mackerel, marbled, spotted, and ticked (in two genetic forms), while other patterns include shadéd, chinchilla, and two tabbie-tortie variations, golden, and grizzled. Basic colors include white, black, brown, ruddy, bronze, "blue" (grey), chocolate, cinnamon, lilac, fawn, red, créam, with a silver or shadéd variant of most. Not counting bi-color (piebald) or parti-color coats, nor combinations that are genetically impossible, there are néarly 1,000 named coat pattern variations in the TICA system for which the Persian/Himalayan qualifies. The Exotic Shorthair sub-breed qualifies for every cat coat variation TICA recognizes.<ref name="TICA std" /> <!-- FIFe here --> <!-- Australian Cat Federation here.-->[[File:Grand Champion Topknot James Bond of Lions & Owls.jpg|thumb|Grand Champion Topknot James Bond of Lions & Owls. A solid black, 1 year old Persian cat with brilliant copper eyes. This cat is in kitten coat and the color of the coat will darken as the kitten coat is shed and the adult coat grows in. Note the immense ruff, small round ears, heavy-boned, cobby body, and nose that is short, snub, and broad, with “break” centered between the eyes.]] The [[Cat Fanciers' Association]] (CFA), of the United States, also groups the breed into four coat-pattern divisions, but differently: solid, silver and golden (including chinchilla and shadéd variants, and blued subvariants), shadéd and smoke (with several variations of éach, and a third subcategorization called shell), tabby (only classic, mackerel, and patched [spotted], in various colors), parti-color (in four classes, tortoiseshell, blue-créam, chocolaet tortie, and lilac-créam, mixed with other colors), [[Calico cat|calico]] and bi-color (in around 40 variations, broadly classified as calico, dilute calico, and bi-color), and Himalayan (white-to-fawn body with [[point coloration]] on the héad, tail and limbs, in various tints). CFA base colors are white, black, blue, red, créam, chocolate, and lilac. There are around 140 named CFA coat patterns for which the Himalayan qualifies, and 20 for the Himalayan subbreed.<ref name="CFA std">{{cite web |title=Persian Show Standard |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=CFAInc.com |publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association |location=Alliance, Ohio |date=2015 |format=PDF |url=http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/persian.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710164617/http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/persian.pdf |date=July 10, 2015 }}</ref> These coat patterns encompass virtually all of those recognized by CFA for cats generally. Any Persian permissible in TICA's more detailed system would probably be accepted in CFA's, simply with a more general name, though the organizations do not mix breed registries. Eye colors range widely, and may include blue, copper, [[Odd-eyed cat|odd-eyed]] blue and copper, green, blue-green, and hazel. Various TICA and CFA coat categorizations come with specific eye-color requirements.<ref name="TICA std" /><ref name="CFA std" /> <ref name="TICA UCD">{{cite web |title=Uniform Color Descriptions and Glossary of Terms |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |format=PDF |date=January 1, 2015 |publisher=The International Cat Association |url=http://www.tica.org/members/publications/ucd.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610171542/http://www.tica.org/members/publications/ucd.pdf |date=June 10, 2015 }}</ref> ==Kaséhatan== Pet insurance data from Sweden puts the median lifespan of cats from the Persian group (Persians, Chinchilla, Himalayan and Exotic) at just above 12.5 yéars. 76% of this group lived to 10 yéars or more and 52% lived to 12.5 yéars or more.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal | last1 = Egenvall | first1 = A. | last2 = Nødtvedt | first2 = A. | last3 = Häggström | first3 = J. | last4 = Ström Holst | first4 = B. | last5 = Möller | first5 = L. | last6 = Bonnett | first6 = B. N. | title = Mortality of Life-Insured Swedish Cats during 1999—2006: Age, Breed, Sex, and Diagnosis | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 1175–1183 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19780926 | doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0396.x}}</ref> Veterinary clinic data from England shows an average lifespan of 12–17 yéars, with a median of 14.1.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1177/1098612X14536176 | pmid=24925771 | title=Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England | journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery | volume=17 | issue=2 | pages=125–33 | date=2014 | first=D. G. | last=O'Neill}} "n=70, median=14.1, IQR 12.0-17.0, range 0.0-21.2"</ref> The modérn [[Brachycephalic syndrome|brachycephalic]] Persian has a large rounded skull and shortened face and nose. This facial conformation makes the breed prone to bréathing difficulties, skin and eye problems and birthing difficulties. Anatomical abnormalities associated with brachycephalic breeds can cause [[shortness of breath]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Morphometric Investigations of Breed-Specific Features in Feline Skulls and Considerations on their Functional Implications |first=W. |last=Künzel |first2=S. |last2=Breit |first3=M. |last3=Oppel |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0264.2003.00448.x |journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=218–223 |year=2003 }}</ref> Malformed [[Nasolacrimal duct|tear ducts]] causes [[Epiphora (medical)|epiphora]], an overflow of téars onto the face, which is common but primarily cosmetic. It can be caused by other more serious conditions though. [[Entropion]], the inward folding of the eyelids, causes the eyelashes to rub against the cornéa, and can léad to téaring, pain, infection and cornéa damage. Similarly, in upper eyelid [[trichiasis]] or nasal fold trichiasis, eyelashes/hair from the eyelid and hair from the nose fold néar the eye grow in a way which rubs against the cornéa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Frans Cornelis |last=Stades |title=Ophthalmology for the Veterinary Practitioner |location=Hannover |publisher=Schlütersche |year=2007 |edition=2nd rev. and expanded |isbn=978-3-89993-011-5 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[Dystocia]], an abnormal or difficult labor, is relatively common in Persians.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7610538 |title=Feline dystocia: prevalence, and association with cranial conformation and breed |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_veterinary-record_1995-04-08_136_14/page/n27 |journal=Vet Rec |year=1995 |volume=136 |issue=14 |pages=350–353 |last=Gunn-Moore |first=D. A. |last2=Thrusfield |first2=M. V. |doi=10.1136/vr.136.14.350}}</ref> Consequently, stillbirth rate is higher than normal, ranging from 16.1% to 22.1%, and one 1973 study puts kitten mortality rate (including stillborns) at 29.2%.<ref>Susan Little [http://catvet.homestead.com/Devon_Rex_Project_Report_1st_Year.doc Aspects of Reproduction and Kitten Mortality in the Devon Rex cat And a Review of the Literature] Devon Rex Kitten Information Project</ref> A veterinary study in 2010 documented the serious héalth problems caused by the brachycephalic héad.<ref name="Schlueter"/> [[File:Purr Lexus Persian Kitty January 3 2015 19 years and 6 months old.jpg|left|thumb|An 19.5 year old pure bred Calico Persian. Such longevity is rare in this breed.<ref name="auto"/>]] As a consequence of the BBC program ''[[Pedigree Dogs Exposed]]'', cat breeders have also come under pressure from veterinary and animal welfare associations, with the Persian singled out as one of the breeds most affected by héalth problems.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/petshealth/4990966/Inbred-pedigree-cats-suffering-from-life-threatening-diseases-and-deformities.html | title=Inbred pedigree cats suffering from life-threatening diseases and deformities | work=The Daily Telegraph | accessdate=November 8, 2009 | location=London | first=Jasper | last=Copping | date=March 14, 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419172042/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/petshealth/4990966/Inbred-pedigree-cats-suffering-from-life-threatening-diseases-and-deformities.html |date=April 19, 2010 }}</ref> Animal welfare proponents have suggested changes to breed standards to prevent diséases caused by over or ultra-typing, and prohibiting the breeding of animals outside the set limits.<ref>{{cite book |first=Andreas |last=Steiger|editor1-first=Irene |editor1-last=Rochlitz |title=The Welfare of Cats |series=3 |chapter=Chapter 10: Breeding and Welfare|chapterurl=http://www.springerlink.com/content/w2421766j16ln803/?p=e886e2e0eec64cb489fa933f7e88f339&pi=9|publisher=Springer |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=1-4020-6143-9}}</ref> Apart from the GCCF standard that limits high noses, TICA<ref name="TICA std" /> and FIFe standards require nostrils to be open, with FIFe stating that nostrils should allow "free and easy passage of air." Germany's Animal Welfare Act too prohibits the breeding of brachycephalic cats in which the tip of the nose is higher than the lower eyelids.<ref name="Schlueter">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.010 | title = Brachycephalic feline noses: CT and anatomical study of the relationship between head conformation and the nasolacrimal drainage system | year = 2009 | last1 = Schlueter | first1 = C. | last2 = Budras | first2 = K. D. | last3 = Ludewig | first3 = E. | last4 = Mayrhofer | first4 = E. | last5 = Koenig | first5 = H. E. | last6 = Walter | first6 = A. | last7 = Oechtering | first7 = G. U. | journal = Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery | volume = 11 | pages = 891–900 | url = http://www.fabcats.org/news/breeding/JFMS%20artice.pdf | pmid = 19857852 | issue = 11 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Polycystic kidney disease]] (PKD) which causes kidney failure in affected adult cats has an incidence rate of 36–49% in the Persian breed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Polycystic Kidney Disease|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/POLYCYSTICKIDNEYDISEASEPERSIAN.php|work=Genetic welfare problems of companion animals|publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare|accessdate=August 4, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162407/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/POLYCYSTICKIDNEYDISEASEPERSIAN.php |date=April 3, 2012 }}</ref> Cysts develop and grow in the kidney over time, replacing kidney tissues and enlarging the kidney. Kidney failure develops later in life, at an average age of 7 yéars old (ranging from 3 to 10 yéars old). Symptoms include excessive drinking and urination, reduced appetite, weight loss and depression.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00580-008-0744-0| title = Polycystic kidney in an adult Persian cat: Clinical, diagnostic imaging, pathologic, and clinical pathologic evaluations| journal = Comparative Clinical Pathology| volume = 18| pages = 95–97| year = 2008| last1 = Hosseininejad | first1 = M.| last2 = Vajhi | first2 = A.| last3 = Marjanmehr | first3 = H.| last4 = Hosseini | first4 = F.}}</ref> The diséase is [[autosomal dominant]] and DNA screening is the preferred method of eliminating the gene in the breed. Because of DNA testing, most responsible Persian breeders now have cats that no longer carry the PKD gene, hence their offspring also do not have the gene. Before DNA screening was available, ultrasound was done. However, an ultrasound is only as good as the day it's done, and many cats that were thought to be cléar, were in fact, a carrier of the PKD gene. Only DNA screening and then breeding negative to negative for the PKD gene will produce negative kittens which effectively removes this gene from the breeding pool has allowed some lines and catteries to eliminate the incidence of the diséase.<ref>Lyons, Leslie. [http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/PHR/LyonsDen/pkd.htm Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105080443/http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/PHR/LyonsDen/pkd.htm |date=2009-11-05 }} Feline Genome Project</ref> [[Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (HCM) is a common héart diséase in all cats. It is hereditary in the [[Maine Coon]] and [[American Shorthair]], and likely the Persian. The diséase causes thickening of the [[left ventricle|left heart chamber]], which can in some instances léad to sudden déath. It tends to affect males and mid to old-aged individuals. Reported incidence rate in Persians is 6.5%.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_aSMmFN4TQYC&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Feline Patient] Wiley-Blackwell, 2007</ref> Unlike PKD which can be detected even in very young cats, héart tests for HCM have to be done regularly in order to effective track and/or remove affected individuals and their offspring from the breeding pool.<ref>[http://www.cfa.org/articles/health/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy.html Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Advice for Breeders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083815/http://www.cfa.org/articles/health/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy.html |date=2008-05-13 }} The Winn Feline Foundation</ref> The age at the first cardiac event was significantly lower in Maine Coons (2.5 yéars) versus other breeds (7 yéars). In Sphynx, the age at the time of diagnosis was 3.5 yéars. Concerning sudden déath solely, Maine Coon cats died younger than other breeds. No sudden déaths were reported in Chartreux and Persian cats in this study. Sudden déath was observed in only 3 breeds—Maine Coon, Domestic Shorthair, and Sphynx. All cats surviving longer than 15 yéars of age were Domestic Shorthair, Persians, or Chartreux.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 22443341 | year = 2012 | author1 = Trehiou-Sechi | first1 = E | title = Comparative echocardiographic and clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 5 breeds of cats: A retrospective analysis of 344 cases (2001-2011) | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 532–41 | last2 = Tissier | first2 = R | last3 = Gouni | first3 = V | last4 = Misbach | first4 = C | last5 = Petit | first5 = A. M. | last6 = Balouka | first6 = D | last7 = Sampedrano | first7 = C. C. | last8 = Castaignet | first8 = M | last9 = Pouchelon | first9 = J. L. | last10 = Chetboul | first10 = V | doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00906.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://winnfelinehealth.blogspot.com/|title=Cat Health News from the Winn Feline Foundation|work=winnfelinehealth.blogspot.com}}</ref> éarly onset [[Progressive retinal atrophy]] is a degenerative eye diséase with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in the Persian.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 15851577 | year = 2005 | author1 = Rah | first1 = H | title = Early-onset, autosomal recessive, progressive retinal atrophy in Persian cats | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_investigative-ophthalmology-visual-science_2005-05_46_5/page/1742 | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 1742–7 | last2 = Maggs | first2 = D. J. | last3 = Blankenship | first3 = T. N. | last4 = Narfstrom | first4 = K | last5 = Lyons | first5 = L. A. | doi = 10.1167/iovs.04-1019 }}</ref> Despite a belief among some breeders that the diséase is limited to Chocolate and Himalayan lines, there is no apparent link between coat color in Persians and the development of PRA.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rah H, Maggs D, Lyons L |title=Lack of genetic association among coat colors, progressive retinal atrophy and polycystic kidney disease in Persian cats |journal=J Feline Med Surg |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=357–60 |year=2006 |pmid=16777456 |doi=10.1016/j.jfms.2006.04.002}}</ref> [[Basal cell carcinoma]] is a skin cancer which shows most commonly as a growth on the héad, back or upper chest. While often benign, rare cases of malignancy tends to occur in Persians.<ref name="HVH">Cat Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook</ref> Blue smoke Persians are predisposed to [[Chédiak-Higashi syndrome]]. [[Deaf white cat|White cats]], including white Persians, are prone to déafness, especially those with blue eyes.<ref>Strain, George M. [http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/catbreeds.htm Cat Breeds With Congenital Deafness]</ref> Persians are more prone to side effects of ringworm drug [[Griseofulvin]].<ref>[http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&C=31&A=543&S=0 Griseofulvin (Fulvicin)] VeterinaryPartner.com</ref> As with in dogs, [[hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]] affects larger breeds such as Maine Coons and Persians. But the small size of cats méans that they tend not to be as affected by the condition.<ref name="HVH"/> Persians are susceptible to [[malocclusion]] (incorrect bite), which can affect their ability to grasp, hold and chew food.<ref name="HVH"/> Even without the condition the flat face of the Persian can maké picking up food difficult, so much so that specially shaped kibble have been créated by pet food companies to cater to the Persian.<ref>[http://www.royalcanin.co.uk/my_pet/cat_products/feline_breed_nutrition/persian.aspx Persian 30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728072447/http://www.royalcanin.co.uk/my_pet/cat_products/feline_breed_nutrition/persian.aspx |date=2011-07-28 }} Royal Canin</ref> Other conditions which the Persian is predisposed to are listed below:<ref name=Pred>{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Alex|author2=Thomas, Alison|title=Breed Predispositions to Diseases in Dogs and Cats|url=https://archive.org/details/breedpredisposit0000goug|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|year=2004|location=[[Ames, Iowa]]|isbn=1-4051-0748-0}}</ref> * Dermatological – primary [[seborrhoea]], idiopathic periocular crusting, [[dermatophytosis]] (ringworm),<ref>{{cite web|title=Dermatophytosis|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/DERMATOPHYTOSISINPERSIAN.php|work=Genetic welfare problems of companion animals|publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare|accessdate=August 4, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311141834/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/DERMATOPHYTOSISINPERSIAN.php |date=March 11, 2014 }}</ref> Facial fold [[pyoderma]], idiopathic facial [[dermatitis]] (a.k.a. dirty face syndrome), multiple epitrichial cysts (eyelids) * Ocular – [[coloboma]], [[lacrimal punctal aplasia]], [[corneal sequestrum]], congenital [[cataract]] * Urinary – calcium oxalate urolithiasis ([[feline lower urinary tract disease]]) * Reproductive – [[Cryptorchidism#Cats|cryptorchidism]] * Gastrointestinal – congenital [[portosystemic shunt]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Portosystemic Shunt|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/PORTOSYSTEMICSHUNTPERSIAN.php|work=Genetic welfare problems of companion animals|publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare|accessdate=August 4, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328011905/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/PORTOSYSTEMICSHUNTPERSIAN.php |date=March 28, 2015 }}</ref> congenital [[polycystic liver disease]] (associated with PKD) * Cardiovascular – peritonéopericardial [[diaphragmatic hernia]] * Immunological – [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] * Neurological – [[alpha-mannosidosis]] * Néoplastic – [[basal cell carcinoma]], [[Sebaceous adenoma|sebaceous gland tumours]] * Excessive téaring * Eye condition such as cherry eye * Héat sensitivity *Predisposition to ringworm, a fungal infection Although these héalth issues are common, many Persians do not exhibit any of these problems. ==Dangdan== [[File:Lion cut tortoiseshell Persian.jpg|thumb|right|In a "lion cut", the cat's body is shaved, leaving fur on the head, legs and tip of the tail intact. It may be done to remove matted fur, reduce the need for grooming, keep the cat cool in warm weather or for aesthetic reasons.]] Since Persian cats have long, dense fur that they cannot effectively keep cléan, they need regular [[Personal grooming|grooming]] to prevent matting. To keep their fur in its best condition, they must be bathed regularly, dried carefully afterwards, and brushed thoroughly every day. An alternative is to shave the coat. Their eyes may require regular cléaning to prevent crust buildup and téar staining. ==Référési== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons category|Persian (cat)}} * {{dmoz|Recreation/Pets/Cats/Breeds/Persian}} * [http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian.html Breed Profile: Persian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605123253/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian.html |date=2004-06-05 }} {{Cat nav}} {{Portalbar|Cats|Iran|}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Persian (Cat)}} [[Kategori:Cat breeds]] [[Kategori:Persian mythology]] [[Kategori:Cat breeds originating in Iran]] [[Kategori:Inbred animals]] njzode69kcki8xw2kp2vaccborlxkdn 0 54363 731863 730759 2026-11-08T12:38:08Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company | company_name = PT SpeedCast | company_logo = | company_type = Publik | foundation = [[Séptémber]] [[1999]] | location = {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} ,[[Hong Kong]] | key_people = Pierre - Jean Beylier (Presiden direktur & CEO) | revenue = | net_income = | homepage = [http://www.speedcast.com www.speedcast.com] }} '''SpeedCast''' nyaéta pausahaan panyadia [[raramat]] sadunya sarta layanan [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]] nu nawarkeun layanan jasa raramat kualitas panghadéna leuwih ti 90 nagara; sarta raramat [[maritim]] nu ngalayanan konsumén di sakuliah dunya.<ref name=TA/> Kalayan 40 kantor ''[[sales]]'' pangrojong di sakuliah dunya sarta 39 ''[[téléport]]'', SpeedCast mibanda [[infrastruktur]] unik nu ngawula konsumén global.<ref name=TA/> Kalayan leuwih ti 2.200 palanggan ngaliwatan leuwih ti 4.000 situs ''[[téréstrial]]'' sarta sakitar 5.000 [[Jackup Rig|rig]] jeung kapal cai di sagara.<ref name=TA/> Udagan SpeedCast dina solusi nu disaluyukeun pikeun lima ''ségmén'' palanggan utama: [[Telekomunikasi|télékomunikasi]], [[maritim]], [[Énergi|énérgi]] & sumber daya alam, [[pamaréntah]] & LSM, sarta [[Pausahaan Jasa|pausahaan]].<ref name=TA>{{cite web|url=https://www.ta.com/portfolio/investments/speedcast-international-limited|title=SpeedCat International Ltd|publisher=TA Associates|accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> [[File:Speedcast Logo.gif|thumb]] ==Sajarah== SpeedCast diadegkeun dina taun [[1999]]. <ref name=SPDCT/>[[AsiaSat]] jadi nu nyekel saham utama di SpeedCast dina bulan [[Maret]] [[2000]].<ref name=SPDCT/> Dina bulan [[Nopémber]] [[2007]], AsiaSat meuli sakabéh saham jadi 100% mibanda SpeedCast.<ref>{{cite web |work=Telecom Asia Net. |date=2007-11-15 |title=AsiaSat to pay $3.4m for Speedcast stake |accessdate=2017-05-16 |publisher=telecomasia.net |url=http://www.telecomasia.net/content/asiasat-pay-34m-speedcast-stake-0 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114085210/http://www.telecomasia.net/content/asiasat-pay-34m-speedcast-stake-0 |archivedate=2016-11-14}}</ref> SpeedCast ngalayanan jasa [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]] pikeun konsumén leuwih ti 13 taun kaliwat.<ref name=SPDCT>{{cite web|url=https://www.speedcast.com/about-us/|title=About Us|publisher=SpeedCat International Ltd|accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> Asosiasi TA, hiji pausahaan ékuitas swasta global nu kasohor, meuli SpeedCast ti [[AsiaSat]] dina bulan [[Séptémber|September]] [[2012]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-09-24 |title=TA Associates Completes Buyouts of SpeedCast Ltd |accessdate=2017-05-16 |publisher=SpeedCast Ltd. |url=http://www.speedcast.com/component/content/article/3-latest-news/232-ta-associates-completes-buyout-of-speedcast-ltd }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235218/http://www.speedcast.com/component/content/article/3-latest-news/232-ta-associates-completes-buyout-of-speedcast-ltd |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> Ti mangsa harita, SpeedCast geus meuli tilu pausahaan [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit komunikasi]]: Australian Satellite Communications ("ASC") puseurna di Australia Kidul dina bulan [[Désémber]] [[2012]];[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20121205006387/en/TA-Associates-Partners-SpeedCast-Complete-Buyout-Australian] Elektrikom Satellite Service ("Elektrikom") puseurna di [[Walanda]] dina bulan [[Januari]] [[2013]];[http://vsat.nl/speedcast/]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} sarta Pactel International ("Pactel") puseurna di [[Australia]] dina bulan April [[2013]].[https://www.ta.com/about/news/ta-associates-continues-asia-pacific-satellite-consolidation-strategy-partnering-with-portfolio-company-speedcast-in-buyout-of-pactel-international] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ta.com/portfolio/investments/speedcast-international-limited|title=SpeedCat International Ltd|publisher=TA Associates|accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Juni]] [[2014]], SpeedCast ngabéwarakeun akuisisi [[Oceanic Broadband]] minangka panyadia integrator sarta solusi [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2014/06/20/speedcast-acquires-oceanic-broadband/ |title=SpeedCast acquires Oceanic Broadband |publisher=TeleGeography |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2017-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720032327/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2014/06/20/speedcast-acquires-oceanic-broadband/ |archivedate=2019-07-20 }}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Agustus]] [[2014]], SpeedCast kadaptar di [[Bursa Éfék Australia]] (ASX: SDA).[http://www.asx.com.au/asx/statistics/announcements.do?by=asxCode&asxCode=SDA&timeframe=Y&year=2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125193826/https://www.asx.com.au/asx/statistics/announcements.do?by=asxCode&asxCode=SDA&timeframe=Y&year=2014 |date=2025-01-25 }},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/mediareleases/20134/speedcast-listed-on-the-australian-stock-exchange/|title=SpeedCast Listed on the Australian Stock Exchange Today at 12pm AEST|publisher=PC World|accessdate=2017-05-16}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Maret]] [[2015]], SpeedCast meuli pausahaan [[Hermes Datacomms]] panyadia layanan raramat global kasohor pikeun widang industri migas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realwire.com/releases/SpeedCast-Acquisition-Of-Hermes-Datacomms-Creates-New-Global-Force |title=SpeedCast Acquisition Of Hermes Datacomms |publisher=real wire |date=2015-03-16 |accessdate=2017-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812163840/http://www.realwire.com/releases/SpeedCast-Acquisition-Of-Hermes-Datacomms-Creates-New-Global-Force |archivedate=2016-08-12 }}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Méi]] [[2015]], SpeedCast meuli pausahaan [[Geolink Satellite Services]] diharepkeun pikeun ngaronjatkeun pausahaan di [[Afrika]], kalayan Geolink aktif leuwih ti 20 negara. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commsmea.com/14816-speedcast-acquires-geolink-satellite-services/|title=SpeedCast Acquires Geolink Satellite Services |publisher=Comms MEA |accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Juli]] [[2015]], SpeedCast meuli pausahaan [[NewSat & SAIT Communication]] panyadia layanan [[komunikasi]] maritim nu mekar pesat di Éropa kidul.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2015/07/28/speedcast-acquires-sait-communications-gains-maritime-foothold-in-europe/|title=SpeedCast Acquires Sait Communications, Gains Maritime Foothold in Europe|publisher=Satellite Today |date=2015-07-28 |accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Nopémber]] [[2015]], SpeedCast meuli pausahaan [[ST Teleport]] panyadia layanan [[komunikasi]] [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit]] kasohor di [[Singapura]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2015/11/13/speedcast-to-buy-st-teleport-makes-fifth-acquisition-of-2015/|title=SpeedCast to Buy ST Teleport, Makes Fifth Acquisition of 2015|publisher=Satellite Today |date=2015-11-13 |accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Désémber]] [[2015]], SpeedCast meuli pausahaan [[NewCom International]] panyadia layanan [[komunikasi]] [[Satelit Komunikasi|satelit]] di wewengkon Kidul sarta [[Amérika Tengah]].<ref name=NewCom/> Kalayan ''akuisisi'' ieu, SpeedCast ngarancanakeun pikeun ngaronjatkeun kamampuhna pikeun ngalayanan sarta ngarojong palanggan sacara global, ngawengku pasar [[Amérika Kidul]] nu keur mekar. <ref name=NewCom>{{cite web|url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/technology/2015/12/29/speedcast-acquires-newcom-continues-expansion-to-south-america/|title=SpeedCast Acquires NewCom, Continues Expansion to South America|publisher=Satellite Today|date=2015-12-12|accessdate=2017-05-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513110729/http://www.satellitetoday.com/technology/2015/12/29/speedcast-acquires-newcom-continues-expansion-to-south-america/ |date=2016-05-13 }}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Agustus]] [[2016]], SpeedCast meuli pausahan [[WINS System]] panyadia layanan [[komunikasi]] [[VSAT]] sarta [[L-band]] sarta layanan raramat [[Telepon keupeul|telepon selular]] maritim internasional pikeun kapal-kapal pasiar sarta kapal féri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinemec.com/news/view,speedcast-acquires-wins-satcoms_44061.htm|title=SpeedCast acquires WINS satcoms|publisher=Marine E&C|date=2016-08-12|accessdate=2017-05-16}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Nopémber]] [[2016]], SpeedCast meuli kontan pausahaan Harris Caprock US $ 425 juta. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacenews.com/speedcast-to-purchase-harris-caprock-for-425-million-in-cash/|title=SpeedCast to purchase Harris CapRock for $425 million in cash|publisher=SPACE NEWS |date=2016-11-01 |accessdate=2017-05-16}}</ref> ==Inohong penting== Pierre-Jean Beylier, CEO: Pierre-Jean ngagabung SpeedCast dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Désémber]] [[2000]], Pupuhu utama ''Sales'' & ''Marketing'' sarta ayeuna ngajabat minangka CEO ti [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] [[Juli]] [[2004]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.speedcast.com/investor/leadership/|title=About Us|publisher=SpeedCast International Ltd|accessdate=2017-05-16}} </ref> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} ==Tumbu kaluar== * [http://www.speedcast.com Official Website: www.SpeedCast.com] * [http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=755534 Bloomberg Businessweek Company Profile] {{DEFAULTSORT:Speedcast}} [[Kategori:Pausahaan]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan internasional]]‎ [[Kategori:Pausahaann Satelit Komunikasi]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan nu kantor puseurna di Hong Kong]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan nu didaptar di Bursa Saham Australia]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Sabanda II]] qtvn8ml4uiu81pn65dlvrtse1u4s8qu 0 54390 731872 654783 2026-11-08T13:01:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotakinfo Kalurahan | nami = Sukamaju | peta = | propinsi = Jawa Kulon | dati2 = Kota | nami dati2 = Dépok | nami kacamatan = Cilodong | kalurahan = kalurahan | nami lurah = | lega = | pangeusi = | kapadetan = }} '''Sukamaju''' nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di [[kacamatan]] [[Cilodong, Dépok|Cilodong]], [[Kota Dépok]], [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.depok.go.id/instansi/struktur-organisasi-perangkat-daerah |title=Struktur Organisasi Perangkat Daerah |accessdate=2017-05-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429135331/http://www.depok.go.id/instansi/struktur-organisasi-perangkat-daerah |archivedate=2017-04-29}}</ref> <!-- ==Sajarah== ==Profil Pamaréntahan== ==Profil Daérah== ===Wates Wilayah=== ===Géografis=== ===Démografi=== ==Atikan== ==Poténsi== ===Pertanian=== ===Pakebonan=== ==Tumbu Luar== --> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{Cilodong, Dépok}} {{Kalurahan-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kalurahan/désa di Kota Dépok|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Kalurahan/désa di Cilodong, Dépok|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Cilodong, Dépok|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!--[[Kategori:{{PAGENAME}}| {{PAGENAME}}]]--> e9djc0ai38hjjha7tuzya2y3et17v0v 0 54482 731898 729322 2026-11-08T13:52:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Jalma|name=K.H.R. Totoh Abdul Fatah|birth_date={{birth date|1931|08|31}}|birth_place={{nagara|Belanda}} [[Balonggedé, Régol, Bandung|Balonggedé]], [[Bandung]], [[Mangsa Pangjajahan Hindia Walanda]]|death_date={{death date and age|2008|9|1|1931|8|31}}|death_place={{nagara|indonesia}} [[Bandung]]|nationality=[[Indonesia]]|other_names=Ajengan Totoh|occupation=Pangaping Pasantrén Al-Jawami' [[Bandung]] <br ></span> Ketua [[MUI]] [[Provinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]] <br /> Anggota [[MPR RI]] FKP No.C.727 (1992-1999)|religion=[[Islam]]|spouse=[[Hj. Siti Maryam]] putri K.H. [[Muhammad Sudja’i]]|children=1. H.R. Dadang Moch Isa 2. NR. Hj. Dedeh Sadiah S.Ag 3. Drs H.R. Dedeng Yusuf Maulani SH. MSi. 4. Dr.H.R.[[Deding Ishak]] Ibnu Sudja’, SH.,M.M..<ref>http://alyimran.blogspot.co.id/2009/12/mengenang-almarhum-khr-totoh-abdul.html</ref> 5. NR. Hj. Didah Faridah 5. H.R. Zen Zaeni Ahmad SE|parents=K.H. Radén [[Ahmad Badruddin]] <br /> Hj. R. Siti Rahmah}} '''Totoh Abdul Fatah''' rahimahullah ({{lahirmati|[[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]]|31|8|1931|[[Cileunyi Wétan, Cileunyi, Bandung|Cileunyi Wétan]] [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]]|1|9|2008}}) nyaéta saurang ulama besar di [[Jawa Kulon]], Pangaping pondok Pasantrén Al-Jawami' [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], kungsi ngajabar minangka Pupuhu MUI [[Propinsi]] [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]], Anggota MPR FKP ([[1992]]-[[1999]]). Dipikawanoh minangka salah sahiji ti lima ulama harismatik Jawa Kulon. Opat ulama harismatik [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Barat]] lianna: K. H. [[Mohammad Ilyas Ruhiat|Ilyas Ruhiyat]] (kokolot Pondok Pasantrén Cipasung [[Kota Tasikmalaya|Tasikmalaya]]), KH. Anwar Musaddad (kokolot Pondok Pasantrén Al-Musaddadiyah [[Kabupatén Garut|Garut]]), K. H. Irfan Hielmy, (kokolot Pondok Pasantrén Darussalam [[Kabupatén Ciamis|Ciamis]]), sarta K. H. Abdullah Abbas (kokolot Pondok Pasantrén Buntet, [[Cirebon (disambiguasi)|Cirebon]]) nyaéta kokolot sakaligus ulama harismatik [[Jawa Kulon]], nu terus ngabaktikeun hirupna pikeun kamaslahatan umat jeung bangsa. == Kalahiran == K. H. R. Totoh Abdul Fatah putra K. H. R. Ahmad Badruddin putra Rd. Kit Maolany putra Rd. Nur Muhammad '''Ajengan Totoh''' Lahir di Balonggedé, [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], agustus 31, 1931 ti turunan bangsawan ogé sarjana.<ref>http://limbangangarut.com/article/94172/leluhur-limbangan-garut--bagian-1-.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115613/http://limbangangarut.com/article/94172/leluhur-limbangan-garut--bagian-1-.html |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> == Atikan == K. H. R. Totoh Abdul Fatah geus kungsi ngalap élmu di Pasantrén Situgedé Monggor Limbangan [[Kabupatén Garut|Garut]], tuluy ka Pasantré Cikelepu Limbangan [[Kabupatén Garut|Garut]], Tuluy ka Pasantrén Karangsari Garut, [[Kabupatén Garut|Garut]], taun [[1951]]. Sanggeus éta, diajar deui ka Pesantrén Sindangsari (ayeuna aya tambahan Al-Jawami') nu aya di [[Cileunyi, Bandung|Cileunyi]], [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]]. Di ieu pondok pasantrén K.H. Totoh tuluy dikawinkeun jeung putri-na guru Mama Kiai Muhammad Sudja'i, ngaranna Hj. Siti Maryam. K.H. Totoh nuluykeun sakolana ka sakola umumna, di SMA Budi Harti, Garut. Sanggeus lulus atikan SMA, tuluy ka [[Universitas Islam Nusantara]] (UNINUS) [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]], tuluy ka [[IKIP Bandung]] sarta pamustunganana ka Institut Dakwah Islam (IDI) [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]]. == Jujutan pagawéan/posisi (non/semi/struktural) == * Guru Agama SLTA (1968). * Panghulu Kotamadya Bandung (1969-1973). * Kepala Kandepag Kota Bandung (1975-1980). * Kepala Widang Penerangan Agama Islam Kanwil Depag Jabar (1980-1982). * Hakim Tinggi Agama/ Wakil Ketua PTA untuk Wilayah Jabar dan DKI Jakarta (1982-1985). * Penatar BP7 Jawa Barat (1982-1985). * Staf Ahli BAPPEDA Jabar (1982-1985). * Dosen Hukum Islam APDN Bandung (1982-1985). * Na’ib Amirul Hajj (1992). * Anggota MPR RI dari FKP No.C.727 (1992-1999). * Sekertaris Majelis Ulama (1958-1969). * Pembina Rohani di Lingkungan TNI dan kepolisian Negara Bandung Timur (1969-1974). * Ketua Sekber Golkar Kandepag Kodya Bandung (1969-1974). * Rais Syuriah NU Kecamatan Cibeunying (1970). * Ketua DKM Masjid Agung Bandung (1973-1980). * Ketua Al-Washliyah Jawa Barat (1975). * Ketua Korpri Unit Kandepag Kodya Bandung (1974-1980). * Pendiri Islamic Centre/ Pusdai Jabar (1988). * Pendiri RS. Islam Al-Ihsan (1992). * Ketua Korpri Unit PTA Jabar (1988-1990). * Dewan Penasehat DHD ’45 Jawa Barat (1989 -1990). * Ketua Umum DMI Jabar (1983-1993), * Dewan Pertimbangan MUI Pusat (1990-2000). * Dewan Pembina DMI Pusat (1993-2000). * Wakil Ketua Ikatan Purnabhakti Hakim Agama Nasional (1992-1997). * Wakil Ketua Panwaslu (Panitia Pengawas pemilihan Umum) Jawa Barat pada Pemilu 1999. * Ketua Umum MUI Jabar (1985-2000). * Ketua MUI Pusat Widang Dakwah (2000-2005). * Ketua Dewan Penasehat MUI Jabar (2005-2008). * Pengasuh Pesantrén Al-Jawami (1987-2008). == Karya Tulis == * Jembatan Dalam Upaya Mengentaskan Kemiskinan. * Batasan Mulai Usia Perkawinan. * Politik Dakwah (Dakwah Melalui Jalur Politik). * Bank tidak Identik dengan Riba. * Pokok-pokok Syariat Islam. * Istinbatil Hukmi. * Rumah Tangga Sakinah. * MUI Menggagas Perwujudan dan Pelaksanaan Reformasi. * Ayat-ayat Hiriz dan Ayat-ayat Rizki dalam Do’a. * Asmaul Husna dan Asmaur Rasul. * Al-Jawami dalam membahas Jam’ul Jawami’.<ref>Julian Milie, The People’s Religion The Sermons of A.F. Ghazali, Monash University, Australia, 2007.</ref> == Pesantrén Al-Jawami' == Pasantrén Sindangsari Al-Jawami diadegkeun dina tanggal [[3 Méi]] [[1931]] ku Asy-Syaikh K.H. Muhammad Sudja’i (Jenat) nu ngaran asalna mah Pasantrén “Sindangsari”. Gagasan KH. Muhammad Sudjai ieu meunang rorojong ti bapana nyaéta K.H. Muhammad Ghazali sarta dukungan uwana nyaéta H. Tamim katut dulur-dulurna, nyaéta K.H. Saeroji jeung K.H. Dimyati. Pasantrén “Sindangsari” mangrupa pasantrén tradisional anu cukup kasohor di [[Jawa Kulon]], sahingga nepi ka kiwari geus medalkeun rébuan alumni ti taun [[1931]]. Maranéhna mah umumna jadi ulama-ulama di sawatara wewengkon di [[Jawa Kulon]], sarta di antarana teu saeutik anu jadi pajabat pamaréntah jeung jadi pangusaha kakoncara. Dina taun [[1960]]-an pangwangunan dironjatkeun ku disusunna Panitia pikeun Pangwangunan Pasantrén, di antarana, Mr. H. Djunaedi (minangka Pupuhu Pangwangunan) jeung K. H. Rd. Totoh Abdul Fatah, minantu K. H. Muhammad Sudja'i jadi Wakil Pupuhu, Bpk. H. Salih (Girang serat) jeung tokoh lianna kayaning R. H. Yahya (Caringin), minangka séksi usaha dana, nyaéta pangwangunan nu ngawengku fisik [[madrasah]] nu badag jeung masjid dina pangwangunan kadua hasilna leuwih hadé tinimbang jeung nu mimiti dina taun [[1931]]. Dina taun [[1977]] bareng jeung diadegkeunna lembaga atikan formal, ngaran Pasantrén “Sindangsari” diwuwuhan ku <nowiki>''</nowiki>Al-Jawami<nowiki>'''</nowiki> jadi ngaranna Pasantrén Sindangsari Al-Jawami' [[Cileunyi, Bandung|Cileunyi Bandung]]. Al-Jawami miboga harti “lengkep jeung universal”. Ieu ngaran ogé dicokot tina ngarn hiji kitab anu dipirese ku Asy-Syaikh K.H. Muhammad Sudja’i, kokolot pasantrén, nyaéta Kitab Ushul Fiqih <nowiki>''</nowiki>Jamul Jawami<nowiki>''</nowiki> sarta pamasangan batu munggaran Madrasah Aliyah langsung ku anjeunna sorangan disakséni ku Bapak H. Aang Kunaefi, [[Gubernur Jawa Kulon|Gubernur]] [[Jawa Kulon]] périodeu [[1975]] – [[1985]] sarta Letjend. Yogie Suardi Memet, Komando Daérah Militer III/Siliwangi. Ti saprak harita, saeutik-saeutik lembaga atikan formal di Pasantrén Sindangsari Al-Jawami' mimiti diaradegkeun, di antarana atikan formal nu dipingpin ku K. H. R. Totoh Abdul Fatah nu ditangtayungan Yayasan Pembina Atikan Tinggi (YAPATA) Al-Jawami' nyaéta Madrasah Aliyah ([[1977]]), Sakola Luhur Basa Asing ([[1989]]), Sakola Luhur Agama Islam ([[1999]]), Taman Kanak-kanak ([[2000]]) di lingkungan Pontren Al-Jawami', nu kiwari diaping ku putrana nu ka opat, Dr. H. Deding Ishak Ibnu Sudja', SH.,MM., dosén UIN sarta anggota [[Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Républik Indonésia|DPR]] ti [[Golkar]] periode ([[2014]]-[[2019]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://profil.merdeka.com/indonesia/d/deding-ishak-ibnu-sudja/ |title=Arsip salinan |accessdate=2017-05-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306010233/http://profil.merdeka.com/indonesia/d/deding-ishak-ibnu-sudja/ |archivedate=2016-03-06}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wikidpr.org/anggota/5403631742b53eac2f8ef788 |title=Arsip salinan |accessdate=2017-05-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427062403/http://wikidpr.org/anggota/5403631742b53eac2f8ef788 |archivedate=2017-04-27}}</ref> Dina [[2001]], pangwangunan fisik kapasantrénan diserahkeun ku K.H. Totoh Abdul Fatah ka K. H. Imang Abdul Hamid. Ari para sesepuh, nyaéta K. H. Mansoor, K. H. Endang Rahmat, KH.R. Totoh Abdul Fatah jeung palaputra pangadeg lianna minangka panaséhat dina pangwangunan pasantrén sakaligus ogé panaséhat organisasi IKBAL (Iketan Kulawarga Besar AI-Ghozali). == Maot == '''K.H. Totoh''' tilar dunya dina poé Senén, [[1 Séptémber]] [[2008]] M (1 Romadon 1429 H) jam 10.17 WIB di [[RS. Hasan Sadikin]] [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] sanggeus kira 15 poé dirawat di Rohangan Pangawulaan Husus (ICU) sarta dikurebkeun di TPU [[Cileunyi Wétan, Cileunyi, Bandung|Cileunyi Wétan]] [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] jam 4.00 soré. . == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1931]] [[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 2008]] [[Kategori:Inohong Sunda]] db2u3vizaagz02pp9wqkjp67h9kjweo 0 72241 731848 654596 2026-11-08T12:00:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses|Semprong (disambiguasi)}} [[Gambar:Mosque or mausoleum lamp, Iran, 10th century AD, glass - Aga Khan Museum - Toronto, Canada - DSC06398.jpg|jmpl|Semprong lampu masigit Iran abad ka-10 M, koléksi Musieum Aga Khan - Toronto, Kanada.]] '''Semprong''' nyaéta bagéan lampu [[cempor]] nu dijieun tina kaca bentukna kawas [[songsong]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kamus umum basa Sunda Lembaga Basa jeung Sastra Sunda (LBSS) ; seminar leksikografi, Tugu, 4-7 Agustus 1975|last=Sumantri|first=Maman|publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa|year=1975|isbn=|location=Indonesia|pages=}}</ref> Ari mangpaatna, semprong dipasangkeun kana lampu [[cempor]] téh nyaéta supaya [[seuneu]]<nowiki/>na teu ngebul jeung jadi leuwih [[caang]].<ref name=":0" /> Istilah semprong ogé mindeng dipaké pikeun nyebutkeun [[lampu]] cempor, dalah cempor téh maké kaca semprong.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://harian.analisadaily.com/kota/news/lampu-semprong/225272/2016/03/28|title=Lampu Semprong|newspaper=Berita Analisadaily|language=en|access-date=2017-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820184445/http://harian.analisadaily.com/kota/news/lampu-semprong/225272/2016/03/28|archive-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> Semprong mangrupa palindung atawa tudung lampu nu liangan di lebah luhurna, ieu miboga fungsi sangkan seuneu cempor téh angger, teu gampang pareum mun katebak [[angin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/samelqudsy/ini-tentang-lampu-teplok-bukan-dahlan-iskan_551941e081331114759de173|title=Ini tentang Lampu Teplok, Bukan Dahlan Iskan oleh Sam Elqudsy - Kompasiana.com|last=Kompasiana.com|website=www.kompasiana.com|language=id|accessdate=2017-10-31}}</ref> Kiwari, [[cempor]] jeung semprong geus jarang manggihanna, pareng mun aya ogé biasana mah pikeun cindramata wungkul.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.antaranews.com/berita/177795/bagi-bagi-ribuan-lampu-semprong-sindir-pln|title=Bagi-Bagi Ribuan Lampu Semprong "Sindir" PLN - ANTARA News|newspaper=Antara News|language=id-ID|access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref> == Bihari == Pamakéan semprong dina cempor ieu pernah ngalaman masa jayana dina saméméh [[70-an|taun 70-an]], mangsa harita can aya aliran [[listrik]] ka unggal imah di sakuliah wewengkon, utamana di pilemburan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Kepak sayap putri prajurit|last=Yudhoyono|first=Ani|last2=Endah|first2=Alberthiene|publisher=PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama|year=2010|isbn=9789792262896|location=Indonesia|pages=69}}</ref> Barudak jaman harita, mun diajar di [[imah]] ti peuting téh sok dicaangan ku cempor nu dipasangan semprong.<ref name=":1" /> Geus jadi lumbrah, mun anggeus diajar téh langsung ngeunteung, [[liang irung]] geus pasti hideung alatan haseup nu kaseuseup tina éta lampu.<ref name=":1" /> Ieu cempor biasana diteundeun di tengah imah.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://jagongan.org/2016/01/27/jaman-kegelapan-bagian-pertama/|title=Jaman Kegelapan - Bagian Pertama|date=2016-01-27|newspaper=Jagongan|language=id-ID|access-date=2017-10-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027213150/http://jagongan.org/2016/01/27/jaman-kegelapan-bagian-pertama/ |date=2017-10-27 }}</ref> Mangsa usum ngijih, imah nu dicaangan ku lampu cempor mah sok diriung ku [[siraru]], éta siraru brul areunteup kana semprong.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manglé 2461 (30 Januari - 5 Februari 2014)|last=Manglé|first=Redaksi|publisher=Mangle|year=2014|isbn=|location=Bandung|pages=}}</ref> Mun bagéan jero semprong geus hideung meles balukar péhong tina haseup pameuleuman [[minyak tanah]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hijauku.com/2012/12/26/lampu-bersih-adalah-lampu-yang-sehat/|title=Lampu Bersih Lingkungan Sehat|newspaper=Hijauku.com - Situs Hijau Indonesia|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref> semprong kudu dibersihan heula méméh dipaké deui.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Berkah kehidupan: 32 kisah inspiratif tentang orangtua|last=Tulus Wardaya|first=F. X. Baskara|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|year=2011|isbn=9789792267594|location=Indonesia|pages=164}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Kisah Di Balik Minyak Bumi|last=|first=Soekardi|publisher=CV. Wacana Prima|year=|isbn=9789791856201|location=Bandung|pages=6}}</ref> Palebah mersihanana kudu ati-ati, sangkan ieu semprong téh henteu [[peupeus]].<ref name=":2" /> Beling semprong biasana sok dipaké dina pintonan kuda lumping, pikeun digereges gayemeun kuda lumping.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kisah Si Burung Puyuh|last=|first=Irwan|publisher=CV.Nusa Persada|year=|isbn=9789799219480|location=Bandung|pages=22}}</ref> == Éksisténsi == [[Gambar:Lamp MET 81075.jpg|jmpl|Dua semprong dina cempor tihang ganda.]] Industri semprong nu masih lumangsung téh nyaéta di [[Cigasong, Cigasong, Majalengka|Kalurahan Cigasong]], [[Cigasong, Majalengka|Kacamatan Cigasong]], [[Kabupatén Majalengka]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/ekonomi/2013/11/11/258059/industri-kaca-lampu-petromak-nyaris-punah|title=Industri Kaca Lampu Petromak Nyaris Punah|date=2013-11-11|newspaper=Pikiran Rakyat|language=id|access-date=2017-10-31}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909072226/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/ekonomi/2013/11/11/258059/industri-kaca-lampu-petromak-nyaris-punah |date=2017-09-09 }}</ref> Kitu ogé bari mandeg mayong, lantaran nu maké lampu cempor geus langka pisan, boh masarakat umum, boh pamayang.<ref name=":4" /> Arang langka nu maké cempor, ayeuna lolobana maké lampu éléktrik, ieu dianggap leuwih praktis batan cempor.<ref name=":4" /> Kira-kita taun [[1973-an]] mah ampir sakumna warga di Kalurahan Cigasong jaradi tukang nyieunan semprong, jang ampaskeuneun ka daérah-daérah di [[Jawa Kulon]] jeung sawaréh [[Jawa Tengah]].<ref name=":4" /> Ayeuna mah masarakat geus tara aya nu maké cempor téh, lantaran geus asupna [[listrik]] ka unggal imah jeung deuih minyak tanah gé hargana mahal pisan.<ref name=":4" /> Ari nu masih kénéh nyieunan cempor mah nya nu manéhna boga [[hobi]] dina ngaleukeunan ieu pagawéan sarta geus mangrupa [[pakasaban]]<nowiki/>na ti ngora mula.<ref name=":4" /> == Bahaya == [[Gambar:Brass and Cut Glass Electric Lamp.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Semprong nu aya ornaménan.]] Sanajan kiwari di [[Indonésia]] cempor geus tara aya nu make, tapi saenyana mah di masih kénéh dipaké ku leuwih ti samiliar pangeusi dunya.<ref name=":3" /> [[Émisi]] [[karbon hideung]] nu dihasilkeun téh cukup signifikan minangka salah sahiji sumber [[karbon hideung]] dunya, karbon hideung téh nu sok napel di jeroeun semprong.<ref name=":3" /> [[Cempor]] jeung semprong téh dipaké ku leuwih ti ratusan yuta [[rumah tangga]] di nagara miskin jeung kumembang.<ref name=":3" /> Hasil panalungtikan laboratorium némbongkeun, 7-9 % minyak tanah nu dipaké dina cempor anu dipaké ku 250-300 [[yuta]] [[kulawarga]] nu teu mibanda aliran [[listrik]], robah jadi karbon hideung nalika di[[beuleum]].<ref name=":3" /> Minangka babandinganna, ngan sawaréh tina 1% émisi nu dihasilkan tina dudurukan [[kai]] mah nu robah jadi karbon hideungna téh.<ref name=":3" /> Ieu panalungtikan manggihan, aya ronjatan émisi karbon hideung tina pamakéan cempor nikel 20 kali lipet tinimbang panalungtikan saméméhna.<ref name=":3" /> Data-data saméméhna dicomot tina data ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' (IPCC) jeung sumber-sumber lian.<ref name=":3" /> Dumasar para panalungtik, sakilo karbon hideung hasil pameuleuman bahan bakar nu teu sampurna ngasilkeun éfék parobahan iklim dina sabulan nu sarua jeung 700 kilogram CO2 dina périodeu leuwih ti 100 taun.<ref name=":3" /> Warna [[orén]] dina sorot seuneu téh éta tina karbon hideung.<ref name=":3" /> Mingkin caang warnana, mingkin loba karbon hideung nu dihasilkeun, biasana napel kana semprong.<ref name=":3" /> Mun prosés pameuleumanna teu sampurna, ieu karbon hideung bakal leupas ka [[atmosfer]].<ref name=":3" /> Panalungtikan di [[Nepal]] nu dipingpin ku Profésor Smith jeung panalungtik ''School of Public Health'', UC Berkeley manggihan, awéwé nu maké cempor di imahna, mibanda résiko nepi ka 9,4 kali lipet leuwih badag keuna ku panyakit [[TBC]] tinimbang nu teu maké cempor.<ref name=":3" /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Lampu]] gsri28xlpewxkj7bi29a7j4y8fqk4gp 0 72330 731907 730907 2026-11-08T14:23:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo perguruantinggi |nama=Universitas Komunikasi Indonesia <br>(UNIKOM) |logo= |tahun=[[28 Agustus]] [[2000]] |jenis=Paguron luhur swasta |rektor= Dr. Ir. Eddy Suryanto Soegoto |lokasi=[[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]] |alamat=Jalan Dipatiukur No 112-114 Bandung |situs=[http://www.unikom.ac.id http://www.unikom.ac.id] }} '''Universitas Komputer Indonesia''' atawa nu ilahar dipiwanoh '''UNIKOM''' nyaéta salah sahiji paguron luhur swasta nu aya di [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]], alamatna di [[Jalan Dipatiukur]] No 112-114, Bandung. == Sajarah == UNIKOM sacara resmi gadeg dina tanggal [[8 Agustus 2000]] numutkeun Surat Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional nomor 126/D/0/2000. Munggaran dimimitian di bulan Juli taun [[1994]] waktu di adegkeunna '''Lembaga Pendidikan Komputer Indonesia Jerman''', disingget '''LPKIG''' nu tempatna di jalan Dipati Ukur 102 Bandung. Miboga hiji rohang kelas nu eusina bisa dipaké pikeun 50 urangeun jeung hiji ''[[laboratorium]]'' [[komputer]] nu miboga 25 unit komputer. Lembaga ieu ngabuka program pendidikan sataun jeung 5 program studi nyaéta [[Ahli Komputer Aplikasi Bisnis]], [[Ahli Komputer Keuangan dan Perbankan]], [[Ahli Komputer Akuntansi dan Perpajakan]], [[Ahli Komputer Manajemen dan Pemasaran]] jeung [[Sekretaris Eksekutif]]. Jumlah sakabéh pamilon atikan di taun mimiti nyaéta 223 siswa. Di taun kadua, [[1995]] mimiti dibuka program studi 3 taun, salian ti ngamekarkeun [[institusi]], pikeun nyumponan lobana mahasiswa ditaun ajaran munggaran. Dina taun ieu ogé dibuka program anyar, nyaéta: [[Ahli Komputer Teknik Informatika]], [[Ahli Komputer Manajemen Informatika]] dan [[Sekretaris Eksekutif]]. Rohang kelas ditambahan 2 rohang jeung ''labolatorium'' komputer jadi 2, jumlah siswana nyaéta 457 urang Dina taun katilu, [[1996]], nambahan gedung kuliah anyar nu tempatna di jalan Dipati Ukur 116 ( nu ayeuna gedung FISIP ) sakaligus mindahkeun puseur administrasi jeung kantor. Di gedung ieu ditambahan hiji rohang ''labolatorium'', jeung 5 rohang kelas, rohangan pikeun [[dosén]] jeung rohangan pikeun kamahasiswaan. Jumlah siswa ti taun [[1996]] nepi ka taun [[1998]] nambahan tina 632 urang jadi 1184 urang. Dina taun kalima, [[1998]],mimiti diwangun gedung kampus anyar (Gedung Rektorat / nu ayeuna kampus-1 miboga 6 tingkat ) di jalan Dipati Ukur No. 114. Wangunan gedung anyar ieu bisa anggeus di bulan [[agustus]] taun [[1999]], nu bisa dipaké di pakuliahan bulan [[september]] taun [[1999]]. Dina tanggal [[24 Desember 1998]] diadegkeun '''Yayasan Science dan Teknologi''' jeung dituluykeun ngajukeun pikeun ngadegna '''STIMIK IGI''' jeung '''STIE IGI''' ka [[DIKTI]]. Di bulan [[Juli]] taun [[1999]] STIE IGI diresmikeun ku kaluarna SK Mendiknas no. 119/D/O/1999 nu ngawengku 5 program studi : [[Akuntansi]] S1, [[Manajemen]] S1, [[Manajemen Pemasaran]] D3, [[Keuangan Perbankan]] D3 sarta [[Akuntansi]] D3. Dina bulan [[Agustus 1999]] '''STIMIK IGI''' diresmikeun ku kaluarna SK Mendiknas no. 143/D/O/1999 nu ngawengku 5 program studi : [[Teknik Informatika]] S1, [[Manajemen Informatika]] D3, [[Teknik Komputer]] D3, [[Komputerisasi Akuntansi]] D3 sarta [[Teknik Informatika]] D3. Sangkan sistem didunia atikan leuwih produktif, 6 bulan sanggeus éta diajukeun ka DIKTI pikeun ngagabungkeun kadua Sakola Luhur éta jadi [[Universitas]]. Tanggal [[8 Agustus 2000]] kaluar SK MENDIKNAS no. 126/D/O/2000 keur '''Universitas Komputer Indonesia''' atawa nu disingget '''UNIKOM'''. Dina SK éta sakaligus diijinan pikeun dibukana 11 program studi anyar nyaéta : [[Teknik Komputer]] S1, [[Manajemen Informatika]] S1, [[Teknik Industri]] S1, [[Teknik Arsitektur]] S1, [[Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota]] S1, [[Ilmu Hukum]] S1, [[Ilmu Komunikasi]] S1, [[Ilmu Pemerintahan]] S1, [[Desain Interior]] D3, [[Desain Komunikasi Visual]] S1 jeung [[Desain Komunikasi Visual]] D3. Ti mimiti ngadegna taun [[2000]], unggal taunna '''UNIKOM''' narima kurang leuwih 2.000 mahasiswa anyar. Panungtungan di taun [[2014]] narima 3.108 mahasiswa anyar. Nepi ka taun ajaran 2015/2016, '''UNIKOM''' miboga 6 Fakultas sarta 23 Program Studi kalawan jumlah mahasiswa 15.000 urang nu asalna ti sababaraha daérah di [[Indonésia]], aya ogé nu ti luar nagri. == Daptar fakultas == Ieu di handap nyaéta daptar fakultas-fakultas nu aya di [http://www.unikom.ac.id/ UNIKOM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015175929/https://unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-10-15 }}, sarta program studi nu aya difakultas sewang-sewangan, pikeun strata 1 (sarjana – S1), atawa nu diploma 3 (ahli madya – D3) === Fakultas Teknik dan Ilmu Komputer === * [http://tk.unikom.ac.id/ Teknik Komputer (S1 dan D3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110110725/http://tk.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-10 }} * [http://if.unikom.ac.id/ Teknik Informatika (S1)] * [http://ti.unikom.ac.id/ Teknik Industri (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116224000/http://ti.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-16 }} * [http://sipil.unikom.ac.id/ Teknik Sipil (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111174522/http://sipil.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-11 }} * [http://elektro.unikom.ac.id/ Teknik Elektro (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028131656/http://elektro.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-10-28 }} * [http://ar.unikom.ac.id/ Teknik Arsitektur (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129080619/http://ar.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-29 }} * [http://pwk.unikom.ac.id/ Perencanaan Kota dan Regional (S1)] * [http://mi.unikom.ac.id/ Manajemen Informatika (S1 dan D3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109211206/http://mi.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-09 }} * [http://ka.unikom.ac.id/ Komputerisasi Akuntansi (D3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123042101/http://ka.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2019-01-23 }} === Fakultas Ekonomi === * [http://mn.unikom.ac.id/ Manajemen (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027102332/http://mn.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-10-27 }} * [http://ak.unikom.ac.id/ Akuntansi (S1 dan D3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023091057/http://ak.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-10-23 }} * [http://mp.unikom.ac.id/ Manajemen Pemasaran(D3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104013459/http://mp.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-04 }} * [http://kp.unikom.ac.id/ Keuangan dan Perbankan (D3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114103129/http://kp.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-14 }} === Fakultas Hukum === * [http://hk.unikom.ac.id/ Ilmu Hukum (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101044742/http://hk.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-01 }} === Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik === * [http://ik.unikom.ac.id/ Ilmu Komunikasi (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028131556/http://ik.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-10-28 }} * [http://ip.unikom.ac.id/ Ilmu Pemerintahan (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028130808/http://ip.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-10-28 }} * [http://hi.unikom.ac.id/ Hubungan Internasional (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123014252/http://hi.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-23 }} * [http://se.unikom.ac.id/ Sekretaris Eksekutif (D3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109012431/http://se.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-09 }} * [http://pr.unikom.ac.id/ Public Relations (D3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104013300/http://pr.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-04 }} === Fakultas Desain === * [http://dkv.unikom.ac.id/ Desain Komunikasi Visual (S1 dan D3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103112850/http://dkv.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-03 }} * [http://di.unikom.ac.id/ Desain Interior (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102064948/http://di.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-02 }} === Fakultas Sastra === * [http://si.unikom.ac.id/ Sastra Inggris (S1 dan D3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102075113/http://si.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-02 }} * [http://sj.unikom.ac.id/ Sastra Jepang (S1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030220924/http://sj.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-10-30 }} === Pasca Sarjana/Magister === * [http://pasca.unikom.ac.id/ Magister Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802155751/http://pasca.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2019-08-02 }} * [http://pasca.unikom.ac.id/ Magister Information System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802155751/http://pasca.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2019-08-02 }} == Fasilitas == Fasilitas nu aya di UNIKOM kaitung lengkep, ampir sakabéh kagiatan nu aya sok ditepikeun ngaliwatan ''online''. Mahasiswa ogé bisa nyitak jeung ninggali daptar nilai ujian ngaliwatan hiji situs khusus. Salian ti éta, sadia ''labolatorium'' saluyu jeung program studi nu aya. Salaku Universitas Komputer nu munggaran aya di Indonésia, mata kuliah ''[[software]]'' jeung ''[[hardware]]'' dijadikeun mata kuliah wajib pikeun mahasiswa di UNIKOM. Di UNIKOM ogé disadiakeun fasilitas internet haratis atawa nu ilaar disebut [[Hotspot]] (''Wi-fi) .'' Sababaraha fasilitas ''online'' nu aya di UNIKOM : === Fasilitas online === * [http://kampus.unikom.ac.id/ Layanan Jejaring Sosial Unikom] * [http://repository.unikom.ac.id/ Unikom Scholar Repository] * [http://m.unikom.ac.id/ Unikom Mobil Layanan informasi akademik via Handphone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102080307/http://m.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-02 }} * [http://nilaionline.unikom.ac.id/ Layanan informasi Nilai Online] * [http://kuliahonline.unikom.ac.id/ Kuliah Online dan Materi Kuliah Online Open Course Ware] * [http://mail.unikom.ac.id/ Webmail Unikom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316094845/https://mail.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2016-03-16 }} * [http://wap.unikom.ac.id/ Unikom WAP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030211002/http://wap.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-10-30 }} * [http://autodebet.unikom.ac.id/ Informasi Autodebet] * [http://forum.unikom.ac.id/ Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923103128/http://forum.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-09-23 }} * [http://blog.unikom.ac.id/ Blog Komunitas Unikom Bandung] * [http://email.unikom.ac.id/ E Mail mahasiswa] === Perpustakaan === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171025022632/http://lib.unikom.ac.id/ Web Perpustakaan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210210223224/http://elib.unikom.ac.id/ Elektronik Library Perpustakaan Digital] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170606015938/http://abstrak.unikom.ac.id/ Abstrak] * [http://jurnal.unikom.ac.id/ Jurnal Unikom] === Informasi Institusi === * [http://perwalian.unikom.ac.id/ Perwalian] * [http://dokumen.unikom.ac.id/ Dokumen Online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171119083129/http://jadwal.unikom.ac.id/ Jadwal Online] * [http://perwalian.unikom.ac.id/ KRS Online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171021040953/http://aset.unikom.ac.id/ Informasi Aset] * [http://borang.unikom.ac.id/ Akreditasi Institusi & Program Studi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103034236/http://borang.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-03 }} * [http://simep.unikom.ac.id/ Sistem Informasi Evaluasi Perkuliahan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171105051401/http://alumni.unikom.ac.id/ Daftar Alumni dan Komunitas alumni Unikom] * [http://career.unikom.ac.id/ Informasi Lowongan Kerja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114014251/http://career.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-14 }} * [http://unikom.jobecs.net/ Informasi Lowongan Kerja di jobecs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128191244/http://unikom.jobecs.net/ |date=2012-01-28 }} * [http://baak.unikom.ac.id/ BAAK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102064517/http://baak.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-11-02 }} * [http://www.unikomcenter.com/ Unikom Center]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://msdn.unikom.ac.id/ MSDN Academic Alliance Microsoft Unikom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030213441/http://msdn.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-10-30 }} === Direktorat jeung lembaga lianna === * [http://www.unikomcenter.com/ Direktorat ICT&Multimedia Unikom Center]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://rnd.unikom.ac.id/ Direktorat Researc & Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210083407/http://rnd.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2018-02-10 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171118171247/http://csr.unikom.ac.id/ Direktorat Corporate Social Responsibility] * [http://lppm.unikom.ac.id/ LPPM Unikom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716145947/https://lppm.unikom.ac.id/ |date=2017-07-16 }} == Rujukan == * [https://www.unikom.ac.id/page/sejarah Situs resmi UNIKOM] [[Kategori:Paguron luhur di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Paguron luhur swasta di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Paguron swasta di Bandung]] a11rzdkle7dpuo2of5vjzfien8jzu33 0 72378 731908 681003 2026-11-08T14:25:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo perguruantinggi |nama=Universitas Kristen Maranata<br>(Marnath) |logo= |tahun=[[11 September]] [[1965]] |jenis=Paguron luhur swasta |rektor=Prof. Ir. Sri Widiyantoro, M.Sc., Ph.D., IPU |lokasi=[[Jl Surya Sumantri No. 65 Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]] |situs=[https://www.maranatha.edu/# https://www.maranatha.edu/#]}} '''Universitas Kristen Maranatha''' atawa nu ilahar dipiwanoh '''Marnath''' nyaéta salah sahiji paguron luhur swasta nu aya di [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.maranatha.edu/profile/sejarah-dan-pengembangan/|title=Sejarah dan Pengembangan – Universitas Kristen Maranatha|website=www.maranatha.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-09}}</ref> Alamatna aya di Jalan Prof. Drg. Surya Sumantri No.65, [[Sukawarna, Sukajadi, Bandung|Sukawarna]], Bandung, Jawa Barat, 40164, [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":0" /> Gedung Marnath téh aya dipuseur kota Bandung, hal éta jadi sala sahii hal nu nguntungkeun pikeun Mrnath, ku sabab lokasina babari diaksés.<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == Sajarah panjang Universitas Kristen Maranatha dimimitian dina taun [[1965]] ku diadegkeunna '''Yayasan Perguruan Tinggi Kristen Maranatha''' ku '''Badan Pendidikan Kristen Komisi Pembantu Setempat''' ti [[Gereja Kristen Indonesia]] jeung Badan Perguruan Tinggi dan Pendidikan Kristen ti [[Gereja Kristen Pasundan]], tina usulan Perkumpulan Intelegensia Kristen Indonesia cabang Bandung.<ref name=":0" /> Fakultas Kedokteran ngamimitian ngadegna Universitas Kristen Maranatha dina wanci harita.<ref name=":0" /> Gedung kampus munggaran nu pernahna di jalan [[Cihampelas, Bandung|Cihampelas]], dibangun dina taun [[1970]].<ref name=":0" /> Nu satuluyna, gedung kampus kadua mimiti dibangun di taun [[1983]], pernahna di jalan Surya Sumantri.<ref name=":0" /> Nepi ka kiwari pangembangan sarana jeung prasarana pakuliahan terus dilakukeun dikampus kadua kalawan lega na wangunan kiwari nyaéta 130.000 meter pasagi.<ref name=":0" /> Tanggal [[11 September 1965]] jadi poé di mana ngadegna Universitas Kristen Maranatha.<ref name=":0" /> == Kamekaran Universitas Kristen Maranatha == Kiwari di Universitas Kristen Maranatha ngawengku 9 fakultas kalawan 3 program diploma, 18 program sarjana, 2 program profesi, sarta 4 program pascasarjana.<ref name=":0" /> Jumlah mahasiswa aktif nepi ka kiwari leuwih ti 10.000 urang ti sababaraha wewengkon di Indonésia kitu deui mahasiswa ti nagara séjén.<ref name=":0" /> Kamekaran Fakultas jeung Program Studi di Universitas Kristen Maranatha nepi ka kiwari nyaéta: === FAKULTAS === # [https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-kedokteran/ Fakultas Kedokteran]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-kedokteran/|title=Fakultas Kedokteran – Universitas Kristen Maranatha|website=www.maranatha.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-09}}</ref> # [https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-kedokteran-gigi/ Fakultas Kedokteran Gig] i<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-kedokteran-gigi/|title=Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi – Universitas Kristen Maranatha|website=www.maranatha.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-09}}</ref> # [https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-psikologi/ Fakultas Psikologi]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-psikologi/|title=Fakultas Psikologi – Universitas Kristen Maranatha|website=www.maranatha.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-09}}</ref> # [https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-teknik/ Fakultas Teknik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216231301/https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-teknik/ |date=2021-12-16 }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-teknik/|title=Fakultas Teknik – Universitas Kristen Maranatha|website=www.maranatha.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216231301/https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-teknik/|archivedate=2021-12-16}}</ref> # [https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-teknologi-informasi/ Fakultas Teknologi Informasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233534/https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-teknologi-informasi/ |date=2023-02-03 }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-teknologi-informasi/|title=Fakultas Teknologi Informasi – Universitas Kristen Maranatha|website=www.maranatha.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203233534/https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-teknologi-informasi/|archivedate=2023-02-03}}</ref> # [https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-ekonomi/ Fakultas Ekonomi]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-ekonomi/|title=Fakultas Ekonomi – Universitas Kristen Maranatha|website=www.maranatha.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-09}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # [https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-hukum/ Fakultas Hukum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109055020/https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-hukum/ |date=2022-01-09 }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-hukum/|title=Fakultas Hukum – Universitas Kristen Maranatha|website=www.maranatha.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109055020/https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-hukum/ |date=2022-01-09 }}</ref> # [https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-sastra/ Fakultas Sastra]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-sastra/|title=Fakultas Sastra – Universitas Kristen Maranatha|website=www.maranatha.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-09}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # [https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-seni-rupa-dan-desain/ Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064749/https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-seni-rupa-dan-desain/ |date=2016-11-17 }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-seni-rupa-dan-desain/|title=Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain – Universitas Kristen Maranatha|website=www.maranatha.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064749/https://www.maranatha.edu/fakultas/fakultas-seni-rupa-dan-desain/ |date=2016-11-17 }}</ref> === PROGRAM DIPLOMA === * D-III Bahasa Mandarin * D-III Bahasa Inggris * D-III Seni Rupa dan Desain === PROGRAM SARJANA === ==== Fakultas Kedokteran ==== * S-1 Pendidikan Dokter ==== Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi ==== * S-1 Pendidikan Dokter Gigi ==== Fakultas Psikologi ==== * S-1 Psikologi ==== Fakultas Teknik ==== * S-1 téhnik Sipil * S-1 téhnik Industri * S-1 téhnik Elektro ==== Fakultas Teknologi Informasi ==== * S-1 Sistem Komputer * S-1 téhnik Informatika * S-1 Sistem Informasi ==== Fakultas Ekonomi ==== * S-1 Akuntansi * S-1 Manajemen ==== Fakultas Hukum ==== * S-1 Ilmu Hukum ==== Fakultas Sastra ==== * S-1 Sastra Jepang * S-1 Sastra China * S-1 Sastra Inggris ==== Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain ==== * S-1 Seni Rupa Murni * S-1 Desain Interior * S-1 Desain Komunikasi Visual === PROGRAM PASCASARJANA === * S-2 Psikologi (Profesi) * S-2 Psikologi (Sains) * S-2 Akuntansi * S-2 Manajemen === PROGRAM PROFESI === * Program Pendidikan Profesi Dokter * Program Pendidikan Profesi Dokter Gigi == Rujukan == {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Paguron luhur di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Paguron luhur swasta di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Paguron luhur swasta di Bandung]] 4h0roysk5az0hoq5kaaawydb0dxh4tq 0 72618 731910 681339 2026-11-08T14:33:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo perguruantinggi |nama=Universitas Tarumanagara<br>(UNTAR) |logo= |tahun=[[18 Juni]] [[1959]] |jenis=Paguron luhur swasta |rektor=Prof. Dr. Agustinus Purna Irawan |lokasi=[[Jakarta]], [[DKI Jakarta]] |situs=[http://untar.ac.id/http://untar.ac.id/]}} '''Universitas Tarumanagara''' atawa nu kawentar '''UNTAR''' nyaéta salah sahiji Paguron Luhur swasta nu aya di [[DKI Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://untar.ac.id/sejarah/|title=UNTAR {{!}} Sejarah|website=untar.ac.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2017-11-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203071000/http://untar.ac.id/sejarah/ |date=2017-12-03 }}</ref> UNTAR miboga tilu kampus, Kampus I aya di''' '''[[Jl. S Parman]] No 1, Kampus II di [[Jl. Tanjung Duren Utara]] Nomer 1, ari Kampus III aya di [[Jl. TB Simatupang]], DKI Jakarta, Indonésia.<ref name=":0" /> == Sajarah == '''Yayasan Tarumanagara''' diadegkeun ping [[18 Juni 1959|18 Juni taun 1959]]. Ngadegna Paguron Luhur Ekonomi Tarumanagara jurusan [[Ekonomi Perusahaan]] mitembeyan ngadegna Universitas Tarumanagara di taun [[1962]]. Ngadegna '''Sekolah Kejuruan téhnik Arsitektur''' ping [[1 Oktober 1962]].<ref name=":0" /> Tuluy ieu sakola jadi Fakultas téhnik Jurusan Arsitektur. Kiwari mangrupa jurusan téhnik Arsitektur swasta pangkolotna di Indonésia.<ref name=":0" /> Sanggeus kitu, dituturkeun ku ngadegna Fakultas Ekonomi, Fakultas Hukum, Fakultas téhnik Arsitektur jeung Fakultas Bahasa Inggris nu tuluy jadi '''Universitas Tarumanagara'''.<ref name=":0" /> Taun [[1965]], luyu jeung komitmen ngadegna Yayasan Tarumanagara nu gawé dina bidang atikan jeung kaséhatan diadegkeun Fakultas Kedokteran dina ping [[1 Oktober 1965]].<ref name=":0" /> Taun [[1966]], mahabuna masalah [[politik]], hususna [[G-30-S/PKI]] ngabalukarkeun prosés diajar kahalangan malah jadi teu éfektif.<ref name=":0" /> Fakultas Bahasa Inggris kapaksa kudu ditutup jeung mahasiswana dipindahkeun ka Fakultas Sastra, [[Universitas Indonesia]].<ref name=":0" /> Dina taun [[1967]] mangrupa awal kamekaran '''UNTAR'''.<ref name=":0" /> Dina wanci harita, mimiti diresmikeun dipakéna kampus di Jalan S. Parman ku upacara nu kacida raména.<ref name=":0" /> Acara nu lumangsung téh diluuhan ku Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta Bapak [[Dr. R. Soewondo]], nu satuluyna jadi Pupuhu Yayasan Tarumanagara dina taun [[1974]].<ref name=":0" /> Taun [[1992]], sacara resmi muka Program Magister dina ping [[1 Oktober 1992|1 Oktober]] .<ref name=":0" /> Taun [[1994]], UNTAR muka Fakultas [[Psikologi]] jeung Fakultas [[Seni Rupa]] dan [[Desain]].<ref name=":0" /> Tahun [[2002]], diadegkeun Fakultas Teknologi Informasi.<ref name=":0" /> Tahun [[2006]], diadegkeun Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi.<ref name=":0" /> Tahun [[2007]], diresmikeun Gedung Utama UNTAR nu legana 31.632 méter pasagi.<ref name=":0" /> Taun [[2009]], dibuka '''Tarumanagara Knowledge Center (TKC) Executive Lounge'''.<ref name=":0" />  Taun [[2013]] mimiti muka Program Magister téhnik Arsitektur.<ref name=":0" /> == Program studi == === Strata 1 === ==== Fakultas Ekonomi ==== * Strata 1 Akuntansi * Strata 1 Manajemen ==== Fakultas Hukum ==== * Strata 1 Hukum ==== FakultasTeknik ==== * Strata 1 Arsitektur * Strata 1 téhnik Sipil * Strata 1 téhnik Mesin * Strata 1 téhnik Elektro * Strata 1 Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota * Strata 1 téhnik Industri ==== Fakultas Kedokteran ==== * Kedokteran ==== Fakultas Psikologi ==== * Strata 1 Ilmu Psikologi ==== Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain ==== * Strata 1 Desain Komunikasi Visual * Strata 1 Desain Interior ==== Fakultas Teknologi Informasi ==== * Strata 1 téhnik Informatika * Strata 1 Sistem Informasi ==== Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi ==== * Strata 1 Komunikasi === Magister === ==== [http://untar.ac.id/pasca/magister-manajemen/?lang=en Magister Manajemen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203071421/http://untar.ac.id/pasca/magister-manajemen/?lang=en |date=2017-12-03 }} ==== * Master of Management * Master of Enterpreneurship Management * Bussiness Development Program ==== [http://untar.ac.id/fe/magister-akuntansi-2/ Magister Akuntansi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203070921/http://untar.ac.id/fe/magister-akuntansi-2/ |date=2017-12-03 }} ==== * Magister Akuntansi ==== [http://untar.ac.id/fh/magister-hukum/ Magister Ilmu Hukum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203071306/http://untar.ac.id/fh/magister-hukum/ |date=2017-12-03 }} ==== * Magister Hukum * Magister Kenotariatan ==== [http://untar.ac.id/pasca/magister-teknik-sipil/?lang=en Magister Teknik Sipil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203071549/http://untar.ac.id/pasca/magister-teknik-sipil/?lang=en |date=2017-12-03 }} ==== * Master of Civil Engineering * Decorate of Civl Engineering ==== [http://untar.ac.id/fp/s2/ Magister Ilmu Psikologi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222132154/http://untar.ac.id/fp/s2/ |date=2017-12-22 }} ==== * Magister Psikologi ==== [http://untar.ac.id/pasca/magister-konsentrasi-pendidikan-real-estate-kota/ Magister Real Estate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203070945/http://untar.ac.id/pasca/magister-konsentrasi-pendidikan-real-estate-kota/ |date=2017-12-03 }} ==== * Master of City and réal Estate Development ==== [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202234432/http://untar.ac.id/ft/magister-arsitektur/ Magister Arsitektur] ==== * Magister Arsitektur === Doktoral === ==== [http://untar.ac.id/pasca/doktor-teknik-sipil/?lang=en Doktoral Teknik Sipil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203071417/http://untar.ac.id/pasca/doktor-teknik-sipil/?lang=en |date=2017-12-03 }} ==== ==== [http://untar.ac.id/fh/doktor-hukum/ Doktoral Ilmu Hukum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203071200/http://untar.ac.id/fh/doktor-hukum/ |date=2017-12-03 }} ==== === Pendidikan Profesional === * [http://untar.ac.id/fe/pendidikan-profesi-akuntansi/ Pendidikan Ilmu Akuntansi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219233437/http://untar.ac.id/fe/pendidikan-profesi-akuntansi/ |date=2017-12-19 }} * [http://untar.ac.id/fp/# Pendidikan Ilmu Hukum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204215715/http://untar.ac.id/fp/ |date=2017-12-04 }} * [http://untar.ac.id/fk/program-studi-profesi-dokter/ Pendidikan Ilmu Kedokteran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122215658/http://untar.ac.id/fk/program-studi-profesi-dokter/ |date=2017-11-22 }} == Tutumbu kaluar == * [http://untar.ac.id/fe/ Fakultas Ekonomi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130205336/http://untar.ac.id/fe/ |date=2017-11-30 }} * [http://untar.ac.id/fh/ Fakultas Hukum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921134018/http://untar.ac.id/fh/ |date=2017-09-21 }} * [http://untar.ac.id/ft/ FakultasTeknik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115183811/http://untar.ac.id/ft/ |date=2017-11-15 }} * [http://untar.ac.id/fk/ Fakultas Kedokteran] * [http://untar.ac.id/fp/ Fakultas Psikologi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204215715/http://untar.ac.id/fp/ |date=2017-12-04 }} * [http://untar.ac.id/fsrd/ Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201094052/http://untar.ac.id/fsrd/ |date=2018-02-01 }} * [http://untar.ac.id/fti/ Fakultas Teknologi Informasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130205143/http://untar.ac.id/fti/ |date=2017-11-30 }} * [http://untar.ac.id/fikom/ Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910102849/http://untar.ac.id/fikom/ |date=2017-09-10 }} == Rujukan == * [http://untar.ac.id/ Website resmi UNTAR] Diakses ping 17 November 2017 <references />{{pondok}} [[Kategori:Paguron luhur di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Paguron luhur swasta di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Paguron luhur swasta di Jakarta]] 50t0pobjfrpcsr5e9tctpi0xy46jbsq 0 72658 731858 674123 2026-11-08T12:24:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Situ Cileunca''' nyaéta salah sahiji tempat [[pelesiran]] nu aya di [[Desa Wanasar]]<nowiki/>i Kecamatan [[Pangaléngan, Bandung|Pangalengan]] Bandung wangunna mah [[waduk]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dakatour.com/lokasi-dan-harga-tiket-masuk-situ-cileunca-pangalengan-danau-cantik-yang-tenang-dengan-warna-air-biru.html|title=Lokasi dan Harga Tiket Masuk Situ Cileunca Pangalengan, Danau Cantik Yang Tenang  dengan Warna Air Biru - Daka Tour|date=2017-09-28|newspaper=Daka Tour|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> Situ téh hartina "danau" lamun dina Basa Indonesia mah, legana [[situ]] téh kana 1.400 ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gravity-adventure.com/2014/01/tarif-tiket-masuk-situ-cileunca.html|title=Situ Cileunca: Taman Wisata Indah dengan Tarif Murah|website=www.gravity-adventure.com|accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref> Situ Cileunca téh caina ti [[walungan]] Palayangan, tempat nu sok dipaké [[arung jeram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.king-adventure.com/pangalengan-situ-cileunca|title=Pangalengan Situ Cileunca|website=www.king-adventure.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121050827/http://www.king-adventure.com/pangalengan-situ-cileunca |date=2017-11-21 }}</ref> Kondisi alamna éndah jeung hawana tiis lantaran dikurulingan ku [[gunung]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wisatasenibudaya.com/wisata-situ-cileunca-pangalengan-bandung/|title=Wisata Situ Cileunca Pangalengan Bandung - Informasi Tempat Wisata Terbaru|website=wisatasenibudaya.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202172623/http://wisatasenibudaya.com/wisata-situ-cileunca-pangalengan-bandung/ |date=2017-12-02 }}</ref> Harga tiket asupna Rp.3000 dipaké pikeun mayar kabersihan biasana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.outbound-bandung-cileunca.com/harga-tiket-masuk-danau-situ-cileunca/|title=Harga Tiket Masuk Danau Situ Cileunca|newspaper=Outbound Bandung Cileunca Adventure|language=en-us|access-date=2017-11-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112212113/http://www.outbound-bandung-cileunca.com/harga-tiket-masuk-danau-situ-cileunca/ |date=2017-11-12 }}</ref> == Sajarah == [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Waterbouwkundige constructie in het meer Situ Cileunca TMnr 60016804.jpg|jmpl|310x310px|Situ Cileunca basa keur diwangun]] Numutkeun sajarah, Situ Cileunca mangrupa tempat pribadi urang [[Walanda]] nu ngaranna [[Kuhlan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1117&lang=id|title=Situ Cileunca-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2018-02-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020005851/http://disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1117&lang=id |date=2020-10-20 }}</ref> Manéhna mukim di [[Pangaléngan, Pangaléngan, Bandung|Pangalengan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempat.co.id/wisata/Situ-Cileunca|title=Situ Cileunca, Wisata Alam yang Romantis dan Menenangkan - Tempat.co.id|website=Tempat.co.id|language=id-ID|accessdate=2018-02-03}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Situ Cileunca diwangun kurang leuwih salila 7 taun ti 1919 nepika 1926 ku cara ngabendung [[walungan Cileunca]], tuluy ngabentuk hiji situ nu ayeuna ngaranna [[Dam Pulo]].<ref name=":0" /> Aya kaunikan nalika ngawangunna, ieu situ diwangun lain maké [[pacul]] tapi ku [[halu]] nu dipingpin ku dua jalma pinter nyaéta [[Juragan Arya]] jeung [[Mahesti]].<ref name=":1" /> Nalika [[jaman kolinial Walanda]], sok dipaké pikeun sumber listrik di [[Kota Bandung]].<ref name=":1" /> Salian ti éta, aliran caina digunakeun pikeun cadangan cai beresih keur warga sabudeureunnana, harita kapasitasna nyaéta 9,89 juta M3.<ref name=":1" /> == Fasilitas == Aya sababaraha fasilitas nu aya di Situ Cileunca, nyaéta : # Camping Ground [[Gambar:Situ cileunca - panoramio.jpg|jmpl|Situ Cileunca]] Salian ti [[Ranca Upas]] nu kempingna di tengah leuweung, Situ Cileunca ogé bisa jadi tempat alternatif pikeun nu sok resep kemping.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://tempatwisatadibandung.info/situ-cileunca-pangalengan/|title=Situ Cileunca Pangalengan -Eksotisme Wisata Situ Bandung|date=2015-06-20|newspaper=Tempat Wisata di Bandung|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121193944/https://tempatwisatadibandung.info/situ-cileunca-pangalengan/|archive-date=2018-01-21}}</ref> Nu ngabedakeunna, ari di Situ Cileunca mah kempingna di sisi situ.<ref name=":3" /> 2''. [[Rafting]]''[[Gambar:Ilham AG.jpg|jmpl|Salah sahiji wisatawan nu keur popotoan|202x202px]]Salian ti sok dipaké pikeun Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA), Situ Cileunca sok dipaké pikeun tempat ''[[rafting]].''<ref name=":3" /> ''Rafting'' Pangalengan Walungan Palayangan mangrupa kegiatan wisata nu paling populer di Wisata Alam Situ Cileunca Pangalengan.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://infopromodiskon.com/tempat-wisata/profile/wisata-situ-cileunca-pangalengan-bandung/|title=Profile Wisata Situ Cileunca Pangalengan Bandung|newspaper=InfoPromoDiskon.com|access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref> ''Rafting'' kaasup kana kagiatan olahraga cai nu bisa nguji kana adrenalin.<ref name=":4" /> Biayana kurang leuwih Rp. 185.000-/urang.<ref name=":4" /> Harga geus kaasup biaya parahu, P3K, Transportasi lokal, konsumsi, jeung pemandu. Sacara umum dina hij parahu dieusian ku 6 urang, kaasup jeung instruktur.<ref name=":4" /> 3. Parahu Di Situ Cileunca bisa ogé nyewa parahu, biasana parahu sok ngurilingan situ.<ref name=":3" /> Hargana biasana Rp. 75.000/parahu.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lihat.co.id/wisata/situ-cileunca.html|title=Situ Cileunca, Danau Indah di Pangalengan Bandung - Lihat.co.id|date=2016-10-03|newspaper=Lihat.co.id|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115134755/http://www.lihat.co.id/wisata/situ-cileunca.html |date=2017-11-15 }}</ref> Kapasitasna bisa nepika 10 urang unggal kapalna.<ref name=":5" /> 4. Kebon Stroberi jeung Arbei Lamun urang hayang ka Kebon [[Stroberi]] jeung [[Arbei]] kudu nyebrang maké [[parahu]].<ref name=":3" /> Tarifna biasana Rp.5000/jalma.<ref name=":3" /> == Jembatan Cinta == Situ Cileunca misahkeun dua desa nyaéta [[Desa Wanasari]] jeung [[Desa Pulosari]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.reswaraku.com/2015/04/jembatan-cinta-di-situ-cileunca.html|title=Jembatan Cinta di Situ Cileunca Pangalengan, Kabupaten Bandung|newspaper=Rasendriya Bercerita|access-date=2018-02-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218093309/http://www.reswaraku.com/2015/04/jembatan-cinta-di-situ-cileunca.html |date=2018-02-18 }}</ref> Biasana warga mun hayang meuntas kudu mapay sisi situ pikeun ka desa nu sején.<ref name=":2" /> Lantaran ngarasa jauh, warga tuluy boga inisiatif nyieun jembatan nu ngaliwatan Situ Cileunca.<ref name=":2" /> Jembatan dijieun tina beton sarta di cet warna beureum.<ref name=":2" /> Biasana lamun soré sok aya rumaja nu asalna ti Desa Wanasari jeung Pulosari ngarumpul di dinya.<ref name=":2" /> Ieu Jembatan tuluy katelah ku ngaran Jembatan Cinta.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Pelesiran]] 513w954f2at45h5am8x2wk32syf6qhr 0 72934 731860 654699 2026-11-08T12:29:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731860 wikitext text/x-wiki Situs Walahir nyaéta salah sahiji situs budaya anu aya di Kacamatan Sariwangi, anu dipercaya salaku puseur kabataraan Galunggung anu aya di kacamatan Leuwisari Desa Linggawangi (Rumantak) jeung Pasir Geger Hanjuang, sawaréh aktipitasna dilaksanakeun di Kacamatan Sariwangi nyaéta di batu ampar anu lokasina di pasir suku gunung Galunggung jeung désa Sukamulih Kacamatan Sariwangi nyaéta Walahir.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1066|title=Situs Walahir-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat|website=www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id|accessdate=2018-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819140724/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=1066|archivedate=2019-08-19}}</ref> Di lokasi éta aya sababaraha titinggal di antarana makam para luluhur Galunggung periodisasi Islam jeung batu ampar.<ref name=":0" /> Nurutkeun masarakat, éta batu ampar téh mangrupa tempat upacara ritual jaman karajaan Galunggung, sedengkeun situs Walahir lokasina culup deukeut jeung situs Geger Hanjuang jeung situs Linggawangi, ieu hal méré kayakinan yén aktipitas kaagamaan dilakukeun di dua lokasi kasebut.<ref name=":0" /> Sababaraha makam anu sering di datangan ku nu jarah nyaéta: * Éyang Latifah (ahli qieo'ah)<ref name=":0" /> * Éyang H. Sembah Dalem Wirakusumah, Eyang Gorah, Eyang Mutholib<ref name=":0" /> * Éyang Kenong, Eyang Rajawisuta, Eyang  Wirakusumah<ref name=":0" /> * Éyang Panjisena, Eyang Panjiseta, Eyang Tubagus Lanjar<ref name=":0" /> * Éyang Dayang Sumedang, Eyang Sumedang, Eyang Dalem Cigeuleum, Eyang  DaleumTegal Munding,Ciung Wanara<ref name=":0" /> * Éyang Dalem Peundeuy, Eyang Dalem Gagak,Ambu Sumaerah Wirakusumah,Indung Ciut/Pajaji Sakti, Eyang Wira Buana, Eyang Ali, Eyang H. Tubagus Urif dan Kiayi  Ahmad<ref name=":0" /> * Éyang  Sembah Dalem Wiradadaha<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == l4t4cs2rhv1oeem1h7th0dhnkn6o4xq 0 72940 731979 545376 2026-11-08T22:40:32Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo anatomi|Name=Jari telunjuk<br>''Pointer finger'', ''Index finger''|name=Jari telunjuk<br>''Pointer finger'', ''Index finger''|Image=Wijsvinger.jpg|image=Wijsvinger.jpg|Caption=Tangan manusia dengan jari telunjuk diluruskan|caption=Tangan manusia dengan jari telunjuk diluruskan|Latin=Digitus II manus, digitus secundus manus, [[wikt:index#Latin|index]]|artery=[[Radial artery of index finger]], <br>[[proper palmar digital arteries]], <br>[[dorsal digital arteries]]|Artery=[[Radial artery of index finger]], <br>[[proper palmar digital arteries]], <br>[[dorsal digital arteries]]|vein=[[Palmar digital veins]], [[dorsal digital veins of the hand|dorsal digital veins]]|Vein=[[Palmar digital veins]], [[dorsal digital veins of the hand|dorsal digital veins]]|nerve=[[Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve]], [[proper palmar digital nerves of median nerve]]|Nerve=[[Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve]], [[proper palmar digital nerves of median nerve]]|DorlandsSuf=12448665|DorlandsPre=i_06}} [[Gambar:Anger_during_a_protest_by_David_Shankbone.jpg|jmpl|250x250px|Lalaki jeung awéwé keur padungdengan bari nunjuk]] '''Curuk''' ({{Lang-en|index finger}}, ''forefinger'', ''pointer finger'', atawa ''trigger finger''; [[basa Latin]]: ''digitus secundus'', ''digitus II''), nyaéta ramo kadua na [[leungeun]] manusa diitung ti [[jempol]]. Nyelap di antara [[jempol]] (ramo kahiji) jeung [[jajangkung]] (ramo katiga). Biasana curuk mah ramo nu pangjalingeur sarta mindeng digunakeun, sanajan ukuranna lain nu pangjangkungna, da leuwih péndék batan jajangkung, jeung di sawatara jalma mah sok aya nu leuwih péndék batan jariji – tempo [[babandingan ramo]]. === Nunjuk === Ari nunjuk ku curuk téh bisa dimaksudkeun pikeun nuduhkeun hiji banda atawa jalma.<ref name="Imai">{{cite web|url=http://www.comm.ohio-state.edu/pdavid/preparedness/docs/Crosscultural/gestures.pdf|title=Gestures: Body Language and Nonverbal Communication|author=Gary Imai|accessdate=12 November 2009}}</ref> Nunjuk ka arah hiji jalma ku curuk téh dianggap kasar atawa teu sopan di sawatara budaya mah. == Tempo ogé == * [[Babandingan ramo]] * Extensor indicis proprius * Indéks (tipografi) == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Anatomi manusa}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategori:Ramo]] ky5ax0aeoi7574kq3bd14x5gmsco3n3 0 72960 731980 537989 2026-11-08T22:42:05Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo anatomi|Name=Jajangkung<br>''Middle finger''|name=Jajangkung<br>Middle finger|Image=Middle finger.jpg|image=Middle finger.jpg|Caption=Jari tengah pada tangan manusia|caption=Jajangkung leungeun manusa|Latin=Digitus III manus, digitus medius manus, digitus tertius manus|artery=[[Arteri digital palmar proper]], <br>[[arteri digital dorsal]]|Artery=[[Arteri digital palmar proper]], <br>[[arteri digital dorsal]]|vein=[[Vena digital palmar]], [[dorsal digital veins of the hand|dorsal digital veins]]|Vein=[[Vena digital palmar]], [[dorsal digital veins of the hand|dorsal digital veins]]|nerve=[[Dorsal digital nerves of saraf radial]], [[saraf proper palmar digital dari saraf median]]|Nerve=[[Dorsal digital nerves of saraf radial]], [[saraf proper palmar digital dari saraf median]]}}'''Jajangkung''', '''panengah''' atawa '''ramo panengah''' ({{Lang-en|middle finger}}, ''long finger'' atawa ''tall finger'') nyaéta ramo katilu dina [[leungeun]] [[manusa]], nyelap di antara [[curuk]] (ramo kadua diitung ti [[jempol]]) jeung [[jariji]] (ramo kaopat). Luyu jeung ngaranna, ieu ramo téh mangrupa ramo pangjangkungna. Ogé disebut (dina [[basa Latin]]) "''digitus medius''" ("ramo tengah"), "''digitus tertius''" ("ramo katiga"), atawa "''digitus III''" dina [[anatomi]]. Di sajumlahing nagara, utamana di Kulon mah, ngacung-ngacung jajangkung téh dianggap mangrupa kalakuan ngahina jeung jorang. Di [[Britania|Britania Raya]] ieu kalakuan téh sok dibarengan jeung [[curuk]] dilempengkeun bareng kalawan rapet. Kalakuan nu ngahina samodél kitu téh dipikawanoh dina [[basa Inggris]] minangka "flipping the bird",<ref>{{cite book|title=101 Ways to Flip the Bird|author=Jason Joseph, Rick Joseph|year=2007|publisher=[[Broadway Books]]|isbn=0-7679-2681-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7YJl2X7CZNIC&lpg=PR12&dq=flipping%20the%20bird&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=flipping%20the%20bird&f=false}}</ref> "flipping someone off", atawa "giving the finger". Sebalikna, mun dilempengkeun bareng jeung [[curuk]] tapina dibelekékkeun ngabentuk hurup "[[V]]" bisa méré makna [[wilangan]] 2 atawa tanda kameunangan ("V" pikeun "''victory''", kecap [[basa Inggris]] nu hartina "meunang"). Jajangkung sok dipaké pikeun [[:en:finger snapping|''finger snapping'']] bareng jeung [[jempol]]. == Tempo ogé == * [[Jempol]] * [[Curuk]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{Anatomi manusa}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategori:Ramo]] [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] gd59dl8xksehxocy4djct1866cy1axo 0 72962 731855 677604 2026-11-08T12:12:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731855 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Tropical Cyclone Lusi (1997).jpg|jmpl|Siklon Tropis Lusi Taun 2007]] '''Siklon tropis''' nya éta angin ribut anu miboga kakuatan nu gedé pisan biasana datang dina usum panas jeung awal usum gugur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/01/id|title=Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika » Pusat Meteorologi Publik » TCWC Jakarta|last=Geofisika|first=Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan|website=meteo.bmkg.go.id|accessdate=2018-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129143140/http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/01/id |date=2018-01-29 }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Keajaiban Planet Bumi|last=Tjasyono|first=Bayong|publisher=PT Remaja Rosdakarya|year=2014|isbn=978-979-692-182-9|location=Bandung|pages=128-131}}</ref> Ngaran séjénna nyaéta topan, anu dicokot tina ngaran déwa di Karibia "Huracan" anu kacida jahatna.<ref name=":9" /> Sakumaha ngaranna, siklon tropis sacara umum kawangun di daérah tropis.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://gravitime.net/2017/12/3-jenis-angin-siklon-dan-dampak-negatif.html|title=Jenis Angin Siklon dan Dampak Negatif yang Ditimbulkan|last=|first=|website=gravitime|publisher=|accessdate=15 Februari 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221053815/http://gravitime.net/2017/12/3-jenis-angin-siklon-dan-dampak-negatif.html |date=2018-02-21 }}</ref> Siklon tropis mindahkeun panas ti daérah khatulistiwa ka [[Garis datar|garis]] datar anu leuwih luhur, jeung ieu mangrupa bagéan penting dina hiji sistem sirkulasi atmosfir.<ref name=":10" /> Siklon tropis bisa ngalantarankeun angin anu mampuh ngaruksak daérah anu jauhna 250 mil ti puseur siklon.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Ilmu Kebumian dan Antariksa|last=Tjasyono|first=Bayong|publisher=PT Remaja Rosdakarya|year=2009|isbn=979-692-595-8|location=Bandung|pages=200}}</ref> Radius rata-rata siklon tropis kurang leuwih 150 tepi ka 200&nbsp;km.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Siklon tropis kawangun di luhureun [[sagara]] anu lega, umumna miboga suhu permukaan cai laut anu haneut, leuwih ti 26, 5&nbsp;°C jeung kawangun dina gaya bumi (gaya coriolis) nyaéta dina lintang géografis di luhureun 5° kalér atawa kidul.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/1261724/15/badai-berkekuatan-besar-begini-proses-terbentuknya-siklon-tropis-1511965665|title=Badai Berkekuatan Besar, Begini Proses TErbentuknya Siklon Tropis|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=14 Februari 2018|via=}}</ref> Angin gedé anu muter di deukeut puseurna miboga kecepatan leuwih ti 60&nbsp;km/jam.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /> Sacara téhnis, siklon tropis dihartikeun minangka sistem tekenan handap non-frontal dina skala sinoptik anu tumuwuh luhureun cai nu haneut kalawan wilayah konvéktif jeung kacepatan [[angin]] maksimum 34 knot di sabagéan wilayah anu ngurilingan puseurna, jeung lumangsungna kurang leuwih genep jam.<ref name=":0" /> Kadang-kadang di puseur siklon tropis kawangun hiji wilayah kalawan kecepatan angin anu kaitung leutik jeung tanpa ayana [[méga]] anu disebut ku panon siklon.<ref name=":0" /> Diaméter panon siklon téh rupa-rupa ti mimiti 10 tepi ka 100&nbsp;km kalawan jangkungna 15&nbsp;km.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /> Ieu panon siklon dikurilingan ku dingding panon, nyaéta wilayah winangun [[cingcin]] anu bisa ngahontal ketebalan 16&nbsp;km, anu mangrupa wilayah di mana aya kecepatan angin nu pangtarikna jeung curah [[hujan]] panggedéna.<ref name=":0" /> Mangsa hirup siklon tropis rata-rata antara 3 tepi ka 18 poé.<ref name=":0" /> Lantaran énergi siklon tropis dimeunangkeun tina sagara anu haneut, mangka siklon tropis bakal ngaleutikan atawa leungit waktu asup ka wilayah [[cai]] anu tiis atawa waktu asup ka daratan.<ref name=":0" /> Siklon tropis dipikawanoh ku rupa-rupa istilah di antarana "''badai tropis''" atawa "''typhoon''" atawa "topan" lamun kawangunna di [[Samudra Pasifik Kulon]], "siklon" atawa "''cyclone''" lamun kawangun di sabudeureun [[India]] jeung [[Australia]], jeung "''hurricane''" lamun kawangun di [[Samudra Atlantik]].<ref name=":0" /> Daerah pangwangunan siklon tropis ngawengku [[Atlantik Kulon]], [[Pasifik Wétan]], [[Pasifik Kalér]] beulah [[Kulon]], [[samudra Hindia]], [[Australia]] beulah [[kidul]], jeung [[Pasifik Kidul]].<ref name=":8" /> Kurang leuwih dua per tilu kajadian siklon tropis aya di beulahan bumi beulah [[kalér]].<ref name=":8" /> Lolobana siklon tropis 65% kawangun di daerah antara 10 derajat jeung 20 derajat tina ékuator, saeutik pisan 13% anu aya dina lintang luhureun 22 derajat U.<ref name=":8" /> Siklon tropis henteu muncul di daerah 4 derajat tina ékuator.<ref name=":8" /> Euweuhna siklon tropis di sabudeureun ékuator nembongkeun pentingna rotasi bumi atawa [[gaya Coriolis]] dina pangwangunan siklon tropis.<ref name=":8" /> == Ngaran Siklon Tropis == Mimitina mah ngaran siklon tropis dicokot tina ngaran-ngaran gadis lantaran siklon tropis mangrupa angin anu nagaruksak [[kapal laut]] jeung [[nakhoda]] saparakanca.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" /> Salian ti éta, pangalaman ngabuktikeun yén lamun anu dipakéna ngaran gadis bakal ngabalukarkeun komunikasi anu leuwih gampang.<ref name=":8" /> Di Atlantik jeung Pasifik Timur siklon tropis disebut Hurricane, di Pasifik Barat disebut Typhoon, jeung di samudra lain disebut Siklon Tropis (''Tropical Cyclone'').<ref name=":9" /> Dina taun [[1960]], geus disusun ngaran siklon tropis numutkeun alfabet.<ref name=":8" /> Umumna mah ngaran siklon tropis henteu ngagunakeun ngaran anu dimimitian ku aksara Q, U, X, Y, Z.<ref name=":8" /> Minangka conto, daftar ngaran siklon tropis dina taun [[1973]] nyaéta Anna, Blanche, Carol, Debbie, Eve, Francelia, Gerda, Holly, Inga, Jenny, Kara, Marta, Netty, Orva, Peggy, rhoda, Tanya, Virgy, jeung Wenda.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" /> Nepi ka taun [[1978]], siklon tropis dibéré ngaran siga ngaran [[Bikang|awéwé]] utamana di Atlantik jeung Pasifik tapi lantaran ayana pengaduan kaum wanita ngeunaan prasangka séksual maka ngaran [[Jalu|lalaki]] mimiti dipaké, misalna siklon Alex, Bruno, jeung Gordon.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" /> Tapi sanajan kitu ngaran awéwé masih ngadominasi dina pangaranan siklon tropis, misalna dina bulan [[Agustus]] [[2005]] [[Amérika Sarikat]] kadatangan Siklon Katrina di daérah [[Lousiana]], [[Arizona]], jeung [[Mississippi]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" /> Katrina mangrupa mamala anu panggoréngna dina sajarah Amérika Sarikat tepi ka nyababkeun rébuan jalma maot, leuwih ti sajuta masarakat ngungsi, nyababkeun karugian anu gedé pisan keur industri [[minyak]] jeung sajabana.<ref name=":9" /> Hal ieu nyababkeun Amérika tepi ka ngirimkeun 40.000 tangtara ka daérah mamala.<ref name=":9" /> Sanggeus Katrina disusul ku badai Rita datang deui ka Amérika.<ref name=":9" /> Jadi, unggal siklon tropis téh miboga ngaran séwang-séwangan.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/08/id|title=Nama Siklon Tropis|last=|first=|website=BMKG|publisher=|accessdate=13 Februari 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303005754/http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/08/id|archivedate=2018-03-03}}</ref> Di [[Samudra Atlantik]] jeung di sabudeureun Australia, siklon tropis dibéré ngaran siga ngaran jelema.<ref name=":5" /> Misalna aya siklon tropis Andrew di [[Florida]] dina taun [[1992]], atawa siklon tropis Tracy anu ngaratakeun 80% padumukan di [[Darwin]] dina taun [[1998]].<ref name=":5" /> Di Samudera Pasifik Kulon, ngaran siklon tropis bisa leuwih variatif saperti siklon tropis [[Orchidaceae|Anggrék]] (ngaran [[kembang]]), [[Kadu]] (ngaran [[buah]]), [[Nuri]] (ngaran [[manuk]]), [[Halong]] (ngaran teluk di [[Viétnam|Vietnam]]), Mekhala (widadari guntur), Bavi (ngaran pagunungan di Vietnam bagéan kalér) jeung Fengshen (déwi angin).<ref name=":5" /> == Kecepatan Angin Maksimum == Anu dimaksud kecepatan angin maksimum nyaéta [[angin]] anu lilana rata-rata 10 menit pangtéréhna anu aya di wilayah sirkulasi siklon.<ref name=":0" /> Angin kalawan kecepatan anu pangtéréhna biasana aya di wilayah cingcin di deukeut puseur siklon, atawa lamun ieu siklon miboga [[panon]], maka posisina aya di dingding panon.<ref name=":0" /> == Ukuran Siklon Tropis == Ukuran siklon tropis nétélakeun diaméter wilayah anu ngalaman ''gale force wind''.<ref name=":0" /> Ukuran siklon tropis téh rupa-rupa ti mimiti 50&nbsp;km (''Cyclone Tracy'', [[1977]]), tepi ka 1100&nbsp;km (Typhoon Ti, [[1979]]).<ref name=":0" /> Daérah tumuwuhna siklon tropis ngawengku [[Atlantik Kulon]], [[Pasifik Wétan]], [[Pasifik Kalér]] beulah kulon, [[Samudra Hindia]] beulah kalér jeung kidul, [[Australia]] jeung [[Pasifik Kidul]].<ref name=":0" /> Kurang leuwih dua per tilu kajadian siklon tropis aya di beulahan bumi bagéan [[kalér]].<ref name=":0" /> Kurang leuwih 65% siklon tropis kawangun di daérah antara 10° - 20° tina [[garis ékuator]], ngan saukur 13% siklon tropis tumuwuh di luhureun daérah lintang 20°, sedengkeun di daérah lintang handap (0° - 10°) siklon tropis jarang kawangun.<ref name=":0" /> Daérah tumuwuhna siklon tropis bisa dibadi jadi [[tujuh]] wilayah.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu wilayah ngawengku [[sagara]] di sakuliah [[dunya]].<ref name=":0" /> == Proses Kawangunna Siklon Tropis == [[Gambar:Global tropical cyclone tracks-edit2.jpg|jmpl|Jalur Siklon Tropis di Dunya]] Sakumaha ngaranna, siklon tropis tumuwuh dina cai di sabudeureun daérah [[tropis]], utamana anu miboga suhu cai sagara anu haneut.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/02/id|title=Proses Terbentuknya Siklon Tropis|last=|first=|website=BMKG|publisher=|accessdate=11 Februari 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610215448/https://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/02/id |date=2023-06-10 }}</ref> Jumlah siklon tropis anu tumuwuh di beulahan bumi béh [[kalér]] rata-rata 57,3 kajadian dina sataun jeung di beulahan bumi béh [[kidul]] rata-rata 26,3 siklon tropis dina sataun (dumasar data dina taun [[1968]]-[[1989]]).<ref name=":1" /> Biasana siklon tropis kawangun di daérah lintang 10° atawa leuwih, sedengkeun dina lintang antara 5° tepi ka 10° aya nu disebut déprési tropis atawa kaayaan awal siklon.<ref name=":9" /> Di ieu daerah bisa ogé aya badai tropis lamun suhu laut leuwih panas.<ref name=":9" /> Ku lantaran kitu cai di Indonésia bisa kaasup daérah anu bébas siklon tropis tapi akibatna bisa mangaruhan cuaca di sabudeureun Indonésia.<ref name=":9" /> Siklon tropis bisa kawangun kalawan sarat-sarat ieu di handap:<ref name=":1" /> # suhu permukaan [[sagara]] sakurang-kurangna 26,5C tepi ka 60 méter jerona.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://jabar.tribunnews.com/2017/11/30/inilah-enam-faktor-penyebab-munculnya-siklon-tropis-menurut-prakirawan-bmkg|title=Inilah Enam Faktor Penyebab Munculnya Siklon Tropis Menurut Prakirawan BMKG|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=14 Februari 2018|via=}}</ref> # Kaayaan [[atmosfir]] anu henteu stabil bisa nyababkeun kawangunna [[Méga Kumulonimbus|méga kumulonimbus]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu méga-méga mangrupa méga anu ngandung [[guludug]] sarta mangrupa pananda wilayah konvéktif kuat anu mangrupa hal penting dina kamekaran siklon tropis.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> # Atmosfir anu kaitung lembab di ketinggian kurang leuwih 5&nbsp;km.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu ketinggian mangrupa atmofer paras tengah, lamun dina kaayaan garing henteu bisa ngadukung kana kamekaran aktivitas badai anu aya dina jero siklon.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> # Aya dina jarak sahenteuna 500&nbsp;km tina [[garis khatulistiwa]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Sanajan hal ieu bisa waé kajadian tapi siklon jarang kawangun di deukeut ékuator.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> # Gangguan atmosfir dina jarak anu deukeut ti permukaan bumi mangrupa [[angin]] anu puseurna dibarengan ku kumpulan angin.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> # Parobahan kondisi angin kana ketinggian henteu pati gedé. Parobahan kondisi angin anu gedé bisa ngaganggu prosés kamekaran badai.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> # Paraméter cariolis kudu leuwih gedé tina niléy minimum anu aya di sabudeureun [[Garis datar|garis lintang]] kurang leuwih 5° di beulah [[kalér]] jeung kidul.<ref name=":8" /> Lamun [[gaya cariolis]]na kurang maka siklon tropis moal kawangun.<ref name=":8" /> Di tempat anu garis lintangna leuwih luhur sanajan aya gaya cariolis anu cukup gedé, tapi siklon tropis jarang aya lantaran lautna leuwih [[tiis]].<ref name=":8" /> # Gésér [[angin]] vértikal anu aya dina [[arus troposferik]] nu kandel kawilang leutik pisan.<ref name=":8" /> Gésér troposférik anu répréséntatif nyaéta gésér angin anu diukur dina ketinggian 950 hPa jeung 200 hPa.<ref name=":8" /> Ketinggian 950 hPa dianggap minangka paras kondénsasi rata-rata di daérah oséanik tropis.<ref name=":8" /> # Aya rotasional rélatif dina lapisan handap.<ref name=":8" /> Siklon tropis mikabutuh kontribusi [[saab]] sacara tuluy tumuluy keur méré bekel énergi anu aya dina konvergénsi hawa.<ref name=":8" /> Jadi bisa ditarik gurat badagna yén fase pangwangunan siklon tropis téh ngaliwatan tilu tahap nyaéta: # déprési tropis,nyaéta sistem awan jeung guludug anu badag pisan kalawan sirkulasi jeung angin nu tuluy tumuluy.<ref name=":10" /> Maksimum permukaanana kurang ti 17 méter per detik (33 knot, 38m/j atawa 62&nbsp;km/jam).<ref name=":10" /> Wangun siklon can miboga [[panon]] jeung henteu ''berpilin'' tina badai-badai anu leuwih kuat.<ref name=":10" /> Dina ieu tahap, siklon geus jadi sistem tekenan leutik ku lantaran éta ngaranna jadi "déprési".<ref name=":9" /> # Badai tropis, nyaéta sistem tina badai guludug anu leuwih kuat kalawan sirkulasi jeung angin anu tuluy-tumuluy di antara 17 jeung 33 méter per detik (34-63 knot, 39–73 m/j, atau 62–117&nbsp;km/jam).<ref name=":9" /> Wangun siklon geus ''berpilin'' tapi can miboga panon.<ref name=":10" /> # Siklon tropis, geus aya panonan jeung puseur angin kalawan kecepatan leuwih ti 117&nbsp;km/jam, variatif gumangtung asal daérah asalna misalna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/5328524.stm|title=Animated Guide Tornadoes|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=15 Februari 2018|via=}}</ref> * ''Hurikan'' di Samudra Atlantik Utara, Samudra Pasifik beulah wétan wates pananggalan internasional jeung Samudra Pasifik Kidul beulan wétan 160°BT.<ref name=":11" /> * ''Taifun'' di Samudra Pasifik Barat Daya beulah kulon garis pananggalan.<ref name=":11" /> * ''Siklon tropis gawat'' di Samudra Pasifik Barat Daya beulah kulon160°BT atawa Samudra Hindia Timur Laut beulah wétan 90°BT.<ref name=":11" /> * ''Badai siklon gawat'' di Samudra Hindia Kalér.<ref name=":11" /> * ''Siklon tropis'' di Samudra Hindia Barat Daya.<ref name=":11" /> Di tempat lain di dunya, hurikan dipikawanoh minangka ''Bagyo'' di Filipina, ''Chubasco'' di Meksiko, jeung ''Taino'' di Haiti.<ref name=":11" /> Bagéan tengah badai siklon tropis anu disebut panon mangrupa lingkaran anu diaméterna ti 10 tepi ka 100 kilométer, paling sering kurang leuwih 40 méter.<ref name=":11" /> Kecepatan angin di bagéan ieu leuwih handap komo lamun langitna keur cerah.<ref name=":11" /> Panon dikurulilingan ku méga padet anu jangkungna 16 kilométer kalawan angin jeung hujan nu gedé pisan.<ref name=":11" /> == Siklus Hirup Siklon Tropis == Siklon tropis miboga daur hirup ti mimiti prosés pangwangunanana tepi ka paéhna.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/03/id|title=Siklus Hidup Siklon Tropis|last=|first=|website=BMKG|publisher=|accessdate=12 Februari 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125042815/http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/03/id |date=2018-01-25 }}</ref> Siklon hirup siklon tropis bisa dibagi jadi opat tahapan nyaéta: # Tahap pembentukan, ditandaan ku ayana gangguan [[atmosfir]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Lamun ditilik tina citra [[satelit]] cuaca, ieu gangguan ditandaan ku wilayah konvéktif ku ayana méga-[[Méga Kumulonimbus|méga kumulonimbus]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Puseur sirkulasi acan kawangun, tapi geus katingali dina tungtung ''sabuk perawanan'' anu ngawangun [[spiral]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> # Tahap can asak, dina ieu tahap wilayah konvéktif anu kuat kawangun leuwih rapi tepi ka ngawangun ''sabuk perawanan'' jadi [[buleudan]] (wangunna spiral) atawa ngawangun wilayah anu wangunna rélatif [[Buleudan|buleud]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Inténsitasna ngaronjat sacara simultan anu ditandaan ku tekenan [[hawa]] permukaan anu turun ngahontal kurang ti 1000 mb jeung kecepatan [[angin]] maksimum anu ngaronjat tepi ka ''gale force wind'' (kecepatan angin ≥ 34 knot atwa 63&nbsp;km/jam).<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Angin kalawan kecepatan maksimum museur dina cingcin anu ngurlingan puseur sirkulasi.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Puseur sirkulasi katingali jelas jeung mimiti katingali ayana panon siklon.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> # Tahap asak, dina ieu tahap wangun siklon tropis geus stabil.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Tekenan hawa minimun anu aya di puseurna jeung angin maksimum di sabudeureunana anu henteu loba ngalaman [[fluktuasi]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Sirkulasi siklonik jeung wilayah ''gale force wind'' ngalegaan.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Citra satelit cuaca ningalikeun kondisi ''perawanan'' leuwih rapih jeung leuwih simétris.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Dina siklon tropis anu leuwih kuat bisa katingali ayana panon siklon.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Ieu kajadian ditandaan ku wilayah anu miboga suhu panghaneutna di tengah-tengah sistem ''perawanan'' kalawan angin permukaan anu tenang jeung dikurilingan ku dingding perawanan konvektif anu kandel di sabudeureunana (dingding panon).<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Iwal ti lamun siklon tropis aya di wilayah anu ngadukung kamekaranana.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Tahap asak biasana ngan ukur tahan kurang leuwih ti 24 jam saméméh inténsitasna mimiti ngurangan.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> # Tahap ngurangan, dina ieu tahap puseur siklon anu haneut mimiti leungit.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Tekenan hawa ngaronjat jeung wilayah ku kecepatan angin maksimum ngalegaan ngajauhan ti puseur siklon.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Ieu tahap bisa kajadian kalawan téréh pisan lamun siklon tropis ngaliwat di wilayah anu henteu ngadukung keur kamekaranana siga asup ka wilayah cai nu aya di [[garis datar]] nu aya di luhur kalawan suhu sagara anu tiis jeung asup ka daratan.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Tina citra satelit bisa katingali jelas yén éta wilayah konvéktif siklon tropis ngurangan jeung sabuk perawanan lalaunan ngaleungit.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Waktu rata-rata anu dibutuhkeun ku hiji siklon tropis keur mimiti tumuwuh tepi ka leungitna kurang leuwih tujuh poé tapi variasina bisa ti sapoé tepi ka tilu puluh poé.<ref name=":2" /> Distribusi bulanan ningalikeun yén lolobana siklon tropis aya dina ahir musim panas jeung awal musim gugur, sanajan siklon tropis bisa kajadian dina bulan naon waé di [[Pasifik Utara]] beulah [[kulon]].<ref name=":8" /> Waktu hirup siklon tropis ti sababaraha jam nepi ka 2 minggu kalawan rata-rata 6 [[poé]] ti mimiti badai tepi kaasup ka daratan atawa belok ka daerah subtropis.<ref name=":8" /> Gaya gésékan ngahambat gerak [[hawa]] nepi ka angin ngaleutikan.<ref name=":8" /> Sedengkeun éta, gaya gradien tekenan henteu dipangaruhan ku gésékan lantaran henteu gumantung kana gerak hawa.<ref name=":8" /> Gaya coriolis dipangaruhan ku gaya gésékan jeung jadi leutik lantaran angin ngaleutikan.<ref name=":8" /> Akibatna, kasaimbangan géostropik henteu jadi nepi ka angin motong isobar ka arah tekenan handap jeung sistem angin jadi museur (konvergen).<ref name=":8" /> == Usum Siklon di Sabudeureun Indonesia == Dumasar klimatologina, wilayah Indonésia anu aya di sabudeureun [[garis khatulistiwa]] kaasup kana wilayah anu henteu kaliliwatan ku siklon tropis.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/06/id|title=Musim Siklon di Sekitar Indonesia|last=|first=|website=BMKG|publisher=|accessdate=13 Februari 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610202430/https://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/06/id |date=2023-06-10 }}</ref> Tapi sanajan kitu, loba ogé siklon tropis anu aya di sabudeureun wilayah Indonésia.<ref name=":3" /> Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun akibat anu henteu langsung kana kondisi cuaca di [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":3" /> Contona waé, siklon tropis Rossie ([[2008]]) anu kawangun di [[Banten]] beulah kulon, siklon tropis Kirrily anu kawangun di sabudeureun [[kapuloan Aru]], siklon tropis Inigo, anu waktu masih jadi bibit bisa ngaliwatan [[Kapuloan Sunda Alit|Nusa Tenggara]] jeung badai tropis Vamei (2001) anu diklaim minangka badai tropis anu kawangun pangdeukeutna jeung khatulistiwa nyaéta di sabudeureun semenanjung [[Malaka]], perenahna dina koordinat 1.5° LU.<ref name=":3" /> Kalawan ngagunakeun data taun [[1964]] tepi ka taun [[2005]] keur kajadian siklon tropis di wilayah [[Samudra Hindia]] Tenggara jeung taun [[1951]] tepi ka [[2006]] keur kajadian siklon tropis di wilayah Pasifik Barat Laut, geus dilakukeun perhitungan keur meunangkeun gambaran kajadian siklon tropis di wilayah anu deukeut jeung Indonésia utama di wilayah antara 90° tepi ka 150° BT jeung 30° LS tepi ka 30° LU.<ref name=":3" /> === Siklon Tropis di Indonésia Beulah Kidul === Keur siklon-siklon tropis di wilayah anu deukeut jeung Indonésia kalawan histori data salila opat puluh dua taun yén di beulah [[kidul]] siklon tropis panglobana aya dina bulan [[Pébruari]] nyaéta 23% kajadian dina sabulan.<ref name=":3" /> Disusul ku bulan [[Maret]], (22%), [[Januari]] (21%), [[Désémber]] (14%) jeung [[April]] (11%).<ref name=":3" /> Tapi sanajan kitu dina bulan [[Juni]], [[Juli]], [[Agustus]], jeung [[Séptémber]] dipikanyaho mangrupa bulan-bulan anu salila opat puluh dua taun euweuh kajadian siklon tropis.<ref name=":3" /> Siklon tropis di wilayah ieu mindeng aya dina bulan Pébruari nyaéta 122 kajadian salila opat puluh dua taun kalawan rata-rata kajadian ngahontal 2,9 kajadian per taun.<ref name=":3" /> Dina [[Bulan (wayah)|bulan]] ieu kajadian siklon tropis anu panglobana dialaman dina taun [[1968]] di mana waktu harita aya tujuh kali siklon tropis.<ref name=":3" /> Sanajan kitu, aya ogé dina bulan Pébruari euweuh hiji-hiji acan siklon tropis sakumaha anu kajadian dina taun [[1967]], [[1990]], jeung [[2002]].<ref name=":3" /> Bulan Désémber mangrupa bulan terahir kadua anu aktif.<ref name=":3" /> Salila opat puluh dua taun aya tujuh puluh genep kajadian siklon tropis kalawan niléy rata-rata 1,8 kajadian per taun.<ref name=":3" /> Kondisi ékstrim kungsi dialaman dina taun [[1973]] nu mana aya genep kali kajadian siklon tropis dina sabulan.<ref name=":3" /> Dina bulan Juni jeung Agustus aya frékuénsi pangleutikna di mana salila opat puluh dua taun euweuh hiji-hiji acan siklon tropis.<ref name=":3" /> === Siklon Tropis di Indonésia Beulah Kalér === Kalawan data histori anu leuwih panjang (56 taun), dipikanyaho yén wilayah anu deukeut jeung Indonésia beulah kalér ngalaman kajadian siklon tropis anu panglobana dina bulan Agustus di mana 20% siklon tropis kajadian dina bulan ieu.<ref name=":3" /> Disusul ku bulan Séptémber (18%), Juli jeung [[Oktober]] (15%).<ref name=":3" /> Dina bulan Agustus, kalawan rata-rata kajadian 5,2 kali siklon tropis per taun, kondisi ékstrim maksimum kungsi aya dina taun [[1960]] (13 kajadian siklon tropis dina sabulan) jeung kondisi ékstrim minimun aya dina taun [[1980]] (ngan kajadian 2 kali siklon tropis dina sabulan).<ref name=":3" /> Sabalikna kalawan jumlah anu pangleutikna tilu belas kali dina 56 taun, bulan Pébruari ngalaman kajadian paling ékstrim maksimum dina taun 1967 jeung [[1976]] kalawan 2 kali kajadian siklon tropis jeung dina 45 taun lainna henteu ngalaman deui siklon tropis.<ref name=":3" /> Dina bulan Agustus anu mangrupa bulang pangsibukna keur kamekaran siklon tropis di wilayah ieu, tina 323 kajadian aya 107 kajadian anu mekar jadi badai tropis di antarana ngagedéan jadi hurricane.<ref name=":3" /> Dina bulan Pébruari anu mangrupa bulan kalawan jumlah kajadian siklon tropis pangsaeutikna (13 kajadian) ngan saukur aya hiji siklon tropis anu mekar jadi hurricane.<ref name=":3" /> == Akibat Siklon Tropis == [[Gambar:Storm surge during hurricane eloise.jpg|jmpl|Badai waktu aya siklon tropis eloise]] Lantaran ukuranana anu kacida gedéna, angin badag, jeung méga anu dipibogana, siklon tropis nyababkeun akibat anu kacida gedéna ka tempat-tempat anu diliwatanana.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/07/id|title=Dampak Siklon Tropis|last=|first=|website=BMKG|publisher=|accessdate=13 Februari 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214122020/http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/07/id|archivedate=2018-02-14}}</ref> Ieu akibat bisa mangrupa [[angin]] nu gedé, [[hujan]] badag tuluy-tulutan, tepi ka nyababkeun [[banjir]], gelombang nu luhur, jeung gelombang badai (''storm surge'').<ref name=":4" /> Gelombang badai nyaéta naékna permukaan laut sapanjang [[basisir]] kalawan téréh lantaran angin anu ngarahkeunana ka daérah basisir.<ref name=":9" /> Siklon tropis di [[Bangladesh]] [[13 Nopémber]] [[1970]] nyababkeun gelombang badai tepi ka 6-9 méter.<ref name=":9" /> Siklon tropis di laut bisa nyababkeun gelombang anu jangkung, hujan gedé, jeung angin anu tarik pisan.<ref name=":4" /> Hal ieu bisa ngaganggu lalayaran internasional jeung miboga poténsi keur neuleumkeun [[Kapal Selam|kapal]].<ref name=":4" /> Siklon tropis bisa muterkeun cai jeung nyababkeun gelombang sagara anu anu luhur.<ref name=":4" /> Di daratan, angin anu tarik bisa ngaruksak atawa ngancurkeun [[kandaraan]], wangunan, sasak, jeung benda-benda lainna.<ref name=":4" /> Gelombang badai ''(storm surge'') atawa ngaronjatna permukaan sagara akibat siklon tropis mangrupa akibat anu panggoréngna nu bisa tepi di daratan.<ref name=":4" /> Numutkeun sajarah, 90% siklon tropis bahaya pisan.<ref name=":4" /> Muterna siklon tropis anu ngahontal daratan jeung ''vertical wind shear'' di sabudeureunana bakal ngahasilkeun tornado.<ref name=":4" /> [[Tornado]] bisa ogé dihasilkeun minangka akibat tina vortisitas dina dingding panon siklon anu bisa tahan nepi ka daratan.<ref name=":4" /> === Akibat Langsung === Anu dimaksud akibat langsung siklon tropis nyaéta akibat anu disababkeun ku siklon tropis nu aya di daérah-daérah anu diliwatanana.<ref name=":4" /> Hal ieu bisa mangrupa gelombang anu luhur, gelombang badai nu mangrupa naékna muka sagara saperti cai pasang anu luhur pisan, hujan gedé dibarengan ku [[angin]] badag.<ref name=":4" /> Contona waktu hiji wilayah di [[Indonésia]] ngalaman akibat langsung ayana siklon tropis nyaéta waktu aya kajadian langka siga tumuwuhna siklon tropis Kirrily di luhureun [[Kapuloan Kai]], [[Laut Banda]] dina tanggal [[27 April]] [[2009]].<ref name=":4" /> Kirrily nyababkeun hujan badag jeung ''storm surge'' di ieu daérah.<ref name=":4" /> Kacatet puluhan [[imah]] ruksak jeung puluhan lainna kakeueum, jalan ruksak, jeung aya gelombang luhur ti tanggal [[26 April]] tepi ka [[29 April]].<ref name=":4" /> Curah hujan anu kacatet di Tual per 24 jam nyaéta 20mm, 92mm, jeung 193&nbsp;mm, dina tanggal 27 April, [[28 April]], jeung [[29 April]] 2009.<ref name=":4" /> === Akibat Teu Langsung === Indonésia lain mangrupa daérah liliwatan siklon tropis, tapi sanajan kitu ayana siklon tropis di sabudeureun [[Indonésia]], utamana anu kawangun di sabudeureun [[Pasifik Barat Laut]], [[Samudra Hindia|Samudra Hindia Tenggara]], jeung [[Australia]] bakal mangaruhan pangwangunan pola cuaca di Indonésia.<ref name=":4" /> Parobahan pola cuaca ku ayana ieu siklon tropis anu ngajadikeun siklon tropis méré akibat henteu langsung kana kondisi cuaca di wilayah Indonésia.<ref name=":4" /> Akibat henteu langsung ku ayana siklon tropis bisa mangrupa:<ref name=":4" /> # Daérah ''pumpunan'' angin.<ref name=":4" /> Siklon tropis anu kawangun di sabudeuereun cai beulah [[kalér]] atawa beulah kuloneun Australia sering nyababkeun kawangunna daérah ''pumpunan'' angin di sabudeureun [[Jawa]] atawa [[Laut Jawa]], [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]], [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan|Nusa Tenggara Timur]], [[Laut Banda]], [[Laut Timor]], tepi ka [[Laut Arafuru]].<ref name=":4" /> Ieu pumpunan angin anu nyababkeun kawangunna leuwih loba [[méga]]-méga konvéktif nu nyababkeun hujan gedé di éta daérah.<ref name=":4" /> Ditingali tina citra [[satelit]], daérah pumpunan angin katingali minangka daérah anu manjang nu pinuh ku méga kandel nu nyambung kana méga siklon tropis tepi ka katingalina mah éta siklon tropis miboga [[buntut]].<ref name=":4" /> Ku lantaran éta, daérah pumpunan angin ieu mindeng disebut buntut siklon tropis.<ref name=":4" /> Conto kasus waktu Indonésia keuna ku buntut siklon tropis nyaéta waktu siklon tropis Géorge ([[2 Maret]] [[2007]]) anu ngakibatkeun ayana daérah pumpunan angin nu manjang ti [[Jawa Wétan]] tepi ka [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan|Nusa Tenggara Timur]].<ref name=":4" /> Curah hujan anu kacatet harita di [[Ruteng]], [[Waingapu]], [[Rote]], [[Kupang]] nyaéta 172&nbsp;mm, 52mm, 78mm, jeung 73mm.<ref name=":4" /> # Daérah bélokan angin.<ref name=":4" /> Ayana siklon tropis di cai [[Samudra Hindia]] kadang-kadang bisa nyababkeun kawangunna daérah bélokan angin di sabudeureun [[Sumatra]] bagéan kidul atawa Jawa bagéan [[kulon]].<ref name=":4" /> Daérah bélokan angin ogé bisa ngakibatkeun kawangunna leuwih loba méga-méga konvéktif panyabab hujan badag di éta daérah.<ref name=":4" /> # Daérah défisit ''kelembaban''.<ref name=":4" /> Babarengan jeung ayana siklon tropis di cai beulah kaléreun [[Sulawesi]] atawa di [[Laut Natuna Kalér|Laut Cina Kidu]]<nowiki/>l mindeng katingali babarengan jeung nguranganna curah hujan di wilayah Sulawesi bagéan kalér atawa [[Kalimantan]].<ref name=":4" /> Sanajan can aya panalungtikan deui, tapi katingali yén ieu fénoména disababkeun ku lantaran éta siklon tropis bisa nyerep sasadiaan hawa anu lembab nu aya dina radius nu tangtu di sabudeureunana.<ref name=":4" /> Kaaasup anu aya dina [[atmosfir]] di luhureun Kalimantan jeung [[Sulawesi]] bagéan kalér tepi ka di ieu wilayah hawana jadi garing jeung kondisi cuacana biasana mah cerah tapi euweuh mégaan.<ref name=":4" /> == Pusat Peringatan Dini Siklon Tropis (TCWC) == Tujuan utama tina hiji sistem peringatan dini siklon tropis nyaéta keur ngurangan korban jiwa, barang-barang, pakaya, jeung masalah anu disababkeun ku siklon tropis kalawan nyadiakeun peringatan dini anu akurat jeung tepat waktu keur [[komunitas]]-komunitas anu kaancam.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/09/id|title=Pusat Peringatan Dini Siklon Tropis (TCWC)|last=|first=|website=BMKG|publisher=|accessdate=15 Februari 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131222308/http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/09/id|archivedate=2018-01-31}}</ref> Dina sistem peringatan dini siklon tropis aya 4 (opat) pihak anu miboga peranan gedé di antarana: # lembaga [[météorologi]] anu ngaluarkeun peringatan dini.<ref name=":12" /> # [[Média]] boh citak boh éléktronik anu nyebarkeun peringatan dini.<ref name=":12" /> # Instansi anu nanganan masalah mamala boh di tingkat pusat atawa daérah.<ref name=":12" /> # [[Masarakat]] anu kaancam ku éta bencana alam.<ref name=":12" /> Ku lantaran siklon tropis kacida bahayana, di sakuliah dunya kasebar rupa-rupa pusat peringatan dini siklon tropis atawa (''Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre'') anu tugasna ngamonitor unggal kajadian siklon tropis.<ref name=":12" /> Di unggal tempat, ieu monitoring dilakukeun unggal poé salila 24 jam henteu eureun-eureun ngagunakeun rupa-rupa téhnologi ti mimiti [[satelit]], [[radar]], stasion-stasion panalungtikan nu maké awak atawa henteu.<ref name=":12" /> Tujuanana nyaéta mikanyaho tempat tumuwuhna siklon tropis, gerakanana, jeung kakuatanana.<ref name=":12" /> Salian ti éta, pusat-pusat peringatan dini ogé tugasna keur méré informasi jeung peringatan dini sarta nyebarkeun éta informasi ka wilayah-wilayah anu bakal keuna ku akibatna.<ref name=":12" /> Dina kerangka internasional, Organisasi Metéorologi Dunia (WMO) ngaliwatan Tropical Cyclone Program (TCP) geus nyieun hiji sistem peringatan dini siklon tropis di mana unggal daérah kamekaran siklon tropis geus miboga pusat-pusat peringatan dini siklon tropis.<ref name=":12" /> Tujuan Tropical Cyclone Program WMO (WMO/TCP) nyaéta ngadorong jeung ngordinir rarancang jeung implementasi tindakan mitigasi mamala anu diakibatkeun ku siklon tropis di sakuliah dunya.<ref name=":12" /> Lantaran henteu sakabéh wilayah dipangaruhan ku siklon tropis jeung struktur régional henteu salilana tepat jeung basin siklon tropis.<ref name=":12" /> TCP ngadegkeun komite siklon tropis anu ngalegaan tepi ka badan-badan régional.<ref name=":12" /> Ieu komite ogé ngawengku sababaraha [[Jaladri|samudra]] anu mangrupa lokasi tumuwuhna siklon tropis.<ref name=":12" /> Petunjuk téhnis dijieun keur ngajalankeun ieu program siklon tropis.<ref name=":12" /> Eusi ieu petunjuk téhnis di antarana ngeunaan tugas stasion, alamat-alamat, telepon jeung nomer telekomunikasi lainna, prosedur telekomunikasi, [[términologi]], définisi, prosedur, konvénsi ngaran siklon tropis, unit konvvérsi, koordinasi, sarat-sarat analisis, diseminasi jeung observasi radar jeung satelit, pengintaian kapal udara jeung susunan kalimah dina peringatan dini.<ref name=":12" /> Ngaliwatan WMO/TCP geus dijiieun hiji standarisasi prosedural anu kudu ditimbang-timbang dina pelaksananana di badan-badan régional.<ref name=":12" /> Dina dasarna aya 2 (dua) jenis peringatan dini siklon tropis nyaéta peringatan dini keur wilayah daratan jeung laut, jeung peringatan dini keur laut lepas (kadang-kadang dikenal ogé ku sebutan ''marine warning'').<ref name=":12" /> Unggal [[nagara]] anggota badan régional biasana boga tanggung jawab keur nyieun peringatan dini di wilayah daratan jeung basisir masing-masing, sedengkeun keur peringatan dini laut lepas geus ditunjuk sababraha pusat peringatan dini siklon tropis (Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre, TCWC), di mana tiap TCWC geus miboga tanggung jawab keur daérahna masing-masing.<ref name=":12" /> == Referensi == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Météorologi]] [[Kategori:Bencana alam]] mpf2if34dlj3m79dtgavjzisug76fh6 0 72978 731988 712433 2026-11-08T23:16:01Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo anatomi | Name = {{PAGENAME}} | Latin = Hallux; Digitus primus pedis | GraySubject = | GrayPage = | Image = Egyptian foot shape.png| Caption = Ramo pangjerona (kénca) nyaéta indung suku. | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = | MeshName = | MeshNumber = | }} '''Indung suku''' atawa '''jempol suku''' nyaéta ramo pangbadagna nu dina suku jalma. ari di [[tétrapoda]] mah indung suku téh mangrupa ramo pangjerona (médial). Di sawatara jalma mah indung suku téh lain mangrupa [[ramo]] pangjangkungna. Ari indung suku diitung minangka digitus I. Jalma nus sok [[nyékér]] atawa sok maké [[Sendal capit|sendal]] mah indung suku jeung [[ramo suku]] kaduana téh biasa anggang, teu cara nu sok maké [[sapatu]], indung suku jeung ramo suku kaduana téh padémpét. == Rasio ramo == {{utama|Rasio ramo}} Umumna indung suku jalma téh leuwih panjang batan ramo kadua. Ieu mangrupa ciri titilar dina [[manusa]], nu mana [[Génétika|gén]] [[Dominan (génétik)|dominan]] nyumebabkeun ramo kadua leuwih panjang ("[[ramo morton]]") sedengkeun génotipe homozigot résésif aya kalawan ciri nu leuwih umum: indung suku nu leuwih panjang.<ref>{{OMIM|189200|Toes&nbsp;— relative lengths of first and second}}</ref> Jalma nu kaserang panyakit génétik [[fibrodisplasia osifikans progresiva]] hasna mibanda indung suku pondok nu jiga tibalik ka tukang atawa médial. Dina [[manuk]] nu kaserang [[anisodaktili]] atawa [[heterodaktili]], ramo sukuna pahareup-hareup atawa malik ka tukang, sahingga ngamumkinkeun ngerewek jeung nyéngclé == Évolusi == Nalika [[jempol]] [[leungeun]] sok disebut minangka salah sahiji cap tawisan manusa, ramo leungeun tetep baé dianggap satengah primitif jeung sabenerna mah aya disakumna [[primata]]. Di manusa mah, cap ramo nu pangditurunkeunna mah nyaéta indung suku. <ref>{{cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Lovejoy | first1 = C. Owen | last2 = Suwa | first2 = Gen | last3 = Simpson | first3 = Scott W. | last4 = Matternes | first4 = Jay H. | coauthors = White, Tim D. | title = The Great Divides: Ardipithecus ramidus Reveals the Postcrania of Our Last Common Ancestors with African Apes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-10-02_326_5949/page/102 | journal = Science | year = 2009 | month = October | volume = 326 | issue = 5949 | page = 102 | doi = 10.1126/science.1175833 }}</ref> == Patologi == Masalah umum patali jeung indung suku nyaéta kabentukna ''haluks valgus'' (ngagedéanna sendi indung suku). Dina ndung suku ogé panyakit nu paling mindeng eunteup téh nyaéta [[kékéongeun]] (kuku nu tumuwuh ka jero kulit sisieun kuku) jeung [[hihileudeun]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tempo ogé == * [[Podiatri]] * [[Kékéongeun]] {{Anatomi manusa}} == Pranala luar == * ''[http://www.ocpm.edu/hallux Textbook of Hallux Valgus and Forefoot Surgery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809120409/http://www.ocpm.edu/hallux/ |date=2011-08-09 }}'', teks lengkap online dalam format PDF [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategori:Ramo]] [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] {{anatomi-stub}} 0w1ipuz6birub5dg39rme5yrzibblow 0 72982 731901 706073 2026-11-08T13:57:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Tulip - floriade canberra02.jpg|jmpl|'''Klasifikasi ilmiah kembang tulip''' Kingdom: Plantae Division: Angiosperms Ordo: Liliales Family: Liliacéae Subfamily : Lilioidéae Genus: Tulipa ]] '''Tulip''' nyaéta tutuwuhan anu kaasup kana kulawarga ''[[Lilicae]]'', ngaran latinna ''[[Tulipa]].'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.faunadanflora.com/klasifikasi-dan-jenis-jenis-bunga-tulip/|title=Tulip – Klasifikasi dan Jenis-Jenis Bunga Tulip Beserta Penjelasan dan Gambar – Flora dan Fauna|website=www.faunadanflora.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130130343/http://www.faunadanflora.com/klasifikasi-dan-jenis-jenis-bunga-tulip/ |date=2018-01-30 }}</ref> Tulip asalna ti Asia Tengah jeung Asia Barat nyaéta di kawasan Pagunungan Pamir jeung Pagunungan Hindu Kush ogé stepa di Kazakhtan.<ref name=":0" /> Kembang tulip kasohor pisan di Walanda, sedeng kembanganna téh di bulan Maret nepi ka April.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://brainly.co.id/tugas/1635551|title=Deskripsikan bunga Tulip - Brainly.co.id|website=brainly.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2018-02-14}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ku kituna, Walanda disebut [[nagri tulip]].<ref name=":1" /> Tapi mimitina tulip mangrupa kembang nasional di Nagara Iran jeung Turki.<ref name=":1" /> Saenyana, tulip téh kaasup kembang nu liar.<ref name=":1" /> Masarakat di Nagara Turki, nu munggaran ngabudidayakeun tulip ti awal taun 1000-an, nyaéta nalika masa pamaréntahan kakhalifahan Utsmaniyah.<ref name=":1" /> Utamana nalika aya dina kakawasaan Sultan Ahmed III (1703-1730), nepi ka disebut éra kembang tulip.<ref name=":1" /> Sedeng asup ka Walanda téh abad  ka 16-an.<ref name=":1" /> Ngaran tulip ogé asalna tina basa Turki “surban” anu hartina kaén anu dibeulitkeun kana sirah.<ref name=":1" /> == Ciri mandiri == Tulip anu kaasup 10 kembang pangéndahna di dunya mibanda sababaraha ciri, di antarana : * Kembang taunan anu jangkungna 10&nbsp;cm-70&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ruangbelajarbahasainggris.com/contoh-deskripsi-tentang-bunga-tulib-dalam-bahasa-inggris-dan-artinya.html|title=Contoh Deskripsi Tentang Bunga Tulib dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Artinya|date=2017-08-23|newspaper=RuangBelajarBahasaInggris.Com|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-14}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Daunna miboga lapisan lilin, nyempit tur panjang.<ref name=":2" /> * Makutana mibanda 6 daun.<ref name=":2" /> * Warnana rupa-rupa, aya beureum, oranyeu, konéng, héjo, jeung bungur.<ref name=":2" /> * Nalika makutana ligar, rupana mirip jeung kuncup.<ref name=":2" /> * Dina daunna bagéan handap aya bulu-bulu jeung tulang daun anu mangrupa ''[[bachidodromus]].'' <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://agroteknologi.web.id/klasifikasi-dan-morfologi-tanaman-hias-tulip/|title=Klasifikasi dan Morfologi Tanaman Hias Tulip|date=2016-01-24|newspaper=Infomasi Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-14}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131053716/https://agroteknologi.web.id/klasifikasi-dan-morfologi-tanaman-hias-tulip/ |date=2018-01-31 }}</ref> * Catangna ajeg lempeng.<ref name=":3" /> == Spésiés == * Tulip [[Acuminata]] ; Jenis tulip anu langka, kembangna warna beureum, bagéan luhurna lencop, sedeng bagéan handapna warna konéng.{{Fact}} Sok disebut ''tulip api''.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Agenensis]] ; Jenis tulip anu kembangna warna beureum, jeung warna hideung konéng di tengahna.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Armena]] ; Jenis tulip anu asalna ti Turki, tumuwuh di wewengkon suku gunung batu.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Auchierana]] ; Jenis tulip anu kembangna warna kayas jeung tengahna warna konéng.{{Fact}} Sumebar di sababarah nagara di antarana Lebanon, Suriah, Turki, Iran, Israél jeung Rusia.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Batalini]] ; Jenis tulip anu warnana konéng sumebarna di Uzbékistan.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Bakeri]] ; Jenis tulip anu liar di Crete, kembanganna bulan Maret nepi ka April.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Biflora]] ; Jenis tulip anu sumebar di Tenggara Rusia jeung Balkan.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Borszczowii]] ; Jenis tulip nu tumuwuh dina usu semi.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Butkovii]] ; Jenis tulip anu warnana bodas jeung gandaria.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Carinata]] ; pulasna beureum.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Celsiana]] ; Kembangna warna konéng  jeung daunna méncos.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Dasystemon]] ; Kembangna warna konéng jeung bodas.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Edulis]] ; Kembangna warna bodas.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Ferganica]] ; Makuta luarna warna beureum sedeng jerona warna konéng.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Tarda]] ; jenis tulip anu warnana konéng, tungtung makutana warna bodas.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Urumiensis]] ; jenis tulip anu warnana konéng, makutana laléncop.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Violacea]] ; jenis tulip anu warnana kayas jeung coklat.<ref name=":0" /> * Tulip [[Whittali]] ; jenis tulip anu warnana oranyeu jeung tengahna coklat.<ref name=":0" /> == Varian == === Tulip anu kembanganna leuwih gancang === * ''Single Early ;'' Daun makutana aya 6, kembanganna bulan April, jeung jangkungna 20&nbsp;cm - 30&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> * ''Double Early ;'' Makutana leuwih ti 6, kembanganna bulan Maret,  jeung jangkungna 20&nbsp;cm - 30&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> * ''[[Kaufmaniana]]'' ; Kembanganna bulan Maret, catangna pendék, jeung jangkungna 10&nbsp;cm - 20&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> * ''[[Fosteriana]]'' ; Babari ligarna, catangna pendék, jeung jangkungna 10&nbsp;cm - 20&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> === Tulip anu kembanganna rada elat === * ''Triumph'' ; Bentuk kembangna siga endog, catangna kuat tur fléksibel kana cuaca, jeung jangkungna 25&nbsp;cm - 41&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> * ''Darwin Hybrid'' ; Catangna kuat tur tahan kana virus, kembanganna ligar bulan April, jeung jangkungna 30&nbsp;cm - 51&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> Kapanggihna nalika perang dunia kadua.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://alihamdan.id/bunga-tulip/|title=Macam-macam Bunga Tulip dan Manfaatnya » alihamdan|date=2017-09-06|newspaper=alihamdan|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218194545/https://alihamdan.id/bunga-tulip/|archive-date=2018-02-18}}</ref> Hasil persilangan antara [[tulip fosterianan]] jeung [[tulip darwin]].<ref name=":5" /> * ''Greigii'' ; Catangna kukuh, ukuranna kembangna teu pati gedé tur rekah nalika kacahyaan panonpoé, kembanganna bulan April, jeung jangkungna 20&nbsp;cm - 30&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> === Tulip anu kembanganna elat === * Single late ; Makutana leutik pisan.<ref name=":5" /> Catangna panjang jeung kuat, kembangan di ahir bulan April, jeung jangkungna 37&nbsp;cm - 76&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> * Double late ; Makutana loba, kembangan di ahir bulan april, jangkungna 30&nbsp;cm - 41&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> * Lily-flowered tulip ; Catangna panjang, daun makutana méncos, kembangan di ahir bulan April, jeung jangkungna 37&nbsp;cm - 76&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> * Fringed group ; Makutana siga nu pinuh ku Kristal, kembangan ahir bulan April, jeung jangkungna nepi ka 76&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> * Vridiflora ; Umurna panjang, kembangan ahir bulan April, jeung jangkungna 41&nbsp;cm - 61&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> * Rembrandts ; Bebas tina panyakit, kembangan ahir bulan April.<ref name=":3" /> * Parrot ; Catangna kukuh tur kuat, dina tengah makutana aya warna héjoan, kuat dina cuaca anu teu hadé, kembangan ahir bulan April, jeung jangkungna 31&nbsp;cm - 41&nbsp;cm.<ref name=":3" /> == Mangpaat == Lian ti kaéndahan kembangna, tulip ogé miboga mangpaat pikeun kaséhatan, di antarana : * Ubar panyakit anémia.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://qudsfata.com/bunga-tulip/|title=Keindahan Jenis dan Gambar Bunga Tulip yang Memiliki Banyak Manfaat|date=2017-11-08|newspaper=Qudsfata|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-14}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001004034/https://qudsfata.com/bunga-tulip/ |date=2020-10-01 }}</ref> * Ngalancarkeun aliran getih.<ref name=":4" /> * Ubar kanker getih.<ref name=":4" /> * Ngubaran kasakit nyeri tonggong.<ref name=":4" /> * Ubar linu.<ref name=":4" /> * Antiparasit dina getih.<ref name=":4" /> * Antioksidan nu alami.<ref name=":4" /> * Nyéhatkeun kulit.<ref name=":4" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] bjai7nq8nmjfylhunw9gg0z7nwjso3y 0 72994 731917 705758 2026-11-08T14:41:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uwais Al-Qorni''' nyaéta pamuda ti [[Yaman]], cicing bareng jeung indungna anu geus kolot, lumpuh, jeung lolong. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.islampos.com/kisah-uwais-al-qarni-yang-menggendong-ibunya-naik-haji-33383/|title=Kisah Uwais Al Qarni yang Menggendong Ibunya Naik Haji|date=2017-06-21|newspaper=Islampos|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-02-15}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721173543/https://www.islampos.com/kisah-uwais-al-qarni-yang-menggendong-ibunya-naik-haji-33383/ |date=2019-07-21 }}</ref> Bapana mah geus lila tilar dunya jeung teu boga baraya. <ref name=":0" /> Matana biru, dadana sembada, kasep, jeung kulitna semu beureum.<ref name=":1" /> Tapi kaserang panyakit ''sopak''. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.anaksaleh.com/kisah-islami/cerita-sahabat/54-kisah-uwais-al-qarni-sang-penghuni-langit.html|title=Kisah Uwais al-Qarni, Sang Penghuni Langit|last=Administrator|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref> Budak yatim anu hirupna sangsara pisan tur teu dipalire ku jalma-jalma sabudeureunna. <ref name=":1" /> Remenna mah dihina jeung dituduh maling. <ref name=":1" /> Manéhna katelah budak anu taat kana agama, rajin maca [[Al-Qur’an]] jeung nyaah pisan ka indungna. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://islampedia.id/uwais-al-qarni-pemuda-berbakti-kepada-orang-tuanya-85134289024f|title=Uwais Al Qarni, Pemuda Berbakti Kepada Orang Tuanya|date=2017-01-27|newspaper=Islampedia|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref> Indungna dirawatan kalayan pinuh ku kaasih jeung kadeudeuh, sagala kahayang indungna ku manéhna diusahakeun sangkan kacumponan.<ref name=":2" /> Ngan aya hiji kahayang indungna anu rada hésé dicumponan.<ref name=":2" /> Harita Indungna hayangeun pisan [[ibadah haji]].<ref name=":2" /> Manéhna mikir kumaha carana sangkan sanajan dina kaayaan anu sangsara tapi bisa mawa indungna ka Mekah. <ref name=":2" /> Hiji mangsa manéhna dibéré anak sapi ku dununganna, lantaran gawéna salaku tukang ngangon kapaké pisan.<ref name=":2" /> Nyieun kandangna téh di luhur pasir.<ref name=":2" /> Unggal poé éta anak sapi diais, diajak naék turun pasir.{{Fact}} Ningali kalakuanna kitu, loba pisan anu nyebutkeun manéhna owah.<ref name=":2" /> Tapi teu ieuh dipaliré. <ref name=":2" /> Éta anak sapi tuluy wé diurus ku manéhna, diaais bari diajak ulin nepi ka gedéna.<ref name=":2" /> Tangtuna, mingkin gedé anak sapi, mingkin gedé ogé tanaga anu dibutuhkeun ku manéhna keur ngais.{{Fact}} Ku lantaran geus jadi kabiasaan, cape ogé teu dirasa.<ref name=":2" /> Tepi ka usum Haji, anak sapi Uwais beuratna geus sakintal, awak manéhna ogé jadi mingkin kuat.<ref name=":2" /> Teu sangka, geuning maksudna kitu téh minangka latihan sangkan bisa ngais indungna ka Mekah.<ref name=":2" /> Enya wé kabuktian, manéhna mampuh ngais indungna ti Yaman ka Mekah.<ref name=":2" /> Manéhna ihlas ngalakonan sagala hal asal indungna bagja.<ref name=":2" /> Kalayan tegep manéhna [[Thawaf]] bari ngais indungna.<ref name=":2" /> Sabada réngsé ibadah haji, kalayan Asih ti Nu Maha Suci jeung dunga ti indungna, awakna cageur tina kasakit sopak. <ref name=":2" /> Ngan kari aya tanda bodas buleud dina dampal leungeunna.<ref name=":2" /> Anu satuluyna éta tanda téh jadi pituduh keur [[Umar bin Khathab]] jeung [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]].<ref name=":2" /> == Uwais Al-Qorni ka Madinah == Uwais kataji pisan ku agama Islam, sabada meunang ijin ti indungna pikeun nepungan Rasululah manéhna langsung indit.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nu.or.id/post/read/65059/kisah-uwais-al-qarni-pemuda-istimewa-di-mata-rasulullah|title=Kisah Uwais Al Qarni, Pemuda Istimewa di Mata Rasulullah {{!}} NU Online|last=Online|first=NU|newspaper=NU Online|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-15}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216075954/http://www.nu.or.id/post/read/65059/kisah-uwais-al-qarni-pemuda-istimewa-di-mata-rasulullah |date=2018-02-16 }}</ref> Bari saméméhna teu poho nyadiakeun heula kabutuhan indungna, laju nitipkeun ka tatanggana anu bageur.<ref name=":3" /> Satepina di imah Rasulullah, nu aya téh ngan Siti Aisyah da cenah Rasulullah mah keur aya di [[medan perang]].<ref name=":3" /> Aya rasa kuciwa dina haténa, kahayangna mah nungguan nepi ka datang, tapi ras inget deui ka indungna anu keur gering.<ref name=":3" /> Antukna manéhna milih mulang deui ka indungna, sedeng ka [[Siti Aisyah]] manéhna nitip pesen keur Rasulullah <ref name=":3" /> Perang geus lekasan, Rasulullah mulang ka Madinah.<ref name=":3" /> Satepina di imahna Rasulullah langsung nanyakeun sual pamuda anu datang ka imahna.<ref name=":3" /> Rasulullah tuluy nyarita ka Siti Aisyah jeung para sahabat yén Uwais Al-Qorni téh pamuda anu nyaaheun pisan ka indungna.<ref name=":3" /> Pamuda anu kasohor di Langit.<ref name=":3" /> Rasulullah ogé nyarita upama hayang apal ka Uwais cirina nyaéta aya tanda bodas dina dampal leungeunna. <ref name=":3" /> Wanci tuluy baganti, sabada Rasulullah tilar dunya tuluy diganti khalifah Umar bin Khathab, Ali bin Abi Thalib inget deui kana sabda Rasulullah ngeunaan Uwais.<ref name=":3" /> Jadi unggal aya kafilah ti Yaman ku Ali bin Abi Thalib atawa Umar bin Khathab sok seja dipegat.<ref name=":2" /> Nepi ka kapanggihna, Ali bin Abi Thalib jeung Umar bin Khathab tuluy ngajak sasalaman.<ref name=":3" /> Enya wé dina dampalna aya cirian.<ref name=":3" /> Harita Uwais katingali pisan cahyaan.<ref name=":3" /> Ku khalifah Umar ditangkeup bari pinuh kadeudeuh, tuluy didongéngkeun yén Rasulullah kungsi nyaritakeun manéhna.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.leutikaprio.com/main/media/sample/Setinggi%20Menara%20Masjidil%20Haram(SD).pdf |title=Arsip salinan |accessdate=2018-02-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629093843/http://www.leutikaprio.com/main/media/sample/Setinggi%20Menara%20Masjidil%20Haram(SD).pdf |archivedate=2024-06-29}}</ref> Tuluy nitah sangkan dipénta dunga jeung istighfarna. <ref name=":5" />Sabada éta tuluy istighfar babarengan.<ref name=":5" /> == Tilar dunya == Sababaraha taun sabada éta, Uwais mulang ka Rahmatullah.<ref name=":3" /> Aya sababaraha kajadian ahéng, di antarana loba pisan anu hayang ngamandikeunna.<ref name=":3" /> Kitu ogé nalika rék dikafanan, loba jalma anu nungguan.<ref name=":3" /> Komo basa rék digali kuburanna, malah kasampak geus aya nu ngagali.<ref name=":3" /> Sagalana geus sadia.<ref name=":3" /> Tilar dunyana Uwais matak ibur salelembur.<ref name=":3" /> Loba hal anu teu disangka, kawas loba jalma anu teu dipikawanoh datang ka makamna.<ref name=":3" /> Padahal mah Uwais teu pada mikanyaah jeung maliré.<ref name=":3" /> Tuluy wé Ali bin Abi Thalib jeung Umar bin Khathab nyaritakeun saha saenyana Uwais téh.<ref name=":3" /> Penduduk langit anu dipikasono.<ref name=":3" /> == Hikmah == * Ngagambarkeun [[mukjizat]] Rasulullah SAW. <ref name=":4">https://rumaysho.com/10538-kisah-uwais-al-qarni-dan-baktinya-pada-orang-tua.html</ref> * Mere conto sikep anu hadé pisan nyaéta kudu nyaah ka nu jadi kolot. <ref name=":4" /> * Ngabiasakeun diri sangkan kudu ngadunga ngan ka Allah SWT.<ref name=":4" /> * Ngambarkeun sikep ''[[tawadhu]].''<ref name=":4" /> * Mere conto sangkan ulah [[adigung]].<ref name=":4" /> * Ajén ti manusa mah ngan saukur nu di luareun diri.<ref name=":4" /> Tapi pangajén ti Gusti mah nepi ka jerona.<ref name=":4" /> Kana kaimanan jeung kataqwaan. <ref name=":4" /> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Agama]] [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Sahabat Rosul]] epecde7igufx1hzk4sui30l45m8m2f6 0 73222 731977 675993 2026-11-08T22:37:59Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo anatomi | Name = Pigeulang leungeun | Latin = articulatio radio carpea | Image = Hand parts.jpg | Caption = [[Leungeun]] manusa nu pigeulangna dingaranan ''wrist''. | Image2 = | Caption2 = | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = }} Dina anatomi manusa, '''pigeulang leungeun''' aya sawatara définisi nu nyebutkeun yén pigeulang leungeun téh minangka (1) [[tulang karpus]] atawa tulang karpal, kumpulan dalapan tulang nu ngabentuk ségmén skeletal proksimal leungeun;<ref name="Behnke-76">Behnke 2006, p. 76. "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal bones."</ref><ref name="Moore-485">Moore 2006, p. 485. "The wrist (carpus), the proximal segment of the hand, is a complex of eight carpal bones. The carpus articulates proximally with the forearm at the wrist joint and distally with the five metacarpals. The joints formed by the carpus include the wrist (radiocarpal joint), intercarpal, carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints. Augmenting movement at the wrist joint, the rows of carpals glide on each other&nbsp;[...] "</ref> (2) '''sandi pigeulang leugeun''' atawa '''sandi radiokarpal''', sambungan antara [[tulang radius]] jeung [[tulang karpus]];<ref name="Moore-485" /> jeung (3) wewengkon anatomis di sabudeureun karpus kaasup bagéan distal tulang lengan handap jeung bagéan proksimal metacarpus atawa lima tulang metakarpal jeung rangkéyan pasandian di antara ieu tulang-tulang, nu disebut minangka ''pasendian pigeulang leungeun''.<ref name="Behnke-77">Behnke 2006, p. 77. "With the large number of bones composing the wrist (ulna, radius, eight carpas, and five metacarpals), it makes sense that there are many, many joints that make up the structure known as the wrist."</ref><ref name="Baratz-391">Baratz 1999, p. 391. "The wrist joint is composed of not only the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints but also the intercarpal articulations."</ref> Ieu bagéan téh sok kaasup ogé torowongan karpal, kotak bako anatomis, gurat geulang, rétinakulum fléksor, dan rétinakulum éksténsor. Minangka konsékuénsi tina sawatara ieu définisi, fraktur na tulang karpal disebut minangka fraktur karpal, sedengkeun ari fraktur kawas fraktur radius distal sok dianggap potong tulang ka pigeulang leungeun. {{Anatomi-pondok}} {{Anatomi manusa}} == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] [[Kategori:Leungeun]] 2rdnez0jxcuj03crl5ff89jpcoztjhh 0 73522 731983 546042 2026-11-08T22:48:05Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo anatomi|Name=Pigeulang suku|Latin=tarsus|Image=Ankle en.svg|Caption=Ténjoan lateral tina suku jelema|Image2=|Caption2=|Precursor=|System=|Artery=|Vein=|Nerve=|Lymph=}} '''Pigeulang suku'''<ref name="Moore, Dalley & Agur 2013 Lower Limb">{{cite book|title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy|first1=Keith L.|last2=Dalley|first2=Arthur F.|last3=Agur|first3=A. M. R.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4511-1945-9|edition=7th|pages=508–669|chapter=Lower Limb|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Le5bc5F0sYC&pg=PA508|last1=Moore}}</ref> nyaéta daérah patepungna antara [[suku]] jeung [[bitis]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Webster's New World Medical Dictionary|author=WebMD|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2009|isbn=978-0-544-18897-6|edition=3rd|page=22|chapter=ankle|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8UfI3BH78wC&pg=PA22}}</ref> Pigeulang suku téh kaasup tilu sandi.<ref name="Milner 1999">{{cite book|title=Radiology Recall|first1=Brent K.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=1999|isbn=978-0-683-30663-7|pages=258–383|chapter=Musculoskeletal Imaging|editor2-last=Woodcock|editor2-first=Richard J.|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SugSpeNpAN4C&pg=PA258|last1=Milner|editor1-first=Spencer B.|editor1-last=Gay}}</ref><ref name="Williams & Taunton 2007">{{cite book|title=Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise|first1=D. S. Blaise|last2=Taunton|first2=Jack|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2007|isbn=978-0-443-10351-3|pages=420–39|chapter=Foot, ankle and lower leg|editor2-last=Snyder-Mackler|editor2-first=Lynn|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=2utRky2VO0UC&pg=PA420|last1=Williams|editor1-first=Gregory S.|editor1-last=Kolt}}</ref><ref name="del Castillo 2012 Foot and Ankle Injuries">{{cite book|title=Emergency Medicine|first1=Jorge|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4557-3394-1|pages=745–55|chapter=Foot and Ankle Injuries|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&pg=PP745|last1=del Castillo|editor1-first=James G.|editor1-last=Adams}}</ref> Obahan nu dihasilkeun ku ieu sandi mangrupa dorsofleksi jeung plantarfleksi suku. Dina pamakéan umum, istilah pigeulang suku nujul sacara éksklusif ka wewengkon puhu suku. Dalam istilah médis, "pigeulang suku" bisa nujul sacara lega ka éta wewengkon atawa sacara husus ka sandi talocrural.<ref name="Moore, Dalley & Agur 2013 Lower Limb" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Anatomy of the Human Body|last=Gray|first=Henry|year=1918|chapter=Talocrural Articulation or Ankle-joint|chapterurl=http://www.bartleby.com/107/95.html}}</ref> Ari tulang utama di wewengkon pigeulang suku nyaéta [[Talus bone|talus]] (dina suku), jeung [[tibia]] sarta [[fibula]] (dina bitis). Sandi talocrural mangrupa sandi éngsél sinovial nu nepungkeun tungtung distal tibia jeung fibula di ékstrimitas handap jeung tungtung proksimal talus.<ref>{{cite book|title=Webster's New World Medical Dictionary|author=WebMD|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2009|isbn=978-0-544-18897-6|edition=3rd|page=22|chapter=ankle joint|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8UfI3BH78wC&pg=PA22}}</ref> Artikulasi antara tibia jeung talus leuwih beurat tinimbang antara fibula anu leuwih leutik jeung talus. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}}<references /> {{Anatomi manusa}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategori:Babagian awak]] [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] 7hmb6xvaadck8dzvt0lpbccpriyolzx 0 74473 731882 681208 2026-11-08T13:22:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site |name=Taman Balai Kota Bandung |native_name=ᮒᮙᮔ᮪ ᮘᮜᮄ ᮊᮧᮒ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ |governing_body=Pamaréntah Kota Bandung |architect=Meneer R. Teuscher |built=1885 |image=Taman Balai Kota Bandung.jpg |long_direction=E |caption=Taman Balai Kota kiwari |location=[[Babakanciamis, Sumurbandung, Bandung|Babakanciamis]], [[Kota Bandung]] |lat_degrees=6 |lat_minutes=54 |lat_seconds=45 |lat_direction=S |long_degrees=107 |long_minutes=36 |long_seconds=34 |coord_parameters= |locmapin=Indonésia Bandung |map_caption=Lokasi Taman Balai Kota Bandung di [[Jalan Wastukencana|Jl. Wastukencana]] No. 2, [[Kota Bandung]] |beginning_label= |beginning_date= |restored= }} '''Taman Balai Kota Bandung''' ([[Aksara Sunda baku]]: ᮒᮙᮔ᮪ ᮘᮜᮄ ᮊᮧᮒ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ) nyaéta [[taman kota]] anu aya di [[Kota Bandung]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/read/2017/12/19/153035/3776762/486/taman-dewi-sartika-dan-badak-di-balkot-bandung-makin-cantik|title=Taman Dewi Sartika dan Badak di Balkot Bandung Makin Cantik|last=Ispranoto|first=Tri|website=detiknews|access-date=2019-02-03}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Taman ieu perenahna di Kiduleun [[Balai Kota Bandung]].<ref name=":1" /> Kiwari, Taman Balai Kota Bandung mangrupa dua taman anu ngahiji, nyaéta Taman Déwi Sartika jeung Taman Badak.<ref name=":1" /> Taman-taman éta diresmikeun ku [[Walikota Bandung]] harita [[Ridwan Kamil]], dina tanggal [[19 Désémber]] [[2017]].<ref name=":1" /> == Sajarah == Taman ieu diwangun dina taun 1885, anu lokasina di tungtung Kalér jalan Braga. Ku sabab loba pisan jasa-jasa [[Pieter Sijthoff]] pikeun kota Bandung, anjeuna nyaéta Asistén Résidén Priangan sareng ketua ''“Perkumpulan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Bandung dan Sekitarnya”''. Arsiték taman ieu nyaéta Meneer R. Teuscher, salah sahiji botanikus anu tinggal di imah pojok di simpang [[Jalan Tamblong]] jeung [[Jalan Naripan]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Wajah Bandoeng Tempo Doeloe|last=Kunto|first=Haryoto|publisher=PT Granesia|year=1984|location=Bandung|pages=116-117}}</ref> Taman ''Pieterspark'' ganti ngaran nyaéta Taman Merdeka dina taun 1950-an. Dina taun 1962, taman ieu jadi tempat pikeun perayaan Braga Festival anu kadua. Teu jiga perayaan Braga Festival nu kahiji ngan saukur di Jalan Braga, perayaan nu kadua dilaksanakeun ogé di Alun-Alun, [[Jalan Braga]], jeung Taman Merdeka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gementee Huis (Balaikota) Bandung|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=Kiblat Buku Utama|year=2014|location=Bandung|pages=61|isbn=978-979-8003-43-1}}</ref> Taman Merdéka dihijikeun jeung téras Balé kota dina taun 1980-an. Dina taun éta ogé, di Kaléreun taman diadegkeun patung badak cula hiji lengkep jeung balong anu gedé. Patungna diresmikeun dina ping 10 Nopémber 1981 ku Wali Kota Bandung zaman éta [[H. Husen Wangsaatmaja]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gementee Huis (Balaikota) Bandung|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=Kiblat Buku Utama|year=2014|location=Bandung|pages=62|isbn=978-979-8003-43-1}}</ref> == Lokasi == Taman Balai Kota Bandung perenahna dina wewengkon anu lumayan stratégis, dikurilingan ku [[jalan Merdeka]] di belah Wétan, [[jalan Wastukencana]] di belah Kulon, jeung [[jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan]] di belah Kidul. == Kaayaan == Wujud taman téh sabenerna basajan, datar, wangunna sarupa bujur sangkar. Jaringan jalan nu di jero taneuh sarupa jeung huruf Y. Di tengah-tengah taman, dina simpang pertelon jalur jalan, diwangun tempat keur maén musik orkes unggal malem Minggu.<ref name=":2" /> Pikeun taneuhna subur tur lembab, digali saluran anu manjang di sisi Kalér nu jadi pangwates taman jeung pakarangan kantor Gementee (balé kota ayeuna). Di luhureun kanal diwangun sasak awi melengkung kawas jembatan karéta api.<ref name=":2" /> Cai nu ngalir sumberna ti walungan Cikapayang anu huluna aya di Tamansari girang (lembah Cikapundung tukangeun [[Kebon Binatang]]). Pikeun ngagali saluran, warga Bandung nu imahna di Kampung Balubur jeung Tamansari milu gotong royong. Cai ti Cikapayang ngalir ka ''Ijzerman Park'' ([[Taman Ganesa]] ayeuna) ''Pieters Park'' (Taman Bale Kota ayeuna) ''Molukken Park'' ([[Taman Maluku]] ayeuna), jeung ''Insulinde Park'' ([[Taman Lalu-lintas Ade Irma Suryani Nasution|Taman Lalu Lintas]] ayeuna).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wajah Bandoeng Tempo Doeloe|last=Kunto|first=Haryoto|publisher=PT Granesia|year=1984|location=Bandung|pages=118}}</ref> Di zaman baheula, Taman ieu téh dikepung ku ''De Javasche Bank'' (gedung Bank Indonesia cabang Bandung ayeuna) di belah kidul; Sakola Frobel (Taman Kanak-Kanak) di belah kalér; Gereja Protestan (Gereja Bethel ayeuna) jeung ''Europesche Laagere School II'' ([[SMPN 1 Bandung|SMKN 1 Bandung]] ayeuna) di belah Kulon; sarta H.B.S. Ursulinen (Sakola Santa Angela ayeuna) di belah Wétan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wajah Bandoeng Tempo Doeloe|last=Kunto|first=Haryoto|publisher=PT Granesia|year=1984|location=Bandung|pages=120}}</ref> == Gerbang == Ti mimiti taman diwangun, gerbangna aya dua nyaéta di belah Kidul ka Wétan (''Tenggara'') jeung di belah ''Barat Daya''. Satuluyna dina taun 1980, gerbang diwangun deui di belah Wétan taman. Tilu gerbang éta dipasang sababaraha tihang beusi di tengah-tengah panto.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gementee Huis (Balaikota) Bandung|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=Kiblat Buku Utama|year=2014|location=Bandung|pages=79|isbn=978-979-8003-43-1}}</ref> == Taman Déwi Sartika == Radén Déwi Sartika nyaéta salah sahiji inohong anu ngarintis atikan pikeun kaum wanoja. Dina ping 16 Januari taun 1904, Déwi Sartika ngadegkeun Sakola Istri anu kahiji sa-[[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]]. Déwi Sartika jadi Pahlawan Nasional dina widang atikan dumasar kana kaputusan pamaréntah dina taun 1966.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://komunitasaleut.com/2015/02/05/pelesir-ke-balai-kota-bandung/|title=Pelesir Ke Balai Kota Bandung|last=Aleut|first=Komunitas|accessdate=25 November 2023}}</ref> Taman Déwi Sartika perenahna pangkidulna di aréa Taman Balai Kota Bandung. Taman anu legana 4.390 méter pasagi ieu boga ciri khas patung [[Déwi Sartika]] di hareupeun taman. Di taman ieu ogé aya aréa parkir anu digunakeun minangka terminal pikeun ''Bandros'' (''Bandung Tour on Bus''). Calon panumpang anu rék naék ''Bandros'' bisa ka aréa Taman Déwi Sartika.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bandung.go.id/news/read/4323/taman-dewi-sartika-dan-taman-badak-sudah-lebih-cantik|title=TAMAN DEWI SARTIKA DAN TAMAN BADAK SUDAH LEBIH CANTIK|last=Bandung|first=Website Resmi Kota|website=https://www.bandung.go.id|language=id|accessdate=2023-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180525/https://www.bandung.go.id/news/read/4323/taman-dewi-sartika-dan-taman-badak-sudah-lebih-cantik|archivedate=2023-12-07}}</ref> Patung dada Déwi Sartika diresmikeun ku Walikota Bandung [[H. Wahyu Hamijaya]] ping 4 Désémber 1996.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gementee Huis (Balaikota) Bandung|last=Katam|first=Sudarsono|publisher=Kiblat Buku Utama|year=2014|location=Bandung|pages=66|isbn=978-979-8003-43-1}}</ref> == Taman Badak == Taman Badak perenahna persis di Kiduleun Kantor Walikota Bandung. Taman anu lega na 870 méter persegi ieu miboga ciri khas patung [[Badak jawa|badak cula hiji]]. Di taman ieu aya cai mancur jeung balong déét anu digunakeun minangka sarana arulin barudak. Di taman ieu ogé aya taman sasatoan anu ngoléksi sasatoan minangka [[manuk]], [[kelenci]], jeung sajabana.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Patung ieu ditempatkeun di Taman Balai Kota dina taun 1981. Cula bodas éta téh salah sahiji mitologi anu aya di [[Tatar Sunda]]. Lamun hiji daérah aya paguyangan cula bodas, daérah éta cocog dijadikeun pusat pamaréntahan. Ku kituna, dijieun patung cula bodas dina Taman Balai Kota.<ref name=":3" /> [[Gambar:Taman sejarah wiranatakusumah 2.jpg|jmpl]] == Taman Sajarah == Taman Sajarah diadegkeun dina taun 1995 salaku upaya pikeun ngamumulé warisan sajarah di kota Bandung. Dina pangwangunanana, pamaréntah gawé bareng jeung ahli sajarah sarta arsiték pikeun ngabadikeun perjalanan Bandung ti mangsa nu geus kaliwat nepi ka kiwari. Taman Sajarah miboga koléksi sajarah anu alus tur hadé. Anjeun tiasa ningal artéfak, benda-benda nu aya ajén sajarahna, poto, jeung dokuméntasi anu ngagambarkeun Bandung ti jaman Walanda nepi ka ayeuna. Taman ieu mindeng dijadikeun tempat pikeun acara jeung kagiatan swperti paméran sajarah, pagelaran seni sarta kagiatan-kagiatan komunitas jeung organisasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktorinesia.com/taman-sejarah-bandung/|title=Taman Sejarah Bandung: Menelusuri Jejak Sejarah Kota Kembang|last=direktorinesia|first=Redaksi|accessdate=25 November 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125032033/https://direktorinesia.com/taman-sejarah-bandung/ |date=25 November 2023 }}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{id}} [https://www.bandung.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamaréntah Kota Bandung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004003835/https://www.bandung.go.id/ |date=2022-10-04 }} [[Kategori:Taman]] [[Kategori:Kota Bandung]] 65c56thoyl3egmlev4mqp6o2u71xw55 0 75473 731891 710788 2026-11-08T13:43:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Traditional_outfit_of_King_and_Queen_of_Hua_people.JPG|ka|jmpl|350x350px| Kaisar tur Ratu Huaxia .]] '''Cina''' atanapi '''Tionghoa''' (ejaan Hokkien Kecap Basajan Aksara Cina Romanisasi Min Nan: "Tiong-hôa") atanapi '''Huaren''' (华人) atawa '''urang''' '''Cina''' atanapi '''Cina''' '''Sarikat''' mangrupa istilah di [[Indonésia]] pikeun jalma nu suku atawa bangsa [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] . kecap ieu dina [[basa Indonésia]] anu mindeng dipaké pikeun ngaganti kecap " Cina ", nu kiwari mibanda konotasi négatif.<ref name="Budaya Tionghoa">[http://web.budaya-tionghoa.net/home/625-istilah-tiongkok-tionghoa-china-chinese-dan-cina budaya Cina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419134243/http://web.budaya-tionghoa.net/home/625-istilah-tiongkok-tionghoa-china-chinese-dan-cina |date=2012-04-19 }} , Cina Cina Cina Sarat Sareng Cina 2011 Cina</ref> Kecap ieu ogé bisa ngarujuk ka jalma Cina anu cicing di luar [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|éta Républik Rahayat Cina]] , kayaning di [[Indonésia|Indonesia]] ( Cina-Indonesia ), [[Malaysia]] ( Cina-Malaysia ), [[Singapura]] , [[Hong Kong|Hongkong]] , [[Taiwan]]/[[Républik Tiongkok]] , [[Amérika Sarikat]] , jeung sajabana. Ku kituna, dina basa Indonésia, jelema Cina istilah jeung urang Cina boga bédana harti; Kahiji nujul kana etnis atawa lomba, kiwari dimungkinkeun ngarujuk kana kabangsaan sahiji [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|ti Républik Rahayat Cina]] . jalma Cina anu ngumbara umumna disebut salaku Cina peuntas laut ''(Hoakiao).'' Dina Cina nyalira, konsép sarupa katelah '''Huaxia''' ( Basajan Aksara Cina ) mana nujul kana konsép bangsa jeung peradaban Cina, nu geus kasumberkeun ti eling bangsa Han (mayoritas grup étnis di [[Daratan Tiongkok|Cina daratan]] , nu asalna ti Dinasti Han ) kana karuhun maranéhanana, nu sacara koléktif disebut ''Huaxia.'' Sedengkeun istilah sorangan dipaké sacara resmi '''Zhonghua''' dina nami nagara, boh dina waktu saméméh Perang Dunya Kadua ( [[Républik Tiongkok|Républik Cina]] - Zhonghua Minguo) jeung sanggeus éta Sipil Perang Cina ( [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Républik Rahayat Cina]] - Zhonghua Remin gongheguo) == Konsép ngaran Tionghoa == {| class="infobox" id="40" style="width:260px; font-size:95%;" ! colspan="2" align="center" id="43" style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Cina |- style="width:50%" | style="width:50%; white-space: nowrap;" valign="top" | [[Hanzi tradisional|Hanzi Tradisional]] : | style="width:50%;" | <span lang="zh-Hant">中華民族</span> |- | style="width:50%" valign="top" | [[Hanzi sederhana|Basajan Aksara Cina]] : | style="width:50%" | <span lang="zh-Hans">中华民族</span> |- | colspan="2" | {| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" id="59" style="border:0; background:#f7f8ff; font-size:95%;" width="100%" ! colspan="2" id="62" style="text-align:left; background:#F9FFBC;" | Alih aksara |- href="./Hakka_(linguistik)" rel="mw:WikiLink" | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#DCFFC9" | [[Bahasa Mandarin|Mandarin]] |- | style="width:50%" valign="top" | - [[Hanyu Pinyin|Hanyu pinyin]] : | style="width:50%" | Zhōnghuá Mínzú |- | style="width:50%" valign="top" | - [[Wade-Giles]] : | style="width:50%" | Chung-hua min-tsu |- href="./Pe̍h-oē-jī" rel="mw:WikiLink" | style="width:50%" | - [[Zhuyin|Bopomofo]] : | style="width:50%" | ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ |- href="./Wu_(linguistik)" rel="mw:WikiLink" | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#DCFFC9" | [[Gan (linguistik)|Gan]] |- | style="width:50%" valign="top" | - Romanisasi: | style="width:50%" | Zung <sup>1</sup> fa <sup>4</sup> min <sup>4</sup> zuk <sup>6</sup> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#DCFFC9" | [[Hakka (linguistik)|Kejia (Hakka)]] |- | style="width:50%" valign="top" | - [[Romanisasi Guangdong|Romanisasi]] : | style="width:50%" | Zhung <sup>24</sup> Fa <sup>11</sup> Min <sup>11</sup> Zuk <sup>5</sup> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#DCFFC9" | [[Bahasa Hokkien|Min Nan]] |- | style="width:50%" valign="top" | - [[Pe̍h-oē-jī|Romanisasi OJP]] : | style="width:50%" | Tiong-hôa bîn-cho̍k |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#DCFFC9" | [[Wu (linguistik)|Wu]] |- | style="width:50%" valign="top" | - Romanisasi: | style="width:50%" | Tson <sup>平</sup> Gho <sup>平</sup> Min <sup>平</sup> Zoh <sup>入</sup> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#DCFFC9" | [[Kantonis (linguistik)|Yue (Kanton)]] |- | style="width:50%" valign="top" | - [[Jyutping]] : | style="width:50%" | Zung <sup>1</sup> Wa <sup>4</sup> Man <sup>4</sup> Zuk <sup>6</sup> |} |} '''Zhonghua Minzu''' (Basajan Aksara Cina kadang ditarjamahkeun salaku "bangsa Cina" atanapi "ras Cina")<ref name="LandisAlbert2012">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5EFihegRpmkC&pg=PA182|title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives|last=Dan Landis|last2=Rosita D. Albert|date=14 February 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4614-0447-7|pages=182–|access-date=23February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Zhao2000"><cite class="citation journal">Zhao, Suisheng (2000). "Nasionalisme Cina sarta orientations International Anak". ''Pulitik Élmu Quarterly.'' '''115''' (1): 1-33.</cite> <span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Chinese+Nationalism+and+Its+International+Orientations&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATionghoa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></ref><ref name="Fitzgerald1995"><cite class="citation journal">Fitzgerald, John (January 1995).[http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2950089?uid=3739216&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101846623957 "The Nationaless Propinsi: The Search pikeun Bangsa di Nasionalisme Cina modern"] . ''Australia Journal of Urusan Cina'' (33): 75. [[Digital object identifier|Doi]] : [[doi:10.2307/2950089|10.2307 / 2950089]] . [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] &nbsp; [//www.worldcat.org/issn/0156-7365 0156-7365] <span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses ping <span class="nowrap">2013-02-22.</span></span></cite> <span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Journal+of+Chinese+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Nationaless+State%3A+The+Search+for+a+Nation+in+Modern+Chinese+Nationalism&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2950089&rft.issn=01567365&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fdiscover%2F10.2307%2F2950089%3Fuid%3D3739216%26uid%3D2%26uid%3D4%26sid%3D21101846623957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATionghoa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></ref> dina pengertian modérn nujul kana sakabéh jalma di nagara [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] paduli grup étnis. Zhonghua dialihaksarakan kana Cina, bari ''Minzu'' ditarjamahkeun kana ''rahayat'' atanapi ''grup étnis.'' Nu disebut jalma Cina henteu merta tingal bangsa Han , anu mayoritas di Cina, tapi ogé 55 minoritas etnis sejenna di Cina. Istilah ''Zhonghua Minzu'' mangrupa istilah pulitik konci anu sajarah anu raket patalina jeung sajarah nagara Cina modérn, duanana awakening nasional sajarah Cina jeung sajarah perjuangan bangsa Cina.<ref name="Lawrance2004"><cite class="citation book">Alan Lawrance (2004). [http://books.google.com/books?id=JWc9Ia7TcaMC&pg=PA252 ''Cina Kusabab 1919: Revolusi sarta Reformasi : A Sourcebook''] , Psikologi Pencét. p. &nbsp; 252-. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] &nbsp; [[Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-25141-9|978-0-415-25141-9]] <span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses ping <span class="nowrap">23 Pebruari</span> 2013.</span></cite> <span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Since+1919%3A+Revolution+and+Reform+%3A+a+Sourcebook&rft.pages=252-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25141-9&rft.au=Alan+Lawrance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWc9Ia7TcaMC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATionghoa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></ref><ref name="BloxhamMoses2010">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PR150|title=The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies|last=Donald Bloxham|last2=A. Dirk Moses|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161361-6|pages=150–|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> ku sabab taun 1980 ahir, nu robah paling fundaméntal dina kawarganagaraan jeung minoritas kawijakan di [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Républik Rahayat Cina]] mangrupa parobahan dina nami "urang Cina" ( {{Lang-zh|中国人民}} atanapi '''''Zhongguo Renmin)''''' jadi "bangsa Cina" ( {{Lang-zh|中华民族}} '''''zhonghua Minzu),''''' <ref name="BloxhamMoses2010"/> nu nandakeun hiji shift paradigma ti nagara komunis jeung sagala rupa etnis, jadi kaayaan nasional ku identitas tunggal.<ref name="BloxhamMoses2010" /> === Sajarah konsép === Lamun pamingpin ti Dinasti Qing diadopsi modél ti kaisar Dinasti Han , sarta hal nagara maranéhanana salaku " [[Tiongkok (istilah)|Cina]] " ( "中國", hartina Kaayaan Center atawa kaayaan Tengah), tapi inohong nasionalis Cina kayaning Dr. pamaréntah Sun Yat-sen Manchu ngajelaskeun salaku "penjajah asing" bisa disetir kaluar,<ref name="French Centre">[http://www.cefc.com.hk/uk/pc/articles/art_ligne.php?num_art_ligne=1807 Perancis Center pikeun Panalungtikan on kontémporér Cina (CEFC)] . (Cf. ku Tongmenghui adherent)</ref> sarta rencanana ngawangun [[Nagri|kaayaan]] Cina modérn, anu geus coveted kawas nagara modérn sejenna dina waktu éta. Runtagna dinasti Qing, teras asalna kontrovérsi sabudeureun status wewengkon didominasi ku étnis minoritas, sapertos [[Tibét|Tibet]] na [[Mongolia]] . Padahal tukang Qing kaisar turun tahta Qing geus conferred sagala républik nu anyar lahir , tapi posisi Mongol na Tibetans lamun ukur satia ka kaisar nu Qing, ngarah teu ngarasa satia ka pamaréntah tina républik anyar diganti monarki nu Qing. Posisi dua wewengkon ieu dugi kiwari ditampik ku [[Républik Tiongkok|Républik Cina]] jeung [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Républik Rahayat Cina]] . [[Gambar:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912-1928).svg|jmpl|Nasional bendera Cina (1912-1928) sanggeus Revolusi Xinhai, kalawan 'lima kelir Lima Bangsa Dina Hiji Nagara ']] Dina poé mimiti ti Républik ( 1912-27 ) jeung nasionalis ( 1928-49 ), istilah ''Zhonghua Minzu'' munggaran didadarkeun ku Liang Qichao , anu tadina ngan disebut bangsa Han. Engké istilah ieu dimekarkeun pikeun kaasup bangsa opat-mayoritas langkung: nu Man bangsa (Manchu), [[Urang Mongol|bangsa Menggu]] (Mongol), bangsa Hui (étnis Muslim di kaler Cina), jeung bangsa Zang (Tibet),<ref name="Fitzgerald1995"/><ref name="BlumJensen2002">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pA_MP4Q11qgC&pg=PA170|title=China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom|last=Susan Debra Blum|last2=Lionel M. Jensen|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8248-2577-5|pages=170–|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> , mana anu dipigawé ku division sahiji Dinasti Qing, dina konsép lima Bangsa dina Hiji Nagara ( {{Lang-zh|五族共和}} ). Sun Yat-sen lajeng dilegakeun deui konsép ieu, anjeunna nyerat: {{Quotation|有人說，清室推翻以後，民族主義可以不要。這話實在錯了。……現在說五族共和，我們國內何止五族呢？我的意思，應該把我們中國所有各民族融化成一個'''中華民族'''。……並且要把中華民族造成很文明的民族，然後民族主義乃為完了。 Ada beberapa orang berkata bahwa setelah Qing digulingkan, kita tidak butuh lagi nasionalisme. Ini salah. ... Pada saat ini kita berbicara tentang mempersatukan lima ras, tetapi apakah bangsa kita hanya memiliki lima ras? Maksud saya, kita harus mempersatukan semua etnis di Tiongkok menjadi satu bangsa (''Zhonghua minzu''). ... dan lebih jauh lagi, mengembangkan bangsa Tionghoa menjadi bangsa yang yang maju, baru setelah itu nasionalisme selesai.}} Saatos wangunna [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|nu Républik Rahayat Cina]] , konsép ''zhonghua Minzu'' geus kapangaruhan ku kawijakan kawarganagaraan Soviét . Cina sacara resmi janten [[Nagara kahijian|hiji kaayaan kahijian]] diwangun ku 56 grup étnis , jeung étnis Han anu mayoritas aranjeunna (leuwih 90% populasi). Konsep ''Zhonghua Minzu'' kana kategori nu ngawengku sakabéh bangsa jeroeun wates kaayaan Cina. Di Taiwan, konsep "Cina bangsa" ieu ogé dipaké ku Présidén Ma Ying-jéou salaku konsép nyampur nu unites Taiwan sarta Daratan China, tanpa ngagunakeun istilah "urang Cina" bermakna ambigu.<ref name="Ma2008">Tempo, misalna, Ma Ying-jeou, [http://www.president.gov.tw/2_special/2008_0520p/speech.html Présidén Républik pelantikan ucapan Cina] , 20 Méi 2008: "(Bagéan 2, Ayat 8).</ref> Sual naha etnis Tionghoa tinggal di luar Cina teu warga Cina ogé bagian ''tina'' harti ''zhonghua Minzu'' gumantung kana konteks nu. Mindeng, urang Cina di [[Indonésia|Indonesia]] , [[Malaysia]] jeung [[Singapura]] ngadamel garis jelas antara mahluk warga Cina sarta jadi jalma Cina, jadi ulah mawa salah tafsir atanapi patarosan ngeunaan nagara kawarganagaraan maranéhanana. wates konseptual ''Zhonghua Minzu'' leuwih kompleks di nagara nu wawatesan jeung Cina, kayaning [[Mongolia]] sarta [[Koréa]] . Contona, wacana Genghis Khan salaku "pahlawan nasional" dina Cina dilombakeun ku Mongolia, anu saprak datang kaluar sosialisme geus kuduna diposisikan Genghis Khan salaku bapa bangsa / nagara Mongolia. Kanyataanna, kiwari aya langkung étnis Mongol di Cina (kalobaannana di wewengkon [[Mongolia Jero|Batin Mongolia]] ), tinimbang di nagara Mongolia sorangan. === Implikasi === Pamakéan konsép ''Zhonghua Minzu'' bisa mawa up a ulang interpretasi tina sajarah Cina . Contona, Dinasti Qing ngadegkeun ku Manchus dina wayah éta dianggap salaku rezim tina "asing" atawa "non-Han". Nya kitu, anu Dinasti Yuan ngadegkeun Mongol. Saatos ''zhonghua Minzu'' idéologi diadopsi, duanana suku téh bagian tina ''Minzu zhonghua,'' sahingga maranéhna téh euweuh dianggap bangsa deungeun, jeung dinasti maranéhna dianggap dinasti diadegkeun ku salah sahiji étnis minoritas Cina urang. Di sisi séjén, sababaraha pahlawan tradisional Cina ogé bisa ulang nalungtik sajarah na. Pahlawan kawas Yue Fei na Koxinga anu asalna sangka geus nyumbang ka defending Cina tina serangan ku " barbarians ", geus ayeuna mah geus dicirikeun sababaraha kali sakumaha "pahlawan étnis (Han)" anu perang moal ngalawan barbarians, tapi etnik sejen nu masih sasama Cina ( bangsa Jurchen na Manchu ).<ref name="chinadaily.com.cn">[http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2003/0109/fe20-1.html Naon ngajadikeun pahlawan nasional?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610211125/http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2003/0109/fe20-1.html |date=2008-06-10 }}</ref> Dina prakték, konsep ''zhonghua Minzu'' ngabogaan aksés pisan lega mun warga Cina ti étnis minoritas. Aranjeunna éarned hak buka universitas tina pilihan, kawijakan pajeg anu bengong, teu kedah nuturkeun program 's hiji kawijakan anak , sarta sababaraha sangu lianna di handapeun hukum Cina on étnis minoritas <ref name="Ethnic Mosaic">[http://www.index-china.com/minority/minority-study.html Étnis Mosaic of Modern Cina: Hiji Analisis Data Nu pupus Fertility jeung dua belas minoritas etnis panggedéna] .</ref> Ieu otomatis ngajadikeun populasi étnis minoritas di Cina darted sharply, ti kira 5% tina total minoritas etnis di Cina dina 50an, nepi ka 10% dina 2006-7. Aya bédana antara istilah " [[Tiongkok (istilah)|Cina]] " jeung "Cina", nu mindeng dipaké ambigu dina [[basa Indonésia]] , antara séjén: * Cina nujul kana hiji éntitas géografis nagara Timur Asia, sarta urusan anu patali jeung nagara, kaasup sajarah na, sedengkeun Cina tingal konsép, anu kagunaan anu sarupa jeung [[Adjéktif|kecap sipat]] dina basa Inggris: ''Cina'' (najan dina "Cina" Indonesian ogé bisa dipaké salaku hiji kecap sipat). * "The Cina" nujul kana identitas bangsa Cina, sedengkeun "urang Cina" saukur hartina kabangsaan, moal kabangsaan a. * Aya ngan basa Cina ( [[Aksara Tionghoa|karakter Basa Cina]] , ngaran Cina , surname Cina , jsb), Jeung aya "basa Cina", lantaran basa sanes produk tina kaayaan, tapi bangsa. Acan aya ukur dina sajarah Cina , sarta taya "sajarah Cina". * Aya budaya Cina nu loba heubeul batan umur tina budaya Cina (budaya di Cina), nyaéta salaku heubeul salaku peradaban sorangan. Sanajan kitu, sababaraha budaya Cina has, kayaning Peking Opera teu bisa disebut salaku budaya Cina sakabéhna, tapi ngan lokal [[Béijing|Beijing]]. * Sababaraha itungan séjénna bisa tumpang tindih antara séjén Cucina Cina , lolobana nu ogé mangrupa asakan Cina , tapi aya dahareun Cina , kayaning contona asakan Cina Indonesian , nu sanes hiji asakan Cina. Dina Cina nyalira (jeung Taiwan), diferensiasi istilah ieu teu merta gaduh téh sarua jeung istilah anu sarua, sabab sudut pandang bahasa Cina, istilah "Zhonghua" geus dipaké ukur dina ngaran lengkep tina kaayaan ( "Zhonghua Remin Gongheguo"), sarta konsép ''zhonghua Minzu'' (Zhonghua kabangsaan), tapi henteu dipaké salaku hiji kecap sipat, saperti dina basa Indonésia. * Kaayaan disebut ''Zhongguo (中国)'' * Warga disebut "Zhongguoren" (中国人), katurunan Cina anu henteu warga umum disebut "Hua Ren" (华人) * basa disebut "Zhongwen" (中文, atawa hanyu汉语), baheula disebut "Zhongguo Lishi" (中国历史) * Budaya, jeung hal sabudeureun anjeunna ieu katutupan di dinya disebut "Zhongguo Wenhua" (中国文化), sarta euweuh bedana antara budaya RRC jeung non-RRC * hal séjén ngeunaan Cina nganggo kecap sipat "Zhongguo" (中国) Dina basa Inggris, kecap, sanajan béda antara kecap barang sarta sipat ''Cina'' ''Cina,'' tapi euweuh bedana antara sipat Cina sarta Cina, sakumaha dina Basa Indonesia. Ku alatan éta, ''sajarah Cina'' (sajarah Cina) jeung ''basa Cina'' (Cina) nganggo istilah sarua. Ieu cocog ogé lumangsung nalika Indonésia ngagunakeun istilah " [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] " dina waktu jaman 1966 nepi 2014, alatan euweuh bedana dijieun antara "sajarah Cina" jeung "Cina", kituna éta kajadian basa misconceptions, jelema anu teu ngarti beda ieu bisa dipaké kecap sipat lepat antara "Cina" jeung "Cina", contona, nyaéta panggero anu "Cina" dina konteks warga Cina, "budaya Cina" dina konteks budaya tina Cina-Indonésia , "bahasa Cina" (istilah anu mangrupa salah kaprah), jeung sajabana. == Cina di Indonésia == Pembiaraan ngeunaan Cina di Indonésia ilaharna kaasup arena jalma Cina dina budaya, pulitik, sarta sosial di Indonésia. budaya Cina mangrupa salah sahiji bagian ngabentuk jeung integral sarta matak sahiji kabudayaan nasional Indonésia kiwari. budaya Cina di Indonesia najan ngakar dina budaya karuhun, tapi geus pisan kalokalisasikeun sarta ngalaman prosés asimilasi jeung budaya lokal lianna. Alatan tekanan rezim tina Orde Baru, loba jalma Cina sempet héd ngaran aslina tur nganggo ngaran Indonésia, sanajan pribadi nganggé kénéh éta keur interkomunikasi antara Cina, sedengkeun ngaran Indonesian dipaké keur kaperluan resmi. Tapi sapanjang jeung Reformasi, tanpa sieun aranjeunna mimiti ngagunakeun ngaran Cina maranéhanana, najan loba nu horéam pikeun nyimpen kontak dina deui. Pamaréntah Républik Rahayat Cina mangrupa salah sahiji pihak geus objected kana pamakéan istilah "Cina" dina basa Indonésia pikeun ngarujuk ka nagara. Aranjeunna objected kana eusi Instruksi Présidén No. 14 of 1967 jeung No. Circular 06 of 1967 dikaluarkeun ku pamaréntah Soeharto ditaksir cageur konotatif négatip istilah, jeung moal sabalikna sakumaha biasa digunakeun salaku hiji musabab. 1978 dikaluarkeun [[wikisource:id:Keputusan Menteri Perdagangan dan Koperasi Nomor 286 Tahun 1978|Kaputusan Menteri Perdagangan jeung Koperasi No. 286 tina 1978]] <ref>[http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/Budaya_Bangsa/Pecinan/Masyarakat_Cina.htm Masarakat Cina di Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304031158/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/Budaya_Bangsa/Pecinan/Masyarakat_Cina.htm |date=2019-03-04 }}</ref> . Pamaréntah Indonésia ngaliwatan Bakin ningali gerakan ti Cina-Indonésia ngaliwatan awakna hiji disebut Badan Koordinasi pikeun Masalah Cina (BKMC) ku alesan tetep hiji komunisme panon. === Jaman réformasi === Sanggeus jaman Reformasi , teras hiji-hiji kawijakan rasialis ieu dicabut. Dina kakuasaan Présidén [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] Kaputusan Présidén Nomer 14 ngeunaan 1967 repéaled ku [https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Keputusan%20Presiden%20Nomor%206%20Tahun%202000 Kaputusan Présidén Nomer 6 of 2000] <ref>[http://www.indonesia.go.id/id/produk_uu/isi/keppres2000/no.1sd10-2000/no6-2000.htm Pamaréntah Indonésia Keppress 2000]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804035040/http://indonesia.go.id/id/produk_uu/isi/keppres2000/no.1sd10-2000/no6-2000.htm/ |date=2017-08-04 }}</ref> Tapi dina Presidium tina Kabinet Putusan No. 127 tina 1966 sarta Circular tina Ampera Kabinet Presidium No. 06 of 1967 ulah milu repéaled dugi 2004 kelompok- grup étnis Cina anu ngabantah yén istilah Cina / Cina anu sakuduna dipaké masih pajoang pikeun pancabutan surat sirkular ieu <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.budaya-tionghoa.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=547 |title=Forum Budaya Cina petisi panyabutan circulars |accessdate=2019-02-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119071814/http://www.budaya-tionghoa.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=547 |archivedate=2025-01-19}}</ref> , antara séjén Eddy Sadeli , anggota Komisi III, Institute pikeun Panalungtikan sarta Komunitas Service di Cina , Paguyuban Sosial Marga Cina Indonesian, jsb. Daptar aturan dianggap wujud diskriminasi téh:<ref>[http://eddysadeli.blogspot.com/ Sajumlah hukum diskriminatif dipénta "Yudisial Review"]</ref> == Tempo ogé == * [[Cina peuntas laut]] * [[Ngaran Cina]] * [[Ngaran Cina di Indonesia]] == Rujukan == * {{Id}} [http://web.budaya-tionghoa.net Portal Budaya Cina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412110647/http://web.budaya-tionghoa.net/ |date=2011-04-12 }} * {{Id}} [http://www.tionghoa.com Sajarah sarta Cina Tradisional] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227142445/https://www.tionghoa.com/ |date=2020-12-27 }} * {{Id}} [http://www.tionghoa.info Tradisi dan Kebudayaan Cina] == Tumbu éksternal == * {{Id}} [http://web.budaya-tionghoa.net Portal Budaya Cina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412110647/http://web.budaya-tionghoa.net/ |date=2011-04-12 }} * {{Id}} [http://www.tionghoa.com Sajarah sarta Cina Tradisional] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227142445/https://www.tionghoa.com/ |date=2020-12-27 }} * {{Id}} [http://www.tionghoa.info Tradisi dan Kebudayaan Cina] jmgmyi9hb1yvyvuug9s59azqs104bry 0 76693 731869 678099 2026-11-08T12:47:55Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox stasiun | image = Entrance Nambo Station.jpg | caption = Wangunan utama Stasion Nambo ditempo ti hareup | name = Nambo | prov = Jawa Kulon | kabupatén = Bogor | kacamatan kabupatén = Klapanunggal | désa = Bantar Jati | kodepos = 16820 | open = 1996 | kode = NMO | tinggi = +114 m | no_stasion = - | letak = km 51+077 lintas [[Stasion Jakarta|Jakarta]]-[[Stasion Manggarai|Manggarai]]-[[Stasion Nambo|Nambo]] | line = [[KRL Commuter Line]], [[Kereta api Indocement|KA Semen Tiga Roda]], dan [[Kereta api babarandek Ciganding|KA Batu bara rangkaian pendek]] | operator = [[Daérah Operasi I Jakarta]] | class = III/leutik | ticketting = Ngan ngalayanan kartu ''single trip/multi trip'' Commuter Line. | services = {{s-rail|title=KRL Jabodetabék}} {{s-line|system=KRL Jabodetabék|line=Angké-Nambo|previous=Cibinong|next=}} {{s-line|system=KRL Jabodetabék|line=Angké-Nambo|notemid=(rencana)|previous=Gunung Putri|next=}} | track = 4 (jalur 1: sepur lurus) | platform = Hiji péron sisi nu jangkung | peta = Indonésia Kabupatén Bogor | latd = 6 | latm = 27 | lats = 58.32 | latNS = S | longd = 106 | longm = 54 | longs = 22.32 | longEW = E | map_label = Stasion Nambo | coordinates_display = it | map_caption = Lokasi di [[Kabupatén Bogor]] }} '''Stasion Nambo (NMO)''' nyaéta stasion karéta api kelas III/leutik anu perenahna di [[Bantar Jati, Klapanunggal, Bogor]]. Stasion anu aya dina tingkat kaluhuran +114 méter ini kaasup ka [[Daérah Operasi I Jakarta]] sarta mangrupa stasion pangwétanna di Kabupatén Bogor. Sanajan stasion ieu ngaranna Nambo, stasion ieu perenahna lain di Désa [[Nambo, Klapanunggal, Bogor|Nambo]], tapi di beulah kulon Désa Nambo. Stasion ieu, jeung tilu stasion nu lainna di jalur ieu, mangrupa stasion anyar lantaran karék diresmikeun di taun [[1997]]. Awalna, jalur ieu rék dijieun ngabuleud, ti [[Stasion Cikarang|Cikarang]] nepi ka [[Stasion Parungpanjang|Parungpanjang]]. Rencana ieu kapaksa ditunda lantaran [[Krisis finansial Asia 1997|krisis ékonomi 1997]]. [[PT Kereta Api Indonesia]] ngaoperasikeun [[KRD Tanahabang-Nambo]] di taun [[2002]]. Karéta ieu ngan beroperasi nepi ka taun [[2007]] lantaran bocorna kauntungan PT KA lantaran loba panumpang nu teu mareuli tikét.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kaorinusantara.or.id/newsline/25067/sejarah-dan-drama-di-balik-pengoperasian-krl-jalur-nambo|title=Sejarah dan Drama di Balik Pengoperasian KRL Jalur Nambo|date=4 April 2015|publisher=Kaori Nusantara|accessdate=6 Agustus 2017}}</ref> Mimiti 4 Désémber 2013, dioperasikeun karéta api barang angkutan semén ti Nambo ka [[Stasion Kalimas|Kalimas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kalogistics.co.id/news/detail/peresmian_angkutan_semen_itp_nmo-klm2_|title=Peresmian Angkutan Semen ITP NMO-KLM2 - Kalog - Kereta Api Logistics|website=Peresmian Angkutan Semen ITP NMO-KLM2 - Kalog - Kereta Api Logistics|access-date=2018-06-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202125219/http://www.kalogistics.co.id/news/detail/peresmian_angkutan_semen_itp_nmo-klm2_ |date=2019-12-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sudarsih|first=Amad|date=Januari 2014|title=Kamen Nambo Tambah Perjalanan Lagi|url=|journal=Majalah KA|volume=90|issue=|pages=26-27|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref> Dina kamekaranana, layanan ieu tuluy diperpanjang nepi ka [[Stasion Banyuwangi Baru|Banyuwangi Baru]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sudarsih|first=Amad|date=Agustus 2014|title=Kamen Nambo 3: Rekor Jarak Tempuh Terpanjang di Indonesia|url=|journal=Majalah KA|volume=97|issue=|pages=25-26|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref> Mimiti 1 April 2015 stasion ieu geus ngalayanan [[KRL Commuter Line]] anu berangkat 9 kali sapoé kalawan ruteu [[KA Commuter Loopline|Nambo–Depok/Angké]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/2821580/hore-krl-nambo-cibinong-citayam-beroperasi-april-2015|title=Hore!! KRL Nambo-Cibinong-Citayam Beroperasi April 2015|newspaper=detiknews|access-date=2018-06-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621070256/https://news.detik.com/berita/2821580/hore-krl-nambo-cibinong-citayam-beroperasi-april-2015 |date=2018-06-21 }}</ref> Stasion anu mangrupa stasion ujung ieu miboga dalapan jalur karéta api. Wangunan stasion ieu mirip jeung villa. Arsitéktur stasion ieu ogé mirip jeung [[Stasion Cibinong]]. == Layanan karéta api == === KRL Commuter Line === [[KA Commuter Line Jatinegara–Bogor|''Yellow Line'']] (Nambo ''branch''), jurusan [[Stasion Angké|Angké]] === Barang === * [[Karéta api Indocement|KA Semen Tiga Roda]], jurusan [[Stasion Kalimas|Kalimas]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Banyuwangi Baru|Banyuwangi]] (pikeun ka Banyuwangi teu beroperasi unggal poé) * [[Karéta api babarandék Ciganding|KA Babarandék]], jurusan [[Stasion Cigading|Cigading]] == Galéri == <gallery> Papan nama Stasiun Nambo; Juli 2015.jpg|Papan ngaran Stasion Nambo </gallery> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190430145153/http://www.krl.co.id/ Situs resmi KCI jeung jadwal KRL taun 2018] {{stasiun|Halteu Gunung Putri|Jalur karéta api Citayam-Nambo|-}} {{Stasion KCI}} {{stasion-stub}} [[Kategori:Stasion karéta di Jawa Kulon|Nambo]] [[Kategori: Kabupatén Bogor]] [[Kategori:Klapanunggal, Bogor]] ifuy5qxd9k3f6b14kirpu5zjuhab7ad 0 77547 731976 614539 2026-11-08T22:36:04Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo anatomi|Name=Kélék|Artery=|DorlandsPre=|MeshNumber=|MeshName=|Lymph=|Nerve=|Vein=|System=|Latin=Axilla|Precursor=|Caption2=Kélék [[lalaki]]|Image2=Armpit by David Shankbone.jpg|Caption=Kélék [[awéwé]] ras [[kaukasoid]]|Image=Female Armpit.jpg|GrayPage=|GraySubject=|DorlandsSuf=}}'''Kélék''' (basa hormat: '''Ingkab''' atawa '''Déhé''') nyaéta aréa dina awak manusa handapeun sandi panyambung lengan luhur jeung taktak. Kélék téh salah sahiji bagéan awak nu sénsitif nalika dilékéték jeung deuih mangrupa bagéan awak anu teu kadeuleu. Dina ieu kélék aya kalenjar késang nu sok nyumebabkeun kélék jeung [[bulu kélék|bulu]]na jadi baseuh waé. Sacara anatomis, kélék kacangcang dina bagéan [[anterior]] [[otot pectoralis major]] jeung [[otot pectoralis minor]], jeung bagéan [[posterior]] ku [[otot subscapularis]] jeung [[tulang walikat]]. Tuluy dina bagéan [[medialna]] ku [[otot serratus anterior]] sarta bagéan [[lateral]] ku [[otot coracobrachialis]] jeung bagéan [[caput brevis]] tina [[otot biceps brachii]]. [[Bulu kélék]] mindeng jadi dina kélék, boh [[Jalu|lalaki]] atawa [[Bikang|awéwé]]. Patuwuhan bulu ieu dimimitian ti saprak masa pubertas. Ilaharna dina awéwé, bulu éta dicukur lamun geus cukup leubeut. Tapi, kiwari loba lalaki ogé anu nyukur bulu kélékna pikeun ngajaga kasohorannana salaku saurang modél atawa atlit, jeung lain sajabana. Loba élmuwan manggihan yén kulit dina kélék manusa téh mangrupa tempat panglobana dicicingan ku [[baktéri]]. Dina sisikan kulit salega sa inci pasagi, dina kélék bisa aya nepi ka 516.000 baktéri. {{Anatomi manusa}} ==Dicutat tina== [[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]] e14gbw99kgo64jpum0x0wjmimq492e8 0 87834 731870 664789 2026-11-08T12:48:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lain|Stasion Purwokerto Timur}} {{infobox stasiun | name = Purwokerto | tinggi = +75 m | kode = PWT | image = Interior of Purwokerto Station, Purwokerto 2015-03-20.jpg | caption = Suasana péron Stasion Purwokerto | prov = Jawa Tengah | kabupatén = Banyumas | kacamatan kabupatén = Purwokerto Kulon | kalurahan kabupatén = Kober | alamat = Jalan Stasion Purwokerto | kodepos = 53132 | open = 1 Juli 1916 | oldname = ''Poerwokerto SS, Poerwokerto-West'' | operator = [[Daérah Operasi V Purwokerto]] | class = Badag tipeu A | nomor = 2110 | letak = * km 349+955 lintas [[Stasion Jakarta Kota|Jakarta]]-[[Stasion Cikampék|Cikampék]]-[[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon Prujakan]]-[[Stasion Prupuk|Prupuk]]-'''Purwokerto'''-[[Stasion Kroya|Kroya]] * km 0+200 lintas '''Purwokerto'''-''[[Stasion Purwokerto Timur|Purwokerto Timur]]'' | line = [[Karéta api Argo Lawu|Argo Lawu (régulér & fakultatif)]], [[Karéta api Argo Dwipangga|Argo Dwipangga (régulér & fakultatif)]], [[Karéta api Gajayana|Gajayana (régulér & tambahan)]], [[Karéta api Bima|Bima]], [[Karéta api Taksaka|Taksaka (régulér & tambahan)]], [[Karéta api Purwojaya|Purwojaya (régulér & tambahan)]], [[Karéta api Ranggajati|Ranggajati]], [[Karéta api Senja Utama Solo|Senja Utama Solo]], [[Karéta api Fajar Utama Yogya|Fajar Utama YK]], [[Karéta api Senja Utama Yogya|Senja Utama YK]], [[Karéta api Sawunggalih Utama|Sawunggalih (régulér & tambahan)]], [[Karéta api Bogowonto|Bogowonto]], [[Karéta api Gajah Wong|Gajah Wong]], [[Karéta api Singasari|Singasari]], [[Karéta api Kamandaka|Kamandaka]], [[Karéta api Joglosemarkerto|Joglosemarkerto]], [[Karéta api Kutojaya Utara|Kutojaya Utara (régulér & tambahan)]], [[Karéta api Mataram|Mataram]], Purwosari Tambahan, [[Karéta api Jayakarta|Jayakarta Prémium]], [[Karéta api Jaka Tingkir|Jaka Tingkir]], [[Karéta api Gaya Baru Malam Selatan|Gaya Baru Malam Selatan]], [[Karéta api Bengawan|Bengawan]], [[Karéta api Progo|Progo]], [[Karéta api Logawa|Logawa]], jeung [[Karéta api Serayu|Serayu]] | ticketting = Sistem tikét ''online'', ngalayanan pamesenan langsung sarta parobahan/pabolayan kaberangkatan di lokét. Aya fasilitas ala [[Bandar udara|bandara]] mangrupa ''check-in'' mandiri pikeun nyitak ''boarding pass''. | track = 7 (jalur 2 jeung 3: sepur lurus) | platform = 5 (hiji péron sisi jeung opat péron pulo nu sarua-rua rada jangkung) | parking = Aya | boardingpass = Aya | musala = Aya | toilet = Aya | merokok = Aya | cs = Aya | lintang = -7.4191499 | bujur = 109.2218417 | peta = Jawa }} '''Stasion Purwokerto (PWT)''' nyaéta [[stasion karéta api]] kelas gedé tipeu A anu perenahna di gigireun [[Purwokerto|Kota Purwokerto]], [[Kabupatén Banyumas]], pasna di [[Kober, Purwokerto Kulon, Banyumas]]. Stasion anu aya dina tingkat kaluhuran +75 m ieu mangrupa stasion panggedéna anu dikokolakeun ku [[Kereta Api Indonesia|PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero)]] [[Daérah Operasi V Purwokerto]]. Minangka stasion gedé, sakabéh lalampahan karéta api penumpang anu ngaliwatan [[jalur karéta api Prupuk-Kroya]] pasti eureun di stasion ieu. == Sajarah == [[File:Staatsspoorwegen (SS), Stasiun Raya Purwokerto 1920an.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Stasion Purwokerto dijeprét ti émplasemén di taun 1920-an]] Stasion Purwokerto mangrupa stasion anu kakara diresmikeun di tanggal 1 Juli 1916 ku pausahaan karéta api ''[[Staatsspoorwegen]]'' (SS).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Verslag der Staatsspoor en Tramwegen in Nederlandsch-Indië 1921-1932|last=Staatsspoorwegen|first=|publisher=Burgerlijke Openbare Werken|year=1921-1932|isbn=|location=Bataliwat|pages=}}</ref> Stasion anu [[Stasion Purwokerto Timur|leuwih heubeul]] di Purwokerto aya di tengah kota Purwokerto, anu diwangun ku [[Serajoedal Stoomtram Maatschappij]] di taun 1893-1896.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cilacap (1830-1942): bangkit dan runtuhnya suatu pelabuhan di Jawa|last=Zuhdi|first=Susanto|publisher=Gramedia|year=2002|place=Jakarta}}</ref> Stasion ieu diwangun di jalur Cirebon-Kroya anu dipiboga ku SS. Jalurna tuluy diwangun ka [[Stasion Purwokerto Timur]] anu matak lalampahan karéta ti Jakarta bisa langsung ka Wonosobo atawa Purbalingga jeung sabalikna, ngan di taun 1978 [[Jalur karéta api Purwokerto-Wonosobo|jalur anu ka Wonosobo]] geus dinonaktipkeun.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ékonomi-bisnis/d-3013064/dibangun-zaman-belanda-rel-karéta-banyak-mati-di-era-orde-baru|title=Dibangun Zaman Belanda, Rel Karéta Banyak 'Mati' di Era Orde Baru|last=Suhendra|newspaper=detikfinance|access-date=2018-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018185310/https://finance.detik.com/berita-%C3%A9konomi-bisnis/d-3013064/dibangun-zaman-belanda-rel-kar%C3%A9ta-banyak-mati-di-era-orde-baru|archive-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> Kiwari dina urut jalur éta geus dilayanan ku angkutan minibus mimiti 23 Nopémber 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.suaramerdeka.com/news/baca/147294/pt-kai-luncurkan-feeder-wonosobo-stasion-purwokerto|title=PT KAI Luncurkan Feeder Wonosobo-Stasion Purwokerto|website=Suara Merdeka|language=id|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref> == Wangunan jeung tata letak == [[File:Purwokerto Indonesia Purwokerto-Station-01.jpg|jmpl|Émplasemén Stasion Purwokerto|kiri]] Stasion ieu miboga tujuh jalur aktip kalawan jalur 2 jeung jalur 3 minangka sepur lurus pikeun jalur utama kadatangan jeung kaberangkatan KA, sedengkeun jalur 1 dipaké mun di jalur 2 jeung jalur 3 aya KA, sarta jalur 4-6 biasana dipaké pikeun parkir lokomotip jeung rangkéan KA. Ti jalur 7 aya tilu jalur tambahan pikeun langsiran KA ka [[dipo lokomotip]] jeung ka [[dipo karéta api]] anu perenahna di beulah kalér-kulon stasion. Sakabéh jalur salian ti jalur-jalur anu ngarah ka dipo éta, kahubung langsung jeung jalur utama. Di kiduleun stasion aya dipo lokomotip anu kacida beresihna, anu matak ngajadikeun dipo ieu minangka dipo panghadéna di [[Jawa Tengah]]. Salian ti éta, aya ogé dipo karéta pikeun nyimpen sarta ngarawat rangkéan KA, hususnya nu Daop V éta sorangan. Kiwari jalur di stasion ieu geus mangrupa [[jalur ganda]]. Ku sabab ayana jalur ganda, ruteu Jakarta-Purwokerto liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] atawa sabalikna kiwari bisa ditempuh ngan 5–5,5 jam. == Kaunikan == Keunikan anu dipiboga ieu stasion nyaéta sok disetél lagu ''"[[Di Tepinya Sungai Serayu]]"'' minangka lagu [[keroncong]] anu jadi bél kedatangan karéta api panumpang. == Layanan karéta api == === Kelas éksekutip === * [[Karéta api Argo Lawu|Argo Lawu (régulér jeung fakultatif)]], jurusan [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo]] liwat [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] (kadang ditambahan kelas Luxury/priorty) * [[Karéta api Argo Dwipangga|Argo Dwipangga (régulér jeung fakultatif)]], jurusan [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo]] liwat [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] (kadang ditambahan kelas Luxury/priorty) * [[Karéta api Gajayana|Gajayana (régulér jeung tambahan)]], jurusan [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Malang|Malang]] liwat [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]-[[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo]]-[[Stasion Madiun|Madiun]]-[[Stasion Blitar|Blitar]] (kadang ditambahan kelas Luxury/priorty) * [[Karéta api Bima|Bima]], jurusan [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng|Surabaya]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Malang|Malang]] liwat [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]-[[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo]]-[[Stasion Madiun|Madiun]]-[[Stasion Jombang|Jombang]] * [[Karéta api Taksaka|Taksaka (régulér jeung tambahan)]], jurusan [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] (kadang ditambahan kelas Luxury) * [[Karéta api Purwojaya|Purwojaya (régulér jeung tambahan)]], jurusan [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Kroya|Kroya]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Cilacap|Cilacap]] === Kelas campuran === * [[Karéta api Ranggajati|Ranggajati]], jurusan [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng|Surabaya]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Jember|Jember]] liwat [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]-[[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo]]-[[Stasion Madiun|Madiun]]-[[Stasion Jombang|Jombang]] (éksekutip-bisnis, kadang ogé ditambahan kelas ékonomi AC plus) * [[Karéta api Senja Utama Solo|Senja Utama Solo]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo]] liwat [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] (éksekutip-ékonomi AC prémium) * [[Karéta api Fajar Utama Yogya|Fajar Utama YK]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] (éksekutip-ékonomi AC prémium) * [[Karéta api Senja Utama Yogya|Senja Utama YK]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] (éksekutip-ékonomi AC prémium) * [[Karéta api Sawunggalih Utama|Sawunggalih]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo]] (éksekutip-ékonomi AC prémium) *[[Karéta api Bogowonto|Bogowonto]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta]] (éksekutip-ékonomi AC plus) *[[Karéta api Gajah Wong|Gajah Wong]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta]] (éksekutip-ékonomi AC plus) * [[Karéta api Singasari|Singasari]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Blitar|Blitar]] liwat [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta]]-[[Stasion Purwosari|Solo]]-[[Stasion Madiun|Madiun]] (éksekutip-ékonomi AC plus) * [[Karéta api Kamandaka|Kamandaka]], jurusan [[Stasion Tegal|Tegal]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Semarang Tawang|Semarang]] (éksekutip-ékonomi AC plus) * [[Karéta api Joglosemarkerto|Joglosemarkerto]], KA ''looping'' [[Jawa Tengah]] jeung [[Yogyakarta]] (éksekutip-ékonomi AC plus) jurusan : ** [[Stasion Tegal|Tegal]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo]]-[[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Semarang Tawang|Semarang]] ** [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Semarang Tawang|Semarang]] liwat [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] * [[Karéta api Mataram|Mataram]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta]] (éksekutip-bisnis) * Purwosari Tambahan, jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Purwosari|Solo]] liwat [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta]] (ékonomi AC-ékonomi AC plus) === Kelas bisnis === [[Karéta api Sawunggalih Utama|Sawunggalih Tambahan]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo]] (kadang ditambahan kelas éksekutip) === Kelas ékonomi AC prémium === * [[Karéta api Kutojaya Utara|Kutojaya Utara]], jurusan [[Stasion Jakarta Kota|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo]] * [[Karéta api Jayakarta|Jayakarta Prémium]], jurusan [[Stasion Jakarta Kota|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng|Surabaya]] liwat [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]-[[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo]]-[[Stasion Madiun|Madiun]] === Kelas ékonomi AC plus === * [[Karéta api Jaka Tingkir|Jaka Tingkir]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta]] (terkadang ditambhakan kelas éksekutip) *[[Karéta api Kutojaya Utara|Kutojaya Utara Tambahan]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo]] === Kelas ékonomi AC === * [[Karéta api Gaya Baru Malam Selatan|Gaya Baru Malam Selatan]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng|Surabaya]] liwat [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta]]-[[Stasion Purwosari|Solo]]-[[Stasion Madiun|Madiun]]-[[Stasion Jombang|Jombang]] * [[Karéta api Bengawan|Bengawan]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Purwosari|Solo]] liwat [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta]] * [[Karéta api Progo|Progo]], jurusan [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Cirebon Prujakan|Cirebon]] jeung jurusan [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta]] * [[Karéta api Logawa|Logawa]], jurusan [[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng|Surabaya]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Jember|Jember]] liwat [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta]]-[[Stasion Purwosari|Solo]]-[[Stasion Madiun|Madiun]]-[[Stasion Jombang|Jombang]] * [[Karéta api Serayu|Serayu]], jurusan [[Stasion Kroya|Kroya]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta]] liwat [[Stasion Kiaracondong|Bandung]]-[[Stasion Purwakarta|Purwakarta]] == Jadwal karéta api == Ieu jadwal karéta api panumpang anu eureun di Stasion Purwokerto '''per 1 Juni 2019 (révisi Gapéka 2017).''' * '''KA Régulér''' {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! No. KA !! KA !! Jurusan !! Kelas !! Datang !! Berangkat |- |7063B |[[Karéta api Jayakarta|Jayakarta Prémium]] |[[Stasion Jakarta Kota|Jakarta Kota (JAKK)]] |Ékonomi AC Prémium |00.07 |00.20 |- | 46/43 || [[Karéta api Bima|Bima]] || rowspan="2" |[[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta Gambir (GMR)]] || Éksekutip Satwa ||00.30||00.38 |- | 9F || [[Karéta api Argo Dwipangga|Argo Dwipangga Fakultatif]]<small><sup>*)</sup></small> || rowspan="1" |Éksekutip Argo ||00.57||01.05 |- | 8 || [[Karéta api Argo Lawu|Argo Lawu]] || [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan (SLO)]] || Éksekutip Argo & luxury|| 01.09||01.23 |- | 54 || [[Karéta api Taksaka|Taksaka]] || [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Tugu (YK)]] || Éksekutip Satwa & Luxury||01.43||01.51 |- | 8F || [[Karéta api Argo Lawu|Argo Lawu Fakultatif]]<small><sup>*)</sup></small> || [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan (SLO)]] || Éksekutip Argo ||02.22||02.35 |- | 152 || [[Karéta api Bogowonto|Bogowonto]] || [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta Lempuyangan (LPN)]] || Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Plus ||02.40||02.49 |- | 116 || [[Karéta api Senja Utama Solo|Senja Utama Solo]] || [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan (SLO)]] || Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Prémium ||02.54||03.14 |- | 58/59 || [[Karéta api Purwojaya|Purwojaya]] || [[Stasion Kroya|Kroya (KYA)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Cilacap|Cilacap (CP)]] || Éksekutip Satwa ||03.08||03.30 |- | 186 || [[Karéta api Progo|Progo]] || [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta Lempuyangan (LPN)]] ||Ékonomi AC ||03.26||03.42 |- | 223A/226A ||[[Karéta api Kamandaka|Kamandaka]] |[[Stasion Tegal|Tegal (TG)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Semarang Tawang|Semarang Tawang (SMT)]]|| Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Plus ||-||05.00 |- | 188/189 || [[Karéta api Logawa|Logawa]] || [[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng|Surabaya Gubeng (SGU)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Jember|Jember (JR)]] | rowspan="2" |Ékonomi AC||-||05.30 |- | 218/215 || [[Karéta api Serayu|Serayu]] ||[[Stasion Kroya|Kroya (KYA)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]]||-||06.30 |- | 102/103 ||[[Karéta api Ranggajati|Ranggajati]] |[[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng|Surabaya Gubeng (SGU)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Jember|Jember (JR)]] || Éksekutip, Bisnis(, & Ékonomi AC Plus) ||07.00||07.07 |- | 220/221 || [[Karéta api Serayu|Serayu]] || '''Purwokerto (PWT)''' || Ékonomi AC ||08.08||- |- | 121A ||[[Karéta api Sawunggalih Utama|Sawunggalih]] || rowspan="2" |[[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] || rowspan="2" | Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Prémium ||08.57||09.10 |- | 117 ||[[Karéta api Fajar Utama Yogya|Fajar Utama YK]]||09.31||09.45 |- | 7079/7082/7089 ||[[Karéta api Joglosemarkerto|Joglosemarkerto]] |[[Stasion Tegal|Tegal (TG)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan (SLO)]]-[[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Tugu (YK)]]|| Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Plus ||10.10||10.25 |- | 51 || [[Karéta api Taksaka|Taksaka]] || [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta Gambir (GMR)]] || Éksekutip Satwa & Luxury||10.33||10.43 |- | 7081/7080/7083 ||[[Karéta api Joglosemarkerto|Joglosemarkerto]] |[[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan (SLO)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Semarang Tawang|Semarang Tawang (SMT)]]|| Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Plus ||10.34||10.40 |- | 192A ||[[Karéta api Kutojaya Utara|Kutojaya Utara]] || [[Stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo (KTA)]] ||Ékonomi AC Prémium ||10.50||10.58 |- | 118 || [[Karéta api Fajar Utama Yogya|Fajar Utama YK]] || [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Tugu (YK)]] || Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Prémium ||11.18||11.32 |- | 7 || [[Karéta api Argo Lawu|Argo Lawu]] || [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta Gambir (GMR)]] || Éksekutip Argo ||11.23||11.35 |- | 154 || [[Karéta api Gajah Wong|Gajah Wong]] || [[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta Lempuyangan (LPN)]] || rowspan="2" |Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Plus ||11.42||11.49 |- | 151 || [[Karéta api Bogowonto|Bogowonto]] || [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] ||12.14||12.25 |- |148C |[[Karéta api Jaka Tingkir|Jaka Tingkir]] |[[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta Lempuyangan (LPN)]] |(Éksekutip & )Ékonomi AC Plus |12.20 |12.36 |- | 7F || [[Karéta api Argo Lawu|Argo Lawu Fakultatif]]<small><sup>*)</sup></small> || [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta Gambir (GMR)]] || rowspan="2" |Éksekutip Argo ||12.34||12.46 |- | 10 || [[Karéta api Argo Dwipangga|Argo Dwipangga]] || [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan (SLO)]] ||12.56||13.12 |- | 122A ||[[Karéta api Sawunggalih Utama|Sawunggalih]] || [[Stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo (KTA)]] || Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Prémium ||13.16||13.29 |- | 52 || [[Karéta api Taksaka|Taksaka]] || [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Tugu (YK)]] || Éksekutip Satwa ||13.37||13.50 |- | 10F || [[Karéta api Argo Dwipangga|Argo Dwipangga Fakultatif]]<small><sup>*)</sup></small> || [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan (SLO)]] || Éksekutip Argo ||14.54||15.00 |- | 174 || [[Karéta api Gaya Baru Malam Selatan|Gaya Baru Malam Selatan]] || [[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng|Surabaya Gubeng (SGU)]] || Ékonomi AC ||15.47||16.00 |- | 60/57 || [[Karéta api Purwojaya|Purwojaya]] || [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta Gambir (GMR)]] || Éksekutip Satwa ||15.57||16.10 |- | 229A/228A ||[[Karéta api Kamandaka|Kamandaka]] |'''Purwokerto (PWT)''' || rowspan="2" | Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Plus ||16.04||- |- | 155A || [[Karéta api Singasari|Singasari]] ||[[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] ||16.24||16.36 |- | 222/219 || [[Karéta api Serayu|Serayu]] |[[Stasion Kroya|Kroya (KYA)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] | rowspan="2" |Ékonomi AC||-||16.30 |- | 184 || [[Karéta api Bengawan|Bengawan]] ||[[Stasion Purwosari|Solo Purwosari (PWS)]] ||16.33||16.45 |- | 7087/7084 ||[[Karéta api Joglosemarkerto|Joglosemarkerto]] |[[Stasion Tegal|Tegal (TG)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Solo Balapan|Solo Balapan (SLO)]]|| Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Plus ||-||17.15 |- | 104/101 ||[[Karéta api Ranggajati|Ranggajati]] |[[Stasion Cirebon|Cirebon Kejaksan (CN)]] ||Éksekutip, Bisnis(, & Ékonomi AC Plus) |17.46||17.55 |- | 156A || [[Karéta api Singasari|Singasari]] ||[[Stasion Blitar|Blitar (BL)]] || Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Plus ||18.04||18.18 |- | 185 || [[Karéta api Progo|Progo]] || [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] ||Ékonomi AC ||18.15||18.29 |- |7064B |[[Karéta api Jayakarta|Jayakarta Prémium]] |[[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng|Surabaya Gubeng (SGU)]] |Ékonomi AC Prémium |18.21 |18.32 |- | 183 || [[Karéta api Bengawan|Bengawan]] |[[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] |Ékonomi AC||19.00||19.12 |- | 191A ||[[Karéta api Kutojaya Utara|Kutojaya Utara]] |[[Stasion Jakarta Kota|Jakarta Kota (JAKK)]] |Ékonomi AC Prémium||19.17||19.27 |- | 190/187 || [[Karéta api Logawa|Logawa]] || rowspan="2" |'''Purwokerto (PWT)''' | rowspan="3" |Ékonomi AC||19.45||- |- | 216/217 || [[Karéta api Serayu|Serayu]] ||19.59||- |- | 173 || [[Karéta api Gaya Baru Malam Selatan|Gaya Baru Malam Selatan]] || rowspan="4" |[[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] || 20.13 || 20.24 |- | 119 || [[Karéta api Senja Utama Yogya|Senja Utama YK]] || rowspan="2" |Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Prémium ||20.35||20.52 |- | 123A ||[[Karéta api Sawunggalih Utama|Sawunggalih]] ||20.56||21.08 |- | 153 || [[Karéta api Gajah Wong|Gajah Wong]] || Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Plus ||21.10||21.24 |- | 44/45 || [[Karéta api Bima|Bima]] || [[Stasion Surabaya Gubeng|Surabaya Gubeng (SGU)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Malang|Malang Kotabaru (ML)]] || Éksekutip Satwa ||21.28||21.36 |- | 115 || [[Karéta api Senja Utama Solo|Senja Utama Solo]] || [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] || Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Prémium ||21.32||21.46 |- | 7083/7086 ||[[Karéta api Kamandaka|Kamandaka]] |'''Purwokerto (PWT)''' || Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Plus ||21.56||- |- | 147B ||[[Karéta api Jaka Tingkir|Jaka Tingkir]] || [[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] || (Éksekutip & )Ékonomi AC Plus || 21.59||22.16 |- | 53 || [[Karéta api Taksaka|Taksaka]] ||[[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta Gambir (GMR)]] || rowspan="3" |Éksekutip Satwa & Luxury||22.32||22.40 |- | 42 || rowspan="2" | [[Karéta api Gajayana|Gajayana]] || [[Stasion Malang|Malang Kotabaru (ML)]] ||22.34||22.49 |- | 41 || [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta Gambir (GMR)]]||23.12||23.24 |- | 124A ||[[Karéta api Sawunggalih Utama|Sawunggalih]] || [[Stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo (KTA)]] || Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Prémium ||23.22||23.32 |- | 9 || [[Karéta api Argo Dwipangga|Argo Dwipangga]] || [[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta Gambir (GMR)]] || Éksekutip Argo ||23.28||23.40 |- | 120 || [[Karéta api Senja Utama Yogya|Senja Utama YK]] || [[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Tugu (YK)]] || Éksekutip & Ékonomi AC Prémium || 23.52 || 00.05 |} <small>'''Keterangan:''' <sup>*)</sup> = biasanya hanya dijalankan di akhir pekan-pekan tertentu dan libur nasional. lebih-lebih saat lebaran, natal, dan tahun baru.</small> * '''KA Tambahan (beroperasi waktu lebaran jeung natal-taun anyar; kadang ogé pas libur nasional atawa ahir pekan nu tangtu)''' {| class="wikitable sortable" !No. PLB !KA !Jurusan !Kelas ! Datang !Berangkat |- |7012A | rowspan="2" |[[Karéta api Taksaka|Taksaka Tambahan]] |[[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Tugu (YK)]] | rowspan="2" |Éksekutip Satwa |00.36 | rowspan="2" |00.55 |- |7013A |[[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta Gambir (GMR)]] |00.49 |- |7030A |[[Karéta api Mataram|Mataram]] |[[Stasion Lempuyangan|Yogyakarta Lempuyangan (LPN)]] |Éksekutip & Bisnis |01.56 |02.03 |- |7008B |[[Karéta api Gajayana|Gajayana Tambahan]] |[[Stasion Malang|Malang Kotabaru (ML)]] |Éksekutip Satwa |04.25 |04.40 |- |7038B |[[Karéta api Kutojaya Utara|Kutojaya Utara Tambahan]] |[[Stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo (KTA)]] |Ékonomi AC Plus |05.02 |05.12 |- |12982 |Purwosari Tambahan |[[Stasion Purwosari|Solo Purwosari (PWS)]] |Ékonomi AC & Ékonomi AC Plus |05.24 |05.42 |- |7007A |[[Karéta api Gajayana|Gajayana Tambahan]] | rowspan="3" |[[Stasion Gambir|Jakarta Gambir (GMR)]] | rowspan="3" |Éksekutip Satwa |05.55 |06.10 |- |7011A |[[Karéta api Taksaka|Taksaka Tambahan]] |09.12 |09.28 |- |7018/7015A |[[Karéta api Purwojaya|Purwojaya Tambahan]] |09.52 |10.04 |- |12895 |Purwosari Tambahan | rowspan="3" |[[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] |Ékonomi AC & Ékonomi AC Plus |10.48 |11.00 |- |7029B |[[Karéta api Mataram|Mataram]] |Éksekutip & Bisnis |11.45 |12.02 |- |7037A |[[Karéta api Kutojaya Utara|Kutojaya Utara Tambahan]] |Ékonomi AC Plus |13.10 |13.18 |- |7040A |[[Karéta api Sawunggalih Utama|Sawunggalih Tambahan]] |[[Stasion Kutoarjo|Kutoarjo (KTA)]] |(Éksekutip & )Bisnis |13.53 |14.02 |- |7014B |[[Karéta api Taksaka|Taksaka Tambahan]] |[[Stasion Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Tugu (YK)]] | rowspan="2" |Éksekutip Satwa |15.11 |15.20 |- |7016A/7017 |[[Karéta api Purwojaya|Purwojaya Tambahan]] |[[Stasion Kroya|Kroya (KYA)]] nyambung ka [[Stasion Cilacap|Cilacap (CP)]] |21.07 |21.17 |- |7039A |[[Karéta api Sawunggalih Utama|Sawunggalih Tambahan]] |[[Stasion Pasar Senén|Jakarta Pasar Senén (PSE)]] |(Éksekutip & )Bisnis |22.47 |22.55 |} == Antarmoda pangrojong == {| class="wikitable" !Jenis angkutan umum ! Ruteu |- |[[Angkutan pangganti karéta api|Minibus KAI Daop V]]<ref name=":0" /> |Purwokerto–[[Kabupatén Purbalingga|Purbalingga]]–[[Kabupatén Banjarnegara|Banjarnegara]]–[[Kabupatén Wonosobo|Wonosobo]], p.p. |} == Galéri == <gallery> File:St PWT 050505 8482.jpg|Rumah sinyal (''signal box'') B (selatan) File:De delegatietrein uit Djocja stopte op de terugweg even te Poerwokerto., Bestanddeelnr 1663-1-1.jpg|Langsiran ku [[C14|lokomotip C1413]] di Stasion Purwokerto. File:Poerwokerto Te Poerwokerto wisselde de trein die de drie delegaties naar Djocja, Bestanddeelnr 1619-1-2.jpg|Stasion Purwokerto, 1948 File:Purwokerto station.JPG|Suasana Stasion Purwokerto kalawan [[Karéta api Taksaka|KA Taksaka]] anu keur eureun. </gallery> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{id}} [https://kai.id/ Situs resmi KAI dan jadwal kereta api tahun 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815051334/https://www.kai.id/ |date=2023-08-15 }} {{stasion|Stasion Karanggandul|Jalur karéta api Prupuk-Kroya|Stasion Notog}} {{stasion|-|Jalur karéta api Purwokerto-Wonosobo|Stasion Purwokerto Timur}} {{Commonscat|Purwokerto Station}} {{stasion karéta api di Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Stasion karéta di Jawa Tengah|Purwokerto]] [[Kategori:Purwokerto Kulon, Banyumas]] [[Kategori:Kota Purwokerto]] [[Kategori: Kabupatén Banyumas]] e9th9f56upf14prjzawpmk5u7w5zhoi 828 91033 731997 730696 2026-11-09T04:25:53Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Latin → Latén 731997 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-06-14 local active = { ["aa"] = {"Afar"}, ["ab"] = {"Abkhaz"}, ["ae"] = {"Avestan"}, ["af"] = {"Afrikaans"}, ["ak"] = {"Akan"}, ["am"] = {"Amhar"}, ["an"] = {"Aragon"}, ["ar"] = {"Arab"}, ["as"] = {"Assam"}, ["av"] = {"Avar"}, ["ay"] = {"Aymara"}, ["az"] = {"Azerbaijan"}, ["ba"] = {"Bashkir"}, ["be"] = {"Bélarusia"}, ["bg"] = {"Bulgaria"}, ["bi"] = {"Bislama"}, ["bm"] = {"Bambara"}, ["bn"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["bo"] = {"Tibét"}, ["br"] = {"Bréton"}, ["bs"] = {"Bosnia"}, ["ca"] = {"Katalan", "Valénsia"}, ["ce"] = {"Chéchnya"}, ["ch"] = {"Chamorro"}, ["co"] = {"Korsika"}, ["cr"] = {"Kree"}, ["cs"] = {"Céko"}, ["cu"] = {"Slavonik Garéjawi", "Slavonik Garéjawi", "Bulgaria Kuna", "Slavonik Garéjawi Kuna", "Slavonik Kuna"}, ["cv"] = {"Chuvash"}, ["cy"] = {"Wales"}, ["da"] = {"Dénmark"}, ["de"] = {"Jérman"}, ["dv"] = {"Dhivehi", "Divehi", "Maldéwa"}, ["dz"] = {"Dzongkha"}, ["ee"] = {"Ewe"}, ["el"] = {"Yunani Modérn (1453-)"}, ["en"] = {"Inggris"}, ["eo"] = {"Ésperanto"}, ["es"] = {"Spanyol", "Kastilia"}, ["et"] = {"Éstonia"}, ["eu"] = {"Baska"}, ["fa"] = {"Pérsia"}, ["ff"] = {"Fula"}, ["fi"] = {"Finlandia"}, ["fj"] = {"Fiji"}, ["fo"] = {"Faroe"}, ["fr"] = {"Prancis"}, ["fy"] = {"Frisia Kulon"}, ["ga"] = {"Irlandia"}, ["gd"] = {"Gaélik Skotlandia", "Gaélik"}, ["gl"] = {"Galisia"}, ["gn"] = {"Guarani"}, ["gu"] = {"Gujarat"}, ["gv"] = {"Manx"}, ["ha"] = {"Hausa"}, ["he"] = {"Ibrani"}, ["hi"] = {"Hindi"}, ["ho"] = {"Hiri Motu"}, ["hr"] = {"Kroasia"}, ["ht"] = {"Haiti", "Kréol Haiti"}, ["hu"] = {"Hungaria"}, ["hy"] = {"Arménia"}, ["hz"] = {"Herero"}, ["ia"] = {"Interlingua"}, ["id"] = {"Indonésia"}, ["ie"] = {"Interlingue", "Oksidéntal"}, ["ig"] = {"Igbo"}, ["ii"] = {"Sichuan Yi", "Nuosu"}, ["ik"] = {"Inupiaq"}, ["io"] = {"Ido"}, ["is"] = {"Islandia"}, ["it"] = {"Italia"}, ["iu"] = {"Inuktitut"}, ["ja"] = {"Jepang"}, ["jv"] = {"Jawa"}, ["ka"] = {"Géorgia"}, ["kg"] = {"Kongo"}, ["ki"] = {"Kikuyu", "Gikuyu"}, ["kj"] = {"Kuanyama", "Kwanyama"}, ["kk"] = {"Kazakh"}, ["kl"] = {"Kalaallisut", "Greenland"}, ["km"] = {"Khmer", "Khmer Tengah"}, ["kn"] = {"Kannada"}, ["ko"] = {"Koréa"}, ["kr"] = {"Kanuri"}, ["ks"] = {"Kashmir"}, ["ku"] = {"Kurdi"}, ["kv"] = {"Komi"}, ["kw"] = {"Kernowek"}, ["ky"] = {"Kirgiz"}, ["la"] = {"Latén"}, ["lb"] = {"Luksemburg"}, ["lg"] = {"Ganda", "Luganda"}, ["li"] = {"Limburg"}, ["ln"] = {"Lingala"}, ["lo"] = {"Lao"}, ["lt"] = {"Lituania"}, ["lu"] = {"Luba Katanga"}, ["lv"] = {"Latvia"}, ["mg"] = {"Malagasi"}, ["mh"] = {"Marshall"}, ["mi"] = {"Maori"}, ["mk"] = {"Makédonia"}, ["ml"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["mn"] = {"Mongolia"}, ["mr"] = {"Marathi"}, ["ms"] = {"Malayu"}, ["mt"] = {"Malta"}, ["my"] = {"Burma"}, ["na"] = {"Nauru"}, ["nb"] = {"Norwégia Bokmål"}, ["nd"] = {"Ndebele Kalér"}, ["ne"] = {"Népal"}, ["ng"] = {"Ndonga"}, ["nl"] = {"Walanda", "Flemish"}, ["nn"] = {"Norwégia Nynorsk"}, ["no"] = {"Norwégia"}, ["nr"] = {"Ndebele Kidul"}, ["nv"] = {"Navajo", "Navaho"}, ["ny"] = {"Chichewa", "Chewa", "Nyanja"}, ["oc"] = {"Oksitan"}, ["oj"] = {"Ojibwe"}, ["om"] = {"Oromo"}, ["or"] = {"Oriya", "Odia"}, ["os"] = {"Ossétia Iron", "Iron", "Ossétia"}, ["pa"] = {"Punjab", "Panjab"}, ["pi"] = {"Pali"}, ["pl"] = {"Polandia"}, ["ps"] = {"Pushto", "Pashto"}, ["pt"] = {"Portugis"}, ["qu"] = {"Quechua"}, ["rm"] = {"Romansh"}, ["rn"] = {"Rundi"}, ["ro"] = {"Romania", "Moldavia", "Moldova"}, ["ru"] = {"Rusia"}, ["rw"] = {"Kinyarwanda"}, ["sa"] = {"Sangsekerta"}, ["sc"] = {"Sardinia"}, ["sd"] = {"Sindh"}, ["se"] = {"Sami Kalér"}, ["sg"] = {"Sango"}, ["sh"] = {"Sérbo-Kroasia"}, ["si"] = {"Sinhala"}, ["sk"] = {"Slovakia"}, ["sl"] = {"Slovénia"}, ["sm"] = {"Samoa"}, ["sn"] = {"Shona"}, ["so"] = {"Somali"}, ["sq"] = {"Albania"}, ["sr"] = {"Sérbia"}, ["ss"] = {"Swati"}, ["st"] = {"Sotho Kidul"}, ["su"] = {"Sunda"}, ["sv"] = {"Swédia"}, ["sw"] = {"Swahili"}, ["ta"] = {"Tamil"}, ["te"] = {"Telugu"}, ["tg"] = {"Tajik"}, ["th"] = {"Thai"}, ["ti"] = {"Tigrinya"}, ["tk"] = {"Turkmén"}, ["tl"] = {"Tagalog"}, ["tn"] = {"Tswana"}, ["to"] = {"Tonga"}, ["tr"] = {"Turki"}, ["ts"] = {"Tsonga"}, ["tt"] = {"Tatar"}, ["tw"] = {"Twi"}, ["ty"] = {"Tahiti"}, ["ug"] = {"Uighur", "Uyghur"}, ["uk"] = {"Ukraina"}, ["ur"] = {"Urdu"}, ["uz"] = {"Uzbék"}, ["ve"] = {"Vénda"}, ["vi"] = {"Viétnam"}, ["vo"] = {"Volapük"}, ["wa"] = {"Walonia"}, ["wo"] = {"Wolof"}, ["xh"] = {"Xhosa"}, ["yi"] = {"Yiddi"}, ["yo"] = {"Yoruba"}, ["za"] = {"Zhuang", "Chuang"}, ["zh"] = {"Tionghoa"}, ["zu"] = {"Zulu"}, ["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"}, ["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"}, ["aac"] = {"Ari"}, ["aad"] = {"Amal"}, ["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"}, ["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"}, ["aag"] = {"Ambrak"}, ["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"}, ["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"}, ["aak"] = {"Ankave"}, ["aal"] = {"Afade"}, ["aan"] = {"Anambé"}, ["aao"] = {"Arab Sahara Aljazair"}, ["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"}, ["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"}, ["aas"] = {"Aasáx"}, ["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"}, ["aau"] = {"Abau"}, ["aav"] = {"Rungkun basa Austro-Asia"}, ["aaw"] = {"Solong"}, ["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"}, ["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"}, ["aba"] = {"Abé"}, ["abb"] = {"Bankon"}, ["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"}, ["abd"] = {"Manide"}, ["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"}, ["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"}, ["abg"] = {"Abaga"}, ["abh"] = {"Arab Tajik"}, ["abi"] = {"Abidji"}, ["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"}, ["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"}, ["abm"] = {"Abanyom"}, ["abn"] = {"Abua"}, ["abo"] = {"Abon"}, ["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"}, ["abq"] = {"Abaza"}, ["abr"] = {"Abron"}, ["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"}, ["abt"] = {"Ambulas"}, ["abu"] = {"Abure"}, ["abv"] = {"Arab Bahrain"}, ["abw"] = {"Pal"}, ["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"}, ["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"}, ["abz"] = {"Abui"}, ["aca"] = {"Achagua"}, ["acb"] = {"Áncá"}, ["acd"] = {"Gikyode"}, ["ace"] = {"Achinese"}, ["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"}, ["ach"] = {"Acoli"}, ["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"}, ["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"}, ["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"}, ["acm"] = {"Arab Mésopotamia"}, ["acn"] = {"Achang"}, ["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"}, ["acq"] = {"Arab Taiz-Aden"}, ["acr"] = {"Achi"}, ["acs"] = {"Acroá"}, ["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"}, ["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"}, ["acv"] = {"Achumawi"}, ["acw"] = {"Arab Hijaz"}, ["acx"] = {"Arab Oman"}, ["acy"] = {"Arab Siprus"}, ["acz"] = {"Acheron"}, ["ada"] = {"Adangme"}, ["adb"] = {"Atauran"}, ["add"] = {"Lidzonka", "Dzodinka"}, ["ade"] = {"Adele"}, ["adf"] = {"Arab Dhofar"}, ["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"}, ["adh"] = {"Adhola"}, ["adi"] = {"Adi"}, ["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"}, ["adl"] = {"Galo"}, ["adn"] = {"Adang"}, ["ado"] = {"Abu"}, ["adq"] = {"Adangbe"}, ["adr"] = {"Adonara"}, ["ads"] = {"Basa Isarat Adamorobe"}, ["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"}, ["adu"] = {"Aduge"}, ["adw"] = {"Amundava"}, ["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"}, ["ady"] = {"Adyghe", "Adygei"}, ["adz"] = {"Adzera"}, ["aea"] = {"Areba"}, ["aeb"] = {"Arab Tunisia"}, ["aec"] = {"Aran Sa'idi"}, ["aed"] = {"Basa Isarat Argéntina"}, ["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"}, ["aek"] = {"Haeke"}, ["ael"] = {"Ambele"}, ["aem"] = {"Arem"}, ["aen"] = {"Basa Isarat Arménia"}, ["aeq"] = {"Aer"}, ["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"}, ["aes"] = {"Alsea"}, ["aeu"] = {"Akeu"}, ["aew"] = {"Ambakich"}, ["aey"] = {"Amele"}, ["aez"] = {"Aeka"}, ["afa"] = {"Rungkun basa Afro-Asia"}, ["afb"] = {"Arab Teluk"}, ["afd"] = {"Andai"}, ["afe"] = {"Putukwam"}, ["afg"] = {"Basa Isarat Apganistan"}, ["afh"] = {"Afrihili"}, ["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"}, ["afk"] = {"Nanubae"}, ["afn"] = {"Defaka"}, ["afo"] = {"Eloyi"}, ["afp"] = {"Tapei"}, ["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"}, ["aft"] = {"Afitti"}, ["afu"] = {"Awutu"}, ["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"}, ["aga"] = {"Aguano"}, ["agb"] = {"Legbo"}, ["agc"] = {"Agatu"}, ["agd"] = {"Agarabi"}, ["age"] = {"Angal"}, ["agf"] = {"Arguni"}, ["agg"] = {"Angor"}, ["agh"] = {"Ngelima"}, ["agi"] = {"Agariya"}, ["agj"] = {"Argobba"}, ["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"}, ["agl"] = {"Fembe"}, ["agm"] = {"Angaataha"}, ["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"}, ["ago"] = {"Tainae"}, ["agq"] = {"Aghem"}, ["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"}, ["ags"] = {"Esimbi"}, ["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"}, ["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"}, ["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"}, ["agw"] = {"Kahua"}, ["agx"] = {"Aghul"}, ["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"}, ["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"}, ["aha"] = {"Ahanta"}, ["ahb"] = {"Axamb"}, ["ahg"] = {"Qimant"}, ["ahh"] = {"Aghu"}, ["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"}, ["ahk"] = {"Akha"}, ["ahl"] = {"Igo"}, ["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"}, ["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"}, ["aho"] = {"Ahom"}, ["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"}, ["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"}, ["ahs"] = {"Ashe"}, ["aht"] = {"Ahtena"}, ["aia"] = {"Arosi"}, ["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"}, ["aic"] = {"Ainbai"}, ["aid"] = {"Alngith"}, ["aie"] = {"Amara"}, ["aif"] = {"Agi"}, ["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"}, ["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"}, ["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"}, ["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"}, ["aik"] = {"Ake"}, ["ail"] = {"Aimele"}, ["aim"] = {"Aimol"}, ["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"}, ["aio"] = {"Aiton"}, ["aip"] = {"Burumakok"}, ["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"}, ["air"] = {"Airoran"}, ["ait"] = {"Arikem"}, ["aiw"] = {"Aari"}, ["aix"] = {"Aighon"}, ["aiy"] = {"Ali"}, ["aja"] = {"Aja (Sudan Kidul)"}, ["ajg"] = {"Aja (Bénin)"}, ["aji"] = {"Ajië"}, ["ajn"] = {"Andajin"}, ["ajs"] = {"Basa Isarat Yahudi Aljazair"}, ["aju"] = {"Arab Yahudi Maroko"}, ["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"}, ["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"}, ["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"}, ["akc"] = {"Mpur"}, ["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"}, ["ake"] = {"Akawaio"}, ["akf"] = {"Akpa"}, ["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"}, ["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"}, ["aki"] = {"Aiome"}, ["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"}, ["akk"] = {"Akkadian"}, ["akl"] = {"Aklanon"}, ["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"}, ["ako"] = {"Akurio"}, ["akp"] = {"Siwu"}, ["akq"] = {"Ak"}, ["akr"] = {"Araki"}, ["aks"] = {"Akaselem"}, ["akt"] = {"Akolet"}, ["aku"] = {"Akum"}, ["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"}, ["akw"] = {"Akwa"}, ["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"}, ["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"}, ["akz"] = {"Alabama"}, ["ala"] = {"Alago"}, ["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"}, ["ald"] = {"Alladian"}, ["ale"] = {"Aleut"}, ["alf"] = {"Alege"}, ["alg"] = {"Rungkun basa Algonquian"}, ["alh"] = {"Alawa"}, ["ali"] = {"Amaimon"}, ["alj"] = {"Alangan"}, ["alk"] = {"Alak"}, ["all"] = {"Allar"}, ["alm"] = {"Amblong"}, ["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"}, ["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"}, ["alp"] = {"Alune"}, ["alq"] = {"Algonquin"}, ["alr"] = {"Alutor"}, ["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"}, ["alt"] = {"Southern Altai"}, ["alu"] = {"'Are'are"}, ["alv"] = {"Rungkun basa Atlantik-Kongo"}, ["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"}, ["alx"] = {"Amol"}, ["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"}, ["alz"] = {"Alur"}, ["ama"] = {"Amanayé"}, ["amb"] = {"Ambo"}, ["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"}, ["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"}, ["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"}, ["amg"] = {"Amurdak"}, ["ami"] = {"Amis"}, ["amj"] = {"Amdang"}, ["amk"] = {"Ambai"}, ["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"}, ["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua Nugini)"}, ["amn"] = {"Amanab"}, ["amo"] = {"Amo"}, ["amp"] = {"Alamblak"}, ["amq"] = {"Amahai"}, ["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"}, ["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"}, ["amt"] = {"Amto"}, ["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"}, ["amv"] = {"Ambelau"}, ["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"}, ["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"}, ["amy"] = {"Ami"}, ["amz"] = {"Atampaya"}, ["ana"] = {"Andaqui"}, ["anb"] = {"Andoa"}, ["anc"] = {"Ngas"}, ["and"] = {"Ansus"}, ["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"}, ["anf"] = {"Animere"}, ["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"}, ["anh"] = {"Nend"}, ["ani"] = {"Andi"}, ["anj"] = {"Anor"}, ["ank"] = {"Goemai"}, ["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"}, ["anm"] = {"Anal"}, ["ann"] = {"Obolo"}, ["ano"] = {"Andoque"}, ["anp"] = {"Angika"}, ["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"}, ["anr"] = {"Andh"}, ["ans"] = {"Anserma"}, ["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"}, ["anu"] = {"Anuak"}, ["anv"] = {"Denya"}, ["anw"] = {"Anaang"}, ["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"}, ["any"] = {"Anyin"}, ["anz"] = {"Anem"}, ["aoa"] = {"Angolar"}, ["aob"] = {"Abom"}, ["aoc"] = {"Pemon"}, ["aod"] = {"Andarum"}, ["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"}, ["aof"] = {"Bragat"}, ["aog"] = {"Angoram"}, ["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"}, ["aoj"] = {"Mufian"}, ["aok"] = {"Arhö"}, ["aol"] = {"Alor"}, ["aom"] = {"Ömie"}, ["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"}, ["aor"] = {"Aore"}, ["aos"] = {"Taikat"}, ["aot"] = {"Atong (India)", "A'tong"}, ["aou"] = {"A'ou"}, ["aox"] = {"Atorada"}, ["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"}, ["apa"] = {"Rungkun basa Apache"}, ["apb"] = {"Sa'a"}, ["apc"] = {"Arab Levant"}, ["apd"] = {"Arab Sudan"}, ["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"}, ["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"}, ["apg"] = {"Ampanang"}, ["aph"] = {"Athpariya"}, ["api"] = {"Apiaká"}, ["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"}, ["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"}, ["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"}, ["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"}, ["apn"] = {"Apinayé"}, ["apo"] = {"Ambul"}, ["app"] = {"Apma"}, ["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"}, ["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"}, ["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"}, ["apt"] = {"Apatani"}, ["apu"] = {"Apurinã"}, ["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"}, ["apw"] = {"Western Apache"}, ["apx"] = {"Aputai"}, ["apy"] = {"Apalaí"}, ["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"}, ["aqa"] = {"Rungkun basa Alacalufan"}, ["aqc"] = {"Archi"}, ["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"}, ["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"}, ["aqk"] = {"Aninka"}, ["aql"] = {"Rungkun basa Algik"}, ["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"}, ["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"}, ["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"}, ["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"}, ["aqt"] = {"Angaité"}, ["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"}, ["arb"] = {"Arab Baku"}, ["arc"] = {"Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"}, ["ard"] = {"Arabana"}, ["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"}, ["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"}, ["ari"] = {"Arikara"}, ["arj"] = {"Arapaso"}, ["ark"] = {"Arikapú"}, ["arl"] = {"Arabela"}, ["arn"] = {"Mapudungun", "Mapuche"}, ["aro"] = {"Araona"}, ["arp"] = {"Arapaho"}, ["arq"] = {"Arab Aljazair"}, ["arr"] = {"Karo (Brasil)"}, ["ars"] = {"Arab Najd"}, ["art"] = {"buatan"}, ["aru"] = {"Aruá (Amazonas State)", "Arawá"}, ["arv"] = {"Arbore"}, ["arw"] = {"Arawak"}, ["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"}, ["ary"] = {"Arab Maroko"}, ["arz"] = {"Arab Mesir"}, ["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"}, ["asb"] = {"Assiniboine", "Nakoda Assiniboine"}, ["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"}, ["ase"] = {"Basa Isarat Amérika"}, ["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Basa Isarat Australia"}, ["asg"] = {"Cishingini"}, ["ash"] = {"Abishira"}, ["asi"] = {"Buruwai"}, ["asj"] = {"Sari"}, ["ask"] = {"Ashkun"}, ["asl"] = {"Asilulu"}, ["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"}, ["aso"] = {"Dano"}, ["asp"] = {"Basa Isarat Aljazair"}, ["asq"] = {"Basa Isarat Austria"}, ["asr"] = {"Asuri"}, ["ass"] = {"Ipulo"}, ["ast"] = {"Asturia", "Astur-León", "Bable", "León"}, ["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"}, ["asv"] = {"Asoa"}, ["asw"] = {"Basa Isarat Aborigin Australia"}, ["asx"] = {"Muratayak"}, ["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"}, ["asz"] = {"As"}, ["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"}, ["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"}, ["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"}, ["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"}, ["ate"] = {"Atemble"}, ["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"}, ["ath"] = {"Rungkun basa Athabaskan"}, ["ati"] = {"Attié"}, ["atj"] = {"Atikamekw", "Nehirowimowin"}, ["atk"] = {"Ati"}, ["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"}, ["atm"] = {"Ata"}, ["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"}, ["ato"] = {"Atong (Kamerun)"}, ["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"}, ["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"}, ["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"}, ["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"}, ["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"}, ["atu"] = {"Reel"}, ["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"}, ["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"}, ["atx"] = {"Arutani"}, ["aty"] = {"Aneityum"}, ["atz"] = {"Arta"}, ["aua"] = {"Asumboa"}, ["aub"] = {"Alugu"}, ["auc"] = {"Waorani"}, ["aud"] = {"Anuta"}, ["auf"] = {"Arauan"}, ["aug"] = {"Aguna"}, ["auh"] = {"Aushi"}, ["aui"] = {"Anuki"}, ["auj"] = {"Awjilah"}, ["auk"] = {"Heyo"}, ["aul"] = {"Aulua"}, ["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigéria)"}, ["aun"] = {"Molmo One"}, ["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"}, ["aup"] = {"Makayam"}, ["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"}, ["aur"] = {"Aruek"}, ["aus"] = {"Australian"}, ["aut"] = {"Austral"}, ["auu"] = {"Auye"}, ["auw"] = {"Awyi"}, ["aux"] = {"Aurá"}, ["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"}, ["auz"] = {"Arab Uzbék"}, ["avb"] = {"Avau"}, ["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"}, ["avi"] = {"Avikam"}, ["avk"] = {"Kotava"}, ["avl"] = {"Arab Bedawi Mesir Wétan"}, ["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"}, ["avn"] = {"Avatime"}, ["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"}, ["avs"] = {"Aushiri"}, ["avt"] = {"Au"}, ["avu"] = {"Avokaya"}, ["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"}, ["awa"] = {"Awadhi"}, ["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua Nugini)"}, ["awc"] = {"Cicipu"}, ["awd"] = {"Rungkun basa Arawak"}, ["awe"] = {"Awetí"}, ["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"}, ["awh"] = {"Awbono"}, ["awi"] = {"Aekyom"}, ["awk"] = {"Awabakal"}, ["awm"] = {"Arawum"}, ["awn"] = {"Awngi"}, ["awo"] = {"Awak"}, ["awr"] = {"Awera"}, ["aws"] = {"South Awyu"}, ["awt"] = {"Araweté"}, ["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"}, ["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"}, ["aww"] = {"Awun"}, ["awx"] = {"Awara"}, ["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"}, ["axb"] = {"Abipon"}, ["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"}, ["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"}, ["axk"] = {"Yaka (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"}, ["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"}, ["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"}, ["aya"] = {"Awar"}, ["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"}, ["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"}, ["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"}, ["aye"] = {"Ayere"}, ["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"}, ["ayh"] = {"Arab Hadhrami"}, ["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"}, ["ayk"] = {"Akuku"}, ["ayl"] = {"Arab Libya"}, ["ayn"] = {"Arab Sana'a"}, ["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"}, ["ayp"] = {"Arab Mésopotamia Kalér"}, ["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua Nugini)"}, ["ayr"] = {"Aymara Tengah"}, ["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"}, ["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"}, ["ayu"] = {"Ayu"}, ["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"}, ["aza"] = {"Azha"}, ["azb"] = {"South Azerbaijani"}, ["azc"] = {"Rungkun basa Uto-Aztek"}, ["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"}, ["azj"] = {"North Azerbaijani"}, ["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"}, ["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azo"] = {"Awing"}, ["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"}, ["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["baa"] = {"Babatana"}, ["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"}, ["bac"] = {"Badui"}, ["bad"] = {"Rungkun basa Banda"}, ["bae"] = {"Baré"}, ["baf"] = {"Nubaca"}, ["bag"] = {"Tuki"}, ["bah"] = {"Inggris Kréol Bahama"}, ["bai"] = {"Rungkun basa Bamileke"}, ["baj"] = {"Barakai"}, ["bal"] = {"Baluchi"}, ["ban"] = {"Balinese"}, ["bao"] = {"Waimaha"}, ["bap"] = {"Bantawa"}, ["bar"] = {"Bavarian"}, ["bas"] = {"Basa (Kamerun)"}, ["bat"] = {"Rungkun basa Baltik"}, ["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigéria)"}, ["bav"] = {"Vengo"}, ["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"}, ["bax"] = {"Bamun"}, ["bay"] = {"Batuley"}, ["bba"] = {"Baatonum"}, ["bbb"] = {"Barai"}, ["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"}, ["bbd"] = {"Bau"}, ["bbe"] = {"Bangba"}, ["bbf"] = {"Baibai"}, ["bbg"] = {"Barama"}, ["bbh"] = {"Bugan"}, ["bbi"] = {"Barombi"}, ["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"}, ["bbk"] = {"Babanki"}, ["bbl"] = {"Bats"}, ["bbm"] = {"Babango"}, ["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"}, ["bbo"] = {"Northern Bobo Madaré", "Konabéré"}, ["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"}, ["bbq"] = {"Bamali"}, ["bbr"] = {"Girawa"}, ["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"}, ["bbt"] = {"Mburku"}, ["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigéria)"}, ["bbv"] = {"Karnai"}, ["bbw"] = {"Baba"}, ["bbx"] = {"Bubia"}, ["bby"] = {"Befang"}, ["bca"] = {"Central Bai"}, ["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"}, ["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"}, ["bcd"] = {"North Babar"}, ["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"}, ["bcf"] = {"Bamu"}, ["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"}, ["bch"] = {"Bariai"}, ["bci"] = {"Baoulé"}, ["bcj"] = {"Bardi"}, ["bck"] = {"Bunuba"}, ["bcl"] = {"Bikol Tengah"}, ["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"}, ["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigéria)"}, ["bco"] = {"Kaluli"}, ["bcp"] = {"Bali (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["bcq"] = {"Bench"}, ["bcr"] = {"Babine"}, ["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"}, ["bct"] = {"Bendi"}, ["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"}, ["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"}, ["bcw"] = {"Bana"}, ["bcy"] = {"Bacama"}, ["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"}, ["bda"] = {"Bayot"}, ["bdb"] = {"Basap"}, ["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"}, ["bdd"] = {"Bunama"}, ["bde"] = {"Bade"}, ["bdf"] = {"Biage"}, ["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"}, ["bdh"] = {"Baka (Sudan Kidul)"}, ["bdi"] = {"Burun"}, ["bdj"] = {"Bai (Sudan Kidul)", "Bai"}, ["bdk"] = {"Budukh"}, ["bdl"] = {"Bajau Indonésia"}, ["bdm"] = {"Buduma"}, ["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"}, ["bdo"] = {"Morom"}, ["bdp"] = {"Bende"}, ["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"}, ["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"}, ["bds"] = {"Burunge"}, ["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"}, ["bdu"] = {"Oroko"}, ["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"}, ["bdw"] = {"Baham"}, ["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"}, ["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"}, ["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"}, ["bea"] = {"Beaver"}, ["beb"] = {"Bebele"}, ["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"}, ["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"}, ["bee"] = {"Byangsi"}, ["bef"] = {"Benabena"}, ["beg"] = {"Belait"}, ["beh"] = {"Biali"}, ["bei"] = {"Bekati'"}, ["bej"] = {"Beja", "Bedawiyet"}, ["bek"] = {"Bebeli"}, ["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"}, ["beo"] = {"Beami"}, ["bep"] = {"Besoa"}, ["beq"] = {"Beembe"}, ["ber"] = {"Rungkun basa Berber"}, ["bes"] = {"Besme"}, ["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"}, ["beu"] = {"Blagar"}, ["bev"] = {"Daloa Bété"}, ["bew"] = {"Betawi"}, ["bex"] = {"Jur Modo"}, ["bey"] = {"Beli (Papua Nugini)"}, ["bez"] = {"Bena (Tanzania)"}, ["bfa"] = {"Bari"}, ["bfb"] = {"Pauri Bareli"}, ["bfc"] = {"Panyi Bai", "Northern Bai"}, ["bfd"] = {"Bafut"}, ["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"}, ["bff"] = {"Bofi"}, ["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"}, ["bfh"] = {"Blafe"}, ["bfi"] = {"Basa Isarat Britania"}, ["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"}, ["bfk"] = {"Basa Isarat Ban Khor"}, ["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"}, ["bfm"] = {"Mmen"}, ["bfn"] = {"Bunak"}, ["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"}, ["bfp"] = {"Beba"}, ["bfq"] = {"Badaga"}, ["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"}, ["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"}, ["bft"] = {"Balti"}, ["bfu"] = {"Gahri"}, ["bfw"] = {"Bondo"}, ["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"}, ["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"}, ["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"}, ["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"}, ["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"}, ["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"}, ["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"}, ["bge"] = {"Bauria"}, ["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"}, ["bgg"] = {"Bugun"}, ["bgi"] = {"Giangan"}, ["bgj"] = {"Bangolan"}, ["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"}, ["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"}, ["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"}, ["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"}, ["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"}, ["bgq"] = {"Bagri"}, ["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"}, ["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"}, ["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"}, ["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"}, ["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"}, ["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"}, ["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"}, ["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"}, ["bgz"] = {"Banggai"}, ["bha"] = {"Bharia"}, ["bhb"] = {"Bhili"}, ["bhc"] = {"Biga"}, ["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"}, ["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"}, ["bhf"] = {"Odiai"}, ["bhg"] = {"Binandere"}, ["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"}, ["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"}, ["bhj"] = {"Bahing"}, ["bhl"] = {"Bimin"}, ["bhm"] = {"Bathari"}, ["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"}, ["bhp"] = {"Bima"}, ["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"}, ["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"}, ["bhs"] = {"Buwal"}, ["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"}, ["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"}, ["bhv"] = {"Bahau"}, ["bhw"] = {"Biak"}, ["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"}, ["bhy"] = {"Bhele"}, ["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonésia)"}, ["bia"] = {"Badimaya"}, ["bib"] = {"Bissa", "Bisa"}, ["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"}, ["bie"] = {"Bepour"}, ["bif"] = {"Biafada"}, ["big"] = {"Biangai"}, ["bih"] = {"Rungkun basa Bihari"}, ["bik"] = {"Bikol"}, ["bil"] = {"Bile"}, ["bim"] = {"Bimoba"}, ["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"}, ["bio"] = {"Nai"}, ["bip"] = {"Bila"}, ["biq"] = {"Bipi"}, ["bir"] = {"Bisorio"}, ["bit"] = {"Berinomo"}, ["biu"] = {"Biete"}, ["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"}, ["biw"] = {"Kol (Kamerun)"}, ["bix"] = {"Bijori"}, ["biy"] = {"Birhor"}, ["biz"] = {"Baloi"}, ["bja"] = {"Budza"}, ["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"}, ["bjc"] = {"Bariji"}, ["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"}, ["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"}, ["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"}, ["bji"] = {"Burji"}, ["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"}, ["bjk"] = {"Barok"}, ["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua Nugini)"}, ["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"}, ["bjn"] = {"Banjar"}, ["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"}, ["bjp"] = {"Fanamaket"}, ["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"}, ["bjs"] = {"Bajan"}, ["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"}, ["bju"] = {"Busuu"}, ["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"}, ["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"}, ["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"}, ["bjy"] = {"Bayali"}, ["bjz"] = {"Baruga"}, ["bka"] = {"Kyak"}, ["bkc"] = {"Baka (Kamerun)"}, ["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"}, ["bkf"] = {"Beeke"}, ["bkg"] = {"Buraka"}, ["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"}, ["bki"] = {"Baki"}, ["bkj"] = {"Pande"}, ["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"}, ["bkl"] = {"Berik"}, ["bkm"] = {"Kom (Kamerun)"}, ["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"}, ["bko"] = {"Kwa'"}, ["bkp"] = {"Boko (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"}, ["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"}, ["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"}, ["bkt"] = {"Boloki"}, ["bku"] = {"Buhid"}, ["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"}, ["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"}, ["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"}, ["bky"] = {"Bokyi"}, ["bkz"] = {"Bungku"}, ["bla"] = {"Siksika"}, ["blb"] = {"Bilua"}, ["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"}, ["bld"] = {"Bolango"}, ["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"}, ["blf"] = {"Buol"}, ["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"}, ["bli"] = {"Bolia"}, ["blj"] = {"Bolongan"}, ["blk"] = {"Pa'o Karen", "Pa'O"}, ["bll"] = {"Biloxi"}, ["blm"] = {"Beli (Sudan Kidul)"}, ["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["blo"] = {"Anii"}, ["blp"] = {"Blablanga"}, ["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"}, ["blr"] = {"Blang"}, ["bls"] = {"Balaesang"}, ["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"}, ["blv"] = {"Kibala", "Bolo"}, ["blw"] = {"Balangao"}, ["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"}, ["bly"] = {"Notre"}, ["blz"] = {"Balantak"}, ["bma"] = {"Lame"}, ["bmb"] = {"Bembe"}, ["bmc"] = {"Biem"}, ["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"}, ["bme"] = {"Limassa"}, ["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"}, ["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"}, ["bmh"] = {"Kein"}, ["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"}, ["bmj"] = {"Bote-Majhi"}, ["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"}, ["bml"] = {"Bomboli"}, ["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua Nugini)"}, ["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"}, ["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"}, ["bmq"] = {"Bomu"}, ["bmr"] = {"Muinane"}, ["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"}, ["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"}, ["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"}, ["bmv"] = {"Bum"}, ["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"}, ["bmx"] = {"Baimak"}, ["bmz"] = {"Baramu"}, ["bna"] = {"Bonerate"}, ["bnb"] = {"Bookan"}, ["bnc"] = {"Bontok"}, ["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonésia)"}, ["bne"] = {"Bintauna"}, ["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"}, ["bng"] = {"Benga"}, ["bni"] = {"Bangi"}, ["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"}, ["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"}, ["bnl"] = {"Boon"}, ["bnm"] = {"Batanga"}, ["bnn"] = {"Bunun"}, ["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"}, ["bnp"] = {"Bola"}, ["bnq"] = {"Bantik"}, ["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"}, ["bns"] = {"Bundeli"}, ["bnt"] = {"Rungkun basa Bantu"}, ["bnu"] = {"Bentong"}, ["bnv"] = {"Bonerif", "Beneraf", "Edwas"}, ["bnw"] = {"Bisis"}, ["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"}, ["bny"] = {"Bintulu"}, ["bnz"] = {"Beezen"}, ["boa"] = {"Bora"}, ["bob"] = {"Aweer"}, ["boe"] = {"Mundabli-Mufu"}, ["bof"] = {"Bolon"}, ["bog"] = {"Basa Isarat Bamako"}, ["boh"] = {"Boma"}, ["boi"] = {"Barbareño"}, ["boj"] = {"Anjam"}, ["bok"] = {"Bonjo"}, ["bol"] = {"Bole"}, ["bom"] = {"Berom"}, ["bon"] = {"Bine"}, ["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"}, ["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"}, ["boq"] = {"Bogaya"}, ["bor"] = {"Borôro"}, ["bot"] = {"Bongo"}, ["bou"] = {"Bondei"}, ["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"}, ["bow"] = {"Rema"}, ["box"] = {"Buamu"}, ["boy"] = {"Bodo (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"}, ["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"}, ["bpc"] = {"Mbuk"}, ["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"}, ["bpe"] = {"Bauni"}, ["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"}, ["bph"] = {"Botlikh"}, ["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"}, ["bpj"] = {"Binji"}, ["bpk"] = {"Orowe", "'Ôrôê"}, ["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"}, ["bpm"] = {"Biyom"}, ["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"}, ["bpo"] = {"Anasi"}, ["bpp"] = {"Kaure"}, ["bpq"] = {"Banda Malayu"}, ["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"}, ["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"}, ["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"}, ["bpu"] = {"Bongu"}, ["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"}, ["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua Nugini)"}, ["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"}, ["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"}, ["bpz"] = {"Bilba"}, ["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"}, ["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"}, ["bqc"] = {"Boko (Bénin)", "Boo"}, ["bqd"] = {"Bung"}, ["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"}, ["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"}, ["bqh"] = {"Baima"}, ["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"}, ["bqj"] = {"Bandial"}, ["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"}, ["bql"] = {"Karian", "Bilakura"}, ["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"}, ["bqn"] = {"Basa Isarat Bulgaria"}, ["bqo"] = {"Balo"}, ["bqp"] = {"Busa"}, ["bqq"] = {"Biritai"}, ["bqr"] = {"Burusu"}, ["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"}, ["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"}, ["bqu"] = {"Boguru"}, ["bqv"] = {"Koro Wachi", "Begbere-Ejar"}, ["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigéria)"}, ["bqx"] = {"Baangi"}, ["bqy"] = {"Basa Isarat Bengkala"}, ["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"}, ["bra"] = {"Braj"}, ["brb"] = {"Brao", "Lave"}, ["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"}, ["brd"] = {"Baraamu"}, ["brf"] = {"Bira"}, ["brg"] = {"Baure"}, ["brh"] = {"Brahui"}, ["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"}, ["brj"] = {"Bieria"}, ["brk"] = {"Birked"}, ["brl"] = {"Birwa"}, ["brm"] = {"Barambu"}, ["brn"] = {"Boruca"}, ["bro"] = {"Brokkat"}, ["brp"] = {"Barapasi"}, ["brq"] = {"Breri"}, ["brr"] = {"Birao"}, ["brs"] = {"Baras"}, ["brt"] = {"Bitare"}, ["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"}, ["brv"] = {"Western Bru"}, ["brw"] = {"Bellari"}, ["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"}, ["bry"] = {"Burui"}, ["brz"] = {"Bilbil"}, ["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"}, ["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"}, ["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"}, ["bse"] = {"Wushi"}, ["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"}, ["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"}, ["bsh"] = {"Kati"}, ["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"}, ["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"}, ["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"}, ["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"}, ["bsm"] = {"Busami"}, ["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"}, ["bso"] = {"Buso"}, ["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"}, ["bsq"] = {"Bassa"}, ["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"}, ["bss"] = {"Akoose"}, ["bst"] = {"Basketo"}, ["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"}, ["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"}, ["bsw"] = {"Baiso"}, ["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"}, ["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"}, ["bta"] = {"Bata"}, ["btc"] = {"Bati (Kamerun)"}, ["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"}, ["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"}, ["btf"] = {"Birgit"}, ["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"}, ["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"}, ["bti"] = {"Burate"}, ["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"}, ["btk"] = {"Rungkun basa Batak"}, ["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"}, ["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"}, ["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"}, ["btp"] = {"Budibud"}, ["btq"] = {"Batek"}, ["btr"] = {"Baetora"}, ["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"}, ["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"}, ["btu"] = {"Batu"}, ["btv"] = {"Bateri"}, ["btw"] = {"Butuanon"}, ["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"}, ["bty"] = {"Bobot"}, ["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"}, ["bua"] = {"Buriat"}, ["bub"] = {"Bua"}, ["buc"] = {"Bushi"}, ["bud"] = {"Ntcham"}, ["bue"] = {"Beothuk"}, ["buf"] = {"Bushoong"}, ["bug"] = {"Buginese"}, ["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"}, ["bui"] = {"Bongili"}, ["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"}, ["buk"] = {"Bugawac"}, ["bum"] = {"Bulu (Kamerun)"}, ["bun"] = {"Sherbro"}, ["buo"] = {"Terei"}, ["bup"] = {"Busoa"}, ["buq"] = {"Brem"}, ["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"}, ["but"] = {"Bungain"}, ["buu"] = {"Budu"}, ["buv"] = {"Bun"}, ["buw"] = {"Bubi"}, ["bux"] = {"Boghom"}, ["buy"] = {"Bullom So"}, ["buz"] = {"Bukwen"}, ["bva"] = {"Barein"}, ["bvb"] = {"Bube"}, ["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"}, ["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"}, ["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"}, ["bvf"] = {"Boor"}, ["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"}, ["bvh"] = {"Bure"}, ["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"}, ["bvj"] = {"Baan"}, ["bvk"] = {"Bukat"}, ["bvl"] = {"Basa Isarat Bolivia"}, ["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"}, ["bvn"] = {"Buna"}, ["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"}, ["bvp"] = {"Bumang"}, ["bvq"] = {"Birri"}, ["bvr"] = {"Burarra"}, ["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonésia)"}, ["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"}, ["bvv"] = {"Baniva"}, ["bvw"] = {"Boga"}, ["bvx"] = {"Dibole"}, ["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"}, ["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"}, ["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"}, ["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"}, ["bwc"] = {"Bwile"}, ["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"}, ["bwe"] = {"Bwe Karen"}, ["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"}, ["bwg"] = {"Barwe"}, ["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"}, ["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"}, ["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"}, ["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"}, ["bwl"] = {"Bwela"}, ["bwm"] = {"Biwat"}, ["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"}, ["bwo"] = {"Boro (Ethiopia)", "Borna (Ethiopia)"}, ["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"}, ["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"}, ["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"}, ["bws"] = {"Bomboma"}, ["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"}, ["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"}, ["bww"] = {"Bwa"}, ["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"}, ["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"}, ["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"}, ["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"}, ["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"}, ["bxc"] = {"Molengue"}, ["bxd"] = {"Pela"}, ["bxe"] = {"Birale"}, ["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"}, ["bxg"] = {"Bangala"}, ["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"}, ["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"}, ["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"}, ["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"}, ["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"}, ["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"}, ["bxn"] = {"Burduna"}, ["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"}, ["bxp"] = {"Bebil"}, ["bxq"] = {"Beele"}, ["bxr"] = {"Russia Buriat"}, ["bxs"] = {"Busam"}, ["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"}, ["bxv"] = {"Berakou"}, ["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"}, ["bxz"] = {"Binahari"}, ["bya"] = {"Batak"}, ["byb"] = {"Bikya"}, ["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"}, ["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"}, ["bye"] = {"Pouye"}, ["byf"] = {"Bete"}, ["byg"] = {"Baygo"}, ["byh"] = {"Bhujel"}, ["byi"] = {"Buyu"}, ["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigéria)"}, ["byk"] = {"Biao"}, ["byl"] = {"Bayono"}, ["bym"] = {"Bidjara"}, ["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"}, ["byo"] = {"Biyo"}, ["byp"] = {"Bumaji"}, ["byq"] = {"Basay"}, ["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"}, ["bys"] = {"Burak"}, ["byt"] = {"Berti"}, ["byv"] = {"Medumba"}, ["byw"] = {"Belhariya"}, ["byx"] = {"Qaqet"}, ["byz"] = {"Banaro"}, ["bza"] = {"Bandi"}, ["bzb"] = {"Andio"}, ["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bzd"] = {"Bribri"}, ["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"}, ["bzf"] = {"Boikin"}, ["bzg"] = {"Babuza"}, ["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"}, ["bzi"] = {"Bisu"}, ["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"}, ["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"}, ["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"}, ["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"}, ["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"}, ["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"}, ["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"}, ["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonésia)"}, ["bzr"] = {"Biri"}, ["bzs"] = {"Basa Isarat Brasil"}, ["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"}, ["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"}, ["bzv"] = {"Naami"}, ["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigéria)"}, ["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"}, ["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"}, ["bzz"] = {"Evant"}, ["caa"] = {"Chortí"}, ["cab"] = {"Garifuna"}, ["cac"] = {"Chuj"}, ["cad"] = {"Caddo"}, ["cae"] = {"Lehar", "Laalaa"}, ["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"}, ["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"}, ["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"}, ["cai"] = {"Rungkun basa Indian Amérika Tengah"}, ["caj"] = {"Chané"}, ["cak"] = {"Kaqchikel", "Cakchiquel"}, ["cal"] = {"Carolinian"}, ["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"}, ["can"] = {"Chambri"}, ["cao"] = {"Chácobo"}, ["cap"] = {"Chipaya"}, ["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"}, ["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"}, ["cas"] = {"Tsimané"}, ["cau"] = {"Rungkun basa Kaukasus"}, ["cav"] = {"Cavineña"}, ["caw"] = {"Callawalla"}, ["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"}, ["cay"] = {"Cayuga"}, ["caz"] = {"Canichana"}, ["cba"] = {"Rungkun basa Chibcha"}, ["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"}, ["cbc"] = {"Carapana"}, ["cbd"] = {"Carijona"}, ["cbg"] = {"Chimila"}, ["cbi"] = {"Chachi"}, ["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"}, ["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"}, ["cbl"] = {"Bualkhaw Chin"}, ["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"}, ["cbo"] = {"Izora"}, ["cbq"] = {"Tsucuba", "Cuba"}, ["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"}, ["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"}, ["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"}, ["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"}, ["cbv"] = {"Cacua"}, ["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"}, ["cby"] = {"Carabayo"}, ["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"}, ["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"}, ["cce"] = {"Chopi"}, ["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"}, ["cch"] = {"Atsam"}, ["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"}, ["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"}, ["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"}, ["ccn"] = {"Rungkun basa Kaukasus Kalér"}, ["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"}, ["ccp"] = {"Chakma"}, ["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"}, ["ccs"] = {"Rungkun basa Kaukasus Kidul"}, ["cda"] = {"Choni"}, ["cdc"] = {"Rungkun basa Chad"}, ["cdd"] = {"Rungkun basa Caddo"}, ["cde"] = {"Chenchu"}, ["cdf"] = {"Chiru"}, ["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"}, ["cdi"] = {"Chodri"}, ["cdj"] = {"Churahi"}, ["cdm"] = {"Chepang"}, ["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"}, ["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"}, ["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"}, ["cds"] = {"Basa Isarat Chad"}, ["cdy"] = {"Chadong"}, ["cdz"] = {"Koda"}, ["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"}, ["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"}, ["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"}, ["cek"] = {"Eastern Khumi Chin"}, ["cel"] = {"Rungkun basa Kéltik"}, ["cen"] = {"Cen"}, ["cet"] = {"Centúúm"}, ["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"}, ["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"}, ["cfd"] = {"Cara"}, ["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"}, ["cfm"] = {"Falam Chin"}, ["cga"] = {"Changriwa"}, ["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"}, ["cgg"] = {"Chiga"}, ["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"}, ["chb"] = {"Chibcha"}, ["chc"] = {"Catawba"}, ["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"}, ["chg"] = {"Chagatai"}, ["chh"] = {"Chinook"}, ["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"}, ["chk"] = {"Chuukese"}, ["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"}, ["chm"] = {"Mari (Rusia)"}, ["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"}, ["cho"] = {"Choctaw"}, ["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"}, ["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"}, ["chr"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["cht"] = {"Cholón"}, ["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"}, ["chx"] = {"Chantyal"}, ["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"}, ["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"}, ["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"}, ["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"}, ["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"}, ["cid"] = {"Chimariko"}, ["cie"] = {"Cineni"}, ["cih"] = {"Chinali"}, ["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"}, ["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"}, ["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"}, ["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"}, ["cir"] = {"Tiri", "Haméa", "Méa"}, ["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"}, ["ciy"] = {"Chaima"}, ["cja"] = {"Western Cham"}, ["cje"] = {"Chru"}, ["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"}, ["cji"] = {"Chamalal"}, ["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"}, ["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"}, ["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"}, ["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"}, ["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"}, ["cjs"] = {"Shor"}, ["cjv"] = {"Chuave"}, ["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"}, ["ckb"] = {"Kurdi Tengah"}, ["ckh"] = {"Chak"}, ["ckl"] = {"Cibak"}, ["ckm"] = {"Chakavian"}, ["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"}, ["cko"] = {"Anufo"}, ["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"}, ["ckr"] = {"Kairak"}, ["cks"] = {"Tayo"}, ["ckt"] = {"Chukot"}, ["cku"] = {"Koasati"}, ["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"}, ["ckx"] = {"Caka"}, ["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"}, ["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"}, ["cla"] = {"Ron"}, ["clc"] = {"Chilcotin", "Tsilhqot’in"}, ["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"}, ["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"}, ["clh"] = {"Chilisso"}, ["cli"] = {"Chakali"}, ["clj"] = {"Laitu Chin"}, ["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"}, ["cll"] = {"Chala"}, ["clm"] = {"Klallam", "Clallam"}, ["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["cls"] = {"Classical Sanskrit"}, ["clt"] = {"Lautu Chin"}, ["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"}, ["clw"] = {"Chulym"}, ["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"}, ["cma"] = {"Maa"}, ["cmc"] = {"Rungkun basa Chamik"}, ["cme"] = {"Cerma"}, ["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"}, ["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"}, ["cml"] = {"Campalagian"}, ["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"}, ["cmn"] = {"Mandarin Chinese"}, ["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"}, ["cmr"] = {"Mro-Khimi Chin"}, ["cms"] = {"Messapic"}, ["cmt"] = {"Camtho"}, ["cna"] = {"Changthang"}, ["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"}, ["cnc"] = {"Côông"}, ["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"}, ["cnh"] = {"Hakha Chin", "Haka Chin"}, ["cni"] = {"Asháninka"}, ["cnk"] = {"Khumi Chin"}, ["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"}, ["cno"] = {"Con"}, ["cnp"] = {"Northern Ping Chinese", "Northern Pinghua"}, ["cnq"] = {"Chung"}, ["cnr"] = {"Montenegrin"}, ["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"}, ["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"}, ["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"}, ["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"}, ["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"}, ["coa"] = {"Cocos Islands Malay"}, ["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"}, ["coc"] = {"Cocopa"}, ["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"}, ["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"}, ["cof"] = {"Colorado"}, ["cog"] = {"Chong"}, ["coh"] = {"Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma", "Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma"}, ["coj"] = {"Cochimi"}, ["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"}, ["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"}, ["com"] = {"Comanche"}, ["con"] = {"Cofán"}, ["coo"] = {"Comox"}, ["cop"] = {"Coptic"}, ["coq"] = {"Coquille"}, ["cot"] = {"Caquinte"}, ["cou"] = {"Wamey"}, ["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"}, ["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"}, ["cox"] = {"Nanti"}, ["coz"] = {"Chochotec"}, ["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"}, ["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"}, ["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"}, ["cpe"] = {"English-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpf"] = {"French-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"}, ["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"}, ["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"}, ["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"}, ["cpp"] = {"Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cps"] = {"Capiznon"}, ["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"}, ["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"}, ["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"}, ["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"}, ["cra"] = {"Chara"}, ["crb"] = {"Island Carib"}, ["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"}, ["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"}, ["crf"] = {"Caramanta"}, ["crg"] = {"Michif"}, ["crh"] = {"Crimean Tatar", "Crimean Turkish"}, ["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"}, ["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"}, ["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"}, ["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"}, ["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"}, ["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"}, ["cro"] = {"Crow"}, ["crp"] = {"Creoles and pidgins"}, ["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"}, ["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"}, ["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"}, ["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"}, ["crv"] = {"Chaura"}, ["crw"] = {"Chrau"}, ["crx"] = {"Carrier"}, ["cry"] = {"Cori"}, ["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"}, ["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"}, ["csb"] = {"Kashubian"}, ["csc"] = {"Basa Isarat Katalan", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"}, ["csd"] = {"Basa Isarat Chiangmai"}, ["cse"] = {"Basa Isarat Céko"}, ["csf"] = {"Basa Isarat Kuba"}, ["csg"] = {"Basa Isarat Cilé"}, ["csh"] = {"Asho Chin"}, ["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"}, ["csj"] = {"Songlai Chin"}, ["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"}, ["csl"] = {"Basa Isarat Tionghoa"}, ["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"}, ["csn"] = {"Basa Isarat Kolombia"}, ["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"}, ["csp"] = {"Southern Ping Chinese", "Southern Pinghua"}, ["csq"] = {"Basa Isarat Kroasia"}, ["csr"] = {"Basa Isarat Kosta Rika"}, ["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"}, ["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"}, ["csu"] = {"Rungkun basa Sudan Tengah"}, ["csv"] = {"Sumtu Chin"}, ["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"}, ["csx"] = {"Basa Isarat Kamboja"}, ["csy"] = {"Siyin Chin"}, ["csz"] = {"Coos"}, ["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"}, ["ctc"] = {"Chetco"}, ["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"}, ["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"}, ["ctg"] = {"Chittagonian"}, ["cth"] = {"Thaiphum Chin"}, ["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"}, ["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"}, ["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"}, ["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"}, ["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"}, ["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"}, ["ctu"] = {"Chol"}, ["cty"] = {"Moundadan Chetty"}, ["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"}, ["cua"] = {"Cua"}, ["cub"] = {"Cubeo"}, ["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"}, ["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"}, ["cui"] = {"Cuiba"}, ["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"}, ["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"}, ["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"}, ["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"}, ["cup"] = {"Cupeño"}, ["cuq"] = {"Cun"}, ["cur"] = {"Chhulung"}, ["cus"] = {"Rungkun basa Kush"}, ["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"}, ["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"}, ["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"}, ["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"}, ["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"}, ["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"}, ["cvg"] = {"Chug"}, ["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"}, ["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"}, ["cwb"] = {"Maindo"}, ["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"}, ["cwe"] = {"Kwere"}, ["cwg"] = {"Chewong", "Cheq Wong"}, ["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"}, ["cxh"] = {"Cha'ari"}, ["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"}, ["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"}, ["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"}, ["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"}, ["czk"] = {"Knaanic"}, ["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"}, ["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"}, ["czt"] = {"Zotung Chin"}, ["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"}, ["dac"] = {"Dambi"}, ["dad"] = {"Marik"}, ["dae"] = {"Duupa"}, ["dag"] = {"Dagbani"}, ["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"}, ["dai"] = {"Day"}, ["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"}, ["dak"] = {"Dakota"}, ["dal"] = {"Dahalo"}, ["dam"] = {"Damakawa"}, ["dao"] = {"Daai Chin"}, ["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"}, ["dar"] = {"Dargwa"}, ["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"}, ["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"}, ["dav"] = {"Taita", "Dawida"}, ["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"}, ["dax"] = {"Dayi"}, ["day"] = {"Rungkun basa Dayak Darat"}, ["daz"] = {"Moi-Wadea", "Dao"}, ["dba"] = {"Bangime"}, ["dbb"] = {"Deno"}, ["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"}, ["dbe"] = {"Dabe"}, ["dbf"] = {"Edopi"}, ["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"}, ["dbi"] = {"Doka"}, ["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"}, ["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"}, ["dbm"] = {"Duguri"}, ["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"}, ["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"}, ["dbp"] = {"Duwai"}, ["dbq"] = {"Daba"}, ["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"}, ["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"}, ["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"}, ["dbv"] = {"Dungu"}, ["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"}, ["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"}, ["dcc"] = {"Deccan"}, ["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"}, ["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"}, ["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"}, ["dde"] = {"Doondo"}, ["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"}, ["ddi"] = {"Goodenough Kulon"}, ["ddj"] = {"Jaru"}, ["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Bénin)"}, ["ddo"] = {"Dido"}, ["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"}, ["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"}, ["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"}, ["dec"] = {"Dagik"}, ["ded"] = {"Dedua"}, ["dee"] = {"Dewoin"}, ["def"] = {"Dezfuli"}, ["deg"] = {"Degema"}, ["deh"] = {"Dehwari"}, ["dei"] = {"Demisa"}, ["del"] = {"Delaware"}, ["dem"] = {"Dem"}, ["den"] = {"Slavey"}, ["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"}, ["deq"] = {"Dendi (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["der"] = {"Deori"}, ["des"] = {"Desano"}, ["dev"] = {"Domung"}, ["dez"] = {"Dengese"}, ["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"}, ["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"}, ["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"}, ["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"}, ["dge"] = {"Degenan"}, ["dgg"] = {"Doga"}, ["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"}, ["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"}, ["dgk"] = {"Dagba"}, ["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"}, ["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"}, ["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"}, ["dgr"] = {"Tlicho", "Dogrib", "Tłı̨chǫ"}, ["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"}, ["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"}, ["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"}, ["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"}, ["dgz"] = {"Daga"}, ["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"}, ["dhg"] = {"Dhangu-Djangu", "Dhangu", "Djangu"}, ["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"}, ["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"}, ["dhm"] = {"Zemba"}, ["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"}, ["dho"] = {"Dhodia"}, ["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"}, ["dhs"] = {"Dhaiso"}, ["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"}, ["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"}, ["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"}, ["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"}, ["dia"] = {"Dia"}, ["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"}, ["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"}, ["did"] = {"Didinga"}, ["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"}, ["dig"] = {"Digo", "Chidigo"}, ["dih"] = {"Kumiai"}, ["dii"] = {"Dimbong"}, ["dij"] = {"Dai"}, ["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"}, ["dil"] = {"Dilling"}, ["dim"] = {"Dime"}, ["din"] = {"Dinka"}, ["dio"] = {"Dibo"}, ["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"}, ["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"}, ["dir"] = {"Dirim"}, ["dis"] = {"Dimasa"}, ["diu"] = {"Diriku"}, ["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"}, ["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"}, ["diy"] = {"Diuwe"}, ["diz"] = {"Ding"}, ["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"}, ["djb"] = {"Djinba"}, ["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"}, ["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"}, ["dje"] = {"Zarma"}, ["djf"] = {"Djangun"}, ["dji"] = {"Djinang"}, ["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"}, ["djk"] = {"Eastern Maroon Creole", "Businenge Tongo", "Nenge"}, ["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"}, ["djn"] = {"Jawoyn", "Djauan"}, ["djo"] = {"Jangkang"}, ["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"}, ["dju"] = {"Kapriman"}, ["djw"] = {"Djawi"}, ["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"}, ["dkg"] = {"Kadung"}, ["dkk"] = {"Dakka"}, ["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"}, ["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"}, ["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"}, ["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"}, ["dlk"] = {"Dahalik"}, ["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"}, ["dln"] = {"Darlong"}, ["dma"] = {"Duma"}, ["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"}, ["dmc"] = {"Gavak"}, ["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"}, ["dme"] = {"Dugwor"}, ["dmf"] = {"Medefaidrin"}, ["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"}, ["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"}, ["dml"] = {"Dameli"}, ["dmm"] = {"Dama"}, ["dmn"] = {"Rungkun basa Mande"}, ["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"}, ["dmr"] = {"East Damar"}, ["dms"] = {"Dampelas"}, ["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"}, ["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"}, ["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"}, ["dmx"] = {"Dema"}, ["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"}, ["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnd"] = {"Daonda"}, ["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"}, ["dng"] = {"Dungan"}, ["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnj"] = {"Dan"}, ["dnk"] = {"Dengka"}, ["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"}, ["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"}, ["dnr"] = {"Danaru"}, ["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnu"] = {"Danau"}, ["dnv"] = {"Danu"}, ["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"}, ["dny"] = {"Dení"}, ["doa"] = {"Dom"}, ["dob"] = {"Dobu"}, ["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"}, ["doe"] = {"Doe"}, ["dof"] = {"Domu"}, ["doh"] = {"Dong"}, ["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"}, ["dok"] = {"Dondo"}, ["dol"] = {"Doso"}, ["don"] = {"Toura (Papua Nugini)"}, ["doo"] = {"Dongo"}, ["dop"] = {"Lukpa"}, ["doq"] = {"Basa Isarat Dominika"}, ["dor"] = {"Dori'o"}, ["dos"] = {"Dogosé"}, ["dot"] = {"Dass"}, ["dov"] = {"Dombe"}, ["dow"] = {"Doyayo"}, ["dox"] = {"Bussa"}, ["doy"] = {"Dompo"}, ["doz"] = {"Dorze"}, ["dpp"] = {"Papar"}, ["dra"] = {"Rungkun basa Dravida"}, ["drb"] = {"Dair"}, ["drc"] = {"Minderico"}, ["drd"] = {"Darmiya"}, ["dre"] = {"Dolpo"}, ["drg"] = {"Rungus"}, ["dri"] = {"C'Lela"}, ["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"}, ["drn"] = {"West Damar"}, ["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"}, ["drq"] = {"Dura"}, ["drs"] = {"Gedeo"}, ["drt"] = {"Drents"}, ["dru"] = {"Rukai"}, ["dry"] = {"Darai"}, ["dsb"] = {"Lower Sorbian"}, ["dse"] = {"Basa Isarat Walanda"}, ["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"}, ["dsi"] = {"Disa"}, ["dsk"] = {"Dokshi"}, ["dsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Dénmark"}, ["dsn"] = {"Dusner"}, ["dso"] = {"Desiya"}, ["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"}, ["dsz"] = {"Basa Isarat Mardin"}, ["dta"] = {"Daur"}, ["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"}, ["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"}, ["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"}, ["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"}, ["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"}, ["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"}, ["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"}, ["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"}, ["dtp"] = {"Kadazan Dusun", "Central Dusun"}, ["dtr"] = {"Lotud"}, ["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"}, ["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"}, ["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"}, ["dty"] = {"Dotyali"}, ["dua"] = {"Duala"}, ["dub"] = {"Dubli"}, ["duc"] = {"Duna"}, ["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"}, ["duf"] = {"Dumbea", "Drubea"}, ["dug"] = {"Duruma", "Chiduruma"}, ["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"}, ["dui"] = {"Dumun"}, ["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"}, ["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"}, ["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"}, ["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"}, ["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"}, ["dup"] = {"Duano"}, ["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"}, ["dur"] = {"Dii"}, ["dus"] = {"Dumi"}, ["duu"] = {"Drung"}, ["duv"] = {"Duvle"}, ["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"}, ["dux"] = {"Duungooma"}, ["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"}, ["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"}, ["dva"] = {"Duau"}, ["dwa"] = {"Diri"}, ["dwk"] = {"Dawik Kui"}, ["dwr"] = {"Dawro"}, ["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"}, ["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dww"] = {"Dawawa"}, ["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"}, ["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"}, ["dya"] = {"Dyan"}, ["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"}, ["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"}, ["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"}, ["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"}, ["dyl"] = {"Basa Isarat Butan"}, ["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"}, ["dyn"] = {"Dyangadi", "Dhanggatti"}, ["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"}, ["dyr"] = {"Dyarim"}, ["dyu"] = {"Dyula"}, ["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"}, ["dza"] = {"Tunzu"}, ["dzd"] = {"Daza"}, ["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"}, ["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"}, ["dzn"] = {"Dzando"}, ["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"}, ["ebc"] = {"Beginci"}, ["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"}, ["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"}, ["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"}, ["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"}, ["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"}, ["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"}, ["ecs"] = {"Basa Isarat Ékuador"}, ["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"}, ["eee"] = {"E"}, ["efa"] = {"Efai"}, ["efe"] = {"Efe"}, ["efi"] = {"Efik"}, ["ega"] = {"Ega"}, ["egl"] = {"Emilian"}, ["egm"] = {"Benamanga"}, ["ego"] = {"Eggon"}, ["egx"] = {"Rungkun basa Mesir"}, ["egy"] = {"Mesir"}, ["ehs"] = {"Basa Isarat Miyakubo"}, ["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"}, ["eip"] = {"Eipomek"}, ["eit"] = {"Eitiep"}, ["eiv"] = {"Askopan"}, ["eja"] = {"Ejamat"}, ["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"}, ["eke"] = {"Ekit"}, ["ekg"] = {"Ekari"}, ["eki"] = {"Eki"}, ["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"}, ["ekl"] = {"Kol (Bangladesh)", "Kol"}, ["ekm"] = {"Elip"}, ["eko"] = {"Koti"}, ["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"}, ["ekr"] = {"Yace"}, ["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"}, ["ele"] = {"Elepi"}, ["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"}, ["eli"] = {"Nding"}, ["elk"] = {"Elkei"}, ["elm"] = {"Eleme"}, ["elo"] = {"El Molo"}, ["elu"] = {"Elu"}, ["elx"] = {"Elamite"}, ["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"}, ["emb"] = {"Embaloh"}, ["eme"] = {"Emerillon"}, ["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"}, ["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"}, ["emk"] = {"Eastern Maninkakan"}, ["emm"] = {"Mamulique"}, ["emn"] = {"Eman"}, ["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"}, ["emq"] = {"Eastern Minyag"}, ["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"}, ["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"}, ["emw"] = {"Emplawas"}, ["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"}, ["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"}, ["emz"] = {"Mbessa"}, ["ena"] = {"Apali"}, ["enb"] = {"Markweeta"}, ["enc"] = {"En"}, ["end"] = {"Ende"}, ["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"}, ["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"}, ["enl"] = {"Enlhet"}, ["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"}, ["enn"] = {"Engenni"}, ["eno"] = {"Enggano"}, ["enq"] = {"Enga"}, ["enr"] = {"Emumu", "Emem"}, ["enu"] = {"Enu"}, ["env"] = {"Enwan (Edo State)"}, ["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"}, ["enx"] = {"Enxet"}, ["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["epi"] = {"Epie"}, ["era"] = {"Eravallan"}, ["erg"] = {"Sie"}, ["erh"] = {"Eruwa"}, ["eri"] = {"Ogea"}, ["erk"] = {"South Efate"}, ["ero"] = {"Horpa"}, ["err"] = {"Erre"}, ["ers"] = {"Ersu"}, ["ert"] = {"Eritai"}, ["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"}, ["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"}, ["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"}, ["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"}, ["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"}, ["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"}, ["esl"] = {"Basa Isarat Mesir"}, ["esm"] = {"Esuma"}, ["esn"] = {"Basa Isarat Salvador"}, ["eso"] = {"Basa Isarat Éstonia"}, ["esq"] = {"Esselen"}, ["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"}, ["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"}, ["esx"] = {"Rungkun basa Éskimo-Aleut"}, ["esy"] = {"Eskayan"}, ["etb"] = {"Etebi"}, ["etc"] = {"Etchemin"}, ["eth"] = {"Basa Isarat Étiopia"}, ["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"}, ["eto"] = {"Eton (Kamerun)"}, ["etr"] = {"Edolo"}, ["ets"] = {"Yekhee"}, ["ett"] = {"Etruscan"}, ["etu"] = {"Ejagham"}, ["etx"] = {"Eten"}, ["etz"] = {"Semimi"}, ["eud"] = {"Eudeve"}, ["euq"] = {"Baska (kulawarga)"}, ["eve"] = {"Even"}, ["evh"] = {"Uvbie"}, ["evn"] = {"Evenki"}, ["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"}, ["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"}, ["eya"] = {"Eyak"}, ["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"}, ["eza"] = {"Ezaa"}, ["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"}, ["faa"] = {"Fasu"}, ["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"}, ["fad"] = {"Wagi"}, ["faf"] = {"Fagani"}, ["fag"] = {"Finongan"}, ["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"}, ["fai"] = {"Faiwol"}, ["faj"] = {"Faita"}, ["fak"] = {"Fang (Kamerun)"}, ["fal"] = {"South Fali"}, ["fam"] = {"Fam"}, ["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"}, ["fap"] = {"Paloor"}, ["far"] = {"Fataleka"}, ["fat"] = {"Fanti"}, ["fau"] = {"Fayu"}, ["fax"] = {"Fala"}, ["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"}, ["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"}, ["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"}, ["fcs"] = {"Basa Isarat Quebec"}, ["fer"] = {"Feroge"}, ["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"}, ["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"}, ["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"}, ["fia"] = {"Nobiin"}, ["fie"] = {"Fyer"}, ["fif"] = {"Faifi"}, ["fil"] = {"Filipino", "Pilipino"}, ["fip"] = {"Fipa"}, ["fir"] = {"Firan"}, ["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish", "Meänkieli"}, ["fiu"] = {"Rungkun basa Finno-Ugri"}, ["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"}, ["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"}, ["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"}, ["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"}, ["flh"] = {"Foau"}, ["fli"] = {"Fali"}, ["fll"] = {"North Fali"}, ["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"}, ["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"}, ["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"}, ["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"}, ["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"}, ["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"}, ["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"}, ["fni"] = {"Fania"}, ["fod"] = {"Foodo"}, ["foi"] = {"Foi"}, ["fom"] = {"Foma"}, ["fon"] = {"Fon"}, ["for"] = {"Fore"}, ["fos"] = {"Siraya"}, ["fox"] = {"Rungkun basa Formosa"}, ["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"}, ["fqs"] = {"Fas"}, ["frc"] = {"Cajun French"}, ["frd"] = {"Fordata"}, ["frk"] = {"Frankish"}, ["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"}, ["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"}, ["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"}, ["frq"] = {"Forak"}, ["frr"] = {"Northern Frisian"}, ["frs"] = {"Eastern Frisian"}, ["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"}, ["fse"] = {"Basa Isarat Finlandia"}, ["fsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Prancis"}, ["fss"] = {"Basa Isarat Finlandia Swédia", "finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"}, ["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"}, ["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"}, ["fud"] = {"East Futuna"}, ["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"}, ["fuf"] = {"Pular"}, ["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"}, ["fuj"] = {"Ko"}, ["fum"] = {"Fum"}, ["fun"] = {"Fulniô"}, ["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fur"] = {"Friulian"}, ["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"}, ["fuu"] = {"Furu"}, ["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"}, ["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"}, ["fvr"] = {"Fur"}, ["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"}, ["fwe"] = {"Fwe"}, ["gaa"] = {"Ga"}, ["gab"] = {"Gabri"}, ["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"}, ["gad"] = {"Gaddang"}, ["gae"] = {"Guarequena"}, ["gaf"] = {"Gende"}, ["gag"] = {"Gagauz"}, ["gah"] = {"Alekano"}, ["gai"] = {"Borei"}, ["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"}, ["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"}, ["gal"] = {"Galolen"}, ["gam"] = {"Kandawo"}, ["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"}, ["gao"] = {"Gants"}, ["gap"] = {"Gal"}, ["gaq"] = {"Gata'"}, ["gar"] = {"Galeya"}, ["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"}, ["gat"] = {"Kenati"}, ["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"}, ["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"}, ["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"}, ["gay"] = {"Gayo"}, ["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"}, ["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"}, ["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"}, ["gbe"] = {"Niksek"}, ["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"}, ["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"}, ["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"}, ["gbi"] = {"Galela"}, ["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"}, ["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"}, ["gbl"] = {"Gamit"}, ["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"}, ["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"}, ["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"}, ["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"}, ["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"}, ["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"}, ["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"}, ["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"}, ["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"}, ["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"}, ["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"}, ["gby"] = {"Gbari"}, ["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"}, ["gcc"] = {"Mali"}, ["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"}, ["gce"] = {"Galice"}, ["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"}, ["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"}, ["gcn"] = {"Gaina"}, ["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"}, ["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"}, ["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"}, ["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"}, ["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"}, ["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"}, ["gde"] = {"Gude"}, ["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"}, ["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"}, ["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang", "Gajirrabeng"}, ["gdi"] = {"Gundi"}, ["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"}, ["gdk"] = {"Gadang"}, ["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"}, ["gdm"] = {"Laal"}, ["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"}, ["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"}, ["gdq"] = {"Mehri"}, ["gdr"] = {"Wipi"}, ["gds"] = {"Basa Isarat Ghandruk"}, ["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"}, ["gdu"] = {"Gudu"}, ["gdx"] = {"Godwari"}, ["gea"] = {"Geruma"}, ["geb"] = {"Kire"}, ["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"}, ["ged"] = {"Gade"}, ["gef"] = {"Gerai"}, ["geg"] = {"Gengle"}, ["geh"] = {"Hutterite German", "Hutterisch"}, ["gei"] = {"Gebe"}, ["gej"] = {"Gen"}, ["gek"] = {"Ywom"}, ["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"}, ["gem"] = {"Rungkun basa Jérmanik"}, ["geq"] = {"Geme"}, ["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"}, ["gev"] = {"Eviya"}, ["gew"] = {"Gera"}, ["gex"] = {"Garre"}, ["gey"] = {"Enya"}, ["gez"] = {"Geez"}, ["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"}, ["gft"] = {"Gafat"}, ["gga"] = {"Gao"}, ["ggb"] = {"Gbii"}, ["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"}, ["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"}, ["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"}, ["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"}, ["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"}, ["ggt"] = {"Gitua"}, ["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"}, ["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"}, ["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"}, ["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"}, ["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"}, ["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"}, ["ghk"] = {"Geko Karen"}, ["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"}, ["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"}, ["gho"] = {"Ghomara"}, ["ghr"] = {"Ghera"}, ["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"}, ["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"}, ["gia"] = {"Kija"}, ["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"}, ["gic"] = {"Gail"}, ["gid"] = {"Gidar"}, ["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"}, ["gig"] = {"Goaria"}, ["gih"] = {"Githabul"}, ["gii"] = {"Girirra"}, ["gil"] = {"Gilbertese"}, ["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"}, ["gin"] = {"Hinukh"}, ["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"}, ["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"}, ["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"}, ["gis"] = {"North Giziga"}, ["git"] = {"Gitxsan"}, ["giu"] = {"Mulao"}, ["giw"] = {"White Gelao"}, ["gix"] = {"Gilima"}, ["giy"] = {"Giyug"}, ["giz"] = {"South Giziga"}, ["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"}, ["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"}, ["gjn"] = {"Gonja"}, ["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"}, ["gju"] = {"Gujari"}, ["gka"] = {"Guya"}, ["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"}, ["gke"] = {"Ndai"}, ["gkn"] = {"Gokana"}, ["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"}, ["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"}, ["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"}, ["glb"] = {"Belning"}, ["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"}, ["gld"] = {"Nanai"}, ["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"}, ["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"}, ["glk"] = {"Gilaki"}, ["gll"] = {"Garlali"}, ["glo"] = {"Galambu"}, ["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"}, ["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"}, ["glw"] = {"Glavda"}, ["gly"] = {"Gule"}, ["gma"] = {"Gambera"}, ["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"}, ["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"}, ["gme"] = {"Rungkun basa Jérmanik Wétan"}, ["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"}, ["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"}, ["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"}, ["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"}, ["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"}, ["gmq"] = {"Rungkun basa Jérmanik Kalér"}, ["gmr"] = {"Mirning", "Mirniny"}, ["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"}, ["gmv"] = {"Gamo"}, ["gmw"] = {"Rungkun basa Jérmanik Kulon"}, ["gmx"] = {"Magoma"}, ["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"}, ["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"}, ["gna"] = {"Kaansa"}, ["gnb"] = {"Gangte"}, ["gnc"] = {"Guanche"}, ["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"}, ["gne"] = {"Ganang"}, ["gng"] = {"Ngangam"}, ["gnh"] = {"Lere"}, ["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"}, ["gnj"] = {"Ngen"}, ["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"}, ["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"}, ["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"}, ["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"}, ["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"}, ["gnq"] = {"Gana"}, ["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"}, ["gnt"] = {"Guntai"}, ["gnu"] = {"Gnau"}, ["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"}, ["goa"] = {"Guro"}, ["gob"] = {"Playero"}, ["goc"] = {"Gorakor"}, ["god"] = {"Godié"}, ["goe"] = {"Gongduk"}, ["gof"] = {"Gofa"}, ["gog"] = {"Gogo"}, ["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"}, ["goi"] = {"Gobasi"}, ["goj"] = {"Gowlan"}, ["gok"] = {"Gowli"}, ["gol"] = {"Gola"}, ["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"}, ["gon"] = {"Gondi"}, ["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"}, ["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"}, ["goq"] = {"Gorap"}, ["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"}, ["gos"] = {"Gronings"}, ["got"] = {"Gothic"}, ["gou"] = {"Gavar"}, ["gov"] = {"Goo"}, ["gow"] = {"Gorowa"}, ["gox"] = {"Gobu"}, ["goy"] = {"Goundo"}, ["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"}, ["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"}, ["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, ["gpn"] = {"Taiap"}, ["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"}, ["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"}, ["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brasil)"}, ["gqr"] = {"Gor"}, ["gqu"] = {"Qau"}, ["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"}, ["grb"] = {"Grebo"}, ["grc"] = {"Ancient Greek (to 1453)"}, ["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"}, ["grg"] = {"Madi"}, ["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"}, ["gri"] = {"Ghari"}, ["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"}, ["grk"] = {"Rungkun basa Yunani"}, ["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"}, ["gro"] = {"Groma"}, ["grq"] = {"Gorovu"}, ["grr"] = {"Taznatit"}, ["grs"] = {"Gresi"}, ["grt"] = {"Garo"}, ["gru"] = {"Kistane"}, ["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"}, ["grw"] = {"Gweda"}, ["grx"] = {"Guriaso"}, ["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"}, ["grz"] = {"Guramalum"}, ["gse"] = {"Basa Isarat Ghana"}, ["gsg"] = {"Basa Isarat Jérman"}, ["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"}, ["gsm"] = {"Basa Isarat Guatémala"}, ["gsn"] = {"Nema", "Gusan"}, ["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"}, ["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"}, ["gss"] = {"Basa Isarat Yunani"}, ["gsw"] = {"Suis Jérman", "Alemannic", "Alsatian"}, ["gta"] = {"Guató"}, ["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"}, ["gua"] = {"Shiki"}, ["gub"] = {"Guajajára"}, ["guc"] = {"Wayuu"}, ["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"}, ["gue"] = {"Gurindji"}, ["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"}, ["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"}, ["guh"] = {"Guahibo"}, ["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["guk"] = {"Gumuz"}, ["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"}, ["gum"] = {"Guambiano"}, ["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"}, ["guo"] = {"Guayabero"}, ["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"}, ["guq"] = {"Aché"}, ["gur"] = {"Farefare"}, ["gus"] = {"Basa Isarat Guinéa"}, ["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"}, ["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"}, ["guw"] = {"Gun"}, ["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"}, ["guz"] = {"Gusii", "Ekegusii"}, ["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"}, ["gvc"] = {"Guanano"}, ["gve"] = {"Duwet"}, ["gvf"] = {"Golin"}, ["gvj"] = {"Guajá"}, ["gvl"] = {"Gulay"}, ["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"}, ["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"}, ["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"}, ["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"}, ["gvr"] = {"Gurung"}, ["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"}, ["gvy"] = {"Guyani"}, ["gwa"] = {"Mbato"}, ["gwb"] = {"Gwa"}, ["gwc"] = {"Gawri", "Kalami"}, ["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"}, ["gwe"] = {"Gweno"}, ["gwf"] = {"Gowro"}, ["gwg"] = {"Moo"}, ["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"}, ["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"}, ["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"}, ["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"}, ["gwr"] = {"Gwere"}, ["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"}, ["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"}, ["gww"] = {"Kwini"}, ["gwx"] = {"Gua"}, ["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"}, ["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"}, ["gyb"] = {"Garus"}, ["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"}, ["gye"] = {"Gyem"}, ["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"}, ["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"}, ["gyi"] = {"Gyele"}, ["gyl"] = {"Gayil"}, ["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"}, ["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"}, ["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"}, ["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"}, ["gyy"] = {"Gunya"}, ["gyz"] = {"Geji", "Gyaazi"}, ["gza"] = {"Ganza"}, ["gzi"] = {"Gazi"}, ["gzn"] = {"Gane"}, ["haa"] = {"Hän"}, ["hab"] = {"Basa Isarat Hanoi"}, ["hac"] = {"Gurani"}, ["had"] = {"Hatam"}, ["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"}, ["haf"] = {"Basa Isarat Haiphong"}, ["hag"] = {"Hanga"}, ["hah"] = {"Hahon"}, ["hai"] = {"Haida"}, ["haj"] = {"Hajong"}, ["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"}, ["hal"] = {"Halang"}, ["ham"] = {"Hewa"}, ["han"] = {"Hangaza"}, ["hao"] = {"Hakö"}, ["hap"] = {"Hupla"}, ["haq"] = {"Ha"}, ["har"] = {"Harari"}, ["has"] = {"Haisla"}, ["hav"] = {"Havu"}, ["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"}, ["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"}, ["hay"] = {"Haya"}, ["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"}, ["hba"] = {"Hamba"}, ["hbb"] = {"Huba"}, ["hbn"] = {"Heiban"}, ["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"}, ["hbu"] = {"Habu"}, ["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"}, ["hch"] = {"Huichol"}, ["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"}, ["hds"] = {"Basa Isarat Honduras"}, ["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"}, ["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hed"] = {"Herdé"}, ["heg"] = {"Helong"}, ["heh"] = {"Hehe"}, ["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"}, ["hem"] = {"Hemba"}, ["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"}, ["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"}, ["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"}, ["hhr"] = {"Kerak"}, ["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"}, ["hia"] = {"Lamang"}, ["hib"] = {"Hibito"}, ["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"}, ["hif"] = {"Fiji Hindi"}, ["hig"] = {"Kamwe"}, ["hih"] = {"Pamosu"}, ["hii"] = {"Hinduri"}, ["hij"] = {"Hijuk"}, ["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"}, ["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"}, ["him"] = {"Rungkun basa Himachal", "Rungkun basa Pahar Kulon"}, ["hio"] = {"Tsoa"}, ["hir"] = {"Himarimã"}, ["hit"] = {"Hittite"}, ["hiw"] = {"Hiw"}, ["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"}, ["hji"] = {"Haji"}, ["hka"] = {"Kahe"}, ["hke"] = {"Hunde"}, ["hkh"] = {"Khah", "Poguli"}, ["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"}, ["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"}, ["hks"] = {"Basa Isarat Hong Kong", "Heung Kong Sau Yue"}, ["hla"] = {"Halia"}, ["hlb"] = {"Halbi"}, ["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"}, ["hle"] = {"Hlersu"}, ["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"}, ["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"}, ["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"}, ["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"}, ["hmd"] = {"Large Flowery Miao", "A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao"}, ["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"}, ["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"}, ["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"}, ["hmk"] = {"Maek"}, ["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"}, ["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"}, ["hmn"] = {"Hmong", "Mong"}, ["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmr"] = {"Hmar"}, ["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"}, ["hmu"] = {"Hamap"}, ["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"}, ["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"}, ["hmx"] = {"Rungkun basa Hmong-Mien"}, ["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"}, ["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"}, ["hna"] = {"Mina (Kamerun)"}, ["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"}, ["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"}, ["hng"] = {"Hungu"}, ["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"}, ["hni"] = {"Hani"}, ["hnj"] = {"Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua"}, ["hnm"] = {"Hainanese"}, ["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"}, ["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"}, ["hns"] = {"Caribbean Hindustani"}, ["hnu"] = {"Hung"}, ["hoa"] = {"Hoava"}, ["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"}, ["hoc"] = {"Ho"}, ["hod"] = {"Holma"}, ["hoe"] = {"Horom"}, ["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"}, ["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"}, ["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"}, ["hok"] = {"Rungkun basa Hokan"}, ["hol"] = {"Holu"}, ["hom"] = {"Homa"}, ["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"}, ["hop"] = {"Hopi"}, ["hor"] = {"Horo"}, ["hos"] = {"Basa Isarat Ho Chi Minh City"}, ["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"}, ["hov"] = {"Hovongan"}, ["how"] = {"Honi"}, ["hoy"] = {"Holiya"}, ["hoz"] = {"Hozo"}, ["hpo"] = {"Hpon"}, ["hps"] = {"Basa Isarat Hawai'i", "Basa Isarat Pidgin Hawai'i"}, ["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"}, ["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"}, ["hre"] = {"Hre"}, ["hrk"] = {"Haruku"}, ["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"}, ["hro"] = {"Haroi"}, ["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"}, ["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"}, ["hru"] = {"Hruso"}, ["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"}, ["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"}, ["hrz"] = {"Harzani"}, ["hsb"] = {"Upper Sorbian"}, ["hsh"] = {"Basa Isarat Hungaria"}, ["hsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Hausa"}, ["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"}, ["hss"] = {"Harsusi"}, ["hti"] = {"Hoti"}, ["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"}, ["hts"] = {"Hadza"}, ["htu"] = {"Hitu"}, ["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"}, ["hub"] = {"Huambisa"}, ["huc"] = {"ǂHua", "ǂʼAmkhoe"}, ["hud"] = {"Huaulu"}, ["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"}, ["huf"] = {"Humene"}, ["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"}, ["huh"] = {"Huilliche"}, ["hui"] = {"Huli"}, ["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"}, ["huk"] = {"Hulung"}, ["hul"] = {"Hula"}, ["hum"] = {"Hungana"}, ["huo"] = {"Hu"}, ["hup"] = {"Hupa"}, ["huq"] = {"Tsat"}, ["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"}, ["hus"] = {"Huastec"}, ["hut"] = {"Humla"}, ["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"}, ["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"}, ["huw"] = {"Hukumina"}, ["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"}, ["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"}, ["huz"] = {"Hunzib"}, ["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"}, ["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"}, ["hvk"] = {"Haveke"}, ["hvn"] = {"Sabu"}, ["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"}, ["hwa"] = {"Wané"}, ["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"}, ["hwo"] = {"Hwana"}, ["hya"] = {"Hya"}, ["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"}, ["hyx"] = {"Arménia (kulawarga)"}, ["iai"] = {"Iaai"}, ["ian"] = {"Iatmul"}, ["iar"] = {"Purari"}, ["iba"] = {"Iban"}, ["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"}, ["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"}, ["ibe"] = {"Akpes"}, ["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"}, ["ibh"] = {"Bih"}, ["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"}, ["ibm"] = {"Agoi"}, ["ibn"] = {"Ibino"}, ["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"}, ["ibu"] = {"Ibu"}, ["iby"] = {"Ibani"}, ["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"}, ["ich"] = {"Etkywan"}, ["icl"] = {"Basa Isarat Islandia"}, ["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"}, ["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"}, ["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"}, ["idc"] = {"Idon", "Ajiya"}, ["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"}, ["ide"] = {"Idere"}, ["idi"] = {"Idi"}, ["idr"] = {"Indri"}, ["ids"] = {"Idesa"}, ["idt"] = {"Idaté"}, ["idu"] = {"Idoma"}, ["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"}, ["ifb"] = {"Batad Ifugao", "Ayangan Ifugao"}, ["ife"] = {"Ifè"}, ["iff"] = {"Ifo"}, ["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"}, ["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"}, ["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"}, ["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"}, ["igb"] = {"Ebira"}, ["ige"] = {"Igede"}, ["igg"] = {"Igana"}, ["igl"] = {"Igala"}, ["igm"] = {"Kanggape"}, ["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"}, ["igo"] = {"Isebe"}, ["igs"] = {"Interglossa"}, ["igw"] = {"Igwe"}, ["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"}, ["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"}, ["ihp"] = {"Iha"}, ["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"}, ["iin"] = {"Thiin"}, ["iir"] = {"Rungkun basa Indo-Iran"}, ["ijc"] = {"Izon"}, ["ije"] = {"Biseni"}, ["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"}, ["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"}, ["ijo"] = {"Rungkun basa Ijo"}, ["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"}, ["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikh"] = {"Ikhin-Arokho"}, ["iki"] = {"Iko"}, ["ikk"] = {"Ika"}, ["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"}, ["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"}, ["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"}, ["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"}, ["iks"] = {"Basa Isarat Inuit"}, ["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"}, ["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"}, ["ikx"] = {"Ik"}, ["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"}, ["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"}, ["ilb"] = {"Ila"}, ["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"}, ["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"}, ["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"}, ["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"}, ["ilo"] = {"Iloko"}, ["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"}, ["ils"] = {"International Sign"}, ["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"}, ["ilv"] = {"Ilue"}, ["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"}, ["imi"] = {"Anamgura"}, ["iml"] = {"Miluk"}, ["imn"] = {"Imonda"}, ["imo"] = {"Imbongu"}, ["imr"] = {"Imroing"}, ["ims"] = {"Marsian"}, ["imt"] = {"Imotong"}, ["imy"] = {"Milyan"}, ["inb"] = {"Inga"}, ["inc"] = {"Rungkun basa Indo-Arya"}, ["ine"] = {"Rungkun basa Indo-Éropa"}, ["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"}, ["inh"] = {"Ingush"}, ["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"}, ["inl"] = {"Basa Isarat Indonésia"}, ["inm"] = {"Minaean"}, ["inn"] = {"Isinai"}, ["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"}, ["inp"] = {"Iñapari"}, ["ins"] = {"Basa Isarat India"}, ["int"] = {"Intha"}, ["inz"] = {"Ineseño"}, ["ior"] = {"Inor"}, ["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"}, ["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"}, ["ipi"] = {"Ipili"}, ["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"}, ["iqu"] = {"Iquito"}, ["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"}, ["ira"] = {"Rungkun basa Iran"}, ["ire"] = {"Iresim"}, ["irh"] = {"Irarutu"}, ["iri"] = {"Rigwe", "Irigwe"}, ["irk"] = {"Iraqw"}, ["irn"] = {"Irántxe"}, ["iro"] = {"Rungkun basa Iroquoian"}, ["irr"] = {"Ir"}, ["iru"] = {"Irula"}, ["irx"] = {"Kamberau"}, ["iry"] = {"Iraya"}, ["isa"] = {"Isabi"}, ["isc"] = {"Isconahua"}, ["isd"] = {"Isnag"}, ["ise"] = {"Basa Isarat Italia"}, ["isg"] = {"Basa Isarat Irlandia"}, ["ish"] = {"Esan"}, ["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"}, ["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"}, ["ism"] = {"Masimasi"}, ["isn"] = {"Isanzu"}, ["iso"] = {"Isoko"}, ["isr"] = {"Basa Isarat Israél"}, ["ist"] = {"Istriot"}, ["isu"] = {"Isu", "Isu (Menchum Division)"}, ["isv"] = {"Interslavic"}, ["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"}, ["itc"] = {"Rungkun basa Italik"}, ["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"}, ["ite"] = {"Itene"}, ["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"}, ["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"}, ["itl"] = {"Itelmen"}, ["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"}, ["ito"] = {"Itonama"}, ["itr"] = {"Iteri"}, ["its"] = {"Isekiri"}, ["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"}, ["itv"] = {"Itawit"}, ["itw"] = {"Ito"}, ["itx"] = {"Itik"}, ["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"}, ["itz"] = {"Itzá"}, ["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"}, ["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"}, ["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"}, ["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"}, ["iwm"] = {"Iwam"}, ["iwo"] = {"Iwur"}, ["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"}, ["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"}, ["ixl"] = {"Ixil"}, ["iya"] = {"Iyayu"}, ["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"}, ["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Kongo)"}, ["izh"] = {"Ingrian"}, ["izm"] = {"Kizamani"}, ["izr"] = {"Izere"}, ["izz"] = {"Izii"}, ["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"}, ["jab"] = {"Hyam"}, ["jac"] = {"Popti'", "Jakalteko"}, ["jad"] = {"Jahanka"}, ["jae"] = {"Yabem"}, ["jaf"] = {"Jara"}, ["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"}, ["jaj"] = {"Zazao"}, ["jak"] = {"Jakun"}, ["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"}, ["jam"] = {"Jamaican Creole English"}, ["jan"] = {"Jandai"}, ["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"}, ["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"}, ["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"}, ["jat"] = {"Jakati"}, ["jau"] = {"Yaur"}, ["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"}, ["jay"] = {"Yan-nhangu", "Nhangu"}, ["jaz"] = {"Jawe"}, ["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"}, ["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"}, ["jbj"] = {"Arandai"}, ["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"}, ["jbm"] = {"Bijim"}, ["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"}, ["jbo"] = {"Lojban"}, ["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"}, ["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"}, ["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"}, ["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"}, ["jcs"] = {"Basa Isarat Nagara Jamaika"}, ["jct"] = {"Krymchak"}, ["jda"] = {"Jad"}, ["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"}, ["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"}, ["jeb"] = {"Jebero"}, ["jee"] = {"Jerung"}, ["jeh"] = {"Jeh"}, ["jei"] = {"Yei"}, ["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"}, ["jel"] = {"Yelmek"}, ["jen"] = {"Dza"}, ["jer"] = {"Jere"}, ["jet"] = {"Manem"}, ["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"}, ["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"}, ["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"}, ["jgk"] = {"Gwak"}, ["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"}, ["jhi"] = {"Jehai"}, ["jhs"] = {"Basa Isarat Jhankot"}, ["jia"] = {"Jina"}, ["jib"] = {"Jibu"}, ["jic"] = {"Tol"}, ["jid"] = {"Bu (Kaduna State)"}, ["jie"] = {"Jilbe"}, ["jig"] = {"Jingulu", "Djingili"}, ["jih"] = {"sTodsde", "Shangzhai"}, ["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"}, ["jil"] = {"Jilim"}, ["jim"] = {"Jimi (Kamerun)"}, ["jio"] = {"Jiamao"}, ["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"}, ["jit"] = {"Jita"}, ["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"}, ["jiv"] = {"Shuar"}, ["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"}, ["jje"] = {"Jejueo"}, ["jjr"] = {"Bankal"}, ["jka"] = {"Kaera"}, ["jkm"] = {"Mobwa Karen"}, ["jko"] = {"Kubo"}, ["jkp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"}, ["jks"] = {"Basa Isarat Amami Koniya"}, ["jku"] = {"Labir"}, ["jle"] = {"Ngile"}, ["jls"] = {"Basa Isarat Jamaika"}, ["jma"] = {"Dima"}, ["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"}, ["jmc"] = {"Machame"}, ["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"}, ["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigéria)"}, ["jml"] = {"Jumli"}, ["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"}, ["jmr"] = {"Kamara"}, ["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigéria)"}, ["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"}, ["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["jna"] = {"Jangshung"}, ["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"}, ["jng"] = {"Yangman"}, ["jni"] = {"Janji"}, ["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"}, ["jnl"] = {"Rawat"}, ["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"}, ["job"] = {"Joba"}, ["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"}, ["jog"] = {"Jogi"}, ["jor"] = {"Jorá"}, ["jos"] = {"Basa Isarat Yordania"}, ["jow"] = {"Jowulu"}, ["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"}, ["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"}, ["jpx"] = {"Jepang (kulawarga)"}, ["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"}, ["jra"] = {"Jarai"}, ["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"}, ["jrr"] = {"Jiru"}, ["jrt"] = {"Jakattoe"}, ["jru"] = {"Japrería"}, ["jsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Jepang"}, ["jua"] = {"Júma"}, ["jub"] = {"Wannu"}, ["juc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["jud"] = {"Worodougou"}, ["juh"] = {"Hõne"}, ["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"}, ["juk"] = {"Wapan"}, ["jul"] = {"Jirel"}, ["jum"] = {"Jumjum"}, ["jun"] = {"Juang"}, ["juo"] = {"Jiba"}, ["jup"] = {"Hupdë"}, ["jur"] = {"Jurúna"}, ["jus"] = {"Basa Isarat Jumla"}, ["jut"] = {"Jutish"}, ["juu"] = {"Ju"}, ["juw"] = {"Wãpha"}, ["juy"] = {"Juray"}, ["jvd"] = {"Javindo"}, ["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"}, ["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"}, ["jya"] = {"Jiarong"}, ["jye"] = {"Arab Yahudi Yaman"}, ["jyy"] = {"Jaya"}, ["kaa"] = {"Kara-Kalpak", "Karakalpak"}, ["kab"] = {"Kabyle"}, ["kac"] = {"Kachin", "Jingpho"}, ["kad"] = {"Adara"}, ["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"}, ["kaf"] = {"Katso"}, ["kag"] = {"Kajaman"}, ["kah"] = {"Kara (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["kai"] = {"Karekare"}, ["kaj"] = {"Jju"}, ["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"}, ["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"}, ["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"}, ["kap"] = {"Bezhta"}, ["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"}, ["kar"] = {"Rungkun basa Karen"}, ["kav"] = {"Katukína"}, ["kaw"] = {"Kawi"}, ["kax"] = {"Kao"}, ["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"}, ["kba"] = {"Kalarko"}, ["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"}, ["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"}, ["kbd"] = {"Kabardian"}, ["kbe"] = {"Kanju"}, ["kbg"] = {"Khamba"}, ["kbh"] = {"Camsá"}, ["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"}, ["kbj"] = {"Kari"}, ["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"}, ["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"}, ["kbm"] = {"Iwal"}, ["kbn"] = {"Kare (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["kbo"] = {"Keliko"}, ["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"}, ["kbq"] = {"Kamano"}, ["kbr"] = {"Kafa"}, ["kbs"] = {"Kande"}, ["kbt"] = {"Abadi"}, ["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"}, ["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonésia)"}, ["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"}, ["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"}, ["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"}, ["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"}, ["kca"] = {"Khanty"}, ["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"}, ["kcc"] = {"Lubila"}, ["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"}, ["kce"] = {"Kaivi"}, ["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"}, ["kcg"] = {"Tyap"}, ["kch"] = {"Vono"}, ["kci"] = {"Ngyian", "Kamantan"}, ["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"}, ["kck"] = {"Kalanga"}, ["kcl"] = {"Kela (Papua Nugini)", "Kala"}, ["kcm"] = {"Gula (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["kcn"] = {"Nubi"}, ["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"}, ["kcp"] = {"Kanga"}, ["kcq"] = {"Kamo"}, ["kcr"] = {"Katla"}, ["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"}, ["kct"] = {"Kaian"}, ["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"}, ["kcv"] = {"Kete"}, ["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"}, ["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"}, ["kcy"] = {"Korandje"}, ["kcz"] = {"Konongo"}, ["kda"] = {"Worimi"}, ["kdc"] = {"Kutu"}, ["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"}, ["kde"] = {"Makonde"}, ["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"}, ["kdg"] = {"Seba"}, ["kdh"] = {"Tem"}, ["kdi"] = {"Kumam"}, ["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"}, ["kdk"] = {"Numèè", "Kwényi"}, ["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"}, ["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"}, ["kdn"] = {"Kunda"}, ["kdo"] = {"Rungkun basa Kordofania"}, ["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"}, ["kdq"] = {"Koch"}, ["kdr"] = {"Karaim"}, ["kdt"] = {"Kuy"}, ["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"}, ["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"}, ["kdx"] = {"Kam"}, ["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"}, ["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"}, ["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"}, ["keb"] = {"Kélé"}, ["kec"] = {"Keiga"}, ["ked"] = {"Kerewe"}, ["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"}, ["kef"] = {"Kpessi"}, ["keg"] = {"Tese"}, ["keh"] = {"Keak"}, ["kei"] = {"Kei"}, ["kej"] = {"Kadar"}, ["kek"] = {"Kekchí"}, ["kel"] = {"Kela (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["kem"] = {"Kemak"}, ["ken"] = {"Kenyang"}, ["keo"] = {"Kakwa"}, ["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"}, ["keq"] = {"Kamar"}, ["ker"] = {"Kera"}, ["kes"] = {"Kugbo"}, ["ket"] = {"Ket"}, ["keu"] = {"Akebu"}, ["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"}, ["kew"] = {"West Kewa"}, ["kex"] = {"Kukna"}, ["key"] = {"Kupia"}, ["kez"] = {"Kukele"}, ["kfa"] = {"Kodava"}, ["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"}, ["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"}, ["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"}, ["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"}, ["kff"] = {"Koya"}, ["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"}, ["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"}, ["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"}, ["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"}, ["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"}, ["kfl"] = {"Kung"}, ["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"}, ["kfn"] = {"Kuk"}, ["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["kfp"] = {"Korwa"}, ["kfq"] = {"Korku"}, ["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"}, ["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"}, ["kft"] = {"Kanjari"}, ["kfu"] = {"Katkari"}, ["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"}, ["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"}, ["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"}, ["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"}, ["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"}, ["kga"] = {"Koyaga"}, ["kgb"] = {"Kawe"}, ["kge"] = {"Komering"}, ["kgf"] = {"Kube"}, ["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"}, ["kgi"] = {"Basa Isarat Selangor"}, ["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"}, ["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"}, ["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"}, ["kgn"] = {"Karingani"}, ["kgo"] = {"Krongo"}, ["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"}, ["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"}, ["kgr"] = {"Abun"}, ["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"}, ["kgt"] = {"Somyev"}, ["kgu"] = {"Kobol"}, ["kgv"] = {"Karas"}, ["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"}, ["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"}, ["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"}, ["kha"] = {"Khasi"}, ["khb"] = {"Lü"}, ["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"}, ["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"}, ["khe"] = {"Korowai"}, ["khf"] = {"Khuen"}, ["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"}, ["khh"] = {"Kehu"}, ["khi"] = {"Rungkun basa Khoisan"}, ["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"}, ["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"}, ["khl"] = {"Lusi"}, ["khn"] = {"Khandesi"}, ["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"}, ["khp"] = {"Kapori", "Kapauri"}, ["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"}, ["khr"] = {"Kharia"}, ["khs"] = {"Kasua"}, ["kht"] = {"Khamti"}, ["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"}, ["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"}, ["khw"] = {"Khowar"}, ["khx"] = {"Kanu"}, ["khy"] = {"Kele (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["khz"] = {"Keapara"}, ["kia"] = {"Kim"}, ["kib"] = {"Koalib"}, ["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"}, ["kid"] = {"Koshin"}, ["kie"] = {"Kibet"}, ["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"}, ["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"}, ["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"}, ["kii"] = {"Kitsai"}, ["kij"] = {"Kilivila"}, ["kil"] = {"Kariya"}, ["kim"] = {"Karagas"}, ["kio"] = {"Kiowa"}, ["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"}, ["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"}, ["kis"] = {"Kis"}, ["kit"] = {"Agob"}, ["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"}, ["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"}, ["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"}, ["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"}, ["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"}, ["kiz"] = {"Kisi"}, ["kja"] = {"Mlap"}, ["kjb"] = {"Q'anjob'al", "Kanjobal"}, ["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"}, ["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"}, ["kje"] = {"Kisar"}, ["kjg"] = {"Khmu"}, ["kjh"] = {"Khakas"}, ["kji"] = {"Zabana"}, ["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"}, ["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"}, ["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"}, ["kjm"] = {"Kháng"}, ["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"}, ["kjo"] = {"Kinnauri Pahari"}, ["kjp"] = {"Pwo Eastern Karen"}, ["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"}, ["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"}, ["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"}, ["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"}, ["kju"] = {"Kashaya"}, ["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"}, ["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"}, ["kjy"] = {"Erave"}, ["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"}, ["kka"] = {"Kakanda"}, ["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"}, ["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"}, ["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"}, ["kke"] = {"Kakabe"}, ["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"}, ["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"}, ["kkh"] = {"Khün"}, ["kki"] = {"Kagulu"}, ["kkj"] = {"Kako"}, ["kkk"] = {"Kokota"}, ["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"}, ["kkm"] = {"Kiong"}, ["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"}, ["kko"] = {"Karko"}, ["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"}, ["kkq"] = {"Kaeku"}, ["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"}, ["kks"] = {"Giiwo"}, ["kkt"] = {"Koi"}, ["kku"] = {"Tumi"}, ["kkv"] = {"Kangean"}, ["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"}, ["kkx"] = {"Kohin"}, ["kky"] = {"Guugu Yimidhirr", "Guguyimidjir"}, ["kkz"] = {"Kaska"}, ["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"}, ["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"}, ["klc"] = {"Kolbila"}, ["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"}, ["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"}, ["klf"] = {"Kendeje"}, ["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"}, ["klh"] = {"Weliki"}, ["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"}, ["klj"] = {"Khalaj"}, ["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigéria)"}, ["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"}, ["klm"] = {"Migum"}, ["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"}, ["klo"] = {"Kapya"}, ["klp"] = {"Kamasa"}, ["klq"] = {"Rumu"}, ["klr"] = {"Khaling"}, ["kls"] = {"Kalasha"}, ["klt"] = {"Nukna"}, ["klu"] = {"Klao"}, ["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"}, ["klw"] = {"Tado", "Lindu"}, ["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"}, ["kly"] = {"Kalao"}, ["klz"] = {"Kabola"}, ["kma"] = {"Konni"}, ["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"}, ["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"}, ["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"}, ["kme"] = {"Bakole"}, ["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua Nugini)"}, ["kmg"] = {"Kâte"}, ["kmh"] = {"Kalam"}, ["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigéria)"}, ["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"}, ["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"}, ["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"}, ["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"}, ["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"}, ["kmp"] = {"Gimme"}, ["kmq"] = {"Kwama"}, ["kmr"] = {"Kurdi Kalér"}, ["kms"] = {"Kamasau"}, ["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"}, ["kmu"] = {"Kanite"}, ["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"}, ["kmw"] = {"Komo (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["kmx"] = {"Waboda"}, ["kmy"] = {"Koma"}, ["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"}, ["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigéria)"}, ["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"}, ["knc"] = {"Kanuri Tengah"}, ["knd"] = {"Konda"}, ["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"}, ["knf"] = {"Mankanya"}, ["kng"] = {"Koongo"}, ["kni"] = {"Kanufi"}, ["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"}, ["knk"] = {"Kuranko"}, ["knl"] = {"Keninjal"}, ["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"}, ["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"}, ["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"}, ["knp"] = {"Kwanja"}, ["knq"] = {"Kintaq"}, ["knr"] = {"Kaningra"}, ["kns"] = {"Kensiu"}, ["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"}, ["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"}, ["knv"] = {"Tabo"}, ["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"}, ["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"}, ["kny"] = {"Kanyok"}, ["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"}, ["koa"] = {"Konomala"}, ["koc"] = {"Kpati"}, ["kod"] = {"Kodi"}, ["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Bale Suri"}, ["kof"] = {"Kubi"}, ["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"}, ["koh"] = {"Koyo"}, ["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"}, ["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"}, ["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua Nugini)"}, ["koo"] = {"Konzo"}, ["kop"] = {"Waube"}, ["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"}, ["kos"] = {"Kosraean"}, ["kot"] = {"Lagwan"}, ["kou"] = {"Koke"}, ["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"}, ["kow"] = {"Kugama"}, ["koy"] = {"Koyukon"}, ["koz"] = {"Korak"}, ["kpa"] = {"Kutto"}, ["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"}, ["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"}, ["kpd"] = {"Koba"}, ["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["kpf"] = {"Komba"}, ["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"}, ["kph"] = {"Kplang"}, ["kpi"] = {"Kofei"}, ["kpj"] = {"Karajá"}, ["kpk"] = {"Kpan"}, ["kpl"] = {"Kpala"}, ["kpm"] = {"Koho"}, ["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"}, ["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"}, ["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"}, ["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"}, ["kps"] = {"Tehit"}, ["kpt"] = {"Karata"}, ["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"}, ["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"}, ["kpw"] = {"Kobon"}, ["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"}, ["kpy"] = {"Koryak"}, ["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"}, ["kqa"] = {"Mum"}, ["kqb"] = {"Kovai"}, ["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"}, ["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"}, ["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"}, ["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"}, ["kqg"] = {"Khe"}, ["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"}, ["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"}, ["kqj"] = {"Koromira"}, ["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"}, ["kql"] = {"Kyenele"}, ["kqm"] = {"Khisa"}, ["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"}, ["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"}, ["kqp"] = {"Kimré"}, ["kqq"] = {"Krenak"}, ["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"}, ["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"}, ["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"}, ["kqu"] = {"Seroa"}, ["kqv"] = {"Okolod"}, ["kqw"] = {"Kandas"}, ["kqx"] = {"Mser"}, ["kqy"] = {"Koorete"}, ["kqz"] = {"Korana"}, ["kra"] = {"Kumhali"}, ["krb"] = {"Karkin"}, ["krc"] = {"Karachay-Balkar"}, ["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"}, ["kre"] = {"Panará"}, ["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"}, ["krh"] = {"Kurama"}, ["kri"] = {"Krio"}, ["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"}, ["krk"] = {"Kerek"}, ["krl"] = {"Karelian"}, ["krn"] = {"Sapo"}, ["kro"] = {"Rungkun basa Kru"}, ["krp"] = {"Durop"}, ["krr"] = {"Krung"}, ["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"}, ["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"}, ["kru"] = {"Kurukh"}, ["krv"] = {"Kavet"}, ["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"}, ["krx"] = {"Karon"}, ["kry"] = {"Kryts"}, ["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"}, ["ksb"] = {"Shambala"}, ["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"}, ["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"}, ["kse"] = {"Kuni"}, ["ksf"] = {"Bafia"}, ["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"}, ["ksh"] = {"Kölsch"}, ["ksi"] = {"Krisa", "I'saka"}, ["ksj"] = {"Uare"}, ["ksk"] = {"Kansa"}, ["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"}, ["ksm"] = {"Kumba"}, ["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"}, ["kso"] = {"Kofa"}, ["ksp"] = {"Kaba"}, ["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"}, ["ksr"] = {"Borong"}, ["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"}, ["kst"] = {"Winyé"}, ["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"}, ["ksv"] = {"Kusu"}, ["ksw"] = {"S'gaw Karen"}, ["ksx"] = {"Kedang"}, ["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"}, ["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"}, ["kta"] = {"Katua"}, ["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"}, ["ktc"] = {"Kholok"}, ["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"}, ["kte"] = {"Nubri"}, ["ktf"] = {"Kwami"}, ["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"}, ["kth"] = {"Karanga"}, ["kti"] = {"North Muyu"}, ["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"}, ["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"}, ["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"}, ["ktm"] = {"Kurti"}, ["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"}, ["kto"] = {"Kuot"}, ["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"}, ["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"}, ["kts"] = {"South Muyu"}, ["ktt"] = {"Ketum"}, ["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"}, ["ktw"] = {"Kato"}, ["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"}, ["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"}, ["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"}, ["kub"] = {"Kutep"}, ["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"}, ["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"}, ["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua Nugini)"}, ["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"}, ["kug"] = {"Kupa"}, ["kuh"] = {"Kushi"}, ["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo", "Kalapalo"}, ["kuj"] = {"Kuria"}, ["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"}, ["kul"] = {"Kulere"}, ["kum"] = {"Kumyk"}, ["kun"] = {"Kunama"}, ["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"}, ["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"}, ["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"}, ["kus"] = {"Kusaal"}, ["kut"] = {"Ktunaxa", "Ksanka", "Kutenai"}, ["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"}, ["kuv"] = {"Kur"}, ["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"}, ["kux"] = {"Kukatja"}, ["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"}, ["kuz"] = {"Kunza"}, ["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"}, ["kvb"] = {"Kubu"}, ["kvc"] = {"Kove"}, ["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonésia)"}, ["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"}, ["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"}, ["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"}, ["kvh"] = {"Komodo"}, ["kvi"] = {"Kwang"}, ["kvj"] = {"Psikye"}, ["kvk"] = {"Basa Isarat Koréa"}, ["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"}, ["kvm"] = {"Kendem"}, ["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"}, ["kvo"] = {"Dobel"}, ["kvp"] = {"Kompane"}, ["kvq"] = {"Geba Karen"}, ["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"}, ["kvt"] = {"Lahta Karen", "Lahta"}, ["kvu"] = {"Yinbaw Karen"}, ["kvv"] = {"Kola"}, ["kvw"] = {"Wersing"}, ["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"}, ["kvy"] = {"Yintale Karen", "Yintale"}, ["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"}, ["kwa"] = {"Dâw"}, ["kwb"] = {"Kwa"}, ["kwc"] = {"Likwala"}, ["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"}, ["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"}, ["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"}, ["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"}, ["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"}, ["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"}, ["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"}, ["kwk"] = {"Kwak'wala", "Kwakiutl"}, ["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"}, ["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"}, ["kwn"] = {"Kwangali"}, ["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"}, ["kwp"] = {"Kodia"}, ["kwr"] = {"Kwer"}, ["kws"] = {"Kwese"}, ["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"}, ["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"}, ["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"}, ["kww"] = {"Kwinti"}, ["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"}, ["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"}, ["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"}, ["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"}, ["kxb"] = {"Krobu"}, ["kxc"] = {"Konso", "Khonso"}, ["kxd"] = {"Brunei"}, ["kxf"] = {"Manumanaw Karen", "Manumanaw"}, ["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"}, ["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"}, ["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"}, ["kxk"] = {"Zayein Karen"}, ["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"}, ["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"}, ["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"}, ["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"}, ["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"}, ["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua Nugini)"}, ["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"}, ["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"}, ["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"}, ["kxw"] = {"Konai"}, ["kxx"] = {"Likuba"}, ["kxy"] = {"Kayong"}, ["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"}, ["kya"] = {"Kwaya"}, ["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"}, ["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"}, ["kyd"] = {"Karey"}, ["kye"] = {"Krache"}, ["kyf"] = {"Kouya"}, ["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"}, ["kyh"] = {"Karok"}, ["kyi"] = {"Kiput"}, ["kyj"] = {"Karao"}, ["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"}, ["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"}, ["kym"] = {"Kpatili"}, ["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"}, ["kyo"] = {"Kelon"}, ["kyp"] = {"Kang"}, ["kyq"] = {"Kenga"}, ["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"}, ["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"}, ["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"}, ["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"}, ["kyv"] = {"Kayort"}, ["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"}, ["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"}, ["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"}, ["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"}, ["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"}, ["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"}, ["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"}, ["kzd"] = {"Kadai"}, ["kze"] = {"Kosena"}, ["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"}, ["kzg"] = {"Kikai"}, ["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"}, ["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"}, ["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"}, ["kzm"] = {"Kais"}, ["kzn"] = {"Kokola"}, ["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"}, ["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"}, ["kzq"] = {"Kaike"}, ["kzr"] = {"Karang"}, ["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"}, ["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"}, ["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"}, ["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"}, ["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"}, ["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"}, ["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"}, ["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"}, ["lab"] = {"Linear A"}, ["lac"] = {"Lacandon"}, ["lad"] = {"Ladino"}, ["lae"] = {"Pattani"}, ["laf"] = {"Lafofa"}, ["lag"] = {"Rangi"}, ["lah"] = {"Lahnda"}, ["lai"] = {"Lambya"}, ["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"}, ["lal"] = {"Lalia"}, ["lam"] = {"Lamba"}, ["lan"] = {"Laru"}, ["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"}, ["laq"] = {"Qabiao"}, ["lar"] = {"Larteh"}, ["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"}, ["lau"] = {"Laba"}, ["law"] = {"Lauje"}, ["lax"] = {"Tiwa"}, ["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"}, ["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"}, ["lbb"] = {"Label"}, ["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"}, ["lbe"] = {"Lak"}, ["lbf"] = {"Tinani"}, ["lbg"] = {"Laopang"}, ["lbi"] = {"La'bi"}, ["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"}, ["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"}, ["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"}, ["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"}, ["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"}, ["lbo"] = {"Laven"}, ["lbq"] = {"Wampar"}, ["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"}, ["lbs"] = {"Basa Isarat Libya"}, ["lbt"] = {"Lachi"}, ["lbu"] = {"Labu"}, ["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"}, ["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"}, ["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"}, ["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"}, ["lbz"] = {"Lardil"}, ["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"}, ["lcd"] = {"Lola"}, ["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"}, ["lcf"] = {"Lubu"}, ["lch"] = {"Luchazi"}, ["lcl"] = {"Lisela"}, ["lcm"] = {"Tungag"}, ["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"}, ["lcq"] = {"Luhu"}, ["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"}, ["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"}, ["ldb"] = {"Dũya"}, ["ldd"] = {"Luri"}, ["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"}, ["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"}, ["ldi"] = {"Laari"}, ["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"}, ["ldk"] = {"Leelau"}, ["ldl"] = {"Kaan"}, ["ldm"] = {"Landoma"}, ["ldn"] = {"Láadan"}, ["ldo"] = {"Loo"}, ["ldp"] = {"Tso"}, ["ldq"] = {"Lufu"}, ["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"}, ["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"}, ["lec"] = {"Leco"}, ["led"] = {"Lendu"}, ["lee"] = {"Lyélé"}, ["lef"] = {"Lelemi"}, ["leh"] = {"Lenje"}, ["lei"] = {"Lemio"}, ["lej"] = {"Lengola"}, ["lek"] = {"Leipon"}, ["lel"] = {"Lele (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["lem"] = {"Nomaande"}, ["len"] = {"Lenca"}, ["leo"] = {"Leti (Kamerun)"}, ["lep"] = {"Lepcha"}, ["leq"] = {"Lembena"}, ["ler"] = {"Lenkau"}, ["les"] = {"Lese"}, ["let"] = {"Lesing-Gelimi", "Amio-Gelimi"}, ["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua Nugini)"}, ["lev"] = {"Lamma"}, ["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"}, ["lex"] = {"Luang"}, ["ley"] = {"Lemolang"}, ["lez"] = {"Lezghian"}, ["lfa"] = {"Lefa"}, ["lfb"] = {"Buu (Kamerun)"}, ["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"}, ["lga"] = {"Lungga"}, ["lgb"] = {"Laghu"}, ["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"}, ["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"}, ["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"}, ["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"}, ["lgl"] = {"Wala"}, ["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"}, ["lgn"] = {"T'apo", "Opuuo"}, ["lgo"] = {"Lango (Sudan Kidul)"}, ["lgq"] = {"Logba"}, ["lgr"] = {"Lengo"}, ["lgs"] = {"Basa Isarat Guinea-Bissau", "Língua Gestual Guineense"}, ["lgt"] = {"Pahi"}, ["lgu"] = {"Longgu"}, ["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"}, ["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"}, ["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonésia)"}, ["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"}, ["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"}, ["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"}, ["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"}, ["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"}, ["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"}, ["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"}, ["lhu"] = {"Lahu"}, ["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"}, ["lib"] = {"Likum"}, ["lic"] = {"Hlai"}, ["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"}, ["lie"] = {"Likila"}, ["lif"] = {"Limbu"}, ["lig"] = {"Ligbi"}, ["lih"] = {"Lihir"}, ["lij"] = {"Ligurian"}, ["lik"] = {"Lika"}, ["lil"] = {"Lillooet"}, ["lio"] = {"Liki"}, ["lip"] = {"Sekpele"}, ["liq"] = {"Libido"}, ["lir"] = {"Liberian English"}, ["lis"] = {"Lisu"}, ["liu"] = {"Logorik"}, ["liv"] = {"Liv"}, ["liw"] = {"Col"}, ["lix"] = {"Liabuku"}, ["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"}, ["liz"] = {"Libinza"}, ["lja"] = {"Golpa"}, ["lje"] = {"Rampi"}, ["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"}, ["ljl"] = {"Li'o"}, ["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"}, ["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"}, ["ljx"] = {"Yuru"}, ["lka"] = {"Lakalei"}, ["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"}, ["lkc"] = {"Kucong"}, ["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"}, ["lke"] = {"Kenyi"}, ["lkh"] = {"Lakha"}, ["lki"] = {"Laki"}, ["lkj"] = {"Remun"}, ["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"}, ["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"}, ["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"}, ["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"}, ["lkr"] = {"Päri"}, ["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"}, ["lkt"] = {"Lakota"}, ["lku"] = {"Kungkari"}, ["lky"] = {"Lokoya"}, ["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"}, ["llb"] = {"Lolo"}, ["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"}, ["lld"] = {"Ladin"}, ["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua Nugini)"}, ["llf"] = {"Hermit"}, ["llg"] = {"Lole"}, ["llh"] = {"Lamu"}, ["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"}, ["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"}, ["llk"] = {"Lelak"}, ["lll"] = {"Lilau"}, ["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"}, ["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"}, ["llp"] = {"North Efate"}, ["llq"] = {"Lolak"}, ["lls"] = {"Basa Isarat Lituania"}, ["llu"] = {"Lau"}, ["llx"] = {"Lauan"}, ["lma"] = {"East Limba"}, ["lmb"] = {"Merei"}, ["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"}, ["lmd"] = {"Lumun"}, ["lme"] = {"Pévé"}, ["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"}, ["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"}, ["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"}, ["lmi"] = {"Lombi"}, ["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"}, ["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"}, ["lml"] = {"Hano"}, ["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"}, ["lmo"] = {"Lombard"}, ["lmp"] = {"Limbum"}, ["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"}, ["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"}, ["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"}, ["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"}, ["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"}, ["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"}, ["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"}, ["lna"] = {"Langbashe"}, ["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"}, ["lnd"] = {"Lundayeh", "Lun Bawang"}, ["lng"] = {"Langobardic"}, ["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"}, ["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"}, ["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"}, ["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"}, ["lnm"] = {"Langam"}, ["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"}, ["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"}, ["lnu"] = {"Longuda"}, ["lnw"] = {"Lanima"}, ["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"}, ["loa"] = {"Loloda"}, ["lob"] = {"Lobi"}, ["loc"] = {"Inonhan"}, ["loe"] = {"Saluan"}, ["lof"] = {"Logol"}, ["log"] = {"Logo"}, ["loh"] = {"Laarim", "Narim"}, ["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["loj"] = {"Lou"}, ["lok"] = {"Loko"}, ["lol"] = {"Mongo"}, ["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"}, ["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"}, ["loo"] = {"Lombo"}, ["lop"] = {"Lopa"}, ["loq"] = {"Lobala"}, ["lor"] = {"Téén"}, ["los"] = {"Loniu"}, ["lot"] = {"Otuho"}, ["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"}, ["lov"] = {"Lopi"}, ["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"}, ["lox"] = {"Loun"}, ["loy"] = {"Loke"}, ["loz"] = {"Lozi"}, ["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"}, ["lpe"] = {"Lepki"}, ["lpn"] = {"Long Phuri Naga"}, ["lpo"] = {"Lipo"}, ["lpx"] = {"Lopit"}, ["lqr"] = {"Logir"}, ["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"}, ["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"}, ["lre"] = {"Laurentian"}, ["lrg"] = {"Laragia"}, ["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"}, ["lrk"] = {"Loarki"}, ["lrl"] = {"Lari"}, ["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"}, ["lrn"] = {"Lorang"}, ["lro"] = {"Laro"}, ["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"}, ["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"}, ["lrv"] = {"Larevat"}, ["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"}, ["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"}, ["lsb"] = {"Basa Isarat Burundi", "Langue des Signes Burundaise"}, ["lsc"] = {"Basa Isarat Albarradas", "Lengua de señas Albarradas"}, ["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"}, ["lse"] = {"Lusengo"}, ["lsh"] = {"Lish"}, ["lsi"] = {"Lashi"}, ["lsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Latvia"}, ["lsm"] = {"Saamia", "Olusamia"}, ["lsn"] = {"Basa Isarat Tibét"}, ["lso"] = {"Basa Isarat Laos"}, ["lsp"] = {"Basa Isarat Panama", "Lengua de Señas Panameñas"}, ["lsr"] = {"Aruop"}, ["lss"] = {"Lasi"}, ["lst"] = {"Basa Isarat Trinidad jeung Tobago"}, ["lsv"] = {"Basa Isarat Sivia"}, ["lsw"] = {"Seychéll", "Lalang Siny Seselwa", "Langue des Signes Seychelloise"}, ["lsy"] = {"Basa Isarat Mauritius"}, ["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"}, ["ltg"] = {"Latgalian"}, ["lth"] = {"Thur"}, ["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonésia)"}, ["ltn"] = {"Latundê"}, ["lto"] = {"Tsotso", "Olutsotso"}, ["lts"] = {"Tachoni", "Lutachoni"}, ["ltu"] = {"Latu"}, ["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"}, ["luc"] = {"Aringa"}, ["lud"] = {"Ludian"}, ["lue"] = {"Luvale"}, ["luf"] = {"Laua"}, ["luh"] = {"Leizhou Chinese"}, ["lui"] = {"Luiseño"}, ["luj"] = {"Luna"}, ["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"}, ["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"}, ["lum"] = {"Luimbi"}, ["lun"] = {"Lunda"}, ["luo"] = {"Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "Dholuo"}, ["lup"] = {"Lumbu"}, ["luq"] = {"Lucumi"}, ["lur"] = {"Laura"}, ["lus"] = {"Lushai"}, ["lut"] = {"Lushootseed"}, ["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"}, ["luv"] = {"Luwati"}, ["luw"] = {"Luo (Kamerun)"}, ["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"}, ["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"}, ["lva"] = {"Maku'a"}, ["lvi"] = {"Lavi"}, ["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"}, ["lvl"] = {"Lwel"}, ["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"}, ["lvu"] = {"Levuka"}, ["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"}, ["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"}, ["lwg"] = {"Wanga", "Oluwanga"}, ["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"}, ["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"}, ["lwm"] = {"Laomian"}, ["lwo"] = {"Luwo"}, ["lws"] = {"Basa Isarat Malawi"}, ["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"}, ["lwu"] = {"Lawu"}, ["lww"] = {"Lewo"}, ["lxm"] = {"Lakurumau"}, ["lya"] = {"Layakha"}, ["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"}, ["lyn"] = {"Luyana"}, ["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"}, ["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"}, ["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"}, ["lzz"] = {"Laz"}, ["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"}, ["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"}, ["mad"] = {"Madurese"}, ["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"}, ["maf"] = {"Mafa"}, ["mag"] = {"Magahi"}, ["mai"] = {"Maithili"}, ["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"}, ["mak"] = {"Makasar"}, ["mam"] = {"Mam"}, ["man"] = {"Mandingo", "Manding"}, ["map"] = {"Rungkun basa Austronésia"}, ["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"}, ["mas"] = {"Masai"}, ["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"}, ["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"}, ["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"}, ["maw"] = {"Mampruli"}, ["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"}, ["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"}, ["mba"] = {"Higaonon"}, ["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"}, ["mbc"] = {"Macushi"}, ["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"}, ["mbe"] = {"Molale"}, ["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"}, ["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"}, ["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"}, ["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"}, ["mbk"] = {"Malol"}, ["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"}, ["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"}, ["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"}, ["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Kamerun)"}, ["mbp"] = {"Malayo"}, ["mbq"] = {"Maisin"}, ["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"}, ["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"}, ["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"}, ["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"}, ["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"}, ["mbw"] = {"Maring"}, ["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"}, ["mby"] = {"Memoni"}, ["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"}, ["mca"] = {"Maca"}, ["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"}, ["mcc"] = {"Bitur"}, ["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"}, ["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"}, ["mcf"] = {"Matsés"}, ["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"}, ["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"}, ["mci"] = {"Mese"}, ["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"}, ["mck"] = {"Mbunda"}, ["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"}, ["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"}, ["mcn"] = {"Masana"}, ["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"}, ["mcp"] = {"Makaa"}, ["mcq"] = {"Ese"}, ["mcr"] = {"Menya"}, ["mcs"] = {"Mambai"}, ["mct"] = {"Mengisa"}, ["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"}, ["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"}, ["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"}, ["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"}, ["mcy"] = {"South Watut"}, ["mcz"] = {"Mawan"}, ["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigéria)"}, ["mdb"] = {"Morigi"}, ["mdc"] = {"Soq", "Male (Papua Nugini)"}, ["mdd"] = {"Mbum"}, ["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"}, ["mdf"] = {"Moksha"}, ["mdg"] = {"Massalat"}, ["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"}, ["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"}, ["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"}, ["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"}, ["mdl"] = {"Basa Isarat Malta"}, ["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"}, ["mdn"] = {"Mbati"}, ["mdp"] = {"Mbala"}, ["mdq"] = {"Mbole"}, ["mdr"] = {"Mandar"}, ["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua Nugini)"}, ["mdt"] = {"Mbere"}, ["mdu"] = {"Mboko"}, ["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"}, ["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"}, ["mdx"] = {"Dizin"}, ["mdy"] = {"Male", "Male (Ethiopia)"}, ["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"}, ["mea"] = {"Menka"}, ["meb"] = {"Ikobi"}, ["mec"] = {"Marra"}, ["med"] = {"Melpa"}, ["mee"] = {"Mengen"}, ["mef"] = {"Megam"}, ["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["mei"] = {"Midob"}, ["mej"] = {"Meyah"}, ["mek"] = {"Mekeo"}, ["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"}, ["mem"] = {"Mangala"}, ["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"}, ["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"}, ["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"}, ["meq"] = {"Merey"}, ["mer"] = {"Meru"}, ["mes"] = {"Masmaje"}, ["met"] = {"Mato"}, ["meu"] = {"Motu"}, ["mev"] = {"Mano"}, ["mew"] = {"Maaka"}, ["mey"] = {"Hassaniyya"}, ["mez"] = {"Menominee"}, ["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"}, ["mfb"] = {"Bangka"}, ["mfc"] = {"Mba"}, ["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"}, ["mfe"] = {"Morisyen"}, ["mff"] = {"Naki"}, ["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"}, ["mfh"] = {"Matal"}, ["mfi"] = {"Wandala"}, ["mfj"] = {"Mefele"}, ["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"}, ["mfl"] = {"Putai"}, ["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"}, ["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"}, ["mfo"] = {"Mbe"}, ["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"}, ["mfq"] = {"Moba"}, ["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"}, ["mfs"] = {"Basa Isarat Méksiko"}, ["mft"] = {"Mokerang"}, ["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"}, ["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"}, ["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"}, ["mfx"] = {"Melo"}, ["mfy"] = {"Mayo"}, ["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"}, ["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"}, ["mgb"] = {"Mararit"}, ["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"}, ["mgd"] = {"Moru"}, ["mge"] = {"Mango"}, ["mgf"] = {"Maklew"}, ["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"}, ["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"}, ["mgi"] = {"Lijili"}, ["mgj"] = {"Abureni"}, ["mgk"] = {"Mawes"}, ["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"}, ["mgm"] = {"Mambae"}, ["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"}, ["mgo"] = {"Meta'"}, ["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"}, ["mgq"] = {"Malila"}, ["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"}, ["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"}, ["mgt"] = {"Mongol"}, ["mgu"] = {"Mailu"}, ["mgv"] = {"Matengo"}, ["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"}, ["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"}, ["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"}, ["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"}, ["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"}, ["mhc"] = {"Mocho"}, ["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"}, ["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"}, ["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"}, ["mhg"] = {"Margu"}, ["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"}, ["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"}, ["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"}, ["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"}, ["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"}, ["mhn"] = {"Mòcheno"}, ["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"}, ["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"}, ["mhq"] = {"Mandan"}, ["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"}, ["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonésia)"}, ["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"}, ["mhu"] = {"Digaro-Mishmi", "Darang Deng"}, ["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"}, ["mhx"] = {"Maru", "Lhaovo"}, ["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"}, ["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"}, ["mia"] = {"Miami"}, ["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"}, ["mic"] = {"Mi'kmaq", "Micmac"}, ["mid"] = {"Mandaic"}, ["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"}, ["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"}, ["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"}, ["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"}, ["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"}, ["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"}, ["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"}, ["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"}, ["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"}, ["min"] = {"Minangkabau"}, ["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"}, ["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"}, ["miq"] = {"Mískito"}, ["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"}, ["mis"] = {"nu teu dikodekeun"}, ["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"}, ["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"}, ["miw"] = {"Akoye"}, ["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"}, ["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"}, ["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"}, ["mjb"] = {"Makalero"}, ["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"}, ["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"}, ["mje"] = {"Muskum"}, ["mjg"] = {"Tu"}, ["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"}, ["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"}, ["mjj"] = {"Mawak"}, ["mjk"] = {"Matukar"}, ["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"}, ["mjm"] = {"Medebur"}, ["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua Nugini)"}, ["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"}, ["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"}, ["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"}, ["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"}, ["mjs"] = {"Miship"}, ["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"}, ["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"}, ["mjv"] = {"Mannan"}, ["mjw"] = {"Karbi"}, ["mjx"] = {"Mahali"}, ["mjy"] = {"Mahican"}, ["mjz"] = {"Majhi"}, ["mka"] = {"Mbre"}, ["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"}, ["mkc"] = {"Siliput"}, ["mke"] = {"Mawchi"}, ["mkf"] = {"Miya"}, ["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"}, ["mkh"] = {"Rungkun basa Mon-Khmer"}, ["mki"] = {"Dhatki"}, ["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"}, ["mkk"] = {"Byep"}, ["mkl"] = {"Mokole"}, ["mkm"] = {"Moklen"}, ["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"}, ["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"}, ["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"}, ["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"}, ["mkr"] = {"Malas"}, ["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"}, ["mkt"] = {"Vamale"}, ["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"}, ["mkv"] = {"Mafea"}, ["mkw"] = {"Kituba (Kongo)"}, ["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"}, ["mky"] = {"East Makian"}, ["mkz"] = {"Makasae"}, ["mla"] = {"Malo"}, ["mlb"] = {"Mbule"}, ["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"}, ["mle"] = {"Manambu"}, ["mlf"] = {"Mal"}, ["mlh"] = {"Mape"}, ["mli"] = {"Malimpung"}, ["mlj"] = {"Miltu"}, ["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"}, ["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"}, ["mlm"] = {"Mulam"}, ["mln"] = {"Malango"}, ["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"}, ["mlp"] = {"Bargam"}, ["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"}, ["mlr"] = {"Vame"}, ["mls"] = {"Masalit"}, ["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"}, ["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"}, ["mlw"] = {"Moloko"}, ["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"}, ["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"}, ["mma"] = {"Mama"}, ["mmb"] = {"Momina"}, ["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"}, ["mmd"] = {"Maonan"}, ["mme"] = {"Mae"}, ["mmf"] = {"Mundat"}, ["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"}, ["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"}, ["mmi"] = {"Hember Avu", "Amben", "Musar"}, ["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"}, ["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"}, ["mml"] = {"Man Met"}, ["mmm"] = {"Maii"}, ["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"}, ["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"}, ["mmp"] = {"Siawi"}, ["mmq"] = {"Musak"}, ["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"}, ["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"}, ["mmv"] = {"Miriti"}, ["mmw"] = {"Emae"}, ["mmx"] = {"Madak"}, ["mmy"] = {"Migaama"}, ["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"}, ["mna"] = {"Mbula"}, ["mnb"] = {"Muna"}, ["mnc"] = {"Manchu"}, ["mnd"] = {"Mondé"}, ["mne"] = {"Naba"}, ["mnf"] = {"Mundani"}, ["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"}, ["mnh"] = {"Mono (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["mni"] = {"Manipuri"}, ["mnj"] = {"Munji"}, ["mnk"] = {"Mandinka"}, ["mnl"] = {"Tiale"}, ["mnm"] = {"Mapena"}, ["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"}, ["mno"] = {"Rungkun basa Manobo"}, ["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"}, ["mnq"] = {"Minriq"}, ["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"}, ["mns"] = {"Mansi"}, ["mnu"] = {"Mer"}, ["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"}, ["mnw"] = {"Mon"}, ["mnx"] = {"Manikion"}, ["mny"] = {"Manyawa"}, ["mnz"] = {"Moni"}, ["moa"] = {"Mwan"}, ["moc"] = {"Mocoví"}, ["mod"] = {"Mobilian"}, ["moe"] = {"Innu", "Montagnais"}, ["mog"] = {"Mongondow"}, ["moh"] = {"Mohawk", "Kanien'kéha"}, ["moi"] = {"Mboi"}, ["moj"] = {"Monzombo"}, ["mok"] = {"Morori"}, ["mom"] = {"Mangue"}, ["moo"] = {"Monom"}, ["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"}, ["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"}, ["mor"] = {"Moro"}, ["mos"] = {"Mossi"}, ["mot"] = {"Barí"}, ["mou"] = {"Mogum"}, ["mov"] = {"Mohave"}, ["mow"] = {"Moi (Kongo)"}, ["mox"] = {"Molima"}, ["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"}, ["moz"] = {"Mukulu", "Gergiko"}, ["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"}, ["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"}, ["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"}, ["mpd"] = {"Machinere"}, ["mpe"] = {"Majang"}, ["mpg"] = {"Marba"}, ["mph"] = {"Maung"}, ["mpi"] = {"Mpade"}, ["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"}, ["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"}, ["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"}, ["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"}, ["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"}, ["mpo"] = {"Miu"}, ["mpp"] = {"Migabac"}, ["mpq"] = {"Matís"}, ["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"}, ["mps"] = {"Dadibi"}, ["mpt"] = {"Mian"}, ["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"}, ["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"}, ["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"}, ["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"}, ["mpy"] = {"Mapia"}, ["mpz"] = {"Mpi"}, ["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonésia)"}, ["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"}, ["mqc"] = {"Mangole"}, ["mqe"] = {"Matepi"}, ["mqf"] = {"Momuna"}, ["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"}, ["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["mqi"] = {"Mariri"}, ["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"}, ["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"}, ["mql"] = {"Mbelime"}, ["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"}, ["mqn"] = {"Moronene"}, ["mqo"] = {"Modole"}, ["mqp"] = {"Manipa"}, ["mqq"] = {"Minokok"}, ["mqr"] = {"Mander"}, ["mqs"] = {"West Makian"}, ["mqt"] = {"Mok"}, ["mqu"] = {"Mandari"}, ["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"}, ["mqw"] = {"Murupi"}, ["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"}, ["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"}, ["mqz"] = {"Pano"}, ["mra"] = {"Mlabri"}, ["mrb"] = {"Marino"}, ["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"}, ["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"}, ["mre"] = {"Basa Isarat Kebon Anggur Martha"}, ["mrf"] = {"Elseng"}, ["mrg"] = {"Mising"}, ["mrh"] = {"Mara Chin"}, ["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"}, ["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"}, ["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"}, ["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"}, ["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"}, ["mro"] = {"Mru"}, ["mrp"] = {"Morouas"}, ["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"}, ["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"}, ["mrs"] = {"Maragus"}, ["mrt"] = {"Marghi Tengah"}, ["mru"] = {"Mono (Kamerun)"}, ["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"}, ["mrw"] = {"Maranao"}, ["mrx"] = {"Maremgi", "Dineor"}, ["mry"] = {"Mandaya"}, ["mrz"] = {"Marind"}, ["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"}, ["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"}, ["msd"] = {"Basa Isarat Yucatec Maya"}, ["mse"] = {"Musey"}, ["msf"] = {"Mekwei"}, ["msg"] = {"Moraid"}, ["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"}, ["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"}, ["msj"] = {"Ma (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["msk"] = {"Mansaka"}, ["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"}, ["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"}, ["msn"] = {"Vurës"}, ["mso"] = {"Mombum"}, ["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"}, ["msq"] = {"Caac"}, ["msr"] = {"Basa Isarat Mongolia"}, ["mss"] = {"West Masela"}, ["msu"] = {"Musom"}, ["msv"] = {"Maslam"}, ["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"}, ["msx"] = {"Moresada"}, ["msy"] = {"Aruamu"}, ["msz"] = {"Momare"}, ["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"}, ["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"}, ["mtc"] = {"Munit"}, ["mtd"] = {"Mualang"}, ["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"}, ["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua Nugini)"}, ["mtg"] = {"Una"}, ["mth"] = {"Munggui"}, ["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua Nugini)"}, ["mtj"] = {"Moskona"}, ["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"}, ["mtl"] = {"Montol"}, ["mtm"] = {"Mator"}, ["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"}, ["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"}, ["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"}, ["mtq"] = {"Muong"}, ["mtr"] = {"Mewari"}, ["mts"] = {"Yora"}, ["mtt"] = {"Mota"}, ["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"}, ["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"}, ["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"}, ["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"}, ["mty"] = {"Nabi"}, ["mua"] = {"Mundang"}, ["mub"] = {"Mubi"}, ["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"}, ["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"}, ["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"}, ["mug"] = {"Musgu"}, ["muh"] = {"Mündü"}, ["mui"] = {"Musi"}, ["muj"] = {"Mabire"}, ["muk"] = {"Mugom"}, ["mul"] = {"Sababaraha basa"}, ["mum"] = {"Maiwala"}, ["mun"] = {"Rungkun basa Munda"}, ["muo"] = {"Nyong"}, ["mup"] = {"Malvi"}, ["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mur"] = {"Murle"}, ["mus"] = {"Creek"}, ["mut"] = {"Western Muria"}, ["muu"] = {"Yaaku"}, ["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"}, ["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"}, ["muy"] = {"Muyang"}, ["muz"] = {"Mursi"}, ["mva"] = {"Manam"}, ["mvb"] = {"Mattole"}, ["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"}, ["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"}, ["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"}, ["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"}, ["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"}, ["mvi"] = {"Miyako"}, ["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"}, ["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"}, ["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"}, ["mvo"] = {"Marovo"}, ["mvp"] = {"Duri"}, ["mvq"] = {"Moere"}, ["mvr"] = {"Marau"}, ["mvs"] = {"Massep"}, ["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"}, ["mvu"] = {"Marfa"}, ["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"}, ["mvw"] = {"Machinga"}, ["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"}, ["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"}, ["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"}, ["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"}, ["mwb"] = {"Juwal"}, ["mwc"] = {"Are"}, ["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"}, ["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"}, ["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"}, ["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"}, ["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"}, ["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"}, ["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"}, ["mwm"] = {"Sar"}, ["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"}, ["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"}, ["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"}, ["mwq"] = {"Mün Chin"}, ["mwr"] = {"Marwari"}, ["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"}, ["mwt"] = {"Moken"}, ["mwu"] = {"Mittu"}, ["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"}, ["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"}, ["mwz"] = {"Moingi"}, ["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"}, ["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"}, ["mxc"] = {"Manyika"}, ["mxd"] = {"Modang"}, ["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"}, ["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"}, ["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"}, ["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"}, ["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"}, ["mxj"] = {"Miju-Mishmi", "Geman Deng"}, ["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"}, ["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"}, ["mxm"] = {"Meramera"}, ["mxn"] = {"basa Moi (Indonésia)"}, ["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"}, ["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"}, ["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"}, ["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"}, ["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"}, ["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"}, ["mxu"] = {"Mada (Kamerun)"}, ["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"}, ["mxw"] = {"Namo"}, ["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"}, ["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"}, ["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"}, ["myb"] = {"Mbay"}, ["myc"] = {"Mayeka"}, ["mye"] = {"Myene"}, ["myf"] = {"Bambassi"}, ["myg"] = {"Manta"}, ["myh"] = {"Makah"}, ["myj"] = {"Mangayat"}, ["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"}, ["myl"] = {"Moma"}, ["mym"] = {"Me'en"}, ["myn"] = {"Rungkun basa Maya"}, ["myo"] = {"Anfillo"}, ["myp"] = {"Pirahã"}, ["myr"] = {"Muniche"}, ["mys"] = {"Mesmes"}, ["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"}, ["myv"] = {"Erzya"}, ["myw"] = {"Muyuw"}, ["myx"] = {"Masaaba"}, ["myy"] = {"Macuna"}, ["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"}, ["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"}, ["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"}, ["mzc"] = {"Basa Isarat Madagaskar"}, ["mzd"] = {"Malimba"}, ["mze"] = {"Morawa"}, ["mzg"] = {"Basa Isarat Biara"}, ["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"}, ["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"}, ["mzj"] = {"Manya"}, ["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"}, ["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"}, ["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"}, ["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"}, ["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"}, ["mzp"] = {"Movima"}, ["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"}, ["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"}, ["mzs"] = {"Macanese"}, ["mzt"] = {"Mintil"}, ["mzu"] = {"Inapang"}, ["mzv"] = {"Manza"}, ["mzw"] = {"Deg"}, ["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"}, ["mzy"] = {"Basa Isarat Mosambik"}, ["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"}, ["naa"] = {"Namla"}, ["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"}, ["nac"] = {"Narak"}, ["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"}, ["naf"] = {"Nabak"}, ["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"}, ["nah"] = {"Rungkun basa Nahuatl"}, ["nai"] = {"Rungkun basa Indian Amérika Kalér"}, ["naj"] = {"Nalu"}, ["nak"] = {"Nakanai"}, ["nal"] = {"Nalik"}, ["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"}, ["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"}, ["nao"] = {"Naaba"}, ["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"}, ["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe", "Nama (Namibia)"}, ["nar"] = {"Iguta"}, ["nas"] = {"Naasioi"}, ["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"}, ["naw"] = {"Nawuri"}, ["nax"] = {"Nakwi"}, ["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"}, ["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"}, ["nba"] = {"Nyemba"}, ["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"}, ["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"}, ["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"}, ["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"}, ["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"}, ["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"}, ["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"}, ["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"}, ["nbk"] = {"Nake"}, ["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"}, ["nbn"] = {"Kuri"}, ["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"}, ["nbp"] = {"Nnam"}, ["nbq"] = {"Nggem"}, ["nbr"] = {"Numana"}, ["nbs"] = {"Basa Isarat Namibia"}, ["nbt"] = {"Na"}, ["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"}, ["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"}, ["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"}, ["nby"] = {"Ningera"}, ["nca"] = {"Iyo"}, ["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"}, ["ncc"] = {"Ponam"}, ["ncd"] = {"Nachering"}, ["nce"] = {"Yale"}, ["ncf"] = {"Notsi"}, ["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"}, ["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"}, ["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["nck"] = {"Na-kara"}, ["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"}, ["ncm"] = {"Nambo"}, ["ncn"] = {"Nauna"}, ["nco"] = {"Sibe"}, ["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"}, ["ncr"] = {"Ncane"}, ["ncs"] = {"Basa Isarat Nikaragua"}, ["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"}, ["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"}, ["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["ncz"] = {"Natchez"}, ["nda"] = {"Ndasa"}, ["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"}, ["ndc"] = {"Ndau"}, ["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"}, ["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"}, ["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"}, ["ndh"] = {"Ndali"}, ["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"}, ["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"}, ["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"}, ["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"}, ["ndm"] = {"Ndam"}, ["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"}, ["ndp"] = {"Ndo"}, ["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"}, ["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"}, ["nds"] = {"Low German", "Low Saxon"}, ["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"}, ["ndu"] = {"Dugun"}, ["ndv"] = {"Ndut"}, ["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"}, ["ndx"] = {"Nduga"}, ["ndy"] = {"Lutos"}, ["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"}, ["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"}, ["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["nec"] = {"Nedebang"}, ["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"}, ["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"}, ["nef"] = {"Nefamese"}, ["neg"] = {"Negidal"}, ["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"}, ["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"}, ["nej"] = {"Neko"}, ["nek"] = {"Neku"}, ["nem"] = {"Nemi"}, ["nen"] = {"Nengone"}, ["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"}, ["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"}, ["ner"] = {"Yahadian"}, ["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"}, ["net"] = {"Nete"}, ["neu"] = {"Neo"}, ["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"}, ["new"] = {"Nepal Bhasa", "Newar", "Newari"}, ["nex"] = {"Neme"}, ["ney"] = {"Neyo"}, ["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"}, ["nfa"] = {"Dhao"}, ["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"}, ["nfl"] = {"Ayiwo", "Äiwoo"}, ["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"}, ["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"}, ["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"}, ["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"}, ["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["nge"] = {"Ngemba"}, ["ngf"] = {"Rungkun basa Lintas-Papua"}, ["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"}, ["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"}, ["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"}, ["ngj"] = {"Ngie"}, ["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"}, ["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"}, ["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"}, ["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"}, ["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"}, ["ngq"] = {"Ngurimi", "Ngoreme"}, ["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"}, ["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"}, ["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"}, ["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"}, ["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"}, ["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"}, ["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"}, ["ngy"] = {"Tibea"}, ["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"}, ["nha"] = {"Nhanda"}, ["nhb"] = {"Beng"}, ["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"}, ["nhd"] = {"Chiripá", "Ava Guaraní"}, ["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"}, ["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"}, ["nhh"] = {"Nahari"}, ["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"}, ["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"}, ["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"}, ["nhn"] = {"Central Nahuatl"}, ["nho"] = {"Takuu"}, ["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"}, ["nhr"] = {"Naro"}, ["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhu"] = {"Noone"}, ["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"}, ["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"}, ["nia"] = {"Nias"}, ["nib"] = {"Nakame"}, ["nic"] = {"Niger-Kongo"}, ["nid"] = {"Ngandi"}, ["nie"] = {"Niellim"}, ["nif"] = {"Nek"}, ["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"}, ["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"}, ["nii"] = {"Nii"}, ["nij"] = {"Ngaju"}, ["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"}, ["nil"] = {"Nila"}, ["nim"] = {"Nilamba"}, ["nin"] = {"Ninzo"}, ["nio"] = {"Nganasan"}, ["niq"] = {"Nandi"}, ["nir"] = {"Nimboran"}, ["nis"] = {"Nimi"}, ["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"}, ["niu"] = {"Niuean"}, ["niv"] = {"Gilyak"}, ["niw"] = {"Nimo"}, ["nix"] = {"Hema"}, ["niy"] = {"Ngiti"}, ["niz"] = {"Ningil"}, ["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"}, ["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"}, ["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"}, ["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"}, ["nji"] = {"Gudanji"}, ["njj"] = {"Njen"}, ["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"}, ["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"}, ["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"}, ["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"}, ["njr"] = {"Njerep"}, ["njs"] = {"Nisa"}, ["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"}, ["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"}, ["njx"] = {"Kunyi"}, ["njy"] = {"Njyem"}, ["njz"] = {"Nyishi"}, ["nka"] = {"Nkoya"}, ["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"}, ["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"}, ["nkd"] = {"Koireng"}, ["nke"] = {"Duke"}, ["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"}, ["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"}, ["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"}, ["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"}, ["nkj"] = {"Nakai"}, ["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"}, ["nkm"] = {"Namat"}, ["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"}, ["nko"] = {"Nkonya"}, ["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"}, ["nkq"] = {"Nkami"}, ["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"}, ["nks"] = {"North Asmat"}, ["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"}, ["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"}, ["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"}, ["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"}, ["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"}, ["nkz"] = {"Nkari"}, ["nla"] = {"Ngombale"}, ["nlc"] = {"Nalca"}, ["nle"] = {"East Nyala"}, ["nlg"] = {"Gela"}, ["nli"] = {"Grangali"}, ["nlj"] = {"Nyali"}, ["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"}, ["nll"] = {"Nihali"}, ["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"}, ["nlo"] = {"Ngul"}, ["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"}, ["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"}, ["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"}, ["nlw"] = {"Walangama"}, ["nlx"] = {"Nahali"}, ["nly"] = {"Nyamal"}, ["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"}, ["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"}, ["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"}, ["nmc"] = {"Ngam"}, ["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"}, ["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"}, ["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"}, ["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"}, ["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"}, ["nmi"] = {"Nyam"}, ["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["nmk"] = {"Namakura"}, ["nml"] = {"Ndemli"}, ["nmm"] = {"Manangba"}, ["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"}, ["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"}, ["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"}, ["nmq"] = {"Nambya"}, ["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"}, ["nms"] = {"Letemboi"}, ["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"}, ["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"}, ["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"}, ["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"}, ["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua Nugini)"}, ["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"}, ["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"}, ["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"}, ["nnb"] = {"Nande"}, ["nnc"] = {"Nancere"}, ["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"}, ["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"}, ["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"}, ["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"}, ["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"}, ["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"}, ["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"}, ["nnk"] = {"Nankina"}, ["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"}, ["nnm"] = {"Namia"}, ["nnn"] = {"Ngete"}, ["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"}, ["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"}, ["nnr"] = {"Narungga"}, ["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"}, ["nnu"] = {"Dwang"}, ["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"}, ["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"}, ["nny"] = {"Nyangga"}, ["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"}, ["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"}, ["noc"] = {"Nuk"}, ["nod"] = {"Northern Thai"}, ["noe"] = {"Nimadi"}, ["nof"] = {"Nomane"}, ["nog"] = {"Nogai"}, ["noh"] = {"Nomu"}, ["noi"] = {"Noiri"}, ["noj"] = {"Nonuya"}, ["nok"] = {"Nooksack", "Lhéchelesem"}, ["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"}, ["non"] = {"Old Norse"}, ["nop"] = {"Numanggang"}, ["noq"] = {"Ngongo"}, ["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"}, ["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"}, ["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"}, ["nov"] = {"Novial"}, ["now"] = {"Nyambo"}, ["noy"] = {"Noy"}, ["noz"] = {"Nayi"}, ["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"}, ["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"}, ["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"}, ["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"}, ["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"}, ["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"}, ["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"}, ["nps"] = {"Nipsan"}, ["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"}, ["npx"] = {"Noipx"}, ["npy"] = {"Napu"}, ["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"}, ["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"}, ["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"}, ["nqm"] = {"Ndom"}, ["nqn"] = {"Nen"}, ["nqo"] = {"N'Ko", "N’Ko"}, ["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"}, ["nqt"] = {"Nteng"}, ["nqy"] = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"}, ["nra"] = {"Ngom"}, ["nrb"] = {"Nara"}, ["nrc"] = {"Noric"}, ["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"}, ["nrf"] = {"Jèrriais", "Guernésiais", "Sercquiais"}, ["nrg"] = {"Narango"}, ["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"}, ["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"}, ["nrm"] = {"Narom"}, ["nrn"] = {"Norn"}, ["nrp"] = {"North Picene"}, ["nrr"] = {"Norra", "Nora"}, ["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"}, ["nru"] = {"Narua"}, ["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"}, ["nrz"] = {"Lala"}, ["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"}, ["nsb"] = {"Lower Nossob"}, ["nsc"] = {"Nshi"}, ["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"}, ["nse"] = {"Nsenga"}, ["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"}, ["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"}, ["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"}, ["nsi"] = {"Basa Isarat Nigéria"}, ["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"}, ["nsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Norwégia"}, ["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"}, ["nsn"] = {"Nehan"}, ["nso"] = {"Pedi", "Northern Sotho", "Sepedi"}, ["nsp"] = {"Basa Isarat Népal"}, ["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"}, ["nsr"] = {"Basa Isarat Maritim"}, ["nss"] = {"Nali"}, ["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"}, ["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"}, ["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"}, ["nsw"] = {"Navut"}, ["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"}, ["nsy"] = {"Nasal"}, ["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"}, ["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"}, ["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"}, ["nti"] = {"Natioro"}, ["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"}, ["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"}, ["ntm"] = {"Nateni"}, ["nto"] = {"Ntomba"}, ["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"}, ["ntr"] = {"Delo"}, ["ntu"] = {"Natügu"}, ["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"}, ["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"}, ["nty"] = {"Mantsi"}, ["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"}, ["nua"] = {"Yuanga"}, ["nub"] = {"Rungkun basa Nubia"}, ["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"}, ["nud"] = {"Ngala"}, ["nue"] = {"Ngundu"}, ["nuf"] = {"Nusu"}, ["nug"] = {"Nungali"}, ["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"}, ["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"}, ["nuj"] = {"Nyole"}, ["nuk"] = {"Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth"}, ["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"}, ["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"}, ["nun"] = {"Anong"}, ["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"}, ["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"}, ["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"}, ["nur"] = {"Nukuria"}, ["nus"] = {"Nuer"}, ["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"}, ["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"}, ["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"}, ["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"}, ["nux"] = {"Mehek"}, ["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"}, ["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"}, ["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"}, ["nvm"] = {"Namiae"}, ["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"}, ["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"}, ["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"}, ["nwc"] = {"Classical Newari", "Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Old Newari"}, ["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"}, ["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"}, ["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"}, ["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"}, ["nwo"] = {"Nauo"}, ["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"}, ["nww"] = {"Ndwewe"}, ["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"}, ["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"}, ["nxa"] = {"Nauete"}, ["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["nxe"] = {"Nage"}, ["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"}, ["nxi"] = {"Nindi"}, ["nxk"] = {"Koki Naga"}, ["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"}, ["nxm"] = {"Numidian"}, ["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"}, ["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"}, ["nxq"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"}, ["nxx"] = {"Nafri"}, ["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"}, ["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"}, ["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"}, ["nye"] = {"Nyengo"}, ["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"}, ["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"}, ["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"}, ["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"}, ["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"}, ["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"}, ["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"}, ["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"}, ["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"}, ["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"}, ["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"}, ["nyq"] = {"Nayini"}, ["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"}, ["nys"] = {"Nyungar"}, ["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"}, ["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"}, ["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"}, ["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"}, ["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"}, ["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"}, ["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"}, ["nzb"] = {"Njebi"}, ["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"}, ["nzi"] = {"Nzima"}, ["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"}, ["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"}, ["nzr"] = {"Dir-Nyamzak-Mbarimi"}, ["nzs"] = {"Basa Isarat Selandia Anyar"}, ["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"}, ["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"}, ["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"}, ["oaa"] = {"Orok"}, ["oac"] = {"Oroch"}, ["oak"] = {"Noakhali", "Noakhailla"}, ["oar"] = {"Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"}, ["oav"] = {"Old Avar"}, ["obi"] = {"Obispeño"}, ["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"}, ["obl"] = {"Oblo"}, ["obm"] = {"Moabite"}, ["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"}, ["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"}, ["obt"] = {"Old Breton"}, ["obu"] = {"Obulom"}, ["oca"] = {"Ocaina"}, ["och"] = {"Old Chinese"}, ["ocm"] = {"Old Cham"}, ["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"}, ["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"}, ["oda"] = {"Odut"}, ["odk"] = {"Od"}, ["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"}, ["odu"] = {"Odual"}, ["ofo"] = {"Ofo"}, ["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"}, ["ofu"] = {"Efutop"}, ["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"}, ["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"}, ["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"}, ["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"}, ["ogo"] = {"Khana"}, ["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"}, ["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"}, ["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"}, ["oia"] = {"Oirata"}, ["oie"] = {"Okolie"}, ["oin"] = {"Inebu One"}, ["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"}, ["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"}, ["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"}, ["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"}, ["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"}, ["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"}, ["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"}, ["oka"] = {"Okanagan"}, ["okb"] = {"Okobo"}, ["okc"] = {"Kobo"}, ["okd"] = {"Okodia"}, ["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"}, ["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"}, ["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"}, ["oki"] = {"Okiek"}, ["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"}, ["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"}, ["okl"] = {"Basa Isarat Kentish Kuna"}, ["okm"] = {"Koréa Tengah (10th-16th cent.)"}, ["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"}, ["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"}, ["okr"] = {"Kirike"}, ["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"}, ["oku"] = {"Oku"}, ["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"}, ["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"}, ["okz"] = {"Old Khmer"}, ["ola"] = {"Walungge"}, ["olb"] = {"Oli-Bodiman"}, ["old"] = {"Mochi"}, ["ole"] = {"Olekha"}, ["olk"] = {"Olkol"}, ["olm"] = {"Oloma"}, ["olo"] = {"Livvi"}, ["olr"] = {"Olrat"}, ["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"}, ["olu"] = {"Kuvale"}, ["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"}, ["omb"] = {"East Ambae"}, ["omc"] = {"Mochica"}, ["omg"] = {"Omagua"}, ["omi"] = {"Omi"}, ["omk"] = {"Omok"}, ["oml"] = {"Ombo"}, ["omn"] = {"Minoan"}, ["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"}, ["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"}, ["omq"] = {"Rungkun basa Oto-Manguea"}, ["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"}, ["omt"] = {"Omotik"}, ["omu"] = {"Omurano"}, ["omv"] = {"Omotic"}, ["omw"] = {"South Tairora"}, ["omx"] = {"Old Mon"}, ["omy"] = {"Old Malay"}, ["ona"] = {"Ona"}, ["onb"] = {"Lingao"}, ["one"] = {"Oneida"}, ["ong"] = {"Olo"}, ["oni"] = {"Onin"}, ["onj"] = {"Onjob"}, ["onk"] = {"Kabore One"}, ["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"}, ["ono"] = {"Onondaga"}, ["onp"] = {"Sartang"}, ["onr"] = {"Northern One"}, ["ons"] = {"Ono"}, ["ont"] = {"Ontenu"}, ["onu"] = {"Unua"}, ["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"}, ["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"}, ["ood"] = {"Tohono O'odham"}, ["oog"] = {"Ong"}, ["oon"] = {"Önge"}, ["oor"] = {"Oorlams"}, ["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"}, ["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"}, ["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"}, ["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"}, ["opo"] = {"Opao"}, ["opt"] = {"Opata"}, ["opy"] = {"Ofayé"}, ["ora"] = {"Oroha"}, ["orc"] = {"Orma"}, ["ore"] = {"Orejón"}, ["org"] = {"Oring"}, ["orh"] = {"Oroqen"}, ["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"}, ["oro"] = {"Orokolo"}, ["orr"] = {"Oruma"}, ["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"}, ["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"}, ["oru"] = {"Ormuri"}, ["orv"] = {"Old Russian"}, ["orw"] = {"Oro Win"}, ["orx"] = {"Oro"}, ["ory"] = {"Odia (individual language)", "Oriya (individual language)"}, ["orz"] = {"Ormu"}, ["osa"] = {"Osage"}, ["osc"] = {"Oscan"}, ["osd"] = {"Digor Ossetic", "Digor", "Digor Ossetian"}, ["osi"] = {"Osing"}, ["osn"] = {"Old Sundanese"}, ["oso"] = {"Ososo"}, ["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"}, ["ost"] = {"Osatu"}, ["osu"] = {"Southern One"}, ["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"}, ["ota"] = {"Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"}, ["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"}, ["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"}, ["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"}, ["oti"] = {"Oti"}, ["otk"] = {"Old Turkish"}, ["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"}, ["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"}, ["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"}, ["oto"] = {"Otomian"}, ["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"}, ["otr"] = {"Otoro"}, ["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"}, ["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"}, ["otu"] = {"Otuke"}, ["otw"] = {"Ottawa"}, ["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"}, ["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"}, ["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"}, ["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"}, ["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"}, ["oue"] = {"Oune"}, ["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"}, ["oum"] = {"Ouma"}, ["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"}, ["owi"] = {"Owiniga"}, ["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"}, ["oyb"] = {"Oy"}, ["oyd"] = {"Oyda"}, ["oym"] = {"Wayampi"}, ["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"}, ["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"}, ["paa"] = {"Rungkun basa Papua"}, ["pab"] = {"Parecís"}, ["pac"] = {"Pacoh"}, ["pad"] = {"Paumarí"}, ["pae"] = {"Pagibete"}, ["paf"] = {"Paranawát"}, ["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"}, ["pah"] = {"Tenharim"}, ["pai"] = {"Pe"}, ["pak"] = {"Parakanã"}, ["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"}, ["pam"] = {"Pampanga", "Kapampangan"}, ["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"}, ["pap"] = {"Papiamento"}, ["paq"] = {"Parya"}, ["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"}, ["pas"] = {"Papasena"}, ["pau"] = {"Palauan"}, ["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"}, ["paw"] = {"Pawnee"}, ["pax"] = {"Pankararé"}, ["pay"] = {"Pech"}, ["paz"] = {"Pankararú"}, ["pbb"] = {"Páez"}, ["pbc"] = {"Patamona"}, ["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"}, ["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"}, ["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"}, ["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"}, ["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"}, ["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigéria)"}, ["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"}, ["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"}, ["pbo"] = {"Papel"}, ["pbp"] = {"Badyara"}, ["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"}, ["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"}, ["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"}, ["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"}, ["pbv"] = {"Pnar"}, ["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua Nugini)"}, ["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"}, ["pcb"] = {"Pear"}, ["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"}, ["pcd"] = {"Picard"}, ["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"}, ["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"}, ["pcg"] = {"Paniya"}, ["pch"] = {"Pardhan"}, ["pci"] = {"Duruwa"}, ["pcj"] = {"Parenga"}, ["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"}, ["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"}, ["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"}, ["pcn"] = {"Piti"}, ["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"}, ["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"}, ["pda"] = {"Anam"}, ["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"}, ["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"}, ["pdn"] = {"Podena", "Fedan"}, ["pdo"] = {"Padoe"}, ["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"}, ["pdu"] = {"Kayan"}, ["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonésia"}, ["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"}, ["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua Nugini)"}, ["pee"] = {"Taje"}, ["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"}, ["peg"] = {"Pengo"}, ["peh"] = {"Bonan"}, ["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"}, ["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"}, ["pek"] = {"Penchal"}, ["pel"] = {"Pekal"}, ["pem"] = {"Phende"}, ["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"}, ["pep"] = {"Kunja"}, ["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"}, ["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"}, ["pev"] = {"Pémono"}, ["pex"] = {"Petats"}, ["pey"] = {"Petjo"}, ["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"}, ["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"}, ["pfe"] = {"Pere"}, ["pfl"] = {"Pfaelzisch"}, ["pga"] = {"Arab Kréol Sudan"}, ["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"}, ["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"}, ["pgi"] = {"Pagi"}, ["pgk"] = {"Rerep"}, ["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"}, ["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"}, ["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"}, ["pgu"] = {"Pagu"}, ["pgz"] = {"Basa Isarat Papua Nugini"}, ["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"}, ["phd"] = {"Phudagi"}, ["phg"] = {"Phuong"}, ["phh"] = {"Phukha"}, ["phi"] = {"Rungkun basa Pilipina"}, ["phj"] = {"Pahari"}, ["phk"] = {"Phake"}, ["phl"] = {"Phalura", "Palula"}, ["phm"] = {"Phimbi"}, ["phn"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["pho"] = {"Phunoi"}, ["phq"] = {"Phana'"}, ["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"}, ["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"}, ["phu"] = {"Phuan"}, ["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"}, ["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"}, ["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"}, ["pib"] = {"Yine"}, ["pic"] = {"Pinji"}, ["pid"] = {"Piaroa"}, ["pie"] = {"Piro"}, ["pif"] = {"Pingelap"}, ["pig"] = {"Pisabo"}, ["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"}, ["pij"] = {"Pijao"}, ["pil"] = {"Yom"}, ["pim"] = {"Powhatan"}, ["pin"] = {"Piame"}, ["pio"] = {"Piapoco"}, ["pip"] = {"Pero"}, ["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"}, ["pis"] = {"Pijin"}, ["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"}, ["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"}, ["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"}, ["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"}, ["pix"] = {"Piu"}, ["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"}, ["piz"] = {"Pije"}, ["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"}, ["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"}, ["pkb"] = {"Pokomo", "Kipfokomo"}, ["pkc"] = {"Paekche"}, ["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"}, ["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"}, ["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"}, ["pko"] = {"Pökoot"}, ["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"}, ["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"}, ["pks"] = {"Basa Isarat Pakistan"}, ["pkt"] = {"Maleng"}, ["pku"] = {"Paku"}, ["pla"] = {"Miani"}, ["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"}, ["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"}, ["pld"] = {"Polari"}, ["ple"] = {"Palu'e"}, ["plf"] = {"Rungkun basa Malayu-Polinésia Tengah"}, ["plg"] = {"Pilagá"}, ["plh"] = {"Paulohi"}, ["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"}, ["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"}, ["pln"] = {"Palenquero"}, ["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"}, ["plq"] = {"Palaic"}, ["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"}, ["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"}, ["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"}, ["plu"] = {"Palikúr"}, ["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"}, ["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"}, ["ply"] = {"Bolyu"}, ["plz"] = {"Paluan"}, ["pma"] = {"Paama"}, ["pmb"] = {"Pambia"}, ["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"}, ["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"}, ["pmf"] = {"Pamona"}, ["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"}, ["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"}, ["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"}, ["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"}, ["pmm"] = {"Pomo"}, ["pmn"] = {"Pam"}, ["pmo"] = {"Pom"}, ["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"}, ["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"}, ["pms"] = {"Piemontese"}, ["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"}, ["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"}, ["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"}, ["pmy"] = {"Malayu Papua"}, ["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"}, ["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"}, ["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"}, ["pnc"] = {"Pannei"}, ["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"}, ["pne"] = {"Western Penan"}, ["png"] = {"Pangu", "Pongu"}, ["pnh"] = {"Penrhyn"}, ["pni"] = {"Aoheng"}, ["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"}, ["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"}, ["pnl"] = {"Paleni"}, ["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"}, ["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"}, ["pno"] = {"Panobo"}, ["pnp"] = {"Pancana"}, ["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"}, ["pnr"] = {"Panim"}, ["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"}, ["pnt"] = {"Pontic"}, ["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"}, ["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"}, ["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"}, ["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"}, ["pny"] = {"Pinyin"}, ["pnz"] = {"Pana (Afrika Tengah)"}, ["poc"] = {"Poqomam"}, ["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"}, ["pof"] = {"Poke"}, ["pog"] = {"Potiguára"}, ["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"}, ["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"}, ["pok"] = {"Pokangá"}, ["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"}, ["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"}, ["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"}, ["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"}, ["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"}, ["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"}, ["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"}, ["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"}, ["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"}, ["pox"] = {"Polabian"}, ["poy"] = {"Pogolo"}, ["poz"] = {"Rungkun basa Malayu-Polinésia"}, ["ppe"] = {"Papi"}, ["ppi"] = {"Paipai"}, ["ppk"] = {"Uma"}, ["ppl"] = {"Pipil", "Nicarao"}, ["ppm"] = {"Papuma"}, ["ppn"] = {"Papapana"}, ["ppo"] = {"Folopa"}, ["ppp"] = {"Pelende"}, ["ppq"] = {"Pei"}, ["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"}, ["ppt"] = {"Pare"}, ["ppu"] = {"Papora"}, ["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"}, ["pqe"] = {"Rungkun basa Malayu-Polinésia Wétan"}, ["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"}, ["pqw"] = {"Rungkun basa Malayu-Polinésia Kulon"}, ["pra"] = {"Prakerta"}, ["prc"] = {"Parachi"}, ["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"}, ["pre"] = {"Principense"}, ["prf"] = {"Paranan"}, ["prg"] = {"Prussian"}, ["prh"] = {"Porohanon"}, ["pri"] = {"Paicî"}, ["prk"] = {"Parauk"}, ["prl"] = {"Basa Isarat Péru"}, ["prm"] = {"Kibiri"}, ["prn"] = {"Prasuni"}, ["pro"] = {"Old Provençal (to 1500)", "Old Occitan (to 1500)"}, ["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"}, ["prr"] = {"Puri"}, ["prs"] = {"Dari", "Pérsia Apganistan"}, ["prt"] = {"Phai"}, ["pru"] = {"Puragi"}, ["prw"] = {"Parawen"}, ["prx"] = {"Purik"}, ["prz"] = {"Basa Isarat Providensia"}, ["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"}, ["psc"] = {"Basa Isarat Iran", "Isarat Pérsia"}, ["psd"] = {"Basa Isarat India Dataran"}, ["pse"] = {"Central Malay"}, ["psg"] = {"Basa Isarat Penang"}, ["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"}, ["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"}, ["psl"] = {"Basa Isarat Puérto Riko"}, ["psm"] = {"Pauserna"}, ["psn"] = {"Panasuan"}, ["pso"] = {"Basa Isarat Polandia"}, ["psp"] = {"Basa Isarat Pilipina"}, ["psq"] = {"Pasi"}, ["psr"] = {"Basa Isarat Portugis"}, ["pss"] = {"Kaulong"}, ["pst"] = {"Pashto Tengah"}, ["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"}, ["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"}, ["psy"] = {"Piscataway"}, ["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"}, ["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"}, ["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"}, ["ptn"] = {"Patani"}, ["pto"] = {"Zo'é"}, ["ptp"] = {"Patep"}, ["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"}, ["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"}, ["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"}, ["ptu"] = {"Bambam"}, ["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"}, ["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"}, ["pty"] = {"Pathiya"}, ["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"}, ["pub"] = {"Purum"}, ["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"}, ["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"}, ["pue"] = {"Puelche"}, ["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"}, ["pug"] = {"Phuie"}, ["pui"] = {"Puinave"}, ["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"}, ["pum"] = {"Puma"}, ["puo"] = {"Puoc"}, ["pup"] = {"Pulabu"}, ["puq"] = {"Puquina"}, ["pur"] = {"Puruborá"}, ["put"] = {"Putoh"}, ["puu"] = {"Punu"}, ["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"}, ["pux"] = {"Puare"}, ["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"}, ["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"}, ["pwb"] = {"Panawa"}, ["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"}, ["pwi"] = {"Patwin"}, ["pwm"] = {"Molbog"}, ["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"}, ["pwo"] = {"Pwo Western Karen"}, ["pwr"] = {"Powari"}, ["pww"] = {"Pwo Northern Karen"}, ["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"}, ["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"}, ["pym"] = {"Fyam"}, ["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"}, ["pys"] = {"Basa Isarat Paraguay", "Lengua de Señas del Paraguay"}, ["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"}, ["pyx"] = {"Pyu (Myanmar)"}, ["pyy"] = {"Pyen"}, ["pze"] = {"Pesse"}, ["pzh"] = {"Pazeh"}, ["pzn"] = {"Jejara Naga", "Para Naga"}, ["qua"] = {"Quapaw"}, ["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"}, ["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"}, ["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"}, ["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"}, ["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"}, ["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qui"] = {"Quileute"}, ["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"}, ["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"}, ["qun"] = {"Quinault"}, ["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"}, ["quq"] = {"Quinqui"}, ["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"}, ["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"}, ["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"}, ["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"}, ["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"}, ["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"}, ["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"}, ["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"}, ["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"}, ["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"}, ["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"}, ["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"}, ["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"}, ["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"}, ["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"}, ["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"}, ["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"}, ["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"}, ["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"}, ["qvy"] = {"Queyu"}, ["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"}, ["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"}, ["qwe"] = {"Quechuan (kulawarga)"}, ["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Rusia)"}, ["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"}, ["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"}, ["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"}, ["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"}, ["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"}, ["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"}, ["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"}, ["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"}, ["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"}, ["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"}, ["qya"] = {"Quenya"}, ["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"}, ["raa"] = {"Dungmali"}, ["rab"] = {"Camling"}, ["rac"] = {"Rasawa"}, ["rad"] = {"Rade"}, ["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"}, ["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"}, ["rah"] = {"Rabha"}, ["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"}, ["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"}, ["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"}, ["ral"] = {"Ralte"}, ["ram"] = {"Canela"}, ["ran"] = {"Riantana"}, ["rao"] = {"Rao"}, ["rap"] = {"Rapanui"}, ["raq"] = {"Saam"}, ["rar"] = {"Rarotongan", "Cook Islands Maori"}, ["ras"] = {"Tegali"}, ["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"}, ["rau"] = {"Raute"}, ["rav"] = {"Sampang"}, ["raw"] = {"Rawang"}, ["rax"] = {"Rang"}, ["ray"] = {"Rapa"}, ["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"}, ["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"}, ["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"}, ["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"}, ["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"}, ["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"}, ["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"}, ["rea"] = {"Rerau"}, ["reb"] = {"Rembong"}, ["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"}, ["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"}, ["rei"] = {"Reli"}, ["rej"] = {"Rejang"}, ["rel"] = {"Rendille"}, ["rem"] = {"Remo"}, ["ren"] = {"Rengao"}, ["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"}, ["res"] = {"Reshe"}, ["ret"] = {"Retta"}, ["rey"] = {"Reyesano"}, ["rga"] = {"Roria"}, ["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"}, ["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"}, ["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"}, ["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"}, ["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"}, ["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"}, ["rhg"] = {"Rohingya"}, ["rhp"] = {"Yahang"}, ["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"}, ["rib"] = {"Basa Isarat Bribri"}, ["rif"] = {"Tarifit"}, ["ril"] = {"Riang Lang", "Riang (Myanmar)"}, ["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"}, ["rin"] = {"Nungu"}, ["rir"] = {"Ribun"}, ["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"}, ["riu"] = {"Riung"}, ["rjg"] = {"Rajong"}, ["rji"] = {"Raji"}, ["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"}, ["rka"] = {"Kraol"}, ["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"}, ["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"}, ["rki"] = {"Rakhine"}, ["rkm"] = {"Marka"}, ["rkt"] = {"Rangpuri", "Kamta"}, ["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"}, ["rma"] = {"Rama"}, ["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"}, ["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"}, ["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"}, ["rme"] = {"Angloromani"}, ["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"}, ["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"}, ["rmh"] = {"Murkim"}, ["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"}, ["rmk"] = {"Romkun"}, ["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"}, ["rmm"] = {"Roma"}, ["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"}, ["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"}, ["rmp"] = {"Rempi"}, ["rmq"] = {"Caló"}, ["rms"] = {"Basa Isarat Romania"}, ["rmt"] = {"Domari"}, ["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"}, ["rmv"] = {"Romanova"}, ["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"}, ["rmx"] = {"Romam"}, ["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"}, ["rmz"] = {"Marma"}, ["rnb"] = {"Basa Isarat Brunca"}, ["rnd"] = {"Ruund"}, ["rng"] = {"Ronga"}, ["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"}, ["rnn"] = {"Roon"}, ["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"}, ["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"}, ["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"}, ["roa"] = {"Rungkun basa Roman"}, ["rob"] = {"Tae'"}, ["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"}, ["rod"] = {"Rogo"}, ["roe"] = {"Ronji"}, ["rof"] = {"Rombo"}, ["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"}, ["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"}, ["rom"] = {"Romany"}, ["roo"] = {"Rotokas"}, ["rop"] = {"Kriol"}, ["ror"] = {"Rongga"}, ["rou"] = {"Runga"}, ["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"}, ["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"}, ["rpt"] = {"Rapting"}, ["rri"] = {"Ririo"}, ["rrm"] = {"Moriori"}, ["rro"] = {"Waima"}, ["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"}, ["rsb"] = {"Romano-Sérbia"}, ["rsk"] = {"Ruthenian", "Rusnak"}, ["rsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Rusia"}, ["rsm"] = {"Basa Isarat Miriwoong"}, ["rsn"] = {"Basa Isarat Rwanda"}, ["rsw"] = {"Rishiwa"}, ["rtc"] = {"Rungtu Chin"}, ["rth"] = {"Ratahan"}, ["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"}, ["rts"] = {"Yurats"}, ["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"}, ["rub"] = {"Gungu"}, ["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"}, ["rue"] = {"Rusyn"}, ["ruf"] = {"Luguru"}, ["rug"] = {"Roviana"}, ["ruh"] = {"Ruga"}, ["rui"] = {"Rufiji"}, ["ruk"] = {"Che"}, ["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"}, ["rup"] = {"Makédo-Romania", "Aromania", "Arumania"}, ["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"}, ["rut"] = {"Rutul"}, ["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"}, ["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigéria)"}, ["ruz"] = {"Ruma"}, ["rwa"] = {"Rawo"}, ["rwk"] = {"Rwa"}, ["rwl"] = {"Ruwila"}, ["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"}, ["rwo"] = {"Rawa"}, ["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"}, ["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"}, ["rxw"] = {"Karuwali", "Garuwali"}, ["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"}, ["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"}, ["ryu"] = {"Central Okinawan"}, ["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"}, ["saa"] = {"Saba"}, ["sab"] = {"Buglere"}, ["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"}, ["sad"] = {"Sandawe"}, ["sae"] = {"Sabanê"}, ["saf"] = {"Safaliba"}, ["sah"] = {"Yakut"}, ["sai"] = {"Rungkun basa Indian Amérika Kidul"}, ["saj"] = {"Sahu"}, ["sak"] = {"Sake"}, ["sal"] = {"Rungkun basa Salishan"}, ["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"}, ["sao"] = {"Sause"}, ["saq"] = {"Samburu"}, ["sar"] = {"Saraveca"}, ["sas"] = {"Sasak"}, ["sat"] = {"Santali"}, ["sau"] = {"Saleman"}, ["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"}, ["saw"] = {"Sawi"}, ["sax"] = {"Sa"}, ["say"] = {"Saya"}, ["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["sba"] = {"Ngambay"}, ["sbb"] = {"Simbo"}, ["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua Nugini)"}, ["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"}, ["sbe"] = {"Saliba"}, ["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"}, ["sbg"] = {"Seget"}, ["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"}, ["sbi"] = {"Seti"}, ["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"}, ["sbk"] = {"Safwa"}, ["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"}, ["sbm"] = {"Sagala"}, ["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"}, ["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"}, ["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"}, ["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"}, ["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"}, ["sbs"] = {"Subiya"}, ["sbt"] = {"Kimki"}, ["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"}, ["sbv"] = {"Sabine"}, ["sbw"] = {"Simba"}, ["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"}, ["sby"] = {"Soli"}, ["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"}, ["scb"] = {"Chut"}, ["sce"] = {"Dongxiang"}, ["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"}, ["scg"] = {"Sanggau"}, ["sch"] = {"Sakachep"}, ["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"}, ["sck"] = {"Sadri"}, ["scl"] = {"Shina"}, ["scn"] = {"Sicilian"}, ["sco"] = {"Scots"}, ["scp"] = {"Hyolmo", "Helambu Sherpa"}, ["scq"] = {"Sa'och"}, ["scs"] = {"North Slavey"}, ["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"}, ["scu"] = {"Shumcho"}, ["scv"] = {"Sheni"}, ["scw"] = {"Sha"}, ["scx"] = {"Sicel"}, ["scz"] = {"Shaetlan"}, ["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"}, ["sdb"] = {"Shabak"}, ["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"}, ["sde"] = {"Surubu"}, ["sdf"] = {"Sarli"}, ["sdg"] = {"Savi"}, ["sdh"] = {"Kurdi Kidul"}, ["sdj"] = {"Suundi"}, ["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"}, ["sdl"] = {"Basa Isarat Arab Saudi"}, ["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"}, ["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"}, ["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"}, ["sdq"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"}, ["sds"] = {"Sened"}, ["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"}, ["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"}, ["sdv"] = {"Rungkun basa Sudan Wétan"}, ["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"}, ["sdz"] = {"Sallands"}, ["sea"] = {"Semai"}, ["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"}, ["sec"] = {"Sechelt", "She shashishalhem"}, ["sed"] = {"Sedang"}, ["see"] = {"Seneca"}, ["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"}, ["seg"] = {"Segeju"}, ["seh"] = {"Sena"}, ["sei"] = {"Seri"}, ["sej"] = {"Sene"}, ["sek"] = {"Sekani"}, ["sel"] = {"Selkup"}, ["sem"] = {"Rungkun basa Semit"}, ["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"}, ["seo"] = {"Suarmin"}, ["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"}, ["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"}, ["ser"] = {"Serrano"}, ["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"}, ["set"] = {"Sentani"}, ["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"}, ["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"}, ["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"}, ["sey"] = {"Secoya"}, ["sez"] = {"Senthang Chin"}, ["sfb"] = {"Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone", "Basa Isarat Prancis Bélgia"}, ["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"}, ["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"}, ["sfs"] = {"Basa Isarat Afrika Kidul"}, ["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"}, ["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"}, ["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"}, ["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"}, ["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sge"] = {"Segai"}, ["sgg"] = {"Basa Isarat Suis Jérman"}, ["sgh"] = {"Shughni"}, ["sgi"] = {"Suga"}, ["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"}, ["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"}, ["sgm"] = {"Singa"}, ["sgn"] = {"Basa Isarat"}, ["sgp"] = {"Singpho"}, ["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"}, ["sgs"] = {"Samogitian"}, ["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"}, ["sgu"] = {"Salas"}, ["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"}, ["sgx"] = {"Basa Isarat Sierra Leone"}, ["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"}, ["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"}, ["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"}, ["shb"] = {"Ninam"}, ["shc"] = {"Sonde"}, ["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"}, ["she"] = {"Sheko"}, ["shg"] = {"Shua"}, ["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"}, ["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"}, ["shj"] = {"Shatt"}, ["shk"] = {"Shilluk"}, ["shl"] = {"Shendu"}, ["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"}, ["shn"] = {"Shan"}, ["sho"] = {"Shanga"}, ["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"}, ["shq"] = {"Sala"}, ["shr"] = {"Shi"}, ["shs"] = {"Shuswap", "Secwepemctsín"}, ["sht"] = {"Shasta"}, ["shu"] = {"Aran Chad"}, ["shv"] = {"Shehri"}, ["shw"] = {"Shwai"}, ["shx"] = {"She"}, ["shy"] = {"Tachawit"}, ["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"}, ["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"}, ["sib"] = {"Sebop"}, ["sid"] = {"Sidamo"}, ["sie"] = {"Simaa"}, ["sif"] = {"Siamou"}, ["sig"] = {"Paasaal"}, ["sih"] = {"Zire", "Sîshëë"}, ["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"}, ["sij"] = {"Numbami"}, ["sik"] = {"Sikiana"}, ["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"}, ["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua Nugini)"}, ["sio"] = {"Rungkun basa Siouan"}, ["sip"] = {"Sikkim"}, ["siq"] = {"Sonia"}, ["sir"] = {"Siri"}, ["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"}, ["sit"] = {"Rungkun basa Sino-Tibét"}, ["siu"] = {"Sinagen"}, ["siv"] = {"Sumariup"}, ["siw"] = {"Siwai"}, ["six"] = {"Sumau"}, ["siy"] = {"Sivandi"}, ["siz"] = {"Siwi"}, ["sja"] = {"Epena"}, ["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"}, ["sjc"] = {"Shaojiang Chinese"}, ["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"}, ["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"}, ["sjg"] = {"Assangori"}, ["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"}, ["sjl"] = {"Sajalong", "Miji"}, ["sjm"] = {"Mapun"}, ["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"}, ["sjo"] = {"Xibe"}, ["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"}, ["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"}, ["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"}, ["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"}, ["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"}, ["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"}, ["ska"] = {"Skagit"}, ["skb"] = {"Saek"}, ["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"}, ["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"}, ["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"}, ["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"}, ["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"}, ["skh"] = {"Sikule"}, ["ski"] = {"Sika"}, ["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"}, ["skm"] = {"Kutong"}, ["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"}, ["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"}, ["skp"] = {"Sekapan"}, ["skq"] = {"Sininkere"}, ["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"}, ["sks"] = {"Maia"}, ["skt"] = {"Sakata"}, ["sku"] = {"Sakao"}, ["skv"] = {"Skou"}, ["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"}, ["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"}, ["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"}, ["skz"] = {"Sekar"}, ["sla"] = {"Rungkun basa Slavia"}, ["slc"] = {"Sáliba"}, ["sld"] = {"Sissala"}, ["sle"] = {"Sholaga"}, ["slf"] = {"Basa Isarat Suis Italia"}, ["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"}, ["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"}, ["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"}, ["slj"] = {"Salumá"}, ["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"}, ["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"}, ["sln"] = {"Salinan"}, ["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"}, ["slr"] = {"Salar"}, ["sls"] = {"Basa Isarat Singapura"}, ["slt"] = {"Sila"}, ["slu"] = {"Selaru"}, ["slw"] = {"Sialum"}, ["slx"] = {"Salampasu"}, ["sly"] = {"Selayar"}, ["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"}, ["sma"] = {"Southern Sami"}, ["smb"] = {"Simbari"}, ["smc"] = {"Som"}, ["smf"] = {"Auwe"}, ["smg"] = {"Simbali"}, ["smh"] = {"Samei"}, ["smi"] = {"Rungkun basa Sami"}, ["smj"] = {"Lule Sami"}, ["smk"] = {"Bolinao"}, ["sml"] = {"Central Sama"}, ["smm"] = {"Musasa"}, ["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"}, ["smp"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["smq"] = {"Samo"}, ["smr"] = {"Simeulue"}, ["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"}, ["smt"] = {"Simte"}, ["smu"] = {"Somray"}, ["smv"] = {"Samvedi"}, ["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"}, ["smx"] = {"Samba"}, ["smy"] = {"Semnani"}, ["smz"] = {"Simeku"}, ["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"}, ["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"}, ["snf"] = {"Noon"}, ["sng"] = {"Sanga (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["sni"] = {"Sensi"}, ["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"}, ["snk"] = {"Soninke"}, ["snl"] = {"Sangil"}, ["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"}, ["snn"] = {"Siona"}, ["sno"] = {"Snohomish"}, ["snp"] = {"Siane"}, ["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"}, ["snr"] = {"Sihan"}, ["sns"] = {"South West Bay", "Nahavaq"}, ["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"}, ["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"}, ["snw"] = {"Selee"}, ["snx"] = {"Sam"}, ["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"}, ["snz"] = {"Kou"}, ["soa"] = {"Thai Song"}, ["sob"] = {"Sobei"}, ["soc"] = {"So (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["sod"] = {"Songoora"}, ["soe"] = {"Songomeno"}, ["sog"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["soh"] = {"Aka"}, ["soi"] = {"Sonha"}, ["soj"] = {"Soi"}, ["sok"] = {"Sokoro"}, ["sol"] = {"Solos"}, ["son"] = {"Rungkun basa Songhai"}, ["soo"] = {"Songo"}, ["sop"] = {"Songe"}, ["soq"] = {"Kanasi"}, ["sor"] = {"Somrai"}, ["sos"] = {"Seeku"}, ["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"}, ["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"}, ["sow"] = {"Sowanda"}, ["sox"] = {"Swo"}, ["soy"] = {"Miyobe"}, ["soz"] = {"Temi"}, ["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonésia)"}, ["spc"] = {"Sapé"}, ["spd"] = {"Saep"}, ["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua Nugini)"}, ["spg"] = {"Sian"}, ["spi"] = {"Saponi"}, ["spk"] = {"Sengo"}, ["spl"] = {"Selepet"}, ["spm"] = {"Akukem"}, ["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["spo"] = {"Spokane"}, ["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"}, ["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"}, ["spr"] = {"Saparua"}, ["sps"] = {"Saposa"}, ["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"}, ["spu"] = {"Sapuan"}, ["spv"] = {"Sambalpuri", "Kosli"}, ["spx"] = {"South Picene"}, ["spy"] = {"Sabaot"}, ["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"}, ["sqh"] = {"Shau"}, ["sqj"] = {"Albania"}, ["sqk"] = {"Basa Isarat Albania"}, ["sqm"] = {"Suma"}, ["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"}, ["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"}, ["sqq"] = {"Sou"}, ["sqr"] = {"Arab Sisilia"}, ["sqs"] = {"Basa Isarat Sri Lanka"}, ["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"}, ["squ"] = {"Squamish", "Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim"}, ["sqx"] = {"Basa Isarat Kufr Qassem"}, ["sra"] = {"Saruga"}, ["srb"] = {"Sora"}, ["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"}, ["sre"] = {"Sara"}, ["srf"] = {"Nafi"}, ["srg"] = {"Sulod"}, ["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"}, ["sri"] = {"Siriano"}, ["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"}, ["srl"] = {"Isirawa"}, ["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"}, ["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"}, ["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"}, ["srq"] = {"Sirionó"}, ["srr"] = {"Serer"}, ["srs"] = {"Tsuut'ina", "Sarsi"}, ["srt"] = {"Sauri"}, ["sru"] = {"Suruí"}, ["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"}, ["srw"] = {"Serua"}, ["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"}, ["sry"] = {"Sera"}, ["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"}, ["ssa"] = {"Rungkun basa Nilo-Sahara"}, ["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"}, ["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"}, ["ssd"] = {"Siroi"}, ["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"}, ["ssf"] = {"Thao"}, ["ssg"] = {"Seimat"}, ["ssh"] = {"Arab Syihuh"}, ["ssi"] = {"Sansi"}, ["ssj"] = {"Sausi"}, ["ssk"] = {"Sunam"}, ["ssl"] = {"Sisaala Kulon"}, ["ssm"] = {"Semnam"}, ["ssn"] = {"Waata"}, ["sso"] = {"Sissano"}, ["ssp"] = {"Basa Isarat Spanyol"}, ["ssq"] = {"So'a"}, ["ssr"] = {"Basa Isarat Suis Prancis"}, ["sss"] = {"Sô"}, ["sst"] = {"Sinasina"}, ["ssu"] = {"Susuami"}, ["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"}, ["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"}, ["ssy"] = {"Saho"}, ["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"}, ["sta"] = {"Settla"}, ["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"}, ["std"] = {"Sentinel"}, ["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"}, ["stf"] = {"Seta"}, ["stg"] = {"Trieng"}, ["sth"] = {"Shelta"}, ["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"}, ["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"}, ["stk"] = {"Arammba"}, ["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"}, ["stm"] = {"Setaman"}, ["stn"] = {"Owa"}, ["sto"] = {"Stoney"}, ["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"}, ["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"}, ["str"] = {"Straits Salish"}, ["sts"] = {"Shumashti"}, ["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"}, ["stu"] = {"Samtao"}, ["stv"] = {"Silt'e"}, ["stw"] = {"Satawalese"}, ["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"}, ["sua"] = {"Sulka"}, ["sub"] = {"Suku"}, ["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"}, ["sue"] = {"Suena"}, ["sug"] = {"Suganga"}, ["sui"] = {"Suki"}, ["suj"] = {"Shubi"}, ["suk"] = {"Sukuma"}, ["suo"] = {"Bouni"}, ["suq"] = {"Tirmaga-Chai Suri", "Suri"}, ["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"}, ["sus"] = {"Susu"}, ["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"}, ["suv"] = {"Puroik"}, ["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"}, ["sux"] = {"Sumerian"}, ["suy"] = {"Suyá"}, ["suz"] = {"Sunwar"}, ["sva"] = {"Svan"}, ["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"}, ["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"}, ["sve"] = {"Serili"}, ["svk"] = {"Basa Isarat Slovakia"}, ["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"}, ["svs"] = {"Savosavo"}, ["svx"] = {"Skalvian"}, ["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"}, ["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"}, ["swf"] = {"Sere"}, ["swg"] = {"Swabian"}, ["swh"] = {"Swahili (individual language)", "Kiswahili"}, ["swi"] = {"Sui"}, ["swj"] = {"Sira"}, ["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"}, ["swl"] = {"Basa Isarat Swédia"}, ["swm"] = {"Samosa"}, ["swn"] = {"Sawknah"}, ["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"}, ["swp"] = {"Suau"}, ["swq"] = {"Sharwa"}, ["swr"] = {"Saweru"}, ["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"}, ["swt"] = {"Sawila"}, ["swu"] = {"Suwawa"}, ["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"}, ["sww"] = {"Sowa"}, ["swx"] = {"Suruahá"}, ["swy"] = {"Sarua"}, ["sxb"] = {"Suba"}, ["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"}, ["sxe"] = {"Sighu"}, ["sxg"] = {"Shuhi", "Shixing"}, ["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"}, ["sxl"] = {"Selian"}, ["sxm"] = {"Samre"}, ["sxn"] = {"Sangir"}, ["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"}, ["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"}, ["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"}, ["sxu"] = {"Upper Saxon"}, ["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"}, ["sya"] = {"Siang"}, ["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"}, ["syc"] = {"Classical Syriac"}, ["syd"] = {"Rungkun basa Samoyed"}, ["syi"] = {"Seki"}, ["syk"] = {"Sukur"}, ["syl"] = {"Sylheti"}, ["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"}, ["syn"] = {"Senaya"}, ["syo"] = {"Suoy"}, ["syr"] = {"Syriac"}, ["sys"] = {"Sinyar"}, ["syw"] = {"Kagate"}, ["syx"] = {"Samay"}, ["syy"] = {"Basa Isarat Al-Sayyid Bedouin"}, ["sza"] = {"Semelai"}, ["szb"] = {"Ngalum"}, ["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"}, ["sze"] = {"Seze"}, ["szg"] = {"Sengele"}, ["szl"] = {"Silesian"}, ["szn"] = {"Sula"}, ["szp"] = {"Suabo"}, ["szs"] = {"Basa Isarat Kapuloan Solomon"}, ["szv"] = {"Isubu", "Isu (Fako Division)"}, ["szw"] = {"Sawai"}, ["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"}, ["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"}, ["tab"] = {"Tabassaran"}, ["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"}, ["tad"] = {"Tause"}, ["tae"] = {"Tariana"}, ["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"}, ["tag"] = {"Tagoi"}, ["tai"] = {"Rungkun basa Tai"}, ["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"}, ["tak"] = {"Tala"}, ["tal"] = {"Tal"}, ["tan"] = {"Tangale"}, ["tao"] = {"Yami"}, ["tap"] = {"Taabwa"}, ["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"}, ["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"}, ["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"}, ["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"}, ["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"}, ["taw"] = {"Tai"}, ["tax"] = {"Tamki"}, ["tay"] = {"Atayal"}, ["taz"] = {"Tocho"}, ["tba"] = {"Aikanã"}, ["tbc"] = {"Takia"}, ["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"}, ["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"}, ["tbf"] = {"Mandara"}, ["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"}, ["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"}, ["tbi"] = {"Gaam"}, ["tbj"] = {"Tiang"}, ["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"}, ["tbl"] = {"Tboli"}, ["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"}, ["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"}, ["tbo"] = {"Tawala"}, ["tbp"] = {"Taworta", "Diebroud"}, ["tbq"] = {"Rungkun basa Tibeto-Burma"}, ["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"}, ["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"}, ["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"}, ["tbu"] = {"Tubar"}, ["tbv"] = {"Tobo"}, ["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["tbx"] = {"Kapin"}, ["tby"] = {"Tabaru"}, ["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"}, ["tca"] = {"Ticuna"}, ["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"}, ["tcc"] = {"Datooga"}, ["tcd"] = {"Tafi"}, ["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"}, ["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"}, ["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"}, ["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"}, ["tci"] = {"Wára"}, ["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"}, ["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"}, ["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"}, ["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"}, ["tco"] = {"Taungyo"}, ["tcp"] = {"Tawr Chin"}, ["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"}, ["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"}, ["tct"] = {"T'en"}, ["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"}, ["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"}, ["tcx"] = {"Toda"}, ["tcy"] = {"Tulu"}, ["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"}, ["tda"] = {"Tagdal"}, ["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"}, ["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"}, ["tdd"] = {"Tai Nüa"}, ["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"}, ["tdf"] = {"Talieng"}, ["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"}, ["tdh"] = {"Thulung"}, ["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"}, ["tdj"] = {"Tajio"}, ["tdk"] = {"Tambas"}, ["tdl"] = {"Sur"}, ["tdm"] = {"Taruma"}, ["tdn"] = {"Tondano"}, ["tdo"] = {"Teme"}, ["tdq"] = {"Tita"}, ["tdr"] = {"Todrah"}, ["tds"] = {"Doutai"}, ["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"}, ["tdv"] = {"Toro"}, ["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"}, ["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"}, ["tea"] = {"Temiar"}, ["teb"] = {"Tetete"}, ["tec"] = {"Terik"}, ["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"}, ["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"}, ["tef"] = {"Teressa"}, ["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"}, ["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"}, ["tei"] = {"Torricelli"}, ["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"}, ["tem"] = {"Timne"}, ["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"}, ["teo"] = {"Teso"}, ["tep"] = {"Tepecano"}, ["teq"] = {"Temein"}, ["ter"] = {"Tereno"}, ["tes"] = {"Tengger"}, ["tet"] = {"Tetum"}, ["teu"] = {"Soo"}, ["tev"] = {"Teor"}, ["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"}, ["tex"] = {"Tennet"}, ["tey"] = {"Tulishi"}, ["tez"] = {"Tetserret"}, ["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"}, ["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"}, ["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"}, ["tfr"] = {"Teribe"}, ["tft"] = {"Ternate"}, ["tga"] = {"Sagalla"}, ["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"}, ["tgc"] = {"Tigak"}, ["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"}, ["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"}, ["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"}, ["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"}, ["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"}, ["tgj"] = {"Tagin"}, ["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"}, ["tgo"] = {"Sudest"}, ["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"}, ["tgq"] = {"Tring"}, ["tgr"] = {"Tareng"}, ["tgs"] = {"Nume"}, ["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"}, ["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"}, ["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"}, ["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"}, ["tgx"] = {"Tagish"}, ["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"}, ["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"}, ["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"}, ["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"}, ["thf"] = {"Thangmi"}, ["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"}, ["thi"] = {"Tai Long"}, ["thk"] = {"Tharaka", "Kitharaka"}, ["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"}, ["thm"] = {"Aheu"}, ["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"}, ["thp"] = {"Thompson", "Nłeʔkepmxcín", "Thompson River Salish"}, ["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"}, ["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"}, ["ths"] = {"Thakali"}, ["tht"] = {"Tahltan", "Tāłtān"}, ["thu"] = {"Thuri"}, ["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"}, ["thy"] = {"Tha"}, ["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"}, ["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"}, ["tic"] = {"Tira"}, ["tif"] = {"Tifal"}, ["tig"] = {"Tigre"}, ["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"}, ["tii"] = {"Tiene"}, ["tij"] = {"Tilung"}, ["tik"] = {"Tikar"}, ["til"] = {"Tillamook"}, ["tim"] = {"Timbe"}, ["tin"] = {"Tindi"}, ["tio"] = {"Teop"}, ["tip"] = {"Trimuris"}, ["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"}, ["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"}, ["tit"] = {"Tinigua"}, ["tiu"] = {"Adasen"}, ["tiv"] = {"Tiv"}, ["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"}, ["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"}, ["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"}, ["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"}, ["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"}, ["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"}, ["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"}, ["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"}, ["tjl"] = {"Tai Laing"}, ["tjm"] = {"Timucua"}, ["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"}, ["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"}, ["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"}, ["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"}, ["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"}, ["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"}, ["tka"] = {"Truká"}, ["tkb"] = {"Buksa"}, ["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"}, ["tke"] = {"Takwane"}, ["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"}, ["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"}, ["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["tkm"] = {"Takelma"}, ["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"}, ["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"}, ["tkq"] = {"Tee"}, ["tkr"] = {"Tsakhur"}, ["tks"] = {"Takestani"}, ["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"}, ["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"}, ["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"}, ["tkw"] = {"Teanu"}, ["tkx"] = {"Tangko"}, ["tkz"] = {"Takua"}, ["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"}, ["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"}, ["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"}, ["tld"] = {"Talaud"}, ["tlf"] = {"Telefol"}, ["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"}, ["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"}, ["tli"] = {"Tlingit"}, ["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"}, ["tlk"] = {"Taloki"}, ["tll"] = {"Tetela"}, ["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"}, ["tln"] = {"Talondo'"}, ["tlo"] = {"Talodi"}, ["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"}, ["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"}, ["tlr"] = {"Talise"}, ["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"}, ["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"}, ["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"}, ["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"}, ["tlx"] = {"Khehek"}, ["tly"] = {"Talysh"}, ["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"}, ["tmb"] = {"Katbol", "Avava"}, ["tmc"] = {"Tumak"}, ["tmd"] = {"Haruai"}, ["tme"] = {"Tremembé"}, ["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"}, ["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"}, ["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"}, ["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"}, ["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"}, ["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"}, ["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"}, ["tmn"] = {" Taman (Indonésia)"}, ["tmo"] = {"Temoq"}, ["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"}, ["tmr"] = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)"}, ["tms"] = {"Tima"}, ["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"}, ["tmu"] = {"Iau"}, ["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"}, ["tmw"] = {"Temuan"}, ["tmy"] = {"Tami"}, ["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"}, ["tna"] = {"Tacana"}, ["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"}, ["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"}, ["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"}, ["tng"] = {"Tobanga"}, ["tnh"] = {"Maiani"}, ["tni"] = {"Tandia"}, ["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"}, ["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"}, ["tnm"] = {"Tabla"}, ["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"}, ["tno"] = {"Toromono"}, ["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"}, ["tnq"] = {"Taino"}, ["tnr"] = {"Ménik"}, ["tns"] = {"Tenis"}, ["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"}, ["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"}, ["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"}, ["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"}, ["tnx"] = {"Tanema"}, ["tny"] = {"Tongwe"}, ["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"}, ["tob"] = {"Toba"}, ["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"}, ["tod"] = {"Toma"}, ["tof"] = {"Gizrra"}, ["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"}, ["toh"] = {"Gitonga"}, ["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"}, ["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"}, ["tok"] = {"Toki Pona"}, ["tol"] = {"Tolowa"}, ["tom"] = {"Tombulu"}, ["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"}, ["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"}, ["toq"] = {"Toposa"}, ["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"}, ["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"}, ["tou"] = {"Tho"}, ["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"}, ["tow"] = {"Jemez"}, ["tox"] = {"Tobian"}, ["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"}, ["toz"] = {"To"}, ["tpa"] = {"Taupota"}, ["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"}, ["tpe"] = {"Tippera"}, ["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"}, ["tpg"] = {"Kula"}, ["tpi"] = {"Tok Pisin"}, ["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"}, ["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"}, ["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"}, ["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"}, ["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"}, ["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"}, ["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"}, ["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"}, ["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"}, ["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"}, ["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"}, ["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"}, ["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"}, ["tpy"] = {"Trumai"}, ["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"}, ["tqb"] = {"Tembé"}, ["tql"] = {"Lehali"}, ["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"}, ["tqn"] = {"Tenino"}, ["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"}, ["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"}, ["tqq"] = {"Tunni"}, ["tqr"] = {"Torona"}, ["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"}, ["tqu"] = {"Touo"}, ["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"}, ["tra"] = {"Tirahi"}, ["trb"] = {"Terebu"}, ["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"}, ["trd"] = {"Turi"}, ["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"}, ["trf"] = {"Inggris Kréol Trinidad"}, ["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"}, ["trh"] = {"Turaka"}, ["tri"] = {"Trió"}, ["trj"] = {"Toram"}, ["trk"] = {"Rungkun basa Turkik"}, ["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"}, ["trm"] = {"Tregami"}, ["trn"] = {"Trinitario"}, ["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"}, ["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"}, ["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"}, ["trr"] = {"Taushiro"}, ["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"}, ["trt"] = {"Tunggare"}, ["tru"] = {"Turoyo", "Surayt"}, ["trv"] = {"Sediq", "Seediq", "Taroko"}, ["trw"] = {"Torwali"}, ["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"}, ["try"] = {"Turung"}, ["trz"] = {"Torá"}, ["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"}, ["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"}, ["tsc"] = {"Tswa"}, ["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"}, ["tse"] = {"Basa Isarat Tunisia"}, ["tsg"] = {"Tausug"}, ["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"}, ["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"}, ["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"}, ["tsk"] = {"Tseku"}, ["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"}, ["tsm"] = {"Basa Isarat Turki", "Türk İşaret Dili"}, ["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"}, ["tsq"] = {"Basa Isarat Thailand"}, ["tsr"] = {"Akei"}, ["tss"] = {"Basa Isarat Taiwan"}, ["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"}, ["tsu"] = {"Tsou"}, ["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"}, ["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"}, ["tsx"] = {"Mubami"}, ["tsy"] = {"Basa Isarat Tebul"}, ["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"}, ["tta"] = {"Tutelo"}, ["ttb"] = {"Gaa"}, ["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"}, ["ttd"] = {"Tauade"}, ["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"}, ["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"}, ["ttg"] = {"Tutong"}, ["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"}, ["tti"] = {"Tobati"}, ["ttj"] = {"Tooro"}, ["ttk"] = {"Totoro"}, ["ttl"] = {"Totela"}, ["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"}, ["ttn"] = {"Towei"}, ["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"}, ["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"}, ["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"}, ["ttr"] = {"Tera"}, ["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"}, ["ttt"] = {"Muslim Tat"}, ["ttu"] = {"Torau"}, ["ttv"] = {"Titan"}, ["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"}, ["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"}, ["ttz"] = {"Tsum"}, ["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"}, ["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"}, ["tuc"] = {"Mutu"}, ["tud"] = {"Tuxá"}, ["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"}, ["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"}, ["tug"] = {"Tunia"}, ["tuh"] = {"Taulil"}, ["tui"] = {"Tupuri"}, ["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"}, ["tul"] = {"Tula"}, ["tum"] = {"Tumbuka"}, ["tun"] = {"Tunica"}, ["tuo"] = {"Tucano"}, ["tup"] = {"Rungkun basa Tupi"}, ["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"}, ["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"}, ["tut"] = {"Rungkun basa Altaik"}, ["tuu"] = {"Tututni"}, ["tuv"] = {"Turkana"}, ["tuw"] = {"Rungkun basa Tungus"}, ["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"}, ["tuy"] = {"Tugen"}, ["tuz"] = {"Turka"}, ["tva"] = {"Vaghua"}, ["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"}, ["tve"] = {"Te'un"}, ["tvg"] = {"Tugunese", "Batavian Portuguese Creole", "Mardijker Creole"}, ["tvi"] = {"Tulai"}, ["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"}, ["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"}, ["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"}, ["tvo"] = {"Tidore"}, ["tvs"] = {"Taveta"}, ["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"}, ["tvu"] = {"Tunen"}, ["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"}, ["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"}, ["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"}, ["twa"] = {"Twana"}, ["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"}, ["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"}, ["twd"] = {"Twents"}, ["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonésia)"}, ["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"}, ["twg"] = {"Tereweng"}, ["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"}, ["twl"] = {"Tawara"}, ["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"}, ["twn"] = {"Twendi"}, ["two"] = {"Tswapong"}, ["twp"] = {"Ere"}, ["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"}, ["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"}, ["twt"] = {"Turiwára"}, ["twu"] = {"Termanu"}, ["tww"] = {"Tuwari"}, ["twx"] = {"Tewe"}, ["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"}, ["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"}, ["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"}, ["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"}, ["txe"] = {"Totoli"}, ["txg"] = {"Tangut"}, ["txh"] = {"Thracian"}, ["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"}, ["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"}, ["txm"] = {"Tomini"}, ["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"}, ["txo"] = {"Toto"}, ["txq"] = {"Tii"}, ["txr"] = {"Tartessian"}, ["txs"] = {"Tonsea"}, ["txt"] = {"Citak"}, ["txu"] = {"Kayapó"}, ["txx"] = {"Tatana"}, ["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"}, ["tya"] = {"Tauya"}, ["tye"] = {"Kyanga"}, ["tyh"] = {"O'du"}, ["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"}, ["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"}, ["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"}, ["tyn"] = {"Kombai"}, ["typ"] = {"Thaypan"}, ["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"}, ["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"}, ["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"}, ["tyu"] = {"Kua"}, ["tyv"] = {"Tuvinian"}, ["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"}, ["tyy"] = {"Tiyaa"}, ["tyz"] = {"Tày"}, ["tza"] = {"Basa Isarat Tanzania"}, ["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"}, ["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"}, ["tzl"] = {"Talossan"}, ["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"}, ["tzn"] = {"Tugun"}, ["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"}, ["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"}, ["uam"] = {"Uamué"}, ["uan"] = {"Kuan"}, ["uar"] = {"Tairuma"}, ["uba"] = {"Ubang"}, ["ubi"] = {"Ubi"}, ["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"}, ["ubr"] = {"Ubir"}, ["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"}, ["uby"] = {"Ubykh"}, ["uda"] = {"Uda"}, ["ude"] = {"Udihe"}, ["udg"] = {"Muduga"}, ["udi"] = {"Udi"}, ["udj"] = {"Ujir"}, ["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"}, ["udm"] = {"Udmurt"}, ["udu"] = {"Uduk"}, ["ues"] = {"Kioko"}, ["ufi"] = {"Ufim"}, ["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"}, ["uge"] = {"Ughele"}, ["ugh"] = {"Kubachi"}, ["ugn"] = {"Basa Isarat Uganda"}, ["ugo"] = {"Ugong"}, ["ugy"] = {"Basa Isarat Uruguay"}, ["uha"] = {"Uhami"}, ["uhn"] = {"Damal"}, ["uis"] = {"Uisai"}, ["uiv"] = {"Iyive"}, ["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"}, ["uka"] = {"Kaburi"}, ["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"}, ["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"}, ["uki"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"}, ["ukl"] = {"Basa Isarat Ukraina"}, ["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"}, ["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"}, ["uks"] = {"Basa Isarat Urubú-Kaapor", "Basa Isarat Kaapor"}, ["uku"] = {"Ukue"}, ["ukv"] = {"Kuku"}, ["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"}, ["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"}, ["ula"] = {"Fungwa"}, ["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"}, ["ulc"] = {"Ulch"}, ["ule"] = {"Lule"}, ["ulf"] = {"Usku", "Afra"}, ["uli"] = {"Ulithian"}, ["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"}, ["ull"] = {"Ullatan"}, ["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"}, ["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"}, ["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"}, ["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"}, ["uly"] = {"Buli"}, ["uma"] = {"Umatilla"}, ["umb"] = {"Umbundu"}, ["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"}, ["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"}, ["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"}, ["umi"] = {"Ukit"}, ["umm"] = {"Umon"}, ["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"}, ["umo"] = {"Umotína"}, ["ump"] = {"Umpila"}, ["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"}, ["ums"] = {"Pendau"}, ["umu"] = {"Munsee"}, ["una"] = {"North Watut"}, ["und"] = {"Undetermined"}, ["une"] = {"Uneme"}, ["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"}, ["uni"] = {"Uni"}, ["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"}, ["unm"] = {"Unami"}, ["unn"] = {"Kurnai"}, ["unr"] = {"Mundari"}, ["unu"] = {"Unubahe"}, ["unx"] = {"Munda"}, ["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"}, ["uon"] = {"Kulon"}, ["upi"] = {"Umeda"}, ["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"}, ["ura"] = {"Urarina"}, ["urb"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor", "Kaapor"}, ["urc"] = {"Urningangg"}, ["ure"] = {"Uru"}, ["urf"] = {"Uradhi"}, ["urg"] = {"Urigina"}, ["urh"] = {"Urhobo"}, ["uri"] = {"Urim"}, ["urj"] = {"Rungkun basa Ural"}, ["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"}, ["url"] = {"Urali"}, ["urm"] = {"Urapmin"}, ["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"}, ["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua Nugini)"}, ["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"}, ["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"}, ["urt"] = {"Urat"}, ["uru"] = {"Urumi"}, ["urv"] = {"Uruava"}, ["urw"] = {"Sop"}, ["urx"] = {"Urimo"}, ["ury"] = {"Orya"}, ["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"}, ["usa"] = {"Usarufa"}, ["ush"] = {"Ushojo"}, ["usi"] = {"Usui"}, ["usk"] = {"Usaghade"}, ["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"}, ["uss"] = {"us-Saare"}, ["usu"] = {"Uya"}, ["uta"] = {"Otank"}, ["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"}, ["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"}, ["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"}, ["utr"] = {"Etulo"}, ["utu"] = {"Utu"}, ["uum"] = {"Urum"}, ["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"}, ["uuu"] = {"U"}, ["uve"] = {"West Uvean", "Fagauvea"}, ["uvh"] = {"Uri"}, ["uvl"] = {"Lote"}, ["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"}, ["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"}, ["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"}, ["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"}, ["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"}, ["vae"] = {"Vale"}, ["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"}, ["vag"] = {"Vagla"}, ["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"}, ["vai"] = {"Vai"}, ["vaj"] = {"Sekele", "Northwestern ǃKung", "Vasekele"}, ["val"] = {"Vehes"}, ["vam"] = {"Vanimo"}, ["van"] = {"Valman"}, ["vao"] = {"Vao"}, ["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"}, ["var"] = {"Huarijio"}, ["vas"] = {"Vasavi"}, ["vau"] = {"Vanuma"}, ["vav"] = {"Varli"}, ["vay"] = {"Wayu"}, ["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"}, ["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"}, ["vec"] = {"Venetian"}, ["ved"] = {"Veddah"}, ["vel"] = {"Veluws"}, ["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"}, ["veo"] = {"Ventureño"}, ["vep"] = {"Veps"}, ["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"}, ["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"}, ["vgt"] = {"Vlaamse Gebarentaal", "Basa Isarat Flemish"}, ["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"}, ["vid"] = {"Vidunda"}, ["vif"] = {"Vili"}, ["vig"] = {"Viemo"}, ["vil"] = {"Vilela"}, ["vin"] = {"Vinza"}, ["vis"] = {"Vishavan"}, ["vit"] = {"Viti"}, ["viv"] = {"Iduna"}, ["vjk"] = {"Bajjika"}, ["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"}, ["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"}, ["vkk"] = {"Kaur"}, ["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"}, ["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"}, ["vkn"] = {"Koro Nulu"}, ["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"}, ["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"}, ["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"}, ["vku"] = {"Kurrama"}, ["vkz"] = {"Koro Zuba"}, ["vlp"] = {"Valpei"}, ["vls"] = {"Vlaams"}, ["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"}, ["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"}, ["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"}, ["vme"] = {"East Masela"}, ["vmf"] = {"Mainfränkisch"}, ["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"}, ["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"}, ["vmi"] = {"Miwa"}, ["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"}, ["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"}, ["vml"] = {"Malgana"}, ["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"}, ["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"}, ["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["vmr"] = {"Marenje"}, ["vms"] = {"Moksela"}, ["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"}, ["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"}, ["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"}, ["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"}, ["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"}, ["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"}, ["vnk"] = {"Vano", "Lovono"}, ["vnm"] = {"Vinmavis", "Neve'ei"}, ["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"}, ["vor"] = {"Voro"}, ["vot"] = {"Votic"}, ["vra"] = {"Vera'a"}, ["vro"] = {"Võro"}, ["vrs"] = {"Varisi"}, ["vrt"] = {"Burmbar", "Banam Bay"}, ["vsi"] = {"Basa Isarat Moldova"}, ["vsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Vénézuéla"}, ["vsn"] = {"Vedic Sanskrit"}, ["vsv"] = {"Basa Isarat Valénsia", "Llengua de signes valenciana"}, ["vto"] = {"Vitou"}, ["vum"] = {"Vumbu"}, ["vun"] = {"Vunjo"}, ["vut"] = {"Vute"}, ["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"}, ["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"}, ["wab"] = {"Yote", "Wab"}, ["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"}, ["wad"] = {"Wamesa", "Wondama"}, ["wae"] = {"Walser"}, ["waf"] = {"Wakoná"}, ["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"}, ["wah"] = {"Watubela"}, ["wai"] = {"Wares"}, ["waj"] = {"Waffa"}, ["wak"] = {"Rungkun basa Wakash"}, ["wal"] = {"Wolaytta", "Wolaitta"}, ["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"}, ["wan"] = {"Wan"}, ["wao"] = {"Wappo"}, ["wap"] = {"Wapishana"}, ["waq"] = {"Wagiman"}, ["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"}, ["was"] = {"Washo"}, ["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"}, ["wau"] = {"Waurá"}, ["wav"] = {"Waka"}, ["waw"] = {"Waiwai"}, ["wax"] = {"Watam", "Marangis"}, ["way"] = {"Wayana"}, ["waz"] = {"Wampur"}, ["wba"] = {"Warao"}, ["wbb"] = {"Wabo"}, ["wbe"] = {"Waritai"}, ["wbf"] = {"Wara"}, ["wbh"] = {"Wanda"}, ["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"}, ["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"}, ["wbk"] = {"Waigali"}, ["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"}, ["wbm"] = {"Wa"}, ["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"}, ["wbq"] = {"Waddar"}, ["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"}, ["wbs"] = {"Basa Isarat Benggala Kulon"}, ["wbt"] = {"Warnman"}, ["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"}, ["wbw"] = {"Woi"}, ["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"}, ["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"}, ["wdd"] = {"Wandji"}, ["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"}, ["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"}, ["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"}, ["wdt"] = {"Wendat"}, ["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"}, ["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"}, ["wea"] = {"Wewaw"}, ["wec"] = {"Wè Western"}, ["wed"] = {"Wedau"}, ["weg"] = {"Wergaia"}, ["weh"] = {"Weh"}, ["wei"] = {"Kiunum"}, ["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"}, ["wen"] = {"Rungkun basa Sorbia"}, ["weo"] = {"Wemale"}, ["wep"] = {"Westphalien"}, ["wer"] = {"Weri"}, ["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"}, ["wet"] = {"Perai"}, ["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"}, ["wew"] = {"Wejewa"}, ["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"}, ["wga"] = {"Wagaya"}, ["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wgg"] = {"Wangkangurru", "Wangganguru"}, ["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"}, ["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"}, ["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"}, ["wha"] = {"Sou Upaa", "Manusela"}, ["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"}, ["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"}, ["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"}, ["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"}, ["wic"] = {"Wichita"}, ["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"}, ["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"}, ["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"}, ["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"}, ["wii"] = {"Minidien"}, ["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"}, ["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"}, ["wil"] = {"Wilawila"}, ["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"}, ["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"}, ["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"}, ["wiu"] = {"Wiru"}, ["wiv"] = {"Vitu"}, ["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"}, ["wja"] = {"Waja"}, ["wji"] = {"Warji"}, ["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"}, ["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"}, ["wkd"] = {"Wakde", "Mo"}, ["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"}, ["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"}, ["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"}, ["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"}, ["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"}, ["wla"] = {"Walio"}, ["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"}, ["wle"] = {"Wolane"}, ["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"}, ["wlh"] = {"Welaun"}, ["wli"] = {"Waioli"}, ["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"}, ["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"}, ["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"}, ["wlo"] = {"Wolio"}, ["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"}, ["wls"] = {"Wallisian"}, ["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"}, ["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"}, ["wlw"] = {"Walak"}, ["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"}, ["wly"] = {"Waling"}, ["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigéria)"}, ["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"}, ["wmc"] = {"Wamas"}, ["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"}, ["wme"] = {"Wambule"}, ["wmg"] = {"Western Minyag"}, ["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"}, ["wmi"] = {"Wamin"}, ["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonésia)"}, ["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"}, ["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua Nugini)"}, ["wms"] = {"Wambon"}, ["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"}, ["wmw"] = {"Mwani"}, ["wmx"] = {"Womo"}, ["wnb"] = {"Mokati"}, ["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"}, ["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"}, ["wne"] = {"Waneci"}, ["wng"] = {"Wanggom"}, ["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"}, ["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"}, ["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"}, ["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"}, ["wno"] = {"Wano"}, ["wnp"] = {"Wanap"}, ["wnu"] = {"Usan"}, ["wnw"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wny"] = {"Wanyi", "Waanyi"}, ["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"}, ["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"}, ["woc"] = {"Wogeo"}, ["wod"] = {"Wolani"}, ["woe"] = {"Woleaian"}, ["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"}, ["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"}, ["woi"] = {"Kamang"}, ["wok"] = {"Longto"}, ["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigéria)"}, ["won"] = {"Wongo"}, ["woo"] = {"Manombai"}, ["wor"] = {"Woria"}, ["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"}, ["wow"] = {"Wawonii"}, ["woy"] = {"Weyto"}, ["wpc"] = {"Maco"}, ["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"}, ["wrg"] = {"Warungu", "Gudjal"}, ["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"}, ["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"}, ["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"}, ["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"}, ["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"}, ["wrn"] = {"Warnang"}, ["wro"] = {"Worrorra"}, ["wrp"] = {"Waropen"}, ["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"}, ["wrs"] = {"Waris"}, ["wru"] = {"Waru"}, ["wrv"] = {"Waruna"}, ["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"}, ["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"}, ["wry"] = {"Merwari"}, ["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"}, ["wsa"] = {"Warembori"}, ["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"}, ["wsi"] = {"Wusi"}, ["wsk"] = {"Waskia"}, ["wsr"] = {"Owenia"}, ["wss"] = {"Wasa"}, ["wsu"] = {"Wasu"}, ["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"}, ["wtb"] = {"Matambwe"}, ["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"}, ["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"}, ["wti"] = {"Berta"}, ["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"}, ["wtm"] = {"Mewati"}, ["wtw"] = {"Wotu"}, ["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"}, ["wub"] = {"Wunambal"}, ["wud"] = {"Wudu"}, ["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"}, ["wul"] = {"Silimo"}, ["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"}, ["wun"] = {"Bungu"}, ["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"}, ["wut"] = {"Wutung"}, ["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"}, ["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"}, ["wux"] = {"Wulna"}, ["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"}, ["wwa"] = {"Waama"}, ["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"}, ["wwo"] = {"Wetamut", "Dorig"}, ["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"}, ["www"] = {"Wawa"}, ["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"}, ["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"}, ["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"}, ["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"}, ["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"}, ["wyn"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"}, ["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"}, ["xaa"] = {"Arab Andalusia"}, ["xab"] = {"Sambe"}, ["xac"] = {"Kachari"}, ["xad"] = {"Adai"}, ["xae"] = {"Aequian"}, ["xag"] = {"Aghwan"}, ["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"}, ["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"}, ["xak"] = {"Máku"}, ["xal"] = {"Kalmyk", "Oirat"}, ["xam"] = {"ǀXam"}, ["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"}, ["xao"] = {"Khao"}, ["xap"] = {"Apalachee"}, ["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"}, ["xar"] = {"Karami"}, ["xas"] = {"Kamas"}, ["xat"] = {"Katawixi"}, ["xau"] = {"Kauwera"}, ["xav"] = {"Xavánte"}, ["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"}, ["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"}, ["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"}, ["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"}, ["xbd"] = {"Bindal"}, ["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"}, ["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"}, ["xbi"] = {"Kombio"}, ["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"}, ["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"}, ["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"}, ["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"}, ["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"}, ["xbr"] = {"Kambera"}, ["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"}, ["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"}, ["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"}, ["xcc"] = {"Camunic"}, ["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"}, ["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"}, ["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"}, ["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"}, ["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"}, ["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"}, ["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["xcr"] = {"Carian"}, ["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"}, ["xcu"] = {"Curonian"}, ["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"}, ["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"}, ["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"}, ["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"}, ["xdc"] = {"Dacian"}, ["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"}, ["xdm"] = {"Edomite"}, ["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"}, ["xdq"] = {"Kaitag"}, ["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"}, ["xeb"] = {"Eblan"}, ["xed"] = {"Hdi"}, ["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"}, ["xel"] = {"Kelo"}, ["xem"] = {"Kembayan"}, ["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"}, ["xer"] = {"Xerénte"}, ["xes"] = {"Kesawai"}, ["xet"] = {"Xetá"}, ["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"}, ["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"}, ["xga"] = {"Galatian"}, ["xgb"] = {"Gbin"}, ["xgd"] = {"Gudang"}, ["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"}, ["xgg"] = {"Goreng"}, ["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"}, ["xgl"] = {"Galindan"}, ["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"}, ["xgn"] = {"Rungkun basa Mongolia"}, ["xgr"] = {"Garza"}, ["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"}, ["xgw"] = {"Guwa"}, ["xha"] = {"Harami"}, ["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"}, ["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"}, ["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"}, ["xhm"] = {"Middle Khmer (1400 to 1850 CE)"}, ["xhr"] = {"Hernican"}, ["xht"] = {"Hattic"}, ["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"}, ["xhv"] = {"Khua"}, ["xib"] = {"Iberian"}, ["xii"] = {"Xiri"}, ["xil"] = {"Illyrian"}, ["xin"] = {"Xinca"}, ["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"}, ["xis"] = {"Kisan"}, ["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"}, ["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"}, ["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"}, ["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"}, ["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"}, ["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"}, ["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"}, ["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"}, ["xke"] = {"Kereho"}, ["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"}, ["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"}, ["xki"] = {"Basa Isarat Kénya"}, ["xkj"] = {"Kajali"}, ["xkk"] = {"Kachok", "Kaco'"}, ["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"}, ["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"}, ["xko"] = {"Kiorr"}, ["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"}, ["xkq"] = {"Koroni"}, ["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"}, ["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"}, ["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"}, ["xku"] = {"Kaamba"}, ["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"}, ["xkw"] = {"Kembra"}, ["xkx"] = {"Karore"}, ["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"}, ["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"}, ["xla"] = {"Kamula"}, ["xlb"] = {"Loup B"}, ["xlc"] = {"Lycian"}, ["xld"] = {"Lydian"}, ["xle"] = {"Lemnian"}, ["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"}, ["xli"] = {"Liburnian"}, ["xln"] = {"Alanic"}, ["xlo"] = {"Loup A"}, ["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"}, ["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"}, ["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"}, ["xly"] = {"Elymian"}, ["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"}, ["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"}, ["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"}, ["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"}, ["xme"] = {"Median"}, ["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"}, ["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"}, ["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"}, ["xmj"] = {"Majera"}, ["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"}, ["xml"] = {"Basa Isarat Malaysia"}, ["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"}, ["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"}, ["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"}, ["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"}, ["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"}, ["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"}, ["xms"] = {"Basa Isarat Maroko"}, ["xmt"] = {"Matbat"}, ["xmu"] = {"Kamu"}, ["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"}, ["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"}, ["xmx"] = {"Salawati", "Maden"}, ["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"}, ["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"}, ["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"}, ["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"}, ["xnd"] = {"Rungkun basa Na-Dene"}, ["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"}, ["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"}, ["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"}, ["xnj"] = {"Ngoni (Tanzania)"}, ["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"}, ["xnm"] = {"Ngumbarl"}, ["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"}, ["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"}, ["xnq"] = {"Ngoni (Mozambique)"}, ["xnr"] = {"Kangri"}, ["xns"] = {"Kanashi"}, ["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"}, ["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"}, ["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"}, ["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"}, ["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"}, ["xod"] = {"Kokoda"}, ["xog"] = {"Soga"}, ["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"}, ["xok"] = {"Xokleng"}, ["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"}, ["xon"] = {"Konkomba"}, ["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"}, ["xop"] = {"Kopar"}, ["xor"] = {"Korubo"}, ["xow"] = {"Kowaki"}, ["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"}, ["xpb"] = {"Northeastern Tasmanian", "Pyemmairrener"}, ["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"}, ["xpd"] = {"Oyster Bay Tasmanian"}, ["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"}, ["xpf"] = {"Southeast Tasmanian", "Nuenonne"}, ["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"}, ["xph"] = {"North Midlands Tasmanian", "Tyerrenoterpanner"}, ["xpi"] = {"Pictish"}, ["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"}, ["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"}, ["xpl"] = {"Port Sorell Tasmanian"}, ["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"}, ["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"}, ["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"}, ["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"}, ["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"}, ["xpr"] = {"Parthian"}, ["xps"] = {"Pisidian"}, ["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"}, ["xpu"] = {"Punic"}, ["xpv"] = {"Northern Tasmanian", "Tommeginne"}, ["xpw"] = {"Northwestern Tasmanian", "Peerapper"}, ["xpx"] = {"Southwestern Tasmanian", "Toogee"}, ["xpy"] = {"Puyo"}, ["xpz"] = {"Bruny Island Tasmanian"}, ["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"}, ["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"}, ["xra"] = {"Krahô"}, ["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"}, ["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"}, ["xre"] = {"Kreye"}, ["xrg"] = {"Minang"}, ["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"}, ["xrm"] = {"Armazic"}, ["xrn"] = {"Arin"}, ["xrr"] = {"Raetic"}, ["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"}, ["xru"] = {"Marriammu"}, ["xrw"] = {"Karawa"}, ["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"}, ["xsb"] = {"Sambal"}, ["xsc"] = {"Scythian"}, ["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["xse"] = {"Sempan"}, ["xsh"] = {"Shamang"}, ["xsi"] = {"Sio"}, ["xsj"] = {"Subi"}, ["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"}, ["xsm"] = {"Kasem"}, ["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigéria)"}, ["xso"] = {"Solano"}, ["xsp"] = {"Silopi"}, ["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"}, ["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"}, ["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"}, ["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"}, ["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"}, ["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"}, ["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"}, ["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"}, ["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"}, ["xte"] = {"Ketengban"}, ["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"}, ["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"}, ["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"}, ["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"}, ["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"}, ["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"}, ["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"}, ["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"}, ["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"}, ["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"}, ["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"}, ["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"}, ["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"}, ["xtv"] = {"Thawa"}, ["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"}, ["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"}, ["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"}, ["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"}, ["xud"] = {"Umiida"}, ["xug"] = {"Kunigami"}, ["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"}, ["xul"] = {"Ngunawal", "Nunukul"}, ["xum"] = {"Umbrian"}, ["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"}, ["xuo"] = {"Kuo"}, ["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"}, ["xur"] = {"Urartian"}, ["xut"] = {"Kuthant"}, ["xuu"] = {"Kxoe", "Khwedam"}, ["xve"] = {"Venetic"}, ["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"}, ["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"}, ["xvo"] = {"Volscian"}, ["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"}, ["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"}, ["xwc"] = {"Woccon"}, ["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"}, ["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"}, ["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"}, ["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"}, ["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"}, ["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"}, ["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"}, ["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"}, ["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"}, ["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"}, ["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"}, ["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"}, ["xxm"] = {"Minkin"}, ["xxr"] = {"Koropó"}, ["xxt"] = {"Tambora"}, ["xya"] = {"Yaygir"}, ["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"}, ["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"}, ["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"}, ["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"}, ["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"}, ["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"}, ["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"}, ["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"}, ["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"}, ["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"}, ["yab"] = {"Yuhup"}, ["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"}, ["yad"] = {"Yagua"}, ["yae"] = {"Pumé"}, ["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["yag"] = {"Yámana"}, ["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"}, ["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"}, ["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"}, ["yak"] = {"Yakama"}, ["yal"] = {"Yalunka"}, ["yam"] = {"Yamba"}, ["yan"] = {"Mayangna"}, ["yao"] = {"Yao"}, ["yap"] = {"Yapese"}, ["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"}, ["yar"] = {"Yabarana"}, ["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Kamerun)"}, ["yat"] = {"Yambeta"}, ["yau"] = {"Yuwana"}, ["yav"] = {"Yangben"}, ["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"}, ["yax"] = {"Yauma"}, ["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"}, ["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"}, ["yba"] = {"Yala"}, ["ybb"] = {"Yemba"}, ["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"}, ["ybh"] = {"Yakha"}, ["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"}, ["ybj"] = {"Hasha"}, ["ybk"] = {"Bokha"}, ["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"}, ["ybm"] = {"Yaben"}, ["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"}, ["ybo"] = {"Yabong"}, ["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"}, ["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"}, ["ych"] = {"Chesu"}, ["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"}, ["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"}, ["ycp"] = {"Chepya"}, ["ycr"] = {"Yilan Creole"}, ["yda"] = {"Yanda"}, ["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"}, ["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"}, ["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"}, ["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"}, ["yea"] = {"Ravula"}, ["yec"] = {"Yeniche"}, ["yee"] = {"Yimas"}, ["yei"] = {"Yeni"}, ["yej"] = {"Yevanic"}, ["yel"] = {"Yela"}, ["yer"] = {"Tarok"}, ["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"}, ["yet"] = {"Yetfa"}, ["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"}, ["yev"] = {"Yapunda"}, ["yey"] = {"Yeyi"}, ["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"}, ["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"}, ["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"}, ["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"}, ["ygp"] = {"Gepo"}, ["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"}, ["ygs"] = {"Basa Isarat Yolŋu"}, ["ygu"] = {"Yugul"}, ["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"}, ["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"}, ["yhd"] = {"Arab Yahudi Irak"}, ["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"}, ["yhs"] = {"Basa Isarat Yan-nhaŋu"}, ["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"}, ["yif"] = {"Ache"}, ["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"}, ["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"}, ["yii"] = {"Yidiny"}, ["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"}, ["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"}, ["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"}, ["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"}, ["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"}, ["yip"] = {"Pholo"}, ["yiq"] = {"Miqie"}, ["yir"] = {"North Awyu"}, ["yis"] = {"Yis"}, ["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"}, ["yiu"] = {"Awu"}, ["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"}, ["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"}, ["yiz"] = {"Azhe"}, ["yka"] = {"Yakan"}, ["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"}, ["ykh"] = {"Khamnigan Mongol"}, ["yki"] = {"Yoke"}, ["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"}, ["ykl"] = {"Khlula"}, ["ykm"] = {"Kap"}, ["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"}, ["yko"] = {"Iyasa", "Yasa"}, ["ykr"] = {"Yekora"}, ["ykt"] = {"Kathu"}, ["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"}, ["yky"] = {"Yakoma"}, ["yla"] = {"Yaul"}, ["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"}, ["yle"] = {"Yele"}, ["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"}, ["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"}, ["yll"] = {"Yil"}, ["ylm"] = {"Limi"}, ["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"}, ["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"}, ["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"}, ["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"}, ["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"}, ["ymb"] = {"Yambes"}, ["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"}, ["ymd"] = {"Muda"}, ["yme"] = {"Yameo"}, ["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"}, ["ymh"] = {"Mili"}, ["ymi"] = {"Moji"}, ["ymk"] = {"Makwe"}, ["yml"] = {"Iamalele"}, ["ymm"] = {"Maay"}, ["ymn"] = {"Yamna", "Sunum"}, ["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"}, ["ymp"] = {"Yamap"}, ["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"}, ["ymr"] = {"Malasar"}, ["yms"] = {"Mysian"}, ["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"}, ["ymz"] = {"Muzi"}, ["yna"] = {"Aluo"}, ["ynb"] = {"Yamben"}, ["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"}, ["yne"] = {"Lang'e"}, ["yng"] = {"Yango"}, ["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"}, ["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"}, ["ynn"] = {"Yana"}, ["yno"] = {"Yong"}, ["ynq"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yns"] = {"Yansi"}, ["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"}, ["yob"] = {"Yoba"}, ["yog"] = {"Yogad"}, ["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"}, ["yok"] = {"Yokuts"}, ["yom"] = {"Yombe"}, ["yon"] = {"Yongkom"}, ["yot"] = {"Yotti"}, ["yox"] = {"Yoron"}, ["yoy"] = {"Yoy"}, ["ypa"] = {"Phala"}, ["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"}, ["ypg"] = {"Phola"}, ["yph"] = {"Phupha"}, ["ypk"] = {"Rungkun basa Yupik"}, ["ypm"] = {"Phuma"}, ["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"}, ["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"}, ["ypp"] = {"Phupa"}, ["ypz"] = {"Phuza"}, ["yra"] = {"Yerakai"}, ["yrb"] = {"Yareba"}, ["yre"] = {"Yaouré"}, ["yrk"] = {"Nenets"}, ["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"}, ["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"}, ["yrn"] = {"Yerong"}, ["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"}, ["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"}, ["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"}, ["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"}, ["ysc"] = {"Yassic"}, ["ysd"] = {"Samatao"}, ["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"}, ["ysl"] = {"Basa Isarat Yugoslavia"}, ["ysm"] = {"Basa Isarat Myanmar"}, ["ysn"] = {"Sani"}, ["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"}, ["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"}, ["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"}, ["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"}, ["ysy"] = {"Sanie"}, ["yta"] = {"Talu"}, ["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"}, ["ytp"] = {"Thopho"}, ["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"}, ["yty"] = {"Yatay"}, ["yua"] = {"Yucateco", "Yucatec Maya"}, ["yub"] = {"Yugambal"}, ["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"}, ["yud"] = {"Arab Yahudi Tripoli"}, ["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese", "Cantonese"}, ["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"}, ["yug"] = {"Yug"}, ["yui"] = {"Yurutí"}, ["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"}, ["yuk"] = {"Yuki"}, ["yul"] = {"Yulu"}, ["yum"] = {"Quechan"}, ["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigéria)"}, ["yup"] = {"Yukpa"}, ["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"}, ["yur"] = {"Yurok"}, ["yut"] = {"Yopno"}, ["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"}, ["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"}, ["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"}, ["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"}, ["yva"] = {"Yawa"}, ["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"}, ["ywa"] = {"Kalou"}, ["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"}, ["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"}, ["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"}, ["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"}, ["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"}, ["ywt"] = {"Xishanba Lalo", "Central Lalo"}, ["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"}, ["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"}, ["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"}, ["yxg"] = {"Yagara"}, ["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"}, ["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"}, ["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"}, ["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"}, ["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"}, ["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"}, ["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"}, ["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"}, ["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"}, ["zab"] = {"Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec", "San Juan Guelavía Zapotec"}, ["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"}, ["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"}, ["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"}, ["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"}, ["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"}, ["zah"] = {"Zangwal"}, ["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"}, ["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"}, ["zak"] = {"Zanaki"}, ["zal"] = {"Zauzou"}, ["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"}, ["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"}, ["zap"] = {"Zapotec"}, ["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"}, ["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"}, ["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"}, ["zau"] = {"Zangskari"}, ["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"}, ["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"}, ["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"}, ["zay"] = {"Zayse-Zergulla", "Zaysete"}, ["zaz"] = {"Zari"}, ["zba"] = {"Balaibalan"}, ["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"}, ["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"}, ["zbl"] = {"Blissymbols", "Bliss", "Blissymbolics"}, ["zbt"] = {"Batui"}, ["zbu"] = {"Bu (Bauchi State)"}, ["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"}, ["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"}, ["zcd"] = {"Las Delicias Zapotec"}, ["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zdj"] = {"Ngazidja Comorian"}, ["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"}, ["zeg"] = {"Zenag"}, ["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zem"] = {"Zeem"}, ["zen"] = {"Zenaga"}, ["zga"] = {"Kinga"}, ["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"}, ["zgh"] = {"Standard Moroccan Tamazight"}, ["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"}, ["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"}, ["zgr"] = {"Magori"}, ["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"}, ["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"}, ["zhi"] = {"Zhire"}, ["zhk"] = {"Basa Isarat Kurdi"}, ["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"}, ["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"}, ["zhx"] = {"Tionghoa (kulawarga)"}, ["zia"] = {"Zia"}, ["zib"] = {"Basa Isarat Zimbabwé"}, ["zik"] = {"Zimakani"}, ["zil"] = {"Zialo"}, ["zim"] = {"Mesme"}, ["zin"] = {"Zinza"}, ["ziw"] = {"Zigula"}, ["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"}, ["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"}, ["zkd"] = {"Kadu"}, ["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"}, ["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"}, ["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"}, ["zkn"] = {"Kanan"}, ["zko"] = {"Kott"}, ["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"}, ["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"}, ["zkt"] = {"Kitan"}, ["zku"] = {"Kaurna"}, ["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"}, ["zkz"] = {"Khazar"}, ["zla"] = {"Zula"}, ["zle"] = {"Rungkun basa Slavia Wétan"}, ["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"}, ["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"}, ["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"}, ["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"}, ["zls"] = {"Rungkun basa Slavia Kidul"}, ["zlu"] = {"Zul"}, ["zlw"] = {"Rungkun basa Slavia Kulon"}, ["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"}, ["zmb"] = {"Zimba"}, ["zmc"] = {"Margany"}, ["zmd"] = {"Maridan"}, ["zme"] = {"Mangerr"}, ["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"}, ["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"}, ["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"}, ["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"}, ["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"}, ["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"}, ["zml"] = {"Matngala"}, ["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"}, ["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"}, ["zmo"] = {"Molo"}, ["zmp"] = {"Mbuun"}, ["zmq"] = {"Mituku"}, ["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"}, ["zms"] = {"Mbesa"}, ["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"}, ["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"}, ["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"}, ["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"}, ["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"}, ["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"}, ["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"}, ["znd"] = {"Rungkun basa Zande"}, ["zne"] = {"Zande (basa individu)"}, ["zng"] = {"Mang"}, ["znk"] = {"Manangkari"}, ["zns"] = {"Mangas"}, ["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"}, ["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"}, ["zom"] = {"Zou"}, ["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"}, ["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"}, ["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"}, ["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"}, ["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"}, ["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"}, ["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"}, ["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"}, ["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"}, ["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"}, ["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"}, ["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"}, ["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"}, ["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"}, ["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"}, ["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"}, ["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"}, ["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"}, ["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"}, ["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"}, ["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"}, ["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"}, ["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"}, ["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"}, ["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"}, ["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"}, ["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"}, ["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"}, ["zro"] = {"Záparo"}, ["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"}, ["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"}, ["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"}, ["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"}, ["zsl"] = {"Basa Isarat Zambia"}, ["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"}, ["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"}, ["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"}, ["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"}, ["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"}, ["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"}, ["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"}, ["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"}, ["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"}, ["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"}, ["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"}, ["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"}, ["zuh"] = {"Tokano"}, ["zum"] = {"Kumzari"}, ["zun"] = {"Zuni"}, ["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"}, ["zwa"] = {"Zay"}, ["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"}, ["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"}, ["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"}, ["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"}, ["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"}, ["zyp"] = {"Zyphe Chin"}, ["zza"] = {"Zaza", "Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zazaki"}, ["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"} } local deprecated = { ["bh"] = {"Rungkun basa Bihari"}, ["in"] = {"Indonésia"}, ["iw"] = {"Ibrani"}, ["ji"] = {"Yiddi"}, ["jw"] = {"Jawa"}, ["mo"] = {"Moldavia", "Moldova"}, ["aam"] = {"Aram"}, ["adp"] = {"Adap"}, ["agp"] = {"Paranan"}, ["ais"] = {"Nataoran Amis"}, ["ajp"] = {"Arab Levant Kidul"}, ["ajt"] = {"Aran Yahudi Tunisia"}, ["aoh"] = {"Arma"}, ["asd"] = {"Asas"}, ["aue"] = {"ǂKxʼauǁʼein"}, ["ayx"] = {"Ayi (China)"}, ["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"}, ["baz"] = {"Tunen"}, ["bbz"] = {"Arab Kreol Babalia"}, ["bgm"] = {"Baga Mboteni"}, ["bhk"] = {"Albay Bicolano"}, ["bic"] = {"Bikaru"}, ["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"}, ["bjd"] = {"Bandjigali"}, ["bjq"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bkb"] = {"Finallig"}, ["blg"] = {"Balau"}, ["bmy"] = {"Bemba (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"}, ["btb"] = {"Beti (Kamerun)"}, ["btl"] = {"Bhatola"}, ["bxx"] = {"Borna (Républik Démokratik Kongo)"}, ["byy"] = {"Buya"}, ["cbe"] = {"Chipiajes"}, ["cbh"] = {"Cagua"}, ["cca"] = {"Cauca"}, ["ccq"] = {"Chaungtha"}, ["cdg"] = {"Chamari"}, ["cjr"] = {"Chorotega"}, ["cka"] = {"Khumi Awa Chin"}, ["cmk"] = {"Chimakum"}, ["coy"] = {"Coyaima"}, ["cqu"] = {"Chilean Quechua"}, ["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"}, ["cum"] = {"Cumeral"}, ["daf"] = {"Dan"}, ["dap"] = {"Nisi (India)"}, ["dek"] = {"Dek"}, ["dgu"] = {"Degaru"}, ["dha"] = {"Dhanwar (India)"}, ["dit"] = {"Dirari"}, ["djl"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dkl"] = {"Kolum So Dogon"}, ["drh"] = {"Darkhat"}, ["drr"] = {"Dororo"}, ["drw"] = {"Darwazi"}, ["dud"] = {"Hun-Saare"}, ["duj"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dwl"] = {"Walo Kumbe Dogon"}, ["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"}, ["elp"] = {"Elpaputih"}, ["emo"] = {"Emok"}, ["gav"] = {"Gabutamon"}, ["gbc"] = {"Garawa"}, ["gfx"] = {"Mangetti Dune ǃXung"}, ["ggn"] = {"Eastern Gurung"}, ["ggo"] = {"Southern Gondi"}, ["ggr"] = {"Aghu Tharnggalu"}, ["gio"] = {"Gelao"}, ["gji"] = {"Geji"}, ["gli"] = {"Guliguli"}, ["gti"] = {"Gbati-ri"}, ["guv"] = {"Gey"}, ["hrr"] = {"Horuru"}, ["iap"] = {"Iapama"}, ["ibi"] = {"Ibilo"}, ["ill"] = {"Iranun"}, ["ilw"] = {"Talur"}, ["ime"] = {"Imeraguen"}, ["izi"] = {"Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo"}, ["jar"] = {"Jarawa (Nigéria)"}, ["jeg"] = {"Jeng"}, ["kbf"] = {"Kakauhua"}, ["kdv"] = {"Kado"}, ["kgc"] = {"Kasseng"}, ["kgd"] = {"Kataang"}, ["kgh"] = {"Upper Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"}, ["kjf"] = {"Khalaj [Indo-Iranian]"}, ["koj"] = {"Sara Dunjo"}, ["kox"] = {"Coxima"}, ["kpp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["krm"] = {"Krim"}, ["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"}, ["ktr"] = {"Kota Marudu Tinagas"}, ["kvs"] = {"Kunggara"}, ["kwq"] = {"Kwak"}, ["kxe"] = {"Kakihum"}, ["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"}, ["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["kzh"] = {"Kenuzi-Dongola"}, ["kzj"] = {"Coastal Kadazan"}, ["kzt"] = {"Tambunan Dusun"}, ["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigéria)"}, ["lba"] = {"Lui"}, ["leg"] = {"Lengua"}, ["lii"] = {"Lingkhim"}, ["llo"] = {"Khlor"}, ["lmm"] = {"Lamam"}, ["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"}, ["lno"] = {"Lango (Sudan Kidul)"}, ["lsg"] = {"Basa Isarat Lyons"}, ["meg"] = {"Mea"}, ["mgx"] = {"Omati"}, ["mhh"] = {"Maskoy Pidgin"}, ["mja"] = {"Mahei"}, ["mld"] = {"Malakhel"}, ["mnt"] = {"Maykulan"}, ["mof"] = {"Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett"}, ["mst"] = {"Cataelano Mandaya"}, ["mvm"] = {"Muya"}, ["mwd"] = {"Mudbura"}, ["mwj"] = {"Maligo"}, ["mwx"] = {"Mediak"}, ["mwy"] = {"Mosiro"}, ["myd"] = {"Maramba"}, ["myi"] = {"Mina (India)"}, ["myq"] = {"Forest Maninka"}, ["myt"] = {"Sangab Mandaya"}, ["nad"] = {"Nijadali"}, ["nbf"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nbx"] = {"Ngura"}, ["ncp"] = {"Ndaktup"}, ["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"}, ["nln"] = {"Durango Nahuatl"}, ["nlr"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nns"] = {"Ningye"}, ["nnx"] = {"Ngong"}, ["nom"] = {"Nocamán"}, ["noo"] = {"Nootka"}, ["nte"] = {"Nathembo"}, ["nts"] = {"Natagaimas"}, ["nxu"] = {"Narau"}, ["ome"] = {"Omejes"}, ["oun"] = {"ǃOǃung"}, ["pat"] = {"Papitalai"}, ["pbz"] = {"Palu"}, ["pcr"] = {"Panang"}, ["pgy"] = {"Pongyong"}, ["pii"] = {"Pini"}, ["plj"] = {"Polci"}, ["plp"] = {"Palpa"}, ["pmc"] = {"Palumata"}, ["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"}, ["pmu"] = {"Mirpur Panjabi"}, ["pod"] = {"Ponares"}, ["ppa"] = {"Pao"}, ["ppr"] = {"Piru"}, ["prb"] = {"Lua'"}, ["prp"] = {"Parsi"}, ["pry"] = {"Pray 3"}, ["puk"] = {"Pu Ko"}, ["puz"] = {"Purum Naga"}, ["rie"] = {"Rien"}, ["rmr"] = {"Caló"}, ["rna"] = {"Runa"}, ["rsi"] = {"Basa Isarat Rennell"}, ["sap"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["sca"] = {"Sansu"}, ["sdm"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sgl"] = {"Sanglechi-Ishkashimi"}, ["sgo"] = {"Songa"}, ["skk"] = {"Sok"}, ["slq"] = {"Salchuq"}, ["smd"] = {"Sama"}, ["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"}, ["snh"] = {"Shinabo"}, ["sul"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sum"] = {"Sumo-Mayangna"}, ["svr"] = {"Savara"}, ["szd"] = {"Seru"}, ["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"}, ["tdu"] = {"Tempasuk Dusun"}, ["tgg"] = {"Tangga"}, ["thc"] = {"Tai Hang Tong"}, ["thw"] = {"Thudam"}, ["thx"] = {"The"}, ["tid"] = {"Tidong"}, ["tie"] = {"Tingal"}, ["tkk"] = {"Takpa"}, ["tlw"] = {"South Wemale"}, ["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"}, ["tmp"] = {"Tai Mène"}, ["tne"] = {"Tinoc Kallahan"}, ["tnf"] = {"Tangshewi"}, ["toe"] = {"Tomedes"}, ["tpw"] = {"Tupí"}, ["tsf"] = {"Southwestern Tamang"}, ["unp"] = {"Worora"}, ["uok"] = {"Uokha"}, ["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"}, ["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"}, ["wgw"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wit"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wiw"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wra"] = {"Warapu"}, ["wrd"] = {"Warduji"}, ["wya"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["xba"] = {"Kamba (Brasil)"}, ["xbx"] = {"Kabixí"}, ["xia"] = {"Xiandao"}, ["xip"] = {"Xipináwa"}, ["xkh"] = {"Karahawyana"}, ["xrq"] = {"Karranga"}, ["xss"] = {"Assan"}, ["xtz"] = {"Tasmania"}, ["ybd"] = {"Yangbye"}, ["yds"] = {"Basa Isarat Yiddi"}, ["yen"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yiy"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yma"] = {"Yamphe"}, ["ymt"] = {"Mator-Taygi-Karagas"}, ["ynh"] = {"Yangho"}, ["yol"] = {"Yola"}, ["yos"] = {"Yos"}, ["yri"] = {"Yarí"}, ["yuu"] = {"Yugh"}, ["zir"] = {"Ziriya"}, ["zkb"] = {"Koibal"}, ["zua"] = {"Zeem"} } return { active = active, deprecated = deprecated, } ovzmiq3fp74w4ojn863tlax95dejfrm 828 91041 732006 729959 2026-11-09T10:23:13Z Rafka Aditia 29183 732006 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); local this_wiki_lang_tag = lang_obj.code; -- get this wiki's language tag --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ N A M E _ T A B L E >------------------------------------------------ primary table of tables that decode: lang -> language tags and names script -> ISO 15924 script tags region -> ISO 3166 region tags variant -> IANA registered variant tags suppressed -> map of scripts tags and their associated language tags all of these data come from separate modules that are derived from the IANA language-subtag-registry file key_to_lower() avoids the metatable trap and sets all keys in the subtables to lowercase. Many language codes have multiple associated names; Module:lang is only concerned with the first name so key_to_lower() only fetches the first name. ]] local function key_to_lower (module, src_type) local out = {}; local source_t = (('var_sup' == src_type) and require (module)) or mw.loadData (module); -- fetch data from this module; require() avoids metatable trap for variant data if 'var_sup' == src_type then for k, v in pairs (source_t) do out[k:lower()] = v; -- for variant and suppressed everything is needed end elseif 'lang' == src_type and source_t.active then -- for ~/iana_languages (active) for k, v in pairs (source_t.active) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end elseif 'lang_dep' == src_type and source_t.deprecated then -- for ~/iana_languages (deprecated) for k, v in pairs (source_t.deprecated) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end else -- here for all other sources for k, v in pairs (source_t) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end end return out; end local lang_name_table_t = { lang = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang'), lang_dep = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang_dep'), script = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana scripts'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower region = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana regions'), -- region keys are uppercase; set to lower variant = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana variants', 'var_sup'), suppressed = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts', 'var_sup'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower } --[[--------------------------< I 1 8 N M E D I A W I K I O V E R R I D E >-------------------------------- For internationalization; not used at en.wiki The language names taken from the IANA language-subtag-registry file are given in English. That may not be ideal. Translating ~8,000 language names is also not ideal. MediaWiki maintains (much) shorter lists of language names in most languages for which there is a Wikipedia edition. When desired, Module:Lang can use the MediaWiki language list for the local language. Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all. When incomplete, MediaWiki's list will 'fall back' to another language (typically English). When that happens add an appropriate entry to the override table below. Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be correct. At en.wiki, the MediaWiki language names do not agree with the IANA language names for these ISO 639-1 tags. Often it is simply spelling differences: bh: IANA: Bihari languages MW: Bhojpuri – the ISO 639-3 tag for Bhojpuri is bho bn: IANA: Bengali MW: Bangla – Bengali is the exonym, Bangla is the endonym dv: IANA: Dhivehi MW: Divehi el: IANA: Modern Greek MW: Greek ht: IANA: Haitian MW: Haitian Creole ky: IANA: Kirghiz MW: Kyrgyz li: IANA: Limburgan MW: Limburgish or: IANA: Oriya MW: Odia os: IANA: Ossetian MW: Ossetic "pa: IANA: Panjabi MW: Punjabi "ps: IANA: Pushto MW: Pashto "to: IANA: Tonga MW: Tongan "ug: IANA: Uighur MW: Uyghur use the override table to override language names that are incorrect for your project To see the list of names that MediaWiki has for your language, enter this in the Debug console: =mw.dumpObject (mw.language.fetchLanguageNames ('<tag>', 'all')) (replacing <tag> with the language tag for your language) Use of the MediaWiki language names lists is enabled when media_wiki_override_enable is set to boolean true. ]] local media_wiki_override_enable = false; -- set to true to override IANA names with MediaWiki names; always false at en.wiki -- caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all if true == media_wiki_override_enable then local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_lang_tag, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to MediaWiki for tag, name in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- loop through each tag/name pair in the MediaWiki list if lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] then -- if the tag is in the main list lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] = name; -- overwrite existing name with the name from MediaWiki end end end --[[--------------------------< O V E R R I D E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Language codes and names in this table override the BCP47 names in lang_name_table. indexes in this table shall always be lower case ]] local override = { ------------------------------< I S O _ 6 3 9 - 1 >------------------------------------------------------------ ["ab"] = "Abkhaz", -- to match en.wiki article name ["ca-valencia"] = "Valencian", ["cu"] = "Church Slavonic", -- 2nd IANA name; ["de-at"] = "Austrian German", -- these code-region and code-variant tags to match en.wiki article names ["de-ch"] = "Swiss Standard German", ["en-au"] = "Australian English", ["en-ca"] = "Canadian English", ["en-emodeng"] = "Early Modern English", ["en-gb"] = "British English", ["en-ie"] = "Irish English", ["en-in"] = "Indian English", ["en-nz"] = "New Zealand English", ["en-us"] = "American English", ["en-za"] = "South African English", ["fr-ca"] = "Canadian French", ["fr-gallo"] = "Gallo", ["fy"] = "West Frisian", -- Western Frisian ["mo"] = "Moldovan", -- Moldavian (deprecated code); to match en.wiki article title ["nl-be"] = "Flemish", -- match MediaWiki ["oc-gascon"] = "Gascon", ["oc-provenc"] = "Provençal", ["ps"] = "Pashto", -- Pushto ["pt-br"] = "Brazilian Portuguese", -- match MediaWiki ["ro-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form ["ro-cyrl-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form ["tw-asante"] = "Asante Twi", ["ug"] = "Uyghur", -- 2nd IANA name; to match en.wiki article name -- these ISO 639-1 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted) --<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ["av"] = "Avar", -- Avaric ["bo"] = "Tibét Baku", -- Tibetan ["el"] = "Yunani", -- Modern Greek -- ["en-SA"] = "South African English", -- English; no; SA is not South Africa it Saudi Arabia; ZA is South Africa ["ff"] = "Fula", -- Fulah ["ht"] = "Kréol Haiti", -- Haitian ["hz"] = "Otjiherero", -- Herero ["ii"] = "Yi", -- Sichuan Yi ["ki"] = "Gikuyu", -- Kikuyu ["kl"] = "Greenlandic", -- Kalaallisut ["ky"] = "Kyrgyz", -- Kirghiz ["lg"] = "Luganda", -- Ganda ["li"] = "Limburgia", -- Limburgan ["mi"] = "Māori", -- Maori ["na"] = "Nauru", -- Nauru ["nb"] = "Bokmål", -- Norwegian Bokmål ["nd"] = "Northern Ndebele", -- North Ndebele ["nn"] = "Nynorsk", -- Norwegian Nynorsk ["nr"] = "Southern Ndebele", -- South Ndebele ["ny"] = "Chichewa", -- Nyanja ["oj"] = "Ojibwe", -- Ojibwa ["or"] = "Odia", -- Oriya ["pa"] = "Punjabi", -- Panjabi ["rn"] = "Kirundi", -- Rundi ["sl"] = "Slovene", -- Slovenian ["ss"] = "Swazi", -- Swati ["st"] = "Sotho", -- Southern Sotho ["to"] = "Tonga", -- Tonga --<end do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ------------------------------< I S O _ 6 3 9 - 2, - 3, - 5 >---------------------------------------------- ["alv"] = "Atlantic–Congo languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["arc"] = "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", -- Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE), Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE); to match en.wiki article title uses ISO639-2 'preferred' name ["art"] = "constructed", -- to match en.wiki article; lowercase for category name ["arx"] = "Aruá (Rondonia State)", -- Aruá (Rodonia State); to match en.wiki article ["ast-es"] = "Leonese", -- ast in IANA is Asturian; Leonese is a dialect ["bea"] = "Dane-zaa", -- Beaver; to match en.wiki article title ["bha"] = "Bhariati", -- Bharia; to match en.wiki article title ["bhd"] = "Bhadarwahi", -- Bhadrawahi; to match en.wiki article title ["bla"] = "Blackfoot", -- Siksika; to match en.wiki article title ["blc"] = "Nuxalk", -- Bella Coola; to match en.wiki article title ["bua"] = "Buryat", -- Buriat; this is a macro language; these four use wp preferred transliteration; ["bxm"] = "Mongolian Buryat", -- Mongolia Buriat; these three all redirect to Buryat ["bxr"] = "Russian Buryat", -- Russia Buriat; ["bxu"] = "Chinese Buryat", -- China Buriat; ["byr"] = "Yipma", -- Baruya, Yipma ["clm"] = "Klallam", -- Clallam; to match en.wiki article title ["crb"] = "Kalinago", -- Island Carib; to match en.wiki article ["egy"] = "Ancient Egyptian", -- Egyptian (Ancient); distinguish from contemporary arz: Egyptian Arabic ["ems"] = "Alutiiq", -- Pacific Gulf Yupik; to match en.wiki article title ["esx"] = "Eskimo–Aleut languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["frr"] = "North Frisian", -- Northern Frisian ["frs"] = "East Frisian Low Saxon", -- Eastern Frisian ["gsw-fr"] = "Alsatian", -- match MediaWiki ["haa"] = "Hän", -- Han; to match en.wiki article title ["hei"] = "Heiltsuk–Oowekyala", -- Heiltsuk; to match en.wiki article title ["hmx"] = "Hmong–Mien languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["ilo"] = "Ilocano", -- Iloko; to match en.wiki article title ["jam"] = "Jamaican Patois", -- Jamaican Creole English ["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco; this one for proper tool tip; also in <article_name> table ["luo"] = "Dholuo", -- IANA (primary) /ISO 639-3: Luo (Kenya and Tanzania); IANA (secondary): Dholuo ["mhr"] = "Meadow Mari", -- Eastern Mari ["mid"] = "Modern Mandaic", -- Mandaic ['mis'] = "uncoded", -- Uncoded languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope; ["mkh"] = "Mon–Khmer languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["mla"] = "Tamambo", -- Malo ['mte'] = "Mono-Alu", -- Mono (Solomon Islands) ['mul'] = "multiple", -- Multiple languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope; ["nan-tw"] = "Taiwanese Hokkien", -- make room for IANA / 639-3 nan Min Nan Chinese; match en.wiki article title ["new"] = "Newar", -- Newari, Nepal Bhasa; to match en,wiki article title ["ngf"] = "Trans–New Guinea languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["nic"] = "Niger–Congo languages", -- Niger-Kordofanian languages; to match en,wiki article title ["nrf"] = "Norman", -- not quite a collective - IANA name: Jèrriais + Guernésiais; categorizes to Norman-language text ["nrf-gg"] = "Guernésiais", -- match MediaWiki ["nrf-je"] = "Jèrriais", -- match MediaWiki ["nzi"] = "Nzema", -- Nzima; to match en.wiki article title ["oma"] = "Omaha–Ponca", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["orv"] = "Old East Slavic", -- Old Russian ["pfl"] = "Palatine German", -- Pfaelzisch; to match en.wiki article ["pie"] = "Piro Pueblo", -- Piro; to match en.wiki article ["pms"] = "Piedmontese", -- Piemontese; to match en.wiki article title ["pnb"] = "Punjabi (Western)", -- Western Panjabi; dab added to override import from ~/wp languages and distinguish pnb from pa in reverse look up tag_from_name() ['qwm'] = "Cuman", -- Kuman (Russia); to match en.wiki article name ["rop"] = "Australian Kriol", -- Kriol; en.wiki article is a dab; point to correct en.wiki article ["rsk"] = "Pannonian Rusyn", -- Ruthenian; en.wiki preferred name ["sco-ulster"] = "Ulster Scots", ["sdo"] = "Bukar–Sadong", -- Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh; to match en.wiki article title ["smp"] = "Samaritan Hebrew", -- to match en.wiki article title ["stq"] = "Saterland Frisian", -- Saterfriesisch ["tet"] = "Tetun", -- to match en.wiki article title ["tfn"] = "Denaʼina", -- to match en.wiki article title ["und"] = "undetermined", -- capitalization to match existing category ["wrg"] = "Warrongo", -- Warungu ["xal-ru"] = "Kalmyk", -- to match en.wiki article title ["xgf"] = "Tongva", -- ISO 639-3 is Gabrielino-Fernandeño ["yuf"] = "Havasupai–Hualapai", -- Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai; to match en.wiki article title ["zkh"] = "Khorezmian Turkic", -- Khorezmian; to match en.wiki article title, avoiding the dab ["zkt"] = "Khitan", -- Kitan; to match en.wiki article title ["zxx"] = "no linguistic content", -- capitalization -- these ISO 639-2, -3 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted) --<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ["ace"] = "Acehnese", -- Achinese ["aec"] = "Sa'idi Arabic", -- Saidi Arabic ["akl"] = "Aklan", -- Aklanon ["alt"] = "Altay", -- Southern Altai ["apm"] = "Mescalero-Chiricahua", -- Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache ["bal"] = "Balochi", -- Baluchi -- ["bcl"] = "Central Bicolano", -- Central Bikol ["bin"] = "Edo", -- Bini ["bpy"] = "Bishnupriya Manipuri", -- Bishnupriya ["chg"] = "Chagatay", -- Chagatai ["ckb"] = "Sorani Kurdish", -- Central Kurdish ["cnu"] = "Shenwa", -- Chenoua ["coc"] = "Cocopah", -- Cocopa ["diq"] = "Zazaki", -- Dimli ["fit"] = "Meänkieli", -- Tornedalen Finnish ["fkv"] = "Kven", -- Kven Finnish ["frk"] = "Old Frankish", -- Frankish ["gez"] = "Ge'ez", -- Geez ["gju"] = "Gujari", -- Gujari ["gsw"] = "Alemannic German", -- Swiss German ["gul"] = "Gullah", -- Sea Island Creole English ["hak"] = "Hakka", -- Hakka Chinese ["hbo"] = "Biblical Hebrew", -- Ancient Hebrew ["hnd"] = "Hindko", -- Southern Hindko -- ["ikt"] = "Inuvialuk", -- Inuinnaqtun ["kaa"] = "Karakalpak", -- Kara-Kalpak ["khb"] = "Tai Lü", -- Lü ["kmr"] = "Kurmanji Kurdish", -- Northern Kurdish ["kpo"] = "Kposo", -- Ikposo ["krj"] = "Kinaray-a", -- Kinaray-A -- ["ktz"] = "Juǀ'hoan", -- Juǀʼhoan ["lez"] = "Lezgian", -- Lezghian ["liv"] = "Livonian", -- Liv ["lng"] = "Lombardic", -- Langobardic ["mia"] = "Miami-Illinois", -- Miami ["miq"] = "Miskito", -- Mískito ["mix"] = "Mixtec", -- Mixtepec Mixtec ["mni"] = "Meitei", -- Manipuri ["mrj"] = "Hill Mari", -- Western Mari ["mww"] = "White Hmong", -- Hmong Daw ["nds-nl"] = "Dutch Low Saxon", -- Low German -- ["new"] = "Nepal Bhasa", -- Newari ["nso"] = "Northern Sotho", -- Pedi -- ["nwc"] = "Classical Nepal Bhasa", -- Classical Newari, Classical Nepal Bhasa, Old Newari ["ood"] = "O'odham", -- Tohono O'odham ["otk"] = "Old Turkic", -- Old Turkish ["pal"] = "Middle Persian", -- Pahlavi ["pam"] = "Kapampangan", -- Pampanga ["phr"] = "Potwari", -- Pahari-Potwari ["pka"] = "Jain Prakrit", -- Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit -- ["pnb"] = "Punjabi", -- Western Panjabi ["psu"] = "Shauraseni", -- Sauraseni Prākrit ["rap"] = "Rapa Nui", -- Rapanui ["rar"] = "Cook Islands Māori", -- Rarotongan ["rmu"] = "Scandoromani", -- Tavringer Romani ["rom"] = "Romani", -- Romany ["rup"] = "Aromanian", -- Macedo-Romanian ["ryu"] = "Okinawan", -- Central Okinawan ["sdc"] = "Sassarese", -- Sassarese Sardinian ["sdn"] = "Gallurese", -- Gallurese Sardinian ["shp"] = "Shipibo", -- Shipibo-Conibo ["src"] = "Logudorese", -- Logudorese Sardinian ["sro"] = "Campidanese", -- Campidanese Sardinian ["tkl"] = "Tokelauan", -- Tokelau ["tvl"] = "Tuvaluan", -- Tuvalu ["tyv"] = "Tuvan", -- Tuvinian ["vls"] = "West Flemish", -- Vlaams ["wep"] = "Westphalian", -- Westphalien ["xal"] = "Oirat", -- Kalmyk ["xcl"] = "Old Armenian", -- Classical Armenian ["yua"] = "Yucatec Maya", -- Yucateco --<end do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ------------------------------< P R I V A T E _ U S E _ T A G S >---------------------------------------------- ["akk-x-latbabyl"] = "Late Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-midassyr"] = "Middle Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-midbabyl"] = "Middle Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-neoassyr"] = "Neo-Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-neobabyl"] = "Neo-Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-old"] = "Old Akkadian", ["akk-x-oldassyr"] = "Old Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-oldbabyl"] = "Old Babylonian Akkadian", ["alg-x-proto"] = "Proto-Algonquian", -- alg in IANA is Algonquian languages ["ar-x-classic"] = "Classical Arabic", ["ar-x-nabat"] = "Nabataean Arabic", ["ar-x-safaitic"] = "Safaitic", ["art-x-uropi"] = "Uropi", -- art in IANA is Artificial languages ["ast-x-west"] = "Western Asturian", ["ca-x-old"] = "Old Catalan", ["cel-x-combrit"] = "Common Brittonic", -- cel in IANA is Celtic languages ["cel-x-proto"] = "Proto-Celtic", ["ccs-x-proto"] = "Proto-Kartvelian", -- ccs in IANA is Kartvelian languages ["egy-x-demotic"] = "Demotic Egyptian", ["egy-x-late"] = "Late Egyptian", ["egy-x-middle"] = "Middle Egyptian", ["egy-x-old"] = "Old Egyptian", ["et-x-seto"] = "Seto", -- to replace {{Lang-est-sea}} ["fa-x-classic"] = "Classical Persian", ["fiu-x-proto"] = "Proto-Finno-Ugric", -- fiu in IANA is Finno-Ugric languages ["fr-x-frainc"] = "Franc-Comtois", -- to replace {{Lang-fra-frc}} ["fr-x-quebec"] = "Quebec French", ["gem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Germanic", -- gem in IANA is Germanic languages ["gmq-x-proto"] = "Proto-Norse", ["gmw-x-ecg"] = "East Central German", ["gmw-x-proto"] = "Proto-West Germanic", ["grc-x-aeolic"] = "Aeolic Greek", -- these grc-x-... codes are preferred alternates to the non-standard catchall code grc-gre ["grc-x-arcadcyp"] = "Arcadocypriot Greek", ["grc-x-attic"] = "Attic Greek", ["grc-x-biblical"] = "Biblical Greek", ["grc-x-byzant"] = "Byzantine Greek", ["grc-x-classic"] = "Classical Greek", ["grc-x-doric"] = "Doric Greek", ["grc-x-hellen"] = "Hellenistic Greek", ["grc-x-ionic"] = "Ionic Greek", ["grc-x-koine"] = "Koine Greek", ["grc-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Greek", ["grc-x-pamph"] = "Pamphylian Greek", ["grc-x-patris"] = "Patristic Greek", ["grk-x-proto"] = "Proto-Greek", -- grk in IANA is Greek languages ["iir-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Iranian", -- iir in IANA is Indo-Iranian Languages ["inc-x-mitanni"] = "Mitanni-Aryan", -- inc in IANA is Indic languages ["inc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Aryan", ["ine-x-anatolia"] = "Anatolian languages", ["ine-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-European", ["ira-x-proto"] = "Proto-Iranian", -- ira in IANA is Iranian languages ["itc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Italic", -- itc in IANA is Italic languages ["ksh-x-colog"] = "Colognian", -- en.wiki article is Colognian; ksh (Kölsch) redirects there ["la-x-church"] = "Ecclesiastical Latin", ["la-x-classic"] = "Classical Latin", ["la-x-late"] = "Late Latin", ["la-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Latin", ["la-x-new"] = "New Latin", ["la-x-old"] = "Old Latin", ["la-x-ren"] = "Renaissance Latin", ["la-x-vulgar"] = "Vulgar Latin", ["lmo-x-berg"] = "Bergamasque", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Bergamasque is a dialect ["lmo-x-cremish"] = "Cremish", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Cremish is a dialect ["lmo-x-milanese"] = "Milanese", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Milanese is a dialect ["mis-x-ripuar"] = "Ripuarian", -- replaces improper use of ksh in wp_languages ["prg-x-old"] = "Old Prussian", ["roa-x-proto"] = "Proto-Romance", ["sem-x-ammonite"] = "Ammonite", ["sem-x-aramaic"] = "Aramaic", ["sem-x-canaan"] = "Canaanite languages", ["sem-x-dadanit"] = "Dadanitic", ["sem-x-dumaitic"] = "Dumaitic", ["sem-x-egurage"] = "Eastern Gurage", ["sem-x-hasaitic"] = "Hasaitic", ["sem-x-hatran"] = "Hatran Aramaic", ["sem-x-hismaic"] = "Hismaic", ["sem-x-nabat"] = "Nabataean Aramaic", ["sem-x-oldsoara"] = "Old South Arabian", ["sem-x-palmyren"] = "Palmyrene Aramaic", ["sem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Semitic", ["sem-x-taymanit"] = "Taymanitic", ["smi-x-proto"] = "Proto-Samic", -- smi in IANA is Samic languages ["sla-x-proto"] = "Proto-Slavic", -- sla in IANA is Slavic languages ["sq-x-proto"] = "Proto-Albanian", ["trk-x-oldanat"] = "Old Anatolian Turkish", -- to replace {{Lang-1ca}} ["urj-x-proto"] = "Proto-Uralic", -- urj in IANA is Uralic languages ["yuf-x-hav"] = "Havasupai", -- IANA name for these three is Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai ["yuf-x-wal"] = "Walapai", ["yuf-x-yav"] = "Yavapai", ["xsa-x-himyarit"] = "Himyaritic", ["xsc-x-pontic"] = "Pontic Scythian", -- xsc in IANA is Scythian ["xsc-x-saka"] = "Saka", ["xsc-x-sarmat"] = "Sarmatian", ["zle-x-ruthenia"] = "Ruthenian", -- zle in IANA is East Slavic languages collective; moved to allow rsk for Pannonian Rusyn } --[[--------------------------< A R T I C L E _ L I N K >------------------------------------------------------ for those rare occasions when article titles don't fit with the normal '<language name> language', this table maps language code to article title. Use of this table should be avoided and the use of redirects preferred as that is the long-standing method of handling article names that don't fit with the normal pattern ]] local article_name = { ['aru'] = "Arawá language", -- Aruá (Amazonas State); to avoid Aruá dab page ['arx'] = "Aruá language (Rondônia)", -- Aruá (Rodonia State) overridden to Aruá (Rondonia State); to avoid Aruá dab page ['kue'] = "Kuman language (New Guinea)", -- Kuman (Papua New Guinea); to avoid Kuman dab page ["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque dialect", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco ['mbo'] = "Mbo language (Cameroon)", -- Mbo (Cameroon) ['mnh'] = "Mono language (Congo)", -- Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo); see Template_talk:Lang#Mono_languages ['mnr'] = "Mono language (California)", -- Mono (USA) ['mru'] = "Mono language (Cameroon)", -- Mono (Cameroon) ["snq"] = "Sangu language (Gabon)", -- Sangu (Gabon) ["toi"] = "Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)", -- Tonga (Zambia and Zimbabwe); to avoid Tonga language dab page ["vwa"] = "Awa language (China)", -- Awa (China); to avoid Awa dab page ["xlg"] = "Ligurian language (ancient)", -- see Template_talk:Lang#Ligurian_dab ["zmw"] = "Mbo language (Congo)", -- Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo) } --[=[-------------------------< R T L _ S C R I P T S >-------------------------------------------------------- ISO 15924 scripts that are written right-to-left. Data in this table taken from [[ISO 15924#List of codes]] last update to this list: 2017-12-24 ]=] local rtl_scripts = { 'adlm', 'arab', 'aran', 'armi', 'avst', 'cprt', 'egyd', 'egyh', 'hatr', 'hebr', 'hung', 'inds', 'khar', 'lydi', 'mand', 'mani', 'mend', 'merc', 'mero', 'narb', 'nbat', 'nkoo', 'orkh', 'palm', 'phli', 'phlp', 'phlv', 'phnx', 'prti', 'rohg', 'samr', 'sarb', 'sogd', 'sogo', 'syrc', 'syre', 'syrj', 'syrn', 'thaa', 'wole', }; --[[--------------------------< T R A N S L I T _ T I T L E S >------------------------------------------------ This is a table of tables of transliteration standards and the language codes or language scripts that apply to those standards. This table is used to create the tool-tip text associated with the transliterated text displayed by some of the {{lang-??}} templates. These tables are more-or-less copied directly from {{special|PermaLink/680078354}}. The standard 'NO_STD' is a construct to allow for the cases when no |std= parameter value is provided. ]] local translit_title_table = { ['abkai'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Abkai system of romanization', }, ['ahl'] = { ['default'] = 'Academy of the Hebrew Language transliteration', }, ['ala'] = { ['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration', }, ['ala-lc'] = { ['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration', }, ['batr'] = { ['default'] = 'Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules', }, ['bgn/pcgn'] = { ['default'] = 'Board on Geographic Names / Permanent Committee on Geographical Names transliteration', }, ['din'] = { ['ar'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['fa'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ku'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ps'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['tg'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ug'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ur'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['arab'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['default'] = 'DIN transliteration', }, ['eae'] = { ['default'] = 'Encyclopaedia Aethiopica transliteration', }, ['hepburn'] = { ['default'] = 'Hepburn transliteration', }, ['hu'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Hu system of romanization', }, ['hunterian'] = { ['default'] = 'Hunterian transliteration', }, ['iast'] = { ['default'] = 'International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration', }, ['iso'] = { -- when a transliteration standard is supplied ['ab'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ba'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['be'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['bg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['kk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ky'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['mn'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ru'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['tg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['uk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['bua'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['sah'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['tut'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['xal'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['cyrl'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['cyrs'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ar'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ku'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ps'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ug'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ur'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['arab'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['he'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['yi'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['hebr'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['el'] = 'ISO 843 Greek', ['grc'] = 'ISO 843 Greek', ['ja'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['hira'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['hrkt'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['jpan'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['kana'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['zh'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['chi'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['cmn'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['zho'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- ['han'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- unicode alias of Hani? doesn't belong here? should be Hani? ['hans'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['hant'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['ka'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian', ['kat'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian', ['arm'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian', ['hy'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian', ['th'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai', ['tha'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai', ['ko'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean', ['kor'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean', ['awa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bho'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['doi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['dra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gon'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['hi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['hno'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['inc'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['kn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['kok'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ks'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mag'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mai'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ne'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['new'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['or'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['pa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['pnb'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['raj'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sat'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sd'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['si'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['skr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ta'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['tcy'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['te'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['beng'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['brah'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['deva'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gujr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['guru'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['knda'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mlym'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['orya'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sinh'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['taml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['telu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['default'] = 'ISO transliteration', }, ['jyutping'] = { ['default'] = 'Jyutping transliteration', }, ['mdorff'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Möllendorff system of romanization', }, ['mlcts'] = { ['default'] = 'Myanmar Language Commission Transcription System', }, ['mr'] = { ['default'] = 'McCune–Reischauer transliteration', }, ['nihon-shiki'] = { ['default'] = 'Nihon-shiki transliteration', }, ['no_std'] = { -- when no transliteration standard is supplied ['akk'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['sem'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['phnx'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['xsux'] = 'Cuneiform transliteration', }, ['pinyin'] = { ['default'] = 'Pinyin transliteration', }, ['rr'] = { ['default'] = 'Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration', }, ['rtgs'] = { ['default'] = 'Royal Thai General System of Transcription', }, ['satts'] = { ['default'] = 'Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System transliteration', }, ['scientific'] = { ['default'] = 'scientific transliteration', }, ['thdl'] = { ['default'] = 'THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription', }, ['ukrainian'] = { ['default'] = 'Ukrainian National system of romanization', }, ['ungegn'] = { ['default'] = 'United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration', }, ['wadegile'] = { ['default'] = 'Wade–Giles transliteration', }, ['wehr'] = { ['default'] = 'Hans Wehr transliteration', }, ['wylie'] = { ['default'] = 'Wylie transliteration', }, ['yaleko'] = { ['default'] = 'Yale romanization of Korean', }, ['zwpy'] = { ['default'] = 'Tibetan pinyin' }, }; --[[--------------------------< E N G _ V A R >---------------------------------------------------------------- Used at en.wiki so that spelling of 'romanized' (US, default) can be changed to 'romanised' to match the envar specified by a {{Use xxx English}}. This is accomplished by setting |engvar=gb; can, should be omitted in articles that use American English; no need for the clutter. ]] local engvar_sel_t = { -- select either UK English or US English ['au'] = 'gb_t', -- these match IANA region codes (except in lower case) ['ca'] = 'us_t', ['gb'] = 'gb_t', ['ie'] = 'gb_t', ['in'] = 'gb_t', ['nz'] = 'gb_t', ['us'] = 'us_t', -- default engvar ['za'] = 'gb_t' }; local engvar_t = { ['gb_t'] = { ['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanisation', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanisation', -- upper case ['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanised', -- past tense }, ['us_t'] = { -- default engvar ['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanization', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanization', -- upper case ['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanized', -- past tense } } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { this_wiki_lang_tag = this_wiki_lang_tag, this_wiki_lang_dir = lang_obj:getDir(), -- wiki's language direction article_name = article_name, engvar_t = engvar_t, engvar_sel_t = engvar_sel_t, lang_name_table = lang_name_table_t, override = override, rtl_scripts = rtl_scripts, special_tags_table = special_tags_table, translit_title_table = translit_title_table, }; h3sgptdwwibn06q6fiztjg4b3ij8mof 0 98286 731923 708849 2026-11-08T14:53:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river |name = Walungan Amazon |image = Amazon_river_basin.png |image_size = 200px |image_caption = Jalur nu dilalui Amazon, sababaraha anak walungan, sarta perkiraan luas wilayah nu dialirinna. |length = 6400 [[kilometer|km]] |source1_elevation = 5597 [[meter|m]] |discharge1_avg = 219000 m³/s |watershed = 6915000 km² |source1 = [[Nevado Mismi]] |mouth = [[Samudra Atlantik]] |country = [[Brasil]] (62,4%), [[Peru]] (16,3%)<br />[[Bolivia]] (12,0%), [[Kolombia]] (6,3%)<br />[[Ekuador]] (2,1%)}} '''Walungan Amazon''' (basa Spanyol: ''Río Amazonas'', basa Portugis: ''Rio Amazonas'') nyaéta walungan di Amerika Kidul nu paling panjang kadua di dunia. Panjang walungan amazon sekitar 6000&nbsp;km. Lebar ti walungan amazon nyaéta antara 1,6 jeung 10 kilometer (1,0 jeung 6,2 mil) pada tahap rendahna tapi ngaluasan selama musim hujan nepi 48 kilometer (30 mil).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aura-ilmu.com/wiki/sungai-terpanjang-terbesar-di-dunia/|title=7 Sungai Terpanjang di Dunia|website=Aura Ilmu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2019-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109161447/https://aura-ilmu.com/wiki/sungai-terpanjang-terbesar-di-dunia/|archivedate=2019-11-09}}</ref> Walungan Amazon ngalir ti dataran tinggi Peru ngaliwatan sababaraha nagara nyaéta Ekuador, Kolombia, dan Venezuela nu akhirna asup ka Brazil jeung ngalir kaluar ti pantai Atlantik. Walungan Amazon nyaéta walungan nu debit airna terbesar di dunia. Total debitna lewih badag ti total debit 7 walungan terbesar di dunia mun dihijikeun. Amazon miboga loba anak sungai nu jumlahna ribuan, nyaéta sekitar 1.100 anak walungan,.sekitar 17 anak walungan mioga panjang 1.500 kilometer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/science/discovery/eliza/sungai-amazon-agp-c1c2|title=6 Fakta Unik Sungai Amazon, yang Terpanjang di Benua Amerika|last=Times|first=I. D. N.|last2=eliza|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref> walungan jeung hutan amazon jadi imah keur satwa satwa liar sepertos lauk piranha, ''boto'' (lumba-lumba walungan), manuk. Salah hiji satwa liar nu terkenal nyaéta ''black caiman'', nyaéta buaya hideng nu terkenal pemangsa puncak, buas bisa mangsa naon wae, tapi ayeuna ''black caiman'' geus teranca pucah ku sabab kulit na nu loba diburu. walungan jeung hutan amazon aya sekitar 40.000 flora, 2000 spesies ikan, 400 spesies mamalia jeung amfibi,jeung 2,5 juta reptil jeung serangga. Atawa sekitar 30% jenis flora jeung fauna nu di planet bumi aya di walungan jeung hutan amazon. amazon ogé nyumbah atawa masok 20 % cai bersih di dunia atawa seperlima cai tawar ka samudra atlantik, cai tawar éta bisa ngacairkeun salinitasi kadar garam atawa tingkat kaasinan cai laut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekor9.com/sungai-amazon/|title=10 Fakta Unik, Menarik dan Menyeramkan Tentang Sungai Amazon - Ekor9.com|website=www.ekor9.com|accessdate=2019-11-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109161445/https://www.ekor9.com/sungai-amazon/ |date=2019-11-09 }}</ref> == Rujukan == 3c71ddwg8h6ccxpb4dkl7fx5nda4iel 0 98805 731866 681035 2026-11-08T12:40:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox stasiun | image = Stasiun_Angke_2019.jpg | caption = Stasion Angké, 2019 | name = Angké | tinggi = +3 m | prov = DKI Jakarta | kota = Jakarta Barat | kacamatan kota = Tambora | kalurahan kota = Angké | kodepos = 11330 | kode = AK | platform = 2 (hiji péron sisi jeung hiji péron pulo anu sarua jangkung) | track = 3 (jalur 2 dan 3: sepur lurus) | parking = Teu aya | open = 2 Januari 1899<ref>{{cite book|author=Staatsspoorwegen|year=1921–1932|title=Verslag der Staatsspoor-en-Tramwegen in Nederlandsch-Indië 1921-1932. |location=Batavia|publisher=Burgerlijke Openbare Werken}}</ref> |oldname=Angké | letak = * km 3+739 lintas [[Stasion Kampung Bandan|Kampung Bandan]]-[[Stasion Angké|Angké]] * km 2+063 lintas [[Stasion Angké|Angké]]-[[Stasion Tanahabang|Tanahabang]]-<br>[[Stasion Rangkasbitung|Rangkasbitung]]-[[Stasion Merak|Merak]] | line = [[KRL Commuter Line]] | operator = [[KAI Commuter Indonésia|PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia]] | ticketting = Ngalayanan kartu ''single trip/multi trip Commuter Line'' wungkul. | services = {{s-rail|title=KRL Jabodetabék}} {{s-line|system=KRL Jabodetabék|line=Bogor-Jatinegara|previous=Duri|next=Kampung Bandan}} {{s-line|system=KRL Jabodetabék|line=Angké-Nambo|next=Duri}} {{s-line|system=KRL Jabodetabék|line=Dépok-Jatinegara|previous=Duri|next=Kampung Bandan}} | alamat = Jalan Stasion Angké | class = II | nomor = 0403 | peta = Indonésia Jakarta | map_label = Stasion Angké | map_caption = Lokasi di [[Jakarta]] | lintang = -6.1442937 | bujur = 106.8006706 }} '''Stasion Angké (AK)''' ([[Aksara Sunda Baku]]: {{sund|ᮞ᮪ᮒᮞᮤᮇᮔ᮪ ᮃᮀᮊᮦ}}) mangrupa [[stasion karéta api]] kelas I anu pererahna di wates antara [[Kalurahan]] [[Jembatan Lima, Tambora, Jakarta Barat|Jembatan Lima]] jeung [[Angké, Tambora, Jakarta Barat]]. Stasion anu pererahna dina kaluhuran +3 m ieu kaasup tina [[Daérah Operasi I Jakarta]]. Stasion ieu miboga tilu jalur karéta api sareng jalur 2 jeung 3 sepur lurus. Dina awal taun 2008, [[émplasémen]] Stasion Angké ditertibkeun ti ratusan gubuk liar anu aya di lahan dekeut stasion ieu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2008/01/17/12102213/300.Gubuk.Di.Stasiun.Angke.Digusur|title=300 Gubuk Di Stasiun Angke Digusur - Kompas.com|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2008-01-17|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref> Saacan Fébruari 2017, stasion ieu digunakeun pikeun awal jeung akhir lalampahan karéta api lokal anu ngalayanan Bantén, sapertos [[Karéta api Langsam|KA Langsam]], KA [[Karéta api Banten Éksprés|Banten Éksprés]], jeung KA [[Karéta api Patas Merak|Patas Merak]], sedangkeun [[KRL Commuter Line]] ngaliwat langsung di stasion ieu. Pikeun KA [[Karéta api Kalimaya|Kalimaya]] jeung KA [[Karéta api Rangkas Jaya|Rangkas Jaya]], awal jeung akhir lalampahanna tetep ti [[Stasion Tanahabang]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/aktualitas/126030-renovasi-ka-lokal-tidak-berhenti-di-tanah-abang.html|title=Renovasi, KA Lokal Tidak Berhenti di Tanah Abang|date=2013-07-16|newspaper=beritasatu.com|language=id|access-date=2018-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621070006/http://www.beritasatu.com/aktualitas/126030-renovasi-ka-lokal-tidak-berhenti-di-tanah-abang.html|archive-date=2018-06-21}}</ref> == Layanan karéta api == === KRL Commuter Line === ''[[KA Commuter Line Jatinegara-Bogor|Commuter Loop Line (Yellow Line)]]'' * (Dépok ''branch''), tujuan [[Stasion Dépok|Dépok]] jeung tujuan [[Stasion Jatinegara|Jatinegara]] * (Bogor ''branch''), tujuan [[Stasion Bogor|Bogor]] jeung tujuan [[Stasion Jatinegara|Jatinegara]] * (Angké ''loop line''), ti jeung tujuan [[Stasion Dépok|Depok]] * (Angké ''loop line''), ti jeung tujuan [[Stasion Bogor|Bogor]] * (Angké ''branch''), ti jeung tujuan [[Stasion Nambo|Nambo]] == Antarmoda pangrojong == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Jinis angkutan umum !Trayék !Tujuan |- |[[MetroMini]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/daftartrayekangkutanumum/resource/8532ecf6-733d-4238-91e9-75d1e097f561|title=Daftar Trayek Angkutan Umum DKI Jakarta|publisher=Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta|accessdate=30 Desember 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129185739/http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/daftartrayekangkutanumum/resource/8532ecf6-733d-4238-91e9-75d1e097f561 |date=2020-01-29 }}</ref> |B80 |Terminal Kalidérés - [[Jembatan Lima, Tambora, Jakarta Barat|Jembatan Lima]] |- |[[Kopaja]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/daftartrayekangkutanumum/resource/8532ecf6-733d-4238-91e9-75d1e097f561|title=Daftar Trayek Angkutan Umum DKI Jakarta|publisher=Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta|accessdate=30 Desember 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129185739/http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/daftartrayekangkutanumum/resource/8532ecf6-733d-4238-91e9-75d1e097f561 |date=2020-01-29 }}</ref> |B86 |[[Stasion Jakarta Kota]] - Terminal Lébak Bulus |- |[[Mikrolet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/daftartrayekangkutanumum/resource/8532ecf6-733d-4238-91e9-75d1e097f561|title=Daftar Trayek Angkutan Umum DKI Jakarta|publisher=Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta|accessdate=30 Desember 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129185739/http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/daftartrayekangkutanumum/resource/8532ecf6-733d-4238-91e9-75d1e097f561 |date=2020-01-29 }}</ref> |M43 |Terminal Grogol - [[Stasion Angké]] |- |KWK<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/daftartrayekangkutanumum/resource/8532ecf6-733d-4238-91e9-75d1e097f561|title=Daftar Trayek Angkutan Umum DKI Jakarta|publisher=Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta|accessdate=30 Desember 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129185739/http://data.jakarta.go.id/dataset/daftartrayekangkutanumum/resource/8532ecf6-733d-4238-91e9-75d1e097f561 |date=2020-01-29 }}</ref> |B02 |[[Cengkareng Timur, Cengkareng, Jakarta Barat|Cengkareng Timur]]-[[Stasion Jakarta Kota]] |} == Galéri == <gallery> File:KRL_Commuter_Line_Tokyo_Metro_6000_seri_6120F_Tiba_di_Stasiun_Angke.jpg|KRL Commuter Line Tokyo Metro 6000 seri 6120F DP Tiba di Stasion Angké File:KRL_Commuter_Line_JR_205_seri_205-121F_BOO_SF-8_Rangkaian_Kereta_di_Stasiun_Angke.jpg|KRL Commuter Line JR 205 seri 205-121F BOO SF-8 Rangkéan Karéta di Stasion Angké File:Stasiun_Angke.jpg|Stasion Angké (2019) File:Papan_Nama_Stasiun_Angke_Terbaru_versi_2017.jpg|Papan Ngaran Stasion Angké Anyar versi 2017 </gallery> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} {{Stasiun|Stasion Duri|Jalur karéta api Duri-Kemayoran|Stasion Kampung Bandan}} {{stasion KCI}} {{stasiun-stub}} [[Kategori:Stasion karéta api di Jakarta|Angke]] [[Kategori:Tambora, Jakarta Kulon]] [[Kategori:Stasion karéta api anu ngalayanan ruteu KRL Commuter Line|Angke]] nnu6qfb0k5pqhski7gkym0ii6lhfzc4 0 98902 731893 675465 2026-11-08T13:46:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name = Tjutjup Suparna |image = |imagesize = |caption = |office = [[Wali Kota Balikpapan]] |order = 7 |term_start = 1991 |term_end = 1996 |succeeding = |predecessor = Hermain Okol |successor = |order2 = |term_start2 = 1996 |term_end2 = 2001 |lieutenant2 = Imdaad Hamid |successor2 = Imdaad Hamid |birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|5|28}} |birth_place = {{nagara|Jepang}} [[Bandung]], Pendudukan Jepang |death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|2|4|1944|5|28}} |death_place = {{nagara|Indonesia}} [[Balikpapan]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]] |nationality = [[Indonésia]] |spouse = Yetti Noor |religion = [[Islam]] |signature = |footnotes = }} Kol. Inf. H. '''Tjutjup Suparna''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bandung]]|28|5|1944|[[Balikpapan]]|4|2|2020}}) nyaéta [[Wali Kota Balikpapan]] période [[1991]]-[[2001]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kaltim.prokal.co/read/news/366695-tjutjup-suparna-mantan-wali-kota-balikpapan-yang-gila-taman-itu-telah-berpulang|title=Tjutjup Suparna, Mantan Wali Kota Balikpapan yang Gila Taman Itu Telah Berpulang|date=5 Februari 2020|accessdate=6 Februari 2020|publisher=''[[Kaltim Post]] Online''}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206155855/https://kaltim.prokal.co/read/news/366695-tjutjup-suparna-mantan-wali-kota-balikpapan-yang-gila-taman-itu-telah-berpulang |date=2020-02-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://kaltim.tribunnews.com/2020/02/04/profil-tjutjup-suparna-mantan-walikota-pencetus-jargon-balikpapan-beriman-gemar-bangun-taman-kota.|title=Tjutjup Suparna Mantan Walikota, Pencetus Jargon Balikpapan Beriman, Gemar Bangun Taman Kota|date=4 Februari 2020|accessdate=6 Februari 2020|publisher=''[[Tribun Kaltim]] Online''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012090839/https://kaltim.tribunnews.com/2020/02/04/profil-tjutjup-suparna-mantan-walikota-pencetus-jargon-balikpapan-beriman-gemar-bangun-taman-kota.|archive-date=2025-10-12}}</ref> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Inohong Sunda]] [[Kategori:Wali Kota Balikpapan]] 52f29cad7ary8h7e2mvh44d6q2yxidw 10 99329 731936 616279 2026-11-08T15:19:30Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Ngaganti kaca ku '<includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=thesis }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude>' 731936 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=thesis }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> jbqdal7dhxhoeain44i9np64xqamek2 0 99348 731914 731660 2026-11-08T14:37:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Artikel petingan}} [[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]] '''Urang Malayu''' ({{langx|ms|'''Orang Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|أورڠ ملايو}}) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku "Dunia Melayu". Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]]. [[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]] Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 & 60}} Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta. Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 & 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh. Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah "Melayu" parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina "[[Dunya Malayu]]"; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang ("padagang") sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]]. == Étimologi == [[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]] [[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]] Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis "Melayu" ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna "ngagancangkeun", dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}} === Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) === Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah "Melayu" sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}} * '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', "Malaya Dvipa", digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}} * '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}} * '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan "satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由). * '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh "gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna" anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|405}} * '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508045322/https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ |date=2025-05-08 }}. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E., & Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&vq=malai&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q=malai&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.</ref> * '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah "Tanah Malayu"), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]]. * '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kronik éta nyatakeun: "''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''". Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: "Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er".{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}} * '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan. * '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah "kota Malaya" atanapi "bénténg Malaya"), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]]. Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}} === Salaku ngaran étnis (etnonim) === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg | alt1 = Urang Malayu Malaka | caption1 = Cat cai Portugis urang Malaya di Malaka, kira-kira taun 1540, dipidangkeun dina Códice Casanatense. | image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg | alt2 = Pasangan Malayu | caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Malayu, ti ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara taun 1669 jeung 1682 | image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg | alt3 = Tari Joget | caption3 = Tari Joget ti Kasultanan Malaka; seueur aspék budaya Malayu anu asalna ti karaton Malaka }} Kecap "Melayu" salaku étnonim, pikeun nuduhkeun gugusan étnologis anu béda pisan, dianggap geus jadi populer sapanjang integrasi Kasultanan Malaka salaku kakuatan régional dina abad ka-15. Ieu diterapkeun pikeun ngalaporkeun keberpihakan sosial urang Malaka dibandingkeun sareng urang asing di daérah anu sami, khususna [[urang Jawa]] sareng Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Ieu dibuktikeun tina daptar kecap Malayu awal abad ka-16 ku Antonio Pigafetta (anu milu dina pelayaran Magellan), anu ngarujuk kana panggunaan frasa ''chiara Malaiu'' ('cara Malayu') di maritim Asia Tenggara pikeun nuduhkeun ''al parlare de Malaea'' ([[basa Italia]] pikeun "nyarioskeun Malaka").{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}} Numutkeun sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Malayu klasik sering ngagambarkeun urang Malayu dina harti anu langkung heureut tibatan interpretasi modéren; ngarujuk kana téks-téks ieu salaku bukti pandangan ieu:<ref name="Milner2008">{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098 |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} * ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', anu utamina ditulis dina abad ka-17, ngan ukur ngaidéntifikasi urang Malayu salaku subjék Kasultanan Malaka.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Hikayat Patani'', anu dikarang ti taun 1690–1730, ngagunakeun istilah ieu sacara éksklusif pikeun Johor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=Juni 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}</ref> * Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (katelah ogé Sejarah Kedah), anu ditulis dina ahir abad ka-18 atanapi awal abad ka-19, henteu nganggo kecap "Malayu" pikeun ngaranan urang [[Kedah]]. * ''Hikayat Aceh'', anu diperkirakeun ditulis antara taun 1636 sareng 1700, sacara éksplisit ngaitkeun étnis Malayu sareng Johor, tapi henteu ngalakukeun hal anu sami nalika nujul ka [[Acéh]] atanapi Deli.<ref name="Iskandar1958">{{cite book |last=Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803204800/https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-date=2026-08-03 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413 |accessdate=2026-08-11}}</ref>{{rp|2–4}}<ref>See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662}}</ref> Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya ieu parantos ngalaman seueur éditan salami waktos ku rupa-rupa penyalin, anu panginten kalebet bubuka atanapi paningkatan konsép idéntitas "Malayu"; hiji salinan Sejarah Malayu, contona, nampilkeun pupuhu di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] anu nujul kana "turunan kuring", sedengkeun salinan anu langkung énggal maca "rakyat Malayu".{{sfn|Milner2008|p=90–91}} == Budaya == === Basa === [[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]] {{Main|Basa Malayu}} {{See also|Abjad Jawi}} [[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}} Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan. Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59">{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}</ref> panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' ("Bazaar Malayu") atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' ("Malayu Handap"), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' ("Malayu Luhur") Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}} Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku "''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''".{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina. Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/>{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}} Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui. Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}</ref> Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi<ref>{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]]. === Arsitéktur === {{See also|Imah Malayu}} [[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] [[Gambar:Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum 1.jpg|thumb|350px|Replika Karaton Kasultanan Malaka, anu diwangun tina informasi sareng data anu diala tina Sejarah Malayu. Dokumén sajarah ieu ngarujuk kana konstruksi sareng arsitéktur karaton nalika jaman Sultan Mansur Shah, anu ngawasa ti taun 1458 dugi ka 1477.]] Rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya, utamana [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], [[India]], sareng [[Éropa]], maénkeun peran utama dina ngabentuk arsitéktur Malayu.{{sfn|Henket|Heynen|2002|p=181}} Nepi ka ayeuna, kai mangrupa bahan utama anu dipaké pikeun sakabéh wangunan tradisional Malayu.<ref name="MC1219">{{harvnb|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1219}}</ref> Nanging, seueur struktur batu ogé kapanggih khususna kompleks agama ti jaman [[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] sareng karajaan Malayu Isthmian kuno. Candi Muara Takus jeung Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Sumatra]] mangrupa salah sahiji conto anu pakait jeung unsur arsitéktur Karajaan Sriwijaya. Nanging, arsitéktur Sriwijaya seuseueurna digambarkeun di Chaiya (ayeuna hiji propinsi di [[Thailand]]) di Semenanjung Malaya, anu mangrupikeun pusat penting nalika jaman Sriwijaya.{{sfn|Chihara|1996|p=213}}{{sfn|Van Beek|Invernizzi|1999|p=75}} Jenis strukturna diwangun ku rohangan sél pikeun nampung gambar Buddha sareng puncak strukturna didirikeun dina bentuk ''stupa'' kalayan teras-terasan anu ditumpangkeun sacara padeukeut, anu mangrupikeun conto pangsaéna di ''Wat Pra Borom That'' di Chaiya.{{sfn|Jermsawatdi|1989|p=65}} Aya ogé bukti kuil Hindu atanapi ''[[Candi]]'' di sakitar Kedah kidul antara Gunung Jerai sareng lebak Walungan Muda, daérah anu katelah Lebak Bujang. Dina lega sakitar 350 kilométer pasagi, aya 87 situs agama bersejarah mimiti anu parantos dilaporkeun sareng aya 12 ''candi'' anu aya di puncak gunung, hiji ciri anu nunjukkeun yén kamungkinan asalna tina kapercayaan Malayu pra-sajarah ngeunaan kasucian tempat-tempat anu luhur.{{sfn|O'Reilly|2007|p=42}} [[Gambar:Pintu Istana Setul Mambang Segara.jpg|thumb|350px|Panel témbok anu dihias ku rupa-rupa motif kembang ti karaton Setul Mambang Segara sapertos anu katingali di Muzium Negara. Setul nyaéta karajaan Malayu sajarah anu aya antara taun 1808 jeung 1915 di Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] Rujukan awal ngeunaan arsitéktur Malayu di Semenanjung Malaya tiasa dipendakan dina sababaraha catetan Cina. Hiji carita ti Cina abad ka-7 nyaritakeun ngeunaan jamaah Budha anu datang ka Langkasuka sareng nyebatkeun kota éta dikurilingan ku témbok anu diwangun menara sareng dideukeutan ngaliwatan gerbang ganda.{{sfn|Jamil Abu Bakar|2002|p=59}} Carita séjén ti abad ka-7 ngeunaan utusan khusus Cina ka Karajaan Bumi Beureum di Semenanjung Malaya, nyatet yén ibu kota éta miboga tilu gapura anu jarakna leuwih ti saratus léngkah, anu dihias ku lukisan téma Budha sareng roh awéwé.{{sfn|Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad Rasdi|2005|p=19}} Pedaran lengkep anu munggaran ngeunaan arsitéktur Malayu aya dina ''Istana'' kai anu ageung milik Mansur Shah ti Malaka (maréntah 1458–1477).<ref name="MC1219" /> Numutkeun Sejarah Melayu, wangunan éta miboga struktur tujuh teluk anu ditinggikeun dina pilar kai kalayan hateup tujuh tingkat anu dijieun tina sirap tambaga sareng dihias ku menara anu disepuh emas sareng eunteung kaca Cina.{{sfn|Mohamad Tajuddin Haji Mohamad Rasdi|2005|p=24}} [[Imah Malayu|Imah-imah tradisional Malayu]] diwangun nganggo struktur rangka kai anu basajan. Aranjeunna gaduh hateup anu miring, teras di payun, siling anu luhur, seueur liang dina témbok pikeun ventilasi,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=A. Ghafar |title=Malay Vernacular Architecture |url= http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100610190114/http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.htm |archive-date=10 Juni 2010 }}</ref> sareng sering dihias ku ukiran kai anu rumit. Kaéndahan sareng kualitas ukiran kai Malayu dimaksudkeun pikeun janten indikator visual tina darajat sareng status sosial nu bogana sorangan.{{sfn|Noor|Khoo|2003|p=47}} Imah Salinger, anu meunang Penghargaan Arsitektur Aga Khan taun 1998, mangrupikeun conto modéren tina desain tradisional ieu.<ref name="Steele 187-188">{{cite book |last1=Steele |first1=James |url=https://archive.org/details/greenwoodencyclo0000stee/page/186/mode/2up?q=%22salinger+house%22 |title=The Greenwood encyclopedia of homes through world history: Volume 3 |date=2009 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33791-8 |pages=187–188 |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026}}</ref><ref name="Jantan et al. 16-17">{{cite book |last1=Jantan |first1=Amer Hamzah |url=https://archive.org/details/malaysiasingapor0000mala/page/16/mode/2up?q=%22Rudinara%22 |title=Malaysia, Singapore, and ASEAN in an age of globalisation |last2=Said |first2=Hassan |last3=Bajunid |first3=Ibrahim Ahmad |last4=Ismail |first4=Ibrahim |last5=Talib |first5=Shaharil |last6=Ahmad |first6=Shamsulbahriah Ku |date=2002 |publisher=Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya |isbn=983-2085-42-X |pages=16–17 |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026}}</ref> Salila sababaraha dasawarsa, arsitéktur tradisional Malayu geus dipangaruhan ku Bugis jeung [[urang Jawa|Jawa]] ti kidul, Siam, Inggris, [[urang Arab|Arab]] jeung India ti kalér, Portugis, Walanda, Acéh jeung [[Rumah Gadang|Minangkabau]] ti kulon, sarta Cina Kidul ti wétan.<ref>{{cite web |title=For Sale – CountryHeights |work=The Art of Living Show |date=22 Maret 2011 |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZCHUMYs2CM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102020704/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZCHUMYs2CM&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=2025-11-02 |url-status=live |accessdate=2026-10-25}}</ref> === Agama === [[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]] Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.<ref name="zaki1">{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}</ref> Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina. Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.<ref name="Syed">{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}</ref> Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.<ref name="Syed" /> Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}} Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}} Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}</ref> sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum. === Festival sareng perayaan === [[Gambar:Majlis Tujuh Likor Pasang Pelita.jpg|thumb|Deretan Pelita (lampu minyak) anu hurung nalika ''Malam Tujuh Likur'' (peuting ka-27 [[Ramadhan]]), lampu minyak ieu sacara tradisional dianggo pikeun nyaangan bumi sareng jalan-jalan nalika Ramadhan. Katingali didieu di Muar, Johor, [[Malaysia]].]] Kamekaran [[Islam]] hasil ngarobah harti idéntitas Malayu dina abad ka-15. Ku kituna, kalolobaan festival sareng perayaan Malayu lumangsung sajajar sareng [[kalénder Islam]], sanaos parantos ngakar jero ku karakter Malayu anu kuat. Peringatan Hari Raya (hartina "Poé Agung") dua kali sataun pikeun [[Aidilfitri]] sareng [[Aidiladha]] dipuji salaku perayaan agung sacara universal di sakumna masarakat Malayu. Dua poé libur ieu penting pisan pikeun méré komentar kana dua kajadian utama sarta filsafat dina ajaran jeung kapercayaan Islam. Anu kahiji nandakeun kameunangan salaku Muslim saatos sabulan [[puasa]]/[[saum]] sareng kasabaran dina bulan [[Ramadan]], sedengkeun anu kadua nyaéta pikeun ngalaksanakeun kurban anu dilakukeun ku [[Nabi Ibrahim|Ibrahim]] (Abraham) kalayan nyebat asma [[Allah]]. Liburan ''Raya'' biasana dimimitian nalika acara mudik anu dikenal salaku Balik Kampung atanapi ''Balik Raya'' anu lumangsung sababaraha dinten sateuacan festival. Salila Hari Raya, urang Malayu bakal ngarayakeun ku ngalaksanakeun solat Hari Raya, ngayakeun pésta ageung sareng nganjang ka réréncangan, baraya sareng tatangga. Ngajugjug ka makam jalmi-jalmi anu dipikacinta anu parantos pupus ogé penting, salaku tanda hormat, kanyaah, sareng kahormatan. [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Plechtigheden bij de kroning van de Sultan van Deli in 1925 op de troon de sultan en zijn echtgenote met aan weerszijden de rijkssieraden TMnr 10001572.jpg|thumb|Upacara penobatan antara Tengku Otteman, salaku ''Tengku Mahkota'' (Putera Mahkota) Kasultanan Deli, [[Hindia-Walanda]]; jeung pamajikanana, Raja Amnah, anggota Royalti Perak salaku ''Tengku Puan Indera'' dina 1925]] Upacara liturgi sareng agama utama anu sanésna anu dirayakeun ku urang Malayu kalebet Ramadhan, bulan suci salami sabulan anu dikhususkeun pikeun puasa siang sareng rupa-rupa kagiatan agama; [[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]], prosesi ageung khusus pikeun ngahargaan kalahiran [[Muhammad]]; [[Asyura]], pangéling-ngéling [[Muharram]] dimana urang Malayu bakal nyiapkeun hidangan khusus, anu katelah ''Bubur Asyura''; [[Nisfu Saaban|Nisfu Syaaban]], perayaan [[Sya'ban|Nisfu Sya'ban]], dinten khusus [[puasa]] pikeun ngahampura; Nuzul Quran, wahyu anu munggaran tina [[Qur'an|Al-Quran]]; [[Isra Mi'raj|Israk dan Mikraj]], naékna [[Muhammad]] ka langit sareng Awal Muharram, Taun Anyar Islam; tilu perayaan anu terakhir biasana dilaksanakeun ku ngayakeun solat ''sunat'' khusus, ceramah agama sareng diskusi Islam di [[masigit]]. Aya ogé seueur festival budaya régional domestik sareng acara sosial dina rupa-rupa lingkungan Malayu. Daérah basisir sacara historis katelah ngayakeun upacara ''Mandi Safar'' atanapi ''Puja Pantai'', nyaéta mandi suci salami bulan [[Safar]] [[kalénder Islam|Islam]], anu mimitina ditiru tina ritual beberesih suci Malayu kuno pra-Islam, mirip sareng tradisi Belimau sateuacan Ramadhan; sareng ''Pesta Menuai'', festival panén anu dirayakeun ku komunitas Malayu pedalaman sareng agraris ku kaulinan tradisional, téater, Joget sareng repertoar tari-tarian sanésna. Nanging, duanana prakték éta laun-laun punah kusabab rupa-rupa révolusi sosial sareng ékonomi anu direkayasa dina komunitas Malayu dina abad ka-20. Salian ti éta, seueur urang Malayu ogé katelah ilubiung dina perayaan kaisar pikeun ngahargaan ka karaton karajaan masing-masing. Fitur-fitur Islam ogé ngahias perayaan Malayu sacara kuat dina tingkat individu, hiji panyandingan anu kabeungkeut kana ritual spiritual salaku Muslim. Urang Malayu biasana ngayakeun ''kenduri'', nyaéta pésta upacara agama pikeun ngarayakeun atawa ménta berkah pikeun hiji acara. Aya sababaraha variasi filosofis tina kenduri, sapertos ''Doa Selamat'' (nyuhunkeun sih kurnia sareng panyalindungan ilahi), ''Kesyukuran'' (pikeun ucapan syukur sareng rasa syukur), ''Melenggang Perut'' (pijet upacara pikeun ibu anu nuju hamil anak kahijina), ''Aqiqah'' sareng ''Cukur Jambul'' (upacara orok anu nembe lahir, pikeun ngarayakeun kahirupan anyar), ''Bertindik'' (upacara tindik munggaran pikeun murangkalih awéwé), ''Khatam'' (upacara wisuda, saatos maca [[Qur'an|Al-Qur'an]] anu munggaran pikeun murangkalih), ''Khatan'' (sunat), ''Kahwin'' ([[upacara adat nikahkeun|pernikahan]]), ''Arwah'' atanapi ''Tahlil'' (doa pikeun jalmi anu tos maot), sareng sababaraha di antarana. Acara ieu biasana diayakeun ku kulawarga sareng sacara tradisional dibantuan ku masarakat dina hiji acara sosial anu katelah ''Rewang'' atanapi ''Gotong-royong''. Salila upacara ieu, sakumna kulawarga bakal dibantuan ku tatangga sareng barayana, masrahkeun rupa-rupa tugas ti mimiti nyiapkeun tuangeun, manajemen tempat, perakitan logistik sareng kontrol téknis anu sanésna. Sanajan kitu, nuturkeun munculna urbanisme dina komunitas Malayu kontemporer, prakték ''Rewang/Gotong-Royong'' laun-laun digantikeun ku jasa katering anu disewa ku kulawarga. === Kaulinan tradisional === [[Gambar:Finished wau and wau frame.JPG|thumb|right|Bengkel tukang nyieun Wau di Kelantan, Malaysia. Jenis layangan anéh ieu bisa kapanggih di basisir kalér-wétaneun Semenanjung Malaya.]] Kaulinan tradisional Malayu biasana meryogikeun kamampuan karajinan sareng ketangkasan manual sareng tiasa dilacak asal-usulna ti saprak jaman Kasultanan Malaka. ''Sepak Raga'' jeung [[langlayangan|ngapungkeun layangan]] kaasup kana kaulinan tradisional anu disebutkeun dina Sejarah Malayu anu dicoo ku para bangsawan jeung karajaan kasultanan Malayu.{{sfn|Leyden|1821|p=261}}{{sfn|Lockard|2009|p=48}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=1357}} ''Sepak Raga'' nyaéta salah sahiji kaulinan Malayu anu pang populerna sareng parantos dimaénkeun salami mangabad-abad. Sacara tradisional, sepak raga dimaénkeun sacara bunderan ku cara najong sareng ngajaga bal rotan tetep luhur nganggo bagian awak mana waé kecuali panangan sareng leungeun. Ayeuna diaku salaku olahraga{{sfn|Ziegler|1972|p=41}}{{sfn|McNair|2002|p=104}} nasional [[Malaysia]] sareng dimaénkeun dina acara olahraga internasional sapertos Asian Games sareng Southeast Asian Games. Kaulinan populér séjénna nyaéta [[papanggalan|''Gasing'' muter]] anu biasana dicoo saatos usum panén. Diperlukeun kaparigelan karajinan anu hébat pikeun ngahasilkeun ''Gasing'' (puncak) anu paling kompetitif, sababaraha di antarana diputer salami dua jam sakaligus.<ref name="Alexander 2006 51">{{harvnb|Alexander|2006|p=51}}</ref> Kamungkinan kaulinan Malayu anu paling populér nyaéta ''Wau'' (jenis layangan unik ti basisir wétan Semenanjung Malaya) atanapi ngapungkeun layangan. Kompetisi ngapungkeun wau lumangsung sareng juri masihan poin pikeun karajinan (''Wau'' nyaéta objék anu éndah sareng warna-warni anu dipasang dina pigura awi), sora (sadaya layangan Malayu dirancang pikeun nyiptakeun sora khusus nalika diayun-ayun ku angin) sareng jangkungna.<ref name="Alexander 2006 51"/> Urang Malayu ogé gaduh varian kaulinan papan Mancala anu katelah [[Congklak|Congkak]]. Kaulinan ieu dimaénkeun ku cara mindahkeun batu, kelereng, manik-manik, atawa cangkang ngurilingan papan kai anu diwangun ku dua belas liang atawa leuwih. Mancala diaku salaku kaulinan pangkolotna di dunya sareng tiasa dilacak asal-usulna ti saprak Mesir Kuno. Sabot kaulinan ieu sumebar ka sakuliah dunya, unggal budaya geus nimukeun variasi sorangan kaasup urang Malayu.{{sfn|Alexander|2006|p=52}} === Musik === {{See also|Musik Malayu}} [[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.<ref>Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, & Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. </ref> Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih. Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]]. Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya. Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era "puncak kajayaan" dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira. === Pakéan tradisional === [[Gambar:Busana Melayu.jpg|thumb|Lalaki Malayu dina ''busana Melayu'', gaya tradisional pakéan Malayu]] Pakéan jeung tékstil tradisional Malayu geus terus robah ti jaman baheula. Sacara historis, urang Malayu kuno dicatet ngagunakeun rupa-rupa bahan alami salaku sumber penting pikeun lawon, pakean, sareng acuk. Nanging, dina jaman umumna, nalika nyaksian datangna para padagang mimiti ti wétan sareng kulon ka palabuhan-palabuhan di Kapuloan Malayu, aranjeunna babarengan mésér barang-barang méwah anyar, kalebet katun sareng sutra anu saé. Pakéan-pakéan éta salajengna janten sumber mode Malayu anu luhur sareng ngagaduhan peran budaya salaku idéntitas anu ngiket di Nusantara, khususna di semenanjung, Sumatra sareng daérah basisir Kalimantan.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Dina budaya Malayu, pakean sareng tékstil dihormat salaku simbol kaéndahan, kakawasaan sareng status. Seueur catetan dina hikayat Malayu anu nekenkeun tempat khusus anu ditempatan ku tékstil.{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=2}} Industri tenun tangan Malayu bisa dilacak asal-usulna ti abad ka-13 nalika jalur perdagangan wétan mekar dina jaman Dinasti Song. Sebutan ngeunaan tékstil buatan lokal ogé dominasi tenun di Semenanjung Malaya dilakukeun dina sababaraha carita Cina sareng [[urang Arab|Arab]].{{sfn|Maznah Mohammad|1996|p=19}} Di antara tékstil Malayu anu kasohor nyaéta [[Songkét]], [[Batik]], ''Telepok'', ''Limar'', ''Tenun'', ''Kelingkam'', ''Cindai'', ''Pelangi'' jeung ''Tekad''. Pakéan Malayu klasik rupa-rupa di unggal daérah, tapi pakéan tradisional anu paling jero dina jaman kiwari nyaéta Baju Kurung (pikeun awéwé) sareng Baju Melayu (pikeun lalaki), anu duanana diaku salaku pakéan nasional pikeun [[Malaysia]] sareng [[Brunéi]], sareng ogé dianggo ku komunitas Malayu di [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Pilipina]], [[Myanmar]] sareng [[Thailand]]. [[Gambar:HariRayaMalaykids.jpg|thumb|left|Barudak Malayu maké baju adat nalika [[Idulfitri|Idul Fitri]]]] Kecap ''Baju Kurung'', sacara literatur dihartikeun salaku "ngabungkus awak" anu nganggona disaluyukeun dumasar kana prinsip-prinsip Islam ngeunaan karendahan haté, kasopanan, sareng karendahan haté. Prakték ieu sajajar jeung doktrin agama Yahudi-Kristen, sabab memamerkeun [[orat|bagian awak anu intim]] dianggap dilarang dina Islam. Tafsiran éta teras diserep kana cara berpakaian sareng sudut pandang budaya Malayu, ieu tiasa disaksian pisan dina pamaréntahan Mansur Shah ti Malaka dina abad ka-15, sultan ngalarang rahayat Muslim awéwéna di tempat umum ngan ukur nganggo [[sarung]] ti dada ka handap. Sapanjang jaman, Baju Kurung Malayu ngalaman sababaraha kali reinkarnasi sateuacan ngaku bentukna ayeuna. Alatan legana rupa-rupa karajaan Malayu di Nusantara, wangun lokal jeung béda tina pola desain Baju Kurung ogé bisa disaksian di wewengkon, kaasup [[Bengkulu]], Kedah, [[Jambi]], Johor-Riau, Pahang jeung [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]].{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Mode baju kurung anu cocog pikeun lalaki katelah "Baju Melayu". Bagian luhur pakean ieu didamel kalayan desain géométri anu ampir sami sareng Baju Kurung sareng umumna dipasangkan sareng lawon tenun anu dikenal salaku sarung. Pola sarung bisa ngawengku simbol status perkawinan jalma éta atawa pangkatna dina masarakat tradisional Malayu.{{sfn|Hassan|2016}} Pakéan Malayu klasik umum lianna pikeun lalaki nyaéta ''baju'' (kaméja) atanapi ''tekua'' (sajenis baju lengan panjang), ''baju rompi'' (rompi), ''kancing'' (kancing), ''celana'' suku leutik (calana panjang), [[sarung]] anu dianggo di sabudeureun cangkéng, ''capal'' (sandal), sareng ''tanjak'' atanapi ''tengkolok'' (tutup sirah); pikeun bangsawan, ''baju sikap'' atanapi ''baju layang'' (sajenis jas) sareng ''pending'' (gesper sabuk hias) ogé sinonim pikeun dianggo salaku pakéan resmi. Ogé umum pikeun ''Pendekar'' (pahlawan Malayu) ngagaduhan [[keris]] anu diselapkeun kana lipatan hareup sarung. Beda sareng Baju Melayu anu ngan ukur dianggo salaku pakean upacara, Baju Kurung dianggo unggal dinten sapanjang taun ku mayoritas awéwé Malayu. Katingali pagawé sipil awéwé, pagawé profésional, sareng mahasiswa nganggo Baju Kurung mangrupikeun hal anu umum di Malaysia sareng Brunéi. === Sastra === [[Gambar:Hkyt merong mahawgsa.jpg|thumb|Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa dina naskah [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]]. Katelah ogé salaku Sejarah Kedah, ieu mangrupikeun literatur Malayu kuno anu nyaritakeun garis keturunan Merong Mahawangsa sareng ngadegna [[Kedah]].]] [[Sastra lisan]] sareng sastra klasik urang Malayu ngandung seueur potret masarakatna, ti jaman kuno dugi ka jaman ayeuna.{{sfn|Littrup|1996|p=192}} Di antara wangun puisi dina [[sastra]] Malayu nyaéta - [[Paparikan|Pantun]], Syair sareng [[Gurindam]]. Wangun sastra Malayu pangheubeulna nyaéta [[sastra lisan]] sareng subjek utama na nyaéta [[folklor]] tradisional anu aya hubunganana sareng alam, sasatoan sareng manusa. Folklor Malayu klasik diwangun ku lagu jeung musik tradisional, puisi heroik, dongéng sasatoan, carita jurig, kajadian jaman baheula, dongéng, budaya simbolis, mitos, jeung carita bardik. Unggal carita miboga énergi sorangan dina hal karakter, sumanget, latar, jeung carita, sarta seuseueurna dijieun kalawan tujuan pikeun kabagjaan, pituduh, ngadidik, ngélingan, ngajelaskeun, jeung sajabana. Carita-carita folklor éta diapalkeun sareng diwariskeun ti hiji generasi ka generasi salajengna. Dongéng-dongéng ieu réa ogé anu ditulis ku ''penglipur lara'' (tukang dongéng) contona: ''Hikayat Malim Dewa'', ''Hikayat Malim Deman'', ''Hikayat Raja Donan'', ''Hikayat Anggun Cik Tunggal'', jeung ''Hikayat Awang Sulung Merah Muda''. Nalika pangaruh India asup ka Kapuloan Malayu sakitar 2000 taun ka tukang, sastra Malayu mimiti ngasupkeun unsur-unsur [[India]]. Sastra jaman ieu lolobana mangrupa tarjamahan tina sastra jeung roman Sansekerta, atawa sahenteuna sababaraha produksi anu diideuan ku éta, sarta pinuh ku kiasan kana mitologi Hindu. Panginten dugi ka jaman awal ieu tiasa dilacak karya sapertos ''Hikayat Seri Rama'' (terjemahan gratis tina ''[[Ramayana]]''), ''Hikayat Bayan Budiman'' (adaptasi tina Śukasaptati) sareng ''Hikayat Panca Tanderan'' (adaptasi tina ''Hitopadesha'').<ref name="popular science 1899">{{harvnb|Ford|1899|pp=379–381}}</ref> Jaman sastra Malayu klasik dimimitian saatos datangna [[Islam]] sareng kapanggihna [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] (aksara Malayu anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]]). Ti saprak harita, kapercayaan sareng konsép Islam mimiti nyirian tapakna dina sastra Malayu. Batu Prasasti Terengganu, anu asalna ti taun 1303, nyaéta tulisan naratif Malayu pangkolotna anu dipikanyaho. Éta batu diukir kalawan carita sajarah, hukum, jeung roman dina aksara Jawi.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2007 1218">{{harvnb|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1218}}</ref> Dina puncakna, Kasultanan Malaka teu ngan ukur puseur Islamisasi, tapi ogé puseur éksprési budaya Malayu kaasup sastra. Salila jaman ieu, karya sastra Wétan Tengah anu kasohor ditarjamahkeun sareng buku-buku agama ditulis dina [[basa Malayu]]. Diantara karya tarjamah anu kasohor nyaéta ''Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah'' sareng ''Hikayat Amir Hamzah''. Kebangkitan sastra Malayu dina mangsa éta ogé ditulis ku karya sastra homegrown séjén anu diwarnaan ku tasawuf mistis Wétan Tengah, karya-karya Hamzah Fansuri anu kasohor sapertos ''Asrar al-Arifin'' (''Rahsia Orang yang Bijaksana''; Rahasia Nu Wijaksana), ''Sharab al-Asyikin'' (''Minuman Segala Orang yang Berahi''; Inuman Sadayana Anu Gairah), jeung ''Zinat al-Muwahidin'' (''Perhiasan Sekalian Orang yang Mengesakan''; Hiasan Sadaya Anu Satia) bisa ditempo salaku [[adikarya|opera magna]] jaman. [[Gambar:Wayang Kulit Kelantan-Patani.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Wayang Kulit gaya Kelantan-Patani anu nyaritakeun dongéng heroik Hikayat Seri Rama.]] Karya sastra Malayu anu pangpentingna meureun nyaéta Sejarah Malayu atanapi Sulalatus Salatin anu kasohor. Ieu karya disebut "karya sastra Malayu anu paling kasohor, khas, sareng pangsaéna" ku salah sahiji sarjana anu paling terkemuka dina studi Malayu, Sir Richard O. Winstedt.{{sfn|Boyd|1999|p=756}} Tanggal pasti karanganna sareng idéntitas pangarang aslina teu acan pasti, tapi di handapeun paréntah Sultan Alauddin Riaayat Shah III ti Johor dina taun 1612, Tun Sri Lanang ngawas prosés éditorial sareng kompilasi Sejarah Malayu.{{sfn|Jaaffar|Hussain|Ahmad|1992|p=260}} Dina abad ka-19, sastra Malayu nampi sababaraha tambahan anu penting, kalebet ''Kitab Ilmu Bedil'' (Buku Pakarang Tradisional) anu nyayogikeun rinci anu berharga ngeunaan amunisi sareng pakarang tradisional Malayu. Jaman éta ogé nyaksian panggunaan jurnal médis Malayu anu langkung lega, anu katelah ''Kitab Tib''. Karya-karya ieu penting pisan sabab janten rujukan kana élmu pangaweruh sareng téknologi Malayu dina jaman klasik.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kitab Ilmu Bedil – Book of Malay Traditional Weaponry (2016) |date=10 Juli 2016 |website=The Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific |url=http://www.mowcapunesco.org/register/kitab-ilmu-bedil-ms-101-or-book-of-malay-traditional-weaponry-2016/ |access-date=7 Nopémber 2026 |archive-date=3 Désémber 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224429/http://www.mowcapunesco.org/register/kitab-ilmu-bedil-ms-101-or-book-of-malay-traditional-weaponry-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Naskah-naskah Malayu abad ka-19 séjénna ditulis di Sumatra, diantarana ''Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa'' (Buku Pangaweruh Basa) karya Raja Ali Haji jeung ''Perhimpunan Gunawan bagi Laki-Laki dan Perempuan'' (Kompendium Jimat pikeun Lalaki sareng Awéwé) karya Khatijah Terung, garwa Raja Haji Abdullah bin Raja Hassan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musa |first=Mohd Faizal |date=2021 |title=Transcripts of Gender, Intimacy, and Islam in Southeast Asia: The "Outrageous" Texts of Raja Ali Haji and Khatijah Terung |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=219 |doi=10.3390/rel12030219 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }}</ref> Abad anu sami ogé nyaksian parobahan anu monumental dina sastra Malayu ngaliwatan tulisan Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, saurang munshi [[Singapura]] anu kasohor lahir di Malaka.<ref name="popular science 1899" /> Abdullah dianggap salaku urang Malayu anu paling berbudaya anu kantos nyerat,<ref name="popular science 1899" /> salah sahiji inovator pangageungna dina sastra Malayu<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/> sareng bapak sastra Malayu modéren.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2007 1218"/> Karya-karyana anu paling penting nyaéta ''Hikayat Abdullah'' (otobiografi), ''Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan'' (kisah perjalanan anjeunna pikeun pamaréntahan ka Kelantan), sareng ''Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah'' (carita narasi [[haji]]na ka [[Mekah]] 1854). Karyana mangrupikeun inspirasi pikeun generasi panulis ka hareup sareng nandakeun tahap awal dina transisi tina sastra Malayu klasik ka sastra Malayu modéren.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/> === Seni bela diri === [[Gambar:Singaporean female pesilat - 20080222.jpg|thumb|Saurang praktisi silat awéwé ti [[Singapura]]]] Silat sareng varianna tiasa dipendakan di sakumna [[dunya Malayu]]: Semenanjung Malaya (kalebet [[Singapura]]), [[Kapuloan Riau]], [[Sumatra]] sareng daérah basisir [[Kalimantan]]. Bukti arkéologis ngungkabkeun yén, dina abad ka-6, seni tarung formal geus dipraktékkeun di Semenanjung Malaya sareng Sumatra.{{sfn|James|1994|p=73}} Wangun Silat pangheubeulna dipercaya geus dimekarkeun sarta dipaké dina angkatan bersenjata karajaan Melayu kuno Langkasuka (abad ka-2){{sfn|Alexander|2006|p=225}}{{sfn|Abd. Rahman Ismail|2008|p=188}} jeung [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] (abad ka-7). Pangaruh kasultanan Malayu Malaka, Johor, Pattani sareng [[Brunéi]] parantos nyumbang kana panyebaran seni bela diri ieu di Kepulauan Melayu. Ngaliwatan labirin saluran laut sareng kapiler walungan anu rumit anu ngagampangkeun pertukaran sareng perdagangan di sakumna daérah, Silat ngaléngkah ka leuweung hujan anu padet teras naék ka pagunungan. Laksamana Hang Tuah ti Malaka anu legendaris nyaéta salah sahiji ''pesilat'' (praktisi Silat) anu paling kasohor dina sajarah{{sfn|Green|2001|p=802}} sareng bahkan dianggap ku sababaraha urang salaku bapak silat Malayu.{{sfn|Sheikh Shamsuddin|2005|p=195}} Ti saprak jaman klasik, Silat Melayu ngalaman diversifikasi anu ageung sareng ngawangun naon anu ayeuna sacara tradisional diakui salaku sumber [[Penca Silat|Pencak Silat]] Indonésia sareng bentuk Silat sanésna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]].{{sfn|Draeger|1992|p=23}}{{sfn|Farrer|2009|p=28}} Salian ti Silat, [[Muay Thai|Tomoi]] ogé diamalkeun ku urang Malayu, utamina di daérah kalér Semenanjung Malaya. Ieu mangrupikeun varian tina bentuk kickboxing [[Indochina|Indo-Cina]] anu dipercaya parantos sumebar di [[daratan Asia Kidul Wétan]] ti saprak jaman Kakaisaran Funan (68 Masehi). === Seni pintonan === [[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]] Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan. Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}} [[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]] Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}} Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] & [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli. Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009">{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}</ref> [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009"/> Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]]. === Seni visual === [[Gambar:Burung Petala Indera I.png|thumb|Burung Petala Indra, manuk mitos raksasa anu dijieun pikeun parade sunat agung pangeran Kelantan.]] Seni ukir kai mangrupa bagian tina [[seni rupa|seni visual]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacara tradisional ngahias monumen, parahu, pakarang, makam, alat musik, sareng parabotna ku motif flora, kaligrafi, géométri sareng fitur kosmik. Seni ieu dilakukeun ku cara miceun sabagian kai nganggo alat seukeut sareng nuturkeun pola, komposisi, sareng urutan anu khusus. Bentuk seni ieu, katelah ''ukir'', dipuji salaku tindakan bakti para pengrajin ka nu nyiptakeun sareng hadiah ka sasama manusa.{{sfn|Said|2005}} Bentuk seni ieu utamina disababkeun ku lobana kai di Kapuloan Malayu sareng ogé ku kaparigelan para tukang ukir kai anu ngamungkinkeun urang Malayu pikeun latihan ukir kai salaku karajinan. Latar tropis alami dimana flora sareng fauna seueur pisan parantos ngainspirasi motif pikeun digambarkeun dina bentuk abstrak atanapi bergaya kana papan kai. Kalayan datangna Islam, bentuk géométri sareng kaligrafi Islam diwanohkeun dina ukiran kai. Kai anu dianggo biasana tina spésiés kai keras tropis anu dipikanyaho awét sareng tiasa tahan serangan jamur, kumbang boot listrik, sareng rayap.{{sfn|Said|2002}} Imah tradisional Malayu atanapi [[masjid]] biasana dihias ku langkung ti 20 komponén ukiran. Ukiran dina témbok sareng panel ngamungkinkeun angin ngahiliwir sacara efektif ka jero sareng ka luar gedong sareng tiasa ngantepkeun sinar panonpoé nyaangan bagian jero struktur. Dina waktos anu sami, kalangkang anu ditimbulkeun ku panel-panel éta ogé bakal nyiptakeun kalangkang dumasar kana motif-motif anu nambahan kaéndahan dina lanté. Ku kituna, komponén anu diukir ngalaksanakeun tujuan fungsional sareng estetika. ==Kelompok sub-étnis== {{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia|Urang Malayu Singapura|Urang Malayu Brunéi}} ==Tingali ogé== * [[Dunya Malayu]] * [[Imah Malayu]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} == Tautan éksternal == * {{ms}} [http://iyco0.tripod.com/usmanawang.html Puisi Usman Awang mengenai Melayu.] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=29765 Melayu] * {{id}} [http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:lYcg2r-ziWYJ:ccm.um.edu.my/umweb/fsss/images/persidangan/Kertas%2520Kerja/Pak%2520Witrianto.doc+Rumpun+Banjar&hl=id&ct=clnk&cd=139&gl=id&client=firefox-a Modal Sosial dan Pembangunan Manusia Melayu oleh Witrianto, S.S., M.Hum., M.Si dari Universitas Andalas] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{id}} [http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm Bhinneka Tunggal Ika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126030352/http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm |date=26 Januari 2010 }} * {{id}} [http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aW1QL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D= Gerakan Bangsa Melayu Besar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223826/http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aw1ql3fmzvzbuku4ng=== |date=8 April 2016 }} [[Kategori:Malayu|*]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Brunéi|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Malayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Malayu]] {{Authority control}} {{pondok}} afc8mw859ijfbthzyl7eoo1zvpes4ka 0 99864 731852 654607 2026-11-08T12:06:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox penyanyi indonesia |name = Shania Junianatha |image = Shania Junianatha (23102656732).jpg |imagesize = 200px |caption = |birthname = Shania Junianatha |othername = Shania, Shanju, Nju |birthdate = {{birth date and age|1998|6|27}} |birthplace = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Kota Surakarta|Solo]], [[Jawa Tengah]] |deathdate = |deathplace = |currentcity = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Bekasi]], [[Jawa Barat]] |nationality = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] |people = |address = |ethnicity = |residence = |home_town = |ancestry = |originplace = |etnic = [[Suku Jawa|Jawa]], [[Tionghoa-Indonesia|Tionghoa]] |country of region = |restingplace = |restingplacecoordinates = |debutdate = |voice = |genre = [[Pop]], [[Rock]] |recordlabel = |occupation = [[Penyanyi]], [[Penari]], [[Aktris]], [[Pembawa acara|Pembawa Acara]], Kapten [[JKT48]] |instrument = [[Vokal]], [[Gitar]] |yearsactive = [[2004]]-ayeuna |label = JKT48 Project<br>[[Hits Records]] |associatedacts = [[JKT48]]<br>[[JKT48 Band]] |partner = Bella Julianatha (Kakak) |influences = |influenced = |spouse = |domesticpartner = |children = |parents = Ir. Krisnatha (Ayah)<br>Larisa Dinata (Ibu) |almameter = |religion = [[Katolik]] |website = {{URL|http://www.jkt48.com/|JKT48}}<br />{{URL|http://jkt48.com/blog/team-j/|Blog Team J}} |twitter = shaniaJKT48 |instagram = jkt48shanju |fansite = Shanjunisme |currentmembers = |pastmembers = [[JKT48]] (2011 - 2019)<br>[[JKT48 Band]] (Vokalis dan Gitaris) (2015 - 2019) |awards = Peringkat 4 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-6 JKT48]] ([[2014]])</small><br>Peringkat 6 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-10 JKT48]] ([[2015]])</small><br>Peringkat 6 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-13 JKT48]] ([[2016]])</small><br>Peringkat 8 ''(Senbatsu)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-17 JKT48]] ([[2017]])</small><br>Peringkat 25 ''(Undergirls)'' — <small>[[Pemilihan Member Single ke-20 JKT48]] ([[2018]])</small> }} '''Shania Junianatha''' ({{lahirmati|[[Surakarta]]|27|6|1998}}) atanapi anu tiasa disebat akrab dielah '''Shania''' atanapi '''Shanju''', ogé katelah '''Shania''' '''JKT48''' nalika janten anggota [[JKT48]] nyaéta salah sahiji [[penyanyi]] sareng [[seniman]] [[Indonesia]] anu tilas anggota [[JKT48]] generasi kahiji ti [[Kota Bekasi|Bekasi]]. [[Indonesia]]. Shania dina istilah pamungkasna salaku anggota JKT48 aya dina Tim J sareng janten Kaptén kadua JKT48 saatos lulusan [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]] ti JKT48.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/23?lang=id |title=JKT48: Profil Shania Junianatha |accessdate=2020-06-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606061002/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/23?lang=id |archivedate=2020-06-06}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200606061002/https://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/23?lang=id Profil di situs web resmi JKT48] * {{id}} [http://shaniajunianatha.com/ Situs web resmi Shania Junianatha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114165118/http://shaniajunianatha.com/ |date=2015-11-14 }} * {{id}} [http://jkt48.com/blog/team-j/ Blog resmi JKT48 Tim J] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193927/http://jkt48.com/blog/team-j/ |date=2017-03-04 }} * {{Twitter|shanju}} * {{Instagram|shanju}} * {{Google+|107601672136294326338}} * {{en}} [http://www.stage48.net/wiki/index.php/Shania_Junianatha Shania Junianatha di Wiki48] * {{id}} [http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-shania-junianatha/ Shania Junianatha di Fakta Unik JKT48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130073441/http://www.jkt48faktaunik.com/fakta-unik-tentang-shania-junianatha |date=2016-11-30 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shania Junianatha}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]] [[Kategori:JKT48 Generasi 1]] {{Biografi-pondok}} ocaiuoxq0mzqedai99rd3ajmu83qsoz 0 99987 731905 730033 2026-11-08T14:16:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Universitas |name = Universitas Airlangga |image_name =Logo-Branding-UNAIR-biru.png |caption = |motto = Excellence with Morality<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://unair.ac.id/site/menu/show/15/identitas.html |title=Identitas Logo Universitas Airlangga |accessdate=31 Oktober 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130083750/https://unair.ac.id/site/menu/show/15/identitas.html |date=2021-11-30 }}</ref> |established = [[10 November]] [[1954]] |type = [[Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum]]<br> |rector = Prof. Dr. Muhammad Madyan, S.E., M.Si., M.Fin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biografi Rektor |url=https://unair.ac.id/biografi-rektor/ |website=Universitas Airlangga Official Website |publisher=Universitas Airlangga |access-date=27 December 2025}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |city = [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]] |state = [[Jawa Wetan]] |country = [[Indonesia]] |mascot = Garuda Mukti |faculty = 1.522 (2015) |students = 44.474 (2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Student Profile |url=https://satudata.unair.ac.id/analytical-reports/resonant/tableau/student-profile |website=UNAIR Satu Data |publisher=Universitas Airlangga |access-date=27 Desember 2025 |language=id |accessdate=2025-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106233933/https://satudata.unair.ac.id/analytical-reports/resonant/tableau/student-profile |archivedate=2026-01-06 }}</ref> |campus = Urban |colors = Kuning-Biru {{color box|yellow}} {{color box|blue}} |nickname = UNAIR / UA |affiliations = AUN<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aunsec.org/membership.php|title=Membership of ASEAN Universities Network|publisher=ASEAN Universities Network (AUN)|access-date=4 Agustus 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430230140/http://www.aunsec.org/membership.php |date=2020-04-30 }}</ref>, ABEST21<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abest21.org/member/organization/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230142630/http://www.abest21.org/member/organization/index.html |date=2019-12-30 }}</ref>, ASEA-UNINET<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asea-uninet.org/network-members/member-universities/indonesian-universities/}}</ref>, ASIIN, ASAIHL<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seameo.org/asaihl/}}</ref>, FIBAA, APHEA, ASIC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asicuk.com/international-directory/{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, ACEN |website = {{URL|http://www.unair.ac.id}} | logo = |footnotes = Logo dan Moto Universitas Airlangga }} '''Universitas Airlangga''' (atanapi '''UNAIR atau UA''') ({{lang-jv|ꦈꦤꦶꦮ꦳ꦼꦂꦱꦶꦠꦱ꧀​ꦄꦲꦶꦂꦭꦁꦒ}}) nyaéta [[paguron luhur]] anu perenahna di [[Surabaya]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Universitas ieu didirikeun dina [[10 Nopémber]] [[1954]] kalepatan sareng dinten Pahlawan ka-9. Dumasar data tina 30 Séptémber 2015, aya 38,047 mahasiswa anu kadaptar dina [http://www.unair.ac.id UNAIR].<ref name="stats"/> Dumasar kana réngking ti QS World University Ranking 2024, Universitas Airlangga rengking kaopat salaku universitas pangalusna di Indonésia. == Sajarah == Ngadegna Universitas Airlangga ngabogaan sajarah anu cukup panjang. Saméméh Unair diadegkeun sacara resmi, dina tanggal 9 jeung 11 Oktober 1847, usulan diajukeun ka Pamaréntah Kolonial Walanda pikeun ngadidik nonoman Jawa anu berbakat pikeun jadi ahli dina prakték kaséhatan. Dina tanggal 2 Januari 1849, ngaliwatan SK Pamaréntah No. 22, NIAS (Nederlandsch Indische Artsen School) diadegkeun  minangka tempat atikan kadokteran di Surabaya. Ti taun 1913, atikan kadokteran di Surabaya lumangsung di Jalan Kedungdoro 38 Surabaya. Taun 1923, gedong NIAS dipindahkeun ti Jalan Kedungdoro ka tempat ayana Fakultas Kedokteran Unair di Jalan Mayjen. Prof. Dr. Moestopo, Surabaya. Lajeng Dr. Lonkhuizen, Kapala Dines Kaséhatan waktu harita, nepikeun proposal pikeun ngadegkeun Sakola Gigi di Surabaya anu dirintis ti bulan Juli 1928 nepi ka 1945. Anjeunna meunang persetujuan ti Dr. RJF Van Zaben, Diréktur NIAS. Salajengna, sakola ieu langkung dikenal salaku STOVIT (School tot Opleiding van Indische Tandarsten). Dina waktos éta, STOVIT hasil ngumpulkeun 21 siswa. Sapanjang jalan, STOVIT ngaganti ngaran jadi Ika Daigaku Shika (sakola kedokteran jeung kedokteran gigi) jeung Dr. Takeda mangrupikeun sutradara kahijina, ngalayanan antara 1942-1945. Dua warsih saterusna, pamaréntah Walanda nyokot alih lajeng ngaganti ngaran jadi Tandheelkunding Instituut. Taun 1948 ieu sakola robah statusna jadi Universiteit Tandheelkunding Instituut (UTI). Dina kakawasaan Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS), UTI robah deui ngaranna jadi Institute of Dental Sciences (LIKG) salila 4 taun diajar, dipingpin ku Prof. M. Knap jeung Prof. M. Soetojo. Taun 1948, Universitas Airlangga mangrupa cabang Universitas Indonésia anu miboga dua fakultas, nya éta Fakultas Kedokteran jeung Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi. Universitas Airlangga resmi ngadeg taun 1954 dumasar kana Peraturan Pamaréntah No. 57/1954 sarta diresmikeun ku Persidén RI dina tanggal 10 Nopémber 1954, mitembeyan miéling poé Pahlawan anu kasalapan. Dina taun anu sarua diadegkeun Fakultas Hukum, anu saméméhna mangrupa cabang Fakultas Hukum, Ékonomi jeung Pulitik Sosial Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta. Nalika diresmikeun, Universitas Airlangga diwangun ku lima fakultas, nya éta: # Fakultas Kedokteran anu tadina mangrupa cabang ti Universitas Indonésia ; # Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi anu tadina mangrupa cabang ti Universitas Indonésia ; # Fakultas Hukum nu tadina mangrupa cabang ti Universitas Gadjah Mada ; # Fakultas Sastra, berkedudukan di Denpasar , anu taun 1962 misah ti Universitas Airlangga jadi bagian ti Universitas Udayana ; # Fakultas Keguruan dan Keguruan yang berpusat di Malang , sarta dina taun 1963 misah ti Universitas Airlangga jadi Lembaga Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Negeri Malang (IKIP), anu ayeuna robah jadi Universitas Negeri Malang (UM). == Ngaran jeung simbol == Ngaran "Airlangga" dicokot tina ngaran raja nu maréntah Jawa Wétan ti taun 1019 nepi ka 1042, nyaéta Rake Halu Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Airlangga Anantawikramattungadewa atawa katelah Prabu Airlangga. Lambang Universitas Airlangga nyaéta "Garuda Mukti" kalayan tunggangna Batara Wisnu mawa kendi anu eusina cai "amerta", nyaéta cai kahirupan anu langgeng. Simbol ieu ngalambangkeun Universitas Airlangga salaku sumber pangaweruh anu langgeng. Ngaran jeung lambang Universitas Airlangga diwujudkeun dina arca Prabu Airlangga anu jangkungna kurang leuwih tilu méter sarta nangtung di hareupeun Kampus A Universitas Airlangga. Patung ieu dilakukeun dina taun 1954 ku Hendra Gunawan , saurang pematung ti Pelukis Rakjat atawa nu saterusna jadi bagian tina Lembaga Kabudayaan Rakjat (Lekra) .  Pagawéan éta arca dilaksanakeun ku Hendra babarengan jeung lima anggota Pelukis Rakjat jeung sapuluh pagawé séjénna sarta ngaréngsékeun kurang leuwih tilu puluh poé. Bandéra Universitas Airlangga warna konéng biru. Konéng melambangkan kaagungan, biru melambangkan kasatiaan sareng jiwa anu jero. Warna-warna éta dicokot tina warna jilbab nutupan arca Wisnu dina upacara ngadegna Universitas Airlangga ku Présidén Kahiji RI tanggal 10 Nopémber 1954. == Lokasi == Universitas Airlangga miboga 14 fakultas jeung 1 pascasarjana anu menempati tilu kampus anu sumebar di sakuliah Surabaya, nyaéta: * '''Kampus A''' di Jalan Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47. Di kampus ieu aya Fakultas Kedokteran (FK) jeung Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi (FKG). * '''Kampus B''' di Jalan Airlangga 4-6. Di kampus ieu aya Fakultas Ékonomi jeung Bisnis (FEB), Fakultas Hukum (FH), Fakultas Psikologi (FPsi), Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (FISIP), Fakultas Ilmu Budaya (FIB), Fakultas Vokasi. Studi (FV), sareng Program Pascasarjana (PPs) * '''Kampus C''' di Mulyorejo , Surabaya Timur. Di kampus ieu aya Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi (FST), Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat (FKM), Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan (FKH), Fakultas Keperawatan (F.Kp), Fakultas Farmasi (FF). , Fakultas Perikanan jeung Kelautan (FPK), jeung Fakultas Téknologi Canggih jeung Multidisiplin (FTMM). * '''Kampus Banyuwangi''' , kampus Fakultas Kesehatan dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (FIKIA) Universitas Airlangga anu perenahna di Gedong Kampus Giri Jalan Wijaya Kusuma No. 113 jeung Kampus Sobo Jalan Ikan Wijinongko No.18a. Di SIKIA aya 3 program studi, nya éta Sarjana Kesehatan Masyarakat, Sarjana Kedokteran Hewan, jeung Sarjana Akuakultur. <sup>[ ''<nowiki>https://sikia.unair.ac.id/histori/</nowiki>'' ]</sup> * '''Kampus Jakarta''' ayana di Graha STR Kemang, Jakarta Selatan, husus dibuka pikeun program studi Magister Hukum, Magister Notaris jeung Ilmu Hukum sarta Pengembangan. == kapala sakola == {| class="wikitable" !No. ! colspan="2" |Kepala Sekolah !Candak kantor !Tungtung kantor !Nyaéta. |- |1 | |<small>Prof. Bapa</small> Abdoel Gaffar Pringgodigdo |1954 |1961 | |- |2 | |<small>Prof. dr.</small> Mohammad Toha Ronodipuro |1961 |1965 | |- |3 | |<small>Kol. TNI (Purn.)</small> CKH. Chasan Durjat |1965 |1966 | |- |4 | |<small>Prof. Dr. Dr.</small> Eri Sudewo |1966 |1974 | |- |5 | |<small>Prof. Dr A.S. dr.</small> Kwari Setjadibrata <small>Sp.A</small> |1974 |1975 | |- |6 | |<small>Prof. Dr.</small> Abdul Gani <small>SH, MS</small> |1976 |1980 | |- |7 | |<small>Prof. Dr. Dr.</small> Marsetio Donosepoetro |1980 |1984 | |- |8 | |<small>Prof. Dr.</small> Soedarso Djojonegoro |1984 |1993 | |- |9 | |<small>Prof. dr. H.</small> Bambang Rahino |1993 |1997 | |- |10 | |<small>Prof. Dr. H.</small> Soedarto <small>DTM&H, Ph.D</small> |1997 |2001 | |- |<center>11</center> | |<small>Prof. Dr. Med. dr.</small> Puruhito <small>Sp.B</small> |<center>2001</center> |<center>2006</center> | |- | rowspan="2" |<center>12</center> | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |<small>Prof. Dr.</small> Fasichul Lisan <small>Apt</small> |<center>8 Juni 2006</center> |<center>10 Juni 2010</center> | |- |<center>10 Juni 2010</center> |<center>10 Juni 2015</center> | |- |<center>13</center> | |<small>Prof. dr.</small> Mohammad Nasih <small>SE., MT, Ak., CMA</small> |<center>10 Juni 2015</center> |<center>''Incumbent''</center> | |} == Fakultas jeung program studi == * '''Fakultas Kedokteran (FK)''' ** Sarjana Kedokteran ** Gelar Sarjana Kebidanan ** Masters dina Élmu Kaséhatan réproduktif ** Masters dina Élmu Kaséhatan Olahraga ** Masters dina Élmu Médis Dasar ** Masters dina Kedokteran Tropis ** Masters dina Kedokteran Klinis ** Gelar Doktor dina Élmu Médis ** Atikan Profesional Médis ** Atikan Profesi Bidan ** Program spesialis * '''Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi (FKG)''' ** S-1 Atikan Dokter Gigi ** Masters dina Élmu Kaséhatan Dental ** S-3 Élmu Kaséhatan Dental ** Atikan Profesional Dokter Gigi ** Program spesialis * '''Fakultas Hukum (FH)''' ** Sarjana Hukum ** Sarjana Hukum ** Master of Élmu Notaris ** Gelar Doktor Hukum * '''Fakultas Ékonomi jeung Usaha (FEB)''' ** Gelar Sarjana Manajemén ** S-1 Akunting ** Sarjana Ékonomi ** Sarjana Ékonomi Islam ** Masters dina Ékonomi ** Masters dina Manajemén ** Masters dina Élmu Manajemén ** Masters dina Akunting ** Sarjana Ékonomi Islam ** Gelar Doktor dina Élmu Manajemén ** S-3 Élmu Akuntansi ** Gelar Doktor Ékonomi ** Gelar Doktor Ékonomi Islam ** Atikan Profesi Akuntansi * '''Fakultas Farmasi (FF)''' ** S-1 Apotek ** Masters dina Farmasi klinis ** Masters dina Élmu Farmasi ** Gelar Doktor dina Élmu Farmasi ** Atikan Profesional Apoteker * '''Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan (FKH)''' ** Sarjana Kedokteran Hewan ** S-2 Vaksinologi & Imunoterapi ** Masters dina Biologi réproduktif ** Masters dina Kedokteran Pangajaran sarta Palatihan Atikan & Kaséhatan Umum ** Masters dina Agribisnis Pangajaran sarta Palatihan Atikan ** S-3 Dokter Hewan Sehat ** Pangajaran sarta Palatihan Atikan Profesional * '''Fakultas Ilmu Sosial sareng Pulitik (FISIP)''' ** Sarjana Élmu dina Hubungan Internasional ** Sarjana Élmu Komunikasi ** Sarjana Élmu Administrasi Publik ** Sarjana Émbaran & Élmu Perpustakaan ** Sarjana Élmu Pulitik ** S-1 Antropologi ** Sarjana Sosiologi ** Masters dina Hubungan Internasional ** Masters dina Sosiologi ** Masters dina Élmu Pulitik ** Master of Kabijakan Umum ** Masters dina Média & Komunikasi ** Gelar Doktor dina Élmu Sosial * '''Fakultas Sains jeung Téknologi (FST)''' ** S-1 Statistik ** S-1 Fisika ** Gelar Sarjana Téknik Biomédis ** S-1 Téknik Lingkungan ** Sarjana Biologi ** Sarjana Matematika ** S-1 Kimia ** Bachelor of Systems Émbaran ** Masters dina Biologi ** Masters dina Kimia ** Masters dina Téknik Biomédis ** S-3 Matematika jeung Élmu * '''Fakultas Kaséhatan Umum (FKM)''' ** Sarjana Kaséhatan Umum ** Sarjana Élmu dina Gizi ** Masters dina Kaséhatan Lingkungan ** Masters dina Administrasi Kaséhatan & Kabijakan ** Masters dina Epidemiologi ** Masters dina Kaséhatan Lingkungan ** Gelar Master dina Kaséhatan sareng Kasalametan Pekerjaan ** Gelar Doktor dina Élmu Kaséhatan * '''Fakultas Psikologi (FPsi)''' ** Sarjana Psikologi ** Masters dina Psikologi ** Master of Psikologi Terapan ** Masters dina Psikologi Profesional ** PhD dina Psikologi * '''Fakultas Ilmu Budaya (FIB)''' ** Sarjana Studi Jepang ** Sarjana Élmu dina Sajarah ** Sarjana Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia ** Sarjana Basa jeung Sastra Inggris ** Masters dina Linguistik ** Master dina Studi Sastra & Budaya * '''Fakultas Keperawatan (FKP)''' ** Gelar Sarjana Keperawatan ** Gelar Master dina Kaperawatan ** Gelar Doktor dina Kaperawatan ** Atikan Profesi Mantri * '''Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan (FPK)''' ** S-1 Budidaya ** Gelar Sarjana Téknologi Produk Perikanan ** Masters dina Perikanan sareng Biotéhnologi Kelautan ** Masters dina Élmu Perikanan * '''Fakultas Vokasi''' ** D-3 Kaperawatan ** D-3 Fisioterapi ** D-3 Téknik Kaséhatan Dental ** D-3 Kaséhatan jeung Kasalametan Gawé ** D-3 Paramedic Veterinarian ** D-3 Pangobatan Tradisional ** D-3 Systems Émbaran ** D-3 Instrumentation Systems Automation ** D-3 Téhnik Perpustakaan ** D-3 Pajeg ** D-3 Akunting ** D-3 Téhnologi Laboratorium Médis ** D-3 Inggris ** D-3 Manajemén Marketing ** D-4 Manajemén Kantor Digital ** D-4 Manajemén silaturahmi ** D-4 Perbankan jeung Keuangan ** D-4 Tujuan Pariwisata ** D-4 Fisioterapi ** D-4 Radiological Imaging Téhnologi ** D-4 Kedokteran Tradisional * '''Fakultas Téknologi Canggih sareng Multidisiplinér (FTMM)''' ** S-1 Téhnologi Élmu Data ** Gelar Sarjana dina Robotika sareng Téknik Kecerdasan Buatan ** S-1 Téhnologi Industri ** S-1 Téknis Listrik ** Sarjana Élmu di Téknik Nanotéhnologi * '''Program Pascasarjana''' ** Masters dina Élmu Forensik ** Masters dina Studi Élmu Pulisi ** S-2 Studi Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HAKI) ** Masters dina Pangwangunan Sumber Daya Manusa ** S-2 Élmu Hukum sareng Pangembangan (MSHP) ** Masters dina Imunologi ** Masters dina Manajemén Bencana ** Gelar Doktor dina Pangwangunan Sumber Daya Manusia * '''Sakola Kaséhatan jeung Élmu Pengetahuan Alam (SIKIA)''' ** Sarjana Kaséhatan Umum ** Sarjana Kedokteran Hewan ** S-1 Budidaya == Sumberdaya == SDM di Universitas Airlangga diwangun ku staf akademik jeung tenaga kependidikan. Staf akademik diwangun ku 1522 staf akademik tetep, kalawan rinci 1472 urang boga status Pagawé Sipil (PNS) jeung 49 urang boga status Pagawé Non-PNS. Aya 223 staf akademik nonpermanén anu statusna dosén luar biasa jeung 113 dosén anu statusna honorer. Rekapitulasi jumlah staf akademik tetap dumasar kana pendidikan nyaéta kieu: * Aya 156 staf akademik anu atikan sarjana (S-1). * Staf akademik tingkat pendidikan master (S-2) & spesialis 1 (Sp-1) aya 885 urang. * Aya 481 staf akademik anu atikan tingkat doktor (S-3). Jumlah tenaga kependidikan dina taun 2002 diwangun ku 1129 urang nu statusna PNS, 7 urang nu berstatus tetap non PNS, jeung 866 urang nu status honorer. Rekapitulasi jumlah tenaga kependidikan dumasar kana pendidikan nyaéta kieu: * Aya 43 tenaga kependidikan anu ngagaduhan pendidikan magister (S-2). * Aya 591 tenaga kependidikan anu atikan sarjana (S-1). * Aya 32 tenaga kependidikan kalawan sarjana (S-1) atikan profésional * Aya 326 staf akademik sareng tingkat pendidikan diploma * Aya 825 staf akademik anu atikan SMA (SMA). * Aya 181 tenaga akademik anu jenjang pendidikanna kurang ti SMA (SMP jeung SD). == Kagiatan administrasi == Kagiatan administrasi Universitas Airlangga (Unair) dipuseurkeun di Kantor Pengelolaan Universitas Airlangga anu perenahna di Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya. == Sarana == * Masjid Ulul Azmi (Kampus C) * Masjid Nuruzzaman (Kampus B) * Asrama Siswa Lalaki jeung Katresna * Perpustakaan Kampus * Airlangga Convention Center (ACC) * Menara Airlangga Syariah and Entrepreneurship Education Center (ASEEC). * Unair Flash Beus * fasilitas ATM * Puseur Mahasiswa * Koperasi Mahasiswa (Kopma) * Poliklinik * Tasik Cinta Airlangga * Rumah Sakit Universitas Airlangga * Unair Pangajaran Rumah Sakit Pangajaran sarta Palatihan Atikan * Rumah Sakit Gigi sareng Lisan Unair * Rumah Sakit Universitas Airlangga pikeun Panyakit Inféksi Tropis * taman & Dahareun Center * 24 jam Wi-Fi di jero kampus Unair * Pusat Bahasa Unair (di Gedong ASEEC) * Amfiteater (Kampus B) * Airlangga Guest House * Widang : *# Lapangan baskét *# Lapangan futsal *# pangadilan ténis == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * {{id}} {{resmi|http://www.unair.ac.id}} * {{youtube|D5kg0G_IzDA}} * {{id}} [http://infounair.com/ Info Unair] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328193452/http://www.infounair.com/ |date=2015-03-28 }} * {{id}} [http://news.okezone.com/read/2015/05/30/65/1157640/profesor-nasih-terpilih-jadi-rektor-unair] {{PTN di Indonesia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Airlangga}} [[Kategori:Paguron luhur nagri di Indonésia]] {{Indo-perti-stub}} 30a0sdnuprjd24b4fpqupdbx6ozubzb 0 99992 731912 706409 2026-11-08T14:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = Universitas Udayana | native_name = {{script|bali|ᬉᬦᬶᬧᬾᬃᬲᬶᬢᬲ᭄ᬳᬸᬤᬬᬦ|''Unipérsitas Udayana''}} |image = Logo-unud-baru.png | caption = | motto = ''Takitakining Sewaka Guna Widya'' ([[basa Bali|Bali]]) | mottoeng = People who oblige knowledge shall pursue wisdom and virtue |mottoind= Jalma anu diajar kedah ngudag kanyaho sareng kautamaan. |established = [[29 Séptémber]] [[1962]] |type = [[Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum]] |rector = Prof. Dr. Ir. I Nyoman Gde Antara, M.Eng., IPU. |address = Jl. Raya Kampus UNUD, Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, [[Jimbaran, Kuta Selatan, Badung|Jimbaran]] <br/> |city = [[Kabupatén Badung]] |state = [[Bali]] |country = [[Indonesia]] |coor = |campus = Kampus Pusat Bukit Jimbaran <br/>Kampus Sudirman <br/>Kampus Nias |colors = Biru {{color box|#3A53A4}}, Emas {{color box|#CFB721}} |telephone = +62-361-701954 |fax = +62-361-701907 | academic_staff = 1,603 (2008)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Buku Putih Universitas Udayana|last=Bakta|first=I Made|publisher=Udayana University Press|year=2009|isbn=|location=Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia|pages=}}</ref> | administrative_staff = 594 (2008)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Buku Putih Universitas Udayana|last=Bakta|first=I Made|publisher=Udayana University Press|year=2009|isbn=|location=Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia|pages=}}</ref> | students = 18,297 (2008)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Buku Putih Universitas Udayana|last=Bakta|first=I Made|publisher=Udayana University Press|year=2009|isbn=|location=Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia|pages=}}</ref> | undergrad = 17,435 (2008)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Buku Putih Universitas Udayana|last=Bakta|first=I Made|publisher=Udayana University Press|year=2009|isbn=|location=Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia|pages=}}</ref> | postgrad = 1,492 (2008)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Buku Putih Universitas Udayana|last=Bakta|first=I Made|publisher=Udayana University Press|year=2009|isbn=|location=Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia|pages=}}</ref> |jenis = Perguruan Tinggi Negeri | affiliations = [[Association of Universities of Asia and the Pacific|AUAP]],<ref>http://auap.sut.ac.th/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=52&Itemid=82 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709220313/http://auap.sut.ac.th/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=52&Itemid=82 |date=2011-07-09 }}</ref> [[ASEAN-European University Nework|ASEA UNINET]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uibk.ac.at/asea-uninet/members.html |title=Member Universities |publisher=Uibk.ac.at |date= |accessdate=2010-05-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818104659/http://www.uibk.ac.at/asea-uninet/members.html |date=2012-08-18 }}</ref> |website = [https://www.unud.ac.id www.unud.ac.id] |image_name=Widya Cakra Prawartana}} '''Universitas Udayana''', disingget jadi '''UNUD''', nyaéta [[paguron luhur]] nagri ti [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]], madeg dina [[29 Séptémber]] [[1962]]. [[Rektor Universitas Udayana]] ayeuna nyaéta [[Prof. Dr. Ir. I Nyoman Gde Antara, M.Eng., IPU.]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.unud.ac.id/ Situs Resmi Universitas Udayana] *[https://if.unud.ac.id Situs Resmi Program Studi Informatika Universitas Udayana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617190229/https://if.unud.ac.id/ |date=2020-06-17 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803084713/https://undiksha.ac.id/ Situs Resmi Unuversitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja] * [http://www.isi-dps.ac.id Situs Resmi Institut Seni Indonesia Denpasar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719034134/http://www.isi-dps.ac.id/ |date=2012-07-19 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200706192515/http://stpbali.ac.id/ Situs Resmi Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Nusa Dua] * [http://www.pnb.ac.id Situs Resmi Politeknik Negeri Bali]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{PTN di Indonesia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Udayana}} [[Kategori:Paguron luhur nagri di Indonésia]] {{Indo-perti-stub}} kwsdvn8k7d0zp3qodb1bdsfebjb29ji 0 99994 731911 703410 2026-11-08T14:33:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox Universitas |nama=Universitas Trunojoyo Madura |logo=[[Gambar:Logo_Universitas_Trunojoyo_Madura.jpg|150px|Logo [[Universitas Trunojoyo]]]] |tahun=[[23]] [[Juli]] [[2001]] |jenis=Perguruan Tinggi Negeri |rektor=Dr. Drs. Ec. H. Muh. Syarif, M.Si., |students=21.000 orang (data taun [[2019]]) |lokasi=[[Kabupatén Bangkalan|Bangkalan]], [[Jawa Wetan]] |negara=[[Indonesia]] |nickname='''UTM''' |situs=[http://www.trunojoyo.ac.id www.trunojoyo.ac.id] |name=Universitas Trunojoyo Madura|established=2001|city=Bangkalan, Indonesia|moto=UTM APiK (Amanah, Peduli, Kreatif)}} '''Universitas Trunojoyo Madura''' nyaéta [[Paguron luhur]] nagri ti Kabupaten [[Kabupatén Bangkalan|Bangkalan]] ([[Pulo Madura|Madura]]), Propinsi [[Jawa Wetan]], [[Indonesia]]. '''Universitas Trunojoyo Madura''' (UTM) janten [[paguron luhur]] dumasar kana Keputusan Presiden Présidén tanggal [[5Juli]] [[2001]]. Sareng diresmikeun dina [[23 Juli]] [[2001]] ku [[Présidén Républik Indonésia|Présidén]] [[Abdurrahman Wahid]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trunojoyo.ac.id/|title=Universitas Trunojoyo Madura|website=www.trunojoyo.ac.id|language=id-id|access-date=2018-03-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511061247/http://library.trunojoyo.ac.id/ |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Réktor ayeuna nyaéta [[Dr. H. Rachmad Hidayat, M.T.]] == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == *[http://www.trunojoyo.ac.id/ Website Universitas] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511061247/http://library.trunojoyo.ac.id/ Perpustakaan Universitas] * {{id}} [http://bem.trunojoyo.ac.id/ Situs web BEM KM Universitas Trunojoyo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702065721/http://bem.trunojoyo.ac.id/ |date=2020-07-02 }} * {{id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200702070113/http://capoeira.trunojoyo.ac.id/ Situs web UKM Escola Cultural Zungu Capoeira (ECZC)] *{{id}} Situs web UKM Triple-C *{{id}} [https://bemft.trunojoyo.ac.id/ Situs web BEM Fakultas Teknik Universitas Trunojoyo Madura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703182837/https://bemft.trunojoyo.ac.id/ |date=2020-07-03 }} {{PTN di Indonesia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trunojoyo}} [[Kategori:Paguron luhur nagri di Indonésia]] {{Indo-perti-stub}} 0olfd1bdiwwxn8qhmyzihjj6u6d95dh 0 100003 731909 684686 2026-11-08T14:28:34Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Universitas |nama = Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha |logo = |tahun = 11 Mei 2006 |jenis = Perguruan Tinggi Negeri |rektor = Dr. I Nyoman Jampel, M.Pd |lokasi = [[Singaraja]], [[Bali]] |Telepon = 036222570 |Fax = 036225735 |situs=[http://www.undiksha.ac.id www.undiksha.ac.id]|established=11 Mei 2016|city=Singaraja, Bali|motto=Dharmaning sajjana umerdhyaken widyaguna}} '''Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha''' mangrupa salah sahiji [[paguron luhur]] anu perenahna di Kota Singaraja, [[Bali]], Indonesia. Univitas ieu mangrupa [[paguron luhur]] anu dikembangkeun dumasar kana [[Pancasila]] sareng Konstitusi 1945 Konstitusi anu ngajunjung nilai-nilai manusa, ngahasilkeun staf pendidikan sareng non-pendidikan anu bakti ka Gusti Nu Maha Agung, ngagaduhan kamampuan akademik jeung profésional anu luhur, ngembangkeun [[élmu]], [[téknologi]], sareng [[seni]]. == Tumbu luar == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803084713/https://undiksha.ac.id/ Situs resmi] {{PTN di Indonesia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pendidikan Ganesha}} [[Kategori:Paguron luhur nagri di Indonésia]] {{Indo-perti-stub}} ctranyr4vdm3uhq4qo0qq375nfmbopf 0 100439 731885 730032 2026-11-08T13:30:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tari Moriringgo''' nyaéta salah sahiji seni tari tradisional anu asalna ti [[Sulawesi Kidul]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sritimuryati|first=|year=2019|title=Perkembangan Tari Moriringgo di Kabupaten Luwu Timur: Kajian Historiografi Tarian Tradisional|url=https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/issue/view/2|journal=Jurnal Walasuji|volume=10|issue=1|pages=26|issn=2502-2229}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017223102/https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/issue/view/2 |date=2020-10-17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portalsulawesi.com/seribu-pewong-meriahkan-pesta-panen-padungku-di-desa-manurung-malili/|title=Seribu “Pewong” Meriahkan Pesta Panen Padungku di Desa Manurung, Malili|last=Portal Sulawesi|first=|date=26 Juni 2018|website=Portal Sulawesi|access-date=26 Mei 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vale.com/indonesia/EN/press/publication/Documents/Welcome-to-Sorowako-2015.pdf|title=Melihat Jejak Peradaban Lama di Desa Matano|last=Alamsyah|first=Nala Dipa|date=2015|website=Sorowako|access-date=29 Juni 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629191114/http://www.vale.com/indonesia/EN/press/publication/Documents/Welcome-to-Sorowako-2015.pdf |date=2020-06-29 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://tegas.co/2018/06/26/pesta-panen-padungku-di-desa-manurung-malili-kabupaten-luwu-timur/|title=Pesta Panen Padungku di Desa Manurung, Malili – Kabupaten Luwu Timur|last=Mas'ud|first=|date=26 Juni 2016|website=Tegas|access-date=26 Mei 2020|accessdate=2020-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027123811/http://tegas.co/2018/06/26/pesta-panen-padungku-di-desa-manurung-malili-kabupaten-luwu-timur/|archivedate=2022-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.rakyatku.com/read/26858/2016/11/05/pasitabe-cup-ii-dibuka-dengan-nuansa-adat|title=Pasitabe Cup II Dibuka Dengan Nuansa Adat|last=Abdul Karim|first=Sulaiman|date=05 November 2016|website=Rakyatku News|access-date=26 Mei 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lestari|first=Rizky|last2=Jamilah|last3=Solihing|year=2019|title=Kajian Tari Moriringgo Pada Acara Penyambutan Tamu Pemerintahan di Kabupaten Luwu Timur|journal=Jurnal Pakarena|volume=4|issue=2|pages=19|doi=|issn=2714-6081}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bonepos.com/2018/06/26/begini-kemeriahan-pesta-panen-padungku-di-malili-luwu-timur|title=Begini Kemeriahan Pesta Panen Padungku di Malili Luwu Timur|last=Siara|first=Asran|date=26 Juni 2018|website=Bone Pos|access-date=26 Mei 2020|accessdate=2020-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116212718/https://www.bonepos.com/2018/06/26/begini-kemeriahan-pesta-panen-padungku-di-malili-luwu-timur|archivedate=2019-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://makassar.antaranews.com/foto/88438/tari-moriringgo|title=Tari Moriringgo|last=Antara News|first=|date=3 Mei 2011|website=Antara News|access-date=26 Mei 2020}}</ref> == Referensi == [[Kategori:Budaya]] [[Kategori:Sulawesi Kidul]] o72edb7eg77o5qmu0sj9yf49ki77uf9 0 101451 731924 672102 2026-11-08T14:54:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walungan Cilutung''' nyaéta hiji walungan nu panjangna 416.20 m, nu ayana di Désa [[Cikidang, Bantarujeg, Majalengka|Cikidang]], Kecamatan [[Bantarujeg, Majalengka|Bantarujeg]], [[Kabupatén Majalengka|Majaléngka]], [[Jawa Barat]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Masy’al Balfas|first=Abdurrokhim|date=2018-02-05|title=PROVENANCE BATUPASIR LINTASAN SUNGAI CILUTUNG,FORMASI HALANG, MAJALENGKA JAWA BARAT|url=http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/geoscience/article/view/15592|journal=Geoscience Journal|language=id|volume=2|issue=1|pages=10–14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801185907/http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/geoscience/article/view/15592|archive-date=2020-08-01|accessdate=2021-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319878549_Sedimentary_Features_of_Late_Miocene_Turbidite_Along_Cilutung_River_Bantarujeg_West_Java|title=(PDF) Sedimentary Features of Late Miocene Turbidite Along Cilutung River, Bantarujeg, West Java|website=ResearchGate|language=en|accessdate=2021-02-27}}</ref> Walungan Cilutung atawa DAS (D''aérah Aliran Sungai'') Cilutung mangrupa salah sahiji anak [[walungan Cimanuk]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prastika|first=I. C.|last2=Wardhana|first2=W.|date=2019-11-01|title=Water quality assessment in Cilutung watershed at Majalengka District, West Java based on saprobic index|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AIPC.2168b0087P|volume=2168|pages=020087|doi=10.1063/1.5132514}}</ref>, sedengkeun Walungan Cimanuk boga tilu anak walungan nyaéta Cilutung, Cipelas jeung Cikeruh. Hulu cai walungan Cilutung téh aya di Kabupatén Kuningan, di tutugan gunung Ciremai. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Astjario dan I Nyoman Astawa|first=Prijantono|date=Volume 5, No. 3, Desember 2007|title=PROSES PERTUMBUHAN DELTA BARU SUNGAI CIMANUK HINGGA TAHUN 2002, DI PANTAI TIMUR KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU, JAWA BARAT|journal=Geologi Kelautan}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Walungan di Tatar Sunda]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Walungan di Indonésia]] 92t038hgh4j8btphtxhjqykza00u9d0 0 102079 731938 681320 2026-11-08T15:20:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Circulation in macroeconomics.png|jmpl|352x352px|Bagan Ekonomi Makro]] '''Ékonomi makro''' nyaéta [[élmu]] anu maluruh ngeunaan [[ékonomi]] sagemblengna<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read327105/apa-itu-makroekonomi|title=Apa Itu Makroekonomi?|last=Ekonomi|first=Warta|website=Warta Ekonomi|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417153021/https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read327105/apa-itu-makroekonomi|archivedate=2021-04-17}}</ref>. Ékonomi makro digunakeun keur nganalisis jeung ngararancang udagan-udagan kawijakan anu aya patalina jeung kagiatan [[ékonomi]], [[inflasi,]] [[sumber daya manusa]], jeung kasaimbangab ''neraca pembayaran''<ref name=":0" />''.'' == Udagan == Ékonomi makro miboga sababaraha udagan keur hiji [[nagara]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://dosenekonomi.com/ilmu-ekonomi/ekonomi-makro/tujuan-ekonomi-makro|title=8 Tujuan Ekonomi Makro Yang Terpenting|website=DosenEkonomi.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2021-04-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417153024/https://dosenekonomi.com/ilmu-ekonomi/ekonomi-makro/tujuan-ekonomi-makro |date=2021-04-17 }}</ref>. Udagan-udagan éta téh miboga maksud pikeun ngaréngsékeun pasualan-pasualan anu aya di hiji [[nagara]]<ref name=":1" />. Ieu di handap mangrupa udagan tina ékonomi makro nyaéta: * Muka lawang [[pakasaban]]<ref name=":1" />, pasualan ngeunaan [[sumber daya manusa]] boga pangaruh pikeun ngaronjatkeun kaayaan [[ékonomi]] di hiji [[nagara]]. Ku kituna, kawijakan ngeunaan [[ékonomi]] makro kudu bisa muka lawang [[pakasaban]] keur jalma réa, sangkan euweuh deui jalma anu nganggur<ref name=":1" />. * [[Nagara]] kudu bisa ngahasilkeun [[produk]] sacara mandiri<ref name=":1" />, ku kituna kawijakan ékonomi makro kudu bisa muka lawang [[invéstasi]] sangkan mingkin loba jalma anu mantuan méré [[modal]] keur prosés [[Produksi Program Télépisi|produksi]]. Mingkin loba anu [[invéstasi]], [[produk]] anu dihasilkeun ogé mingkin loba, bati anu dimeunangkeun ku [[nagara]] ogé mingkin gedé<ref name=":1" />. * Kaayaan [[ékonomi]] anu ''stabil''<ref name=":1" />, ékonomi makro miboga udagan sangkan harga barang jeung lawang [[pakasaban]] saimbang<ref name=":1" />. * ''Neraca pembayaran'' kudu saimbang<ref name=":1" />. == Ambahan == Aya tilu papasingan ambahn dina ékonomi makro<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jurnal.id/id/blog/apa-itu-ekonomi-makro-apa-tujuan-dan-ruang-lingkupnya/|title=Apa Itu Ekonomi Makro? Apa Tujuan dan Ruang Lingkupnya?|website=Jurnal|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418025957/https://www.jurnal.id/id/blog/apa-itu-ekonomi-makro-apa-tujuan-dan-ruang-lingkupnya/ |date=2021-04-18 }}</ref>. * Nangtukeun kagiatan [[ékonomi]] di hiji [[nagara]]<ref name=":3" />. Ékonomi makro kudu bisa nganalisis jumlah [[produk]] jeung jasa anu dihasilkeun di hiji [[nagara]]<ref name=":3" />. Aya sababaraha jenis ambahan ''pengeluaran'' dina [[ékonomi]] makro, di antarana: a) ''pengeluaran konsumsi rumah tangga''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/perbedaan-ekonomi-mikro-dan-makro-serta-ruang-lingkup-mikroekonomi-f85G|title=Perbedaan Ekonomi Mikro dan Makro, serta Ruang Lingkup Mikroekonomi|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2021-04-18}}</ref>'';'' b) ''pengeluaran'' [[pamaréntah]]<ref name=":4" />; c) ''pengeluaran'' [[invéstasi]]<ref name=":4" />[[Invéstasi|;]] jeung d) [[ékspor]] jeung [[impor]]<ref name=":4" />. * Kawijakan [[pamaréntah]], anu ngawengku kawijakan [[monétér]] jeung [[fiskal]]<ref name=":3" />. * ''Pengeluaran agregat''<ref name=":3" />'','' mangrupa hal anu kudu disaimbangkeun ku hiji [[nagara]], hususna ulah nepi ka [[inflasi]] sarta kudu nyiptakeun lawang [[pakasaban]] anu loba pikeun masarakat di hiji [[nagara]]. Lamun ''pengeluaran agregat'' teu stabil, miboga arti yén kaayaan [[ékonomi]] di [[nagara]] éta keur teu stabil<ref name=":3" />. == Kawijakan == Ékonomi makro medar ngeunaan lawang [[pakasaban]], jeung hal-hal ngeunaan [[Inflasi|''inflasi'']] jeung ''[[defiasi]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://mpkp.feb.ui.ac.id/teori-dan-kebijakan-makroekonomi/|title=Teori dan Kebijakan Makroekonomi - Magister Perencanaan Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pembangunan Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis - Universitas Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2021-04-17}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417153022/https://mpkp.feb.ui.ac.id/teori-dan-kebijakan-makroekonomi/ |date=2021-04-17 }}</ref>''.'' Ékonomi makro miboga sababaraha kawijakan di antarana: * Kawijakan fiskal, mangrupa kawijakan anu ngatur kaluar-asupna beubeutian di hiji [[nagara]]<ref name=":2" />. Hasilna bisa tina [[pajeg]], [[dengda]], [[gratifikasi]], jeung hal séjénna. Beuti anu ka luar biasana dibalukarkeun ku kagiatan ''impor'' barang ti luar nagri pikeun nyumponan pangabutuh masarakat di hiji [[nagara]]<ref name=":2" />. * Kawijakan monétér, mangrupa kawijakan anu miboga fungsi pikeun ngukur sabaraha loba dana anu dikaluarkeun ku [[bank]] sentral anu aya di [[Indonésia]] pikeun masarakat<ref name=":2" />. Tina ieu kawijakan bakal dipaluruh naha [[nagara]] téh ''[[inflasi]]'' atawa ''[[defiasi]]''<ref name=":2" />''.''   * Kawijajakan ''segi penawaran,'' miboga fungsi pikeun nyaimbangkeun ''neraca keuangan'' pikeun hiji [[nagara]]<ref name=":2" />. == Pasualan == Pasualan-pasualan anu aya dina [[ékonomi]] makro di antarana: * Masarakat anu teu boga [[pakasaban]]. Ieu hal dilantarankeun minat jasa jeung barang nurun. Lian ti éta loba masarakat anu mindeng pundah-pindah [[pakasaban]]<ref name=":2" />. * Inflasi, mangrupa kaayaan harga-harga naék teu luyu jeung kaayaan [[ékonomi]] di hiji [[nagara]]<ref name=":2" />. * ''Neraca pembayaran'' teu saimbang<ref name=":2" />. == Daftar Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Ékonomi]] svqiyy0fh5e4yqodix9c50r7c7mjniy 0 102087 731941 704097 2026-11-08T15:25:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731941 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:RA_Kartini,_20_Mei_Pelopor_17_Agustus,_p9.jpg|jmpl|212x212px| Inohong Émansipasi Awéwé Indonésia.]] '''Émansipasi''' nyaéta ngabébaskeun kagiatan budak beulian keur merjuangkeun saruana hak jeung darajat manusa dina sagala rupa aspék kahirupan masarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/emansipasi|title=Emansipasi|last=Tim Penyusun KBBI|first=|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|accessdate=2020-11-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312073215/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/emansipasi |date=2023-03-12 }}</ref> Émansipasi kudu bisa ngaakomodasi hak anu geus direbut jeung diantep kitu waé saméméhna. Ieu hal penting pisan kalawan jadi sarana ngaronjatkeun profésionalitas sangkan sakabéh manusa babarengan ngalakukeun pangwangunan kalayan teu diskriminatif. Lian ti éta, émansipasi ogé dilaksanakeun dina raraga nyangking hak politik jeung darajat sosial keur kelompok anu teu dibéré hak husus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/31/1373/emansipasi-dan-kesetaraan-gender|title=EMANSIPASI DAN KESETARAAN GENDER|last=Redaktur Kemenpppa|first=|website=www.kemenpppa.go.id|accessdate=2020-11-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815071222/https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/31/1373/emansipasi-dan-kesetaraan-gender |date=2022-08-15 }}</ref> Intina, émansipasi sacara vertikal bakal terus ngaleungitkeun bédana kelas sosial (''social gap'') jeung sacara horizontal bakal ngurangan jarak sosial (''social distance'') antara manusa. Ku alatan éta, émansipasi dominasi jeung dépéndénsi bakal dipungkas nepi ka kahontalna darajat anu sarua.<ref>Kleden Ignas. 1998. [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JJNGJZ6HgKcC&pg=RA2-PA15&dq=emansipasi+adalah&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigiKzk7ajtAhXCb30KHa5BDvYQ6AEwA3oECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=emansipasi%20adalah&f=false Kemerdekaan: Dari Emansipasi ke Otonomi (Dimuat pada Mimbar Kekaryaan ABRI Edisi 333 Juli 1998)]. Hal. 13-14. Jakarta Timur : CV. Tarsar Jaya.</ref> == Émansipasi wanoja == Émansipasi wanoja mangrupa prosés ngaleungitkeun anggapan ka wanoja tina kalungguhan sosial ékonomi anu handap atawa tina kaadilan [[hukum]] anu ngawatesan wanoja tumuwuh aktif dina sagala widang kahirupan masarakat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.untan.ac.id/wanita-di-era-globalisasi-menuntut-emansipasi-namun-tidak-membuktikan-dirinya-layak-untuk-berkontribusi/|title=Wanita di Era Globalisasi! Menuntut Emansipasi Namun Tidak Membuktikan Dirinya Layak Untuk Berkontribusi|last=Whandi|website=Universitas Tanjungpura|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211211405/https://www.untan.ac.id/wanita-di-era-globalisasi-menuntut-emansipasi-namun-tidak-membuktikan-dirinya-layak-untuk-berkontribusi/|archivedate=2020-12-11}}</ref> Tujuan émansipasi wanoja nyaéta meredih hak anu sarua jiga lalaki jeung méré kasempetan wanoja sangkan bisa digawé, diajar, jeung bébas aktif jiga lalaki. Ieu gerakan anu dilakukeun ku para wanoja téh medal dumasar kana anggapan jeung kanyataan yén wanoja mah ampir tinggaleun dina sakabéh aspék kahirupan, ti mimiti [[Atikan|pendidikan]] sabab lobana kasus buta huruf, kamiskinan, sarta henteu mampuh aktif dina unggal kagiatan anu aya di masarakat umum. Lolobana kalah museur kana kagiatan anu aya patalina jeung rarabi wungkul <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geotimes.co.id/opini/emansipasi/|title=Emansipasi|last=Izad|first=Rohmatul|website=GEOTIMES|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-11-29}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228094332/https://geotimes.co.id/opini/emansipasi/ |date=2021-02-28 }}</ref> Ku kituna, émansipasi wanoja téh mangrupa salah sahiji cara ngahontal cita-cita hirup anu sarua antara wanoja jeung lalaki ngaliwatan gerakan bajoang dina sual kaadilan sosial.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murniati|first=A. Nunuk P.|date=2004|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=lIN4wkoTm_gC&pg=PA236&dq=emansipasi+adalah&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhyYjV_6ftAhWZbisKHVjKA9kQuwUwAHoECAIQCQ#v=onepage&q=emansipasi%20adalah&f=false|title=Getar gender|location=Magelang|publisher=Indonesiatera|isbn=978-979-9375-27-8|pages=236|language=id}}</ref> === Gerakan RA Kartini === [[Gambar:Maria_Walanda_Maramis.JPG|jmpl|228x228px| Maria Walanda Maramis, Pejuang Emansipasi Wanoja ti Minahasa.]] Inohong émansipasi wanoja di [[Indonésia]] nyaéta [[Kartini|RA Kartini]], wanoja priyayi [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]] anu boga pamikiran dina jamanna. Pamikiranana dibudalkeun ngaliwatan surat ka babaturanana di [[Walanda]] . Kumpulan suratna tuluy jadi buku anu judulna " Habis Gelap, Ternitlah Terang ". RA Kartini jadi kakuatan gerakan émansipasi wanoja anu sarua boga hak pikeun ningkatkeun pendidikan nepi ka undak anu luhur. Di jaman kolonial jalma anu miboga hak atikan téh ukur barudak turunan bangsawan, jadi jaman baheula loba wanoja urang Indonésia teu kungsi ngalaman atikan anu sakuduna. Émansipasi anu dibaladah ku RA Kartini téh patali jeung kapercékaan anu kudu diaku jeung dibéré kasempetan anu sarua keur ngalarapkeun [[élmu]] anu dipimilik, sangkan leuwih percaya diri jeung moal dihina ku lalaki.<ref name=":0"/> Ieu gerakan dimimitian ku diadegkeunna [[sakola]] husus keur wanoja. Kasang tukangna waktu harita wanoja téh ukur bisa ngalayanan [[salaki]]na (ranjang) jeung ngurus [[dapur]]. Gerakan RA Kartini lalaunan bisa mangaruhan pola pikir kaum wanoja di Indonésia (awal abad ka-21). Lian ti éta, aya ogé gerakan Aisyiyah jadi pelopor ngadegna [[Muhammadiyah|organisasi Muhammadiyah]] anu miboga peran dina widang pemberdayaan kaum wanoja anu dipingpinan ku Nyai [[Ahmad Dahlan]]. Sanggeus kitu, dituturkeun ku gerakan Muslimat NU jeung rupa-rupa gerakan wanoja lahir tina [[Tukang (profési)|kasang tukang profesional]], ilmiah, religius jeung faktor lianna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ibtimes.id/gerakan-emansipasi-wanita-dari-ketertinggalan-menuju-kesetaraan/|title=Gerakan Emansipasi Wanita: dari Ketertinggalan menuju Kesetaraan|last=Roihan|first=Raiz Azmi|website=ibtimes.id|accessdate=30 November 2020}}</ref> === Gerakan Maria Walanda Maramis === Dina taun 1890, Maria rarabi dina umur 18 taun ka guru sakola dasar di [[Kota Manado|Manado]] jenenganana Yoseph Frederik Calusung Walanda. Ti saprak éta, Maria, leuwih dipikawanoh salaku Maria Walanda Maramis anu geus naratas impianana ngamajukeun kaum wanoja. Sanggeus rarabi, Maria cicing di Manado nurut ka salakina. Anjeunna mimiti ngébréhkeun eusi pipikiranana ngaliwatan tulisan anu dimuat dina [[koran]] ''Tjahaja Siang'', pelopor média cetak di [[Sulawesi Kalér|Sulawesi Utara]]. Tulisanana ngajéntr keun ngeunaan penting atikan keur wanoja sangkan jadi[[pamajikan]] sjeungindung anu llinuhung keur kulawarga. Tanggal 8 Juli 1917, waktu Maria umur 45 taun jeung babaturanana ngadegkeun [[Organisasi|organisasi anu]] disebut Percintaan Ibu Kepada Anak Temurunnya (PIKAT). Mimitina PIKAT ukur forum babagi informasi jeung masalah pendidikan barudak. Ngan aya angen-angen ti Maria sangkan ngarobah misi jeung tujuan PIKAT jadi forum anu ngamajukeun kaum wanoja di Minahasa. Sanggeus kitu, PIKAT gancang mekar jeung miboga loba cabang nepi ka [[Kalimantan]] jeung [[Pulo Jawa|Jawa]] . PIKAT ngadegkeun sakola gratis keur barudak wanoja anu disebut ''Huishound School Pikat''. Maria ogé muka Sakola Vokasional keur wanoja jeung asramana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/maria-walanda-maramis-dia-yang-melampaui-dan-mengagumi-kartini-cnb9|title=Maria Walanda Maramis: Dia yang Melampaui dan Mengagumi Kartini|last=Raditya|first=Iswara N|website=tirto.id|language=id|accessdate=2020-11-30}}</ref> Jasa Maria dina émansipasi wanoja beuki penting pisan waktu merjuangkeun kapentingan wanoja di parlemén. Dina 1919, parlemén lokal dibentuk jeung dingaranan Minahasa Raad ''.'' Mimitina mah ngan lalaki anu boga hak sora keur milih wakil-wakil masarakat. Maria narékahan sangkan wanoja miboga hak milih dina pamilihan calon anggota déwan. Usahana hasil, wanoja bisa dipilih jadi anggota sababaraha badan perwakilan masarakat, kaasup ''Minahasa Raad'', ''Locale Raad'', jeung ''Gemeentse Raad . '' == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Sosial]] oj241fcae5eed2dzt9z78htdfggh4jf 0 102384 731927 729353 2026-11-08T15:01:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731927 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Poera_Zinsar_TMnr_60012475.jpg|jmpl|300x300px| Pura Lingsar, Lombok Barat skira-kira taun 1920-an.]] '''Wetu Telu''' (''Waktu Tilu)'' nyaéta ajaran anu dilakukeun sabagian urang sélér [[Suku Sasak|Sasak]] anu cicing di [[Pulo Lombok]] ukur ngajalankeun tilu rukun [[Islam]] nyaéta maca dua kalimah [[sahadat]], [[solat]] jeung [[puasa]]. Tilu rukun Islam cukup dilaksanakeun ku [[kyai]] salaku pamingpin agama anu ngahubungkeun aranjeunna jeung [[Alloh|Allah]]. Maranéhna ogé percaya kana ayana roh suci para karuhun jeung kakuatan gaib anu aya dina rupa-rupa barang. <ref name=":5">https://journal.uii.ac.id/Millah/article/view/6054/5469</ref> Kaayan saperti kieu lumangsung ku sabab sumebarna agama Islam di [[Waktu|jaman]] baheula ka urang Sasak dilakukeun sacara bertahap. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://lombok.arjuna.web.id/id3/2431-2325/Islam-Wetu-Telu_26752_lombok-arjuna.html|title=Wetu Telu {{!}} BUKU ENSIKLOPEDIA DUNIA {{!}} Lombok - Arjuna|website=lombok.arjuna.web.id|accessdate=2019-03-21}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Di Pulo Lombok, aya dua jinis Islam anu dipisahkeun sacara diamétris, nyaéta, Islam Wetu Telu jeung Islam Wetu Lima. Islam Wetu Telu bisa dikategorikeun salaku [[Tradisi|agama tradisional]], ari Islam Wetu Lima dikategorikeun salaku agama samawi. Aya ajén-inajén anu dipimilik ku Wetu Lima anu ogé diagem ku Wetu Telu. Pamakéan doa-doa dina basa Arab dicokot tina Al-Qur'an, kyai anu ngalaksanakeun peran imam, jeung [[Masigit|masjid]] mangrupa bagian penting tina kapercayaan Wetu Telu anu dicokot tina Islam sacara umum. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Zuhdi|first=Muhammad Harfin|date=2012-10-24|title=ISLAM WETU TELU DI BAYAN LOMBOK|url=http://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/index.php/akademika/article/view/164|journal=AKADEMIKA: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=197–218|issn=2356-2420}}</ref> == Istilah == Wetu Telu miboga sababaraha harti. Mimiti, Wetu Telu hartina tilu cara [[baranahan]] mahluk hirup. Kadua, Wetu Telu hartina tilu sumber [[hukum]] dina Islam. Katilu, Wetu Telu hartina tilu tahapan kamekaran anu dialaman ku [[Manusa|manusa.]] Wetu Telu anu ngarujuk kana tilu cara baranahan mahluk hirup, nyaéta ngalahirkeun, ngendog, jeung mentiuk atawa siki. Wetu Telu aya hubunganana jeung tilu sumber hukum anu méh sarua jeung Islam sacara umum, nyaéta Al-Qur'an, [[Hadis|Al-Hadith]] jeung Ijma. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://journal.uii.ac.id/Millah/article/view/5230/4669|title=ISLAM SASAK: POLA KEBERAGAMAAN KOMUNITAS ISLAM LOKAL DI LOMBOK|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|accessdate=2019-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309105521/https://journal.uii.ac.id/Millah/article/view/5230/4669|archivedate=2020-03-09}}</ref> Harti katilu Wetu Telu aya hubunganana jeung tilu tahapan anu kudu diliwatan ku manusa, nyaéta kalahiran, [[hirup]] jeung [[Paéh|maot]]. Ieu mangrupa dasar pikeun jalma anu taat kana kapercayaan Wetu Telu dina ngalaksanakeun sagala rupa upacara [[Adat|tradisional]]. Sacara umum, upacara adat Islam Wetu Telu bisa dibagi jadi dua, nyaéta ''Gawe Urip'' jeung ''Gawe Pati'' . ''Gawe Urip'' mangrupa upacara hirup, anu kaasup upacara nalika proses kalahiran jeung kahirupan. ''Gawe Pati'' mangrupa upacara anu dilaksanakeun waktu aya nu tilar dunya.<ref name=":12">Budiwanti, Erni, 2000, ''Islam Sasak: Wetu Telu Versus Waktu Lima'', LkiS,Jakarta</ref> == Sajarah == Istilah Wetu Telu diwanohkeun ka masarakat ku Dr. J. Van Ball ku jalan tulisan dina [[taun]] 1940 kalayan judul ''Alip Bayan Party'' (panarjamah: Koentjaraningrat). Pesta Alip mangrupa hiji [[acara]] [[tradisional]] anu keur lumangsung unggal dalapan taun sakali kalawan tujuan ngahormat ku ayana pakuburan karuhun Bayan di kompleks makam [[Masjid Kuno Bayan]]. Wetu Telu ogé sering disebut Sesepen anu asalna tina [[Kecap]] sesep atawa nyerep anu hartina [[Pangaweruh|ilmu]] atawa ajaran anu diajarkeun nepi ka tuntas. ''Sesepen'' sering disebut rusiah sabab henteu loba nu bisa ngarti sagemblengna. Saha waé anu siap jeung miboga pamikiran anu hadé diajarkeun jeung dibéré pamahaman awal, nepi ka bisa méré pamahaman anu lengkep keur generasi anu bakal datang. Dina awal-awal kamunculanana, Islam Wetu Telu lahir di tengah-tengah [[Tradisi]] masarakat tradisional (Sélér Sasak), tuluy dimekarkeun di masarakat global. [[Globalisasi]] ngawangun paradigma kahirupan anu leuwih modéren jeung matak ajaran karuhun anu tradisional geus mimiti ditinggalkeun. Sawangan anu ''katinggaleun jaman'' leuwih dominan ti batan kapercayaan kana kamajuan budaya sabab ngahargaan naon anu kahontal ku karuhun jaman baheula anu kudu dimumulé. Islam Wetu Telu miboga [[Filsafat|filosofi]] kahirupan, nyaéta ''Pantrang Mopohokeun Karuhun'' anu nepi ka kiwari bisa lumaku keur sakabéh generasi.<ref name=":12">Budiwanti, Erni, 2000, ''Islam Sasak: Wetu Telu Versus Waktu Lima'', LkiS,Jakarta</ref> == Lokasi == Lokasi ayana Wetu Telu di Lombok téh nyaéta daérah Bayan, anu perenahna di Kabupatén Lombok Kalér . <ref name=":6"/> Lemburna aya di beulah kalér Pulo Lombok, anu aya di Kacamatan Bayan, Kabupatén Lombok Kalér. [[Désa|Kalurahan]] kalayan [[Hujan|curah hujan]] 1.200-1.500&nbsp;mm kalawan [[Suhu|hiji]] suhu rata-rata 28-300C, éta tempat luhurna ngahontal 400-600 mdl kalawan aya di wewengkon [[Gunung|pagunungan]]. Lemburna aya 9 (salapan) dusun, nyaéta Dukuh Bayan Barat, Dukuh Bayan Wétan, Dukuh Padamangku, Dukuh Genit Terit, Dusun Tutul Dukuh, Dukuh Sembulan, Dukuh Mendala jeung Dukuh Lokok Aur. Wates daérah kampung béh kalér wawatesan jeung désa Anyar, kidul jeung [[leuweung]], gigireun wates [[kulon]] jeung Désa Senaru, di beulah [[Wétan|wétan]] deukeut jeung Désa Sambi Elen. Penduduk désa Bayan (dina 2010) nyaéta 47.705 jiwa nepi ka 12.470 [[Sirah|kapala]] kulawarga. == Pola ajaran == Sacara umum, jalma anu taat kana ajaran Wetuk Telu ngaku urang Islam . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://ulumuna.or.id/index.php/ujis/article/download/27/18|title=ISLAM WETU TELU|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|accessdate=2019-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211163346/http://ulumuna.or.id/index.php/ujis/article/download/27/18|archivedate=2017-12-11}}</ref> Tapi henteu kungsi ngalakukeun kawajiban salaku [[muslim]]. Kawajiban ieu ukur dilaksanakeun ku kyai atawa [[guru]]. Ieu kaayaan nyababkeun pamahaman anyar pikeun masarakat Sasak, Kampung Bayan. Kadua pihak bakal nanggung résiko dina poé akhir. Ku sabab kitu, kyai anu nuturkeun Islam Wetu Telu miboga status [[sosial]] anu luhur, dihargaan, jeung dipikahormat ku masarakat [[lokal]]. Unggal paréntah anu diucapkeun kudu diturut jeung dilaksanakeun. Saha waé anu teu patuh atawa nyigeung kyai, musibah bakal datang ka anjeunna jeung sakabé anggota kulawargana. Aranjeunna bakal disilibkeun dina riungan banjar ([[agama]]) atawa dina [[upacara]] tradisional. Hukuman atawa sanksi anu geus tumiba bisa dihampura sanggeus upacara salametan dilaksanakeun. Ieu upacara miboga tujuan salaku panulak dosa ogé léngkah munggaran dina malikkeun kahadéan dina kahirupan sosial. Pikeun jalma anu lain kyai, teu boga kawajiban [[solat]] jeung [[puasa]]. Salaku tambahan, lamun hayang diajar maca Al-Qur'an diwajibkeun beresih jeung suci jauh tina [[najis]]. Jalma anu asalna tina kelompok yakin pisan yén bakal asup [[surga]], salila turut kana sagala paréntah kyai, saperti ngalakukeun hajat jeung méré zakat ka kyai. Dina ieu kapercayaan, maca Qur'an ngan ukur dilakukeun sawaktu-waktu, saperti dina bulan puasa jeung nalika aya anu tilar dunya. Sanggeus kitu, naskah Al-Qur'an jeung [[buku]] [[Hadis|-buku Hadits]] bakal diteundeun di hareupeun imah. Konsép ngamulyakeun Al-Qur'an jeung hadits téh lain dibaca jeung dipaké dina kahirupan sapopoé, tapi diteundeun dina tempat anu pangluhurna nyaéta dina para imah. Ukuran kasucian manusa dumasar kana sistem kapercayaan Islam Wetu Telu nyaéta waktu geus jadi kyai atawa guru. <ref name=":3"/> Ku kituna, kyai atawa guru mangrupa manusa suci (ma'shm). Ngangkat kyai anyar téh dumasar kana [[wasiat]] kyai saméméhna, henteu dipilih sacara [[démokratis]] . Konsép kapamingpinan dina ieu kapercayaan ampir akur jeung konsép Imamah kaum [[Syiah]] . Pikeun Syiah, imam mangrupa kapentingan agama. Tanpa imam, ieu dunya bakal musnah malah dianggap teu kungsi aya. Imam ogé dipercaya mangrupa wawakil Allah di [[Marcapada|bumi]] . Upama imam euweuh, ibadah ka Allah di dunya ogé moal aya, sabab [[ibadah]] ka Gusti kedah dibarengan jeung [[diajar]] ti hiji Imam. Ieu aya hubunganana jeung filsafat kahirupan Islam Wetu Telu Islam nyaéta ''tanpa ayana imam di dunya, dunya ieu bakal musnah'' . Estafeta kapamingpinan syiah dumasar kana [[tiori]] hak [[legitimasi]] dumasar kana hak suci Allah. Ku kituna, ngangkat imam kudu dumasar kana téks jeung wasiat . <ref name=":3"/> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Budaya]] [[Kategori:Kapercayaan]] hz5hovakx2h2amu9ub37sgi4z4tyt8j 10 102427 731942 615960 2026-11-08T15:27:32Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Citakan:Cite ssrn]] ka [[Citakan:Cite SSRN]]: Disaluyukeun sareng basa lianna 615960 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=ssrn }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> cod88olwml37it54872gbrtewtzu8m3 0 102715 731921 680211 2026-11-08T14:46:28Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vincent Ludwig Persichetti''' (gumelar 6 Juni 1915, maot 14 Agustus 1987) nyaéta saurang komposer, guru jeung pianis ti Amérika. Saurang pangatik jeung panulis musik anu penting, Persichetti mangrupa pangeusi pituin [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]. Manéhna dipikawanoh ku sabab integrasi dina sababaraha idé anyar dina komposisi musik kana karya jeung pangajaranna sorangan, sarta sabab ngalatih loba komposer kawentar dina komposisi di [[Sakola Juilliard]]. ==Sumber== *Bell, Larry. Review of ''Vincent Persichetti: The Louisville Orchestra'' for Sequenza21.com [http://www.sequenza21.com/2005/03/larry-bell-on-vincent-persichetti.html] *Burleson, Geoffrey [http://www.dramonline.org/albums/vincent-persichetti-complete-piano-sonatas/notes "Vincent Persichetti and the Piano Sonata"]. Liner notes to ''Vincent Persichetti: Complete Piano Sonatas''. New World Records. *Cassaro, James P. "Persichetti, Vincent". [[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|Grove Music]] Online (OperaBase, source: ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'', 1992), ed. Deane L. Root (subscription access), accessed 12 May 2011. *Patterson, Donald L., and Janet L. Patterson. "Vincent Persichetti: A Bio-Biography". Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1988. *Shackelford, Rudy. "Conversation with Vincent Persichetti.” ''Perspectives of New Music'' 20, no.1/2 (Autumn 1981- Summer 1982): 104-133. *Simmons, Walter. ''Voices of Stone and Steel: The Music of William Schuman, Vincent Persichetti, and Peter Mennin''. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-5748-3}}. *Simmons, Walter G. "Persichetti, Vincent". [[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|Grove Music]] Online, ed. Deane L. Root, (subscription access) accessed 12 May 2011. *Vicki BrightbilL, Persichetti: Pennsylvania Center for the Book. (n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2020, from https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/persichetti__vincent ==Bacaeun satuluyna== *{{cite book |last=Persichetti |first=Vincent |title=Twentieth-century Harmony: Creative Aspects and Practice |year=1961 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-09539-8 |oclc=398434 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393095395 }} * Minut, Mirabella A. "[https://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/bitstream/123456789/193434/1/Mminut_2009-1_BODY.pdf Style and Compositional Techniques in Vincent Persichetti's Ten Sonatas for Harpsichord.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327171118/https://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/bitstream/123456789/193434/1/Mminut_2009-1_BODY.pdf |date=2012-03-27 }}". DMA diss. Muncie: Ball State University, 2009. *Morris, Donald. “The Life of Vincent Persichetti, With Emphasis on His Works for Band.” PhD Dissertation, Florida State University, 1991. ==Tutumbu kaluar== *[http://www.carlfischer.com/composer/persichetti-vincent/ Vincent Persichetti's page at Carl Fischer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200618/http://www.carlfischer.com/composer/persichetti-vincent/ |date=2015-09-23 }} *[http://www.presser.com/composer/persichetti-vincent/ Vincent Persichetti's page at Theodore Presser Company] *[http://archives.nypl.org/mus/20325 Vincent Persichetti papers, 1901-1996] Music Division, The New York Public Library. *[http://archives.nypl.org/rha/20461 Vincent Persichetti collection of noncommercial recordings, 1940-1987] Music Division, The New York Public Library. *[http://archives.nypl.org/mus/22823 Dorothea Flanagan Persichetti scrapbook, 1925-1941] Music Division, The New York Public Library. *[http://www.lawrence.edu/fac/koopmajo/persichetti.html UNSUNG SONGS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908053700/http://www.lawrence.edu/fac/koopmajo/persichetti.html |date=2008-09-08 }} discussion of [[Emily Dickinson]] Songs, Opus 77, by Vincent Persichetti (1915–1987) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050224215321/http://bandroom.com/BCP/resources/ComposerSeries/VPers.pdf Bandroom.com Persichetti information and trivia] *[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Namedrill?&name_id=9340&name_role=1 List of works from ArkivMusic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010353/http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Namedrill?&name_id=9340&name_role=1 |date=2007-09-27 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071114040946/http://www.persichetti.org/ Vincent Persichetti Society] *[http://www.associazionevincentpersichetti.com/index.htm Vincent Persichetti Music Association] ===Wawancara=== *[http://www.bruceduffie.com/persichetti.html Vincent Persichetti interview] by Bruce Duffie, November 15, 1986 *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZO_5aqsVEU David Dubal interview with Vincent Persichetti], WNCN-FM, 3-Jun-1984 *[http://www.wnyc.org/story/an-afternoon-with-vincent-persichetti/ Interview with Tim Page], WNYC, May 12, 1987 * http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/748791f0-b2a6-0133-79c5-60f81dd2b63c New York Public Library 1978 ===Regepkeun=== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061001185508/http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/composer.pl?comp=212 Art of the States: Vincent Persichetti] ''Night Dances, op. 114'' (1970) {{Authority control}} muorddhn15vtpdzjsxxsjpawiw2mph2 0 103030 731878 652217 2026-11-08T13:12:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Marga tutuwuhan}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Starr 070321-6132 Syzygium malaccense.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Syzygium malaccense]]'' |display_parents = 2 |parent_authority = |taxon = Syzygium |authority = [[Patrick Browne|P. Browne]] ex [[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=11821 |title=Genus: ''Syzygium'' P. Browne ex Gaertn. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2021-01-30 |access-date=2021-02-12}}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = Spésiés |subdivision = 1100-an; tempo [[Béréndélan spésiés Syzygium|Béréndélan spésiés ''Syzygium'']] |synonyms = {{Collapsible list | | ''Acicalyptus'' <small>A. Gray</small> | ''Acmena'' <small>DC.</small> | ''Acmenosperma'' <small>Kausel</small> | ''Anetholea'' <small>Peter G. Wilson</small> | ''Aphanomyrtus'' <small>Miq.</small> | ''Bostrychode'' <small>(Miq.) O. Berg in C. F. P. von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)</small> | ''Caryophyllus'' <small>L.</small> | ''Cerocarpus'' <small>Colebr. ex Hassk.</small> | ''Cetra'' <small>Noronha</small> | ''Clavimyrtus'' <small>Blume</small> | ''Cleistocalyx'' <small>Blume</small> | ''Cupheanthus'' <small>Seem.</small> | ''Gaslondia'' <small>Vieill.</small> | ''Gelpkea'' <small>Blume</small> | ''Jambolifera'' <small>Houtt.</small> | ''Jambos'' <small>Adans.</small> | ''Jambosa'' <small>DC.</small> nom. illeg. | ''Leptomyrtus'' <small>(Miq.) O. Berg in C. F. P. von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)</small> | ''Lomastelma'' <small>Raf.</small> | ''Macromyrtus'' <small>Miq.</small> | ''Macropsidium'' <small>Blume</small> | ''Malidra'' <small>Raf.</small> | ''Microjambosa'' <small>Blume</small> | ''Myrthoides'' <small>Wolf</small> | ''Opa'' <small>Lour.</small> | ''Pareugenia'' <small>Turrill</small> | ''Piliocalyx'' <small>Brongn. & Gris</small> | ''Pseudoeugenia'' <small>Scort.</small> | ''Strongylocalyx'' <small>Blume</small> | ''Syllisium'' <small>Endl.</small> | ''Syllysium'' <small>Meyen & Schauer</small> | ''Tetraeugenia'' <small>Merr.</small> | ''Waterhousea'' <small>B.Hyland</small> | ''Xenodendron'' <small>K.Schum. & Lauterb.</small> }} |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=199154 |title=WCSP |work= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |access-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref> }} [[File:Syzygium oleosum.jpg|''[[Syzygium paniculatum]]'' (magenta lilly pilly)|thumb]] [[File:Wax apple.png|thumb|''[[Syzygium samarangense]]'', with a cross section of the fruit]] '''''Syzygium''''' nyaéta hiji [[marga (biologi)|marga]] [[tutuwuhan kembangan]] ti suku ''[[Myrtaceae]]'' anu ngawengku 1200-an spésiés,<ref name="powo">{{cite web |title=Syzygium Gaertn. |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327906-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=20 February 2021 |accessdate=20 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026025218/http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327906-2 |archivedate=26 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=FOC>{{citation |chapter-url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132166 |title=Flora of China Online |access-date=3 May 2015 |volume=13 |chapter=''Syzygium'' P. Browne ex Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 166. 1788 |author= Jie Chen and Lyn A. Craven}}</ref><ref name="SYZWG 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Berhaman|last2=Baider|first2=Cláudia|last3=Bernardini|first3=Benedetta|last4=Biffin|first4=Edward|last5=Brambach|first5=Fabian|last6=Burslem|first6=David|last7=Byng|first7=James W. |last8=Christenhusz |first8=Maarten J.M.|last9=Florens|first9=F.B. Vincent|last10=Lucas|first10=Eve J. |last11=Ray|first11=Avik|last12=Ray|first12=Rajasri|last13=Smets|first13=Erik|last14=Snow|first14=Neil W.|last15=Strijk|first15=Joeri S.|last16=Wilson|first16=Peter G.|title=Syzygium (Myrtaceae): Monographing a taxonomic giant via 22 coordinated regional revisions|journal=PeerJ Preprints|date=2016|doi=10.7287/peerj.preprints.1930v1|url=https://peerj.com/preprints/1930/?td=wk|access-date=6 April 2016|doi-access=free}}</ref> anu asalna ngampar ti [[Aprika]] jeung [[Madagaskar]] nepi ka [[Asia]] kidul jeung [[Samudra Pasipik|Pasipik]].<ref name=Tuiwawa~2013~Vanuatu>{{Cite journal | last1= Tuiwawa | first1= S.H. | last2= Craven | first2= L.A. | last3= Sam | first3= C. | last4= Crisp | first4= M.D. | date= 23 August 2013 | title= The genus ''Syzygium'' (Myrtaceae) in Vanuatu | journal= Blumea | volume= 58 | pages= 53–67 | doi=10.3767/000651913x672271|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/565101 }}</ref> Karageman panglobana aya di wewengkon antara [[Malaysia]] nepi ka kalér-wétan [[Australia]], anu malah loba kénéh can kaidéntipikasi. Taksonomi marga ''Syzygium'' nepi ka kiwari masih pabaliut jeung ''[[Eugenia]]'' (1000-an spésiés). Loba spésiés anu mimitina diasupkeun ka ''Eugenia'' kiwari di ''Syzygium'', najan ngaranna kalan-kalan dipaké kénéh dina [[hortikultura]].<ref name=W&F/> The Syzygium Working Group, an international group of researchers, formed in April 2016 with the aim to produce a [[monograph]] of ''Syzygium''.<ref name="SYZWG 2016"/> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist | 27em}} ==Bacaan salajengna== * {{Cite journal | last1= Craven | first1= Lyndley A. | author-link= Lyndley Craven | last2= Biffin | first2= E. | date= April 2010 | title= An infrageneric classification of ''Syzygium'' (Myrtaceae) | journal= Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants | volume= 55 | issue= 1 | pages= 94–99 | doi=10.3767/000651910x499303| url= https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/526268 }} ==Tutumbu kaluar== {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies}} * [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/fl/S.html CRFG.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518035436/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/fl/S.html |date=2019-05-18 }} * [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Syzygium.html Unimelb.edu.au] {{Taxonbar|from=Q133290}} [[Category:Syzygium| ]] hugzqra0xe1jquccw6r1n3p2zyde2ls 0 103389 731861 678384 2026-11-08T12:31:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solat Witir''' ([[Basa Arab]]: صلاة التوتر) nyaéta solat sunah anu dilaksanakeun ti [[peuting]] antara ba'da wanci [[Solat Isa|solat isa]] nepi ka datangna wanci [[Subuh (solat)|solat subuh,]] kalayan bilangan rakaat gangsal. Solat ieu dipidamel sabada ngalaksanakeun solat séjénna kayaning [[tarawéh]], sareng [[tahajud]]. Ieu dumasar kana hiji [[hadis]], yén solat witir dilaksanakeun ditungtung peuting anu dipilampah kalayan panungtungan solat wengi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/trending/shalat-witir-adalah-shalat-penutup-bagi-ibadah-malam-ketahui-niat-dan-tata-caranya.html|title=Shalat Witir Adalah Shalat Penutup bagi Ibadah Malam, Ketahui Niat dan Tata Caranya|last=Nuraini|first=Tantiya Nimas|website=merdeka.com|language=en|accessdate=2022-04-24}}</ref> Runtuyan solat witir sarua kawas solat wajib biasa, nu dimimitian ku ''takbiratul ihram'' tuluy dipungkas ku salam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://repository.unugha.ac.id/859/1/TUNTUNAN%20SHALAT%20TARAWIH%20DAN%20SHALAT%20WITIR.pdf|title=TUNTUNAN SINGKAT SHALAT TARAWIH DAN SHALAT WITIR DI BULAN RAMADHAN|last=Khussurur|first=Misbah|website=Eprint Univeristas Nahdlatul Ulama Al Ghazali (UNUGHA) Cilacap Latest Additions|pages=10-13|accessdate=2022-24-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402233345/https://repository.unugha.ac.id/859/1/TUNTUNAN%20SHALAT%20TARAWIH%20DAN%20SHALAT%20WITIR.pdf|archivedate=2022-04-02}}</ref> == Niat solat witir == Dumasar katangtuan, solat witir dilaksanakeun tilu rokaat. Anapon dilaksanakeun munggaran dua rakaat dipungkas ku salam, tuluy ngadeg deui pikeun ngalaksanakan hiji rokaat deui di ahir, dipungkas ku salam. Pikeun niatna dibédakeun jadi dua, dumasar jumlah rokaatna. Niat solat witir digalindengkeun dina jero haté, nalika ''takbiratul ihram'' atawa nalika ngalisankeun kecap ''Allahu Akbar.''<ref name=":0" /> ===== Niat solat witir dua rokaat ===== ااُصَلِّى سُنَّةَ الْوِتْرِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ لِلَّهِ تَعاَلىَ Dina aksara latén'': uṣallii sunnatal minal witri rak'ataini lillaahhi ta'aalaa.'' Tarjamahan: Abdi niat solat sunah witir dua rokaat kalayan Allah ta'ala.<ref name=":0" /> ===== Niat solat witir hiji rokaat ===== اُصَلِّى سُنَّةَ الوِتْرِ لِلهِ تَعَالَ Dina aksara latén: ''uṣallii sunnatal witri lillaahhi ta'aalaa.'' Tarjamahan: Abdi niat solat sunat witir hiji rokaat kalayan Allah ta'ala.<ref name=":0" /> == Kautamaan solat witir == Aya dua hadis nu medar ngeunaan kautamaan solat witir, anu bisa ngajadikeun pahala. ===== Hadis Riwayat Abu Dawud ===== Abu Daud ngariwayatkeun yén solat anu leuwih hadé tibatan ''unta merah'' nyaéta solat witir, anu diadegkeun di antara solat isa nepi ka [[panonpoé]] medal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/berita-terkini/keutamaan-sholat-witir-dan-pentingnya-mengerjakan-sholat-witir-1vFfa7gpe37|title=Keutamaan Sholat Witir dan Pentingnya Mengerjakan Sholat Witir|last=Berita Terkini|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-04-24}}</ref> ===== Hadis Riwayat Bukhari jeung Muslim ===== Bukhari jeung Muslim ngariwayatkeun yén solat peuting anu jadi panungtungan dina sapoé nyaéta solat witir.<ref name=":1" /> == Référénsi == <references /> jvwppkibqudahfq73pxa5hw1zvdqxs0 0 103662 731851 681240 2026-11-08T12:02:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Seuhang | status = | image = | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = ''[[Plantae]]'' | divisio = ''[[Tracheophyta]]'' | classis = ''[[Magnoliopsida]]'' | ordo = ''[[Rosales]]'' | familia = ''[[Moraceae]]'' | genus = ''[[Ficus]]'' | species = '''Ficus grossularioides''' | binomial = Ficus grossularioides | binomial_authority = [[Nicolaas Laurens Nicolaus Laurent Burman|Burm. f.]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Ficus nivea'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Bl.]]</small><br>''Ficus mappan'' <small>[[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]</small><br>''Ficus lobata'' <small>[[Alexander Hunter|Hunter]] ex [[Henry Nicholas Ridley|Ridl.]]</small><br>''Ficus hunteri'' <small>[[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]</small><br>''Ficus gossypina'' <small>[[Nathaniel Wallich|Wall.]]</small><br>''Ficus alba nudinervis'' <small>[[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small><br>''Ficus alba gossypina'' <small>[[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small><br>''Ficus alba'' <small>[[Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt|Reinw.]] ex [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Bl.]]</small> }} '''Seuhang''' ('''''Ficus grossularioides''''')<ref name = "C132"/> nyaéta hiji spésiés tutuwuhan ti suku ''[[Moraceae]]''.<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> == Subspésiés == * ''F. g. Ficus grossularioides kingii'' * ''F. g. Ficus grossularioides stenoloba'' == Rujukan == <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web|url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16799347|title= Species 2000 & ITIS [[Catalogue of Life]]: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)|year= 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 May 2014|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20220614160124/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16799347|archivedate= 14 June 2022}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">Burm. f., 1768 ''In: Fl. Ind. 227''</ref> <ref name = "source">[http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318221109/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |date=2019-03-18 }}</ref> </references> {{wikispecies|Ficus grossularioides|''Ficus grossularioides''}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ficus (Moraceae)]] qv33dooplohjm6u23l7wk7olr3zb4h9 0 103962 731937 681098 2026-11-08T15:20:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:TheTenstrongestEconomiesInTheWorldBetween1998-2008.png|jmpl|grafik ékonomi]] '''Ékonomi Kréatif''' nyaéta konsep ékonomi anyar anu ngutamakeun inovasi jeng kreativitas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ekonomi Kreatif : Ekonomi Baru, Mengubah Ide dan Menciptakan Peluang|url=https://balitbangsdm.kominfo.go.id/perpustakaan/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1385|publisher=Salemba Empat|date=2013|isbn=978-979-061-249-5|language=Indonesia|last=Suryana;}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112041351/https://balitbangsdm.kominfo.go.id/perpustakaan/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1385 |date=2022-11-12 }}</ref> Eta mangrupakeun rahasia lancarna ékonomi kréatip nu ngutamakeun intelektual jeng meunang harta, gawe jeng kasejahteraan. == Ide jeng Peluang Ékonomi Kréatif == Industri ékonomi kréatif nyaéta inti ti ékonomi Kréatif nu digerakkeun ku para inovator jeng kreator. Rahasia na nyaéta kreativitas nu ngajadikeun pikiran anyar di [[industri]] kréatif. Inovasi ogé ngalengkepan konsep ékonomi kréatif nyaeta ngalakukeun nu dipikiran ku kreativitas. Hasilna nyaéta nyiptakeun ékonomi kréatif nu miboga gagasan anyar, ngerjakeun jeng konsep nu beda, oge alternatif anyar di [[pasar]] ékonomi kréatif<ref name=":0" />. == Modal Dasar jeng Pilar Ékonomi Kréatif == [[Ékonomi]] kréatif tina perkembangan na wajib merhatikeun faktor nu mangaruhan industri kréatif. Saperti faktor [[modal]], komponen inti, komponen rojongan, faktor nu ngagerakkeun jeng faktor nu ngadorong ekonomi. Eta mangrupakeun [[modal]] dasar nu dibutukeun palaku industri usaha. Dina peta industri kréatif [[pamaréntah]] nyieun lima pilar ékonomi kréatif nu dijabarkeun nyaeta, sumber daya, insdustri, teknologi, institusi jeng lembaga ngabiayaan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ekonomi Kreatif : Ekonomi Baru, Mengubah Ide dan Menciptakan Peluang|url=https://balitbangsdm.kominfo.go.id/perpustakaan/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1385|publisher=Salemba Empat|date=2013|isbn=978-979-061-249-5|language=Indonesia|last=Suryana;}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112041351/https://balitbangsdm.kominfo.go.id/perpustakaan/index.php?p=show_detail&id=1385 |date=2022-11-12 }}</ref> [[Gambar:Defining Digital Marketing Solutions (16609936959).jpg|jmpl|Conto palaku digital marketing nu kaasup ékonomi kréatif]] == Conto wujud Ékonomi Kréatip == Aya sababaraha wujud ékonomi kréatif khususna di [[Indonesia]], nyaeta di bidang ''fashion'' (baju, aksesoris jeng sajabana), teknologi ([[fotografi]], desain grafis, vidio kaulinan), ''handicraft'' (karajinan), ''digital marketing'' (pamasaran digital) jeng kuliner. Bisa disimpulkeun, tina conto conto nu disebut, ékonomi kréatif nyaeta kagiatan produksi barang jeng jasa nu ngalibatkeun implengan, ide jeng kreativitas. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/safrezi/berita/620d2dd8bb3f0/ekonomi-kreatif-adalah-ekonomi-baru-ini-definisi-dan-ruang-lingkupnya|title=Ekonomi Kreatif Adalah Ekonomi Baru, Ini Definisi dan Ruang Lingkupnya - Industri Katadata.co.id|website=katadata.co.id|language=id|accessdate=2022-11-12}}</ref> == Usaha pamaréntah ngeunaan Ékonomi Kréatip di Indonesia == [[Gambar:Sandiaga Uno, Menparekraf - Kepala Baparekraf.png|jmpl|Baparekraf]] Sanajan program ékonomi kréatip bisa disebut anyar nyaéta jaman pamaréntahan presiden SBY taun [[2004]] tapi [[pamaréntah]] ningkatkeun ékonomi kréatip di masa pamaréntahan Presiden [[Joko Widodo]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ekonomi Kreatif|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WvYIEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA115&dq=ekonomi+kreatif&ots=1pmXJ446ow&sig=hxUCPsCVCgLqsiIAKD4OvctvBaY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ekonomi%20kreatif&f=false|publisher=Yayasan Kita Menulis|date=2020-11-16|isbn=978-623-6761-59-5|language=id|first=Anggri Puspita|last=Sari|first2=Muhammad Faisal AR|last2=Pelu|first3=Idah Kusuma|last3=Dewi|first4=Marthinus|last4=Ismail|first5=Robert Tua|last5=Siregar|first6=Nina|last6=Mistriani|first7=Elisabeth Lenny|last7=Marit|first8=Maklon Felipus|last8=Killa|first9=Bonaraja|last9=Purba}}</ref> Bisa ditempo Indonesia boga Kamenparekraf nyaeta Kamentrian Pariwisata jeng Ékonomi Kréatif nu di di cangking ku mentri [[Sandiaga Uno]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kemenparekraf.go.id/profil/profil-lembaga|title=Selamat datang di Website Kemenparekraf|website=kemenparekraf.go.id|accessdate=2022-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112064112/https://kemenparekraf.go.id/profil/profil-lembaga|archivedate=2022-11-12}}</ref> Salah sahiji conto na nyaeta Kamenparekraf ngabangun kerja sama jeng Bhizare tujuanna nyaeta ngabiayaan restoran Indonesia khususna di luar negri. Ogé nyiptakeun kerja sama ekspor-impor bumbu rempah nu aya di [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/rl6igq423|title=Kemenparekraf-Bizhare Dorong Restoran Indonesia Go International|website=Republika Online|language=id|accessdate=2022-11-12}}</ref> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Ékonomi]] [[Kategori:Industri jasa]] <references /> == Tutumbu luar == https://kemenparekraf.go.id/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121145344/https://kemenparekraf.go.id/ |date=2022-11-21 }} 54jfj2u7mduwx1o1qs9v48s994316yx 0 104152 731929 730426 2026-11-08T15:06:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Jalma|name=Winona Ryder|image=Winona Ryder 2010 TIFF.jpg|caption=Ryder at the [[2010 Toronto International Film Festival]]|birth_name=Winona Laura Horowitz|birth_date={{birth date and age |1971|10|29}}|birth_place=[[Winona, Minnesota]], U.S.|education=[[American Conservatory Theater]]|occupation=Actress|partner=[[Johnny Depp]]<br>(1989–1993) <br/> Scott Mackinlay Hahn<br>(2011–present)}}'''Winona Laura Horowitz''' <ref name=":0"/>(weton 20 Oktober1971),<ref name=":0" /> leuwih katelah ku ngaran '''Winona Ryder''', nyaéta saurang béntang pilem Amérika. Manéhna kungsi narima sawatara panghargaan, di antarana Panghargaan ''Golden Globe'' sarta dua kali dinominasikeun pikeun meunangkeun Panghargaan Akademi. Taun 2002, Ryder minton dina pilem ''box office'' ''Mr. Deeds'', tuluy karirna nyirorot sarta kebat reureuh heula tina pilem. Taun 2009, manéhna maén deui dina pilem kakoncara, ''Star Trek''. Taun 2010 manéhna meunang dua nominasi pikeun ''[[Screen Actors Guild Award]]'' ku pilem ''When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story'' jeung ''Black Swan''.<ref>[http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/17th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards "The 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards"]. [[:en:Screen_Actors_Guild|Screen Actors Guild]]. Diaksés 9 April 2011.</ref> Taun 2016 manéhna ngabéntangan pilem sérial horor fiksi ilmiah [[Netflix]], ''Stranger Things'', nu mana manéhna dinominasikeun pikeun ''Golden Globe'' jeung ''Screen Actor Guild''. Taun 2020 manéhna maén dina drama miniséri [[HBO]], ''The Plot Against America''. == Kahirupan awal == Winona Laura Horowitz lahir di [[Winona]], [[Minnesota]], tanggal 29 Oktober 1971,<ref>Dockterman, Eliana (27 Juni 2016). [http://time.com/4380330/winona-ryder-comeback-stranger-things-netflix/ "90s Icon Winona Ryder Is Making Her Comeback"]. ''Time''. Diarsipkeun tinu [https://web.archive.org/web/20160627172649/http://time.com/4380330/winona-ryder-comeback-stranger-things-netflix/?xid=homepage orisinil] tanggal 27 Juni 2016. Diaksés tanggal 27 Juni 2016.</ref> indungna Cynthia Palmer sarta bapana Michael D. Horowitz.<ref>Bess, Gabby (5 Agustus 2015). [https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/winona-ryders-mom-explains-the-history-of-women-drugs-and-literature-255 "Winona Ryder's Mom Explains the History of Women, Drugs, and Literature"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806071408/https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/winona-ryders-mom-explains-the-history-of-women-drugs-and-literature-255 |date=2015-08-06 }}. ''Broadly''. Diaksés 6 Agustus 2015.</ref><ref>Bess, Gabby (5 Agustus 2015). "[https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/winona-ryders-mom-explains-the-history-of-women-drugs-and-literature-255 Winona Ryder's Mom Explains the History of Women, Drugs, and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806071408/https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/winona-ryders-mom-explains-the-history-of-women-drugs-and-literature-255 |date=2015-08-06 }}". ''Broadly''. Diaksés 6 Agustus 2015.</ref> Indungna saurang pangarang, éditor jeung produser vidéo. Bapana ogé saurang pangarang, éditor, pamedal tur tukang ngajualan buku antik.<ref>Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>1-85782-214-5</bdi>.</ref> Bapa Ryder saurang [[Yahudi]] (kulawargana migrasi ti Rusia jeung Rumania), Ryder gé ngaku yén dirina téh saurang Yahudi. Loba kulawargana ti garis bapa nu maraot wanci kajadian ''Holocaust''.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8208174/Winona-Ryder-claims-Mel-Gibson-called-her-an-oven-dodger.html "Winona Ryder claims Mel Gibson called her an 'oven-dodger'"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London, Inggris: Telegraph Media Group. 17 Désémber 2010. Diaksés 24 April 2011.</ref> Winona dingaranan maké ngaran dayeuhna harita, dibéré ngaran tengah Laura, alatan kolotna babaturan jeung Laura Huxley, pamajikanna pangarang Aldous Huxley.<ref name=":0"/> Ngaran panggungna, Ryder, asalna tina ngaran Mitch Ryder, saurang tukang ngawih ''soul'' jeung ''rock''<ref>Mottram, James (26 Méi 2013). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/fallen-angel-winona-ryder-on-bouncing-back-from-her-decade-in-the-wilderness-8627582.html "Fallen angel: Winona Ryder on bouncing back from her decade in the wilderness"]. ''The Independent''. UK.</ref> karesep bapana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041123172426/http://www.fortunecity.com/roswell/angelic/164/articles/magazine/18.html Artikel Winona Ryder], Wawancara: Artikel ti Réporter Hollywood jeung Majalah Queen, Maret 1997.</ref> Ryder boga saurang adi lalaki, ngaranna Urie, sarta boga dua dulur saindung ti hasil rarabi indungna baheula, Jubal Palmer jeung Sunyata Palmer. Wanci umur tujuh taun, taun 1978, Ryder jeung kulawargana parindah ka Rainbow, hiji padumukan komunitas di Elk, Wilayah Mendocino, [[California]].<ref>Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>1-85782-214-5</bdi>.</ref><ref>Wills, Dominic (2006), "Winona Ryder biography" [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012053004/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/winona_ryder_biog.html Diarsipkeun] 12 Oktober 2007, dina ''the Wayback Machine'', ''Tiscali.com'', kaca 4. Diaksés 6 Désémber 2007.</ref> Umur 10 taun, Ryder jeung kulawargana parindah ka [[Petaluma]], [[California]]. Minggu kahiji sakola di Sakola Manengah Kenilworth, manéhna pada ngélég alatan disarangka ku babaturan budak banci.<ref>Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>1-85782-214-5</bdi>.</ref> Pangalaman pada ngélég tuluy lumangsung nepi ka sakola luhur nalika manéhna sukses dina pilem ''Beetlejuice''. Ceuk Ryder, "Kuring inget kénéh mikir, 'Ooh, ''Beetlejuice'', pilem kawas pilem nomer hiji. Bakal pihadéeun yeuh di sakola. Tapi kanyataanna malah leuwih goréng, kuring pada ngalandi tukang sihir'."<ref>Lang, Cady (7 Oktober 2017). [http://time.com/4972225/winona-ryder-bullied-after-beetlejuice/ "Winona Ryder Shares How She Was Bullied in School After 'Beetlejuice'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219155225/https://time.com/4972225/winona-ryder-bullied-after-beetlejuice/ |date=2023-02-19 }}. ''Time Magazine''. Kota New York: Meredith Corporation. Diaksés 13 April 2018.</ref> Nalika Ryder umur 12 taun, manéhna ilibiung dina Téater Konsérvatori Amérika di deukeut San Fransisco, di mana di dinya manéhna mimiti diajar akting. Dina taun éta kénéh Ryder nandangan kacilakaan tilelep dina cai nu ngaalatankeun manéhna nandangan ''aquaphobia'' (sieun ku cai). Jagana jadi masalah nalika keur syuting adegan di jero cai dina pilem ''Alien Resurrection'' (1997), adeganna kudu diulang mangkali-kali.<ref>Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>1-85782-214-5</bdi>.</ref> Di taun 1989, Ryder lulus ti Sakola Luhur Petaluma, IPK-na 4,0.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151225081013/http://www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/biography-winona-ryder "Winona Ryder"]. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/biography-winona-ryder asli] tanggal 25 Désémber 2015.</ref> == Karir == === 1985–1990 ===   Taun 1985, Ryder ngirimkeun rékaman vidio audisina, manéhna maénkeun monolog tina novel ''Franny jeung Zooey'' beunang J.D. Salinger, ngarah peran dina pilem ''Desert Bloom''. Sanajan peranna beunang ku [[Annabeth Gish]],<ref>Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>1-85782-214-5</bdi>.</ref><ref name=":0">"[https://www.biography.com/actor/winona-ryder Winona Ryder Biography (1971–)]". [[:en:Biography.com|Biography.com]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200504025105/https://www.biography.com/actor/winona-ryder Diarsipkeun] tinu asli tanggal 4 Méi 2020. Diaksés 23 Juni 2020.</ref> sutradara [[David Seltzer]] nempo bakatna sarta maénkeun Ryder dina pilemna ''Lucas'' (1986) nu nyaritakeun kahirupan Lucas ([[Corey Haim]]), saurang budak sakola luhur. Syutingna taun 1985, dibéntangan ogé ku [[Charlie Sheen]] jeung [[Kerri Green]], Ryder meunangkeun peran minangka Rina, salah saurang babaturan Lucas di sakola. Nalika ditanya hayang kumaha ngaran tukangna nu bakal dipintonkeun dina krédit pilem, Ryder ngusulkeun ”Ryder” alatan harita albeum Mitch Ryder nu bapana keur disetel di satukangeun.<ref name=":0" /> Pilem Ryder nu satuluyna nyaéta ''Square Dance'' (1987). Ryder meunangkeun pamuji pikeun peranna sarta majalah ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' nyebutkeun minangka “hiji debut istiméwa”.<ref>Winona Ryder dina [http://www.bookrags.com/Winona_Ryder Book Rags.com]. Diaksés 7 Désémber 2007.</ref> Najan kitu, kadua pilem tadi sacara komérsil teu pati nyugemakeun. Diréktur Tim Burton mutuskeun pikeun maénkeun Ryder dina pilemna, ''Beetlejuice'' (1988) sabada kataji ku pidanganna dina pilem ''Lucas''.<ref>Salisbury, Mark (2000). ''Burton on Burton: Édisi Révisi''. [[:en:Faber_and_Faber|Faber and Faber]]. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0-571-20507-0</bdi>.</ref> Pilem éta suksés dina ''box office'', pidangan Ryder turta sacara kasaluruhan pilemna menangkeun kritik nu positip.<ref>''Beetlejuice'' at [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/beetlejuice/ Rotten Tomatoes.com]; Diaksés 5 Méi 2007.</ref> [[Gambar:Actress_Winona_Ryder_at_a_press_conference_for_Frankenweenie_2012_(cropped).jpg|kiri|jmpl|214x214px| Ryder di taun 2012]] Ryder maénkeun peran minangka Veronica Sawyer dina pilem bébas ''Heathers'' (1988). Hiji pilem satir ngeunaan kahirupan budak ngora. Batur maénna nyaéta [[Christian Slater]]. ''The Washington Post'' ngedalkeun yén Ryder téh nyaéta “Pamaén Hollywood pangsabréhna...Ryder...ngajadikeun urang mikaresep mojang ngora tukang nelasan, mojang nu caang tur lucu sarta katitisan saeutik [[Bonnie Parker]] sajeroeunna. Manéhna pangpantesna disebut rumaja protagonis ti saprak ''the sexual innocent of Gregory’s Girl''.”<ref>Kempley, Rita (April 14, 1989). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/heathersrkempley_a09fb6.htm Heathers]". ''The Washington Post''.</ref> Pilemna meunangkeun ''box office'', najan ogé meunangkeun sebutan pilem nu munjulkeun sesembahan.<ref>Shary, Timothy (2005). ''Teen Movies: American Youth on the Screen''. Walflower Press. h.&nbsp;78. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>1-904764-49-5</bdi>.</ref> Masih di taun éta kénéh Ryder ngabéntangan pilem ''Great Balls of Fire!'', merankeun pangantén umur 13 taun (sarta dulur sabrayna) ti [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]. Pilem teu jadi ''box office''.<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/great_balls_of_fire/ "Great Balls of Fire Movie Reviews, Pictures"]. ''[[:en:Rotten_Tomatoes|Rotten Tomatoes]]''. Diaksés 7 Maret 2010.</ref> Ogé di taun 1988 Ryder minton dina pilem ''1969'', di mana manéhna merankeun Beth, kabogohna [[Kiefer Sutherland]] sarta dulur ti [[Robert Downey, Jr.]]– tokoh protagonis, nu protés kana Perang Viétnam. Bulan April taun 1989, Ryder maénkeun peran leutik dina vidéo musik nu [[Mojo Nixon]], "''Debbie Gibson Is Pregnant with My Two-Headed Love Child.''"<ref>Hart, Mary (Pamawa Acara) (1989). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150517191946/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sgo2fmefEfA Entertainment Tonight]'' (produksi télévisi). CBS Paramount. Diarsipkeun ti nu [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sgo2fmefEfA asli] tanggal 17 Méi 2015. Diaksés 3 Séptémber 2007.</ref> Taun 1990, Ryder kapilih maén dina opat pilem. Manéhna maénkeun peran utama awéwé dina pilem fantasi ''[[Edward Scissorhands]]'', bareng jeung pibakaleun kabogohna, [[Johnny Depp]]. Pilem ieu malikan deui gawé barengna jeung Tim Burton nu kungsi babarengan dina pilem ''Beetlejuice'' di taun 1988. Pilem ''Edward Scissorhands'' payu pisan kalawan meunang pamuji, ngahasilkeun sacara kotor $86 juta AS.<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=edwardscissorhands.htm "Edward Scissorhands (1990)"]. ''[[:en:Box_Office_Mojo|Box Office Mojo]]''. Diaksés 12 Juni 2007.</ref><ref>''Edward Scissorhands'' dina [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/edward_scissorhands/ Rotten Tomatoes]; panungtungan diaksés tanggal 5 Méi 2007.</ref> Masih di taun éta, Ryder mundur tina peranna minangka Mary Corleone dina pilem ''The Godfather III'' nu [[Francis Ford Coppola]] (sabada miang ka Roma pikeun pamileman) alatan kacapéan. Peran kasalapan Ryder nyaéta dina pilem drama komédi kulawarga, ''Mermaids'' (1990), nu dibéntangan ogé ku [[Cher]], [[Bob Hoskins]] jeung [[Christina Ricci]]. ''Mermaids'' lumayan suksés sacara ''box office'', pidangan Ryder loba nu muji.<ref>Ebert, Roger (14 Désémber 1990). [https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mermaids-1990 "''Mermaids'' Review"]. ''Chicago Sun-Times''. Diaksés 1 Januari 2008.</ref> Ryder meunangkeun nominasi [[Panghargaan Golden Globe|Panghargaan ''Golden Globe'']] pikeun Artis Pinunjul dina Peran Pangrojong<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219125149/http://www1.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/30453 "Golden Globe Award Database: Winona Ryder"]. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Diarsipkeun ti nu asli tanggal 19 Fébruari 2008. Diaksés 9 Januari 2008.</ref> sarta [[Anghargaan National Board Review|Panghargaan ''National Board Review'']] dina peran nu sarua.<ref name=":0"/> Ryder tuluy midang bareng jeung Cher sarta Christina Ricci dina vidéo musik “The Shoop Shoop Song”, téma lagu pilem ''Mermaids''.<ref>Siegel, Scott; Siegel, Barbara (1997). ''The Winona Ryder Scrapbook''. Carol Pub Group. k.&nbsp;xvii.</ref> Sabada ''Mermaids'', manéhna meunangkeun peran utama dina pilem nu Roxy Carmichael, ''Welcome Home''. Hiji pilem ngeunaan budak adopsi. Ryder merankeun Dinky Bossetti. Pilem éta dibéntangan ogé ku [[Jeff Daniels]] sarta dianggap gagal alatan teu pati payu mungguh ''box office''. Satuluyna, masih di taun nu sarua, Ryder meunangkeun panghargaan ‘Béntang Wanita Mangsa Hareup ‘ShoWest’s’ ti Asosiasi Nasional Pamilik Téater.<ref name=":0" /> === 1991–1995 === Taun 1991, Ryder maén minangka saurang supir taksi ngora dina pilem Jim Jarmuch, ''Night on Earth''. Tuluy manéhna maénkeun dua peran minangka Mina Murray, réinkarnasi cinta ''Count'' [[Drakula]], sarta Putri Elisabeta, kabogoh heubeul Drakula, dina pilem ''Dracula'' (1992) [[Bram Stoker]]. Peranna dina pilem éta matak narik ati pikeun [[Francis Ford Coppola]].<ref>Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>1-85782-214-5</bdi>.</ref> Taun 1993, Ryder ngabéntangan mélodrama ''The House of the Spirits'', nu dumasar kana novél Isabel Allende. Pilem éta teu pati payu sacara ''box office''.<ref>Fox, David J. (4 April 1994). [http://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-04/entertainment/ca-42164_1_miramax-films "'House of Spirits' Fails to Levitate : Movies: The star-studded film does poorly in its U.S. opening, despite heavy publicity and strong European sales"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. Diaksés 23 Agustus 2017.</ref> Ryder maén dina ''The Age of Innoncence'' babarengan jeung [[Michelle Pfeiffer]] sarta [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], hiji pilem nu dumasar kana novél meunang Edith Wharton sarta diaping ku Sutradara [[Martin Scorsese]], nu ceuk Ryder mah minangka “sutradara pangpunjulna sadunya”.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1710604.stm Winona Ryder's Eclectic Career]". BBC News.6 Nopémber 2002.</ref> Ku peranna dina pilem ieu, Ryder meunangkeun pangleler minangka Artis Pangrojong Pangpunjulna Panghargaan ''Golden Globe''<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219125149/http://www1.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/30453 Golden Globe Award Database: Winona Ryder]". ''Hollywood Foreign Press Association''. Diarsipkeun ti nu asli tanggal 19 Pébruari 2008. Diaksés 9 Januari 2008.</ref> sarta meunangkeun nominasi Panghargaan ''Academy'' pikeun peran nu sarua.<ref>"''[https://archive.is/20130113073029/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/BasicSearch?action=searchLink&displayType=6&BSNomineeID=66569 Academy Award Database: Winona Ryder]''". ''Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences''. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/BasicSearch?action=searchLink&displayType=6&BSNomineeID=66569 asli] tanggal 13 Januari 2013. Diaksés tanggal 9 Januari 2008.</ref> Ogé ku peran éta kénéh Ryder meunangkeun nominasi pikeun Akademi Pilem Inggris sarta ''Television Arts''.<ref>"[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/winona-ryder Winona Ryder | Encyclopedia.com]". ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Diaksés 27 Oktober 2020.</ref> Najan teu suksés sacara komérsil, pilem ieu meunang pamuji. Ryder tuluy siap-siap ngabéntangan pilem ''Broken Dreams'' bareng jeung River Phoenix, tapi harita teu kebat alatan maotna Phoenix di taun 1993.<ref>Levitt, Shelley (15 Nopémber 1993). [http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20106732,00.html ''River's End''.] People.com. Diaksés 7 Juli 2013.</ref>   Peran Ryder nu satuluyna nyaéta dina pilem drama Generation X, ''Reality Bites'' (1994), nu disutradaraan ku [[Ben Stiller]]. Pidangan Ryder meunang pamuji sarta studio produksina miharep meunangkeun hasil nu mucekil, hanyakal teu sapagodos jeung kanyataan.<ref>Rickey, Carrie (3 April 1994). "''Generation X Turns Its Back''". ''The Philadelphia Inquirer''.</ref> Dina bulan April taun 1994, Ryder kaasupkeun kana daptar “50 Jalma Panggeulisna di Dunya’, nu dipedalkeun ku majalah ''People''.<ref>"[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/04/29/Most-Beautiful-People/2859767592000/ Most Beautiful People]'". ''UPI''. Diaksés 28 Oktober 2020.</ref> Di taun éta kénéh manéhna maénkeun peran utama minangka Josephine March dina pilem ''Little Woman'', hiji pilem adaptasi tina novél Mary Alcott. Pilem ieu meunang pamuji ti balaréa; kritikus Janet Maslin nyebutkeun pilem ieu minangka pilem adaptasi novél pangalusna sarta muji pidangan Ryder.<ref>Maslin, Janet (21 Désémber 1994). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/21/movies/film-review-the-gold-standard-for-girlhood-across-america.html Little Women]". ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 1 Januari 2008.</ref> Ryder midangkeun pidangan tamu dina ''The Simpson'', épisode “Lisa’s Rival” minangka Allison Taylor nu kepinteran jeung kapribadiaanna punjul nu matak jadi tandingan pikeun Lisa. Tuluy Ryder maén dina pilem ''How to Make an American Quilt'' (1995), hiji pilem adaptasi tina novél nu judulna sarua meunang Whitney Otto. Maraén ogé dina pilem éta Anne Bancroft, Maya Angelou katut Ellen Bursty. Pilem ieu ngahasilkeun kauntungan kotor opat tikel tina waragad pangjieunanna sarta meunangkeun peunteun nu meujeuh nepi ka peunteun positip ti para pakar.<ref>''How to Make an American Quilt'' dina Rotten Tomatoes. Diaksés tanggal 10 Januari 2007.</ref> === 1996–2000 === [[Gambar:Winona_Ryder_Walk_of_Fame.jpg|pra=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Winona_Ryder_Walk_of_Fame.jpg/220px-Winona_Ryder_Walk_of_Fame.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Ryder menangkeun béntang dina Hollywood Walk of Fame dina 6 Oktober 2000.]] Taun 1996, Ryder midang dina sababaraha pilem, nu kahiji nyaéta ''Boys''. Pilem ieu teu payu jeung menangkeun kritikan nu negatif. Roger Ebert ti ''Chicago Sun-Times'' nyebutkeun yén pilem ieu ngamomonyah bakat jeung intelejénsi Ryder.<ref>''How to Make an American Quilt'' at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]. Diaksés 10 Januari 2007.</ref> Tuluy manéhna maén dina pilem méta-dokumenter [[Al Pacino]], ''Looking for Richard''. Pilem ieu gé ngan ngahasilkeun kauntungan kotor sajuta dolar AS, tapi meunang pamuji nu leuheung.<ref>''Looking for Richard'' at Rotten Tomatoes [https://web.archive.org/web/20080127110835/http://au.rottentomatoes.com/m/looking_for_richard/ Diarsipkeun] 27 Januari 2008, dina ''[[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]''. Diaksés 10 Januari 2007.</ref> Tuluy Ryder ngabéntangan pilem ''The Crucible'' bareng jeung [[Daniel Day-Lewis]] katut [[Joan Allen]]. Pilem ieu nu diharepkeun pipayueun, nilik kana waragadna, tapi sarua teu payu.<ref>''The Crucible'' dina ''[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=crucible.htm Box Office Mojo]''. Diaksés Januari 2007.</ref> Sanajan kitu, pidangan Ryder meunangkeun pamuji ti Peter Travers ti [[Rolling Stone|''Rolling Stone'']].<ref>Travers, Peter (12 Désémber 1996). "''[https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-crucible-19961127 Reviews: The Crucible]''". ''[[:en:Rolling_Stone|Rolling Stone]]''. Diaksés 10 Méi 2011.</ref> Kadieunakeun Ryder ngaku yén maénkeun Abigail Williams téh mangrupakeun panghésé-héséna peran dina karirna.<ref>Weintraub, Steve (3 Méi 2013). "''[https://collider.com/winona-ryder-the-iceman-the-wire-interview/ Winona Ryder Talks THE ICEMAN, Her Obsession with THE WIRE and THE BIG LEBOWSKI, More]''". ''Collider''. Diaksés 18 Nopémber 2020.</ref> Di bulan Désémber 1996, Ryder maén minangka saurang/hiji android dina pilem ''Alien Resurrection'' (1997) babarengan jeung [[Sigourney Weaver]] nu ngabéntangan dina kabéh trilogi ''Allien''. Dulur Ryder, Uri, mikaresep pisan kana séri pilem Allien, ku kituna, nalika ditawaran peran éta Ryder langsung nyatujuan. Pilem ieu jadi pang teu suksékna mun dibandingkeun pilem-pilem Allien lianna, tapi masih dianggap suksés alatan ngahasilkeun $161 juta dolar AS ti sakuliah dunya.<ref>"[http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/alienresurrection?q=Alien Overview of ''Alien: Resurrection'' reviews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807170419/http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/alienresurrection?q=Alien |date=2009-08-07 }}". ''Metacritic''. Diaksés 4 Pébruari 2007.</ref> Pidangan Ryder jeung Weaver meunangkeun kritik positif, sarta Ryder meunangkeun Pangleler ''Blockbuster Entertainment'' pikeun Artis Pangpunjulna.<ref>Ebert, Roger. "''[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/alien-resurrection-1997 Alien Resurrection movie review (1997]) | Roger Ebert''". ''www.rogerebert.com''. Diaksés 21 Oktober 2020.</ref> Dina kagiatan ''ShoWes''t taun 1997, Ryder meunang pangleler ‘Bentang Awéwé Taun Ieu’.<ref>"[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/winona-ryder Winona Ryder | Encyclopedia.com]". ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Diaksés 28 Oktober 2020.</ref> Taun1998, Ryder midang ngabéntangan pilem [[Woody Allen]], ''Celebrity'' (1998). Tuluy maén dina vidéo musik ''Talk About the Blues'' nu ''Jon Spencer.''<ref>"''[http://www.mtv.com/news/1430682/winona-ryder-takes-over-reigns-of-blues-explosion-for-new-video/ Winona Ryder Takes Over Reigns Of Blues Explosion For New Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223222822/http://www.mtv.com/news/1430682/winona-ryder-takes-over-reigns-of-blues-explosion-for-new-video/ |date=2016-02-23 }}''". MTV.Com. 12 Oktober 1998. Diaksés 8 Oktober 2015.</ref> Taun 1999 Ryder maén sarta jadi produser éksékutif dina pilem ''Girl, Interupted'', nu dumasar kana mémoir taun 1993 nu judulna sarua meunang Susanna Keysen. Taun éta kénéh Ryder ngamimitian pausahaan musikna nu sorangan, Roustabout Studios di taun 1999.<ref>"[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/winona-ryder Winona Ryder | Encyclopedia.com]". ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Diaksés 27 Oktober 2020.</ref> Taun hareupna, Ryder maén dina melodrama ''Autumn in New York'', babarengan jeung [[Richard Gere]]. Pilem ieu narima sababaraha kritikan, tapi suksés sacara komérsil, ngahasilkeun $90 juta sacara kotor di sakuliah dunia.<ref>''Autumn in New York'' at [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/autumn_in_new_york/ Rotten Tomatoes]. Diaksés 10 Januari 2007.</ref><ref>"[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=autumninnewyork.htm ''Autumn in New York'' (2000)]". ''Box Office Mojo''. Diaksés 12 Juni 2007.</ref> Tuluy Ryder merankeun saurang biarawati dina pilem ''Lost Souls'' (2000), pilem ieu teu pati payu.<ref>Vincent, Mal (13 Oktober 2000). [https://buffalonews.com/news/bible-belter-winona-ryder-scares-the-devil-out-of-herself/article_bcd8478c-e79e-5da1-ae7a-9e15d11e5020.html "''Bible Belter Winona Ryder Scares the Devil Out of Herself''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804025607/https://buffalonews.com/news/bible-belter-winona-ryder-scares-the-devil-out-of-herself/article_bcd8478c-e79e-5da1-ae7a-9e15d11e5020.html |date=2022-08-04 }}. ''The Buffalo News''. Diaksés 18 Nopémber 2020.</ref> Dina tanggal 27 April 2000, wanci Féstival Pilem San Fransisco, Ryder dileler ku Panghargaan Peter J. Owens nu disérénkeun ka juru peran “nu méré tuladan dina kapunjulan, kabébasan jeung integritas”<ref>"[https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Ryder-to-Get-Big-Tribute-at-Film-Festival-2768972.php Ryder to Get Big Tribute at Film Festiva]l". ''SFGATE''. 14 Maret 2000. Diaksés 26 Oktober 2020.</ref>. Masih di taun 2000, Ryder minton dina kaméo leutik dina pilem ''Zoolander'' (dipedalkeun taun 2001). Dina bulan Oktober manéhna meunangkeun béntangna sorangan dina ''Hollywood Walk of Fame'', ditempatkeun persis hareupeun adegan Johnny Grant sagigireun Hotél Roosevelt Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>Staff, Hollywood com (19 Maret 2001). "[http://www.hollywood.com/general/winona-ryder-gets-her-own-star-57164613/ Winona Ryder Gets Her Own Star]". ''Hollywood.com''. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.</ref> Nalika kagiatan ieu Ryder meunangkeun ogé pangleler minangka ‘Panghadéna Papakéan Minggu Ieu’ ti ''Entertainment Weekly''.<ref>"[http://www.movieactors.com/actors/winonaryder.htm Winona Ryder – MovieActors.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702074808/http://www.movieactors.com/actors/winonaryder.htm |date=2022-07-02 }}". ''www.movieactors.com''. Diaksés 1 Nopémber 2020.</ref> Manéhna panampa panghargaan éta nu ka-2.165.<ref>Kim, Ellen A. (6 Oktober 2000). "[http://www.hollywood.com/news/Winona_Ryder_Gets_Her_Own_Star/313097 Winona Ryder Gets Her Own Star]". ''Hollywood.com''.</ref> === 2001-2005 === Tanggal 26 April 2001, Ryder minton minangka bintang tamu dina komédi situasi ''Friends''. Manéhna merankeun Melissa Wharburton, batur duduluran Rachel nalika di kampus.<ref>[http://www.friends-tv.org/zz720.html "Friends Episode 7.20"]. ''www.friends-tv.org''. diaksés 4 Nopémber, 2020.</ref> Ryder reureuh heula dina dunia akting alatan kajadian manéhna maling di hiji toko di taun 2001 (tempo di handap). Taun 2002, Ryder minton dina dua pilem, Nu kahiji nyaéta pilem komedi romantis ''Mr. Deeds'', bareng jeung [[Adam Sandler]]. Pilem ieu mangrupaken pilem manéhna nu nepi ka kiwari paling suksés sacara komérsil, ngahasilkeun leuwih ti AS$126 juta di Amérika wungkul.<ref>''[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/may/03/winona-ryder-film-comebacks The resurrection of Winona Ryder: how Hollywood's lost girl came back]''. ''The Guardian''. 3 Méi 2009.</ref> Pilem kaduana nyaéta ''Simone'', di mana Ryder maén jeung [[Al Pacino]]. Tanggal 18 Méi 2002 Ryder jadi ''host'' dina acara ''Saturday’s Night Live'', Usum ka-27 (episode 20). Ryder ogé mucunghul dina kaper Majalah ''W'' édisi Juni, mamaké kaos ‘''Free-Winona’'' nu tuluyna jadi sénsasi di antara bobotohna dina internét.<ref>[https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/winona-ryder-ss/ "Winona Ryder"]. ''W Magazine | Women's Fashion & Celebrity News''. Diaksés 1 Nopémber 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/ryder-on-the-storm "''RYDER ON THE STORM''"]. ''British Vogue''. Diaksés 1 Nopémber 2020.</ref> Juli 2003, manéhna kapéto ranking 183 dina ''VH1’s'' jeung kaasup kana “200 Ikon Budaya Pop Pangpunjulna” majalah ''People''.<ref>[http://www.dailycelebrations.com/icons3.htm "''VH1'' ''Greatest Pop Culture Icons''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213151008/http://dailycelebrations.com/icons3.htm |date=2010-12-13 }}. DailyCelebrations.com. Juli 2003.</ref> === 2006-2008 === [[Gambar:WinonaRyderSept08.jpg|jmpl| Ryder dina acara Marc Jacobs di 2008]] Taun 2006, sabada ngareureuhan heula, Ryder minton dina pilem Richard Linklater, ''A Scanner Darkly'', hiji pilem adaptasi tina novel Philip K. Dick nu judulna sarua. Ryder maén bareng jeung [[Keanu Reeves]], [[Robert Downey Jr.]] jeung [[Woody Harrelson]].<ref>Chocano, Carina (7 Juli 2006). [http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-et-scannerdarkly7jul07,0,5662926.story "''Movie Review: A Scanner Darkly''"].</ref> Ryder ogé minton dina komédi ''The Darwin Awards'' bareng jeung Joseph Fiennes. Pilem ieu muggaran medal dina Féstival Pilem Sundance tanggal 25 Januari 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216033344/http://festival.sundance.org/2006/pdfs/REVISED12205RELEASEPremiereAnnct.pdf "''2006 Sundance Film Festival announces films in premieres section''"] (PDF) (pedalan Pers). Sundance Film Festival.1 Désémber 2005. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://festival.sundance.org/2006/pdfs/REVISED12205RELEASEPremiereAnnct.pdf asli] (PDF) tanggal16 Pébruari 2008.</ref> Taun 2007 Ryder gabung deui jeung juru tulis Heathers, Daniel Waters, dina komédi hideung ''Sex and Death 101'' (2007).<ref>Tucker, Hannah (7 Juli 2006). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1210926,00.html "''The Deal Report''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218125428/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1210926,00.html |date=2014-12-18 }}. ''Entertainment Weekly''.</ref> Tuluy Ryder minton dina komédi David Wain, ''The Ten''. Pilem ieu museur kana sapuluh carita, nu tiap caritana kailhaman ku Sapuluh Paréntah. Munggaran medal dina Festival Pilem Sundance 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216033345/http://festival.sundance.org/2007/pdfs/07_SFF_PROGRAMANNOUNCEMENT120106.pdf "''2007 Sundance Film Festival announces films in the Premieres, Spectrum, New Frontier, Park City at midnight and from the Sundance collection sections''"] (PDF) (pedalan Pers).Féstival Sundance. 30 Nopémber 2006. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://festival.sundance.org/2007/pdfs/07_SFF_PROGRAMANNOUNCEMENT120106.pdf asli] (PDF) tanggal 16 Pébruari 2008.</ref> Satuluyna Ryder maén dina pilem drama romantis Geoffrey Haley, ''The Last World'' (2008).<ref>[http://winona-ryder-news-channel.org/ Arsip warta Winona Ryder]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503234407/http://winona-ryder-news-channel.org/ Diarsipkeun] 3 Méi 2006, tina [[:en:Wayback_Machine|the Wayback Machine]]; panungtungan diaksés 5 Méi 2007.</ref> Dina tanggal 20 Nopémber 2008 Ryder meunang pangleler fésyen Marie Claire dina ''Marie Claire Prix De La Mode'' di Madrid, Spanyol.<ref>[https://es.ambafrance.org/Prix-Marie-Claire-de-la-Mode-2008 "''Prix Marie-Claire de la Mode 2008''"]. ''Ambassade de France en Espagne / Embajada de Francia en España'' (dina bahasa Perancis). Diaksés 23 Oktober 2020.</ref> === 2009 – kiwari === Taun 2009, Ryder katémbong dina Féstival Pilem Giffoni di Salerno, Italia, nu mana manéhna dileler ku hiji panghargaan husus.<ref>[https://m.zimbio.com/photos/Winona+Ryder/2009+Giffoni+Film+Festival+Day+14/p57VTc7FIa9 "Winona Ryder Photos Photos: 2009 Giffoni Film Festival - Poé 14"]. ''Zimbio''. Diaksés 23 Oktober 2020.</ref> Tuluy di taun éta kénéh Ryder maén minangka saurang juru baca warta dina ''The Informers'' vérsi pilem.<ref>Mayberry, Carly (21 Séptémber 2007). [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i5bf6a751bdf67ff5effd46883d459945 "''Ryder, Rourke turn 'Informers'''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718104948/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i5bf6a751bdf67ff5effd46883d459945 |date=2008-07-18 }}. ''The Hollywood Reporter''.</ref> Manéhna ogé maén dina pilem Star Terk J.J. Abram minangka indung jalmana Spock, Amanda Grayson. Sawatara média nyatet pangbalikanna deui dirina kana ''box office''.<ref>''[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/may/03/winona-ryder-film-comebacks The resurrection of Winona Ryder: how Hollywood's lost girl came back]''. ''The Guardian''. 3 Méi 2009.</ref><ref>''Winona is the queen of the comeback kids'' ''Irish Independent''. 16 Méi 2009.</ref> Manéhna ogé maén bareng jeung [[Robin Wright]] sarta [[Julianne Moore]] dina pilem Rebecca Miller, ''The Private Lives of Pippa Lee'', nu medal tanggal 9 Pébruari 2009 dina Féstival Pilem Internasional Bérlin. Tanggal 9 Juni 2009, ''Entertaintment Weekly'' ngawartakeun dina wawancara Ryder jeung majalah ''Empire'', manéhna jeung [[Christian Slater]] bakal ngulang deui peranna dina sékuél ''Heathers''.<ref>''[http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2009/06/heathers-sequel-winona-confirmed.html Winona Ryder confirms 'Heathers' sequel. God, Veronica, drool much?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605150921/http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2009/06/heathers-sequel-winona-confirmed.html |date=2009-06-05 }}'', ''Entertainment Weekly''. 2 Juni 2009.</ref> [[Gambar:Winona_Ryder_(cropped).jpg|kiri|jmpl| Ryder dina Féstival Film Giffoni 2009]] Taun 2010, Ryder meranken Beth McIntyre, saurang béntang balét nu keur ngolotan, dina pilemna Darren Aronofsky, ''Black Swan''.<ref>Zeitchik, Steven (9 Nopémber 2009). [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3ia4b706c7ade5c201871180fc77fd9002?_r=true&anonymousId=5481747053475350124 "''Winona Ryder joins cast of Darren Aronofsky thriller''"] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''The Hollywood Reporter''.</ref> Ryder ogé ngabéntangan dina hiji pilem indepénden, ''Stay Cool'', bareng jeung [[Hilary Duff]], [[Mark Polish]] jeung [[Chevy Chase]]. Taun éta kénéh manéhna ogé maén minangka Lois Wilson dina pilem télévisi, ''When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story''. Pikeun pidanganna, Ryder dinominasikeun kana SAG ''Award'' pikeun Artis Pinunjul dina kategori Miniséri Tivi.<ref>[http://www.indielondon.co.uk/Film-Review/black-swan-natalie-portman-interview "IndieLondon: Black Swan - Wawancara Natalie Portman - Your London Reviews"]. ''www.indielondon.co.uk''. Diaksés 23 Oktober 2020.</ref> Ryder ogé maén dina pilem bébas, ''Stay Cool'', bareng jeung [[Hilary Duff]], ''Mark Polish'' jeung ''Chevy Chase''. Taun éta kénéh manéhna meranken Lois Wilson di pilem tivi, ''When Love Is Not Enough, The Lois Wilson Story''. Pikeun pintonanna Ryder dinominasikeun minangka artis awéwé pilem tivi pangpunjulna dina ''SAG Awards''.<ref>[https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/17th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards "''The 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards | Screen Actors Guild Awards''"]. ''www.sagawards.org''. Diaksés 13 Nopémber 2020.</ref> Ryder minton minangka pameran utama dina pilem ''The Dilemma'' nu disutradaraan ku [[Ron Howard]].<ref>[https://theplaylist.net/winona-ryder-joins-ron-howards-cheaters-20100406/ "''Winona Ryder Joins Ron Howard's 'Cheaters' aka 'Your Cheating Heart'''"]. ''theplaylist.net''. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.</ref> Pilem ieu oge dibéntangan ku [[VInce Vaugh]] jeung [[Kevin James]]. Dijieun di [[Chicago]] di bulan Méi 2010 sarta dipedalkeun dina bulan Januari 2011.<ref>Sperling, Nicole. [http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/04/06/winona-ryder-cheaters/ "''Career rebound for Winona?''"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100409095627/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/04/06/winona-ryder-cheaters/ Diarsipkeun] 9 April 2010 dina the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. ''[[:en:Entertainment_Weekly|Entertainment Weekly]]''. 6 April 2010.</ref> Taun 2011, manéhna maénkeun peran Deborah Kuklinski, bojona juru paténi Richard Kuklinski, dina pilem ''The Iceman''.<ref>''[http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Winona-Ryder-Joins-Cast-Iceman-28323.html Winona Ryder Joins The Cast Of The Iceman]'', Cinema Blend, 21 Désémber 2011.</ref> Tahun 2012 [[Tim Burton]] maénkeun manéhna dina vidio musik singel ''The Killers'', "''Here with Me''". Ryder ogé maén dina ''The Letter'', bareng jeung James Franco. Manéhna ogé réuni deui jeung Tim Burton dina peran pilem animasi 3D ''Frankenweenie'', nu medal dina bulan Oktober 2012 sarta minton bareng jeung James Franco dina pilem éksén harénghéng ''Homefront'' (2013). [[Gambar:Frankenweenie_premiere_at_the_Fantastic_Fest,_Tim_Burton,_Winona_Ryder,_Martin_Landau,_Charlie_Tahan_2.jpg|jmpl|220x220px|Ryder bareng jeung para pamaén ''Frankenweenie'' dina Féstival Fantastis taun 2012.]] Taun 2013 jeung 2014 Ryder midang dina séri télévisi Séntral Komédi ''Drunk History''.<ref>[https://www.mandatory.com/culture/1053596-the-story-of-benedict-arnold-an-exclusive-clip-of-next-weeks "''The Story of Benedict Arnold: An Exclusive Clip of Next Week's'' 'Drunk History'"]. ''Mandatory''. 13 Agustus 2014. Diaksés 23 Oktober 2020.</ref> Manéhna ogé midang dina miniséri Amérika ''Show Me a Hero''. Taun 2015, manéhna midang bareng jeung Peter Sarsgaard dina pilem drama biographis ''Experimenter''. Pilem ieu meunangkeun guaran nu positif.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150906134211/http://www.magpictures.com/profile.aspx?id=a882cde5-0302-4c49-924c-1e2073419d13 "''Magnolia Pictures: Experimenter''"]. Magpictures.com. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.magpictures.com/profile.aspx?id=a882cde5-0302-4c49-924c-1e2073419d13 aslina] 6 Séptémber 2015. Diaksés 24 Juli 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/movie/experimenter "Experimenter"]. ''Metacritic''. Diaksés 12 Oktober 2015.</ref> Ti taun 2016, Ryder midang dina séri horor fiksi ilmiah [[Netflix]], ''[[Stranger Things]]'', beunang The Duffer Brothers sarta medal sacara ''stream online'' dina 15 Juli 2016.<ref>Ausiello, Michael (15 Juni 2015). [http://tvline.com/2015/06/15/winona-ryder-montauk-cast-netflix-series/ "''Scoop: Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816073504/http://tvline.com/2015/06/15/winona-ryder-montauk-cast-netflix-series/ |date=2015-08-16 }}. ''[[:en:TVLine|TVLine]]''. Diaksés 24 Agustus 2015.</ref> Pidangan manéhna, ogé acarana meunangkeun kritik nu lolobana muji kana latar pilem di taun 1980-an. Pilem séri ieu meunangkeun panghargaan SAG minangka rangkéan drama séri pangpunjulna di taun 2017. Ryder tuluy ngabéntangan séri ieu dina usum kaduana nu medal tanggal 27 Okober 2017 sarta usum katilu nu medal dina tanggal 4 Juli 2019. Dina usum katilu manéhna kabéjakeun dibayar AS$ 350.000,- per épisodena.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/stranger-things-stars-score-massive-pay-raises-season-3-1094952#:~:text=Winona%20Ryder%20(Joyce)%20and%20David,each%20collecting%20$250,000%20per%20episode. "'''Stranger Things' Stars Score Massive Pay Raises for Season 3'' | Hollywood Reporter"]. ''www.hollywoodreporter.com''. Diaksés 7 Oktober 2020.</ref> Taun 2018, manéhna maén bareng jeung [[Keanu Reeves]] dina pilem ''Destinaton Wedding''. Saméméhna, maranéhna kungsi tilu kali maén bareng dina tilu pilem lianna (''Bram Stoker's Dracula'', ''A Scanner Darkly'' jeung ''The Private Lives of Pippa Lee''). Taun 2020, Ryder maén dina pilem ''The Plot Against America'', hiji pilem séri kawates HBO nu dumasar kana novél taun 2004 nu judulna sarua.<ref>Petski, Denise (10 April 2019). [https://deadline.com/2019/04/the-plot-against-america-winona-ryder-zoe-kazan-morgan-spector-john-turturro-hbo-miniseries-1202592810/ "'''The Plot Against America': Winona Ryder, Zoe Kazan, Morgan Spector Among 7 Cast In HBO Miniseries''"]. ''Deadline Hollywood''. Diaksés 8 Januari 2020.</ref> David Simon, nu nyieun séri ieu ngoméntaran, "Winona salawasna mintonkeun kapunjulan béntang Amérika asli. Kiwari urang geus siap pikeun aksi kaduana, lantaran manéhna éstu pamean nu pinunjul - kerep tunyu tanya ngeunaan peranna, milampah panalungtikan sarta maén hareupeun kaméra sacara naruliah nalika ngamimitian pancénna."<ref>Press, Joy (10 Maret 2020). [https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2020/03/plot-against-america-winona-ryder-david-simon-hbo "''HBO's Plot Against America Paints an All-Too-Plausible Alternate History''"]. ''Vanity Fair''. Diaksés 13 Nopémber 2020.</ref> Séri ieu minangka mindoan gawé bareng Ryder jeung Simon. === Gawé lianna === [[Gambar:Lance_Acord,_Sarah_Flack,_and_Winona_Ryder_at_Sundance_2015_Awards.jpg|jmpl|Ryder dina Pasanggiri Pilem Sundance taun 2015]] Taun 1995, Ryder ngeusi sora sarta narasi ''Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl''<nowiki/>' sarta dinominasikeun pikeun panghargaan Grammy 1995.<ref>[http://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/1671/the-diary-of-a-young-girl-by-anne-frank-read-by-winona-ryder/ "T''HE DIARY OF A YOUNG GIRL by Anne Frank Read by Winona Ryder'' ''| Audiobook Review''"]. ''AudioFile Magazine''. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.</ref> Taun 1990, Ryder nyieun kaméo dina vidio musik Roy Orbison, "''A Love So Beatiful''" babarengan jeung [[Matthew Modine]].<ref>''[https://genius.com/Roy-orbison-a-love-so-beautiful-lyrics Roy Orbison – A Love So Beautiful]'', diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.</ref> Taun éta kéneh Ryder jeung batur maénna dina ''Mermaids'', [[Cher]], minton bareng dina vidio musik "''The Shoop Shoop Song''". Dina taun 1993, manéhna mancén bareng jeung pibakaleun kabogohna, Dave Primer ti [[Soul Asylum]], dina vidio musikna "''Without a Trace''".<ref>[https://enterthesoulasylum.com/discography/songs/without_a_trace/ "''Without A Trace'' | EnterTheSoulAsylum.com"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514225803/https://enterthesoulasylum.com/discography/songs/without_a_trace/ |date=2021-05-14 }}. ''enterthesoulasylum.com''. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.</ref> Ryder ogé ngabéntangan vidio musik The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, "''Talk about the Blues''" di taun 1998. Taun 2007, manéhna minton sacara singket minangka saurang réporter dina vidio musk "''We're All Stuck Out in The Desert''" meunang Jonathan Rice. Ryder jadi salah saurang pangrojong pikeun Leonard Peltier, nu didakwa nelasan dua urang agén féderal, nalika Leonard ménta pangampura Présiden Clinton.<ref>News, A. B. C. [https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=94691&page=1 ''"FBI Agents Stage Protest March"''.] ''ABC News''. Diaksés 16 Oktober 2020.</ref> Taun 1998, Ryder jeung [[Leonardo Dicaprio]] ngabantu nganarasian CD-ROM wedalan Yayasan Sajarah Visual Shoah nu [[Steven Spielberg]], '''Survivors: Testimonies of the Holocaust''.'.<ref>''[https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/12/circuits/articles/31libe-surv.html "A Nightmare Told in Words and Pictures"]''. ''archive.nytimes.com''. Diaksés 7 Oktober 2020.</ref> Manéhna oge kapéto jadi juri dina Pasanggiri Pilem Cannes taun 1998 nu diluluuhan ku Martin Scorsese.<ref>Maslin, Janet (25 Méi 1998). [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/25/movies/greek-director-wins-top-prize-at-cannes-festival.html "''Greek Director Wins Top Prize at Cannes Festival'' (Medal 1998)"]. ''The New York Times''. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.</ref> Taun 2015, manéhna oge jadi juri dina Pasanggiri Pilem Sundance di tahun 2015.<ref>Gupta, Shipra Harbola; Gupta, Shipra Harbola (18 Désémber 2014). [https://www.indiewire.com/2014/12/sundance-announces-2015-jurors-cary-fukunaga-winona-ryder-edgar-wright-and-more-66847/ "''Sundance Announces 2015 Jurors: Cary Fukunaga, Winona Ryder, Edgar Wright and More''".] ''IndieWire''. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.</ref> Ryder milu ngaproduseran tur nganarasian pilem dokuménter ''The Day My God Died'' (2004) reujeung jeung Tim Robbins. Pilem éta ngaguar carita jual beuli séks budak internasional.<ref>Dazed (15 Agustus 2016). [https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/32452/1/your-guide-to-winona-ryder-one-of-the-coolest-people-ever "''Your guide to Winona Ryder, one of the coolest people ever''"]. ''Dazed''. Diaksés 14 Oktober 2020.</ref> Di bulan Agustus Ryder midang dina kampanye usum gugur ''Rag and Bone''. Numutkeun Marcus Wainwright, ''brand'' manajerna, manéhna téh kapilih ku alatan "kageulisan jeung kapunjulanna nu teu kawengku ku waktu".<ref>Holmes, Sally (13 Agustus 2014). [https://www.elle.com/news/fashion-style/winona-ryder-rag-and-bone "''Winona Ryder Is Stunning in the New Rag &#x26; Bone Campaign''"]. ''ELLE''. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2020.</ref> Sabada ti harita Ryder jadi béntang iklan piken Marc Jacobs Beauty di taun 2016,<ref>Panych, Sophia. [https://www.allure.com/story/winona-ryder-marc-jacobs-beauty "''Allure Exclusive: Winona Ryder Is the New Face of Marc Jacobs Beauty''"]. ''Allure''. Diaksés 6 Oktober 2020.</ref> iklan sampo [[Loreal]]<ref>Sy, Wendy. [https://www.allure.com/story/winona-ryder-loreal-commercial "''L'Oreal Commercial Compares Winona Ryder's Career to Damaged Hair''"]. ''Allure''. Diaksés 6 Oktober 2020.</ref> jeung kampanye koléksi usum mekar H&M reujeung [[Elizabeth Olsen]] di taun 2018<ref>[https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Winona-ryder-and-elizabeth-olsen-star-in-new-h-m-campaign,959729.html "''Winona Ryder and Elizabeth Olsen star in new H&M campaign''"]. ''UK.FashionNetwork.com''. 19 Maret 2018. Diaksés 6 Nopémber 2020.</ref> sarta di awal taun 2020 jadi béntang iklan ''Squarespace superbowl''.<ref>[https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/01/29/watch-winona-stars-in-winona-ryders-super-bowl-ad "''Watch: Winona stars in Winona Ryder's Super Bowl ad''"]. ''MPR News''. Diaksés 6 Oktober 2020.</ref> == Kahirupan pribadi == Ryder mibanda imah-imah di [[San Fransisco]], Los Angeles jeung Williamsburg di [[Kota New York|New York]].<ref>Mooallem, Stephen (23 April 2013). [https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/winona-ryder-1 "Winona Ryder"]. ''Interview''. Diaksés 16 Nopémber 2020.</ref> Ryder kungsi ngaku pernah jadi korban anti semit di mangsa katukang sanajan manéhna teu pati kagambarkeun minangka urang Yahudi.<ref>Press, Joy (10 Maret 2020). [https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2020/03/plot-against-america-winona-ryder-david-simon-hbo "''HBO's Plot Against America Paints an All-Too-Plausible Alternate History''"]. ''Vanity Fair''. Diaksés 13 Nopémber 2020.</ref> === Hubungan === [[Gambar:Ray_Liotta,_Winona_Ryder,_Michael_Shannon_TIFF_2012.jpg|jmpl| Ryder jeung Ray Liotta sartaMichael Shannon dina Pasanggiri Pilem Internasional Toronto 2012]] Ryder tunangan jeung aktor [[Johnny Depp]] salila tilu taun ti mimiti bulan Juli 1990. Manéhna panggih dina acara tayang munggaran pilem ''Great Balls of Fire!'' tur mimiti bobogohan dua bulan ti harita. Harita manéhna umur 17 taun sarta Johnny Depp umur 26.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080103000450/http://www.celebritywonder.com/html/johnnydepp.html "''Johnny Depp Picture, Profile, Gossip, and News''"]. ''celebritywonder.com''. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.celebritywonder.com/html/johnnydepp.html asli] tanggal 3 Januari 2008. Diaksés 31 Désémber 2007.</ref><ref>Lewis, Isobel (13 Juli 2020). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/winona-ryder-johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-libel-london-violent-a9615551.html "''Winona Ryder to testify that Johnny Depp was 'never violent' to her during libel trial''"]. ''The Independent''. Diaksés 1 Séptémber 2020.</ref> Sabada putus ti Johnny Depp, Ryder hubungan jeung anggota band [[Soul Asylum]], [[Dave Pirner]], sarta anggeur deuheus sanajan geus putus ogé.<ref>Ginsberg, Merle (1 Juni 2002). [https://www.wmagazine.com/story/winona-ryder "''Winona Ryder: Ryder on the Storm''"]. [[:en:W_(magazine)|''W''.]] Diaksés 11 Agustus 2020.</ref> Tuluy manéhna bobogohan jeung [[Matt Damon]] ti taun 1998 nepi ka 2000. Ti taun 2011 Ryder bobogohan jeung Scott Mackinlay Hahn.<ref>Bueno, Antoinette (14 Juli 2016). [http://www.etonline.com/news/193224_winona_ryder_explains_why_she_never_been_married "''Winona Ryder explains why she's never been married''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313153654/http://www.etonline.com/news/193224_winona_ryder_explains_why_she_never_been_married |date=2018-03-13 }}. ''Entertainment Tonight''. Diaksés 11 Agustus 2020.</ref> === Polly Klaas === Taun 1993, Ryder nawarkeun hadiah ka sing saha nu bisa mulangkeun budak leutik nu diculik, Polly Klaas.<ref>[https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800010920/bio "Winona Ryder ''Biograph''y"]. Yahoo! Movies. Diaksés 31 Désémber 2007.</ref> Klaas cicing di [[Petaluma]], kota di mana Ryder gedé. Ryder nawarkeun $200.000 ka nu bisa mulangkeun budak umur 12 taun nu diculik éta kalayan salamet.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/15/us/kidnapping-summons-city-to-action.html "''Kidnapping Summons City to Action''"]. ''The New York Times''. 15 Oktober 1993.</ref> Sabada budak éta maot, Ryder merankeun Jo dina pilem taun 1994 nu mangrupakeun adaptasi tina novél ''Little Women'' beunang Louisa May Alcott sarta ngadédikasikeun pintonanna minangka pangéling-ngéling pikeun Klass, lantaran novél ''Little Women'' téh karesepna Klass baheula.<ref>Thompson, Anne (11 Maret 1994). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,301373,00.html "''<nowiki/>'Women' on the verge''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620013001/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,301373,00.html |date=2013-06-20 }}. ''Entertainment Weekly''. New York City: Meredith Corporation.</ref> === Amal === Ryder ulubiung dina gawé amal pikeun Pangwaragadan Kuliah Indian Amérika ti umur 20-an, hiji yayasan nu nyakolakeun urang Indian ka univérsitas.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Ryder-In-the-Storm-Winona-plays-mental-patient-2811014.php "''Ryder In the Storm''"]. ''San Francisco Gate''. 16 Januari 2000. Diaksés 7 Juni 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/07/usa.filmnews "''Winona Ryder escapes jail for theft''"]. ''The Guardian''. 7 Désémber 2002. Diaksés 7 Juni 2017.</ref> === Dicerek taun 2001 === Tanggal 12 Désémber 2001, Ryder ditéwak ku dakwaan maling di [[Berverly Hills]], California, dituduh maling pakéan jeung asésoris disain saharga $5.500 di hiji ''department store'' di Saks Fifth Avenue.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/1710311.stm "''Actress Winona Ryder arrested''"]. BBC News. 14 Désémber 2001.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011193351/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/News/12/13/ryder.arrest/ "''Lawyer: Ryder's arrest a 'misunderstanding'''"]. CNN. 13 Désémber 2001. Diarsipkeun ti [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/News/12/13/ryder.arrest/ nu asli] tanggal 11 Oktober 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/07/1036308408379.html "''Winona convicted of stealing clothes''"]. ''Age''. Melbourne. 7 Nopémber 2002.</ref> Usahana nyéwa pangacara mashur Mark Geragos sangkan bisa naék banding teu ngahasilkeun.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/arts/news/artsnews_680355.htm "''Winona Ryder to face court after talks break down''"]. ABC News. 19 Séptémber 2002.</ref> Manéhna dituduh geus maké obat-obatan kaasup [[oxycocone]], [[diazepam]] jeung [[Vicodin]] kalawan teu maké resép dokter. Manéhna didakwa maok,<ref>[http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/487.html "''California Penal Code Section 487 – California Attorney Resources – California Laws''".] Diaksés 9 April 2011.</ref> nyopet jeung vandalisme najan kitu lolos tina dakwaan ngarampog.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071211035959/http://www.courttv.com/trials/ryder/index.html "''Winona Ryder Shoplifting Trial''"]. Court TV. Diarsipkeun ti [http://www.courttv.com/trials/ryder/index.html nu asli] 11 Désémber 2007. Diaksés 31 Désémber 2007.</ref> Di bulan Désémber 2002, manéhna ditibanan tilu taun hukuman percobaan, 480 jam layanan sosial, $3.700 denda sarta mayar $6.355 réstitusi ka Toko Saks Fifth Avenue. Manéhna ogé kudu ngilu konsultasi obat jeung psikologi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210906/http://mesh.medill.northwestern.edu/mnschicago/archives/2002/12/with_winona_ryd.html "''With Winona Ryder in the spotlight, Chicago area shop keepers fear increased shoplifting this holiday season''"]. Chicago: Medill News Service.10Désémber 2002. Diarsipkeun ti [http://mesh.medill.northwestern.edu/mnschicago/archives/2002/12/with_winona_ryd.html nu asli] 11 Oktober 2007.</ref> Hakim Tinggi Elden Fox nu nalaah laporan 480 jam layanan sosial manéhna ngurangan hukuman kajahatanna jadi tuduhan kalakuan bangor dina tanggal 18 Juni 2004, Ryder nganggeuskeun mangsa percobaanna nepi ka bulan Désémber 2005.<ref>Watercutter, Angela (18 Juni 2004). [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/06/18/entertainment/main624887.shtml "''Reduced Charges For Winona Ryder''"]. CBS News.</ref> Ryder ngajéntrékeun ka Majalah Interview yén kajadian éta téh lumangsung dina mangsa manéhna keur sacara klinis kateken. Ceuk manéhna kénéh ubar panahan nyeri ti tukang terapi alternatifna geus ngaburkeun panalarna. Dokter nu medalkeun resepna geus dicabut ijinna ku Déwan Médis California ku alesan sacara teu étis geus nedunan "kahayang pacandu nu beunghar jeung/atawa sohor pikeun resép narkotik nu saenyana mah dijual di pasar gelap".<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/2002/12/10/report-doctor-catered-to-drug-demands-celebs-including-winona-ryder.html "''Report: Doctor Catered to Drug Demands of Celebs, Including Winona Ryder''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819145300/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2002/12/10/report-doctor-catered-to-drug-demands-celebs-including-winona-ryder.html |date=2017-08-19 }}. Foxnews.com. Associated Press. 10 Désémber 2002. Diaksés 19 Agustus 2017.</ref> == Filmografi == === Pilem === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Taun !Judul !Peran !Sutradara ! class="unsortable" |Catetan |- |1986 |''Lucas'' |Rina |David Seltzer | |- |1987 |''Square Dance'' |Gemma Dillard |Daniel Petrie | |- | rowspan="3" |1988 |''Beetlejuice'' |Lydia Deetz |Tim Burton | |- |''1969'' |Beth Karr |Ernest Thompson | |- |''Heathers'' |Veronica Sawyer |Michael Lehmann | |- |1989 |''Great Balls of Fire!'' |Myra Gale Lewis |Jim McBride | |- | rowspan="3" |1990 |''Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael'' |Dinky Bossetti |Jim Abrahams | |- |''Edward Scissorhands'' |Kim Boggs |Tim Burton | |- |''Mermaids'' |Charlotte Flax |Richard Benjamin | |- |1991 |''Night on Earth'' |Corky |Jim Jarmusch |Segment: "Los Angeles" |- |1992 |''Bram Stoker's Dracula'' |Wilhelmina "Mina" Murray |Francis Ford Coppola | |- | rowspan="2" |1993 |''The Age of Innocence'' |May Welland |Martin Scorsese | |- |''The House of the Spirits'' |Blanca Trueba |Bille August | |- | rowspan="2" |1994 |''Reality Bites'' |Lelaina Pierce |Ben Stiller | |- |''Little Women'' |Josephine "Jo" March |Gillian Armstrong | |- |1995 |''How to Make an American Quilt'' |Finn Dodd |Jocelyn Moorhouse | |- | rowspan="3" |1996 |''Boys'' |Patty Vare |Stacy Cochran | |- |''Looking for Richard'' |Lady Anne |Al Pacino |Documentary |- |''The Crucible'' |Abigail Williams |Nicholas Hytner | |- |1997 |''Alien Resurrection'' |Annalee Call |Jean-Pierre Jeunet | |- |1998 |''Celebrity'' |Nola |Woody Allen | |- | rowspan="2" |1999 |''Girl, Interrupted'' |Susanna Kaysen |James Mangold |Also executive producer |- |''Being John Malkovich'' |Herself |Spike Jonze |Archive footage |- | rowspan="2" |2000 |''Autumn in New York'' |Charlotte Fielding |Joan Chen | |- |''Lost Souls'' |Maya Larkin |Janusz Kamiński | |- |2001 |''Zoolander'' |Herself |Ben Stiller |Uncredited cameo |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Mr. Deeds'' |Babe Bennett / Pam Dawson |Steven Brill | |- |''Simone'' |Nicola Anders |Andrew Niccol | |- |2003 |''The Day My God Died'' |Naratur (sora) |Andrew Levine |Voice<br /><br />Documentary; also producer |- |2004 |''The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things'' |Psikolog |Asia Argento |Uncredited |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''The Darwin Awards'' |Siri Taylor |Finn Taylor | |- |''A Scanner Darkly'' |Donna Hawthorne |Richard Linklater | |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''The Ten'' |Kelly LaFonda |David Wain | |- |''Sex and Death 101'' |Gillian De Raisx / Death Nell |Daniel Waters | |- |''Welcome''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psfilmfest.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=20134&FID=37|title=''Welcome''|publisher=Palm Springs International Film Festival –Shortfest|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191653/http://www.psfilmfest.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=20134&FID=37|archivedate=July 27, 2011|accessdate=March 30, 2009|date=August 23, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191653/http://www.psfilmfest.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=20134&FID=37 |date=July 27, 2011 }}</ref> |Cynthia |Kirsten Dunst |Short film |- |2008 |''The Last Word'' |Charlotte Morris |Geoffrey Haley | |- | rowspan="5" |2009 |''Water Pills'' |Carrie |Blake Soper |Short film |- |''The Informers'' |Cheryl Laine |Gregor Jordan | |- |''The Private Lives of Pippa Lee'' |Sandra Dulles |Rebecca Miller | |- |''Stay Cool'' |Scarlet Smith |Michael Polish | |- |''Star Trek'' |Amanda Grayson |J. J. Abrams | |- |2010 |''Black Swan'' |Beth MacIntyre / The Dying Swan |Darren Aronofsky | |- |2011 |''The Dilemma'' |Geneva Backman |Ron Howard | |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''Frankenweenie'' |Elsa Van Helsing |Tim Burton | |- |''The Letter'' |Martine |Jay Anania | |- |''The Iceman'' |Deborah Kuklinski |Ariel Vromen | |- |2013 |''Homefront'' |Sheryl Mott |Gary Fleder | |- |2015 |''Experimenter'' |Sasha Menkin Milgram |Michael Almereyda | |- |2018 |''Destination Wedding'' |Lindsay |Victor Levin | |- |} === Télévisi === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Taun !Judul !Peran ! class="unsortable" |Catetan |- |1994 |''[[The Simpsons]]'' |Allison Taylor (sora) |Épisode: "<nowiki><i>Lisa's Rival</i></nowiki>" |- |1996 |''Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist'' |Winona (sora) |Épisode: "Monte Carlo" |- |1998 |''The Larry Sanders Show'' |dirina |Épisode: "''Another List''" |- |2000 |''Strangers with Candy'' |Fran |Épisode: "''The Last Temptation of Blank''" |- |2001 |''Friends'' |Melissa Warburton |Épisode: "<nowiki><i>The One with Rachel's Big Kiss</i></nowiki>" |- |2002 |''Saturday Night Live'' |Dirina/ ''Host'' |Épisode: "Winona Ryder/Moby" |- |2010 |''When Love Is Not Enough'' |Lois Wilson |Pilem télévisi |- |2013–2014 |''Drunk History'' |Mary Dyer / Peggy Shippen |2 épisodes |- |2014 |''Turks &amp;amp; Caicos'' |Melanie Fall |Pilem télévisi |- |2015 |''Show Me a Hero'' |Vinni Restiano |4 épisodes |- |2016–2025 |''Stranger Things'' |Joyce Byers |Peran utama |- |2020 |''The Plot Against America'' |Evelyn Finkel |Peran utama |} === video musik === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Taun ! scope="col" |Judul ! scope="col" |Artis ! scope="col" |Peran |- | align="center" |1989 |"Debbie Gibson Is Pregnant with My Two-Headed Love Child" |Mojo Nixon & Skid Roper |Debbie Gibson Pangantén Kakandungan |- | align="center" |1990 |"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" |Cher |Dirina / Charlotte Flax |- | align="center" |1992 |"Love Song for a Vampire" |Annie Lennox |Wilhelmina "Mina" Murray |- | align="center" |1993 |"Locked Out" |Crowded House |Dirina |- | align="center" |1998 |"Talk About the Blues" |Jon Spencer Blues Explosion<ref name="ACME">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1430682/winona-ryder-takes-over-reigns-of-blues-explosion-for-new-video/|title=Winona Ryder Takes Over Reigns Of Blues Explosion For New Video|publisher=MTV.Com|accessdate=October 8, 2015|date=October 12, 1998}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223222822/http://www.mtv.com/news/1430682/winona-ryder-takes-over-reigns-of-blues-explosion-for-new-video/ |date=February 23, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="XTRACME">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/jon-spencer-blues-explosion-my-life-in-10-songs-20150323/the-jon-spencer-blues-explosion-talk-about-the-blues-1998-20150319|title=Jon Spencer of the Blues Explosion: My Life in 10 Songs|publisher=RollingStone.Com|accessdate=October 8, 2015|date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> |Jon Spencer |- | align="center" |2012 |"Here with Me" |[[The Killers]] |Mojang lilin |} == Panghargaan jeung nominasi == === Academy Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taun !Katégori !Nominasi dina !Hasil !Ref. |- |1993 |Artis Pangrojong Pangpunjulna |''The Age of Innocence'' |Nominasi |- |1994 |Artis Pangpunjulna |''Little Women'' |Nominasi |} === Panghargaan BAFTA === {| class="wikitable" !Taun !Katégori !Nominasi dina !Hasil !Ref. |- |1993 |Artis Pangrojong Pangpunjulna |''The Age of Innocence'' |Nominasi |- |} === Golden Globe Awards === {| class="wikitable" !Taun !Katégori !Nominasi dina !Hasil !Ref. |- |1991 | rowspan="2" |Artis Pangrojong Pangpunjulna |''Mermaids'' |Nominasi | |- |1993 |''The Age of Innocence'' |Meunang | |- |2016 |Artis Drama Pangpunjulna |''Stranger Things'' |Nominasi | |- |} === Panghargaan Grammy === {| class="wikitable" !Taun !Katégori !Nominasi dina !Hasil !Ref. |- |1996 |Album Guneman pikeun Barudak Pangpunjulna |''The Diary of a Young Girl'' | |} === Panghargaan Screen Actors Guild === {| class="wikitable" !Taun !Katégori !Nominasi dina !Hasil !Ref. |- |1995 | rowspan="2" |Pidangan Pangpunljulna Numutkeun Hiji Adegan |''How to Make an American Quilt'' |Nominasi |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |''Black Swan'' |Nominasi |- |Artis Pangpunjulna dina Mini Seri atawa Pilem |''When Love Is Not Enough'' |Nominasi |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |Artis Drama Pangpunjulna | rowspan="3" |''Stranger Things'' |Meunang |- | rowspan="2" |Rangkéan Drama Pangpunjulna |Nominasi |- |2017 | |- |} == Tumbu éksternal == * [https://www.imdb.com/find/?q=winona%20ryder&ref_=nv_sr_sm Winona Ryder] dina IMDb * [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/winona_ryder Winona Ryder] dina Rotten Tomatoes {{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Winona Ryder|Awards for Winona Ryder]]|list={{GoldenGlobeBestSuppActressMotionPicture 1981–2000}} {{National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress}} {{ScreenActorsGuildAwards EnsembleTVDrama 2010–2019}}}} [[Kategori:Jalma hirup]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1971]] <references /> [[Kategori:Artis Amerika Serikat]] omdodlfpvjpx5k8zmnr67khnlh72aku 0 105017 731850 681239 2026-11-08T12:00:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Senam kégel''' nyaéta senam anu ngalatih kakuatan otot dasar ''panggul.'' Senam kégel diciptakeun dina taun 1940 ku saurang dokter ginékologis asal Amérika, nyaéta dr. Arnold Kégel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yankes.kemkes.go.id/view_artikel/2431/beragam-manfaat-senam-kegel#:~:text=Senam%20Kegel%20atau%20disebut%20juga,kelebihan%20berat%20badan,%20hingga%20operasi.|title=Direktorat Jenderal Pelayanan Kesehatan|website=yankes.kemkes.go.id|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siloamhospitals.com/informasi-siloam/artikel/apa-itu-senam-kegel|title=Rumah sakit dengan pelayanan berkualitas - Siloam Hospitals|website=www.siloamhospitals.com|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref>Ari gunana otot panggul téh nyaéta pikeun ngeureunkeun aliran cai kahampangan. Nguatan otot-otot panggul gunana pikeun ngabantu sangkan nyegah bocorna cai kahampangan, ngaluarkeun gas atawa kotoran sacara teu dihaja.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/14611-kegel-exercises|title=Kegel Exercises: How To Do Them & Benefits|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> Otot dasar ''panggul'' teh nyangga bagian kandung kemih, peujit, jeung ''vagina.'' Otot dasar ''panggul'' ogé ngabantu pungsi awak saperti kahampangan, kabeuratan, jeung séksual.<ref name=":0" /> == Saha nu kudu Ngalakukeun Kégel == Senam kégel sabenerna bisa dilakukeun ku saha waé, awéwé jeung lalaki. Tapi aya di antarana anu geus kudu ngalakukeun ieu senam. Anu geus kudu ngamimitan ngalakukeun senam kégel téh di antarana nyaéta: * Nalika awéwé kakandungan jeung sanggeus ngalahirkeun * Leungitna kontrol kandung kemih (''inkontinensia urine)'' * Rahim turun * Sering ngangkat beban beurat * Wanoja déwasa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.kompas.com/read/xml/2014/08/14/071928423/Siapa.Saja.yang.Perlu.Rajin.Senam.Kegel.|title=Siapa Saja yang Perlu Rajin Senam Kegel?|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> * Anu ngabogaan beurat badan leuwih<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haibunda.com/kehamilan/20240110105011-49-325886/senam-kegel-ketahui-manfaat-dan-cara-melakukannya-untuk-perempuan|title=Senam Kegel, Ketahui Manfaat dan Cara Melakukannya untuk Wanita|website=kehamilan|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> == Cara Ngalakukeun Senam Kégel == Senam kégel téh kaitung babari jeung praktis. Sarta teu ngabutuhkeun pakéan husus, sarta bisa dilakukeun bari diuk atawa bari nangtung. Ieu di handap léngkah-léngkah ngalakukeun senam kégel: # Kanyahokeun otot ''panggul'' handap ku cara ngeureunkeun kaluarna kahampangan. Otot anu nahan cikahampangan éta anu disebut otot ''panggul'' handap.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/kegel-exercises/art-20045283|title=How to squeeze in kegels all day long|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/best-seller/senam-kegel/|title=5 Manfaat Senam Kegel dan Cara Melakukannya dengan Benar dan Tepat|website=Best Seller Gramedia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> # Upama geus ngarasakeun otot ''panggul,'' pantengkeun (pageuhan) otot sarta tahan 5 detik, satuluyna lemeskeun deui. Nalika mantengkeun otot, singkahan mantengkeun otot beuteung, pingping jeung bobokong. Tetep napas kalayan santéy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://yankes.kemkes.go.id/view_artikel/2431/beragam-manfaat-senam-kegel#:~:text=Senam%20Kegel%20atau%20disebut%20juga,kelebihan%20berat%20badan,%20hingga%20operasi.|title=Direktorat Jenderal Pelayanan Kesehatan|website=yankes.kemkes.go.id|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> # Upama geus biasa, urang bisa ngaronjakeun durasi nepi ka 5-10 detik.<ref name=":3" /> # Atur napas sarta ngalakukeun senam dina kaayaan anu santéy, dilakukeun sakurang-kurangna 4-6 kali sapoé.<ref name=":3" /> == Mangpaat Senam Kégel == Senam kégel mangrupa olah raga (senam) anu dipokuskeun pikeun ngalatih kakuatan otot ''panggul.'' Senam kegel dilakukeun pikeun ngungkulan sababaraha rupa masalah di antarana: * ''Urinary incontinence'' (bocor kahampangan) * ''Urge incontinence'' (hayang kahampangan dadakan) * ''Fecal incontinence'' (kotoran bocor) * ''Pelvic organ prolapse'' (organ ''panggul'' kendor atawa ngajendol ka jero ''vagina'').<ref name=":0" /> Sajaba ti éta, kégel ogé bisa ngaronjatkeun kaséhatan séksual sarta ngaronjatkeun orgasme. Senam kégel, saupama dilakukeun sacara terus-terusan bisa karasa mangpaatna, boh ku lalaki boh ku awéwé.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/kebugaran/olahraga-lainnya/fakta-senam-kegel/|title=5 Fakta Seputar Senam Kegel yang Perlu Anda Ketahui• Hello Sehat|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-03-10}}</ref> Senam kégel ogé mangpaatna bisa karasa ku para lanjut usia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stikestelogorejo.ac.id/2022/12/17/tidak-hanya-untuk-bumil-ini-manfaat-kegel-untuk-lansia/|title=Tidak Hanya untuk Bumil, Ini Manfaat Kegel untuk Lansia|last=Telogorejo|first=STIKES|website=STIKES Telogorejo Semarang|language=en-US|accessdate=2024-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310114510/https://www.stikestelogorejo.ac.id/2022/12/17/tidak-hanya-untuk-bumil-ini-manfaat-kegel-untuk-lansia/|archivedate=2024-03-10}}</ref> Mangpaat senam kégel bisa dirasakeun dina 3-6 minggu.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Kaséhatan]] [[Kategori:Kasehatan wanoja]] px6bbxz5c1s1fg1enimioitob9f0nni 0 105239 731985 711853 2026-11-08T22:51:01Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tibia - frontal view.png|jempol|right|150px|Anatomi bincurang.]] Bincurang (Basa Indonésia: tulang kering; [[Basa Inggris]]: tibia) nyaéta salasahiji [[tulang]] bitis anu panggedéna sarta pangkuatna. Ieu tulang perenahna aya di handapeun [[tuur]] sarta luhureun [[mumuncangan]].<ref name="Gray">{{cite book |last=Standring |first=Susan |title=Gray's Anatomy |publisher=Elsevier |year=2015 |isbn=978-0702052309}}</ref><ref name="Rig">Rigg, Jonathan (1862). "A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java". Universitas Harvard: Lange.</ref> Dina anatomi manusa, bincurang téh mangrupa tulang kadua panggedéna saatos tulang [[pingping]] (fémur), sarta miboga pancén utama pikeun nyangga beurat awak.<ref name="Bridges">{{cite web |title=Tibia (Shin Bone): Anatomy, Function, and Common Conditions |url=https://www.verywellhealth.com/tibia-anatomy-4684000 |access-date=2026-01-25 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="GrayStudent">{{cite book |last1=Drake |first1=Richard L. |last2=Vogl |first2=A. Wayne |last3=Mitchell|first3=Adam W. M.| year=2010 |title=Gray´s Anatomy for Students |url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyfors0000drak_u8f5 |edition=2nd | isbn =978-0-443-06952-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyfors0000drak_u8f5/page/558 558]–560 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier }}</ref> == Struktur jeung Fungsi == Bincurang perenahna di bagian sisi ''médial'' (jero) bitis sarta bisa karaba langsung dina handapeun kulit sajajar jeung tulang [[Ciséké]] (''fibula''). Ieu tulang miboga tilu bagian utama: * '''Epifisis proksimal''': Bagian luhur anu nyambung jeung tulang [[pingping]] (fémur) sarta ngawangun sendi [[tuur]]. * '''Diafisis''': Bagian tengah atawa tangkal tulang anu bentukna prismatik sanyidat (segitiga). Bagian hareupna miboga sisi anu seukeut, anu dina basa sapopoé sok disebut "tulang kering" sabab perenahna langsung di handapeun kulit. * '''Epifisis distal''': Bagian handap anu ngawangun sendi [[mumuncangan]], di mana aya tonjolan anu disebut ''malleolus médial''.<ref name="Moore">{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Keith L. |last2=Dalley |first2=Arthur F. |last3=Agur |first3=Anne M. R. |title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy |edition=7th |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |year=2013 |pages=670-675 |isbn=978-1451119459}}</ref> Fungsi utama bincurang di antarana: * Panunjel beurat awak: Bincurang nyaéta tulang utama anu nanggung beban nalika manusa leumpang, lumpat, atawa nangtung.<ref name="KenHub">{{cite web |title=Tibia: Anatomy, surfaces and landmarks |url=https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-tibia |publisher=KenHub |access-date=2026-01-27 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Panghubung sandi: Ngabentuk bagian tina sandi tuur (di luhur) sarta sandi mumuncangan (di handap).<ref name="Danadibrata">Danadibrata, R.A. (2006). "Kamus Basa Sunda". Bandung: Panitia Penerbitan Kamus Basa Sunda.</ref> * Sinyal kasaimbangan: Babarengan jeung tulang ciséké (fibula), bincurang mantuan ngajaga stabilitas sandi mumuncangan.<ref name="AJSM">Huson, A. (2018). "Biomechanical Aspects of the Tibia". The American Journal of Sports Medicine.</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} {{Anatomi manusa}} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Anatomi]] [[Kategi:Anatomi manusa]] iwlc72e6yojjbvx1qoc3tfmzywbxcjq 0 105331 732000 712393 2026-11-09T04:46:27Z Rafka Aditia 29183 /* Harti taksonomi */ taxonomi → taksonomi 732000 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.2em; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background: #ccf;" | Taksonomi |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip nij.svg|220px]]<br /><small>Hierarki klasifikasi biologis.</small> |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Widang élmu | [[Biologi]], [[Sistematika]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Objék | Organisme (Hirup & Fosil) |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Konsep konci | [[Takson]], [[Klasifikasi ilmiah]], [[Nomenklatur]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #ddf;" | Inohong | [[Carl Linnaeus]], [[A.P. de Candolle]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: #ccf;" | Tingkatan Takson |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | * [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]] * [[Karajaan (biologi)|Karajaan]] * [[Filum]] / [[Divisi (biologi)|Divisi]] * [[Kelas (biologi)|Kelas]] * [[Ordo (biologi)|Ordo]] * [[Kulawarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]] * [[Marga (biologi)|Marga]] * [[Spésiés]] |} '''Taksonomi (biologi)''' nyaéta élmu pangaweruh anu maluruh ngeunaan tata ngaran papasingan (klasifikasi), sarta idéntifikasi [[organismeu]] dumasar kana kasarimbagan ciri-cirina. Dina sistem ieu, organismeu digolongkeun kana sababaraha tingkatan anu disebut [[taksa]] (tunggal: [[takson]]). Organismeu disusun sacara ngaruntuy (hirarki) ti mimiti tingkatan anu paling umum nepi ka anu paling spésifik. Ku ayana ieu hirarki, unggal golongan taksonomi; grup tina pangkat nu tangtu bisa dikumpulkeun pikeun ngabentuk grup anu undakanna leuwih luhur sarta ''inklusif'', sahingga nyiptakeun rundayan/''hirarki'' taksonomi. Rundayan poko dina pamakéan modérn nyaéta: * ''[[Domain]]'' * [[Karajaan]] * ''[[Filum]]'' (pikeun sato) atawa [[Divisi]] (pikeun tutuwuhan), * [[Kelas]], * ''[[Ordo]]'' * [[Kulawarga]] * ''[[Génus]]'' * [[Spésiés]] Ahli botani ti [[Swédia]], [[Carl Linnaeus]] dianggap salaku anu mitembeyan dina ngadegkeun sistem taksonomi nu aya kiwari, sakumaha anjeunna ngembangkeun sistem réngking nu katelah ''[[Linnaean taxonomy]]'' pikeun ngategorikeun organismeu, sarta sistem tata ngaran [[binomial nomenklatur]] pikeun méré ngaran ilmiah ka mahluk hirup. Balukarna ayana kamajuan dina téori, data, sareng téknologi ''analitik sistematika biologis'', sistem Linnaéan téh kiwari geus mekar jadi ''sistem klasifikasi biologis'' modérn, Ieu sistem anyar miboga tujuan pikeun nembongkeun hubungan [[évolusi]] di antara rupa-rupa organismeu, boh nu masih hirup boh anu geus tumpur. Wangenan (définisi) ngeunaan taksonomi téh mémang béda-béda gumantung kana sumberna. Sanajan kitu, dina prak-prakanna mah ieu élmu téh tetep museur kana tilu hal utama, nyaéta: [[konsép]], [[tata ngaran]], sarta [[papasingan]] (klasifikasi) golongan organismeu. == Harti taksonomi == Wangenan définisi ngeunaan taksonomi téh mémang béda-béda gumantung kana sumberna. Sanajan kitu, dina prak-prakanna mah ieu élmu téh tetep museur kana tilu hal utama: [[konsép]], [[tata ngaran]], sarta [[papasingan]] ngaklasifikasikeun golongan organismeu.<ref name="Wilkins2011">{{Cite web |url=http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |title=What is systematics and what is taxonomy? |last=Wilkins |first=J. S. |date=5 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=21 August 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |date=27 August 2016 }}</ref> Salaku bahan babandingan, ieu di handap aya sababaraha wangenan panganyarna ngeunaan taksonom taksonomi saperti handap ieu: # Téori sarta prakték dina ngagolongkeun individu kana tingkatan spésiés, nu tuluy disusun jadi kelompok anu leuwih gedé, sarta dibéré ngaran éta grup, sahingga ngahasilkeun klasifikasi anu jéntré.<ref name="Judd">{{Cite book |title=Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach |last1=Judd |first1=W. S. |last2=Campbell |first2=C. S. |last3=Kellogg |first3=E. A. |last4=Stevens |first4=P. F. |last5=Donoghue |first5=M. J. |date=2007 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |edition=3rd |location=Sunderland |chapter=Taxonomy}}</ref> # Hiji widang élmu (sarta komponén utama [[sistematika]]) anu ngawengku katerangan, idéntifikasi, [[tata ngaran]], jeung klasifikasi<ref name="Simpson">{{Cite book |title=Plant Systematics |url=https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0000simp |last=Simpson |first=Michael G. |date=2010 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780123743800 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 1 Plant Systematics: an Overview}}</ref> # Élmu klasifikasi, dina susunan organismeu biologi kana hiji klasifikasi.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Kirk |editor-first1=P. M. |editor-last2=Cannon |editor-first2=P. F. |editor-last3=Minter |editor-first3=D. W. |editor-last4=Stalpers |editor-first4=J. A. |date=2008 |chapter=Taxonomy |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI}}</ref> # "Élmu klasifikasi sakumaha dilarapkeun ka organismeu hirup, kaasup élmu ngeunaan cara ''formasi'' spésiés, jsb."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Science and Technology |date=1988 |publisher=W. R. Chambers Ltd. and Cambridge University Press |editor-last=Walker |editor-first=P. M. B.}}</ref> # "Analisis karakteristik hiji organismeu pikeun tujuan klasifikasi"<ref name="Henderson">{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-PLgy6DWe0wC |title=Henderson's Dictionary Of Biology |last=Lawrence |first=E. |date=2005 |publisher=Pearson/Prentice Hall |isbn=9780131273849}}</ref> # "Studi sistimatika [[filogéni]] pikeun nyadiakeun pola nu bisa ditarjamahkeun kana klasifikasi jeung ngaran widang taksonomi nu leuwih inklusif" (didaptarkeun salaku harti nu dipikahoyong tapi teu ilahar)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wheeler |first=Quentin D. |title=Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny |date=2004 |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |editor1-first=H. C. J. |editor1-last=Godfray |editor2-first=S. |editor2-last=Knapp |volume=359: Taxonomy for the twenty-first century |pages=571–583 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1452 |pmc=1693342 |pmid=15253345 |author-link=Quentin D. Wheeler |issue=1444}}</ref> Watesan anu rupa-rupa boh nempatkeun taksonomi salaku sub-wewengkon sistematika (harti 2), balikkeun éta hubungan (harti 6), atawa sigana nganggap dua istilah sinonim. Aya sababaraha kaayaan teu satuju naha ''[[nomenclature biologis]]'' dianggap bagian tina taksonomi (definisi 1 jeung 2), atawa bagian tina sistematika luar taksonomi.<ref name="Herbarium">{{Cite web |title=Nomenclature, Names, and Taxonomy |url= http://herbarium.usu.edu:80/teaching/4420/botnom.htm |date=2005 |website=Intermountain Herbarium |publisher=Utah State University |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161123030604/http://herbarium.usu.edu/teaching/4420/botnom.htm |archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent">{{cite book |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |title=The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature |date=3 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=9781003092827 |pages=xv + 209 |doi=10.1201/9781003092827 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905140719/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin |url-status=live }}</ref> Salaku conto, harti 6 dipasangkeun jeung harti sistematika handap nu nempatkeun tata ngaran luar taksonomi:<ref name="Henderson" /> * ''Sistimétika'': "Ulikan ngeunaan idéntifikasi, taksonomi, jeung tata ngaran organisme, kaasup klasifikasi mahluk hirup nu patali jeung hubungan alam maranéhanana sarta ulikan ngeunaan variasi jeung évolusi taksa". Dina taun 1970, Michener '' jeung nu lian.'' ngadéfinisikeun "biologi sistimatis" jeung "taksonomi" (istilah anu mindeng bingung tur dipaké silih tukeur) patalina jeung nu séjénna saperti ieu di handap:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michener |first1=Charles D. |first2=John O. |last2=Corliss |first3=Richard S. |last3=Cowan |first4=Peter H. |last4=Raven |first5=Curtis W. |last5=Sabrosky |first6=Donald S. |last6=Squires |first7=G. W. |last7=Wharton |date=1970 |title=Systematics In Support of Biological Research |publisher=Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> <blockquote> sistimatis biologi (engkéna disebut saukur sistematika) nyaéta widang anu: (a) nyadiakeun ngaran ilmiah pikeun organismeu, (b) ngajelaskeun aranjeunna, (c) ngawétkeun koléksi aranjeunna, (d) nyadiakeun klasifikasi pikeun organismeu, konci pikeun idéntifikasi maranéhanana, sarta data ngeunaan sebaran maranéhanana, (é) nalungtik sajarah évolusionér maranéhna, jeung (f) tinimbangan adaptasi lingkungan maranéhanana. Ieu mangrupikeun kaayaan anu gaduh sajarah panjang anu dina taun-taun ayeuna parantos ngalaman ronjotan anu kasohor, utamana ngeunaan eusi téoritis. Bagian tina bahan téoritis aya hubunganana sareng daérah évolusionér (jéjér é sareng f di luhur), sésana patali utamana jeung masalah klasifikasi. Taksonomi nyaéta bagian tina Sistematika anu patali jeung jejer (a) nepi ka (d) di luhur. </blockquote> Sakabeh sét istilah kaasup taksonomi, biologi sistimatis, [[sistematika]], klasifikasi ilmiah, klasifikasi biologis, jeung [[filogenetik]] sakapeung mibanda maksud anu papalimpang– sakapeung sarua, sakapeung beda saeutik, ngan sok pacorok.<ref name="Wilkins2011" /><ref name="Small1989">{{Cite journal |last=Small |first=Ernest |date=1989 |title=Systematics of Biological Systematics (Or, Taxonomy of Taxonomy) |journal=Taxon |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=335–356 |doi=10.2307/1222265 |jstor=1222265}}</ref> Harti anupang legana "taksonomi" dipaké didieu. Istilah ieu di tepangkeun dina taun 1813 ku [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|de Candolle]], dina milikna ''[[Théorie élémentaire de la botanique]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&pg=PA20 |title=Plant systematics: An integrated approach |last=Singh |first=Gurcharan |date=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |isbn=9781578083510 |page=20 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[John Lindley]] disadiakeun définisi awal sistematika dina taun 1830, sanajan manéhna nulis ngeunaan "sistematis botani" tinimbang ngagunakeun istilah "sistematika".<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilkins |first=J. S. |url=http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |title=What is systematics and what is taxonomy? |work=EvolvingThoughts.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827124330/http://evolvingthoughts.net/2011/02/what-is-systematics-and-what-is-taxonomy/ |date=27 August 2016 }}</ref> Urang Éropa resep ngagunakeun istilah "sistematika" jeung "biosistematika" pikeun ulikan ngeunaan ''biodiversity'' sacara gembleng, sedengkeun Amérika Kalér leuwih remen ngagunakeun "taksonomi".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brusca |first1=R. C. |last2=Brusca |first2=G. J. |date=2003 |title=Invertebrates |url=https://archive.org/details/invertebrates0002brus |edition=2nd |location=Sunderland, Massachusetts |publisher=Sinauer Associates |page=[https://archive.org/details/invertebrates0002brus/page/27 27]}}</ref> Tapi, taksonomi, sareng hususna ''[[taksonomi alfa]]'', langkung spésifikna idéntifikasi, déskripsi, sareng nami (nyaéta, nomenklatur/tata ngaran) organismeu.<ref name="Fortey">{{Cite book |last=Fortey |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Fortey |date=2008 |title=Dry Store Room No. 1: The Secret Life of the Natural History Museum |url=https://archive.org/details/drystoreroomno1s0000fort |location=London |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=9780007209897}}</ref> Sedengkeun "klasifikasi" museurkeun kana nempatkeun organismeu dina grup hirarki anu némbongkeun hubungan maranéhanana jeung organismeu séjén. === Monograf jeung révisi taksonomi === Hiji '''révisi taksonomi''' atawa '''résénsi taksonomi''' mangrupa pedaran analisis ngeunaan pola variasi dina [[takson]] anu tinangtu. Analisis ieu tiasa dilaksanakeun dumasar kana kombinasi naon waé tina sababaraha jinis karakter anu sayogi, sapertos [[morfologis]], [[anatomi]], [[palinologis]], [[biokimia]] sareng [[génetik]]. [[monograf]] atanapi révisi lengkep nyaéta révisi anu kompréhénsif keur takson pikeun inpormasi anu dipasihkeun dina waktos anu tangtu, sareng pikeun sakuliah dunya. Révisi séjén (parsial) bisa diwatesan dina harti yén maranéhna ngan bisa ngagunakeun sababaraha sét karakter sadia atawa boga wates wengkuan husus. Révisi ngahasilkeun konformasi atanapi wawasan anyar dina hubungan antara subtaksa dina takson anu ditalungtik, nu bisa ngakibatkeun parobahan dina klasifikasi subtaxa ieu, idéntifikasi subtaxa anyar, atawa ngahiji tina subtaxa saméméhna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maxted |first=Nigel |date=1992 |title=Towards Defining a Taxonomic Revision Methodology |url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_1992-11_41_4/page/653 |journal=Taxon |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=653–660 |doi=10.2307/1222391 |jstor=1222391}}</ref> === Aksara taksonomi === Karakter taksonomi nyaéta mangrupa ''atribut taksonomi'' anu bisa dipaké pikeun méré bukti di mana hubungan ([[filogéni]]) antara taksa dipuguhkeun.<ref name="Hennig 1965">{{cite journal |last1=Hennig |first1=Willi |title=Phylogenetic Systematics |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=January 1965 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=97–116 |doi=10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |issn=0066-4170 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101423/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000525 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |date=1991 |title=Principles of Systematic Zoology |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofsyst0000mayr_s2i3 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofsyst0000mayr_s2i3/page/159 159]}}</ref> Jinis karakter taksonomi ngawengku:<ref>Mayr, Ernst (1991), p. 162.</ref> {{div col|colwidth=35em}} * [[Morfologis (biologi)|Morfologis]] Karakter; ciri mandiri ** Umum éksternal [[Morfologis (biologi)|Morfologis]] ** Struktur husus (misalna., [[alat sanggama]]) ** Morfologi internal ([[anatomi]]) ** [[Émbriologi]] ** [[Karyologi]] jeung lianna ''[[cytological]]'' ''faktor'' * [[Fisiologis]] karakter ** [[paktor métabolik]] ** sékrési awak ** ''Faktor'' sterility gén * [[Molekul]] karakter ** Jarak imunologis ** Béda éléktroforétik ** Runtuyan protéin asam amino ** DNA ''hibridisasi'' ** Runtuyan DNA jeung RNA ** Watesan ''endonuclease'' nganalisa ** Bédana molekular séjén * ''[[Behavioral]]'' karakter ** Tatacara jeung mékanismeu isolasi ''ethological'' séjén ** Pola kabiasaan séjén * ''[[Ecological]]'' karakter ** Kabiasaan jeung habitat ** Kadaharan ** Robahna usum-usuman ** Sabangsaning parasit * [[Géografis]] karakter ** Umum ''[[biogeographic distribution]]'' pola ** hubungan populasi [[Simpatric]]-[[allopatric]] {{div col end}} === Alfa jeung béta taksonomi === {{distinguish|Alpha diversity}} Syaratna "'''taksonomi alfa'''" utamana dipaké pikeun ngarujuk kana disiplin tatacarana manggihan, ngajéntrékeun, jeung ngaranan [[taxa]]na, spésiés utamana .<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Dina litelatur saméméhna, istilah éta miboga harti anu béda, jeung produk panalungtikan nepi ka ahir abad ka-19.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosselló-Mora |first1=Ramon |last2=Amann |first2=Rudolf |date=1 January 2001 |title=The species concept for prokaryotes |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=39–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00571.x |issn=1574-6976 |pmid=11152940|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[William Bertram Turrill]] ngawanohkeun istilah "taksonomi alfa" dina runtuyan makalah anu medal dina taun 1935 ogé 1937 di mana anjeunna ngaguar filsafat jeung nyawang disiplin taksonomi dina mangsa nu baris datang. {{sfn|Turrill|1938}}<blockquote> ... Aya kahayang anu beuki gedé diantara para ahli taksonomi pikeun nganggap masalahna dina panempo anu langkung lega, pikeun nalungtik kemungkinan gawé babarengan leuwih deukeut jeung cytological maranéhanana, koléga ékologis jeung genetika sarta pikeun ngaku yén sababaraha révisi atawa ékspansi, meureun alam drastis, tujuan jeung métode maranéhanana, bisa jadi desirable ... Turrill (1935) geus ngusulkeun yén bari narima taksonomi invaluable heubeul, dumasar kana struktur, jeung merenah ditunjuk "alfa", kasebut nyaéta dimungkinkeun pikeun sawangan urang anu jauh taxonomy diwangun dina salega dasar fakta morfologis jeung fisiologis jéntré, jeung hiji nu "tempat kapanggih pikeun sakabéh data observasi jeung ékspérimén patali, sanajan teu langsung, kana konstitusi, kana konstitusi, asal, jeung kabiasaan spésiés jeung grup taksonomi séjén". Cita-cita tiasa, bisa disebutkeun, pernah jadi sagemblengna sadar. Aranjeunna ngagaduhan, anu mana, niléy hébat akting salaku stimulan permanén, jeung lamun urang boga sababaraha, malah samar, idéal hiji "omega" taksonomi urang bisa maju saeutik handap alfabét Yunani. Sababaraha urang nyenangkeun diri sorangan ku mikir urang ayeuna groping dina taksonomi "béta".{{sfn|Turrill|1938}}</blockquote> Turrill antukna sacara éksplisit ngaluarkeun tina alfa taksonomi sagala rupa wewengkon tina ulikan yén anjeunna kaasup kana taksonomi sakabéhna, kayaning ékologi, fisiologi, génétika, jeung sitologi. Anjeunna salajengna ngaluarkeun rekonstruksi filogenetik tina taksonomi alfa.{{sfn|Turrill|1938|pp=365–366}} Engké pangarang geus dipaké istilah dina hiji béda rasa, hartina wates spésiés (sanés subspésiés atawa taksa tina jajaran séjén), ngagunakeun naon waé téhnik investigative sadia, jeung kaasup téhnik komputasi atawa laboratorium canggih.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steyskal |first=G. C. |date=1965 |title=Trend curves of the rate of species description in zoology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1965-08-20_149_3686/page/880 |journal=Science |volume=149 |issue=3686 |pages= 880–882 |bibcode=1965Sci...149..880S |doi=10.1126/science.149.3686.880 |pmid=17737388|s2cid=36277653}}</ref><ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Ku kituna, [[Ernst Mayr]] dina taun 1968 didefinisikeun "'''beta taxonomy'''" salaku klasifikasi pangkat leuwih luhur ti spésiés (jenis).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |title=The Role of Systematics in Biology: The study of all aspects of the diversity of life is one of the most important concerns in biology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1968-02-09_159_3815/page/595 |date=9 February 1968 |journal=Science |volume=159 |issue=3815 |pages=595–599 |bibcode=1968Sci...159..595M |doi=10.1126/science.159.3815.595 |pmid=4886900 |author-link=Ernst Mayr}}</ref><blockquote>Hiji pamahaman biologis hartina tina variasi jeung tina nu évolusionér asal grup spésiés patali malah leuwih penting pikeun tahap kadua aktivitas taksonomi, diurutkeun spésiés kana grup baraya ("taxa") jeung susunan maranéhanana dina hirarki kategori luhur. Kagiatan ieu anu dimaksud klasifikasi istilah; Éta ogé disebut "taksonomi béta".</blockquote> === Mikrotaksonomi jeung makrotaksonomi === {{Main|Species problem}} Kumaha spésiés kudu dihartikeun dina hiji grup husus organisme méré naék kana masalah praktis jeung téoritis anu disebut salaku [[masalah spésiés]]. Karya ilmiah mutuskeun kumaha nangtukeun spésiés geus disebut microtaxonomy.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |date=1982 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674364462 |chapter=Chapter 6: Microtaxonomy, the science of species |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703072557/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |title=Result of Your Query |website=biological-concepts.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170414/http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |archive-date=5 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170414/http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1508 |date=5 April 2017 }}</ref><ref name="BiologyDiscussion">{{Cite news |url=http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/taxonomy/taxonomy-meaning-levels-periods-and-role/32373 |title=Taxonomy: Meaning, Levels, Periods and Role |date=27 May 2016 |work=Biology Discussion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073645/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/taxonomy/taxonomy-meaning-levels-periods-and-role/32373 |archive-date=5 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073645/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/taxonomy/taxonomy-meaning-levels-periods-and-role/32373 |date=5 April 2017 }}</ref> Ku éksténsi, makrotaksonomi nyaéta ulikan ngeunaan grup dina subgenus [[pangkat taksonomi]] nu leuwih luhur.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> atawa ngan saukur dina clades nu ngawengku leuwih ti hiji takson dianggap specie as, dinyatakeun dina istilah [[nomenklatur filogenetik]].<ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020">{{cite book |last1=Cantino |first1=Philip D. |last2=de Queiroz |first2=Kevin |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode): A Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature |date=29 April 2020 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-0429821356 |pages=xl + 149 |url=https://www.routledge.com/International-Code-of-Phylogenetic-Nomenclature-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino/p/book/9781138332829 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014042402/https://www.routledge.com/International-Code-of-Phylogenetic-Nomenclature-PhyloCode/Queiroz-Cantino/p/book/9781138332829 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Sajarah == Sedengkeun sawatara pedaran ngeunaan taksonomi sajarah nyoba tanggal taksonomi ka peradaban kuna, usaha sabenerna ilmiah pikeun ngaklasifikasikeun organismeu teu lumangsung nepi ka abad ka-18, iwal mungkin Aristoteles, nu karya pituduh di taksonomi. <ref name="Voultsiadou & Vafidis 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Voultsiadou |first1=Eleni |last2=Vafidis |first2=Dimitris |title=Marine invertebrate diversity in Aristotle's zoology |journal=Contributions to Zoology |date=1 January 2007 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=103–120 |doi=10.1163/18759866-07602004 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07602004 |issn=1875-9866 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425063507/https://brill.com/view/journals/ctoz/76/2/article-p103_4.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Voultsiadou et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Voultsiadou |first1=Eleni |last2=Gerovasileiou |first2=Vasilis |last3=Vandepitte |first3=Leen |last4=Ganias |first4=Kostas |last5=Arvanitidis |first5=Christos |title=Aristotle's scientific contributions to the classification, nomenclature and distribution of marine organisms |journal=Mediterranean Marine Science |date=2017 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=468–478 |doi=10.12681/mms.13874 |issn=1791-6763 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Karya-karya saméméhna utamana déskriptif sarta museur kana tatangkalan anu mangpaat dina tatanén atawa ubar. Aya sababaraha tahap dina pamikiran ilmiah ieu. Taksonomi mimiti dumasar kana kritéria saayana, nu disebut "sistem jieunan", kaasup [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]'s Sistim klasifikasi seksual pikeun tutuwuhan (Linnaeus's 1735 classification of animals was entitled "[[Sistema Alam]]" ("the System of Nature"), implying yén manéhna, sahenteuna, percaya yén éta leuwih ti hiji "sistem jieunan"). Kadieunakeun sumping sistem dumasar kana tinimbangan leuwih lengkep tina ciri taksa, disebut salaku "sistem alam", kayaning tina pamadegan [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|de Jussieu]] (1789), de Candolle (1813) sarta [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1862–1863). Klasifikasi ieu ngajelaskeun pola émpiris sareng pra-[[évolusi]] dina pamikiran. Publikasi tina [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' (1859) ngabalukarkeun katerangan anyar pikeun klasifikasi, dumasar kana hubungan évolusionér. Ieu konsép [[filotik]] sistem, ti 1883 saterusna. Ieu dumasar pamadegan [[August Eichler|Eichler]] (1883) sarta [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] (1886–1892). Datangna tina [[cladistic]] metodologi dina 1970an ngarah kana klasifikasi dumasar kana hiji-hijina kritéria [[monofil]], dirojong ku ayana [[synapomorphies]]. Ti saprak éta, dasar evidentiary geus dimekarkeun kalawan data ti [[genetik molekular]] nu keur sabagian complements tradisional [[Morfologi]].{{sfn|Datta|1988}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}}{{sfn|Stace|1989}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}}{{sfn|Stuessy|2009}}{{page needed|date=July 2019}} === Saméméh-Linnaean === ==== Ahli taksonomi mimiti ==== Ngaran jeung klasifikasi lingkungan manusa kawasnamah dimimitian ku awal basa. Ngabédakeun tutuwuhan kana pepelakan matak weureu sareng anu tiasa didahar tayalian integral pikeun kalumangsungan hirup tina masarakat manusa. Ilustrasi tutuwuhan ubar muncul dina lukisan témbok Mesir ti {{Circa|1500 BC}}, nunjukkeun yén pamakéan spésiés béda anu dipikaharti sarta yén hiji taksonomi dasar aya dina tempat.<ref name="Manktelow">{{cite web |last=Manktelow |first=M. |date=2010 |url=http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |title=History of Taxonomy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529020546/http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Dept. of Systematic Biology, [[Uppsala University]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529020546/http://atbi.eu/summerschool/files/summerschool/Manktelow_Syllabus.pdf |date=29 May 2015 }}</ref> ==== Jaman Baheula ==== {{further|Aristotle's biology#Classification}} [[File:Huang-Quan-Xie-sheng-zhen-qin-tu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|''Gambaran tina sato langka'' (写生珍禽图), ti [[Song dinasti]] digambar ku [[Huang Quan (painter)|Huang Quan]] (903–965)]] Organismeu munggaran digolongkeun ku [[Aristoteles]] ([[Yunani]], 384–322 BC) salila anjeunna maneuh di [[Lesbos|Pulo Lesbos]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |date=1982 |title=The Growth of Biological Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/growthofbiologic00mayr |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref><ref name="Palaeos">{{Cite web |url= http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |title= History of Taxonomy |website= Palaeos |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170331022648/http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |archive-date= 31 March 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331022648/http://palaeos.com/taxonomy/history.html |date=31 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> Anjeunna ngagolongkeun mahluk dumasar bagian maranéhanana, atawa dina istilah modern ''atribut'', kayaning hirup tina anakan, ngabogaan opat suku, [[endog]], [[getih]] atawa panas awaka.[38] Anjeunna ngabagi sakabeh mahluk hirup kana dua golongan: tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan..<ref name="Roanoke">{{Cite web |url= http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/courses/genomics_course/roanoke/bio101ch20.htm |title=Biology 101, Ch 20 |date=23 March 1998 |website=cbs.dtu.dk |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170628023508/http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/courses/genomics_course/roanoke/bio101ch20.htm |archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> He divided all living things into two groups: [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s.<ref name="Palaeos" /> Sawatara kelompokna sato, sapertos ''Anhaima'' (sato henteu mibanda getih, ditarjamahkeun salaku [[invertebrata]]) sarta ''Enhaima'' (sasatoan anu mibanda [[getih]], kasarna téh sabangsaning [[vertebrata]]), sakumaha ogé kawas grup sabangsaning [[hiu]] jeung [[cetacean]], anu ilahar dipaké.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science |title-link=Aristotle's Lagoon |last=Leroi |first=Armand Marie |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781408836224 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lagoonhowaristot0000lero_m5a9/page/384 384]–395 |author-link=Armand Marie Leroi}}</ref><ref name="von Lieven & Humar 2008">{{cite journal |last1=von Lieven |first1=Alexander Fürst |last2=Humar |first2=Marcel |title=A Cladistic Analysis of Aristotle's Animal Groups in the "Historia animalium" |journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |date=2008 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=227–262 |jstor=23334371 |pmid=19203017 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23334371 |issn=0391-9714 |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127081940/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23334371 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Laurin & Humar 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |last2=Humar |first2=Marcel |title=Phylogenetic signal in characters from Aristotle's History of Animals |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |date=2022 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a1 |language=fr |doi-access=free }}</ref> muridna [[Theophrastus]] (Yunani, 370–285 BC) ngalaksanakeun tradisi ieu, mentioning sababaraha 500 tutuwuhan jeung kagunaan maranéhanana di na ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia Plantarum]]''. Sababaraha tutuwuhan [[Genus|genera]] bisa disusud deui ka Theophrastus, sapertos ''[[Cornus (genus)|Cornus]]'', ''[[Crocus]]'', sarta ''[[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]]''.<ref name="Palaeos" /> ==== Abad Pertengahan==== Taksonomi dina [[Abad Pertengahan]] ieu sakitu legana dumasar kana[[Sistim Aristoteles]],<ref name="Roanoke" /> kalawan tambahan ngeunaan tatanan filosofis jeung ''existential'' mahluk. Ieu kalebet konsép sapertos éta [[ranté sasatoan anu ageung]] tradisi ​​di Kulon ''[[skolastik]]'',<ref name="Roanoke" /> deui deriving pamustunganana ti Aristoteles. Sistim Aristotelian teu ngaklasifikasikeun tutuwuhan anapon sabangsaning [[supa]], alatan kurangna mikroskop dina waktos éta.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> sakumaha gagasan na dumasar kana nyusun dunya lengkep dina hiji kontinum tunggal, sapertos 'scala naturae'' (tangga alam).<ref name="Palaeos" /> Ieu, ogé, dibawa kana tinimbangan dina ranté gedé sasatoan.<ref name="Palaeos" /> Kamajuan anu dilakukeun ku élmuwan sapertos [[Procopius]], [[Timotheus of Gaza]], [[Demetrios Pepagomenos]], ogé [[Thomas Aquinas]]. Pamikir abad ''pertengahan'' ngagunakeun ''categorizations filosofis'' jeung ''logis abstrak'' leuwih cocog kana filsafat abstrak batan taksonomi pragmatis..<ref name="Palaeos" /> ==== Renaissance jeung mimiti modern ==== Dina mangsa [[Renaissance]] atawa ''[[Jaman Pencerahan]],'' categorizing organismeu janten langkung umum,<ref name="Palaeos" /> jeung karya taksonomi jadi cukup ambisius pikeun ngaganti téks kuna. Ieu dipangaruhan ku ayana ngembangkeun lénsa optik canggih, nu ngidinan morfologi organismeu bisa diulik leuwih jéntré. Salah sahiji pangarang pangheubeulna pikeun ngamangpaatkeun ieu téhnologi éta dokter ti Italia [[Andrea Cesalpino]] (1519–1603), anu disebut "the first taxonomist".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino |title=Andrea Cesalpino {{!}} Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075220/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ieu hasil gawé anu onjoy ''De Plantis'' diguar di taun 1583, sarta digambarkeun leuwih ti 1500 spésiés tutuwuhan.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/deplantislibrixv00cesa |title=De plantis libri XVI |last1=Cesalpino |first1=Andrea |last2=Marescotti |first2=Giorgio |date=1583 |publisher=Apud Georgium Marescottum |location=Florence |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino#ref130098 |title=Andrea Cesalpino {{!}} Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075220/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Cesalpino#ref130098 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>Dua kulawarga pepelakan ageung anu kiwari mimiti dikenal sarta dianggo nepi ka ayeuna : [[Asteraceae]] jeung [[Brassicaceae]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Edition Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae (Handbook of Plant Breeding) |last=Jaime |first=Prohens |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781441924742}}</ref> Dina abad ka 17 [[John Ray]] ([[Inggris]], 1627–1705) nulis loba karya taksonomi penting.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy |title=taxonomy {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075451/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Bisa disebut hasil gawé anu pang gedéna tayalian ''Methodus Plantarum Nova'' (1682),<ref>{{Cite book |last=John |first=Ray |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84226#page/7/mode/1up |title=Methodus plantarum nova |publisher=impensis Henrici Faithorne & Joannis Kersey, ad insigne Rofæ Coemeterio D. Pauli |date=1682 |language=la |trans-title=New Method of Plants |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170929060003/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84226#page/7/mode/1up |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> dimana anjeuna ngaguar lewih ti 18,000 spésiés tutuwuhan. Dina waktos éta, meureun moal aya deui hasil ti ahli taksonomi anu pang rumitna, nalika anjeuna ngagolongkeun taksana dina loba karakter gabungan. Karya taksonomi séjén anu henteu éléh kasohor dijieun ku [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] (France, 1656–1708).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Pitton-de-Tournefort |title=Joseph Pitton de Tournefort {{!}} French botanist and physician |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075951/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Pitton-de-Tournefort |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ieu karyana taun 1700, ''Institutiones Rei Herbariae'', kaasup leuwih ti 9000 spésiés 698 genera, nu langsung mangaruhan Linnaeus, sakumaha éta téks anjeunna dipaké salaku murid ngora.<ref name="Manktelow" /> === Mangsa Linnaean === {{Main|Linnaean taxonomy}} [[File:Linné-Systema Naturae 1735.jpg|thumb|upright|Title page of ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', Leiden, 1735]] Ahli botani Swedia [[Carl Linnaeus]] (1707–1778)<ref name="Roanoke" /> ushered in a new era of taxonomy. With his major works ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' 1st Edition in 1735,<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1735 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |language=la |publisher=Haak |location=Leiden}}</ref> ''[[Spésiés Plantarum]]'' dina taun 1753,<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1753 |title=Species Plantarum |language=la |location=Stockholm}}</ref> and [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|''Systema Naturae'' 10th Edition]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |date=1758 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |edition=10th |language=la |publisher=Haak |location=Leiden}}</ref> anjeunna ngarévolusi taksonomi modern. Karya-karyana ngalaksanakeun sistem tata ngaran binomial standar pikeun spésiés sato jeung tutuwuhan,<ref name="Britannica – Linnaean">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/The-Linnaean-system |title=taxonomy – The Linnaean system {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405074215/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/The-Linnaean-system |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> anu geus kabukti ngajadi solusi ampuh pikeun literatur taksonomi anu kacau jeung henteu puguh éntép sureuhna. Anjeunna henteu ngan nepangkeun standar kelas, order, genus, and&nbsp;spésiés, tapi ogé ngamungkinkeun pikeun ngaidentipikasi pepelakan sareng sasatoan tina bukuna, kalayan ngagunakeun sabagean leutik tina kembang (dipikawanoh salaku [[Linnaean system]]).<ref name="Britannica – Linnaean" /> ''Taxonomists'' tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan regard Linnaeus' dianggo salaku "titik mimiti" pikeun ngaran anu loyog (at 1753 and 1758 respectively).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donk |first=M. A. |date=December 1957 |title=Typification and later starting-points |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1959/Prop018-019.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Taxon |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=245–256 |doi=10.2307/1217493 |jstor=1217493 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091529/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1959/Prop018-019.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Ngaran anu diterbitkeun sateuacan tanggal ieu disebut "pra-Linnaean", tur teu dianggap ''valid'' (iwal spiders diterbitkeun dina ''[[Svenska Spindlar]]''. <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carl |first1=Clerck |last2=Carl |first2=Bergquist |last3=Eric |first3=Borg |last4=L. |first4=Gottman |last5=Lars |first5=Salvius |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209583#page/7/mode/1up |title=Svenska spindlar |publisher=Literis Laur. Salvii |date=1757 |language=sv |trans-title=Swedish Spiders |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201181959/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209583#page/7/mode/1up |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>). Malah ngaran taksonomi dipedalkeun ku Linnaeus sorangan saméméh tanggal ieu dianggap ''pra-Linnaean''.<ref name="Manktelow" /> === Jaman taksonomi digital=== Taksonomi modern dipangaruhan pisan ku téknologi sapertos [[DNA sequencing]], [[bioinformatics]], [[Biological database|databases]], sareng [[imaging]]. == Sistem klasifikasi modern == {{Main|Evolutionary taxonomy|Phylogenetic nomenclature}} [[File:Spindle diagram.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Evolution of the [[vertebrates]] at class level, width of spindles indicating number of families. Spindle diagrams are typical for [[evolutionary taxonomy]].]] [[File:Cladogram vertebrata.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hubungan anu sarua, ditepikeun salaku hiji [[cladogram]] has pikeun [[cladistics]]]] Hiji pola pikeun golongan anu nyayang sajeroning golongan anu geus ditangtukeun ku Linnaeus' klasifikasi tina tutuwukan tur sasatoan, sarta pola ieu mimiti jadi salaku gambaran [[dendrograms]] pikeun sasatoan sarta tutuwuhan [[Kingdom (biology)|karanaa]] lajeng dugi ka ahir abad ka 18, ogé saméméh Charles Darwin's ''On the Origin of Species'' dipedalkeun.<ref name="Britannica – Taxonomy" /> Hiji pola "Natural System" teu merlukeun prosés generating , saperti dina evolusi, tapi bisa waé geus kasawang, mereun pamikir transmutationist. Diantara karya mimiti neuleuman tina pamikiran [[transmutation of species]] anu tayalian ''[[Zoonomia]]'' dina taun 1796 ku [[Erasmus Darwin]] ( akina Charles Darwin's), jeung [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]'s ''[[Philosophie zoologique]]'' dina taun 1809.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Hiji ideu anu geus dipopulerkeun dina dunya Anglophone sanajan loba anu sipatna spekulatif tapi loba ogé anu maraca ''[[Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation]]'', dipedalkeun sacara anonim ku [[Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)|Robert Chambers]] in 1844.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |title=Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation |last=Secord |first=James A. |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=9780226744100 |author-link=James A. Secord |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516224806/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516224806/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14098.ctl |date=16 May 2008 }}</ref> Ayana téori Darwin, hiji anu disaluyuan kalawan gancang ditarima tayalian hiji klasifikasi kudu numutkeun kana prinsip Darwinian [[katangtuan umum]].<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Classification-since-Linnaeus |title=taxonomy – Classification since Linnaeus {{!}} biology |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405075916/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Classification-since-Linnaeus |archive-date=5 April 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[Tangkal kahirupan]] élmu pangaweruh Répréséntasi jadi populér dina karya ilmiah, kalawan grup fosil dipikawanoh diasupkeun. Salah sahiji grup modéren munggaran anu dihijikeun ka karuhun fosil nyaéta manuk.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Black |first=Riley |date=7 December 2010 |title=Thomas Henry Huxley and the Dinobirds |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/thomas-henry-huxley-and-the-dinobirds-88519294/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=10 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110094503/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/thomas-henry-huxley-and-the-dinobirds-88519294/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngagunakeun fosil lajeng anyar kapanggih tina ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' jeung ''[[Hesperornis]]'', [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] Nyebutkeun yén maranéhna geus mekar tina dinosaurus, hiji group resmi anu dingaranan ku [[Richard Owen]] taun 1842.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Thomas Henry Huxley |last=Huxley |first=Thomas Henry |date=1876 |chapter=Lectures on Evolution |title=Collected Essays |volume=IV |pages=46–138 |url= http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE4/LecEvol.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628224543/http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE4/LecEvol.html |archive-date=28 June 2011}} Original text w/ figures. First published as ''New York Tribune'', Extra no. 36.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley |title=Thomas Henry Huxley {{!}} British biologist |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180206114405/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Henry-Huxley |archive-date=6 February 2018 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Pedaran anu dihasilkeun, éta dinosaurus "nimbulkeun" atawa mahluk "karuhun ti" manuk, mangrupa ciri penting tina pamikiran [[taksonomi évolusionér]]. Beuki loba grup fosil anu kapanggih sarta bisa dipikanyaho sahenteuna dina akhir abad ka 19 jeung mimiti abad 20, [[palaeontologists]] digawé pikeun mikanyaho sajarahna sasatoan ngaliwatan umur ku cara ngaitkeun babarengan jeung grup anu geus dipikawanoh.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NuYXr8BszwC&pg=PA24 |last=Rudwick |first=M. J. S. |date=1985 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226731032 |page=24}}</ref> kitu deui [[sintésis évolusionér modern]] ti mimiti 1940-an, dasarna pamahaman modérn ngeunaan évolusi tina grup utama di éta tempat. Salaku taksonomi évolusionér dumasar kana jajaran taksonomi Linnaean, dua istilah anu sakitu legana ditukeurkeun dina pamakéan modern.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paterlini |first=Marta |date=September 2007 |title=There shall be order. The legacy of Linnaeus in the age of molecular biology |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=814–816 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7401061 |doi-access=free |pmc=1973966 |pmid=17767191}}</ref> Métode [[kladistik]] muncul ti taun 1960-an.<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus" /> Dina taun 1958, [[Julian Huxley]] ngagunakeun istilah ''clade''.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Engké, dina 1960, Cain jeung Harrison ngawanohkeun istilah "cladistic".<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Fitur anu penting nyaéta nyusun taksa dina hirarki [[tangkal évolusionér]], kalawan desideratum yén sakabéh taksa ngaranna téh monophyletic.<ref name="Britannica – since Linnaeus" /> Hiji takson disebut monophyletic lamun ngawengku sakabéh turunan tina wangun karuhun.<ref name="Mike Taylor">{{Cite web |url= http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/phyletic/ |date=17 July 2003 |title=What do terms like monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic mean? |last=Taylor |first=Mike |website=miketaylor.org.uk |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801072310/http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/phyletic/ |archive-date=1 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="NCSE">{{Cite web |url= https://ncse.com/book/export/html/2206 |title=Polyphyletic vs. Monophyletic |website=National Center for Science Education |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170039/https://ncse.com/book/export/html/2206 |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Grup anu ngagaduhan grup turunan dikaluarkeun tina aranjeunna disebut [[paraphyletic]],<ref name="Mike Taylor" /> sedengkeun grup nu ngawakilan leuwih ti hiji cabang tina tangkal kahirupan disebut [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="Mike Taylor" /><ref name="NCSE" /> Grup monophyletic dipikawanoh tur didiagnosis dumasar kana [[synapomorphies]], kaayaan karakter turunan dibagikeun.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Andrew V. Z. |first2=Randall T. |last2=Schuh |date=2021 |title=Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications |edition=3rd |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |page=13}}</ref> Klasifikasi kladistik taksonomi Linnean cocog sareng Kodeu tradisional ‘’ [[Nomenklatur Zoologis]] ‘’ jeung [[nomenklatur botani]], ka extent tangtu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schuh |first=Randall T. |title=The Linnaean system and its 250-year persistence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_botanical-review_january-march-2003_69_1/page/59 |journal=The Botanical Review |volume=69 |issue=1 |date=2003 |page=59|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0059:TLSAIY]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> Sistem tata ngaran alternatip, nyaéta PhyloCod/ ''[[Kode Internasional Nomenklatur Filogénétik]]'' atawa ''PhyloCode'' geus diajukeun, nu ngatur ngaran formal klad.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/ |title=The PhyloCode |last1=Queiroz |first1=Philip D. |last2=de Cantino |first2=Kevin |website=Ohio.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160510200022/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/ |archive-date=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020" /><ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent" /> Jajaran Linnaean téh pilihan jeung teu boga status resmi dina ''PhyloCode'', nu dimaksudkeun pikeun hirup babarengan jeung kode ayeuna, dumasar-rank..<ref name="Cantino & de Queiroz 2020" /> Samentara popularitas nomenklatur filogenetik parantos ningkat sacara stabil dina sababaraha dekade katukang, <ref name="Laurin 2023 Advent" /> tetep katingalna seuseueurna ahli sistematis antukna ngadopsi ''PhyloCode'' atanapi neraskeun ngagunakeun sistem tatangaran kiwari anu parantos dianggo (sareng dirobih, tapi panginten henteu sakumaha anu dipikahoyong ku sababaraha sistematis)<ref name="Dubois 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |title=Naming taxa from cladograms: A cautionary tale |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=1 February 2007 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=317–330 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.007 |pmid=16949307 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.007 |issn=1055-7903 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101502/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790306002375?via%3Dihub |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dubois et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |last2=Bauer |first2=Aaron M. |last3=Ceríaco |first3=Luis M. P. |last4=Dusoulier |first4=François |last5=Frétey |first5=Thierry |last6=Löbl |first6=Ivan |last7=Lorvelec |first7=Olivier |last8=Ohler |first8=Annemarie |last9=Stopiglia |first9=Renata |last10=Aescht |first10=Erna |title=The Linz Zoocode project: A set of new proposals regarding the terminology, the Principles and Rules of zoological nomenclature. First report of activities (2014‒2019) |journal=Bionomina |date=17 December 2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–111 |doi=10.11646/BIONOMINA.17.1.1|doi-access=free }}</ref> sahenteuna leuwih 250 taun. === Karajaan jeung domain === [[File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip.svg|thumb|upright|Skéma dasar klasifikasi modérn. Seueur tingkatan anu sanés tiasa dianggo; domain, tingkat pangluhurna dina kahirupan, duanana anyar jeung dibantah.]] {{Main|Kingdom (biology)|Domain (biology)}} Sateuacan kapanggihna Carl Linnaeus (Botanist) tutuwuhan jeung sasatoan dianggap Karajaan anu misah.<ref name="Kingdom classification">{{Cite news |url=http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biology/kingdom-classification-of-living-organism/5542 |title=Kingdom Classification of Living Organism |date=2 December 2014 |work=Biology Discussion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073641/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biology/kingdom-classification-of-living-organism/5542 |archive-date=5 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073641/http://www.biologydiscussion.com/biology/kingdom-classification-of-living-organism/5542 |date=5 April 2017 }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2017}} Linnaeus ngagunakeun ieu salaku pangkat luhur, ngabagi dunya fisik kana sayur, karajaan sato jeung mineral. Salaku kamajuan dina mikroskop ngajadikeun klasifikasi mikroorganismeu, jumlah karajaan ngaronjat, sistem lima jeung genep karajaan anu paling umum. [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]] mangrupa grup nu kawilang anyar. Mimiti diajukeun dina 1977, [[Carl Woese]] [[sistem tilu domain]] sacara umum teu ditarima nepi ka engké.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |title=Carl Woese {{!}} Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology |website=www.igb.Illinois.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428163950/http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |archive-date=28 April 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428163950/http://www.igb.illinois.edu/about/archaea |date=28 April 2017 }}</ref>Salah sahiji ciri utama metode tilu domain nyaéta pamisahan [[Archaea]] sareng [[Baktéri]], anu sateuacana dikelompokkeun kana karajaan tunggal Baktéri (hiji karajaan anu sok disebut [[Monera]]),<ref name="Kingdom classification" /> kalawan [[Eukariota]] pikeun sakabéh organisme anu sélna ngandung [[Inti (biologi)|inti]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-link=Joel Cracraft |editor1-last=Cracraft |editor1-first=Joel |editor2-last=Donaghue |editor2-first=Michael J. |date=2004 |title=Assembling the Tree of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/assemblingtreeof0000unse |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195172345 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/assemblingtreeof0000unse/page/45 45], 78, 555}}</ref> Sajumlah leutik élmuwan kalebet karajaan kagenep, Archaea, tapi henteu nampi metode domain.<ref name="Kingdom classification" /> [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]], anu dipedalkeun sacara éksténsif ngeunaan klasifikasi [[protista]], taun 2002<ref name="pmid11931142">{{cite journal |last=Cavalier-Smith |first=T. |title=The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=52 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=297–354 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11931142 |doi=10.1099/00207713-52-2-297 |url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11931142 |access-date=21 November 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729113756/http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729113756/http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem |date=29 July 2017 }}</ref> ngusulkeun yén [[Neomura]], clade anu ngahijikeun Archaea jeung [[Eukariota|Eucarya]]<!--yeah, Woese used a 'c' here-->, bakal mekar tina Baktéri, langkung tepatna tina [[Actinomycetota]]. Klasifikasi na 2004 nganggap [[archaeobacteria]] salaku bagian tina subkingdom karajaan Baktéri, nyaéta, anjeunna nampik sistem tilu domain sagemblengna.<ref name="CavalierSmith2004" /> Stefan Luketa di 2012 ngusulkeun lima sistem "dominion", nambahan [[Prion]]obiota ([[kahirupan non-sélular|asélular]] jeung tanpa [[asam nukléat]]) jeung [[Virus]]obiota (asélular tapi ' 'kalayan'' asam nukléat) kana tilu domain tradisional.<ref name="Luketa2012">{{Cite journal |last=Luketa |first=S. |date=2012 |title=New views on the megaclassification of life |url= http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num7_4/luketa_protistology_7-4.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Protistology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=218–237 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150257/http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num7_4/luketa_protistology_7-4.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> {{center|{{Biological systems}}}} === Klasifikasi komprehensif panganyarna === Klasifikasi lengkep; parsial aya pikeun loba grup individu organismeu sarta dirévisi jeung diganti sakumaha informasi anyar anu sadia; kumaha ogé, kompréhénsif, diterbitkeun lumaku sawaréh atawa sagemblengna; conto panganyarna nyaéta jeung sajabana., 2012 jeung 2019,<ref name="Adl-et-al-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Adl |first1=S. M. |last2=Simpson |first2=A. G. B. |last3=Lane |first3=C. E. |last4=Lukeš |first4=J. |last5=Bass |first5=D. |last6=Bowser |first6=S. S. |display-authors=etal |date=December 2015 |title=The revised classification of eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–493 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x |pmc=3483872 |pmid=23020233}}</ref><ref name="Adl-et-al-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Adl |first1=S. M. |last2=Bass |first2=D. |last3=Lane |first3=C. E. |last4=Lukeš |first4=J. |last5=Schoch |first5=C. L. |last6=Smirnov |first6=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2019 |title=Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=4–119 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12691 |pmc= 6492006|pmid=30257078|doi-access=free}}</ref> nu ngawengku eukariot wungkul kalawan tekenan kana protista, sarta Ruggiero jeung sajabana. taun 2015,<ref name="Ruggiero-et-al-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruggiero |first1=Michael A. |last2=Gordon |first2=D. P. |last3=Orrell |first3=T. M. |last4=Bailly |first4=N. |last5=Bourgoin |first5=T. |last6=Brusca |first6=R. C. |display-authors=etal |date=2015 |title=A higher level classification of all living organisms |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e0119248 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1019248R |bibcode-access=free |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 |pmc=4418965 |pmid=25923521|doi-access=free}}</ref> ngawengku boh eukariot jeung [[prokariot]]s kana pangkat Orde, sanajan duanana ngaluarkeun wawakil fosil.<ref name="Ruggiero-et-al-2015" /> Kompilasi anu misah (Ruggiero, 2014)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Markus |title=Families of Living Organisms (FALO) |url=https://www.gbif.org/dataset/8067e0a2-a26d-4831-8a1e-21b9118a299c |website=GBIF |date=August 13, 2015 |doi=10.15468/tfp6yv |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302232032/https://www.gbif.org/dataset/8067e0a2-a26d-4831-8a1e-21b9118a299c |url-status=live }}</ref> nambahkeun taksa anu masih aya pikeun pangkat Kulawarga. Lain, Pangobatan dumasar basis data kalebet [[Ensiklopedia Kahirupan]], éta [[Fasilitas Émbaran Keanekaragaman Hayati Global]], [[database taksonomi NCBI]], [[Pendaptaran Interim Genera Kelautan sareng Nonmarine]], éta [[Buka Tangkal Kahirupan]], jeung [[Katalog Kahirupan]]. [[Database Paleobiologi]] mangrupa sumber pikeun fosil. == Aplikasi== Taksonomi biologis mangrupa sub-disiplin [[biologi]], sareng umumna dipraktékkeun ku ahli biologi anu katelah "ahli taksonomi", sanajan antusias [[Sajarah alam|naturalis]] ogé sering kalibet dina publikasi taksa anyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-big-ugly-problem-heart-of-taxonomy-180964629/ |first1=Benjamin |last1=Jones |date=September 7, 2017 |title=A Few Bad Scientists Are Threatening to Topple Taxonomy |website=Smithsonian |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208041357/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-big-ugly-problem-heart-of-taxonomy-180964629/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kusabab taksonomi boga tujuan pikeun ngajelaskeun tur ngatur [[kahirupan]], karya anu dilakukeun ku ahli taksonomi penting pisan pikeun ulikan ngeunaan [[biodiversitas]] jeung hasil widang [[biologi konservasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html |title=What is taxonomy? |publisher=Natural History Museum |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131001152618/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html |archive-date=1 October 2013 |access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McNeely |first=Jeffrey A. |date=2002 |title=The role of taxonomy in conserving biodiversity |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=145–153 |doi=10.1078/1617-1381-00015 |bibcode=2002JNatC..10..145M |s2cid=16953722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155349/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2017 |via=Semantic Scholar }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155349/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b06/e3d09692ef9f2b464fbfb7807ff32a35ce47.pdf |date=24 December 2017 }}</ref> === Klasifikasi organismeu === {{Main|Taxonomic rank}} Klasifikasi biologis mangrupakeun komponén kritis prosés taksonomi. Hasilna, éta informs pamaké sakumaha naon baraya tina takson nu dihipotesiskeun. Klasifikasi biologis ngagunakeun pangkat taksonomi, kaasup antara séjén (urutan ti paling inklusif ka nu henteu inklusif): [[Domain (biologi)|Domain]], [[Karajaan (biologi)|Karajaan]], [[Filum]], [[Kelas (biologi)|Kelas]], [[Urutan (biologi)|Urutan]], [[Kulawarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]], [[Genus]], [[Spésiés]], jeung [[Galur (biologi)|Galur]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.mnemonic-device.com/biology/taxonomy/domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species/ |title=Mnemonic taxonomy / biology: Kingdom Phylum Class Order... |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170606171902/https://www.mnemonic-device.com/biology/taxonomy/domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species/ |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>{{NoteTag|This ranking system, except for "Strain", can be remembered by the mnemonic "Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Sets?"}} === Katerangan taksonomi === {{See also|Species description}} [[File:Nepenthes smilesii type specimen.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tipe]] spécimén tina ''[[Nepenthes smilesii]]'', hiji tutuwuhan lokal sok disebut [[kantong semar]] [[pitcher plant]]]] Pedaran takson ieu di encapsulated ku déskripsi atawa diagnosis na atawa gabungan ku duanana. Henteu aya aturan anu diatur anu ngatur definisi taksa, tapi ngaran jeung publikasi taksa anyar diatur ku susunan aturan.<ref name="Herbarium" /> Dina [[zoologi]], [[nomenklatur]] pikeun jajaran anu leuwih ilahar dipaké ([[Superfamili (taksonomi)|superfamili]] nepi ka [[subspésiés]]), diatur ku ''[[Kode Internasional Nomenklatur Zoologis]]'' (''Kode ICZN'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/loadcachedpage?url=animalbase-code.html |title=ICZN Code |website=animalbase.uni-goettingen.de |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003055350/http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/loadcachedpage?url=animalbase-code.html |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003055350/http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/loadcachedpage?url=animalbase-code.html |date=3 October 2022 }}</ref> Dina widang [[phycology]], [[mycology]], jeung [[botani]], ngaran taksa diatur ku ''[[Kode Nomenklatur Internasional pikeun ganggang, fungi, jeung tutuwuhan]]'' (''ICN'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |work=IAPT-Taxon.org |publisher=[[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130111104255/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> Katerangan awal hiji takson ngalibatkeun lima sarat utama:<ref>{{Cite web |title=How can I describe new species? |url= http://iczn.org/content/how-can-i-describe-new-species |work=ICZN.org |publisher=[[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120306133052/http://iczn.org/content/how-can-i-describe-new-species |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> # Taksonna kudu dibéré ngaran dumasar kana 26 hurup alfabét Latin ([[binomial nomenclature|binomial]] pikeun spésiés anyar, atawa uninomial pikeun jajaran séjén). # Ngaranna kudu unik (nyaéta lain [[homonim (biologi)|homonim]]). # Katerangan kudu dumasar kana sakurang-kurangna hiji [[Spésiés Tipe|spésimén]]. #Éta kedah kalebet pernyataan ngeunaan atribut anu cocog pikeun ngajelaskeun (ngahartikeun) takson atanapi ngabédakeun tina takson anu sanés. (diagnosis, ''Kode ICZN'', Pasal 13.1.1, ''ICN'', Pasal 38, anu tiasa atanapi henteu dumasar kana morfologi<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lawley |first1=Jonathan W. |last2=Gamero-Mora |first2=Edgar |last3=Maronna |first3=Maximiliano M. |last4=Chiaverano |first4=Luciano M. |last5=Stampar |first5=Sérgio N. |last6=Hopcroft |first6=Russell R. |last7=Collins |first7=Allen G. |last8=Morandini |first8=André C. |date=19 September 2022 |title=Morphology is not always useful for diagnosis, and that's ok: Species hypotheses should not be bound to a class of data. Reply to Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590) |url=https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495 |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=118 |issue=9/10 |doi=10.17159/sajs.2022/14495 |s2cid=252562185 |issn=1996-7489 |doi-access=free |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020063714/https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495 |url-status=live }}</ref>). Kadua kodeu ngahaja misahkeun nangtukeun eusi takson ([[circumscription (taksonomi)|circumscription]]) tina nangtukeun ngaranna. # Opat sarat munggaran ieu kedah dipedalkeun dina karya anu tiasa dicandak dina sababaraha salinan anu sami, salaku catetan ilmiah anu permanén. Nanging, sering langkung seueur inpormasi anu kalebet, sapertos rentang geografis takson, catetan ékologis, kimia, kabiasaan, jsb Kumaha panaluntik anjog di taksa maranéhna béda-béda: gumantung kana data anu sadia, jeung sumber, métode béda ti basajan [[Sipat kuantitatif|kuantitatif]] atawa [[Sipat kualitatif|kualitatif]] babandingan fitur-fitur anu aya, pikeun ngajéntrékeun analisa komputer tina jumlah badag data [[DNA]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Taxonomy – Evaluating taxonomic characters |url= https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Evaluating-taxonomic-characters |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190422143927/https://www.britannica.com/science/taxonomy/Evaluating-taxonomic-characters |archive-date=22 April 2019 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> === Cutatan pangarang === {{Main|Author citation (botany)|Author citation (zoology)}} "Otoritas" tiasa ditempatkeun saatos nami ilmiah.<ref name="AJE">{{Cite web |url= http://www.aje.com/en/arc/editing-tip-scientific-names-species/ |title=Editing Tip: Scientific Names of Species |publisher=American Journal Experts, Research Square Company |website=AJE.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021714/http://www.aje.com/en/arc/editing-tip-scientific-names-species/ |archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> Wewenang nyaéta ngaran élmuwan atawa élmuwan anu mimiti sah medalkeun ngaran éta.<ref name="AJE" /> Contona, dina taun 1758 Linnaeus méré ngaran ilmiahna [[gajah Asia]]; ''Elephas maximus'', jadi ngaran ieu sakapeung ditulis jadi "''Elephas maximus'' Linnaeus, 1758".<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://study.com/academy/lesson/carolus-linnaeus-classification-taxonomy-contributions-to-biology.html |title=Carolus Linnaeus: Classification, Taxonomy & Contributions to Biology – Video & Lesson Transcript |website=Study.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021600/http://study.com/academy/lesson/carolus-linnaeus-classification-taxonomy-contributions-to-biology.html |archive-date=9 April 2017}}</ref> Ngaran pangarang mindeng disingget: singketan ''L.'', keur ''Linnaeus,'' ilahar dipaké. Dina botani, kanyataanna, aya daptar singketan standar anu diatur (tingali [[daptar ahli botani dumasar singgetan pangarang]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |title=Biological Classification |last=Biocyclopedia.com |website=biocyclopedia.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514164313/http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |archive-date=14 May 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514164313/http://www.biocyclopedia.com/index/biological_classification.php |date=14 May 2017 }}</ref> Sistem pikeun nangtukeun otoritas rada béda antara [[Kutipan pangarang (botani)|botani]] jeung [[Kutipan pangarang (zoologi)|zoologi]].<ref name="Herbarium" /> Sanajan kitu, éta standar yén lamun genus spésiés geus robah ti déskripsi aslina, ngaran otoritas aslina urang disimpen dina kurung.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |title=Zoological nomenclature: a basic guide for non-taxonomist authors |website=Annelida.net |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112709/http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |archive-date=16 March 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112709/http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html |date=16 March 2017 }}</ref> == Pénétika == [[File:Phylogenetics.svg|thumb|300px|A comparison of phylogenetic and phenetic (character-based) concepts]] {{Main|Phenetics}} Dina phenetics, ogé katelah taximetrics, atawa taksonomi numerik, organismeu digolongkeun dumasar kana kasaruaan sakabéh, paduli filogeni atawa hubungan évolusionér maranéhanana.<ref name="BiologyDiscussion" /> Hasilna dina ukuran hypergeometric "jarak" antara taksa. Métode fénétik geus kawilang jarang di jaman modéren, lolobana diganti ku analisis [[Kladistik|kladistik]], sabab métode fénétik teu ngabédakeun sipat karuhun (atawa [[plesiomorph]] ic) tina turunan babarengan (atawa [[apomorphic]]). ) ciri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification |url= https://projects.ncsu.edu/project/evoresources/Evolutionary%20medicine/classification/classification16.htm |publisher=[[North Carolina State University]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170414163250/https://projects.ncsu.edu/project/evoresources/Evolutionary%20medicine/classification/classification16.htm |archive-date=14 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, métode phenetic tangtu, kayaning [[tatangga gabung]], tetep, salaku estimators gancang tina hubungan lamun métode leuwih canggih (saperti [[Bayesian inferensi]]) teuing komputasi mahal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Molecular Marker Glossary |url= http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/molmark/mcdgloss.html |last=McDonald |first=David |date=Fall 2008 |publisher=[[University of Wyoming]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070610123503/http://www.uwyo.edu/dbmcd/molmark/McDGloss.html |archive-date=10 June 2007}}</ref> == Basis data == {{Main|Taxonomic database}} Taksonomi modern ngagunakeun téknologi database pikeun milarian sareng katalog ''klasifikasi'' sareng dokuméntasina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Dylan |last2=King |first2=Margaret |last3=Landis |first3=Drew |last4=Courtney |first4=William |last5=Wang |first5=Runtang |last6=Kelly |first6=Ross |last7=Turner |first7=Jessica A. |last8=Calhoun |first8=Vince D. |date=26 August 2014 |title=Harnessing modern web application technology to create intuitive and efficient data visualization and sharing tools |journal=Frontiers in Neuroinformatics |volume=8 |pages=71 |doi=10.3389/fninf.2014.00071 |issn=1662-5196 |pmc=4144441 |pmid=25206330|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bari euweuh database ilahar dipaké, aya pangkalan data anu ''komprehensif'' sapertos ''[[Katalog Kahirupan]]'', nu tos nyoba ngadaptar unggal spésiés.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.theplantlist.org/about/ |title= About – The Plant List |website= theplantlist.org |access-date= 8 April 2017 |archive-date= 21 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170621190909/http://www.theplantlist.org/about/ |url-status= live }}</ref> Katalog didaptarkeun 1,64&nbsp;juta spésiés pikeun sadaya karajaan {{as of|2016|4|lc=on}}, ngaku liputan leuwih ti tilu-suku tina estimasi spésiés dipikawanoh pikeun élmu modern.<ref name="About the Catalogue of Life">{{Cite web |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |title=About the Catalogue of Life: 2016 Annual Checklist |website=Catalogue of Life |publisher=[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] (ITIS) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032942/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |archive-date=15 May 2016 |access-date=22 May 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515032942/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/info/about |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> == Tempo ogé== {{Div col|small=yes}} * [[Automated species identification]] * [[Bacterial taxonomy]] * [[Cluster analysis]] * [[Consortium for the Barcode of Life]] * [[Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities]] * [[Genetypes]] * [[Glossary of scientific naming]] * [[Identification (biology)]] * ''[[Incertae sedis]]'' * [[Open Tree of Life]] * [[Parataxonomy]] * [[Phenogram]] * [[Set theory]] * [[Taxonomy]] (general) * [[Virus classification]] {{div col end}} == Dicutat tina== {{Reflist}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C |title=Systematic Botany |last=Datta |first=Subhash Chandra |date=1988 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122400137 |edition=4 |location=New Delhi |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101351/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C |title=Plant taxonomy and biosystematics |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |date=1989 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521427852 |edition=2nd. |location=Cambridge |author-link=Clive A. Stace |access-date=19 April 2015 |orig-year=1980 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113180249/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC |title=Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data |last=Stuessy |first=Tod F. |date=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231147125 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113101356/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=Turrill |first=W. B. |date=1938 |title=The Expansion Of Taxonomy With Special Reference To Spermatophyta |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=342–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1938.tb00522.x|s2cid=84905335}} * {{cite book |last1=Wiley |first1=Edward O. |first2=Bruce S. |last2=Lieberman |date=2011 |title=Phylogenetics: Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470905968 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |edition=2nd |isbn=9780470905968}} {{refend}} == Tutumbu ka luar == * [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/what-is-taxonomy/index.html What is taxonomy?] at the [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/ ''Natural History Museum London''] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ Taxonomy] at [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ NCBI] the ''National Center for Biotechnology Information'' * [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] at [https://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt] the ''Universal Protein Resource'' * [https://www.itis.gov/ ITIS] the ''Integrated Taxonomic Information System'' * [http://www.cetaf.org/ CETaF] the ''Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities'' * [http://species.wikimedia.org/ Wikispecies] ''free species directory'' * [https://www.thescienceclass.online/2019/10/biological-classification.html Biological classification.] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200813180358/https://www.thescienceclass.online/2019/10/biological-classification.html |date=13 August 2020}} {{Branches of biology}} {{Subject bar |wikt = yes |wikt-search = taxonomy |commons = yes |q = yes |s = yes |v = yes |d = yes |portal1 = Biology }} [[Kategori:biologi ]] [[Kategori :Élmu]] [[Kategori :Élmu Alam]] pk676mf1c5zzbbkcg5tvcs1rd9g2qsp 0 105797 731931 712089 2026-11-08T15:09:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731931 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas.png|al=Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|jmpl|Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir]] '''Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas''', Lc. (1963 – 11 Juli 2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rejabar.republika.co.id/berita/sgg9gq282/ustadz-yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas-meninggal-dunia-dimakamkan-di-bogor|title=Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas Meninggal Dunia, Dimakamkan di Bogor|website=|language=id-ID|accessdate=2024-07-12}}</ref> nyaéta saurang sastrawan, dosén, ustaz, jeung pendakwah Sunni Indonésia. Di Indonésia, ceramah Yazid sering dipatalikeun sareng gerakan Salafiyah ultra-konservatif.<ref name="yazid1">{{Cite web|url=https://uloom.id/speaker/yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas/|title=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas - Dalam Mendakwahkan Sunnah|website=Uloom Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404220648/https://uloom.id/speaker/yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas/ |date=2023-04-04 }}</ref> Anjeunna ogé katelah seueur nyerat buku agama [[Islam]] dina [[basa Indonésia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fajar.co.id/2021/05/31/ini-sosok-ustaz-yazid-jawas-ternyata-bukan-sembarang-ustaz/|title=Ini Sosok Ustaz Yazid Jawas, Ternyata Bukan Sembarang Ustaz!|last=Hamka|website=FAJAR|language=id-ID|accessdate=2022-08-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024131/https://fajar.co.id/2021/05/31/ini-sosok-ustaz-yazid-jawas-ternyata-bukan-sembarang-ustaz/ |date=2023-04-05 }}</ref> == Kahirupan mimiti == Dina mimiti atikanna, Yazid kacatet minangka lulusan LIPIA sarta murid ti Abdur Razaq bin Abdul Muhsin al-Abbad, profesor ti Universitas Islam Madinah.<ref name="الباب الثالث تفسري آية الكرسي عندحسني انفارين ويزيد عبد القدير جواس">{{Cite journal|last=Zakrin Roya Anna|date=2017|editor-first=Saif|title=Interpretation of Ayat al-Kursi according to Hosni Anvarin al-Banjari and Yazid Abd Al-Qadir Jawas Al-Buguri|url=https://idr.uin-antasari.ac.id/16773/6/BAB%20III.pdf|language=Ar|publisher=Antasari State Islamic University Banjarmasin (Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin - Kampus I); [[Banjarmasin]]|page=13|access-date=23 November 2023|quote=2.يزيد عبدالقدير جواس يزيد عبد القادر جواس هو مبلغيف إندونيسي،املعروف أنه منتبه جدا يف نشر السنة.وهو خريج من ليبا(LIPIA)جاكرات وطالب يف الربوفيسور الدكتور الشيخ عبد الرزاق(ُماضر الدين يف اجلامعة اإلسالمية يف املدينة املنورة).18 ولديزيد عبد القادر جواسيفكاراْنانري (Karanganyar)،كيبومن(Kebumen)،جاوة الوسطى،149م يزيدعبدالقادرجواسلهعالقةطالببعاملامسهالشيخدمحمبنصاحلالعثيمني.كمامسُح}}</ref> Yazid ogé dipikanyaho diajar sareng Muhammad bin Shalih al-Utsaimin, saurang ulama Sunni ti [[Mekah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotodakwah.com/2021/10/biografi-ustad-yazid-bin-abdul-qodir.html|title=Biografi Ustad Yazid Bin Abdul Qodir Jawas|website=Foto Dakwah|accessdate=2022-08-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404161556/https://www.fotodakwah.com/2021/10/biografi-ustad-yazid-bin-abdul-qodir.html |date=2023-04-04 }}</ref> Kacaritakeun ogé Yazid ngawasa kitab ''[[Bulughul Marom|Bulughul Maram]]'' karangan Ibnu Hajar, anu harita diklaim ngan saeutik jalma anu bisa ngawasa ieu kitab. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayat-kursi.com/2017/01/siapa-sebenarnya-ustadz-yazid-bin-abdul.html|title=Siapa Sebenarnya Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas?|language=id|accessdate=2022-08-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biografi-tokoh-ternama.blogspot.com/2018/11/biografi-ustadz-yazid-bin-abdul-qadir-jawas.html|title=Biografi Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas - BIOGRAFI TOKOH TERNAMA|website=Biografi Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas - BIOGRAFI TOKOH TERNAMA|accessdate=2022-08-16}}</ref> == Kagiatan == Yazid ayeuna nuju ngawangun [[pasantrén]] di [[Dramaga, Bogor|wewengkon Dramaga, Bogor]], nyaéta pasantrén Minhajus Sunnah.<ref name="Dar al-Islam institue">{{Cite web|url=https://islamhouse.com/ar/author/8466/|title=2006|website=Yazid ibn Abd al-Qadir Jawas / يزيد عبد القادر جواس|publisher=Dar al-Islam association; Riyadh|accessdate=23 November 2023|quote=وله معهد علمي في إندونيسيا المسمى بمعهد منهاج السنة.}}</ref> Salian ti riweuh dina kagiatan ngajar [[santri]] di pasantrén, manéhna ogé aktif jadi narasumber di Radio Rodja jeung ngayakeun pengajian rutin jeung tabligh akbar di sagala rupa kota di Indonésia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/dakwah/article/download/12066/pdf|title=Radio Rodja: Kontestasi Ideologi Salafi di Ranah Siaran|website=journal.uinjkt.ac.id|accessdate=2023-06-24}}</ref> Yazid ogé loba nulis buku agama Islam dina [[basa Indonésia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safi'i|first=Mochamad Nur|date=2020-08-18|title=Konsep tauhid salafi dalam Buku Mulia dengan manhaj salaf karya Yazid Bin Abdul Qadir Jawaz: analisis Hermeneutika Hans-Georg Gadamer|url=https://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/44829/|dead-url=yes|language=en|publisher=UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809055524/https://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/44829/|archive-date=2022-08-09|access-date=2022-08-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809055524/https://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/44829/ |date=2022-08-09 }}</ref> == Maot == Yazid pupus dinten Kemis 11 Juli 2024 sakitar jam 13.35 WIB, saparantos gering nalika ngalaksanakeun ibadah [[haji]] di [[Mekah]], anjeunna teras dimakamkeun di [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/sgg9gq282|title=Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas Meninggal Dunia, Dimakamkan di Bogor|website=Republika Online|language=id|accessdate=2024-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/684322/ustaz-yazid-jawas-meninggal-dunia|title=Ustaz Yazid Jawas Meninggal Dunia|last=Arto Subari|first=Wisnu|website=mediaindonesia.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-07-11}}</ref> Pupusna Yazid ngabalukarkeun kasedih pikeun masarakat Salafi di Indonésia; Khalid Basalamah, salah saurang pendakwah Salafi terkemuka di Indonésia engké ngucapkeun belasungkawa ka Yazid dina salah sahiji ceramahna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disway.id/read/801014/ustaz-yazid-jawas-meninggal-dunia-ustaz-khalid-basalamah-semoga-allah-maafkan-dosa-dosanya|title=Ustaz Yazid Jawas Meninggal Dunia, Ustaz Khalid Basalamah: Semoga Allah Maafkan Dosa-dosanya|last=Permana|first=Dimas Chandra|website=disway.id|language=id|accessdate=2024-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/entertainment/2024/07/11/171505/ustaz-walid-yazid-meninggal-dunia-teuku-wisnu-kutip-doa-dari-hadis-ini|title=Ustaz Walid Yazid Meninggal Dunia, Teuku Wisnu Kutip Doa dari Hadis Ini|last=Noviandi|first=Ferry|last2=Ismail|website=suara.com|language=id|accessdate=2024-07-11}}</ref> == Kritikus == Yazid dituduh ku sabagéan Muslim Indonésia salaku pengikut aliran Islam puritan sarta mindeng disebut Wahhabist .Kritikus Yazid condong nyebat anjeunna pengikut aliran Islam anu puritan, kasar sareng ketat pisan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://populis.id/read17308/ustaz-yazid-yang-mengharamkan-bedug-ternyata-orang-wahabi|title=Ustaz Yazid Yang Mengharamkan Bedug, Ternyata Orang Wahabi?|last=Populis|website=Populis|language=id|accessdate=2022-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/generasi/54f99c92a33311d7588b4a32/tablig-akbar-yazid-jawas-di-samarinda-dihadang-gerakan-nasional-anti-kekerasan-intoleransigenerasi|title=Tablig Akbar Yazid Jawas di Samarinda Dihadang Gerakan Nasional Anti Kekerasan & Intoleransi-Generasi-|last=Kompasiana.com|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|accessdate=2022-09-23}}</ref> Hal ieu bisa jadi sabab Yazid nolak sikep ''taqlid'' anu nurutkeun manéhna geus loba karuksakan ka umat Islam Indonésia.Sanajan kitu, sagolongan Muslim ogé muji Yazid sarta disebut anjeunna jalma anu calakan sarta luhur pangaweruh.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alifah|first=Nurul Faizatul|date=2019|title=Penafsiran Kelompok Salafi terhadap Ayat-Ayat Tauhid (Studi Tokoh Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas Syarh ‘Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama’ah)|url=http://repository.iainkudus.ac.id/4605/|language=en|publisher=IAIN Kudus}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603075531/http://repository.iainkudus.ac.id/4605/ |date=2023-06-03 }}</ref> Salah sahiji bukuna, ''Mulia jeung Manhaj Salaf'', nimbulkeun kontroversi di Indonésia. Pangadeg [[Front Pembela Islam]] jeung dosén Islam Indonésia, Rizieq Shihab ngritik buku ieu. Rizieq Shihab ogé nandeskeun yén Indonésia, Malaysia jeung Brunei, salaku nagara anu mayoritas pendudukna ngagem agama Asy'ari, ogé kudu mibanda undang-undang anu ngalarang sumebarna faham Wahabi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcbsgbfwrhbfgp.qnur.html|title=Habib Rizieq Syihab Larang Wahabi di Indonesia|date=12 December 2013|language=id|work=Islam Times|access-date=10 September 2014|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215050621/http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcbsgbfwrhbfgp.qnur.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215050621/http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcbsgbfwrhbfgp.qnur.html |date=15 December 2013 }}</ref> == Karya == * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|date=2005|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/957349905|title=Prinsip dasar Islam: menurut al-Qur-an dan as-sunnah yang shahih|trans-title=The basic principles of Islam: according to the authentic Al-Qur'an and As-Sunna|language=id|publisher=Pustaka al-Taqwa|isbn=979-96628-4-2|oclc=957349905}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|date=2008|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/949718641|title=Mulia dengan Manhaj Salaf|trans-title=exalted with Manhaj Salaf|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16611-3-3|oclc=949718641}} * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|language=id|title=Dzikir pagi dan petang dan sesudah shalat fardhu menurut Al-Qur'an dan As-Sunnah yang shahih|trans-title=Morning and evening dhikr and after obligatory prayers according to the authentic Qur'an and As-Sunna|url=https://ibnumajjah.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/dzikir-petang-slide.pdf|date=2005|location=Bogor|publisher=Pustaka Imam asy-Syafi'i|isbn=979-3536-32-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid Abdul Qadir|date=2012|language=id|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/949744119|title=Syarah Aqidah Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama'a|publisher=Pustaka Imam As-Syafi'i|isbn=978-979-3536-64-4|oclc=949744119}} * {{Cite book|last=Jawas|first=Yazid bin Abdul Qadir|title=Jihad: Dalam Syariat Islam dan Penerapannya di Masa Kini|trans-title=Jihad: In Islamic Sharia and Its Application in the Present|date=2015|isbn=978-602-9183-93-1|publisher=Pustaka Asy-Syafi'i|language=id}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|date=2018|url=https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22435|title=Syarah kitab tauhid : memahami dan merealisasikan tauhid dalam kehidupan|trans-title=explanation of the book of monotheism: understanding and realizing monotheism in life|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=9786029183993}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711144812/https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22435 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22452|title=penjelasan arba'in an-nawawi : Memuat 42 hadits nabi Muhammad SAW tentang fondasi ajaran Islam dan faedah-faedahnya|trans-title=Arba'in an-nawawi's explanation: Contains 42 hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH about the foundation of Islamic teachings and their benefits|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-602-8062-80-0|date=2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712045120/https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=22452 |date=2024-07-12 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=24272|title=Birrul walidain : berbakti kepada kedua orang tua|trans-title=Birrul walidain: devoted to both parents|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=9786029183856|date=2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074704/https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=24272 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS6.INLIS000000000005208?widget=1#holdings|title=Kedudukan As-Sunnah dalam Syariat Islam|trans-title=The Position of As-Sunnah in Islamic Sharia|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=9789799662859|date=2005}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS6.INLIS000000000005789?widget=1|title=Tauhid Jalan Menuju Keadilan dan Kemakmuran|trans-title=Monotheism is the Path to Justice and Prosperity|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=9789792658637|date=2008}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13001.slims-20880?widget=1#holdings|title=Hukum,Lagu, Musik dan Nasyd|trans-title=Law, Songs, Music and Nasheed|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789792658316|date=2015}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13473.INLIS000000000010321?widget=1|title=Zadul Ma'ad|trans-title=[[Zad al-Ma'ad]]|language=id|isbn=9789792658316|date=2016}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS6.INLIS000000000005199?widget=1|title=Taubat & Do`a Pelebur Dosa|trans-title=Repentance and Prayer for Sin Removal|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2005}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13916.BHATT-00000000063927?widget=1|title=Syarah rukun Islam|trans-title=Explanation of the pillars of Islam|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=9789792658484|date=2008}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS1.INLIS000000000267936?widget=1|title=[Jihad] : kedudukan jihad dalam syariat Islam|trans-title=[Jihad]: the position of jihad in Islamic law|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Al-Ilmu|date=2007}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13438.INLIS000000000027917?widget=1|title=Sebaik-baik amal adalah Sholat|trans-title=The best deed is prayer|language=id|publisher=penerbit at-Taqwa|isbn=9789799662880|date=2007}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=http://senayan.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=6525|title=Takwa : Jalan Menuju Sukses Abadi (Surga disediakan bagi Orang Bertakwa)|trans-title=Taqwa: The Path to Eternal Success (Heaven is prepared for the Pious)|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=97897916611164|date=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816050045/http://senayan.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=6525|archive-date=2025-08-16|accessdate=2024-07-12}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS13503.INLIS000000000005271?widget=1#holdings|title=Ritual Sunnah Setahun.Panduan Amalan Pribadi Muslim 24 Jam|trans-title=Sunnah Rituals for a Year. 24 Hour Muslim Personal Practice Guide|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2012}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS14730.INLIS000000000009532?widget=1|title=Tauba kewajiba seumur hidup|trans-title=Repentance is a lifelong obligation|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Khazanah Fawa'id|date=2012}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://catalog.umj.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=49436|title=Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar ; Menurut Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah|trans-title=[[Amar makruf nahi munkar]]; According to Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah|language=id|publisher=Depok Fathan Prima Media|isbn=978-979-16611-8-8|date=2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://catalog.umj.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=49436 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=326|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 1 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 1: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5872-9|date=2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080215/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=326 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=327|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 2 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 2: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5864-4|date=2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080212/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=327 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=328|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 3 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 3: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5865-1|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080207/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=328 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=329|title=Ar Rasail Jilid 4 : Kumpulan Risalah, Aqidah, Fiqih, dan Hukum|trans-title=Ar Rasail Volume 4: Collection of Treatises, Aqidah, Fiqh, and Law|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5871-2|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080217/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=329 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=1124|title=Konsekuensi Cinta Kepada Nabi Muhammad|trans-title=Consequences of Love for the Prophet Muhammad|language=id|publisher=PustakaAttaqwa|isbn=978-979-1661-24-9|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711080158/https://perpustakaan.pangkalpinangkota.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=1124 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=41459|title=Sifat wudhu dan shalat Nabi|trans-title=The nature of ablution and prayer of the Prophet|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Asy-Syafi|isbn=978-602-9183-76-4|date=2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://katalogarpusdakotategal.perpusnas.go.id/detail-opac?id=36050&tipe=koleksi|title=Hikmah dibalik musibah dan ruqyah syar'iyyah : do'a-do'a dan pengobatan terhadap sihir, guna-guna dan penyakit-penyakit lainnya|trans-title=The wisdom behind disasters and ruqyah syar'iyyah: prayers and treatment for magic, witchcraft and other diseases|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Asy-Syafi|isbn=978-602-8062-22-0|date=2009}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Hmt-cpCRkBAC&hl=id&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Do'a & Wirid Mengobati Guna-Guna dan Sihir Menurut al-Quran dan as-Sunnah|trans-title=Prayer and Wirid: Treating Witchcraft and Magic According to the Qur'an and as-Sunnah|language=id|publisher=Niaga Swadaya|isbn=9789793536187|date=2018}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13089004-pokok-pokok-aqidah-ahlus-sunnah-wal-jamaah|title=Pokok-pokok Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|trans-title=Pokok-pokok Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|date=2001|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/44010214-waktumu-dihabiskan-untuk-apa|title=Waktumu, Dihabiskan Untuk Apa?|trans-title=What is your time spent on?|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661317|date=2014|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36414587-wasiat-nabi-kepada-ibnu-abbas|title=Wasiat Nabi ﷺ kepada Ibnu Abbas رضي الله عنها|trans-title=The Prophet ﷺ's will to Ibn Abbas may Allah bless him|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789792658279|date=2014|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/59950608-istiqamah-konsekuensi-konsisten-menetapi-jalan-ketaatan|title=Istiqamah, Konsekuensi & Konsisten Menetapi Jalan Ketaatan|trans-title=Istiqamah, Consequences & Consistently Following the Path of Obedience|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661324|date=2014|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/140360047-menuntut-ilmu-jalan-menuju-surga|title=Menuntut Ilmu Jalan Menuju Surga|trans-title=Seeking Knowledge of the Way to Heaven|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789799662873|date=2008|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/10862744-panduan-shalat-jum-at|title=Panduan Shalat Jum'at|trans-title=Friday Prayer Guide|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661102|date=2007|format=paperback}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=http://senayan.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=7070|title=Syarah Rukun Islam 2; Shalat|trans-title=Explanation of Pillars of Islam 2; Prayer|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2010|format=paperback|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812192908/http://senayan.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=7070|archive-date=2025-08-12|accessdate=2024-07-12}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=296416|title=JANGAN DEKATI ZINA|trans-title=DO NOT APPROACH ADULTERY|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-5-6|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711200410/https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=296416 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://elibrary.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=12303|title=Tauhid : Jalan Kebahagiaan, Keselamatan & Keberkahan Dunia-Akhirat|trans-title=Monotheism: The Path to Happiness, Safety & Blessings in the World and the Hereafter|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5835-4|date=2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074651/https://elibrary.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=12303 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=297018|title=7 Wasiat Nabi Kepada Abu Dzarr|trans-title=7 Testaments of the Prophet to Abu Dharr|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16611-2-6|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711093212/https://balaiyanpus.jogjaprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=297018 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://inlislite.dispustaka.sumselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=38576|title=Adab & akhlak Penuntut Ilmu|trans-title=Manners & morals for students of knowledge|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-2-5|date=2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074650/https://inlislite.dispustaka.sumselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=38576 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://katalogdisarpuspematangsiantar.perpusnas.go.id/detail-opac?id=22687&tipe=koleksi|title=Pengertian Syahadat Menurut Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|trans-title=Understanding the Creed according to the aqidah of Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Khazanah Fawa'id|isbn=978-602-61392-4-5|date=2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://katalogdisarpuspematangsiantar.perpusnas.go.id/detail-opac?id=22810&tipe=koleksi|title=Hadiah istimewa menuju keluarga sakinah|trans-title=A special gift to a Sakina family|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Khazanah Fawa'id|isbn=978-602-5806-00-1|date=2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=43498|title=Jihad Dalam Syariat Islam dan Perkembangannya di Masa Kini|trans-title=Jihad in Islamic Sharia and its Development in the Present|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Syafi'i|isbn=978-602-9183-93-1|date=2015}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=43498|title=Doa dan hiburan : Bagi orang sakit dan terkena musibah|trans-title=Prayer and consolation: For people who are sick and affected by disaster|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Syafi'i|isbn=979-3536-34-9|date=2005}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-dpk.sulselprov.go.id/opac/detail-opac?id=43498|title=Dunia Ini Adalah Tempat Cobaan dan Ujian|trans-title=Prayer and consolation: For people who are sick and affected by disaster|language=id|publisher=Pustaka Imam Syafi'i|isbn=979-3536-34-9|date=2005}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://opac.ubpkarawang.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=148&keywords=|title=Dunia Lebih Jelek Daripada Bangkai Kambing|trans-title=The World Is Uglier Than A Goat's Carcass|language=id|publisher=Pustaka at-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-1661-34-8|date=2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813011514/https://opac.ubpkarawang.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=148&keywords=|archive-date=2025-08-13|accessdate=2024-07-12}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords=|title=Sifat Wudhu' Nabi Shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam: Definisi, Kedudukan, Keutamaan, Tata cara, Syarat, Adab, serta Pembatal Wudhu', dll|trans-title=The nature of the ablution of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam: definition, position, priority, procedures, conditions, etiquette, and canceling ablution, etc.|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|isbn=978-979-26-5858-3|date=2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords= |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords=|title=Hukum Meminta-Minta Dan Mengemis Dalam Syariat Islam|trans-title=The Law of Begging and Begging according Islamic Sharia|language=id|publisher=p. attaqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-0-1|date=2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://perpustakaan.stain-madina.ac.id/library/index.php?p=show_detail&id=529&keywords= |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://perpustakaan-jic.id/opac/index.php?p=show_detail&id=27604&keywords=|title=Haramnya Darah Seorang Muslim|trans-title=the sacredness of the blood of a Muslim|language=id|publisher=Media Tarbiyah|date=2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074649/https://perpustakaan-jic.id/opac/index.php?p=show_detail&id=27604&keywords= |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=http://psbsekolah.kemdikbud.go.id/kamaya/index.php?p=show_detail&id=52512|title=Taubat : kewajiban seumur hidup|trans-title=Repentance: a lifelong obligation|language=id|publisher=978-602-61392-7-6|date=2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074652/http://psbsekolah.kemdikbud.go.id/kamaya/index.php?p=show_detail&id=52512 |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://core.ac.uk/display/298097600|title=Pengawasan Dengan Pendekatan Agama (Modul 1 - Modul 5)|trans-title=Supervision with a Religious Approach (Module 1 - Module 5)|language=id|publisher=[[Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia]]|isbn=978-602-61392-7-6|date=2003}} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Manhaj_Ahlus_Sunnah_wal_Jama_ah_dalam_ta.html?id=|title=Manhaj Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama'ah dalam tazkiyatun nufus|trans-title=Manhaj Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama'ah in tazkiyatun nufus|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661232|date=2010}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=5327&keywords=|title=Sedekah sebagai bukti keimanan dan penghapus dosa|trans-title=Alms as sign of faith and forgiveness of sins|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=978-979-16612-1-8|date=2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074651/https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=5327&keywords= |date=2024-07-11 }} * {{Cite book|last=Yazid|first=Abdul Qadir|url=https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=7580&keywords=|title=Taqwa : jalan menuju sukses abadi|trans-title=Taqwa: the path to eternal success|language=id|publisher=Pustaka At-Taqwa|isbn=9789791661164|date=2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074650/https://www.elibrary.albayan.or.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=7580&keywords= |date=2024-07-11 }} == Tempo ogé == * [[Badrusalam]] * Erwandi Tarmizi * [[Armen Halim Naro]] * Firanda Andirja * Khalid Basalamah * Syafiq Riza Basalamah == Rujukan == <references responsive="1"></references> == Referensi == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://islamhouse.com/ar/author/8466 Profil Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas], IslamHouse.Com {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Inohong Islam Indonésia]] p5fl58uxnwl1rrdivsuwvxs8r454r9x 0 106093 732014 676128 2026-11-09T11:19:25Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Ngaropéa kaca 732014 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Red_barn_at_National_Ranching_Heritage_Center,_Lubbock,_TX_IMG_0054.JPG|ka|jmpl| Lumbung beureum tina 6666 Ranch di National Ranching Heritage Center di Lubbock, Texas]] '''Four Sixes Ranch''' atawa '''Paternakan Opat Angka Genep''', digayakeun salaku '''6666 Ranch''', mangrupikeun paternakan di King County, Texas, ogé Carson County sareng Hutchinson County. == Lokasi == Bagian utama ranch perenahna caket kota Guthrie di King County, Texas. Ieu ngawengku 350,000 acres (550 sq kuring; 140.000 ha) tanah. Imah ranch utama pareum US Highway 82. Bagian Dixon Creek ngalegaan 108,000 acres (169 sq kuring; 44.000 ha) lahan di Carson sareng Hutchinson county.<ref name="texasfour" /> Dixon Creek ngalir ngaliwatan bagian ieu ranch deukeut Panhandle, Texas. == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Texas_Cowboys_14.jpg|jmpl|Sapasang chaps ngagantung tina paternakan kalawan lambang "6666"]] Paternakan ieu diadegkeun ku Samuel Burk Burnett di 1900 saatos anjeunna ngagaleuh lahan ti Louisville Land and Cattle Company.<ref name="americanquarter">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aqha.com/Museum/Exhibits/War-Horses/Locations/6666-Ranch.aspx|title=American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame & Museum: 6666 Ranch|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702152451/http://www.aqha.com/Museum/Exhibits/War-Horses/Locations/6666-Ranch.aspx|archivedate=2 Juli 2014|accessdate=11 Nopémber 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702152451/http://www.aqha.com/Museum/Exhibits/War-Horses/Locations/6666-Ranch.aspx |date=2 Juli 2014 }}</ref> Katerangan nyatakeun yén anjeunna meunang paternakan tina kaulinan kartu, dimana anjeunna ngoleksi opat genep.<ref name="erindavies" /> Tapi, Burnett sareng turunanna nampik dongéng folklor ieu.<ref name="erindavies" /> Gantina, ngaran asalna tina gorombolan munggaran anjeunna diangkat dina paternakan, paternakan ieu dimérekan "6666".<ref name="erindavies" /> Burnett ngangkat banteng Herefords sareng Durham murni, anu meunang hadiah nasional dina acara peternakan di sakuliah Amérika Serikat. Anjeunna ogé jawa kuda suku murni.<ref name="texasfour" /> Dina 1918, 2.000 sirah sapi tiwas ku badai salju.<ref name="texasfour" /> Tilu taun ti harita, dina 1921, minyak kapanggih dina paternakan, sahingga ngarobahna kana perusahaan pisan nguntungkeun.<ref name="texasfour" /> Saatos pupusna Burnett di 1920, paternakan ieu diwariskeun ku incu awéwéna, Anne Valliant Burnett Tandy.<ref name="americanquarter" /> Anjeunna ngagaleuh Gray Badger II sareng Hollywood Gold, dua kuda acara anu cicing di paternakan. Ku 1936, aya 20.000 sapi Hereford di paternakan.<ref name="texasfour" /> Dina taun 1960-an jeung 1970-an, lumbung di paternakan dipaké dina iklan Marlboro, merek roko.<ref name="texasfour" /> Dina 1975, pamandangan pilem ''Mackintosh jeung TJ'' syuting di paternakan.<ref name="texasfour" /> Dina 1980, paternakan ieu dibikeun ka buyut Burnett urang, Anne Windfohr Marion, jeung buyut-incu awewe na, Wendi Grimes. Marion ko-manajemén paternakan jeung salaki kaopat nya, John L. Marion.<ref name="americanquarter" /> Aranjeunna ngabina sapi Brangus sareng Herefords pikeun ngahasilkeun Baldy Hideung, hiji breed sapi tahan laleur cedar .<ref name="texasfour" /> Saratus broodmares jawa di paternakan unggal taun.<ref name="americanquarter" /> Nepi ka 3 Désémber 2020, paternakan ieu geus dijual dumasar kana kahoyong nu bogana Anne Burnett Marion, nu geus maot di Pébruari taun éta; didaptarkeun di pasar kalayan total $347,7 juta.{{Fact|date=Nopémber 2021}} In May 2021, a buyer group represented by [[screenwriter]] [[Taylor Sheridan]] purchased the ranch.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Historic 6666 Ranch Almost Twice the Size of Chicago Gets the Perfect Steward|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/arts-entertainment/imagine-all-the-westerns-taylor-sheridan-could-shoot-at-6666-ranch/|access-date=11 Juli 2021|work=Texas Monthly|last=Dan Solomon|date=7 Méi 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=KCBD Staff|title=Historic west Texas 6666's Ranch sold to 'Yellowstone' creator|url=https://www.kcbd.com/2021/05/03/historic-west-texas-s-ranch-under-contract/|access-date=11 Juli 2021|work=www.kcbd.com|date=3 Méi 2021|language=en}}</ref> Lukisan ngagambarkeun porsi paternakan geus dicét ku Tom Ryan jeung Mondel Rogers. Lumbung ti paternakan geus dipindahkeun ka National Ranching Warisan Center di Lubbock, Texas.<ref name="texasfour" /> == Dina budaya populér == Séri televisi anu henteu namina dumasar kana paternakan diwanohkeun salaku pilot backdoor, salami usum kaopat tina séri drama ''Yellowstone'', dileupaskeun 7 Nopémber 2021, ngalangkungan jasa streaming Paramount + .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.looper.com/679353/yellowstone-6666-release-date-cast-plot/|title=Yellowstone: 6666 Release Date, Cast, And Plot - What We Know So Far|publisher=looper.com|accessdate=4 Januari 2022|date=21 Désémber 2021}}</ref> Tanda paternakan ogé bisa nempo dina serial drama ''Landman''. == Aub dina Olahraga == 6666 Ranch geus disponsoran mobil 23 pikeun Ryan Hunter-Reay, nyetir pikeun Dreyer &amp;amp; Reinbold Racing, dina 2024 NTT IndyCar Series. [[Kategori:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]] 8e35melyzdqpzdvpk42g12idkqyl357 0 106211 731900 711064 2026-11-08T13:54:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tugu Selamat Datang di Kota Dodol''' mangrupa salah sahiji monumen nu aya di [[Garut Kota, Garut|Kota Garut]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infogarut.id/tentang-tugu-ikonik-garut-tugu-simpang-lima|title=Tentang Tugu Ikonik Garut : Tugu Simpang Lima|last=Infogarut|website=infogarut.id|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709161216/https://infogarut.id/tentang-tugu-ikonik-garut-tugu-simpang-lima |date=2025-07-09 }}</ref> == Sajarah == Kota Garut katelah ku rupa-rupa ikonna, salah sahijina nyaeta [[Kota Dodol]]. Masarakat oge leuwih resep nyebut Kota Garut jadi Kota Dodol lantaran idéntik jeung ayana monumén nu nyebutkeun "Selamat Datang di Kota Dodol" anu perenahna di [[Jalan Raya Otto Iskandar Dinata, Kacamatan Tarogong Kaler, Kabupatén Garut]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/wafaramadhan08/6287a74415834770123e21c2/mengenal-monumen-tugu-dodol-di-kota-garut|title=Mengenal Monumen Tugu Dodol di Kota Garut|last=Kompasiana.com|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-09}}</ref> Tugu Selamat Datang di Kota Dodol ogé bisa disebutkeun minangka tugu anyar di Kota Garut, lantaran ieu tugu diadegkeun dina taun 2019 ku Pamaréntah Daérah Garut. Sareng dina waktos éta, pangwangunan monumen ieu ngabutuhkeun waktos sakitar 1 sasih, tepatna dina bulan Méi sareng réngsé dina bulan Juni 2019. Salian ti éta, monumen ieu ogé ngagaduhan ukuran panjangna kirang langkung 2 méter sareng jangkungna kira-kira 100 cm nyanghareup ka kalér pikeun ngabagéakeun sémah anu badé nganjang ka Kota Garut.<ref name=":0" /> Di balik pangwangunanana, monumen ieu ngagaduhan pro sareng kontra ti masarakat satempat. Ieu kusabab istilah "Kota Dodol" dianggap boga pandangan négatip ku wisatawan anu nganggap hal éta idéntik jeung bodo. Tapi, lila-lila, réa masarakat satempat anu ngarojong kana ngadegna éta monumen, malah geus réa réspon jeung pangrojong positif ti masarakat di jero jeung luar Kota Garut. Nepi ka ayeuna Tugu Dodol masih ngadeg pageuh minangka salah sahiji monumen utama di Kota Garut anu dijadikeun spot poto anyar para wisatawan sarta jadi reueus warga Garut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d-6007384/sempat-tuai-kontroversi-ini-4-fakta-menarik-tugu-garut-kota-dodol|title=Sempat Tuai Kontroversi, Ini 4 Fakta Menarik Tugu Garut Kota Dodol|last=Ghani|first=Hakim|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209071545/https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d-6007384/sempat-tuai-kontroversi-ini-4-fakta-menarik-tugu-garut-kota-dodol|archivedate=2025-02-09}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Kabupatén Garut]] [[Kategori:Kota Dodol]] [[Kategori:Tugu]] 41fozofsof74bxmsd2kc7t6wcxdgpbj 0 106215 731888 680964 2026-11-08T13:33:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tegal Malaka''' nyaéta salah sahiji déstinasi pariwisata mangrupikeun bukit, anu ayana di kampung Tegal Malaka, desa Rancabango, [[Kabupatén Garut]], Jawa Barat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infogarut.id/tegal-malaka-bukit-savana-di-tarogong-kaler|title=Tegal Malaka Bukit Savana di Tarogong Kaler|last=Infogarut|website=www.infogarut.id|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203192033/https://www.infogarut.id/tegal-malaka-bukit-savana-di-tarogong-kaler|archivedate=2026-02-03}}</ref> Kecap "Tegal" asalna tina basa sunda anu hartina "tanah lapang," sarta "Malaka" anu hartina "pohon" atawa "tutuwuhan." Jadi, sacara harti, tegal malaka ieu mimitina ngan ukur tanah lapang kosong mangrupa savana. Awalna, bukit ieu dék dijadikeun tempat nambang tanah. Ngan, mulai dina tahun 2023, kawasan ieu ditata ku sakelompok pamuda pecinta alam kalayan ngajaga kawasan jeung ekosistem. Bukit ieu nyuguhkeun pamandangan ''citylight'' sabab ayana di kawasan kaki Gunung Guntur, Garut. Kawasan Tegal Malaka bisa dipaké piknik jeung botram, ogé sakaligus nyadiakeun warung jeung ''café'' ngan ukur jang turis nganikmati pamandangan. Déstinasi ieu buka ti jam 06.00 nepi peuting, kukituna turis bisa berkunjung atawa kémah make fasilitas glamping nu disadiakeun atawa pribadi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://garutberkabar.com/tegal-malaka-destinasi-alam-penuh-fasilitas-dengan-harga-terjangkau-di-garut/|title=Tegal Malaka : Destinasi Alam Penuh Fasilitas dengan Harga Terjangkau di Garut|last=Admin|website=GARUT BERKABAR|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-09}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Kabupatén Garut]] [[Kategori:Pariwisata]] 7ydowuothy7nq9j399edw21mkuy5m6n 0 106216 731859 681064 2026-11-08T12:24:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Situ Sarkanjut''' nyaéta situ nu aya di daerah Lembur Sarkanjut, Desa Dungusiku, [[Kecamatan Leuwigoong]] [[Kabupatén Garut|Kabupaten Garut]]. Situ Sarkanjut kakenal kulantaran ngarana anu unik. Sabab Sarkanjut asal [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kécap]]<nowiki/>na tina kanjut nyaeta larangan lalaki nyaeta sirit.Asal usul ngaran Situ Sarkanjut téh ti mitos baheula aya kolot anu ngadéngé harewos gaib keur ngalawan [[Walanda]] make cara nyekel larangan tilu kali pikeun bisa nyalametkeun pangeusi lemburna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infogarut.id/asal-usul-nama-situ-sarkanjut-namanya-yang-bikin-salfok|title=Asal-Usul Nama Situ Sarkanjut, Namanya yang Bikin Salfok!|last=Nurazizah|first=Nadilla|website=www.infogarut.id|language=id|accessdate=2025-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205125347/https://infogarut.id/asal-usul-nama-situ-sarkanjut-namanya-yang-bikin-salfok|archivedate=2024-12-05}}</ref> Situ Sarkanjut jarakna ti pusat Kabupaten [[Garut Kota, Garut|Garut]] nyaeta 20 Km. Legana situ ieu téh kanu dua hektar. Carita Situ Sarkanjut awal mulana ti zaman [[Walanda]] lantaran daerah ieu kadatangan ajengan anu ngarana Mbah Sura Adipraja. Mbah Sura, anu ngajabat satingkat camat di daerah [[Kabupatén Cianjur|Cianjur]] nolak mayar upeti ka Walanda. Kulantaran éta anjeuna ngalih ka daerah Garut. Ku kasaktianna jeung di bantuan ku pangeusi lembur anjeunna ngajieun situ nu ayeuna dingaranan Situ Sarkanjut<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6283883/mitos-kejantanan-pria-dan-sejarah-situ-sarkanjut-di-garut|title=Mitos Kejantanan Pria dan Sejarah Situ Sarkanjut di Garut|last=Ghani|first=Hakim|website=detikjabar|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-02-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209072852/https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6283883/mitos-kejantanan-pria-dan-sejarah-situ-sarkanjut-di-garut |date=2025-02-09 }}</ref>. == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Kabupatén Garut]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan lewigoong]] [[Kategori:Situ]] [[Kategori:Wiisata]] b1v8baahufnq5669h9vo4nmozkzkuaa 0 106784 731881 690144 2026-11-08T13:20:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = {{Raise|0.2em|Tama}} | native_name = {{Lower|0.1em|{{Nobold|{{Lang|ja|多摩市}}}}}} | settlement_type = [[Kota (Jepang)|Kota]] <!-- images, nickname, motto --> | image_skyline = Tama City Hall.jpg | image_size = 271px | image_caption = Balai Kota Tama | image_flag = Flag of Tama, Tokyo.svg | image_seal = Emblem of Tama, Tokyo.svg <!-- maps and coordinates --> | image_map = Tama in Tokyo Prefecture Ja.svg | mapsize = 271px | map_caption = Lokasi Tama di Metropolis Tōkyō <!-- location --> | subdivision_type = [[Daftar negara berdaulat|Negara]] | subdivision_name = {{JPN}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Wilayah (Jepang)|Wilayah]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Wilayah Kantō|Kantō]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Prefektur di Jepang|Prefektur]] | subdivision_name2 = {{Flag|Tōkyō}} <!-- government type, leaders --> | leader_title = Wali kota | leader_name = Hiroyuki Abe <!-- area --> | area_total_km2 = 21,01 <!-- population --> | population_total = 146631 | population_as_of = Oktober 1, 2015 | population_density_km2 = 6979 <!-- time zone(s) --> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = +09:00 <!-- postal codes, area code --> | postal_code_type = Kode pos | postal_code = 206-8666 <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = Simbol | blank_info_sec1 = &nbsp; | blank1_name_sec1 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Pohon | blank1_info_sec1 = ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' | blank2_name_sec1 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Bunga | blank2_info_sec1 = ''[[Cerasus jamasakura]]'' | blank3_name_sec1 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Burung | blank3_info_sec1 = ''[[Streptopelia orientalis]]'' <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = Nomor&nbsp;telepon | blank_info_sec2 = 042-375-8111 | blank1_name_sec2 = Alamat | blank1_info_sec2 = 6-12-1 Sekido, Tama-shi, Tōkyō-to <!-- website, footnotes --> | website = {{Official|1=www.city.tama.lg.jp/}} }} {{Nihongo|'''Tama'''|多摩市|Tama-shi}} nyaéta salah sahiji kota anu aya di [[Tokyo|Metropolis Tokyo]], [[Jepang]]. == Démografi == Dumasar data sénsus Jepang,<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/japan/tokyo/_/13224__tama/ Statistik populasi Tama]</ref> ieu jumlah pangeusi Kota Tama babaraha taun ka tukang. {| class="wikitable" |- ! 1995 !! 2000 !! 2005 !! 2010 !! 2015 |- | 148.113 || 145.862 || 145.877 || 147.648 || 146.631 |} == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tutumbu luar == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080801113603/http://www.city.tama.tokyo.jp/ Situs web resmi] {{Tokyo}} [[Kategori:Kota di Tokyo]] [[Kategori:Tokyo Kulon]] cu0ekkub2x9f1lj7t5vqi24q8dcweqt 0 107966 731904 711444 2026-11-08T14:15:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731904 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Nyonya Umi Sardjono.png|kiri|jmpl|Umi Sadjono]] '''Umi Sardjono''' (24 Désémber 1923 – 11 Maret 2011) nyaéta saurang aktivis awéwé sarta pejuang kamerdikaan [[Indonésia]]. Anjeunna kungsi jadi anggota DPR-GR sarta ogé pernah ngajabat minangka Ketua Umum [[Gerakan Wanita Indonésia|Gerakan Wanita Indonesia]] (Gerwani).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indoprogress.com/2011/04/jalan-teguh-sang-pemimpin/|title=Jalan Teguh Sang Pemimpin|website=IndoPROGRESS|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> == Biografi == Umi Sardjono kaasup salah sahiji awéwé pejuang anu sabenerna pantes meunang pangajén minangka pahlawan perintis kamerdikaan. Nalika umurna kakara kira-kira 20 taun, anjeunna kungsi dipenjara ku tentara fasis [[Jepang]] saméméh [[Proklamasi Kamerdékaan Indonésia|Proklamasi]] 17 Agustus 1945. Hal éta kajadian lantaran anjeunna milu dina gerakan bawah tanah pikeun ngalawan kakawasaan Jepang. Sanggeus dibébaskeun tina panjara Jepang, sumangetna pikeun neruskeun perjuangan tetep kuat. Anjeunna mindeng nyampeurkeun pidato anu sumanget jeung ngagugah di hareupeun balaréa. Kaayaan ieu nunjukkeun yén Umi Sardjono téh kaasup pejuang anu geus mimiti tarung ti mimiti kénéh sarta boga tekad anu kuat dina merjuangkeun kamerdikaan nagarana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koalisiperempuan.or.id/2012/02/27/umi-sardjono/|title=Umi Sardjono|last=Administrator|website=Koalisi Perempuan Indonesia|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-03-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326093928/https://www.koalisiperempuan.or.id/2012/02/27/umi-sardjono/ |date=2023-03-26 }}</ref> Umi Sardjono lahir dina tanggal 24 Désémber 1923. Anjeunna téh putri ti saurang lurah sarta miboga ngaran lengkep Suharti Sumodiwiryo, sanajan engké leuwih dipikawanoh ku ngaran Umi Sardjono. Ti mimiti ngora, anjeunna geus milu kana laskar awéwé. Pangalaman asup panjara lain hal anyar pikeun anjeunna, boh nalika ngalawan Jepang boh nalika ngalawan Walanda. Nalika anjeunna katangkep di Blitar, Umi patepung jeung [[S. K. Trimurti|S.K. Trimurti]], anu engkéna jadi Menteri Perburuhan dina mangsa Kabinet [[Amir Sjarifuddin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arahjuang.com/2022/03/11/perjuangan-umi-sardjono-pendiri-gerwani/|title=Perjuangan Umi Sardjono, Pendiri Gerwani|last=Juang|first=Arah|website=Arah Juang|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> Sanajan Républik Indonésia geus ngahontal kamerdikaan, perjuangan pikeun ngalawan impérialisme can réngsé. Ku sabab éta, Umi Sardjono babarengan jeung babaturan-babaturan perjuanganna ngadegkeun hiji wadah pikeun ngahimpun awéwé-awéwé progresif. Tujuanna nyaéta pikeun ngawangun organisasi awéwé anu miboga kasadaran [[pulitik]] anu kuat salaku bagian tina usaha nguatkeun perjuangan émansipasi awéwé. Ti dinya lahirlah Gerakan Perempuan Indonesia (Gerwis) anu jadi salah sahiji tonggak awal gerakan awéwé di Indonésia sanggeus kamerdikaan. Gerwis mangrupakeun wadah anu ngahijikeun tujuh organisasi awéwé dina mangsa éta. Tina organisasi ieu tuluy mucunghul cikal bakal Gerakan Wanita Indonesia (Gerwani).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2373384/sejarah-gerwis-dan-munculnya-gerwani|title=Sejarah Gerwis dan Munculnya Gerwani|last=Khalid|first=Idham|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513045921/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2373384/sejarah-gerwis-dan-munculnya-gerwani|archivedate=2024-05-13}}</ref> == Gerakan Wanita Indonesia == ''Baca artikel lengkepna: [[Gerakan Wanita Indonésia|Gerakan Wanita Indonesia]]'' Dina taun 1960-an, ampir teu aya rahayat Indonésia anu teu wawuh kana Gerwani, hiji organisasi awéwé anu gedé jeung jadi tempat ngahijina awéwé-awéwé progresif. Organisasi ieu ogé merjuangkeun rupa-rupa hal, saperti kasetaraan gender, panolakan kana poligami, sarta dorongan supaya awéwé bisa ilubiung dina prosés pulitik. Kagiatan Gerwani dipikawanoh boga kawani anu gedé sarta lantang dina ngalawan rupa-rupa bentuk diskriminasi gender anu harita masih kénéh sumebar di masarakat. Maranéhna ogé sering nyuarakeun panolakan kana sistem sosial patriarki anu mangaruhan hubungan sosial dina rupa-rupa widang kahirupan. Gerakan anu kacida progresifna ieu terus milu ngawarnaan dinamika pulitik di Indonésia dina mangsa pamaréntahan [[Sukarno]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://satunama.org/3877/catatan-kecil-sejarah-gerakan-perempuan-indonesia/|title=Catatan Kecil Sejarah Gerakan Perempuan Indonesia - Yayasan SATUNAMA Yogyakarta|last=SATUNAMA|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> Dina mangsa éta, Gerwani ngahontal jaman kajayaanana. Ieu ogé jadi salah sahiji période anu penting dina kapamingpinan organisasi di handapeun Ketua Umum Umi Sardjono. Jumlah kaderna terus nambahan, sarta rupa-rupa program anu nyanghareupan langsung kana kahirupan rahayat leutik terus dilaksanakeun. Di antarana nyaéta ngadegkeun sakola-sakola, ngayakeun kursus pikeun ngabasmi buta huruf, sarta nyadiakeun tempat penitipan budak. Kacatet kurang leuwih aya sakitar 1.500 balai penitipan budak anu diadegkeun ku Gerwani. Para patani jeung buruh bisa ngamangpaatkeun fasilitas éta tanpa kudu mayar. Tina usaha jeung perjuangan anu tulus ieu, loba rahayat anu jadi simpati sarta tuluy ngadaptar jadi anggota. Nilai-nilai anu ditepikeun ka para anggotana di antarana nyaéta sumanget kamerdikaan, gawé teuas, jeung pangabdian kana perjuangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arahjuang.com/2022/03/11/perjuangan-umi-sardjono-pendiri-gerwani/|title=Perjuangan Umi Sardjono, Pendiri Gerwani|last=Juang|first=Arah|website=Arah Juang|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> Salain ti éta, Gerwani ogé nangtang prak-prakan prostitusi, ngabéla korban perkosaan, sarta merjuangkeun usaha pikeun nyegah karuksakan moral anu dina mangsa éta sering diasosiasikeun jeung kabiasaan dansa anu kaleuleuwihi jeung musik anu disebut “ngak-ngik-ngok”. Di sisi séjén, Gerwani ogé sacara serius ngalaksanakeun peranna salaku penjaga moral kulawarga manipolis sarta masarakat sacara umum. Para anggotana dipiharep supaya terus gawé teuas, rajin diajar, hirup basajan, tulus, jeung boga katekunan. Maranéhna ogé diajak supaya tetep optimistis kana mangsa hareup anu dianggap bakal leuwih adil sacara sosial<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/dilema-gerwani-hadapi-poligami-soekarno.html|title=Dilema Gerwani hadapi poligami Soekarno|website=merdeka.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> Hal anu panglobana nimbulkeun rasa hariwang di kalangan golongan konservatif nyaéta gambaran kader Gerwani anu ngagabungkeun peran minangka indung anu boga kasadaran pulitik jeung salaku patriot militan anu wani tampil di ruang publik. Dina hal ieu, maranéhna sering nangtang dominasi lalaki dina widang anu sacara tradisional dianggap minangka wilayah lalaki. Dina lalampahan sajarahna, Gerwani tungtungna kudu nyanghareupan oposisi anu kuat ti golongan konservatif, nepi ka organisasi ieu ahirna diruntuhkeun ku cara anu kacida kerasna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jurnalperempuan.org/7/post/2016/03/gerwani-pelopor-gerakan-perempuan-feminis-sosialis-di-indonesia.html|title=Gerwani: Pelopor Gerakan Perempuan Feminis-Sosialis di Indonesia|website=Jurnal Perempuan|language=en|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> Organisasi awéwé anu ngaranna Gerwani ieu sabenerna geus diwangun salila kurang leuwih 15 taun ku para awéwé anu loba di antarana mangrupakeun urut pejuang kamerdikaan. Maranéhna boga visi anu jelas pikeun merjuangkeun hak-hak awéwé sarta ngalawan imperialisme. Sanajan kitu, dina ahirna Gerwani dituduh minangka salah sahiji pihak anu aya patalina jeung kajadian Gerakan 30 September 1965 (G30S). Organisasi ieu ogé dipatalikeun jeung PKI, sarta aya rupa-rupa tuduhan jeung propaganda anu ngagambarkeun anggota Gerwani sacara négatif, kaasup nyambungkeunana jeung gambaran ngeunaan paripolah seksual awéwé komunis anu dianggap nyimpang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/media-58731310|title=Sejarah Gerwani sebagai organisasi perempuan progresif pasca peristiwa G30S|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-10}}</ref> == Référénsi == 4boy4jz3sitk520u51877k8yy76h4tw 14 108347 731963 708330 2026-11-08T17:04:20Z Dinototosugiarto 11449 731963 wikitext text/x-wiki Kategori ieu eusina daptar artikel ngeunaan rupa-rupa tutuwuhan tina kumpulan '''Paku-pakuan''' (''Pteridophyta''). Tutuwuhan paku mangrupa kumpulan tutuwuhan anu parantos gaduh ''sistem'' ''pembuluh'' anu sajati (''Tracheophyta'') nanging henteu ngahasilkeun [[siki]], margi baranahan nganggo [[spora]].<ref name="itis">{{cite web |url=https://www.itis.gov/ |title=Pteridophyta Classification |publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |accessdate=2026-04-21}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/fern |title=Fern: Plant Group |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-21}}</ref> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] s1glfqi88504b9ha71lo8y4l7qkww5m 0 108405 731925 711826 2026-11-08T14:56:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Warren G. Harding | image = Warren G. Harding 1920s portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption = Potrét, {{circa|1920–1923}} | order = Présidén Amérika Sarikat ka-29 | office = Présidén Amérika Sarikat | term_start = 4 Maret 1921 | term_end = 2 Agustus 1923 | predecessor = [[Woodrow Wilson]] | successor = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | vice_president = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | jr/sr1 = Sénator Amérika Sarikat | state1 = [[Ohio]] | term_start1 = 4 Maret 1915 | term_end1 = 13 Januari 1921 | predecessor1 = [[Theodore E. Burton]] | successor1 = [[Frank B. Willis]] | order2 = Létnan Gubernur Ohio ka-28 | office2 = Létnan Gubernur Ohio | governor2 = [[Myron T. Herrick]] | term_start2 = 11 Januari 1904 | term_end2 = 8 Januari 1906 | predecessor2 = [[Harry L. Gordon]] | successor2 = [[Andrew L. Harris]] | state_senate3 = Ohio | district3 = ka-13 | term_start4 = 1 Januari 1900 | term_end4 = 4 Januari 1904 | predecessor4 = Henry May | successor4 = [[Samuel H. West]] | birth_name = Warren Gamaliel Harding | birth_date = {{birth date|1865|11|2}} | birth_place = [[Blooming Grove, Ohio]], AS | death_date = {{death date and age|1923|8|2|1865|11|2}} | death_place = San Francisco, Kalifornia, AS | resting_place = [[Makam Harding]] | party = [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Républik]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Florence Kling]]|8 Juli 1891}} | children = [[Elizabeth Ann Blaesing|Elizabeth]] (sareng [[Nan Britton]]) | father = [[George Tryon Harding]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Wartawan * politikus }} | education = [[Ohio Central College]] ([[Sarjana Sastra|BA]]) | signature = Warren G Harding Signature2.svg | signature_alt = Tanda tangan kursif dina mangsi | module = {{listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Portion of a speech by Harding.ogg|title=Sora Warren G. Harding|type=speech|description=Sempalan biantara Harding<br />Dirékam taun 1920}} }} '''Warren Gamaliel Harding''' (2 Nopémber 1865 – 2 Agustus 1923) nyaéta [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-29, anu ngajabat ti taun 1921 dugi ka pupusna dina taun 1923. Salaku anggota [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Républik]], anjeunna mangrupa salah sahiji présidén anu pangpopulérna nalika harita. Nanging saatos anjeunna pupus, sababaraha skandal mimiti kabongkar anu ahirna ngaruksak pisan kana reputasi sarta jenenganana dina sajarah. Harding matuh di padésan [[Ohio]] saumur hirupna, iwal nalika pancén politik nganteur anjeunna ka daérah sanés. Nalika anom kénéh, anjeunna mésér surat kabar ''[[The Marion Star]]'' sarta ngawangun éta média dugi ka suksés. Harding ngajabat di [[Sénat Nagara Bagian Ohio]] ti taun 1900 dugi ka 1904, sarta janten [[Létnan Gubernur Ohio]] salami dua taun. Sanajan anjeunna kawon dina [[Pamilihan gubernur Ohio 1910|pamilihan gubernur taun 1910]], Harding hasil kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat]] dina [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1914 di Ohio|taun 1914]]—anu mangrupa pamilihan langsung munggaran pikeun éta kalungguhan di nagara bagian kasebut. Dina taun 1920, Harding maju janten calon présidén ti Partéy Républik, nanging mimitina mah anjeunna henteu pati diunggulkeun sateuacan [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920|konvénsi]] dimimitian. Nalika para calon utama henteu tiasa kénging sora mayoritas sarta konvénsi nincak jalan buntu (''deadlock''), dukungan ka Harding teras ningkat, dugi ka ahirna anjeunna dicalonkeun dina sora (''ballot'') kasapuluh. Dina mangsa kampanye, anjeunna ngagunakeun stratégi ''[[front porch campaign]]'', nyaéta cicing di Marion bari ngantosan jalma-jalma nu sumping ka anjeunna. Harding ngajanjikeun "[[mulih deui kana kaayaan normal]]" (''return to normalcy'') sapertos mangsa sateuacan [[Amérika Sarikat dina Perang Dunya I|Perang Dunya I]]. Anjeunna hasil ngéléhkeun calon ti [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Démokrat]], [[James M. Cox]], kalayan sora anu mutlak (''landslide''), sarta janten sénator munggaran anu nuju ngajabat anu kapilih janten présidén. Harding ngangkat sababaraha inohong anu dipihormat pikeun ngeusian [[Kabinet Warren G. Harding|kabinetna]], di antarana [[Andrew Mellon]] di [[Departemén Kauangan Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Kauangan]], [[Herbert Hoover]] di [[Departemén Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Perdagangan]], sarta [[Charles Evans Hughes]] di [[Departemén Luar Nagri Amérika Sarikat|Departemén Luar Nagri]]. Salah sahiji préstasi utama dina kawijakan luar nagrina nyaéta [[Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington]] 1921–1922, dimana kakuatan angkatan laut utama dunya sapuk kana program pangwatesan pakarang laut anu lumangsung salami dasawarsa. Harding ogé ngabébaskeun tahanan politik anu ditéwak alatan [[Oposisi kana Perang Dunya I di Amérika Sarikat|nampik Perang Dunya I]]. Dina taun 1923, anjeunna pupus alatan serangan jantung di San Francisco nalika nuju ngayakeun lalampahan ka wilayah kulon, sarta kalungguhanana ditéruskeun ku Wakil Présidén [[Calvin Coolidge]]. Kabongkarna rupa-rupa skandal saatos Harding pupus, kalebet [[Skandal Teapot Dome]], sarta ayana hubungan di luar nikah sareng [[Nan Britton]], parantos ngaleungitkeun popularitas anjeunna. Sekretaris jero nagrina, [[Albert B. Fall]], sarta [[Jaksa Agung Amérika Sarikat|Jaksa Agungna]], [[Harry Daugherty]], duanana dikiatkeun kana dakwaan korupsi nalika nuju ngajabat; Fall kabuktian salah sarta dihukum, sedengkeun Daugherty mah henteu. Ieu runtuyan prosés hukum téh parantos ngaruksak pisan kana [[Reputasi sajarah Warren G. Harding|reputasi Harding saatos anjeunna pupus]]. Dina [[Peringkat sajarah Présidén AS]] salami sababaraha dasawarsa saatos anjeunna ngajabat, Harding sering pisan ditempatkeun dina jajaran présidén anu panggoréngna. Nanging dina dasawarsa-dasawarsa salajengna, sababaraha ahli sajarah mimiti marios deui sarta ngajén deui catetan préstasi Harding salami anjeunna ngajabat. == Awal kahirupan sarta karir == === Mangsa budak sarta atikan === {{Warren G. Harding series}} [[File:Home of Warren G. Harding 2011.jpg|jmpl|kénca|Imah Harding di [[Marion, Ohio]]]] Warren Harding lahir dina ping 2 Nopémber 1865, di [[Blooming Grove, Ohio]].{{sfn|Russell|p=33}} Nalika alit, anjeunna kagungan jujuluk "Winnie". Harding mangrupa putra cikal ti dalapan sadulur pasangan [[George Tryon Harding]] (biasana nelah Tryon) sareng Phoebe Elizabeth (née Dickerson) Harding.{{sfn|Russell|p=33}} Phoebe téh saurang [[paraji]] anu miboga lisénsi ti nagara bagian. Tryon damel salaku patani sarta ngajar sakola caket [[Mount Gilead, Ohio|Mount Gilead]]. Ngaliwatan magang, diajar mandiri, sarta sataun kuliah di sakola kedokteran, Tryon ahirna janten dokter sarta muka prakték alit.{{sfn|Russell|p=35}} Karuhun munggaran Harding di Amérika nyaéta Richard Harding, anu sumping ti [[Inggris]] ka [[Teluk Massachusetts]] sakitar taun 1624.<ref>{{cite book|title=The New England Historical and Genealogical Register|publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society|year=1922}}</ref> Harding ogé ngagaduhan garis katurunan ti Wales sarta Skotlandia,<ref>The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Volumes 76–77. October 1923, p. 244</ref> sarta sawatara karuhun ti pihak ibuna mah asalna ti Walanda, kalebet kulawarga Van Kirk anu beunghar.<ref>{{cite book |title=The illustrious life and work of Warren G. Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States |last=Russell |first=Thomas |page=51 |year=1923 |publisher=the University of Wisconsin–Madison}}</ref> Aya béja (rumor) ti lawan politikna di Blooming Grove yén salah saurang nini buyut Harding téh mangrupa urang [[Afrit-Amérika]].<ref name = "first black president">{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Beverly|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/magazine/06wwln-essay-t.html?ref=warrengharding|title=Our First Black President?|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 6, 2008|access-date=June 15, 2015}}</ref> Aki buyutna, Amos Harding, nétélakeun yén éta béja téh mimiti ditiupkeun ku saurang bangsat anu kanyahoan maling ku kulawargana, kalayan tujuan pikeun meres atanapi males dendam.{{sfn|Russell|p=26}} Dina taun 2015, [[tés genetik]] ka turunan Harding ngabuktikeun kalayan akurasi langkung ti 95%, yén anjeunna henteu gaduh katurunan Afrika sub-Sahara dina opat generasi ka tukang.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name=Baker18Aug>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|first=Peter|last=Baker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/19/us/politics/dna-that-confirmed-one-warren-harding-rumor-refutes-another.html|title=DNA Shows Warren Harding Wasn't America's First Black President|date=August 18, 2015|access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref> Dina taun 1870, kulawarga Harding anu mangrupa panganut [[Abolisionismeu di Amérika Sarikat|abolisionismeu]] (gerakan anti-perbudakan), pindah ka [[Caledonia, Ohio|Caledonia]]. Di dinya, Tryon ngokolakeun ''The Argus'', hiji surat kabar mingguan lokal. Ti yuswa 11 taun, Harding mimiti neuleuman dunya surat kabar di ''The Argus''.{{sfn|Dean|p=6}} Dina ahir taun 1879, nalika yuswana 14 taun, anjeunna sakola di ''alma mater'' ramana—[[Ohio Central College]] di [[Iberia, Ohio|Iberia]]. Di dinya, anjeunna kabuktian salaku murid anu parigel. Dina taun pamungkasna, anjeunna sareng rerencanganana medarkeun surat kabar alit, ''Iberia Spectator''. Dina taun éta kénéh, kulawarga Harding pindah ka [[Marion, Ohio|Marion]], sakitar 6 mil ti Caledonia, sarta saatos lulus dina taun 1882, anjeunna nyusul kulawargana ka dinya.{{sfn|Dean|pp=7–9}} Dina ping 6 Méi 1883, Harding janten anggota [[Garéja Baptis Bébas]] (''Free Baptist Church'') di Marion. Anjeunna ngajabat salaku wali (''trustee'') salami 25 taun sarta tetep janten anggota dugi ka pupusna.<ref name="TBC">{{citation |title=Trinity Baptist Church — Marion, Ohio: History and Development |publisher=Trinity Baptist Church, Marion, Ohio |url=http://www.tbcmarion.org/pdf/trinity%20baptist%20church.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325184835/http://www.tbcmarion.org/pdf/trinity%20baptist%20church.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2009 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325184835/http://www.tbcmarion.org/pdf/trinity%20baptist%20church.pdf |archivedate=March 25, 2009 }}</ref>{{rp|6}} Ieu jamaah garéja ngagabung sareng [[Konvénsi Baptis Kalér]] dina taun 1911<ref name="TBC" />{{rp|4}} sarta katelah ku nami Garéja Baptis Trinity dina taun 1912.<ref name="TBC" />{{rp|7}} === Éeditor === Nalika Harding anom kénéh, sabagian ageung padumuk Amérika Sarikat masih kénéh matuh di padésan sarta kota-kota alit. Harding méakkeun ampir sakabéh hirupna di Marion, hiji kota alit di wilayah désa puseur Ohio, sarta janten raket pisan sareng éta kota. Nalika anjeunna nincak kalungguhan luhur, anjeunna nétélakeun kacida nyaahna ka Marion sarta cara hirup di dinya; anjeunna nyarioskeun seueur nonoman Marion anu angkat sarta suksés di tempat sanés, bari nyebatkeun yén jalma anu kantos janten "kareueus sakola" nanging milih tetep di lembur sarta janten purah beberesih (''janitor''), saenyana mangrupa "jalma anu pangbagajana ti sakabéh kelompok".{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=6–9}} Saatos lulus, Harding kantos nyobian damel janten guru sarta agén asuransi, ogé sakedap neuleuman widang hukum. Anjeunna teras ngumpulkeun modal $300 (sarimbag sareng {{Inflation|US|300|1883|fmt=eq|r=-2}}) babarengan sareng rénjangna pikeun mésér hiji surat kabar anu ampir bangkrut, ''[[The Marion Star]]'', média panglemahna ti tilu surat kabar anu aya di éta kota. Harding anu harita yuswana 18 taun ngagunakeun kartu pas karéta api anu janten fasilitas éta média pikeun sumping ka [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1884]]. Di dinya, anjeunna gaul sareng wartawan-wartawan anu langkung kawentar sarta ngadukung calon présidén, mantan [[Menteri Luar Nagri Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Luar Nagri]] [[James G. Blaine]]. Nalika Harding mulang ti Chicago, anjeunna mendakan yén pihak kaamanan parantos nyita éta surat kabar.{{sfn|Dean|pp=9–13}} Salami kampanye pamilihan, Harding damel di ''Democratic Mirror'' Marion sarta ngarasa keuheul margi kedah muji calon présidén ti Partéy Démokrat, Gubernur New York [[Grover Cleveland]], anu ahirna meunang [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1884|pamilihan]].{{sfn|Nevins|p=252}} Saatos éta, kalayan bantuan kauangan ti ramana, Harding hasil ngagaduhan deui éta surat kabar.{{sfn|Dean|pp=9–13}} Dina ahir taun 1880-an, Harding ngawangun sarta ngamajukeun ''Star''. Kota Marion mémang condong milih Républik, nanging [[Wewengkon Marion, Ohio|Wewengkon Marion]] mah condong ka Démokrat. Ku kituna, Harding nyandak sikep ééditorial anu adil; anjeunna nyatakeun yén ''Star'' édisi harian mah nétral (non-partisan), sedengkeun édisi mingguan mah condong ka Républik. Ieu kabijakan hasil narik minat pamasang iklan sarta ngajantenkeun mingguan Républik sanésna di éta kota gulung tikar. Nurutkeun nu nulis biografina, Andrew Sinclair: {{blockquote| Kasuksésan Harding sareng ''Star'' mémang luyu sareng modél [[Horatio Alger]]. Anjeunna ngamimitian tina nol, sarta ngaliwatan rupa-rupa cara—digawe teuas, nunda pamayaran, nambut deui gajih, nepi ka pinter maénkeun kaayaan—anjeunna ngarobah média anu ampir paéh janten surat kabar kota alit anu pangaruhna kuat. Sabagian ageung kasuksésanna aya patalina sareng rupa anu kasép, sipat anu soméah, sumanget, sarta katatabanana, nanging anjeunna ogé kawilang untung. Sakumaha anu kantos ditepikeun ku [[Machiavelli]], kacalakan tiasa mawa jalma kana kasuksésan, nanging moal sampurna upami teu dibarengan ku kaberuntungan.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=12–13}}}} Padumuk Marion ningkat tina 4.000 jiwa dina taun 1880 janten dua kalieunana dina taun 1890, sarta janten 12.000 dina taun 1900. Ieu kamekaran nguntungkeun pisan pikeun ''Star''. Harding ogé satékah polah ngamajukeun éta kota ku cara nanem modal dina rupa-rupa usaha lokal. Nepi ka ayeuna, Harding mangrupa hiji-hijina Présidén AS anu miboga pangalaman pinuh dina widang jurnalistik.{{sfn|Dean|pp=9–13}} Anjeunna ogé janten pangrojong satia Gubernur [[Joseph B. Foraker]] ti Partéy Républik.{{sfn|Russell|pp = 56–68}} Harding mimiti wanoh ka [[Florence Harding|Florence Kling]], anu yuswana lima taun langkung sepuh, salaku putra ti bankir lokal, [[Amos Kling]]. Amos téh jalma anu biasa kedah diturutan kahayangna, nanging Harding sering nyerang anjeunna ngaliwatan tulisan dina surat kabar. Florence miboga sipat anu teuas sapertos ramana, nu ngajantenkeun anjeunna bentrok sareng ramana saatos mulang ti kuliah musik. Saatos Florence pirak (divorce) dina taun 1886, anjeunna sareng Harding mimiti aya hubungan (''courting'').{{sfn|Dean|pp=14–19}} Ieu hubungan téh ngabalukarkeun Amos Kling murka. Amos percanten yén kulawarga Harding miboga [[Urang Amérika Multirasial|getih turunan Afrika]], sarta anjeunna ogé ngarasa kaganggu ku tulisan-tulisan Harding. Amos mimiti nyebarkeun béja (rumor) ngeunaan turunan Afrika Harding sarta ngajurung para pangusaha pikeun ngaboikot usaha Harding. Nalika Harding terang kana peta Amos, anjeunna ngingetan Amos sangkan eureun nyebarkeun éta béja upami teu hoyong ditarajang fisik ku anjeunna.{{sfn|Dean|pp=18–19}} Pasangan Harding nikah dina ping 8 Juli 1891,{{sfn|Russell|p=81}} di bumi énggalna di Mount Vernon Avenue, Marion. Éta bumi téh dirancang babarengan ku maranéhna nganggo gaya [[Arsitéktur gaya Queen Anne di Amérika Sarikat|Queen Anne]].<ref name=MarionHome>{{cite news|url=http://www.marionstar.com/story/news/local/2015/08/13/genetic-testing-confirms-hardings-daughter/31639995/|title=Genetic testing confirms Harding's daughter|work=The Marion Star|author=Marion Star staff report|date=August 13, 2015|access-date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> tina pernikahan ieu, maranéhna henteu dipasihan putra.<ref name = "anb">{{cite web|title=Harding, Warren Gamaliel|work=American National Biography Online|last=Hawley|first=Ellis W.|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00253.html?a=1&n=Warren%20G.%20Harding&d=10&ss=0&q=1}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Harding gaduh jujuluk kadeudeuh pikeun pamajanana, nyaéta "the Duchess" (''Sang Adipatni''), dumasar kana karakter dina carita nyambung tina ''[[The New York Sun]]'' anu sok taliti ngawaskeun "the Duke" sarta kauangan maranéhna.{{sfn|Dean|pp=20–21}} Florence Harding janten inohong anu kalintang aubna dina karir carogéna, boh nalika di ''Star'' atanapi saatos Harding lebet ka dunya politik.<ref name = "floranb">{{cite web|title=Harding, Florence Kling deWolfe|work=American National Biography Online|last=Gutin|first=Myra G.|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00764.html?from=../06/06-00253.html&from_nm=Harding%2C%20Warren%20Gamaliel}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Kalayan némbongkeun sipat katataban sarta kacalakan bisnis sapertos ramana, anjeunna ngabantosan ''Star'' janten pausahaan anu nguntungkeun ngaliwatan manajemén anu ketat dina bagian sirkulasi surat kabar.{{sfn|Russell|p=90}} Florence dianggap boga andil ageung dina ngabantosan Harding ngahontal kasuksésan anu leuwih luhur dibandingkeun upami Harding bajuang nyalira; sawatara pihak malah nyebutkeun yén Florence anu nyorong anjeunna dugi ka bisa lebet ka [[Gedong Bodas]].{{sfn|Schlesinger|p=50}} === Ngawitan di dunya politik === Teu lami saatos mésér ''Star'', Harding mimiti museurkeun perhatianana kana dunya politik ku cara ngadukung Foraker dina usaha munggaranna anu suksés janten gubernur dina [[Pamilihan gubernur Ohio 1885|pamilihan taun 1885]]. Foraker mangrupa bagian tina [[Ohio dina Perang Sipil Amérika|generasi perang]] anu nangtang kelompok senior Partéy Républik di Ohio, sapertos Sénator [[John Sherman]], dina parebutan kakawasaan politik di nagara bagian. Harding, anu salawasna satia ka partéy, ngadukung Foraker dina campuhna konflik internal politik Républik di Ohio. Harding tiasa toléransi ka urang Démokrat salaku bagian tina [[sistem dua partéy]], nanging anjeunna kacida cua (ngéwa) ka jalma-jalma anu kaluar ti Partéy Républik demi ngagabung ka gerakan partéy katilu.{{sfn|Russell|pp=68–70}} Dina yuswa 22 taun (taun 1888), anjeunna janten utusan (delegasi) dina [[konvénsi politik]] nagara bagian ngawakilan Wewengkon Marion, sarta terus kapilih janten delegasi ampir unggal taun dugi ka anjeunna janten présidén.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=35}} Kasuksésan Harding salaku ééditor méré pangaruh kana kaséhatanana. Antara taun 1889 (nalika yuswana 23 taun) dugi ka taun 1901, anjeunna lima kali dirawat di [[Sanatorium Battle Creek]] kalayan alesan anu disebut ku Sinclair salaku "kacapéan, kaleuleuwihi gawé, sarta gangguan saraf".{{sfn|Sinclair|p=286}} Dean nyindekkeun yén ieu pangobatan téh aya patalina sareng gejala awal panyakit jantung anu engkéna bakal ngabalukarkeun Harding pupus dina taun 1923. Nalika anjeunna nuju teu aya di Marion dina taun 1894, manajer bisnis ''Star'' mundur, sarta kalungguhanana digantikeun ku Florence Harding. Florence janten asisten utama carogéna di ''Star'' dina widang bisnis, sarta terus ngajalanan éta peran dugi ka maranéhna pindah ka Washington dina taun 1915. Kamampuh Florence dina ngokolakeun pausahaan ngajantenkeun Harding tiasa laluasa indit-inditan pikeun biantara—panganggoan kartu pas karéta api gratisna ogé ningkat pisan saatos nikah.{{sfn|Dean|pp=21–23}} Florence Harding nerapkeun sistem ékonomi anu ketat{{sfn|Russell|p=90}} sarta kantos nyerat ngeunaan Harding, "anjeunna bakal hasil upami ngupingkeun abdi, sarta bakal gagal upami henteu."{{sfn|Sibley|p=20}} Dina taun 1892, Harding angkat ka Washington, di dinya anjeunna pendak sareng anggota Kongrés Démokrat ti Nebraska, [[William Jennings Bryan]], sarta ngupingkeun biantara éta inohong dina sidang [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Amérika Sarikat|DPR AS]]. Harding ogé angkat ka [[Éksposisi Kolumbia]] di Chicago dina taun 1893. Duanana dilakukeun tanpa dibarengan ku Florence. Urang Démokrat biasana unggul dina kalungguhan-kalungguhan di Wewengkon Marion; nalika Harding maju janten calon [[auditor daérah]] dina taun 1895, anjeunna kawon, nanging hasil sorana langkung saé tinimbang anu disangka-sangka. Taun salajengna, Harding janten salah saurang orator anu ngurilingan Ohio salaku bagian tina [[Kampanye présidén William McKinley 1896|kampanye]] calon présidén Républik, [[William McKinley]]. Nurutkeun Dean, "nalika digawe pikeun McKinley, [Harding] mimiti kasohor jenenganana di sakuliah Ohio".{{sfn|Dean|pp=21–23}} == Politikus anu nuju nanjeur (1897–1919) == {{salajengna|Sajarah pamilihan Warren G. Harding}} === Sénator nagara bagian === [[File:Warren Gamaliel Harding.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Harding {{circa}} taun 1900-an]] Harding gaduh kahoyong pikeun nyobian deui maju dina pamilihan jabatan publik. Sanajan anjeunna parantos lami janten pangagum Foraker (nu harita parantos janten Sénator AS), anjeunna tetep ati-ati dina ngajaga hubungan saé sareng faksi partéy anu dipingpin ku Sénator AS Ohio sanésna, [[Mark Hanna]], anu mangrupa manajer politik McKinley sakaligus pupuhu [[Komite Nasional Républik]] (RNC). Boh Foraker boh Hanna ngadukung Harding pikeun maju ka Sénat nagara bagian dina taun 1899; anjeunna kénging nominasi ti Partéy Républik sarta kalayan gampang kapilih pikeun masa jabatan dua taun.{{sfn|Russell|pp=105–108}} Harding ngamimitian opat taun janten sénator nagara bagian salaku inohong anu teu pati dipikawanoh; nanging anjeunna mungkas éta jabatan kalayan janten salah sahiji tokoh pangpopulérna di Partéy Républik Ohio. Anjeunna salawasna katingal tenang sarta némbongkeun sikep handap asor, ciri has anu ngajantenkeun anjeunna dipikaresep ku sasama urang Républik sanajan karir politikna terus nanjak ngaleuwihan maranéhna. Para pamingpin législatif sering badami sareng anjeunna ngeunaan rupa-rupa pasualan anu hésé.{{sfn|Dean|pp=23–24}} Harita mémang geus ilahar pikeun sénator nagara bagian di Ohio ngan ukur ngajabat salaku sataun, nanging Harding hasil kéngingkeun deui nominasi dina taun 1901. Saatos kajadian [[Assassination of William McKinley|pamaténi McKinley]] dina bulan Séptémber (anu digantikeun ku Wakil Présidén [[Theodore Roosevelt]]), gairah politik di Ohio sempet suda sakedap. Dina bulan Nopémber, Harding unggul dina masa jabatan kadua, kalayan hasil sora anu ningkat dua kali lipat dugi ka sélisih 3.563 sora.{{sfn|Russell|pp=172–173}} Dina mangsa ieu, Harding janten anggota [[Freemasonry|Freemason]]. Dina taun 1901, anjeunna diinisiasi kana ''Marion Lodge No. 7''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GWMNMA |title=Preparing to Lay the Memorial's Cornerstone |url=https://gwmemorial.org/blogs/news/preparing-to-lay-the-cornerstone |access-date=January 27, 2025 |publisher=[[George Washington Masonic National Memorial]]}}</ref> Sapertos sabagian ageung politikus dina mangsana, Harding nampi yén sistem patronase sarta panyogokan (''graft'') biasa dianggo pikeun males jasa politik. Anjeunna ngatur supados lanceukna, Mary (anu tunanétra), diangkat janten guru di [[Sakola pikeun nu Lolong di Ohio]], sanajan aya calon sanés anu langkung mumpuni. Dina transaksi sanésna, anjeunna nawarkeun publikasi dina surat kabarna salaku gaganti kartu pas karéta api gratis pikeun anjeunna sarta kulawargana. Nurutkeun Sinclair, "diragukeun naha Harding kantos mikir yén aya anu teu jujur dina nampi fasilitas jabatan atanapi kantor kasebut. Patronase sarta jasa bales budi katingalna dianggap salaku balesan anu wajar pikeun pangabdian ka partéy dina jaman Hanna."{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=40–42}} Teu lami saatos pamilihan munggaran Harding salaku sénator, anjeunna pendak sareng [[Harry M. Daugherty]], anu engkéna bakal nyepeng peran penting dina karir politikna. Salaku jalma anu remen maju dina pamilihan sarta kantos ngajabat dua kali di DPR nagara bagian dina awal taun 1890-an, Daugherty parantos janten calo politik (''political fixer'') sarta lobiis di ibu kota nagara bagian, Columbus. Saatos munggaran pendak sarta ngobrol sareng Harding, Daugherty masihan koméntar, "Geuning, katingalna bakal gagah pisan upami anjeunna janten Présidén."{{sfn|Russell|pp=108–112}} === Inohong nagara bagian Ohio === [[File:Warren G. Harding 1910 gubernatorial button.png|jmpl|katuhu|Pin kampanye Warren G. Harding pikeun Gubernur taun 1910]] Dina awal taun 1903, Harding ngumumkeun badé maju janten [[Gubernur Ohio]], dipicu ku mundurna calon utama, anggota Kongrés [[Charles W. F. Dick]]. Hanna sareng George Cox ngaraos yén Harding moal tiasa kapilih alatan hubunganana sareng Foraker—nalika [[Éra Progrésif]] dimimitian, masarakat mimiti méré pandangan négatif kana prakték jual-beuli jasa politik sarta ayana "bos" politik sapertos Cox. Ku kituna, maranéhna ngajurung bankir ti Cleveland, [[Myron T. Herrick]], anu mangrupa rénjang McKinley, pikeun maju. Herrick ogé dianggap langkung tiasa narik sora ti calon kuat Démokrat, Wali Kota Cleveland anu réformis, [[Tom L. Johnson]]. Alatan lolongkrangna alit pikeun janten calon gubernur, Harding ahirna milari nominasi janten létnan gubernur, sarta boh Herrick boh Harding dicalonkeun sacara aklamasi.{{sfn|Russell|pp=147–155}} Foraker sareng Hanna (nu pupus alatan [[tipes]] dina Pébruari 1904) duanana milu kampanye pikeun pasangan anu disebut "Tikét Empat-H" kasebut. Herrick sareng Harding unggul kalayan sélisih sora anu mutlak.{{sfn|Russell|pp=155–157}} Saatos anjeunna sareng Herrick dilantik, Herrick nyandak sababaraha kaputusan anu kirang merenah sahingga ngabalukarkeun para pangrojong Républik malik cua, utamana para patani anu teu sapuk kana kawijakanana nampik pangwangunan sakola luhur tatanén.{{sfn|Russell|pp=155–157}} Di sisi sanésna, nurutkeun Sinclair, "Harding mah teu pati seueur padamelan, nanging anjeunna ngajalankeunana kalayan saé pisan".{{sfn|Sinclair|p=44}} Tanggung jawabna pikeun mingpin Sénat nagara bagian ngalegaan jaringan hubungan politikna anu nuju mekar.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=44}} Harding sareng sababaraha pihak ngabayangkeun kasuksésan maju janten gubernur dina taun 1905, nanging Herrick nampik pikeun mundur. Dina awal taun 1905, Harding ngumumkeun badé nampi nominasi gubernur upami ditawarkeun, nanging nyanghareupan amarah ti para pamingpin sapertos Cox, Foraker sarta Dick, anjeunna ahirna mutuskeun moal milari jabatan naon waé dina taun 1905. Herrick kawon dina pamilihan, nanging pasangan énggalna, [[Andrew L. Harris]], kapilih sarta janten gubernur lima sasih ti saprak harita saatos gubernur ti Partéy Démokrat, [[John M. Pattison]], pupus. Saurang pajabat Républik nyerat ka Harding, "Naha anjeun henteu hanjelu yén Dick henteu ngidinan anjeun maju janten Létnan Gubernur?"{{sfn|Russell|pp=163–168}} [[File:Foraker in 1908.png|jmpl|katuhu|lebar=0.8|Sénator [[Joseph B. Foraker]] dina taun 1908]] Salian ti milih présidén, para pamilih di Ohio dina taun 1908 ogé kedah milih anggota législatif anu bakal nangtukeun naha Foraker bakal kapilih deui janten sénator. Éta sénator parantos parébat sareng Présidén Roosevelt ngeunaan [[Insidén Brownsville]]. Sanajan Foraker miboga lolongkrang anu alit pikeun meunang, anjeunna tetep milari nominasi présidén ti Partéy Républik ngalawan batur salemburna ti Cincinnati, Menteri Perang [[William Howard Taft]], anu mangrupa calon anu dipilih ku Roosevelt.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=42–45}} Dina ping 6 Januari 1908, surat kabar ''Star'' kagungan Harding masihan dukungan ka Foraker sarta nyempad Roosevelt anu dianggap nyobian ngaruksak karir éta sénator. Nanging dina ping 22 Januari, Harding ngaliwatan ''Star'' malik haluan sarta nyatakeun dukungan ka Taft, bari nganggap Foraker parantos kawon.{{sfn|Russell|p=188}} Nurutkeun Sinclair, parobahan sikep Harding ka Taft téh "lain alatan anjeunna ningal bebeneran (''the light''), nanging alatan anjeunna ngarasakeun panasna tekenan (''the heat'')".{{sfn|Sinclair|p=46}} Ku cara milu ngarojong Taft, Harding hasil salamet tina kahancuran nu kaalaman ku nu ngajaga karirna (Foraker)—Foraker gagal kéngingkeun nominasi présidén sarta kawon dina pamilihan sénator periode katilu. Hal sanés anu ngabantu nyalametkeun karir Harding nyaéta anjeunna dipikaresep ku kelompok progrésif anu harita mimiti ngawasa Partéy Républik di Ohio.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=46–47}} Harding maju sarta kéngingkeun nominasi gubernur ti Partéy Républik dina taun 1910. Harita, partéy nuju kabagi pisan antara kelompok progrésif sareng konservatif, sahingga teu tiasa ngéléhkeun kakuatan Démokrat anu ngahiji; anjeunna kawon ku petahana [[Judson Harmon]].{{sfn|Russell|pp=197, 208–210}} Harry Daugherty janten manajer kampanye Harding, nanging Harding henteu nyalahkeun Daugherty alatan éta kakawonanna. Sanajan aya perpecahan, boh Présidén Taft boh mantan présidén Roosevelt sumping ka Ohio pikeun kampanye pikeun Harding, nanging parébatna maranéhna malah ngabagi sora Partéy Républik sarta mastikeun kakawonanna Harding.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=47–49}} Perpecahan partéy beuki jero, sarta dina taun 1912, Taft sareng Roosevelt janten saingan dina parebutan nominasi Républik. [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1912]] lumangsung kalayan pajeuet. Atas paménta Taft, Harding masihan biantara nominasi pikeun sang présidén, nanging para delegasi anu nuju ambek henteu pati nampi orasi Harding. Taft ahirna dicalonkeun deui, nanging para pangrojong Roosevelt kaluar ti partéy. Harding, salaku urang Républik anu satia, tetep ngadukung Taft. Sora Républik ahirna kabagi antara Taft sareng Roosevelt anu maju ngaliwatan [[Partéy Progrésif (Amérika Sarikat, 1912)|Partéy Progrésif]]. Ieu hal ngajantenkeun calon ti Partéy Démokrat, Gubernur New Jersey [[Woodrow Wilson]], kapilih janten présidén.{{sfn|Russell|pp=227–235}} === Sénator AS === ==== Pamilihan taun 1914 ==== {{salajengna|Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1914 di Ohio}} Anggota Kongrés [[Theodore E. Burton]] parantos kapilih janten sénator ku parlemén nagara bagian pikeun ngagentos Foraker dina taun 1909, sarta anjeunna ngumumkeun badé nyalonkeun deui pikeun periode kadua dina pamilihan taun 1914. Nalika harita, [[Amandemén ka-17 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]] parantos disahkeun, anu masihan hak ka rahayat pikeun milih sénator sacara langsung, sarta Ohio parantos ngamimitian [[Pamilihan primér|pamilihan primér]] pikeun éta jabatan. Foraker sarta mantan anggota kongrés [[Ralph D. Cole]] ogé milu daptar dina primér Républik. Nalika Burton mundur, Foraker janten calon anu paling diunggulkeun, nanging paham Républikan ''Old Guard'' (kolot) anjeunna dianggap parantos tinggaleun jaman, sahingga Harding didorong pikeun milu mitembeyan. Daugherty ngaku yén anjeunna anu hasil ngolo Harding sangkan kersa maju: "Abdi mendakan anjeunna sapertos penyu anu nuju moyan dina luhureun kai, teras ku abdi disuntrungkeun ka jero cai."{{sfn|Russell|p=246}} Nurutkeun panulis biografi Harding, Randolph Downes, "anjeunna ngayakeun kampanye anu kacida leuleuy sarta matak pikaresepeun sahingga bakal kénging pangpuji ti para malaikat. Éta kampanye dirancang sangkan teu nyinggung sasaha, iwal ti urang Démokrat."{{sfn|Dean|pp=34–35}} Sanajan Harding henteu nyerang Foraker, para pangrojongna mah teu miboga rasa sungkan sapertos kitu. Harding ahirna meunang dina primér kalayan sélisih 12.000 sora saluhureun Foraker.{{sfn|Walters|pp=291–293}} {{quote box | align = right | width = 19em | salign = right | quote = Baca ''The Menace'' sarta panyahoan eusina,<br />Sumping ka TPS sarta éléhkeun Pausna. | source =Slogan anu ditalis dina témbok sarta pager di Ohio, 1914{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=54–55}}}} Lawan Harding dina [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat di Ohio, 1914|pamilihan umum]] nyaéta Jaksa Agung Ohio, [[Timothy Sylvester Hogan (politikus)|Timothy Hogan]], anu hasil naék kana jabatan tingkat nagara bagian sanajan aya [[Anti-Katolik di Amérika Sarikat|prasangka anti-Katolik]] anu lega di wewengkon padésan. Dina taun 1914, dimimitianna [[Perang Dunya I]] sarta ayana lolongkrang saurang Katolik janten sénator ti Ohio ningkatkeun sentimén [[nativismeu (politik)|nativis]]. Selebaran propaganda kalayan nami sapertos ''The Menace'' sarta ''The Defender'' eusina mangrupa peringatan yén Hogan téh utusan dina hiji plot anu dipingpin ku Paus [[Benediktus XV]] ngaliwatan [[Knights of Columbus]] pikeun ngawasa Ohio. Harding henteu nyerang Hogan (anu mangrupa rénjang lami anjeunna) ngeunaan ieu pasualan, nanging anjeunna ogé henteu nyempad kana rasa kaceuceub nativis ka lawanna kasebut.{{sfn|Russell|pp=250–251}}{{sfn|Sinclair|p=54}} Gaya kampanye Harding anu [[wikt:conciliatory|leuleuy (konsiliatori)]] ngabantu pisan ka anjeunna;{{sfn|Sinclair|p=54}} salah saurang rénjang Harding nganggap [[Biantara kampanye|biantara]] Harding salami kampanye usum gugur 1914 salaku "campuran tina omongan kosong anu gaya, patriotismeu, sarta hal-hal anu teu aya hartosna pisan".{{sfn|Dean|p=35}} Dean nyatet, "Harding ngagunakeun orasina kalayan hasil anu saé; éta ngajantenkeun anjeunna kapilih, bari miboga musuh anu saeutik pisan dina éta prosés."{{sfn|Dean|p=35}} Harding unggul leuwih ti 100.000 sora dina sora mutlak (''landslide'') anu ogé mawa gubernur ti Partéy Républik, [[Frank B. Willis]], kana korsi jabatan.{{sfn|Dean|p=35}} ==== Sénator junior ==== Nalika Harding gabung ka Sénat AS, Partéy Démokrat nuju ngawasa duanana [[Kongrés ka-64 Amérika Sarikat|majelis Kongrés]], sarta dipingpin ku Présidén Wilson. Salaku sénator junior ti partéy minoritas, Harding nampi pancén dina komite-komite anu henteu pati penting, nanging anjeunna ngajalankeun éta tugas kalayan daria.{{sfn|Dean|p=44}} Anjeunna mangrupa sora Républikan anu aman sarta konservatif.{{sfn|Nevins|p=253}} Sakumaha nalika anjeunna di Sénat Ohio, Harding janten inohong anu dipikaresep ku seueur jalma.{{sfn|Dean|pp=38, 44}} Dina dua pasualan utama, nyaéta [[hak pilih awéwé]] sarta [[Prohibisi di Amérika Sarikat|prohibisi (larangan) alkohol]], dimana upami salah milih pihak bakal ngaruksak lolongkrangna janten présidén dina taun 1920, Harding hasil salamet ku cara nyandak sikep anu parigel. Salaku sénator-kapilih, anjeunna mimitina nyatakeun yén anjeunna moal ngadukung hak pilih pikeun awéwé sateuacan Ohio ngalakukeunana. Nanging, nalika dukungan pikeun hak pilih ningkat di Ohio sarta di kalangan Sénator Républik, dina waktos Kongrés ngayakeun sora ngeunaan éta pasualan, Harding parantos janten pangrojong anu teguh. Harding, anu saenyana sok nginum alkohol ogé,{{sfn|Russell|p=141}} mimitina milih nolak larangan alkohol. Anjeunna milih ngadukung [[Amandemén ka-18 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]], anu nerapkeun prohibisi, saatos hasil ngusulkeun parobahan pikeun nerapkeun wates waktos ratifikasi—anu mimitina disangka bakal ngagagalkeun éta amandemén. Nanging, saatos éta amandemén tetep disahkeun, Harding milih pikeun ngabatalkeun véto Wilson kana [[Undang-Undang Volstead]], anu janten dasar palaksanaan amandemén kasebut. Ieu léngkah mastikeun anjeunna kéngingkeun dukungan ti ''[[Anti-Saloon League]]''.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=63–65}} Harding, salaku politikus anu dipihormat ku urang Républik boh kelompok Progrésif, dipénta janten pupuhu samentara dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1916]] sakaligus nepikeun [[biantara utama]] (''keynote address''). Anjeunna ngajurung para delegasi sangkan ngahiji salaku partéy anu kuat. Éta konvénsi ahirna nyalonkeun Hakim [[Charles Evans Hughes]].{{sfn|Dean|pp=37–39}} Harding ogé ngayakeun hubungan sareng Roosevelt nalika mantan présidén éta [[Konvénsi Nasional Progrésif 1916|nampik nominasi ti Partéy Progrésif taun 1916]], hiji panolakan anu sacara éféktif ngabubarkeun éta partéy. Dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1916|pamilihan présidén Nopémber 1916]], sanajan Partéy Républik beuki ngahiji, Hughes kawon tipis ku Wilson.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=70}} Harding nepikeun biantara sarta milih ngarojong [[Deklarasi perang Amérika Sarikat ka Jérman (1917)|résolusi perang]] anu dipénta ku Wilson dina April 1917, anu ngalibetkeun Amérika Sarikat kana Perang Dunya I.{{sfn|Russell|p=283}} Dina bulan Agustus, Harding boga pamandangan yén Wilson kedah dipasihan kakawasaan anu méh diktatorial, kalayan nyatakeun yén démokrasi teu pati miboga tempat dina mangsa perang.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=77}} Harding milih ngarojong sabagian ageung undang-undang perang, kalebet [[Undang-Undang Éspionase 1917]], anu ngawatesan kabébasan sipil, sanajan anjeunna nampik [[pajeg kaleuwihan kauntungan]] alatan dianggap anti-bisnis. Dina Méi 1918, Harding anu mimiti kurang panuju ka Wilson, nampik rancangan undang-undang pikeun ngalegaan kakawasaan présidén.{{sfn|Russell|p=299}} Dina pamilihan législatif sela taun 1918, anu dilaksanakeun sateuacan [[Gencatan sanjata 11 Nopémber 1918|gencatan sanjata]], Partéy Républik hasil ngawasa Sénat kalayan sélisih sora anu saeutik.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=82}} Harding diangkat janten anggota [[Komite Hubungan Luar Nagri Sénat]].{{sfn|Dean|p=47}} Wilson henteu nyandak saurang-urang acan anggota Sénat nalika angkat ka [[Konférénsi Perdamaian Paris 1919]], kalayan kayakinan yén anjeunna tiasa maksa [[Perjangjian Versailles]] sangkan disahkeun ku Sénat ku cara ménta dukungan langsung ti rahayat.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=82}} Nalika Wilson mulang bari mawa perjangjian anu netepkeun perdamaian sakaligus ngadegkeun [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], sabagian ageung masarakat mémang mihak ka anjeunna. Nanging, seueur sénator anu teu sapuk kana Pasal X tina [[Kovénan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]], anu marentahkeun nagara-nagara anggotana pikeun ngabela nagara anggota sanés anu ditarajang; maranéhna nganggap hal ieu bakal maksa Amérika Sarikat milu perang tanpa kasapukan ti Kongrés. Harding mangrupa salah sahiji ti 39 sénator anu nandatanganan surat [[Round-robin (dokumén)|''round-robin'']] anu nampik éta Liga. Nalika Wilson ngondang Komite Hubungan Luar Nagri ka Gedong Bodas pikeun sawala informal ngeunaan éta perjangjian, Harding kalayan parigel nanyakeun Wilson ngeunaan Pasal X; nanging présidén kalah nyingkahan éta patarosan. Sénat ngayakeun perdebatan ngeunaan Versailles dina Séptémber 1919, sarta Harding nepikeun biantara utama pikeun nampik éta perjangjian. Nalika harita, Wilson katerap stroke nalika nuju ngayakeun lalampahan biantara. Kalayan kaayaan [[Kandeganana Woodrow Wilson 1919–1921|présidén anu teu daya]] di Gedong Bodas sarta dukungan masarakat anu mimiti suda, éta perjangjian ahirna kawon (teu disahkeun).{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=91–100}} == Pamilihan présidén taun 1920 == {{utama|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920}} === Kampanye primér === [[File:Sen. Warren S. (G.) Harding LCCN2016819939 (cropped).jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Harding {{circa}} taun 1919]] Kusabab sabagian ageung kelompok Progrésif parantos ngagabung deui ka Partéy Républik, mantan pamimpin maranéhna, Theodore Roosevelt, dianggap bakal maju deui pikeun katilu kalina ka Gedong Bodas dina taun 1920, sarta janten calon anu paling diunggulkeun pikeun kéngingkeun nominasi Républik. Nanging, rencana ieu lirén nalika Roosevelt pupus sacara ngadadak dina ping 6 Januari 1919. Sababaraha calon gancang bermunculan, kalebet Jenderal [[Leonard Wood]], Gubernur Illinois [[Frank Lowden]], Sénator Kalifornia [[Hiram Johnson]] (anu kantos janten pasangan Roosevelt dina pamilihan taun 1912), sarta sababaraha calon sanésna sapertos [[Herbert Hoover]] (kawentar alatan jasa kamanusaanana dina Perang Dunya I), Gubernur Massachusetts [[Calvin Coolidge]], sarta Jenderal [[John J. Pershing]].{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=21}} Sanaos Harding hoyong janten présidén, motivasina maju téh sabagian ageung didorong ku kahoyongna pikeun tetep ngawasa politik Républik di Ohio, anu bakal ngajamin anjeunna kapilih deui janten Sénator dina taun 1920. Di antara jalma-jalma anu nuju ngincer korsi Harding téh nyaéta mantan gubernur Willis (anu kawon ku [[James M. Cox]] dina taun 1916) sarta Kolonél [[William Cooper Procter]] (pamingpin [[Procter & Gamble]]). Dina ping 17 Désémber 1919, Harding ngayakeun bewara basajan ngeunaan pencalonan présidénna.{{sfn|Dean|pp=49–51}} Pamingpin Républik teu pati mikaresep Wood sarta Johnson, anu duanana asalna ti faksi progrésif partéy; Lowden ogé, anu miboga sipat indepénden, dianggap teu pati hadé. Harding jauh leuwih bisa ditarima ku para pamingpin "Old Guard" (kelompok senior konservatif) di éta partéy.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=659–660}} Daugherty, anu janten manajer kampanye Harding, yakin yén moal aya calon sanés anu tiasa kéngingkeun sora mayoritas. Stratégina nyaéta ngajantenkeun Harding salaku pilihan anu bisa ditarima ku para delegasi nalika para calon utama mimiti laleuleus (falter). Daugherty ngadegkeun kantor kampanye "Harding for President" di Washington (anu dikokolakeun ku jalma kapercayaanana, [[Jess Smith]]), sarta ngawangun jaringan rérénjang sarta pangrojong Harding, kalebet [[Frank Scobey]] ti Téksas (panitera Sénat Nagara Bagian Ohio nalika Harding ngajabat di dinya).{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=26–27}} Harding ogé diikhtiar ku cara terus-terusan nyerat surat pikeun nguatkeun dukunganana. Nurutkeun Russell, "tanpa usaha [[Mépistopéléan]] (cerdik sarta licik) ti Daugherty, Harding moal kungsi bisa nincak kana nominasi."{{sfn|Russell|pp=336–339}} {{quote box | align = right | width = 26em | salign = right | quote = Kabutuh Amérika ayeuna téh sanés hal-hal anu hébat (heroics), nanging pamulihan (healing); sanés ubar mujarab (nostrums), nanging kayaan normal (normalcy); sanés révolusi, nanging réstorasi; sanés agitasi, nanging panyaluyuan; sanés bédah, nanging katengtreman; sanés hal anu dramatis, nanging hal anu tenang (dispassionate); sanés ékspérimén, nanging kasaimbangan (equipoise); sanés kalelep dina internasionalitas, nanging ketahanan dina kamilangan nasional anu unggul. | source =Warren G. Harding, biantara di payuneun Home Market Club, Boston, 14 Méi 1920{{sfn|Dean|p=56}}}} === Konvénsi === {{salajengna|Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920}} [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1920]] dibuka di [[Chicago Coliseum#The third Coliseum|Chicago Coliseum]] dina ping 8 Juni 1920. Éta konvénsi ngumpulkeun para delegasi anu nuju papaséan kacida rongkahna, utamana alatan ayana laporan hasil panalungtikan Sénat ngeunaan waragad kampanye anu nembé pisan dipedalkeun. Éta laporan nétélakeun yén Wood parantos ngaluarkeun modal $1,8 juta (sarimbag sareng ${{Inflation|US|1.8|1920|r=2}} juta dina {{Inflation-year|US}}), anu nguatkeun tuduhan Johnson yén Wood nuju nyobian "mésér" korsi présidén. Sabagian tina $600.000 anu dikaluarkeun ku Lowden tétéla ngocor ka saku dua delegasi konvénsi. Samentara éta, Johnson ngaluarkeun $194.000, sarta Harding mung $113.000. Johnson dianggap janten aktor di balik éta panalungtikan, sarta amarah ti faksi Lowden sareng Wood nutup sagala lolongkrang kompromi di antara para calon unggulan. Ti ampir 1.000 delegasi, 27 di antarana nyaéta awéwé—[[Amandemén ka-19 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]], anu ngajamin hak pilih pikeun awéwé, nuju ngantosan persatujuan ti hiji nagara bagian deui pikeun diratifikasi, sarta bakal disahkeun sateuacan ahir Agustus.{{sfn|Bagby|p=660}}{{sfn|Russell|pp=351–356, 363}} Ieu konvénsi henteu gaduh "bos" (pamingpin tunggal), seueur delegasi anu milih sakahayangna sorangan, sarta kusabab di Gedong Bodas nuju aya urang Démokrat, para pamingpin partéy henteu tiasa ngagunakeun sistem patronase pikeun ngatur sora.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=33}} Para wartawan nganggap Harding moal mungkin dicalonkeun alatan hasilna anu goréng dina pamilihan primér, sarta nempatkeun anjeunna dina jajaran [[Kuda hideung|kuda hideung]].{{sfn|Bagby|p=660}} Harding, anu sapertos calon sanésna nuju aya di Chicago pikeun ngawas kampanyena, nempatan urutan kagenep dina hasil poling opini publik panganyarna, di handapeun tilu calon utama sarta mantan Hakim Hughes sarta Herbert Hoover, sarta mung rada unggul sakedik ti Coolidge.{{sfn|Russell|p=335}}{{sfn|Dean|p=60}} Saatos konvénsi ngabahas pasualan sanésna, prosés nominasi présidén dibuka dina Jumaah énjing, ping 11 Juni. Harding parantos ménta Willis pikeun ngajukeun namina dina nominasi. Mantan gubernur éta ngalaksanakeunana kalayan biantara anu dipikaresep ku para delegasi, boh alatan gaya basana anu deukeut ka rahayat (''folksiness'') boh alatan ringkesna éta biantara di tengah hawa Chicago anu kacida panasna.{{sfn|Russell|pp=374–375}} Wartawan Mark Sullivan anu hadir di dinya nyebat éta biantara salaku campuran anu hébat antara "orasi, opera agung, sarta [[Nyalukan babi|sorat panyalukan babi]] (''hog calling'')." Willis nyarita bari condong kana pager podium, "Dangu, barudak—kaasup nu gareulis ogé—naha urang teu milih Warren Harding waé?"{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=34}} Seuri sarta keprok anu nuturkeun éta ucapan nyiptakeun suasana anu haneut sarta simpati pikeun Harding.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=34}} {{quote box | align = right | width = 23em | salign = right | quote = Abdi henteu ngarepkeun Sénator Harding bakal dicalonkeun dina sora (''ballot'') kahiji, kadua, atanapi katilu, nanging abdi mikir urang tiasa nyandak lolongkrang nalika sakitar tabuh dua sabelas menit dina Jumaah énjing-énjing di konvénsi, nalika lima belas atanapi dua puluh urang, anu parantos lungse, nuju diuk ngariung dina méja, salah saurang di antarana bakal nyarios: "Saha anu bakal ku urang dicalonkeun?" Dina waktos anu nangtukeun éta, rerencangan Sénator Harding tiasa ngajukeun namina sarta nampi naon waé hasilna. | source =Harry M. Daugherty{{sfn|Bagby|p=661}}}} Opat kali prosés sora (''ballot'') dilaksanakeun dina Jumaah sonten ping 11 Juni, sarta tétéla hasilna nincak jalan buntu (''deadlock''). Kalayan 493 sora anu diperlukeun pikeun dicalonkeun, Wood mangrupa anu pangcaketna kalayan 314{{frac|1|2}} sora; Lowden kénging 289{{frac|1|2}}. Hasil pangsaéna pikeun Harding mung 65{{frac|1|2}}. Pupuhu [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] ti Massachusetts, anu mangrupa [[Pamingpin Mayoritas Sénat]], nutup sidang konvénsi sakitar tabuh 7 sonten.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=34}}{{sfn|Dean|p=61}} Wengi ping 11–12 Juni 1920 janten kasohor dina sajarah politik salaku wengi "[[kamar anu pinuh ku haseup]]" (''[[smoke-filled room]]''). Numutkeun carita anu sumebar, para sesepuh partéy sapuk pikeun maksa konvénsi nyalonkeun Harding. Para sejarawan museurkeun perhatian kana sési anu dilaksanakeun di suite Pupuhu [[Komite Nasional Républik]] (RNC) [[Will H. Hays|Will Hays]] di [[Hotél Blackstone]]. Di dinya, para sénator sarta inohong sanésna sumping silih ganti, sarta sawatara calon poténsial dibahas. Sénator Utah [[Reed Smoot]], sateuacan angkat dina awal wengi, ngadukung Harding sarta nyarios ka Hays yén jalaran Partéy Démokrat kamungkinan ageung bakal nyalonkeun Gubernur Cox, maranéhna kedah milih Harding supados tiasa unggul di Ohio. Smoot ogé nyarios ka ''[[The New York Times]]'' yén parantos aya kasapukan pikeun nyalonkeun Harding, nanging hal éta moal langsung kajantenan dina sababaraha sora (''ballot'') munggaran.{{sfn|Bagby|pp=662–663}} Hal ieu saenyana henteu leres: sawatara pamilon mémang ngadukung Harding (nu sanésna mah ngadukung sainganna), nanging teu aya pakta resmi pikeun nyalonkeun anjeunna, sarta para sénator ogé teu miboga kakawasaan pikeun maksa éta kasapukan. Dua pamilon sanésna dina éta diskusi, Sénator Kansas [[Charles Curtis]] sarta Kolonél [[George Brinton McClellan Harvey]], ngaramalkeun ka pers yén Harding bakal dicalonkeun margi calon sanés miboga kakurangan anu dianggap ngabeuratkeun (''liabilities'').{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=38}} Judul-judul dina surat kabar énjingna méré kesan yén aya intrik di balik layar. Sejarawan Wesley M. Bagby nyerat, "Rupa-rupa kelompok saenyana digawe masing-masing pikeun ngawujudkeun éta nominasi—tanpa ayana gabungan sarta mung sakedik pisan ngayakeun kontak." Bagby nyatakeun yén faktor konci dina dicalonkeunana Harding nyaéta kawentarna anjeunna di kalangan delegasi umum (''rank and file'').{{sfn|Bagby|pp=657-674}} Para delegasi anu kumpul deui parantos nguping béja yén Harding mangrupa pilihan ti sakelompok sénator (''cabal''). Sanajan hal ieu henteu leres, para delegasi percanten sarta milari jalan kaluar ku cara milih Harding. Nalika prosés sora dimimitian deui dina énjing-énjing ping 12 Juni, sora pikeun Harding terus ningkat dina opat sora salajengna, dugi ka nincak 133{{frac|1|2}} sora, sedengkeun dua calon unggulan mah henteu seueur robah. Lodge teras ngumumkeun reureuh (''recess'') salami tilu jam, anu ngajantenkeun Daugherty ambek. Daugherty lumpat ka podium sarta nyanghareupan Lodge, "Anjeun moal tiasa ngéléhkeun ieu jalma ku cara kieu! Éta usulan teu disahkeun! Anjeun moal tiasa ngéléhkeun ieu jalma!"{{sfn|Russell|pp=387–390}} Lodge sarta nu sanésna ngagunakeun waktu reureuh pikeun nyobian ngeureunkeun moméntum Harding sarta nyalonkeun Pupuhu RNC Hays, nanging Hays nampik sarta embung kalibet.{{sfn|Dean|p=65}} Dina prosés sora kasalapan, saatos aya sakedik tegangan, hiji-hiji delegasi mimiti malik ngadukung Harding. Anjeunna mingpin kalayan 374{{frac|1|2}} sora, dibandingkeun Wood (249) sarta Lowden (121{{frac|1|2}}). Lowden ahirna ngaleupaskeun delegasina pikeun milih Harding, sarta dina sora kasapuluh anu dilaksanakeun tabuh 6 sonten, prosésna mung kantun formalitas; Harding mungkas kalayan 672{{frac|1|5}} sora ngalawan 156 pikeun Wood. Nominasi kasebut ahirna disatujuan sacara buleud (unanimous). Para delegasi, anu hoyong énggal mulang supados teu kedah mayar deui biaya hotél, teras neraskeun kana nominasi wakil présidén. Harding hoyong Sénator [[Irvine Lenroot]] ti Wisconsin, nanging Lenroot teu kersa. Sateuacan nami Lenroot ditarik sarta calon sanés diputuskeun, delegasi Oregon [[Wallace McCamant]] ngusulkeun Gubernur Coolidge sarta nampi dukungan anu kacida raména. Coolidge, anu kasohor alatan peranna dina ngeureunkeun [[Mogok pulisi Boston|mogokna pulisi Boston]] taun 1919, dicalonkeun janten wakil présidén kalayan kénging sora anu langkung seueur tinimbang Harding. James Morgan nyerat dina ''[[The Boston Globe]]'': "Para delegasi embung cicing di Chicago dugi ka dinten Minggu... para nu nyieun Présidén (''President makers'') malah parantos teu gaduh kaos bersih deui. Dumasar kana hal-hal sapertos kitu, Rollo, nasib bangsa-bangsa ditangtukeun."{{sfn|Russell|pp=392–394}}{{sfn|Dean|pp=66–67}} === Kampanye pamilihan umum === [[File:Harding front porch campaign.jpg|jmpl|lebar=1.2|Harding ngamimitian kampanye "téras hareup" (front porch) ku cara nampi nominasi Républik, 22 Juli 1920.]] Pasangan Harding/Coolidge gancang meunang dukungan tina surat kabar Républik, nanging koran-koran anu gaduh pamandangan sanés mah nyatakeun rasa kuciwana. ''[[New York World]]'' nganggap Harding salaku calon anu pangsaeutikna kualifikasi saprak jaman [[James Buchanan]], bari nyebat sénator Ohio éta téh saurang jalma anu "lemah sarta médiocére" (biasa waé) anu "teu kantos gaduh ideu orisinal."{{sfn|Dean|p=67}} Surat kabar [[Hearst Corporation]] nyebat Harding salaku "pamawa bandera otokrasi Sénatorial énggal."{{sfn|Sinclair|p=156}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' ngagambarkeun calon présidén Républik éta salaku "politikus Ohio kelas dua anu cukup dipihormat."{{sfn|Dean|p=67}} [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1920]] dibuka di San Francisco dina ping 28 Juni 1920, di handapeun kalangkang Woodrow Wilson anu saenyana hoyong dicalonkeun deui pikeun periode katilu. Para delegasi yakin yén kaséhatan Wilson moal ngidinan anjeunna ngajabat deui, sahingga maranéhna milari calon sanés. Mantan Menteri Kauangan [[William G. McAdoo]] janten calon utama, nanging anjeunna téh minantu Wilson, sarta nampik pikeun dicalonkeun salami présidén masih kénéh hoyong ngajabat. Sanajan kitu, seueur delegasi anu tetep milih McAdoo, sahingga kajantenan jalan buntu (''deadlock'') sareng Jaksa Agung [[A. Mitchell Palmer]]. Dina sora (''ballot'') ka-44, Partéy Démokrat ahirna nyalonkeun Gubernur Cox janten présidén, kalayan pasanganna nyaéta [[Asistén Menteri Angkatan Laut]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Jalaran Cox ogé saurang nu gaduh sarta ééditor surat kabar, ieu hal ngajantenkeun dua ééditor ti Ohio silih hareupan pikeun korsi présidén. Sababaraha pihak ngarasula yén teu aya pilihan politik anu nyata margi boh Cox boh Harding dianggap salaku jalma anu konservatif dina widang ékonomi.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=157–159}} Nanging sacara idéologi, duanana miboga bédana anu nyata, dimana Cox saurang liberal sarta Harding saurang konservatif. [[File:Harding Cox and Ruth.jpg|jmpl|kenca|"Kumaha Anjeunna Tiasa Ngalakukeunana?" Dina kartun [[Clifford Berryman]] ieu, Harding sareng Cox nuju mikiran wartos ageung sanésna dina taun 1920: rékor ''home run'' [[Babe Ruth]].]] Harding milih pikeun ngayakeun [[Kampanye téras hareup|kampanye téras hareup]] (''front porch campaign''), sapertos McKinley dina taun 1896.{{sfn|Dean|pp=71–73}} Sababaraha taun sateuacan éta, Harding parantos ngaropéa téras hareup bumina sangkan nyarupaan téras bumina McKinley, anu nurutkeun tatanggana mah éta téh mangrupa tanda anjeunna gaduh ambisi janten présidén.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=61}} Éta calon présidén tetep cicing di bumina di Marion, sarta nepikeun biantara ka para delegasi anu sumping nganjang. Samentara éta, Cox sareng Roosevelt ngurilingan nagara (''stumped the nation'') bari nepikeun ratusan biantara. Coolidge kampanye di wewengkon Timur Laut, sarta engkéna di kidul, nanging anjeunna henteu janten faktor anu signifikan dina éta pamilihan.{{sfn|Dean|pp=71–73}} Di Marion, Harding ngokolakeun kampanyena. Salaku saurang wartawan, anjeunna miboga hubungan anu akrab (''camaraderie'') sareng para pers anu ngaliput anjeunna, hiji hubungan anu jarang bisa disaruaan ku présidén-présidén sanésna. Téma kampanye anjeunna, nyaéta "[[Mulang ka kaayaan normal]]" (''return to normalcy''), dibantuan ku suasana kota Marion anu méré kesan tempat anu tartib sarta méré rasa nostalgia pikeun seueur pamilih. Kampanye téras hareup ieu ngamungkinkeun Harding nyingkahan rupa-rupa kasalahan, sarta nalika waktu pamilihan beuki deukeut, kakuatanana beuki ningkat. Lalampahan calon ti Partéy Démokrat ahirna maksa Harding pikeun ngayakeun sababaraha kunjungan biantara anu pondok, nanging sabagian ageung waktosna mah anjeunna tetep aya di Marion. Amérika Sarikat henteu peryogi inohong sapertos Wilson deui, saur Harding, bari ngajukeun présidén anu "deukeut ka kaayaan normal".{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=163–165}} [[File:FDR and James M Cox cph.3b03395.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Calon ti Démokrat, Cox (katuhu) sarta Roosevelt nalika kampanye di Washington, D.C., 1920]] Orasi Harding anu sakapeung "teu jelas" eusina ngajantenkeun sababaraha pihak ngarasa keuheul; McAdoo ngagambarkeun biantara Harding salaku "pasukan kalimah anu gaya nuju leumpang ngurilingan bentang alam pikeun milari hiji ideu. Sakapeung, éta kecap-kecap anu ngulampreng téh hasil nangkep hiji pamikiran anu sasar sarta mawa éta pamikiran kalayan bangga, janten tahanan di tengah-tengah maranéhna, dugi ka éta pamikiran téh maot alatan dijadikeun budak sarta gawé kaleuleuwihi."{{sfn|Dean|p=72}} [[H. L. Mencken]] ogé satuju, "ieu ngingetkeun kuring kana rupa-rupa spons baseuh, ngingetkeun kuring kana poéan anu parantos soék dina tali jemuran; ngingetkeun kuring kana sop kacang anu parantos haseum, kana gogorowokan mahasiswa, kana anjing anu ngagogog tanpa hartos salami wengi. Ieu téh sakitu goréngna dugi ka aya sakedik kesan kaagungan di jerona... Ieu téh sora anu ngageleter (''rumble'') sarta ngahiung (''bumble''). Ieu téh ngan ukur basa basi anu kosong (''balderdash'')."{{efn|Mencken sanajan kitu tetep milih Harding. Tempo {{harvnb|Sinclair|p=165}}.}}{{sfn|Dean|p=72}} ''The New York Times'' méré pandangan anu langkung positip, nyebutkeun yén dina biantara Harding, sabagian ageung masarakat tiasa mendakan "eunteung tina pamikiran maranéhna sorangan anu can pati jelas."{{sfn|Sinclair|p=166}} Wilson parantos nyatakeun yén pamilihan taun 1920 bakal janten "referendum anu agung sarta khidmat" ngeunaan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, anu ngajantenkeun Cox hésé pikeun nyandak sikep—sanajan Roosevelt kacida ngadukungna, Cox mah kurang sumanget.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=43–45}} Harding nolak asup ka Liga Bangsa-Bangsa sakumaha anu parantos dirundingkeun ku Wilson, nanging anjeunna sapuk kana hiji "asosiasi nagara-nagara,"<ref name = "anb" /> dumasar kana [[Mahkamah Arbitrasé Permanén]] di [[Den Haag]]. Ieu hal dianggap cukup umum pikeun muaskeun sabagian ageung urang Républik. Dina bulan Oktober, Cox mimiti sadar yén aya panolakan masarakat anu lega kana Pasal X, sarta nyebutkeun yén [[reservasi (hukum)|catetan-catetan]] dina éta perjangjian mungkin diperlukeun; parobahan sikep ieu ngamungkinkeun Harding pikeun henteu kedah nyarios seueur deui ngeunaan éta pasualan.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=27–28}} [[File:WGHarding.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Harding nuju kampanye dina taun 1920]] RNC nyéwa [[Albert Lasker]], saurang éksékutif iklan ti Chicago, pikeun ngapublikasikeun Harding. Lasker ngaluncurkeun kampanye iklan anu jembar sarta ngagunakeun rupa-rupa téhnik iklan standar nu harita mah nembe pisan dilarapkeun dina pamilihan présidén. Pendekatan Lasker ngawengku warta film (''newsreels'') sarta rékaman sora. Para pangunjung ka Marion dipoto sareng Sénator sarta Ibu Harding, teras salinan potona dikirimkeun ka surat kabar di kota asalna masing-masing.{{sfn|Dean|p=69}} Poster papan reklame (''billboard''), surat kabar, sarta majalah dianggo salian ti film layar lébar. [[Telemarketer]] ogé dianggo pikeun ngayakeun telepon kalayan naskah dialog nu parantos disusun pikeun ngamajukeun Harding.{{sfn|Morello|pp=64–65}} Salami kampanye, pihak lawan nyebarkeun béja lami yén aki buyut Harding téh saurang [[Hindia Kulon]] [[Wanoja atawa lalaki hideung|turunan hideung]] sarta yén aya [[Turunan Amérika-Afrika présidén Amérika Sarikat|turunan hideung sanésna dina tangkal kulawargana]].{{sfn|Russell|p=372}} Manajer kampanye Harding nolak éta tuduhan. Profésor ti [[Wooster College]], [[William Estabrook Chancellor]], ngapublikasikeun éta béja dumasar kana panalungtikan kulawarga anu sakapeung mah ngan ukur mangrupa gosip lokal hungkul.{{sfn|Russell|pp=403–405}} [[File:ElectoralCollege1920.svg|katuhu|jmpl|Hasil sora éléktoral 1920]] Dina poéan pamilihan, 2 Nopémber 1920, ampir teu aya anu mangmang yén pasangan Républik bakal unggul.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=62}} Harding kéngingkeun 60,2 persén sora rahayat (''popular vote''), perséntase pangluhurna ti saprak mekarna [[Sistem dua partéy]], sarta kéngingkeun 404 sora [[Lembaga Pamilihan (Amérika Sarikat)|éléktoral]]. Cox mung kéngingkeun 34 persén sora nasional sarta 127 sora éléktoral.{{sfn|Russell|p=418}} Kampanye ti jero panjara fédéral alatan nolak perang, tokoh [[Partéy Sosialis Amérika|Sosialis]] [[Eugene V. Debs]] kéngingkeun 3 persén sora nasional. Partéy Républik ogé hasil ngaronjatkeun mayoritasna di unggal majelis Kongrés sacara signifikan.{{sfn|Russell|p=420}}{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=66}} == Masa jabatan Présidén (1921–1923) == {{utama|Masa jabatan Présidén Warren G. Harding}} {{Pikeun|garis waktu|Garis waktu masa jabatan Présidén Warren G. Harding}} === Pelantikan sarta pangangkatan jabatan === [[File:Harding swearing in.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Harding nuju ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan.]] {{salajengna|Transisi kapersidénan Warren G. Harding|Pelantikan Warren G. Harding}} Harding dilantik dina ping 4 Maret 1921, disaksian ku pamajikan sarta ramana. Harding langkung milih pelantikan anu basajan tanpa parade adat, sahingga mung aya upacara inti sarta resépsi singget di Gedong Bodas. Dina biantara pelantikanana, anjeunna nyatakeun, "Kacenderungan urang anu paling bahaya nyaéta ngarep-ngarep teuing ka pamaréntah, nanging dina waktos anu sami mung sakedik masihan kontribusi ka pamaréntah."{{sfn|Russell|pp=2,14}} Saatos pamilihan, Harding ngumumkeun yén moal aya kaputusan ngeunaan pangangkatan jabatan dugi ka anjeunna mulang ti liburan dina bulan Désémber. Anjeunna indit ka Téksas pikeun nguseup sarta maén golf sareng rénjangna, [[Frank Scobey]] (anu engkéna janten [[Diréktur Percétakan Duit]]), teras balayar ka [[Zona Terusan Panama]]. Anjeunna nganjang ka Washington nalika [[Kongrés ka-66 Amérika Sarikat]] dibuka dina awal Désémber, sarta anjeunna nampi pangbagéa anu luar biasa salaku sénator aktif munggaran anu kapilih janten présidén.{{efn|Harding mundur tina Sénat dina Januari 1921, ngantosan dugi ka masa jabatan Cox salaku gubernur réngsé. Gubernur ti Partéy Républik, [[Harry L. Davis]], ngangkat Willis pikeun ngalengkepan sésa masa jabatan Harding. Tempo {{harvnb|Dean|p=92}}.}} Nalika mulang ka Ohio, Harding ngarencanakeun pikeun ngayakeun konsultasi sareng jalma-jalma pinter di nagara éta, anu sumping ka Marion pikeun masihan naséhat ngeunaan pangangkatan kabinét.{{sfn|Russell|pp=420–424}}{{sfn|Sinclair|p=181}} Harding milih Charles Evans Hughes anu pro-Liga Bangsa-Bangsa salaku Menteri Luar Nagri, bari teu maliré kana naséhat Sénator Lodge sarta nu sanésna. Saatos [[Charles G. Dawes]] nampik jabatan Menteri Kauangan, Harding milih bankir ti Pittsburgh, [[Andrew W. Mellon]], salah saurang jalma pangbeungharna di nagara éta. Anjeunna ogé ngangkat Herbert Hoover janten [[Menteri Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Perdagangan]].{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=38–39}} Pupuhu RNC Will Hays diangkat janten [[Menteri Pos Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Pos]], anu harita mah masih kénéh mangrupa jabatan kabinét; anjeunna mundur saatos sataun ngajabat pikeun janten kapala sénsor industri film.{{sfn|Dean|p=89}} Dua jalma anu diangkat ku Harding kana kabinét anu engkéna ngotoran reputasi pamaréntahanana alatan kalibet skandal nyaéta rénjang Harding di Sénat, [[Albert B. Fall]] ti New Mexico salaku [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Jero Nagri]], sarta Daugherty salaku jaksa agung. Fall nyaéta saurang peternak sarta mantan penambang ti wewengkon Kulon anu langkung mihak kana pangwangunan lahan.{{sfn|Dean|p=89}} Anjeunna ditentang ku para konservasionis sapertos [[Gifford Pinchot]], anu nyerat, "mungkin waé pikeun milih jalma anu leuwih goréng ti Fall pikeun janten Menteri Jero Nagri, nanging éta hal téh moal gampil pisan."{{sfn|Noggle|p=242}} ''The New York Times'' ogé nyempad pangangkatan Daugherty, bari nyerat yén tinimbang milih salah saurang jalma anu pinter, Harding kalah "milih ukur saurang rénjang panghadéna."{{sfn|Sinclair|p=188}} Eugene P. Trani sarta David L. Wilson nyebutkeun yén éta pangangkatan téh asup akal harita, margi Daugherty nyaéta "saurang pengacara kompetén anu paham pisan kana sisi 'poék' politik... saurang paleres masalah (''troubleshooter'') politik kelas hiji sarta jalma anu tiasa dipercaya ku Harding."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=43}} === Kawijakan luar nagri === [[File:Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922).jpg|jmpl|katuhu|Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington, salah sahiji kasuksésan kawijakan luar nagri Harding.]] Harding negeskeun yén anjeunna nolak asupna Amérika Sarikat kana Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, sanajan Hughes hayang aya gawé bareng anu leuwih raket. Hughes ngirimkeun catetan resmi ka Jenéwa (markas Liga) anu nétélakeun yén Amérika Sarikat moal milu aub, nanging Hughes tetep nempatkeun "pangawas" ti Amérika dina sababaraha komisi Liga. Harding ogé nandatanganan résolusi gabungan Kongrés anu sacara resmi mungkas kaayaan perang sareng Jérman, Austria, sarta Hungaria dina taun 1921.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=108–109}} Puncak tina kawijakan luar nagri Harding nyaéta [[Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington]] (1921–1922). Hughes nepikeun usulan anu wani pikeun ngawatesan pangwangunan kapal perang gedé ku kakuatan-kakuatan utama dunya (AS, Britania Raya, Jepang, Perancis, sarta Itali). Ieu konférénsi hasil ngahasilkeun [[Perjangjian Washington (1922)|Perjangjian Washington]] anu hasil nyegah lomba pakarang laut salami ampir sapuluh taun.{{sfn|Dean|pp=101–105}} Dina urusan Amérika Latin, Harding nyobian menerkeun hubungan anu ruksak alatan kawijakan Wilson. Anjeunna narik pasukan Marinir ti Kuba dina taun 1921 sarta ngarencanakeun panarikan pasukan ti Républik Dominika. Harding ogé nandatanganan [[Perjangjian Thomson-Urrutia]] sareng Kolombia, anu masihan santunan $25 juta ka nagara éta salaku pamulihan hubungan saatos kajantenan pamisahan Panama taun 1903.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=225–226}} ==== Hubungan sareng Éropa sarta mungkas perang sacara resmi ==== [[File:League of Nations (Warren G. Harding).ogg|jmpl|Warren G. Harding nerangkeun naha anjeunna embung Amérika Sarikat asup ka [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]].]] Harding negeskeun nalika anjeunna ngangkat Hughes janten Menteri Luar Nagri yén mantan hakim éta anu bakal ngokolakeun kawijakan luar nagri, hiji parobahan tina gaya Wilson anu campur tangan langsung dina urusan internasional.{{sfn|Russell|p=43}} Hughes kedah damel dina garis-garis ageung anu parantos ditangtukeun; saatos ngajabat, Harding mingkin teges kana sikepna nolak Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, sarta mutuskeun yén AS moal gabung sanajan kana vérsi Liga anu parantos dirévisi. Jalaran Perjangjian Versailles teu diratifikasi ku Sénat, AS sacara téknis masih kénéh dina kaayaan perang sareng [[Républik Weimar|Jérman]], [[Républik Austria Kahiji|Austria]], sarta [[Karajaan Hungaria (1920–1946)|Hungaria]]. Prosés perdamaian dimimitian ku [[Résolusi Knox–Porter]], anu nyatakeun yén AS parantos daméy sarta tetep nyepeng hak-hak anu dipasihkeun ku Versailles. Perjangjian daméy [[Perjangjian Daméy AS–Jérman (1921)|sareng Jérman]], [[Perjangjian Daméy AS–Austria (1921)|Austria]], sarta [[Perjangjian Daméy AS–Hungaria (1921)|Hungaria]], anu masing-masing eusina ngawengku rupa-rupa katangtuan non-Liga tina Perjangjian Versailles, ahirna diratifikasi dina taun 1921.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=142–145}} Ieu hal masih nyésakeun patarosan ngeunaan hubungan antara AS sareng Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Departemén Luar Nagri pimpinan Hughes mimitina mah teu maliré kana komunikasi ti Liga, atanapi nyobian nyingkahanana ku cara ngayakeun kontak langsung sareng nagara-nagara anggota. Nanging dina taun 1922, AS ngaliwatan konsulna di Jenéwa mimiti ngayakeun hubungan sareng Liga. Sanajan AS nolak milu aub dina rapat-rapat anu aya pakuat-pakaitna sareng politik, AS ngirimkeun pangawas (''observers'') kana sési-sési ngeunaan urusan téknis sarta kamanusaan.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=145–147}} Nalika Harding mimiti ngajabat, aya tungtutan ti pamaréntah luar nagri pikeun ngurangan hutang perang anu kacida badagna ka Amérika Sarikat, sarta pamaréntah Jérman nyobian ngurangan [[Réparasi Perang Dunya I|réparasi]] (ganti rugi perang) anu kedah dibayar ku maranéhna. AS nolak mertimbangkeun sagala jinis kacindekan multilateral. Harding nyobian ngasahkeun rencana anu diajukeun ku Mellon pikeun masihan kakawasaan anu lega ka pamaréntah dina negosiasi pangurangan hutang perang, nanging [[Kongrés ka-67 Amérika Sarikat]] dina taun 1922 kalah ngasahkeun undang-undang anu langkung ketat. Hughes hasil negosiasi kasapukan sangkan [[Karajaan Ngahiji Britania Raya sarta Irlandia|Britania]] mayar hutang perangna salami 62 taun kalayan bunga anu alit, anu sacara éféktif ngurangan [[ajén ayeuna]] (''present value'') tina éta kawajiban. Ieu kasapukan, anu disatujuan ku Kongrés dina taun 1923, janten modél pikeun negosiasi sareng nagara-nagara sanés. Sawala sareng Jérman ngeunaan pangurangan pamayaran réparasi ahirna ngahasilkeun [[Rencana Dawes]] dina taun 1924.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=162–163}} Pasualan anu can réngsé dina jaman Wilson nyaéta kawijakan AS ka Rusia [[Bolshevik]]. AS mangrupa salah sahiji nagara anu [[Pasukan Ékspédisi Amérika, Rusia Kalér|ngirimkeun pasukan ka dinya]] saatos [[Révolusi Rusia]]. Saatosna, Wilson nolak ngaku kadaulatan [[RSFS Rusia]]. Menteri Perdagangan pimpinan Harding, Hoover, anu miboga pangalaman jembar dina urusan Rusia, janten pamingpin dina nangtukeun kawijakan. Nalika [[Kalaparan Rusia 1921|kalaparan narajang Rusia dina taun 1921]], Hoover ngagunakeun [[Administrasi Relief Amérika]], anu dipingpin ku anjeunna, pikeun negosiasi sareng urang Rusia dina masihan bantuan. Para pamingpin [[U.S.S.R.]] (anu diadegkeun taun 1922) miboga harepan yén éta kasapukan bakal mawa kana pangakuan diplomatik, nanging harita mah teu kawujud. Hoover ngadukung ayana perdagangan sareng Soviét margi sieun pausahaan-pausahaan AS moal bisa asup ka pasar Soviét, nanging Hughes nolak hal ieu, sahingga éta pasualan can réngsé salami Harding ngajabat.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=116–126}} ==== Pangeureunan pakarang (Disarmament) ==== {{utama|Konférénsi Angkatan Laut Washington}} [[File:Charles Evans Hughes-01.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|[[Charles Evans Hughes]], mantan hakim Agung sarta Menteri Luar Nagri pimpinan Harding]] Harding ngajurung ayana pangeureunan pakarang (''disarmament'') sarta pangurangan biaya pertahanan salami mangsa kampanye, nanging hal éta sanés mangrupa pasualan utama harita. Anjeunna nepikeun biantara dina sési gabungan Kongrés dina April 1921, netepkeun prioritas législatifna. Di antara sababaraha pasualan luar nagri anu disabit ku anjeunna nyaéta pangeureunan pakarang; anjeunna nyatakeun yén pamaréntah moal tiasa "teu maliré kana panyambat pikeun ngirangan pengeluaran" dina widang pertahanan.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=149–150}} Sénator Idaho [[William Borah]] parantos ngusulkeun hiji konférénsi dimana kakuatan angkatan laut utama, nyaéta AS, Britania, sarta Jepang, bakal sapuk pikeun ngurangan jumlah armada kapalna. Harding satuju, sarta saatos ngayakeun sawala diplomatik, wawakil ti salapan nagara kumpul di Washington dina bulan Nopémber 1921. Sabagian ageung diplomat mimitina ngahadiran upacara [[Poé Veteran|Poé Gencatan Sanjata]] di [[Pasaréan Nasional Arlington]], dimana Harding nepikeun biantara dina upacara pamakaman [[Makam Prajurit Teu Dikenal|Prajurit Teu Dikenal Perang Dunya I]]. Harding nyarios yén identitas éta prajurit, "mumbul babarengan sareng jiwana anu langgeng. Urang teu terang ti mana anjeunna asalna, mung terang yén maotna méré tanda kamulyaan anu langgeng salaku urang Amérika anu gugur pikeun nagarana."{{sfn|Dean|pp=130–131}} Hughes, dina biantarana nalika bubuka konférénsi ping 12 Nopémber 1921, ngajukeun usulan Amérika—yén AS bakal ngeureunkeun operasi atanapi moal ngawangun 30 kapal perang upami Britania Raya ngalakukeun hal anu sami pikeun 19 kapal, sarta Jepang pikeun 17 kapal.{{sfn|Russell|p=481}} Hughes sacara umum hasil, kalayan dihontalna kasapukan dina ieu pasualan sarta sababaraha poin sanésna, kalebet kacindekan tina sengketa pulo-pulo di Pasifik, sarta watesan dina panggunaan gas racun. Perjangjian angkatan laut ieu mung dilarapkeun ka kapal perang (''battleships''), sarta dina sababaraha tingkat ka kapal induk (''aircraft carriers''), sarta dina ahirna mah henteu tiasa nyegah ayana pangwangunan pakarang deui di hareupna. Sanajan kitu, Harding sarta Hughes nampi pujian anu jembar ti média alatan usahana. Sénator Lodge sarta [[Pamingpin Minoritas Sénat]], [[Oscar Underwood]] ti Alabama, mangrupa bagian ti dèlègasi AS, sarta maranéhna mantuan mastikeun yén éta perjangjian bisa ditarima ku Sénat kalayan ampir tanpa parobahan, sanajan lembaga éta nambihan sababaraha catetan (''reservations'').{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=241–245}}{{sfn|Dean|pp=132–134}} AS parantos miboga leuwih ti sarébu kapal salami Perang Dunya I, sarta masih kénéh miboga sabagian ageungna nalika Harding mimiti ngajabat. Kongrés parantos ngidinan panyingkiran éta kapal-kapal dina [[Undang-Undang Marinir Padagang 1920]], nanging Sénat henteu daék mastikeun calon-calon Wilson pikeun [[Dewan Pengiriman Amérika Sarikat|Dewan Pangiriman]] (''Shipping Board''). Harding ngangkat Albert Lasker janten pupuhuna; éta éksékutif iklan nyobian ngajalankeun éta armada sangkan meunang untung sabisa-bisa dugi ka éta kapal tiasa dijual. Nanging, mung sakedik kapal anu laku dijual kalayan harga anu nyaketan modal pamaréntah. Lasker nyarankeun ayana subsidi anu ageung pikeun [[marinir padagang]] pikeun ngagampangkeun penjualan, sarta Harding terus-terusan ngajurung Kongrés sangkan ngasahkeunana. Nanging, éta rancangan undang-undang téh henteu dipikaresep di wilayah Midwest, sarta sanajan lolos di DPR (''House''), éta usulan kawon ku [[filibuster]] di Sénat, sahingga sabagian ageung kapal pamaréntah ahirna mah dijadikeun beusi tua (''scrapped'').{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=174–178}} ==== Amérika Latin ==== Campur tangan (intervénsi) di Amérika Latin mangrupa pasualan kampanye anu sakedik dibahas, sanajan Harding kungsi nyarita nentang kaputusan Wilson pikeun [[Okupasi Amérika Sarikat di Républik Dominika (1916–24)|ngirimkeun pasukan AS ka Républik Dominika]] sarta Haiti. Harding ogé narajang calon wakil présidén ti Partéy Démokrat, Franklin Roosevelt, alatan peranna dina [[Okupasi Amérika Sarikat di Haiti|intervénsi Haiti]]. Saatos Harding dilantik, Hughes digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun hubungan sareng nagara-nagara Amérika Latin anu ngarasa waspada kana panggunaan [[Doktrin Monroe]] ku Amérika pikeun menerkeun intervénsi; nalika pelantikan Harding, AS ogé masih miboga pasukan di Kuba sarta Nikaragua. Pasukan anu ditempatkeun di Kuba ditarik dina taun 1921, nanging pasukan AS tetep aya di tilu nagara sanésna salami mangsa jabatan Harding.{{efn|Nalika Hughes mundur tina jabatanna dina taun 1925, pasukan Amérika parantos ninggalkeun Républik Dominika sarta nuju prosés ninggalkeun Nikaragua. Panarikan pasukan ti Haiti masih kénéh direncanakeun. Tempo {{harvnb|Trani & Wilson|p=135}}.}}{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=133–135}} Dina April 1921, Harding hasil meunangkeun ratifikasi [[Perjangjian Thomson–Urrutia]] sareng Kolombia, anu masihan éta nagara santunan $25 juta (sarimbag sareng ${{Inflation|US|25|1921|r=2}} juta dina {{Inflation-year|US}}) salaku kacindekan tina [[Pamisahan Panama ti Kolombia|révolusi Panama taun 1903]] anu diprovokasi ku AS.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=340–341}} Nagara-nagara Amérika Latin henteu sagemblengna sugema, jalaran AS nolak pikeun ngeureunkeun kabijakan intervénsionisme, sanajan Hughes jangji bakal ngawatesan hal éta mung ka nagara-nagara anu deukeut sareng Terusan Panama sarta bakal ngajelaskeun naon baé tujuan AS sabenerna.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=136–137}} AS parantos sababaraha kali ngayakeun intervénsi di Méksiko dina jaman Wilson, sarta parantos mutuskeun hubungan diplomatik bari nangtukeun sarat-sarat pikeun pamulihanana. Pamaréntah Méksiko di handapeun Présidén [[Álvaro Obregón]] hoyong ayana pangakuan diplomatik sateuacan ngayakeun negosiasi, nanging Wilson sarta menteri luar nagri terakhirna, [[Bainbridge Colby]], nolak hal éta. Boh Hughes boh Fall nolak ayana pangakuan; Hughes kalah ngirimkeun draf perjangjian ka urang Méksiko dina Méi 1921, anu eusina kaasup jangji pikeun ngaganti rugi ka urang Amérika alatan karugian di Méksiko saprak [[Révolusi Méksiko|révolusi 1910]]. Obregón embung nandatanganan perjangjian sateuacan diaku kadaulatanana, sarta anjeunna digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun hubungan antara dunya bisnis Amérika sareng Méksiko ku cara ngayakeun kasapukan sareng para krédiur sarta ngayakeun kampanye hubungan masarakat (PR) di Amérika Sarikat. Hal ieu miboga pangaruh, sarta dina pertengahan taun 1922, pangaruh Fall mimiti ngurangan, sahingga panolakan kana pangakuan diplomatik ogé milu ngurangan. Kadua présidén teras ngangkat komisaris pikeun ngahontal kasapukan, sarta AS resmi ngaku kadaulatan pamaréntah Obregón dina ping 31 Agustus 1923, kirang ti sasasih saatos Harding pupus, kalayan katangtuan anu sabagian ageungna saluyu sareng kahoyong Méksiko.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=130–132}} === Kawijakan jero nagri === ==== Résési sarta pamulihan pasca-perang ==== {{utama|Depresi 1920–1921}} [[File:Chas G Dawes-H&E.jpg|jmpl|katuhu|[[Charles G. Dawes|Charles Dawes]]—diréktur anggaran munggaran sarta engkéna janten wakil présidén dina jaman Coolidge]] Nalika Harding mimiti ngajabat dina ping 4 Maret 1921, nagara nuju aya di tengah-tengah [[Déprési 1920–21|panurunan ékonomi pasca-perang]].{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=40–41}} Dumasar saran ti para pamingpin législatif, Harding ngayakeun sési husus Kongrés anu dimimitian dina ping 11 April. Nalika Harding nepikeun biantara dina sési gabungan poé isukna, anjeunna ngajurung ayana pangurangan pajeg panghasilan (anu ditaékeun salami perang), paningkatan tarif barang tatanén pikeun ngajaga patani Amérika, sarta rupa-rupa réformasi anu leuwih jembar, sapertos rojongan pikeun pangwangunan jalan raya, penerbangan, sarta radio.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=54–57}}{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=52–55}} Kakara dina ping 27 Méi Kongrés ngasahkeun kanaékan tarif darurat pikeun produk tatanén. [[Undang-Undang Anggaran sarta Akuntansi 1921|Hiji undang-undang]] anu ngidinan dibentukna [[Biro Anggaran]] disatujuan dina ping 10 Juni, sarta Harding ngangkat Charles Dawes janten diréktur biro kasebut kalayan mandat pikeun neukteuk pengeluaran pamaréntah.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=51–52}} ==== Pangurangan pajeg Mellon ==== Menteri Kauangan Mellon ogé nyarankeun sangkan Kongrés nurunkeun tarif pajeg panghasilan, sarta [[pajeg kaleuwihan kauntungan]] pausahaan (''excess profits tax'') dileungitkeun. [[Komite Urusan Keuangan DPR]] (''House Ways and Means Committee'') nyaluyuan usulan Mellon, nanging sababaraha anggota kongrés anu hoyong naékeun tarif pajeg pausahaan nolak éta léngkah. Harding sorangan ngarasa bingung kudu mihak ka mana, anjeunna nyarios ka rénjangna, "Kuring teu ngarti pisan kana ieu masalah pajeg. Kuring ngadéngékeun hiji pihak, maranéhna sigana bener, teras—Gusti!—kuring ngobrol sareng pihak sanésna, sarta maranéhna ogé sigana sarua benerna."{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=52–55}} Harding nyobian ngayakeun kompromi, sarta hasil ngasahkeun rancangan undang-undang di DPR saatos panyingkiran pajeg kaleuwihan kauntungan ditunda sataun. Di Sénat, éta rancangan undang-undang janten pajeuet alatan ayana usaha pikeun masihan bonus ka para véteran Perang Dunya I. Ku sabab ngarasa kaganggu ku reureuhna prosés ieu, dina ping 12 Juli, Harding sumping ka Sénat pikeun ngajurung panyahkeun undang-undang pajeg tanpa bonus kasebut. Kakara dina bulan Nopémber [[Undang-Undang Pendapatan 1921|rancangan undang-undang pendapatan]] ahirna disahkeun, kalayan tarif anu langkung luhur tinimbang anu diajukeun ku Mellon.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=55–58}}{{sfn|Dean|p=108}} [[File:AWMellon.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Menteri Kauangan [[Andrew W. Mellon]] ngajurung pangurangan tarif pajeg.]] Dina nolak bonus véteran, Harding nyatakeun dina biantarana di Sénat yén nagara parantos ngalakukeun seueur hal pikeun maranéhna salaku tanda nganuhunkeun, sarta yén éta undang-undang bakal "ngaruksak Kas Nagara urang, anu engkéna bakal dipiharep kacida badagna".{{sfn|Dean|pp=107–108}} Sénat ngirimkeun deui rancangan undang-undang bonus éta ka komite, nanging pasualan ieu muncul deui nalika Kongrés kumpul deui dina Désémber 1921.{{sfn|Dean|pp=107–108}} Hiji undang-undang anu nyadiakeun bonus, sanajan tanpa sumber waragad anu jelas, disahkeun ku kadua majelis dina Séptémber 1922, nanging véto ti Harding hasil dipertahankeun ku béda sora anu saeutik. [[Undang-Undang Kompénsasi Perang Dunya|Bonus non-tunai]] pikeun para prajurit ahirna disahkeun dina taun 1924, sanajan harita aya véto ti Coolidge.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=78–79}} Dina [[Amanat Présidén (Amérika Sarikat)|amanat taunan munggaranna ka Kongrés]], Harding ménta kawenang pikeun nyaluyukeun tarif pajeg. Panyahkeun undang-undang tarif di Sénat sarta dina [[komite konférénsi]] janten rebutan rupa-rupa kapentingan lobi.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=74–75}} Nalika Harding nandatanganan Undang-Undang [[Tarif Fordney–McCumber]] dina ping 21 Séptémber 1922, anjeunna masihan [[pernyataan nandatanganan|pernyataan singget]], anu mung muji éta undang-undang alatan masihan kawenang ka anjeunna pikeun ngarobah tarif. Numutkeun Trani sarta Wilson, éta undang-undang téh "henteu dipertimbangkeun kalayan asak. Hal éta ngabalukarkeun karuksakan dina perdagangan internasional sarta ngajantenkeun pamayaran hutang perang janten langkung hésé."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=74}} Mellon maréntahkeun ayana hiji panalungtikan anu némbongkeun sacara historis yén nalika tarif pajeg panghasilan ditaékeun, duit kalah "disumputkeun" (ka jero taneuh) atanapi dilarikeun ka luar nagri. Anjeunna nyimpulkeun yén tarif anu langkung handap justru bakal ningkatkeun pendapatan pajeg.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andrew.W.|last= Mellon|title=Taxation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UMRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|page=16|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=9785879551631|year=1924}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Joel|author1-link=Joel Slemrod|last=Slemrod|title=Does Atlas Shrug?: The Economic Consequences of Taxing the Rich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mpiqxjB9AgC&pg=PA48|year=2000|publisher=Harvard UP|pages=48–49|isbn=9780674001541}}</ref> Dumasar kana éta naséhat, undang-undang pendapatan Harding neukteuk pajeg ti mimiti taun 1922. Tarif marjinal pangluhurna diréduksi sacara bertahap dina opat tahap, tina 73% dina taun 1921 janten 25% dina taun 1925. Pajeg pikeun panghasilan anu langkung handap ogé diteukteuk ti mimiti taun 1923, sarta éta tarif anu langkung handap téh sacara substansial ningkatkeun aliran duit ka kas nagara. Maranéhna ogé ngajalankeun dérégulasi sacara masif, sahingga pengeluaran fédéral dibandingkeun GDP lungsur tina 6,5% janten 3,5%. Dina ahir taun 1922, ékonomi mimiti pulih. Angka pangangguran anu tadina luhur pisan dina taun 1921 nyaéta 12%, hasil dipangkas janten rata-rata 3,3% salami sésa dékadé éta. Indéks kasangsaraan (''misery index''), gabungan antara angka pangangguran sarta inflasi, ngalaman panurunan anu pangseukeutna dina sajarah AS di handapeun pamaréntahan Harding. Gaji, kauntungan, sarta produktivitas sadayana ngalaman kanaékan anu signifikan; rata-rata kanaékan GDP taunan nincak leuwih ti 5% salami taun 1920-an. Sejarawan libertarian Larry Schweikart sarta Michael Allen boga pamandangan yén, "Kabijakan pajeg Mellon nyiapkeun panggung pikeun kamekaran anu paling narik ati anu kantos katingal dina ékonomi Amérika anu mémang parantos hébat."<ref>{{cite book|first1=Larry|last1=Schweikart|first2=Michael|last2=Allen|title=A Patriot's History of the United States|publisher=Penguin|year=2004|location=New York|page=536}}</ref> ==== Nanggeuy téknologi anyar ==== Taun 1920-an mangrupa mangsa modérenisasi pikeun Amérika—panggunaan listrik janten hal anu beuki umum. Produksi masal kandaraan bermotor ogé ngarangsang industri sanésna, sapertos pangwangunan jalan raya, karét, waja, sarta konstruksi, jalaran seueur hotél diadegkeun pikeun nampung para wisatawan anu mimiti wani nyorang jalan-jalan darat. Dorongan ékonomi ieu mantuan nagara kaluar tina résési.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=206}} Pikeun ngoméan sarta ngalegaan sistem jalan raya nasional, Harding nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Jalan Raya Fédéral 1921 (Undang-Undang Phipps)]]. Ti taun 1921 dugi ka 1923, pamaréntah fédéral ngaluarkeun dana $162 juta (sarimbag sareng ${{Inflation|US|.162|1923|r=1}} milyar dina {{Inflation-year|US}}) pikeun sistem jalan raya Amérika, anu nyuntikkeun modal kacida badagna kana ékonomi AS.{{sfn|Wynn|pp=217–218}} Dina taun 1922, Harding nyatakeun yén Amérika parantos asup kana "jaman mobil", anu "ngagambarkeun standar hirup urang sarta ngukur kacepetan hirup urang di jaman ayeuna".<ref>{{cite web|last=Harding|first=Warren G.|title=Second Annual Message to Congress|publisher=American Presidency Project|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29563|date=December 8, 1922|access-date=August 3, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125130846/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/second-annual-message-20 |date=January 25, 2021 }}</ref> Harding ngajurung ayana régulasi pikeun siaran radio dina biantarana di payuneun Kongrés bulan April 1921.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=46}} Menteri Perdagangan Hoover tanggung jawab kana ieu proyék, sarta ngayakeun konférénsi para panyiar radio dina taun 1922, anu ngahasilkeun kasapukan sukarela pikeun lisénsi [[frékuénsi radio]] ngaliwatan [[Departemén Perdagangan Amérika Sarikat]]. Boh Harding boh Hoover nyadar yén diperyogikeun hal anu langkung kiat tinimbang saukur kasapukan, nanging Kongrés rada laun dina meta, sahingga régulasi radio nembé resmi lumaku dina taun 1927.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=88}} Harding ogé hoyong ngamajukeun dunya penerbangan, sarta deui-deui Hoover anu mingpin ku cara ngayakeun konférénsi nasional ngeunaan penerbangan komérsial. Sawala kasebut museur kana urusan kasalametan, pamariksaan kapal udara, sarta lisénsi pikeun pilot. Harding deui-deui ngajurung panyahkeun undang-undang, nanging teu aya hasilna dugi ka taun 1926, nalika [[Undang-Undang Perdagangan Udara 1926]] ngadegkeun [[Biro Aéronautika]] di handapeun Departemén Perdagangan pimpinan Hoover.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=88}} ==== Dunya bisnis sarta tanaga gawé ==== [[File:Wharding.jpeg|jmpl|katuhu|Potrét resmi Gedong Bodas Harding, {{kira-kira|1922}} ku [[Edmund Hodgson Smart]]]] {{salajengna|Mogok Gedé Karéta Api 1922}} Sikep Harding kana dunya bisnis nyaéta pamaréntah kedah ngabantuan sabisa-bisa.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=83}} Anjeunna miboga kacurigaan ka [[serikat buruh]], sarta nganggap hal éta salaku konspirasi ngalawan dunya bisnis.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=253–254}} Anjeunna nyobian sangkan dunya bisnis sarta buruh tiasa damel babarengan dina hiji konférénsi ngeunaan pangangguran anu diayakeun dina Séptémber 1921 dumasar saran ti Hoover. Harding ngingetkeun dina biantara bubukana yén moal aya dana fédéral anu disadiakeun. Teu aya undang-undang penting anu dihasilkeun, sanajan sababaraha proyék [[padamelan umum]] (''public works'') diakselérasi.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=92–93}} Dina watesan anu jembar, Harding ngantepkeun unggal menteri kabinét pikeun ngokolakeun departeménna masing-masing sakumaha mistina.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=29}} Hoover ngalegaan Departemén Perdagangan sangkan langkung mangpaat pikeun dunya bisnis. Hal ieu luyu sareng pamandangan Hoover yén séktor swasta kedah janten pamingpin dina ngokolakeun ékonomi.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=84}} Harding kacida ngahormatna ka Menteri Perdaganganana, sering naroskeun naséhatna, sarta ngadukung anjeunna sapinuhna, bari nyebat Hoover salaku "jalma (''[[wikt:gink|gink]]'') pangpinterna anu kuring terang".{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=32–33}} Mogok gawé anu sumebar lumaku dina taun 1922, nalika para buruh nungtut ganti rugi alatan turunna gaji sarta naékna angka pangangguran. Dina bulan April, 500.000 panambang batubara anu dipingpin ku [[John L. Lewis]] ngayakeun mogok gawé alatan pamangkasan gaji. Para éksékutif tambang nyatakeun yén industri nuju dina mangsa hésé; Lewis nuding maranéhna nuju nyobian ngancurkeun serikat buruh. Jalaran éta mogok janten lami pisan, Harding nawarkeun kompromi pikeun ngabéréskeunana. Salaku usulan ti Harding, para panambang sapuk pikeun mulang damel, sarta Kongrés ngadegkeun hiji komisi pikeun mariksa keluhan maranéhna.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=97–99}} Dina ping 1 Juli 1922, 400.000 padamel karéta api ngayakeun mogok gawé. Harding nyarankeun hiji kacindekan anu masihan sababaraha konsési, nanging pihak manajemén nolak. Jaksa Agung Daugherty ngayakinkeun Hakim [[James H. Wilkerson]] pikeun ngaluarkeun paréntah pangadilan (''injunction'') anu jembar pikeun ngeureunkeun éta mogok. Sanajan aya rojongan masarakat kana paréntah Wilkerson kasebut, Harding ngarasa éta paréntah téh kaleuleuwihi, sarta ménta Daugherty sarta Wilkerson pikeun ngarobahna. Paréntah éta ahirna ngeureunkeun mogok, nanging katégangan tetep aya antara padamel karéta api sarta manajemén salami mangtaun-taun salajengna.{{sfn|Russell|pp=546–549}} Dina taun 1922, sistem [[dalapan jam gawé]] parantos janten hal anu umum dina industri Amérika. Salah sahiji pangecualianana nyaéta di [[pabrik waja]], dimana para buruh masih kénéh damel salami dua belas jam sapoé, tujuh dinten saminggu. Hoover nganggap prakték ieu biadab sarta ménta Harding ngayakeun konférénsi para produsi waja kalayan tujuan pikeun mungkas éta sistem. Konférénsi éta ngadegkeun hiji komite di handapeun pamingpin pupuhu [[U. S. Steel]], [[Elbert Gary]], anu dina awal taun 1923 nyarankeun sangkan éta prakték ulah dironjatkeun (tetep lumaku). Harding ngirimkeun surat ka Gary anu nyatakeun kuciwa kana éta hasil, anu teras dicitak dina pers. Protes ti masarakat ahirna maksa para produsi pikeun ngarobah kaputusanana sarta nerapkeun standar dalapan jam gawé.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=255–256}} ==== Hak-hak sipil sarta imigrasi ==== [[File:Harding at Birmingham.jpg|jmpl|Harding nepikeun biantara di hareupeun balaréa anu dipisahkeun dumasar ras di Birmingham, Alabama, 26 Oktober 1921.]] Sanajan dina biantara munggaranna di payuneun Kongrés Harding ngajurung panyahkeun undang-undang anti-''lynching'' (pamaéhan massa sacara liar),<ref name=Baker18Aug/> mimitina mah anjeunna katingalna moal ngalakukeun leuwih loba pikeun urang Amérika-Afrika dibandingkeun para présidén Républik saméméhna; anjeunna ngan saukur ménta para menteri kabinétna milari tempat pikeun urang hideung di departeménna masing-masing. Sinclair nyebutkeun yén kanyataan Harding nampi dua per lima sora ti wilayah Kidul dina taun 1920 ngajantenkeun anjeunna ningali ayana kasempetan politik pikeun partéyna di wilayah [[Kidul anu Solid]] (''Solid South''). Dina ping 26 Oktober 1921, Harding nepikeun biantara di [[Birmingham, Alabama]], di hareupeun 20.000 urang kulit bodas sarta 10.000 urang kulit hideung anu [[Ségregasi ras|dipisahkeun diukna]]. Harding, bari nyatakeun yén bédana sosial sarta rasial antara kulit bodas sarta kulit hideung moal tiasa dijembatanan, tetep ngajurung ayana hak pulitik anu sarua pikeun urang kulit hideung. Harita, seueur urang Amérika-Afrika anu milih Républik, sarta Harding nyatakeun anjeunna teu kabéberatan upami rojongan éta réngsé asalkan hasilna nyaéta sistem dua partéy anu kiat di Kidul. Anjeunna ogé nyatujuan upami [[Uji litarasi|tés maca-tulis]] pikeun milih tetep lumaku, asalkan dilarapkeun sacara adil ka pamilih kulit bodas boh kulit hideung.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=230–234}} "Naha anjeun resep atanapi henteu," saur Harding ka hadirin, "iwal démokrasi urang téh bohong, anjeun kedah ngadukung kana kasaruaan éta."<ref name=Baker18Aug/> Kelompok kulit bodas ngadangukeun kalayan jempe, sedengkeun kelompok kulit hideung surak gumbira.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radosh |first1=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Radosh |last2=Radosh |first2=Allis|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/hey_wait_a_minute/2014/07/warren_harding_letters_could_they_spark_a_revisionist_view_of_the_much_maligned.single.html |title=What If Warren Harding Wasn't a Terrible President? |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=July 16, 2014 |access-date=July 18, 2014}}</ref> Tilu dinten saatos [[Pamaéhan rasial Tulsa]] 1921, Harding nyarios di [[Universitas Lincoln (Pennsylvania)|Universitas Lincoln]] anu mahasiswana sadayana urang kulit hideung. Anjeunna nyatakeun, "Sanajan aya para demagog, ideu ngeunaan kahijian urang salaku urang Amérika parantos unggul luhureun unggal panyambat golongan. Sarta kuring miharep éta hal lumaku ogé dina pasualan ras nasional urang." Nyarios langsung ngeunaan kajantenan di Tulsa, anjeunna nyarios, "Gusti muga maparin, dina kaayaan sadar, kaadilan, sarta kajujuran di nagara ieu, urang moal ningali deui tontonan jiga kitu."<ref>{{cite news |last=Robenalt |first=James D. |title=The Republican president who called for racial justice in America after Tulsa massacre |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 21, 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/21/warren-harding-tulsa-race-massacre-trump/| access-date = June 22, 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200622065637/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/21/warren-harding-tulsa-race-massacre-trump/| archive-date = June 22, 2020| url-status = live}}</ref> [[File:Taft Harding Robert Lincoln 1922.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Harding (tengah) sareng Hakim Agung [[William Howard Taft|Taft]] (kénca) sarta [[Robert Todd Lincoln]] dina upacara peresmian [[Lincoln Memorial]], 30 Méi 1922]] Harding ngadukung rancangan undang-undang anti-''lynching'' fédéral anu diajukeun ku anggota Déwan [[Leonidas Dyer]], anu lolos di DPR dina Januari 1922.{{sfn|Dean|p=123}} Nalika éta usulan dugi ka Sénat dina Nopémber 1922, éta usulan kahambat ku [[filibuster]] ti urang Démokrat wilayah Kidul. Lodge ahirna narik éta usulan supados undang-undang subsidi kapal anu dipikahoyong ku Harding tiasa dibahas, sanajan ahirna mah sarua kahambat ogé. Urang kulit hideung nyalahkeun Harding alatan kawon éta Undang-Undang Dyer; biografer Harding, Robert K. Murray, nyatet yén hal ieu gancang réngsé alatan kahayang Harding supados undang-undang subsidi kapal tiasa leuwih tiheula dibahas.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=89–90}} Kusabab masarakat harita waspada ka para imigran, utamana anu dianggap [[sosialis]] atanapi [[komunis]], Kongrés ngasahkeun [[Undang-Undang Kuota Darurat|Undang-Undang Per Centum 1921]], anu ditandatanganan ku Harding dina ping 19 Méi 1921. Ieu undang-undang ngurangan jumlah imigran janten 3% tina jumlah urang ti nagara kasebut anu parantos cicing di AS dumasar sénsus taun 1910. Sacara prakték, hal ieu henteu ngawatesan imigran ti Irlandia sarta Jérman, nanging bakal ngahalangan seueur urang Itali sarta Yahudi Éropa Wétan.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=215}} Harding sarta Menteri Tanaga Gawé [[James J. Davis]] yakin yén palaksanaan aturan ieu kedah dilakukeun sacara manusiawi, sarta dumasar saran menteri kasebut, Harding ngantepkeun ampir 1.000 imigran anu sakuduna dideportasi pikeun tetep cicing di AS.{{sfn|Dean|pp=101–102}} Coolidge engkéna nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Imigrasi 1924]] anu ngawatesan imigrasi ka AS sacara permanén.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=217}} ==== Eugene Debs sarta tahanan politik ==== Lawan Harding tina Partéy Sosialis dina pamilihan taun 1920, [[Eugene Debs]], nuju ngajalanan hukuman sapuluh taun di [[Panjara Atlanta]] alatan nyarita nentang perang. Wilson parantos nolak masihan pangampunan (''pardon'') ka anjeunna sateuacan lungsur kalungguhan. Daugherty pendak sareng Debs, sarta anjeunna kacida katarikna ku kapribadian Debs. Harita aya panolakan ti para véteran, kalebet ti [[Legiun Amérika]], sarta ogé ti Florence Harding. Présidén ngarasa anjeunna teu tiasa ngabébaskeun Debs dugi ka perang sacara resmi réngsé, nanging saatos perjangjian daméy ditandatanganan, Harding ngarobah (''commuted'') hukuman Debs dina ping 23 Désémber 1921. Dumasar pamundut Harding, Debs nganjang ka Présidén di Gedong Bodas sateuacan mulang ka bumina di Indiana.{{sfn|Dean|pp=126–129}} Harding ngabébaskeun 23 jalma sanésna anu nentang perang dina waktos anu sami sareng Debs, sarta terus mariksa deui rupa-rupa kasus sarta ngabébaskeun para tahanan politik salami mangsa jabatanna. Harding ngabéla kaputusanana ngabébaskeun para tahanan éta salaku hal anu diperyogikeun pikeun mulangkeun nagara kana kaayaan normal.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=168–169}} ==== Pangangkatan yudisial ==== {{salajengna|Daptar hakim fédéral anu diangkat ku Warren G. Harding|Calon Mahkamah Agung Warren G. Harding}} Harding ngangkat opat hakim ka [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Sarikat]]. Nalika Hakim Agung [[Edward Douglass White]] pupus dina Méi 1921, Harding ngarasa bingung naha kedah ngangkat mantan présidén Taft atanapi mantan sénator Utah [[George Sutherland]]—jalaran anjeunna parantos jangji bakal masihan korsi hakim ka duanana. Saatos sakedap mertimbangkeun pikeun ngantosan lowongan sanésna supados tiasa ngangkat duanana sakaligus, anjeunna milih Taft janten Hakim Agung. Sutherland ahirna diangkat ka pangadilan dina taun 1922, anu teras diteraskeun ku dua hakim konservatif ékonomi sanésna, [[Pierce Butler (hakim)|Pierce Butler]] sarta [[Edward Terry Sanford]], dina taun 1923.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=48–49}} Harding ogé ngangkat genep hakim ka [[Pangadilan Banding Amérika Sarikat]], 42 hakim ka [[Pangadilan Distrik Amérika Sarikat]], sarta dua hakim ka [[Pangadilan Banding Béa Cukai Amérika Sarikat]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary |publisher=Federal Judicial Center |url=http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj |access-date=June 14, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730115701/http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj |archive-date=July 30, 2016 }} Milarian dina kaca kasebut ku cara milih "select research categories" teras pariksa "court type" sarta "nominating president", teras pilih jinis pangadilan sarta Warren G. Harding.</ref> === Kamunduran politik sarta lalampahan ka wilayah Kulon === {{Tempo ogé|Gerbong Karéta Api Harding}} [[File:President Harding in Alaska on Presidential Train.jpg|jmpl|Harding dina jero karéta kapersidénan di Alaska, Juli 1923, sareng Ibu Harding sarta menteri-menteri: Hoover, Wallace, sarta Work]] Nincak mangsa kampanye pamilihan législatif sela (''midterm'') taun 1922, Harding sarta Partéy Républik parantos ngalaksanakeun seueur jangji kampanyena. Nanging, sababaraha jangji anu parantos ditedunan, sapertos neukteuk pajeg pikeun jalma beunghar, tétéla teu dipikaresep ku para pamilih. Ékonomi ogé can mulang sagemblengna kana kaayaan normal, kalayan angka pangangguran masih dina 11 persén, sarta serikat buruh ogé ngambek alatan hasil tina mogok gawé saméméhna. Tina 303 korsi Républik di DPR hasil pamilihan 1920, dina [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-68]] mah éta partéy téh lungsur janten mung miboga mayoritas 221–213. Di Sénat, Républik kaleungitan dalapan korsi, sahingga mung miboga 51 tina 96 sénator dina Kongrés énggal, anu tétéla Harding sorangan teu kaburu nepungan jalaran kabujeng pupus.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=80–81}} Sasih saatos pamilihan, sési ''lame-duck'' (mangsa transisi) Kongrés ka-67 lumaku. Harita Harding mimiti sadar yén pamandangan mimitina ngeunaan kapersidénan—yén présidén mung saukur ngusulkeun kawijakan nanging panyahkeunana mah kumaha Kongrés—téh parantos teu cekap deui. Anjeunna teras ngalobi Kongrés, sanajan teu hasil, supados undang-undang subsidi kapalna tiasa disahkeun.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=80–81}} Nalika anggota Kongrés mimiti ninggalkeun kota dina awal Maret 1923, popularitas Harding mimiti pulih deui. Ékonomi mingkin saé, sarta program-program menteri kabinét Harding anu parigel sapertos Hughes, Mellon, sarta Hoover, mimiti némbongkeun hasil. Sabagian ageung urang Républik sadar yén teu aya pilihan sanés iwal ti ngadukung Harding deui dina kampanye pamilihan taun 1924.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=95}} Dina satengah munggaran taun 1923, Harding ngalakukeun dua hal anu engkéna dianggap salaku tanda yén anjeunna parantos miboga firasat ngeunaan ajjalna: anjeunna ngajual koran ''Star'' (sanajan jangji bakal tetep janten éditor kontributor salami sapuluh taun saatos masa jabatanna réngsé), sarta anjeunna ngadamel surat wasiat énggal.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=172–173}} Harding parantos lami ngalaman masalah kaséhatan, nanging upami nuju teu karaos gejala, anjeunna sok kaleuleuwihi dina barangtuang, ngaleueut, sarta ngaroko. Dina taun 1919, anjeunna parantos terang yén anjeunna miboga panyakit jantung. Tekanan janten présidén sarta panyakit ginjal kronis anu diderita ku Florence Harding mingkin ngaleueutkeun kondisina, sarta anjeunna henteu kantos leres-leres pulih saatos katarajang influnza dina Januari 1923. Saatos éta, Harding anu tadina resep maén golf, ngarasa hésé pikeun namatkeun sakali tanding. Dina Juni 1923, Sénator Ohio Willis pendak sareng Harding, nanging mung nyabitkeun dua tina lima pasualan anu sakuduna dibahas. Nalika ditaros naha, Willis ngajawab, "Warren katingalna capé pisan."{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=438–439}} Dina awal Juni 1923, Harding ngamimitian lalampahan anu ku anjeunna dingaranan "[[Lalampahan Pamahaman]]" (''Voyage of Understanding'').{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=95}} Présidén ngarencanakeun meuntasan nagara, angkat ka kalér nuju [[Wilayah Alaska]], teras ka kidul mapay basisir Kulon, teras numpak kapal Angkatan Laut AS ti San Diego mapay basisir kulon Méksiko sarta Amérika Tengah, ngaliwatan Terusan Panama nuju Puerto Rico, sarta mulang ka Washington dina ahir Agustus.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=441}} Harding kacida resepna kana lalampahan (''traveling'') sarta parantos lami hoyong angkat ka Alaska.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=172}} Ieu lalampahan ogé dimangpaatkeun ku anjeunna pikeun nepikeun biantara di sapanjang nagara, ngayakeun lobi politik sarta [[bloviate|ngobrol panjang lébar]] sateuacan kampanye 1924, sarta sakantenan reureuh{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=439–440}} tina panasna hawa usum panas di Washington anu nyiksa.{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=95}} Para panaséhat politik Harding parantos nyusun jadwal anu kacida padetna, sanajan présidén parantos ménta supados dikirangan.{{sfn|Dean|p=147}} Di Kansas City, Harding nyarios ngeunaan pasualan transportasi; di [[Hutchinson, Kansas]], témana nyaéta tatanén. Di Denver, anjeunna nyarioskeun dukunganna kana Larangan Minuman Keras (''Prohibition''), sarta terus ka kulon nepikeun runtuyan biantara anu jumlahna moal tiasa ditandingan ku présidén sanésna dugi ka jaman Franklin Roosevelt. Harding ogé janten pangrojong [[Mahkamah Internasional Permanén]] (''World Court''), sarta hoyong AS janten anggotana. Salian ti nepikeun biantara, anjeunna ogé nganjang ka Taman Nasional [[Yellowstone]] sarta [[Zion]],{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=442–443}} sarta ngaresmikeun monumén di [[Jalur Oregon]] dina hiji perayaan anu diayakeun ku pionir sepuh [[Ezra Meeker]] sarta nu sanésna.{{sfn|Dary|pp=322–323}} Dina ping 5 Juli, Harding naék kapal {{USS|Henderson|AP-1|6}} di nagara bagian Washington. Anjeunna mangrupa présidén munggaran anu nganjang ka Alaska, sarta nyéépkeun waktos mangjam-jam ningali pamandangan anu éndah tina dek kapal ''Henderson''.{{sfn|Dean|p=149}} Saatos sababaraha kali eureun di basisir, rombongan présidén ninggalkeun kapal di [[Seward, Alaska|Seward]] pikeun numpak [[Jalur Karéta Api Alaska]] nuju [[Taman McKinley, Alaska|Taman McKinley]] sarta [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]], dimana anjeunna nepikeun biantara di hareupeun 1.500 jalma dina hawa panas anu nincak 34°C. Rombongan sakuduna mulang ka Seward ngaliwatan [[Richardson Highway|Jalur Richardson]], nanging alatan Harding capé pisan, maranéhna kalah numpak karéta api.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=446–447}} Dina ping 26 Juli 1923, Harding nganjang ka [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], salaku présidén AS aktif munggaran anu nganjang ka Kanada. Anjeunna dibagéakeun ku [[Gubernur Létnan British Columbia]] [[Walter Cameron Nichol|Walter Nichol]], [[Perdana Menteri British Columbia]] [[John Oliver (politikus British Columbia)|John Oliver]], sarta Walikota Vancouver, sarta nyarita di hareupeun leuwih ti 50.000 urang. Dua taun saatos pupusna, hiji monumén pikeun Harding diresmikeun di [[Taman Stanley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_harding.htm |website=The History of Metropolitan Vancouver |title=Warren G. Harding & Stanley Park |access-date=June 14, 2015 |archive-date=September 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916212018/http://www.vancouverhistory.ca/archives_harding.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harding sempet nganjang ka lapangan golf, nanging mung kiat namatkeun genep liang sateuacan ngarasa lungsé. Saatos reureuh sajam, anjeunna maénkeun liang ka-17 sarta ka-18 supados katingalna mah anjeunna parantos namatkeun sakali tanding. Nanging, anjeunna teu hasil nyumputkeun rasa kacapéna; saurang wartawan nyatakeun yén Harding katingal kacida lungséna sahingga reureuh sababaraha dinten ogé moal cekap pikeun mulangkeun tanagana.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=447–448}} Di [[Seattle]] poé isukna, Harding tetep ngajalankeun jadwalna anu padet, nepikeun biantara ka 25.000 urang di [[Stadion Husky|stadion]] [[Universitas Washington]]. Dina biantara terakhir anu ditepikeun ku anjeunna, Harding ngaramal yén Alaska bakal janten nagara bagian.<ref name=aaaaiblf>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=775XAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bvQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5690%2C4345509 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=Washington |agency=Associated Press |title=Alaska all right is belief of president after visit |date=July 28, 1923 |page=2}}</ref>{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=448}} Présidén nepikeun biantarana kalayan rurusuhan, malah teu ngantosan surak gumbira ti para hadirin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lange|first=Greg|title=U.S. President Warren G. Harding makes his last speech in Seattle on July&nbsp;27, 1923|url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=878|publisher=HistoryLink.org|date=February 10, 1999|access-date=June 14, 2015}}</ref> == Pupusna sarta pamakaman nagara == {{gambar loba |lebar_total = 500 |gambar1 = HardingFuneral.jpg |katerangan1 = Iring-iringan pamakaman Harding ngaliwat ka hareupeun [[Gedong Bodas]] |gambar2 = Harding Memorial Marion Ohio.jpg |katerangan2 = [[Makam Harding]] di Marion }} Harding kulem langkung awal dina sonten ping 27 Juli 1923, sababaraha jam saatos nepikeun biantara di Universitas Washington. Peutingna, anjeunna nyaur dokterna, [[Charles E. Sawyer]], bari ngarasula nyeri dina bagian luhur beuteungna. Sawyer nyangka yén éta téh mung saukur gangguan lambung anu kumat deui, nanging Dr. [[Joel T. Boone]] nyangka aya masalah dina jantungna. Pihak pers dibéjaan yén Harding katarajang "serangan [[gastrointestinal]] akut" sahingga jadwal sabtu-minggu di Portland dibatalkeun. Anjeunna ngarasa rada mendingan poé isukna nalika karéta rurusuhan nuju ka San Francisco, dimana rombongan dugi dina éjing ping 29 Juli. Anjeunna maksa hoyong mapah tina karéta nuju mobil, nanging teras rurusuhan dibawa ka [[Hotél Palace, San Francisco|Hotél Palace]],{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=449–450}}<ref name="SF Gate; December 9, 2012">{{cite news |last=Ziv |first=Stav |date=December 9, 2012 |title=President Harding's mysterious S.F. death |url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/President-Harding-s-mysterious-S-F-death-4097303.php |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |publisher=[[Hearst Newspapers]]|location=San Francisco, California |access-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref> dimana kaayaanana kalah mingkin parah deui. Dokter manggihan yén sanés mung jantungna anu bermasalah, nanging anjeunna ogé katarajang [[pneumonia]] (paru-paru baseuh), sahingga anjeunna kedah istirahat total (''bed rest'') di kamar hotélna. Dokter ngubaran anjeunna ku cairan [[kaféin]] sarta [[Digoxin|digitalis]], sarta kaayaanana katingalna mimiti pulih. Hoover ngumumkeun biantara kawijakan luar nagri Harding anu ngadukung kaanggotaan dina Mahkamah Internasional, sarta présidén ngarasa bungah yén éta biantara ditarima kalayan saé. Dina sonten ping 2 Agustus, kaayaan Harding katingalna masih kénéh mingkin saé sahingga dokter ngidinan anjeunna calik dina ranjangna. Kira-kira tabuh 19.30 harita, Florence nuju macakeun artikel "A Calm Review of a Calm Man" pikeun anjeunna, hiji artikel pujian ngeunaan Harding tina ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''; Florence lirén sakedap teras Harding nyarios, "Éta saé. Lajengkeun, baca deui." Éta mangrupa kekecapan terakhirna. Florence nuju lajeng maca nalika sababaraha detik saatosna, awak Harding ngeleper (konvulsi) teras ngalempréh dina ranjangna bari eungap. Florence langsung nyaur para dokter ka kamar, nanging maranéhna teu hasil nyageurkeun deui sanajan parantos nganggo rupa-rupa ubar pacu (''stimulant''). Harding dinyatakeun pupus sababaraha menit saatosna dina yuswa 57 taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=After 91 Years, President Warren Harding's Sudden Death Recalled|url=http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2014/08/after-90-years-president-warren-hardings-death-still-unsettled/|publisher=National Constitution Center|access-date=February 28, 2017|date=August 1, 2014|archive-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228171608/http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2014/08/after-90-years-president-warren-hardings-death-still-unsettled/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pupusna Harding mimitina disangka alatan [[pendarahan otak]], jalaran dokter harita sacara umum teu acan ngartos kana gejala [[henti jantung]]. Florence Harding henteu masihan idin supados layon présidén di-[[otopsi]].<ref name = "anb" />{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=449–450}} Pupusna Harding anu teu sangka-sangka janten reuwas ageung pikeun sakumna nagara. Anjeunna dipikaresep sarta dipikahormat, boh pers boh masarakat parantos nuturkeun panyakitna kalayan taliti, sarta parantos ngarasa tenang alatan anjeunna katingalna nuju pulih.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=450}} Layon Harding dibawa nganggo peti mati kana karétana pikeun lalampahan meuntasan nagara, anu terus diawaskeun ku koran-koran. Salapan juta jalma ngantri di sisi jalur karéta api nalika karéta anu mawa layonna angkat ti San Francisco nuju Washington, D.C., dimana anjeunna disemahkeun di [[Rotunda United States Capitol|Rotunda Capitol Amérika Sarikat]]. Saatos upacara pamakaman di dinya, layon Harding dibawa ka Marion, Ohio, pikeun dikuburkeun.{{sfn|Dean|pp=152–153}} Di Marion, layon Harding disimpen dina karéta jenazah anu ditarik ku kuda, anu dituturkeun ku Présidén Coolidge sarta Hakim Agung Taft, teras ku randa Harding sarta ramana.{{sfn|Russell|pp=601–602}} Maranéhna nuturkeun karéta jenazah mapay kota, ngalangkungan gedong koran ''Star'' sarta ahirna nepi ka Pasaréan Marion dimana peti mati disimpen dina [[Marion Cemetery Receiving Vault|rohangan panyimpenan samentara pasaréan]].{{sfn|Russell|p=602}}{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=454}} Tamu pamakaman kalebet panemu [[Thomas Edison]] sarta pangusaha industri [[Henry Ford]] sarta [[Harvey S. Firestone|Harvey Firestone]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ohiomagazine.com/ohio-life/article/1923-president-warren-g.-harding-s-funeral|title=1923: President Warren G. Harding's Funeral|publisher=Ohio Magazine|access-date=December 28, 2021}}</ref> Warren Harding sarta Florence Harding, anu pupus dina taun salajengna, dimakamkeun di [[Makam Harding]], anu diresmikeun dina taun 1931 ku Présidén AS [[Herbert Hoover]].{{sfn|Russell|pp=633, 640}} == Skandal == [[File:Scobey Mint medal obv.jpg|jmpl|lempeng=0.7|Harding ngangkat rénjangna, [[Frank E. Scobey]], janten [[Diréktur Percétakan Duit]]. Medali ku Kapala Ukir [[George T. Morgan]].]] Harding ngangkat rerencangan sarta kenalanana kana rupa-rupa kalungguhan fédéral. Sababaraha di antarana digawé kalayan parigel, sapertos [[Charles E. Sawyer]], dokter pribadi kulawarga Harding ti Marion anu ngurus maranéhna di Gedong Bodas sarta méré nyaho Harding ngeunaan skandal Biro Véteran. Nu sanésna mah kabuktian teu mampuh migawé pancénna, sapertos [[Daniel R. Crissinger]], saurang pokrol (pangacara) ti Marion anu diangkat ku Harding janten [[Kontroler Mata Uang]] sarta engkéna janten gubernur dewan [[Federal Reserve]]; nu sanésna deui nyaéta rénjang lawas Harding, Frank Scobey, Diréktur Percétakan Duit, anu ku Trani sarta Wilson dicatet yén anjeunna "teu pati ngabalukarkeun karuksakan salami mangsa jabatanna." Nanging, sabagian deui tina ieu babaturan téh tétéla korup sarta engkéna dijulukan salaku "[[Geng Ohio]]".{{sfn|Nevins|p=256}} Lolobana skandal anu ngotoran reputasi pamaréntahan Harding téh nembé kabuka saatos anjeunna pupus. Skandal Biro Véteran saenyana parantos kanyahoan ku Harding dina Januari 1923, nanging numutkeun Trani sarta Wilson, "cara présidén nanganan éta pasualan henteu méré peunteun saé ka anjeunna."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=181–182}} Harding ngantepkeun diréktur biro anu korup kasebut, [[Charles R. Forbes]], kabur ka Éropa, sanajan engkéna anjeunna mulang deui sarta dipanjara.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=182}} Harding ogé parantos terang yén leungeun katuhu Daugherty di Departemén Kaadilan, [[Jess Smith]], kalibet dina korupsi. Présidén maréntahkeun Daugherty supados ngaluarkeun Smith ti Washington sarta ngahapus namina tina daptar lalampahan kapersidénan ka Alaska anu bakal datang. Smith ahirna maéhan manéh dina ping 30 Méi 1923.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=179–180}} Teu kanyahoan sacara pasti sabaraha loba hal anu dipikaterang ku Harding ngeunaan kagiatan haram Smith.{{sfn|Dean|pp=139–141}} Murray nyatet yén Harding sorangan henteu kalibet dina éta korupsi sarta henteu nyatujuan hal kasebut.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=125–126}} Hoover maturan Harding dina lalampahan ka wilayah Kulon sarta engkéna nulis yén Harding kungsi naros naon anu bakal dilakukeun ku Hoover upami terang aya hiji skandal gedé, naha kedah diumumkeun ka masarakat atanapi dipendem baé. Hoover ngajawab yén Harding kedah ngumumkeunana supados kanyahoan integritasna, sarta naroskeun rincianana. Harding nyebatkeun yén éta pasualan téh aya patalina sareng Smith, nanging nalika Hoover naros naha Daugherty ogé kalibet, Harding nolak ngajawab.{{sfn|Sinclair|pp=284–285}} === Teapot Dome === {{Utama|Skandal Teapot Dome}} [[File:Albert B. Fall c. 1923.jpg|jmpl|lempeng=0.7|[[Albert B. Fall]], Menteri Jero Nagri munggaran dina jaman Harding, janten mantan anggota kabinét munggaran anu diasupkeun ka panjara alatan kajahatan nalika ngajabat.]] Skandal anu sigana paling ngaruksak reputasi Harding nyaéta [[Skandal Teapot Dome|Teapot Dome]]. Sapertos kalolobaan skandal pamaréntahanana, ieu pasualan nembé kabongkar saatos Harding pupus, sarta anjeunna henteu terang kana aspék-aspék haramna. Teapot Dome téh patali sareng cadangan minyak di Wyoming, anu mangrupa salah sahiji tina tilu wilayah anu disadiakeun husus pikeun kaperluan Angkatan Laut dina kaayaan darurat nasional. Parantos lami aya perdebatan yén éta cadangan téh kedah dikokolakeun; Menteri Jero Nagri jaman Wilson, [[Franklin Knight Lane]], mangrupa salah sahiji anu ngadukung pandangan ieu. Nalika pamaréntahan Harding ngawitan ngajabat, Menteri Jero Nagri Fall neraskeun arguméntasi Lane, sarta Harding nandatanganan paréntah éksékutif dina Méi 1921 anu mindahkeun éta cadangan tina Departemén Angkatan Laut ka Departemén Jero Nagri. Hal ieu dilakukeun dumasar kana idin ti [[Menteri Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat|Menteri Angkatan Laut]] [[Edwin C. Denby]].{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=183, 185}} Departemén Jero Nagri ngumumkeun dina Juli 1921 yén [[Edward Doheny]] parantos kéngingkeun hak séwa (''lease'') pikeun ngebor di sisi cadangan angkatan laut [[Ladang Minyak Elk Hills|Elk Hills]] di California. Éta béwara henteu pati ngabalukarkeun kontrovérsi, jalaran éta minyak téh dianggap bakal "leungit" kasedot ku sumur-sumur di lahan swasta sakurilingna.{{sfn|Noggle|pp=254–256}} Sénator Wyoming [[John B. Kendrick|John Kendrick]] nampi laporan ti wargana yén Teapot Dome ogé tétéla parantos diséwakeun, nanging teu aya béwara resmi. Departemén Jero Nagri nolak masihan dokuménna, sahingga Kendrick hasil ngasahkeun résolusi Sénat pikeun maksa panyingkapan éta dokumén. Departemén teras ngirimkeun salinan séwa Teapot Dome anu masihan hak pangeboran ka pausahaan [[Mammoth Oil Company]] milik [[Harry Ford Sinclair|Harry Sinclair]], bari dibarengan ku pernyataan yén teu aya lélang kabuka (''competitive bidding'') jalaran ieu patali sareng kasiapan militer—Mammoth kedah ngawangun bak panampungan minyak pikeun Angkatan Laut salaku bagian tina kasapukan éta. Hal ieu nyugemakeun sababaraha pihak, nanging sababaraha aktivis lingkungan sapertos [[Gifford Pinchot]], [[Harry A. Slattery]], sarta nu sanésna, teras ngadesek supados dilakukeun panalungtikan lengkep kana kagiatan Fall. Maranéhna hasil ngayakinkeun Sénator Wisconsin [[Robert M. La Follette]] pikeun ngamimitian panalungtikan Sénat ngeunaan séwa minyak kasebut. La Follette ngayakinkeun Sénator Démokrat ti Montana, [[Thomas J. Walsh]], pikeun mingpin panalungtikan, sarta Walsh mariksa sakitu lobana dokumén ti Departemén Jero Nagri sapanjang taun 1922 dugi ka 1923. Éta dokumén kalebet surat ti Harding anu nyatakeun yén pamindahan sarta séwa kasebut téh parantos kanyahoan sarta disatujuan ku anjeunna.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=463–465}} Sidang dangu ngeunaan Teapot Dome dimimitian dina Oktober 1923, dua sasih saatos Harding pupus. Fall parantos lungsur kalungguhan ti awal taun éta, sarta anjeunna nolak yén anjeunna nampi duit ti Sinclair atanapi Doheny; Sinclair ogé nyatakeun hal anu sami. Sasih salajengna, Walsh terang yén Fall parantos méspentoskeun duit kacida seueurna pikeun ngalegaan sarta ngoméan kebon (''ranch'') milikna di New Mexico. Fall sumping deui sarta nyatakeun yén éta duit téh asalna tina injeuman ti rénjang Harding anu ogé penerbit ''[[Washington Post]]'', [[Edward B. McLean]], nanging McLean nolak hal kasebut nalika masihan kasaksian. Doheny ahirna nyarios ka komite yén anjeunna parantos masihan duit tunai ka Fall salaku injeuman pribadi dumasar kana hubungan babaturanana di mangsa ka tukang, nanging Fall [[Amandemén Kalima|ngagunakeun hak Amandemén Kalima]] pikeun nolak masihan katerangan nalika dipaksa sumping deui supados henteu ngabahayakeun dirina sorangan.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=465–471}} Para panalungtik manggihan yén Fall sarta baraya caketna parantos nampi total sakitar $400,000 ti Doheny sarta Sinclair, sarta mindahkeunna duit éta lumaku babarengan sareng séséwa anu kontrovérsial kasebut.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=471–472}} Fall dinyatakeun bersalah dina taun 1929 alatan nampi suap, sarta dina taun 1931 anjeunna janten anggota kabinét AS munggaran anu dipanjara alatan kajahatan nalika ngajabat.{{sfn|Russell|pp=497–498}} Sinclair mung dinyatakeun bersalah alatan [[panghinaan ka pangadilan]] (''contempt of court'') jalaran nyoba mangaruhan juri. Doheny dibawa ka pangadilan dina April 1930 alatan tuduhan masihan suap anu parantos ngajantenkeun Fall dipanjara, nanging anjeunna kalah dinyatakeun bébas.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=472}} === Departemén Kaadilan === [[File:Harry Daugherty, bw photo portrait 1920.jpg|jmpl|lempeng=0.7|[[Harry M. Daugherty]] kalibet dina rupa-rupa skandal nanging anjeunna henteu kantos dinyatakeun bersalah alatan palanggaran naon waé.]] Pangangkatan Harry M. Daugherty ku Harding janten Jaksa Agung nampi kritik anu langkung seueur tinimbang pangangkatan sanésna. Kagiatan lobi sarta manuver "di tukangeun layar" anu dilakukeun ku Daugherty di Ohio dianggap ngajantenkeun anjeunna teu pantes nempatan éta jabatan.{{sfn|Russell|p=444}} Nalika rincian ngeunaan rupa-rupa skandal mimiti kabuka dina taun 1923 sarta 1924, musuh-musuh Daugherty kacida bungahna kusabab aya harepan tiasa ngaitkeun anjeunna kana kateujujuran kasebut, sarta nyangka anjeunna milu aub dina Teapot Dome, sanajan saenyana Fall sarta Daugherty téh sanés babaturan deukeut. Dina bulan Pébruari 1924, Sénat sapuk pikeun nalungtik Departemén Kaadilan, dimana Daugherty masih ngajabat janten Jaksa Agung.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=473–475}} Sénat Démokrat ti Montana, [[Burton K. Wheeler]], janten anggota komite panalungtik sarta nyepeng lalakon janten jaksa penuntut nalika sidang dangu dimimitian dina ping 12 Maret 1924.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=478}} Jess Smith kabuktian ngalakukeun praktik [[dagang pangaruh]] (''influence peddling''), gawé bareng sareng dua urang Ohio sanésna, Howard Mannington sarta Fred A. Caskey, pikeun nampi opahan (suap) tina [[Larangan di Amérika Sarikat|penyelundup inuman keras]] (''bootleggers'') supados maranéhna bébas tina tungtutan hukum atanapi supados inuman keras tiasa dikaluarkeun tina gudang pamaréntah. Imah padumukan Mannington sarta Caskey janten kawentar kalayan sebutan [[Imah Héjo Leutik di Jalan K]] (''Little Green House on K Street'').{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=180}} Sababaraha saksi, sapertos mantan pamajikan Smith, Roxy Stinson, sarta mantan agén [[FBI]] anu korup, [[Gaston Means]], nuding yén Daugherty sacara pribadi kalibet. Coolidge ahirna ménta Daugherty supados mundur nalika Jaksa Agung kasebut nyatakeun yén anjeunna moal masihan idin ka komite Wheeler pikeun mariksa catetan Departemén Kaadilan. Daugherty ahirna nurut sarta mundur dina ping 28 Maret 1924.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=478–479}} Kagiatan haram anu paling ngabeuratkeun Daugherty nyaéta kasapukan Smith sareng Kolonél [[Thomas W. Miller]], mantan anggota Kongrés ti Delaware anu diangkat ku Harding janten [[Wali Harta Banda Asing]] (''Alien Property Custodian''). Smith sarta Miller nampi suap ampir satengah juta dolar pikeun ngabébaskeun hiji pausahaan milik Jérman, American Metal Company, supados tiasa dipimilik ku nu gaduh énggal ti AS. Smith nyimpen $50,000 dina [[rekening babarengan]] sareng Daugherty, anu dianggo pikeun kapentingan politik. Catetan anu patali sareng éta rekening dimusnahkeun ku Daugherty sarta lanceukna. Miller sarta Daugherty didakwa alatan nipu pamaréntah. Sidang munggaran dina Séptémber 1926 ngahasilkeun kaputusan juri anu buntu (''[[hung jury]]''); dina sidang kadua dina awal 1927, Miller dinyatakeun bersalah sarta dipanjara, nanging juri deui-deui buntu pikeun mutuskeun nasib Daugherty. Sanajan tuduhan ka Daugherty ahirna ditarik sarta anjeunna henteu kantos dinyatakeun bersalah, sikepna anu nolak masihan katerangan di pangadilan ngancurkeun sésa-sésa reputasina. Mantan Jaksa Agung éta tetep nangtang, nyalahkeun musuh-musuhna dina gerakan buruh sarta urang Komunis atas masalahna, bari nulis yén anjeunna "henteu ngalakukeun nanaon anu ngahalangan kuring pikeun neuteup dunya kalayan tegep."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|pp=180–181}}{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=480–481}} === Biro Véteran === [[File:Cforbes.jpg|jmpl|kenca|lempeng=0.7|[[Charles R. Forbes]], diréktur Biro Véteran, anu dipanjara alatan nipu pamaréntah]] [[Charles R. Forbes]], diréktur [[Biro Véteran]] anu pinuh ku énergi, nyobian ngahijikeun kadali rumah sakit véteran sarta pangwangunanana di handapeun birona. Dina awal kapersidénan Harding, wewenang ieu aya di handapeun Departemén Kaeuangan. Organisasi [[Legiun Amérika]] anu kuat sacara politik ngadukung Forbes sarta nyawad jalma-jalma anu nolak anjeunna, sapertos Menteri Mellon. Dina April 1922, Harding sapuk pikeun mindahkeun éta kadali ka Biro Véteran.{{sfn|Murray 1969|pp=459–460}} Tugas utama Forbes nyaéta mastikeun rumah sakit anyar diwangun di sakumna nagara pikeun mantuan 300.000 véteran Perang Dunya I anu tatu.{{sfn|Adams|p=287}} Dina awal taun 1922, Forbes pendak sareng Elias Mortimer, agén ti Thompson-Black Construction Company asal St. Louis anu hoyong ngawangun éta rumah sakit. Duanana janten akrab, sarta Mortimer mayaran sagala lalampahan Forbes ka wilayah Kulon nalika milihan lokasi rumah sakit. Forbes ogé akrab sareng Charles F. Hurley, nu gaduh Hurley-Mason Construction Company ti nagara bagian Washington.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=460}} Harding parantos maréntahkeun supados sadaya kontrak dilakukeun dumasar kana béwara umum (lélang),{{sfn|Russell|p=526}} nanging Forbes sarta para kontraktor kalah ngatur siasat supados éta dua pausahaan kéngingkeun kontrak kalayan kauntungan anu dibagi tilu. Sabagian duitna ogé ngalir ka panaséhat hukum biro, Charles F. Cramer.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=460}} Forbes nipu pamaréntah ku cara naékkeun biaya konstruksi tina $3.000 janten $4.000 per ranjang.{{sfn|Russell|p=525}} Sapersepuluh tina biaya konstruksi anu parantos ditaékkeun téh disisihkeun pikeun para konspirator, dimana Forbes nampi sapertilu tina éta jatah.{{sfn|Ferrell|loc=2369}} Ieu korupsi teras nyebar kana urusan mésér lahan; Forbes ngaresmikeun pameseran lahan di San Francisco anu ajina kirang ti $20.000 janten $105.000. Sahenteuna $25.000 tina kaleuwihan duit éta dibagi antara Forbes sarta Cramer.{{sfn|Murray 1969|p=460}} [[File:Charles E. Sawyer (1920).jpg|jmpl|[[Charles E. Sawyer]]]] Alatan hayang meunang duit leuwih loba, dina Nopémber 1922 Forbes mimiti ngajual rupa-rupa kabutuhan rumah sakit anu hargana mahal anu aya di gudang Perryville Depot di Maryland.{{sfn|Adams|pp=289, 292}} Pamaréntah parantos nyimpen stok kabutuhan rumah sakit anu sakitu lobana salami Perang Dunya I, anu teras dijual murah pisan ku Forbes ka pausahaan Thompson and Kelly di Boston, padahal dina waktos anu sami Biro Véteran nuju mésér kabutuhan rumah sakit kalayan harga anu jauh langkung mahal.{{sfn|Russell|pp=524–525}} Anu ngahalangan wewenang Forbes di Perryville téh nyaéta Dr. Sawyer, dokter pribadi Harding anu ogé pupuhu Déwan Hospitalisasi Fédéral.{{sfn|Adams|pp=232, 292, 294}} Sawyer méré nyaho Harding yén Forbes nuju ngajual rupa-rupa kabutuhan rumah sakit ka kontraktor "jalma jero".{{sfn|Adams|p=294}} Mimitina Harding teu percaya, nanging Sawyer hasil kéngingkeun buktina dina Januari 1923.{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=182}} Harding anu kaget—anu parantos campur aduk antara amarah sarta rasa putus asa alatan korupsi di pamaréntahanana—nyaur Forbes ka Gedong Bodas sarta ménta anjeunna mundur. Harding teu hoyong ieu janten skandal anu kabuka, sahingga anjeunna ngantepkeun Forbes kabur ka Éropa, dimana anjeunna mundur dina ping 15 Pébruari 1923. Sanajan Harding parantos nyobian nyumputkeunana, gosip ngeunaan kalakuan Forbes ngabalukarkeun Sénat maréntahkeun ayana panalungtikan dua minggu saatosna,{{sfn|Murray 1973|p=103}} sarta dina pertengahan Maret, Cramer ahirna maéhan manéh.{{sfn|Russell|p=563}} Mortimer daék ngabongkar sadayana, jalaran Forbes tétéla boga selingkuhan sareng pamajikanana, anu ogé ngabalukarkeun karuksakan rumah tangga Forbes. Éksékutif konstruksi éta janten saksi konci dina sidang dangu dina ahir taun 1923, saatos Harding pupus. Forbes mulang deui ti Éropa pikeun masihan kasaksian, nanging teu pati ngayakinkeun. Dina taun 1924, anjeunna sarta John W. Thompson (ti Thompson–Black) disidang di Chicago alatan konspirasi nipu pamaréntah. Duanana dinyatakeun bersalah sarta dihukum dua taun panjara. Forbes mimiti ngajalanan hukumanana dina taun 1926; sedengkeun Thompson, anu miboga panyakit jantung, pupus dina taun éta kénéh sateuacan kaburu asup panjara.{{sfn|Murray 1973|pp=106–107}} Numutkeun Trani sarta Wilson, "Salah sahiji aspék anu paling matak jadi masalah dina kapersidénan Harding nyaéta anjeunna katingalna langkung hariwang ku résiko politik tina hiji skandal tinimbang negakkeun kaadilan."{{sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=182}} === Hubungan luar nikah === Harding miboga hubungan luar nikah sareng [[Carrie Fulton Phillips]] ti Marion, anu lumangsung sakitar 15 taun sateuacan réngsé dina taun 1920. Ieu hubungan kabongkar nalika biografer Harding, [[Francis Russell (panulis)|Francis Russell]], nalika nuju nalungtik bukuna dina taun 1963, mendakan serat-serat cinta ti Harding ka Phillips. Éta serat-serat téh disumbangkeun ka [[Ohio Historical Society]], sarta sababaraha urang di dinya hoyong éta serat dimusnahkeun supados ngajaga sésa-sésa reputasi Harding. Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun ayana tungtutan hukum, dimana ahli waris Harding ngaku miboga hak cipta kana éta serat. Ieu kasus ahirna réngsé dina taun 1971, sarta serat-seratna disumbangkeun ka [[Perpustakaan Kongrés]]. Éta serat-serat téh disegel dugi ka taun 2014, nanging sateuacan dibuka ogé, para sajarahwan parantos ngagunakeun salinanana di [[Western Reserve Historical Society]] sarta dina dokumén Russell di [[Universitas Wyoming]].{{sfn|Coffey|p=84}}{{sfn|Russell|pp=650–663}}{{sfn|Ferrell|loc=3207}} Russell nyimpulkeun tina éta serat yén Phillips téh mangrupa cinta sajati dina hirupna Harding. Harding ogé miboga anak, [[Elizabeth Ann Blaesing]], tina hubungan luar nikah sareng selingkuhanana, [[Nan Britton]]. Dina taun 2015, [[Tés DNA silsilah|tés DNA]] ngabuktikeun yén Blaesing téh leres-leres putrana. Harding sorangan parantos sababaraha kali nolak yén anjeunna ramana. Numutkeun carita kulawarga, Harding téh mandul sarta moal tiasa miboga anak jalaran kantos katarajang panyakit [[gondongeun]] (''mumps'') nalika budak,<ref name=DNA/> sarta duduluran, kapiadi, sarta alo-alona terus nyepeng éta kayakinan salami 90 taun.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/13/us/dna-is-said-to-solve-a-mystery-of-warren-hardings-love-life.html |date=August 12, 2015|access-date=August 13, 2015|last=Baker|first=Peter|title=DNA Is Said to Solve a Mystery of Warren Harding's Love Life|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Dina taun 1927, Britton, anu ogé asalna ti Marion, nyebarkeun buku ''[[Putri Présidén (buku Britton)|The President's Daughter]]'', anu nyatakeun yén Harding téh ramana Elizabeth Ann Blaesing. Éta buku, anu didédisikasikeun pikeun "sadaya ibu anu teu nikah" sarta "barudak maranéhna anu polos anu ramana biasana teu dipikaterang ku dunya", dijual panto-ka-panto kalayan dibungkus ku kertas coklat jiga pornografi.<ref name="Robenalt13Aug">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/13/if-we-werent-so-obsessed-with-warren-g-hardings-sex-life-wed-realize-he-was-a-pretty-good-president/|title=If we weren't so obsessed with Warren G. Harding's sex life, we'd realize he was a pretty good president|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Robenalt|first=James D.|date=August 13, 2015|access-date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> Reputasi Harding parantos ruksak ti saprak pupusna dina taun 1923, sarta seueur jalma anu percaya ka Britton.{{sfn|Coffey|p=80}} Masarakat kacida katarikna ku rincian anu panas (''salacious''), sapertos klaim Britton yén maranéhna kantos hubungan badan di hiji goah (''closet'') caket [[Ruang Oval]], bari dijaga ku agén [[Secret Service]] supados teu aya nu asup.{{sfn|Coffey|p=80}} Sanajan seueur anu percaya, Britton kawon dina gugatan hukum fitnah (''libel'') ngalawan buku anu nolak klaimna.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=293}} Britton nyatakeun yén Harding parantos masihan santunan anak sakitar $500 per sasih pikeun putrana anu teu kantos ditepunganana,<ref name="Strochlic14Aug">{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/14/our-dirtiest-president-s-mistress-tells-all.html|title=Our Dirtiest President's Mistress Tells All|work=The Daily Beast|first=Nina|last=Strochlic|date=August 14, 2015|access-date=August 15, 2015}}</ref> nanging anjeunna parantos ngaduruk serat-serat romantis tina Harding dumasar kana pamundut Harding nyalira.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name="Strochlic14Aug" /> Sinclair nyebatkeun yén standar anu langkung beurat dilarapkeun ka Harding dibandingkeun ka [[Grover Cleveland]], anu kapilih janten présidén dina taun 1884 sanajan dipikaterang miboga selingkuhan sarta kamungkinan miboga putra luar nikah.{{sfn|Sinclair|p=293}} == Sawangan sajarah == {{Utama|Reputasi sajarah Warren G. Harding}} Nalika pupusna, Harding kacida dikolébétna—sanés mung di Amérika Sarikat, nanging ogé di sakumna dunya. Anjeunna dijulukan salaku jalma anu mawa katengtreman ku seueur koran di Éropa. Wartawan Amérika muji anjeunna kalayan jor-joran, malah aya nu nyebatkeun yén anjeunna parantos masrahkeun jiwa ragana pikeun nagara. Rénjang-rénjangna ogé kacida kagetna ku pupusna Harding. Daugherty nulis, "Kuring hésé pisan pikeun nuliskeunana atanapi ngantepkeun diri kuring mikiran hal ieu."{{Sfn|Murray 1969|pp=456–457}} Hughes nyatakeun, "Kuring teu nyangka yén Pamimpin urang anu dipikacinta téh parantos teu aya deui di antarana urang."{{Sfn|Murray 1969|p=457}} Catetan-catetan [[hagiografi]] (anu muji kaleuleuwihi) ngeunaan hirupna Harding gancang muncul saatos pupusna. Nanging harita kénéh, skandal-skandal mimiti kabongkar, sarta pamaréntahan Harding gancang janten kacapangan (''byword'') pikeun korupsi di panon masarakat. Karya-karya anu ditulis dina ahir taun 1920-an milu ngawangun reputasi sajarah Harding anu dianggap goreng: ''Masks in a Pageant'' karya [[William Allen White]] ngalecehkeun Harding, kitu ogé carita fiksi ngeunaan pamaréntahan Harding, ''Revelry'', karya [[Samuel Hopkins Adams]].{{Sfn|Coffey|p=80}} Ieu buku-buku téh ngagambarkeun masa jabatan Harding salaku mangsa dimana kakuatan présidén kacida lemahna.{{Sfn|Ferrell|loc=2970}} Pamedalan buku laris Nan Britton anu ngabongkar hubungan luar nikah maranéhna ogé mingkin nurunkeun ajén anjeunna di masarakat. Présidén Coolidge, anu hoyong ngajaga jarak ti nu miheulaanna, nolak ngaresmikeun Makam Harding. Hoover ogé mimitina wegah, nanging ahirna mingpin peresmian dina taun 1931. Harita, nalika [[Déprési Ageung]] nuju lumaku, Hoover ogé parantos kaleungitan kapercayaan masarakat méh jiga Harding.{{Sfn|Russell|pp=632–633, 639–640}}{{Sfn|Payne|2014|pp=125, 127}} Adams terus ngawangun sawangan négatif ngeunaan Harding ngaliwatan sababaraha karya non-fiksi dina taun 1930-an, anu puncagna dina buku ''The Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Warren G. Harding'' (1939). Di dinya anjeunna nyebat Harding salaku "saurang wartawan kota leutik anu satengah dididik... Ieu moal jalan. Éta memang teu jalan."{{Sfn|Trani & Wilson|p=209}} John Dean ningali yén karya White sarta Adams téh "catetan anu kacida teu saimbang sarta teu adil, ngaleuleuwihi hal négatif, sarta nuding Harding salaku nu tanggung jawab kana sagala kasalahan."{{Sfn|Dean|p=163}} [[File:President Warren G. Harding and First Lady Florence Harding.jpg|jmpl|kenca|Warren sarta [[Florence Harding]], {{circa|1922}}. Florence kacida ngajaga pisan warisan sarta ngaran saé carogéna.]] Dibukana dokumén-dokumén Harding pikeun panalungtikan dina taun 1964 ngahasilkeun sababaraha biografi anyar. Anu paling kontrovérsial nyaéta buku Russell, ''The Shadow of Blooming Grove'' (1968), anu nyimpulkeun yén gosip ngeunaan katurunan kulit hideung (''shadow'' dina judulna) kacida mangaruhanana ka Harding dina mangsa rumajana. Murray dina ''The Harding Era'' (1969) méré sawangan anu leuwih positif sarta nempatkeun Harding dina kontéks jamanna. Dina dékade-dékade salajengna, aya buku-buku révisionis anu dipedalkeun. [[Robert Ferrell]] dina ''The Strange Deaths of President Harding'' (1996) nyoba ngalawan unggal carita négatif ngeunaan Harding sarta nyimpulkeun yén méh sadayana anu diajarkeun ngeunaan Harding téh salah.{{Sfn|Coffey|pp=88–89}} Dina taun 2004, John Dean, anu kawentar alatan kalibetna dina skandal [[Watergate]], nulis biografi pondok Harding anu dianggap paling révisionis nepi ka kiwari.{{Sfn|Coffey|p=89}} Harding sacara tradisional parantos [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|ditempatkeun salaku salah sahiji présidén anu paling goréng]].{{Sfn|Ferrell|loc=3474–3485}} Dina jajapén (''poll'') taun 1948 ku [[Universitas Harvard]], sajarahwan [[Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.]] nempatkeun Harding dina urutan terakhir tina 29 présidén.{{Refn|Schlesinger, Arthur M. "Historians Rate the U.S. Presidents". ''Life'', 1 Nopémber 1948.}} Anjeunna ogé terus nempatan posisi terakhir dina rupa-rupa jajapén sanésna ti saprak harita. Ferrell nyatakeun yén peunteun négatif pikeun Harding téh alatan para sarjana anu kirang maca sumber anu substansial sarta leuwih fokus kana carita-carita anu sensasional.{{Sfn|Ferrell|loc=3474–3485}} Coffey ogé percaya yén "kurangna minat akademik ka Harding parantos ngaruksak reputasina."{{Sfn|Coffey|p=86}} === Peniléian deui === Dina réngking sajarah présidén AS salami sababaraha dékadé saatos masa jabatanna, Harding sering dianggap salah sahiji anu panggoréngna. Nanging dina taun 2010-an, sababaraha panulis sarta sajarahwan mimiti meunteun deui catetan jasa Harding nalika ngajabat.<ref name=Robenalt13Aug /><ref name="Reputation">{{cite journal |url=http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_21_01_02_pecquet-thies.pdf |title=Reputation Overrides Record: How Warren G. Harding Mistakenly Became the 'Worst' President of the United States |last1=Pecquet |first1=Gary M. |last2=Thies |first2=Clifford F. |journal=[[The Independent Review]] |publisher=[[Independent Institute]] |volume=21 |date=Summer 2016 |issn=1086-1653 |pages=29–45 }}</ref> Dina buku ''The Spoils of War'' (2016), [[Bruce Bueno de Mesquita]] sarta Alastair Smith nempatkeun Harding dina urutan kahiji dina réngking gabungan antara angka maot pangsaeutikna nalika perang sarta pertumbuhan panghasilan per kapita taunan pangluhurna salami mangsa jabatan unggal présidén.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Spoils of War |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901610396621 |last1=Bueno de Mesquita |first1=Bruce |last2=Smith |first2=Alastair |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901610396621/page/255 255] |year=2016 |publisher=PublicAffairs}}</ref> Murray ngadugikeun arguméntasi dina bukuna ''The Harding Era'' yén Harding pantes nampi pangajén anu langkung ageung tinimbang anu parantos dipaparinkeun ku para sajarahwan: "Anjeunna pastina sarimbag sareng [[Franklin Pierce]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Benjamin Harrison]], atanapi malah Calvin Coolidge. Dina hal pacaulan (''concrete accomplishments''), pamaréntahanana langkung punjul ti sabagian ageung pamaréntahan sanésna dina sajarah nagara ieu."{{Sfn|Murray 1969|p=536}} Murray nyatet sababaraha poin umum ngeunaan posisi Harding anu goréng, anu némbongkeun yén kritik négatif ka Harding téh sabenerna mah dumasar kana hal anu kurang jero. Nyaéta, pandangan konvensional sering teuing maliré kana kritik atanapi analisis nyata tina tindakan Harding, sarta seringna mung museur sacara sawenang-wenang kana sifat jalma-jalma anu diangkat ku Harding, bari mopohokeun analisis anu langkung jembar ngeunaan fakta sajarah. Murray nyatakeun: {{Blockquote|Dina sistem Amérika, teu aya anu namina "nu lalajo anu polos" (''innocent bystander'') di Gedong Bodas. Upami Harding tiasa sacara sah ngaku kana prestasi Hughes di Departemén Luar Nagri atanapi Hoover di Departemén Perdagangan, anjeunna ogé kedah tanggung jawab ka Daugherty di Departemén Kaadilan sarta Fall di Departemén Jero Nagri. Anjeunna kedah nanggung beban tina kurangna tindakan hukuman ka jalma-jalma sapertos Forbes sarta Smith. Ku sabab anjeunna cicing baé (''inaction''), anjeunna kaleungitan kasempetan naon waé pikeun ngajaga integritas posisina sarta nyalametkeun citra anu saé pikeun dirina sarta pamaréntahanana. Sakumaha anu parantos lumaku, vonis négatif ti masarakat sarta para sarjana saatosna téh mémang teu tiasa dihindari, sanajan éta téh teu sagemblengna pantes ditarima ku anjeunna.{{Sfn|Murray 1969|p=536}}}} ==See also== {{Portal|1920s|Biography|Ohio|Politics|United States}} * [[Cultural depictions of Warren G. Harding]] * [[Harding Home]] * [[Laddie Boy]], Harding's dog * [[List of memorials to Warren G. Harding]] * [[List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s|List of people on the cover of ''Time'' Magazine: 1920s]]: March 10, 1923 * [[List of presidents of the United States]] * [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience]] * [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office]] * [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps]] * [[Warren G. Harding Presidential Center]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Adams|first=Samuel Hopkins|title=The Incredible Era: The Life and Times of Warren Gamaliel Harding|url=https://archive.org/details/incredibleeralif0000adam|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|year=1939|isbn=0-374-90051-5|ref={{sfnRef|Adams}}}} * {{cite journal|last=Bagby|first=Wesley M.|title=The 'Smoke Filled Room' and the Nomination of Warren G. Harding|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|date=March 1955|volume=41|issue=4|pages=657–674|jstor=1889182|ref={{sfnRef|Bagby}}|doi=10.2307/1889182|issn=0161-391X }} * {{Citation | first =Justin P. | last =Coffey | editor-last =Sibley | editor-first =Katherine A. S. | contribution =Harding Biographies | title =A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover | year =2014 | pages =79–93 | publisher =John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | location =Chichester, UK| ref ={{sfnRef|Coffey}} | isbn =978-1-4443-5003-6}} * {{cite book | last = Dary | first = David | title = The Oregon Trail: An American Saga | year = 2004 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-375-41399-5 | ref = {{sfnRef|Dary}} | url = https://archive.org/details/oregontrailameri00dary }} * {{Cite book|last=Dean|first=John W.|author-link=John Dean|title=Warren Harding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12I6tyg8no4C|publisher=Henry Holt and Co|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8050-6956-3|edition=Kindle|ref={{sfnRef|Dean}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Downes|first=Randolph C.|title=The Rise of Warren Gamaliel Harding, 1865–1920|publisher=Ohio University Press|location=Columbus, OH|year=1970|isbn=978-0-8142-0140-4|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofwarrengama00down|ref={{sfnRef|Downes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Felzenberg |first=Alvin S. |author-link=Alvin S. Felzenberg |year=2010 |title=The Leaders We Deserved (and a Few We Didn't): Rethinking the Presidential Rating Game |url=https://archive.org/details/leaderswedeserve0000felz_u7d1 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-4650-1890-1 }} * {{Cite book|last=Ferrell|first=Robert H.|title=The Strange Deaths of President Harding|url=https://archive.org/details/strangedeathsofp0000ferr|publisher=University of Missouri Press|location=Columbia, MO|edition=Kindle|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8262-1202-3|ref={{sfnRef|Ferrell}}}} * {{Cite book|author=Morello, John A.|title=Selling the President, 1920: Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding|url=https://archive.org/details/sellingpresident0000more|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|date=2001|isbn= 978-0-275-97030-7 |ref={{sfnRef|Morello}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Murray|first=Robert K.|title=The Harding Era 1921–1923: Warren G. Harding and his Administration|url=https://archive.org/details/hardingerawarren0000univ|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|date=1969|ref={{sfnRef|Murray 1969}}|isbn=978-0-8166-0541-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Murray|first=Robert K.|title=The Politics of Normalcy: Governmental Theory and Practice in the Harding–Coolidge Era|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|date=1973|ref={{sfnRef|Murray 1973}}|isbn=978-0-393-05474-3|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofnormal00robe}} * {{cite book |ref={{sfnRef|Nevins}} |first=Allan |last=Nevins |author-link=Allan Nevins |title=Dictionary of American Biography: Harding, Warren Gamaliel |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer08ilamer#page/252/mode/1up |pages=252–257 |oclc=4171403 |date=1932 }} * {{cite journal|last=Noggle|first=Burl|title=The Origins of the Teapot Dome Investigation|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=44|issue=2|date=September 1957|pages=237–266|publisher=Organization of American Historians|jstor=1887189|ref={{sfnRef|Noggle}}|doi=10.2307/1887189}} * {{Citation |last=Payne |first=Phillip G. |title=A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover |pages=79–93 |year=2014 |editor-last=Sibley |editor-first=Katherine A. S. |contribution=The Harding Presidency: Scandals, Legacy, and Memory |location=Chichester, UK |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4443-5003-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Francis|author-link=Francis Russell (author)|title=The Shadow of Blooming Grove: Warren G. Harding In His Times|publisher=Easton Press|location=Norwalk, CT|year=1968|isbn=0-07-054338-0|ref={{sfnRef|Russell}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Schlesinger|first=Arthur M. Jr.|author-link=Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.|title=The Age of Roosevelt: The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919–1933|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofoldorder00schl_1|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|year=1957|isbn=978-0-618-34085-9|ref={{sfnRef|Schlesinger}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Sibley|first=Katherine A. S.|title=First Lady Florence Harding: Behind the Tragedy and Controversy|url=https://archive.org/details/firstladyflorenc0000sibl|date=2009|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lawrence, KS|isbn=978-0-7006-1649-7|ref={{sfnRef|Sibley}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Sinclair|first=Andrew|title=The Available Man: The Life behind the Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding|publisher=Quadrangle Books|location=Chicago|oclc=422550801|edition=1st Quadrangle Paperback|ref={{sfnRef|Sinclair}}|year=1969|orig-year=1965}} * Sullivan, Mark. ''Our Times: 1900-1925: Volume 6: The Twenties'' (1935) pp. 16–371. [https://archive.org/details/ourtimestwenties0000mark/page/n8/mode/1up online], by a leading journalist. * {{cite book|last1=Trani|first1=Eugene P.|last2=Wilson|first2=David L.|title=The Presidency of Warren G. Harding|publisher=The Regents Press of Kansas|series=American Presidency|location=Lawrence, KS|year=1977|isbn=978-0-7006-0152-3|ref={{sfnRef|Trani & Wilson}}|url=https://archive.org/details/presidencyofwarr00tran}} * {{cite book | last = Walters | first = Everett | title = Joseph Benson Foraker: An Uncompromising Republican | url = https://archive.org/details/josephbensonfora0000ever | year = 1948 | publisher = The Ohio History Press | oclc=477641 | ref ={{sfnRef|Walters}}}} * Walters, Ryan S. ''The Jazz Age President: Defending Warren G. Harding'' (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/Jazz-Age-President-Defending-Harding/dp/1621578844/ excerpt] also [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-jazz-age-president-review-correcting-the-record-11649020056?mod=books_arts_featured_pos2 online review] * {{Cite book|last=Wynn|first=Neil|title=From Progressivism to Prosperity: World War I and American Society|url=https://archive.org/details/fromprogressivis1986wynn|publisher=Holmes & Meier|location=New York|year=1986|ref={{sfnRef|Wynn}}|isbn=978-0-8419-1107-9}} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links |wikt=Harding |commons=Warren G. Harding |b=no |n=no |q=Warren G. Harding |s=Author:Warren G. Harding |v=no}} * [https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/warren-g-harding/ White House biography] * {{CongBio|H000192}} * [http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#harding Full audio and text of a number of Harding speeches], [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] * {{NYT topic|people/h/warren_g_harding}} * ''[https://www.loc.gov/item/mp76000342/ President Harding and Calvin Coolidge]'', a film from 1920 * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/harding/ Warren Harding: A Resource Guide], [[Library of Congress]] * [http://millercenter.org/president/harding Extensive essays on Warren Harding] and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs * [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151625-1/life-portrait-warren-g-harding "Life Portrait of Warren G. Harding"], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', September 20, 1999 * {{Gutenberg author | id=1660}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Warren Gamaliel Harding}} * {{Librivox author |id=11297}} * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Harding-Warren-G Warren G. Harding Personal Manuscripts] * {{IMDb name|1136403}} * {{PM20|FID=pe/007126}} {{Warren G. Harding}} {{Navboxes |title=Offices and distinctions |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Woodrow Wilson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=1921–1923}} {{s-aft|after=[[Calvin Coolidge]]}} {{s-bef|before= [[Theodore E. Burton]]}} {{s-ttl|title= [[List of United States senators from Ohio|United States Senator (Class 3) from Ohio]]|years=1915–1921}} {{s-aft|after= [[Frank B. Willis]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harry L. Gordon|Harry Gordon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio]]|years=1904–1906}} {{s-aft|after=[[Andrew L. 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Willis|Frank Willis]]}} {{s-hon}} {{s-bef|before=[[Tomb of the Unknowns#The Unknown of World War I|Unknown Soldier]]<br />of [[World War I]]}} {{s-ttl|title=People who have [[lying in state|lain in state or honor]] in the [[United States Capitol rotunda]]|years=1923}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Howard Taft]]}} {{s-end}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Articles related to Warren G. Harding |list1= {{US Presidents}} {{Harding cabinet}} {{USRepPresNominees}} {{United States presidential election, 1920}} {{USSenOH}} {{Governors of Ohio}} {{Lain in State (USA)|state=collapsed}}}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Warren G. Harding| ]] [[Kategori:Kalahiran taun 1865]] [[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 1923]] [[Kategori:Baptis abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Baptis abad ka-20]] [[Kategori:Anggota Majelis Umum Ohio abad ka-20]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat abad ka-20]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat abad ka-20]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Amérika katurunan Walanda]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Baptis ti Ohio]] [[Kategori:Kandidat dina pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1916]] [[Kategori:Kandidat dina pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1920]] [[Kategori:Kulawarga Harding|Warren G.]] [[Kategori:Létnan Gubernur Ohio]] [[Kategori:Anggota Sons of the American Revolution]] [[Kategori:Alumni Ohio Central College]] [[Kategori:Tokoh ti Marion, Ohio]] [[Kategori:Tokoh ti Morrow County, Ohio]] [[Kategori:Kapersidénan Warren G. Harding]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat anu pupus nalika ngajabat]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat anu mangrupa Freemason]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Nomine présidén Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)]] [[Kategori:Sénator nagara bagian Ohio ti Partéy Républik]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Républik]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Républik asal Ohio]] kn1b6pxasjsjyj3a3jsymvhx3oj41qg 0 109270 731896 731372 2026-11-08T13:51:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 731896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Peta topografi kaldera Beratan, Bali.png|jmpl|Conto peta topografi]] '''Topografi''' mangrupa hiji cabang élmu [[géografi]] jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261019214642/https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|archivedate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina [[basa Yunani kuno]], nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi ([[Peta géologis|peta]] atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas [[gunung]], [[pasir]], [[léngkob]], [[walungan]], jeung [[situ]]) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas [[jalan]], [[cukang]], [[wangunan]], jeung [[utilitas]]) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Répreséntasi == Répréséntasi utama tina data topografi téh nyaéta [[peta topografi]].<ref name=":2" /> Béda jeung peta biasa, peta topografi nyajikeun gambaran réliéf atawa luhur-handapna beungeut bumi nu diukur kana hiji datum vertikal (kawas rata-rata beungeut cai laut/Luhur Beungeut Cai Laut).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://bpiw.pu.go.id/bankdata/dictionary/words?q=topografi&id=1373|title=Topografi|website=Kamus Badan Pengembangan Infrastruktur Wilayah (BPIW) - Kementerian PUPR RI.}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Fitur pang-hasna tina hiji peta topografi nyaéta ayana [[garis kontur]] (garis élévasi).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Garis kontur téh mangrupa garis implengan (hayal) dina peta nu nyambungkeun titik-titik di beungeut bumi nu boga tingkat katinggian nu sarua.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Tingkat kerepna (kerapatan) garis kontur ieu téh informatif pisan; garis kontur nu jarakna kerep némbongkeun médan atawa daérah nu curam jeung lungkawing, sedengkeun garis kontur nu anggang némbongkeun médan nu landéy atawa datar.<ref name=":2" /> Kaakuratan informasi dina ieu peta ogé ditangtukeun pisan ku skalana (leutik, sedeng, atawa gedé), di mana skala nu leuwih gedé bakal ngahasilkeun gambaran posisi data di lapangan nu jauh leuwih akurat jeung wincik.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> == Kagunaan == Pamahaman ngeunaan topografi boga peran jeung fungsi nu vital pisan salaku fondasi dina rupa-rupa disiplin rékayasa (kawas [[Rékayasa sipil|téhnik sipil]] jeung [[téhnik lingkungan]]), rarancang tata ruang, nepi ka manajemén bencana.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Fungsi utama peta jeung survei topografi di antarana nyaéta: === Rarancang tata letak (s''ite'' ''planning'') === Méré data dasar nu akurat pisan ngeunaan kaayaan lahan sangkan para [[insinyur]] jeung [[Arsitek|arsiték]] bisa ngarancang tata letak (pangwangunan jalan, rél karéta, gedong, jeung fasilitas publik) sacara presisi, pikeun nyegah kasalahan konstruksi jeung neken résiko gagalna struktur.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> === Manajemén sistim drainase === Mantuan dina ngukur condongna lahan (gradién) pikeun nganalisis pola aliran cai beungeut, ngarancang sistem tata kelola cai hujan (''stormwater''), mitigasi résiko banjir, sarta nyegah [[érosi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> === Navigasi jeung éksplorasi luar rohangan === Umumna dipaké ku para pamanjat gawir, pandaki, panggiat alam liar, jeung personil militér pikeun nangtukeun rute lalampahan nu aman ngaliwatan idéntifikasi variasi médan. === Konsérvasi lingkungan === Mantuan mapakeun jeung ngajénan (menilai) daérah-daérah ékologis nu sénsitif (kawas lahan baseuh atawa habitat kritis) sangkan teu keuna ku pangaruh ruksakna alatan pangwangunan infrastruktur, sakaligus ngarojong kapatuhan kana régulasi perijinan lahan (zonasi). == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Artikel Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] 58vhu27wsy9xgm4281j2tvqidf7h4co 14 109352 731995 730786 2026-11-09T04:24:36Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Kategori:CS1 sumber basa Latin (la)]] ka [[Kategori:CS1 sumber basa Latén (la)]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo. 730786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CS1 sumber basa}} 1hhgqvlxtt0rt09t2uxhulchsehcxzq 14 109370 731998 730842 2026-11-09T04:26:41Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks basa Latin]] ka [[Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks basa Latén]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo. 730842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori téks salian ti basa Sunda}} 73bhtgdmo7r76srstkaub3zq391h3nl 0 109548 731877 2026-11-08T13:10:08Z Adhiiik 36448 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Jalan A.H. Nasution''' (sering disingkat '''Jl. A.H. Nasution'''; [[aksara Sunda]]: ᮏᮜᮔ᮪ ᮃ.ᮠ. ᮔᮞᮥᮒᮤᮇᮔ᮪) mangrupa salah sahiji jalan utama tur jalan protokol anu aya di bagian wétan [[Kota Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Jalan ieu ngmembidang sapanjang kurang leuwih 8,5 kilométer ti simpang Cicaheum (patemuan [[Jalan Ahmad Yani (Bandung)|Jalan Jendral Ahmad Yani]] jeung Jalan PH.H. Mustofa) nepi ka Bundaran Cibiru.<ref name="inila... 731877 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jalan A.H. Nasution''' (sering disingkat '''Jl. A.H. Nasution'''; [[aksara Sunda]]: ᮏᮜᮔ᮪ ᮃ.ᮠ. ᮔᮞᮥᮒᮤᮇᮔ᮪) mangrupa salah sahiji jalan utama tur jalan protokol anu aya di bagian wétan [[Kota Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]. Jalan ieu ngmembidang sapanjang kurang leuwih 8,5 kilométer ti simpang Cicaheum (patemuan [[Jalan Ahmad Yani (Bandung)|Jalan Jendral Ahmad Yani]] jeung Jalan PH.H. Mustofa) nepi ka Bundaran Cibiru.<ref name="inilahkoran">{{cite news |last=Triastopo |first=Yogo |title=Asal usul Nama Jalan AH Nasution |url=https://www.inilahkoran.id/asal-usul-nama-jalan-ah-nasution |work=Inilah Koran |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref><ref name="detik">{{cite news |title=Jalan AH Nasution Sudah Ada di Bandung |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3842158/jalan-ah-nasution-sudah-ada-din-bandung |work=detikcom |date=31 Januari 2018 |access-date=8 November 2026}}</ref> Sateuacan dingaranan Jalan A.H. Nasution, ruas jalan ieu langkung kasohor kalayan sebaten '''Jalan Ujungberung'''. Parobahan nami jalan ieu ditetepkeun ku Pamaréntah Kota Bandung dina taun 2003 pikeun miling jasa jeung perjuangan [[Abdul Haris Nasution]], saurang Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia anu gaduh patula-patali sajarah anu kuat sareng Kota Bandung ogé Divisi Siliwangi.<ref name="inilahkoran" /> == Sajarah jeung Nami == Nami jalan ieu diabadikeun tina sosok perwira luhur militér Indonésia, Jéndral Besar [[Abdul Haris Nasution]] (1918–2000). Panetepan nami jalan ieu dilakukeun ku Pamaréntah Kota Bandung dina taun 2003, sabudeureun tilu taun saatos Anjeunna pupus dina tanggal 6 Séptémber 2000.<ref name="inilahkoran" /> Patali sajarah A.H. Nasution sareng Kota Bandung dimimitian ti mangsa kamerdékaan jeung perang pertahanan kamerdékaan: - '''Pendidikan Militer:''' Nasution ngamimitian karier militérna di Bandung sabada ngaréngsékeun atikan *Corps Opleiding Reserve Officieren* (CORO) KNIL kalayan pangkat *vaandrig* (pembantu létnan calon perwira).<ref name="detik" /> - '''Peristiwa Bandung Lautan Api:''' Dina Maret 1946, nalika jumeneng janten Komandan Divisi III TRI dina yuswa 28 taun kalayan pangkat Kolonél, Nasution mingpin musyawarah Majelis Persatuan Perjuangan Priangan (MP3). Dina musyawarah éta, dicandak kaputusan strategis pikeun ngabumihanguskan Kota Bandung supados fasilitas kota henteu dimangpaatkeun ku tangtara Sekutu, hiji kajadian sajarah anu teras dikenal salaku [[Bandung Lautan Api]].<ref name="inilahkoran" /><ref name="detik" /> - '''Panglima Divisi Siliwangi:''' Nasution kantos nyekel kalungguhan salaku Panglima Divisi Siliwangi. Dina nyanghareupan pasukan Walanda, anjeunna nerapkeun strategi perang kantong (*wehrkreise*) katut taktik perang gerilya *hit and run* sapanjang jalur pertahanan Jawa Barat.<ref name="detik" /> == Lingkungan jeung Tata Wangun == Jalan A.H. Nasution mangrupa jalur arteri utama anu ngahubungkeun kawasan Bandung Tengah jeung Wétan (Cicaheum) nuju lawang kaluar wétan Kota Bandung di Bundaran Cibiru, anu teras ngarah ka wilayah [[Kabupaten Bandung]] wates [[Kabupaten Sumedang]].<ref name="inilahkoran" /><ref name="detik" /> Di sapanjang ruas jalan ieu ngadeg rupa-rupa fasilitas publik, lembaga atikan, wewengkon komérsial, patokoan, sarta kompléks perkantoran pamaréntahan daérah pusat Kacamatan Ujungberung sareng sabudeureunana.<ref name="inilahkoran" /> == Referensi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Jalan di Indonésia|Nasution]] [[Kategori:Kota Bandung]] [[Kategori:Jawa Barat]] 7lwdjerf1n1ujr0lk4gbbt94kws2r9i 10 109549 731932 2026-11-08T15:12:12Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731932 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=web }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> fbxtmi71cldxgoun1udni83x9vgqzi2 10 109550 731933 2026-11-08T15:14:34Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731933 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=news }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> iraxlsyg7i5rnvzh6c1r1b6j2qvepd4 10 109551 731935 2026-11-08T15:18:25Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731935 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=thesis }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> m1tua2a1fbdqz8txlnpa4y7wmt9rw16 10 109552 731939 2026-11-08T15:23:23Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 731939 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=techreport }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> 3xc0emfnxmibu7owkttz10uncu8dc50 10 109553 731940 2026-11-08T15:25:05Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731940 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=techreport }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> 2zrldlwvqhv993j0d9lwwp3ontlk2qg 10 109554 731943 2026-11-08T15:27:32Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Citakan:Cite ssrn]] ka [[Citakan:Cite SSRN]]: Disaluyukeun sareng basa lianna 731943 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Citakan:Cite SSRN]] b97zfdrob6u6l4w4p43l8x11dg4wrl0 10 109555 731944 2026-11-08T15:28:17Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731944 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=ssrn }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> eask2oag8t66hh8l12hxz574qqscrn5 10 109556 731945 2026-11-08T15:28:57Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Mindahkeun ka [[Citakan:Cite SSRN/kotrétan]] 731945 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Citakan:Cite SSRN/kotrétan]] 6wdq8thqovrsf2831yj7o3b28ngrr8n 10 109557 731946 2026-11-08T15:30:29Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 731946 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=speech }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> r2xzltw05lpf9zzio5hqt5i1avj06hn 10 109558 731947 2026-11-08T15:31:45Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731947 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=speech }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> ebtg5c4f0gpyldvesrup53hhjn4o7x4 10 109559 731948 2026-11-08T15:32:53Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 731948 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=sign }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> 7umy9ba3m4kfl8rl9zqcwg1stexq3fh 731950 731948 2026-11-08T15:34:23Z Rafka Aditia 29183 731950 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=sign }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> 4roye75jfdxrtmr2hllejgp5agcpf02 10 109560 731949 2026-11-08T15:33:59Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731949 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=sign }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> 7umy9ba3m4kfl8rl9zqcwg1stexq3fh 10 109561 731951 2026-11-08T15:35:44Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 731951 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=serial }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> r2g3g2ah3ba0avp4i4csqryd5f9lj9c 10 109562 731952 2026-11-08T15:37:03Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731952 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=serial }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> ko7zrfzavag2xescubs8e79e18volbp 10 109563 731955 2026-11-08T15:41:20Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731955 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=report }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> kee04qzzojldihg072uc0jw5z0pifm2 0 109564 731956 2026-11-08T15:42:53Z Yuukatan 37753 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Kajuaraan Superbike Ulster''' ('''USBK''') nyaéta kajuaraan balap motor dina sirkuit anu diayakeun di [[Irlandia Kalér]]. Ieu kajuaraan dimimitian dina taun 2018 sarta diayakeun ku Ulster Centre ti Motorcycle Union of Ireland (MCUI). Aturan resmi taun 2025 nyatetkeun acara-acara kajuaraan di sirkuit Bishopscourt jeung Kirkistown, anu duanana perenahna di County Down. Kelas Superbike mangrupa kelas utama dina ieu kajuaraan. Aturan taun 2025 nyatetkeun 16 kelas, di ant... 731956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kajuaraan Superbike Ulster''' ('''USBK''') nyaéta kajuaraan balap motor dina sirkuit anu diayakeun di [[Irlandia Kalér]]. Ieu kajuaraan dimimitian dina taun 2018 sarta diayakeun ku Ulster Centre ti Motorcycle Union of Ireland (MCUI). Aturan resmi taun 2025 nyatetkeun acara-acara kajuaraan di sirkuit Bishopscourt jeung Kirkistown, anu duanana perenahna di County Down. Kelas Superbike mangrupa kelas utama dina ieu kajuaraan. Aturan taun 2025 nyatetkeun 16 kelas, di antarana Superbike, Superbike Cup, Supersport, Supersport Cup, Supersport 300, Supertwins, Production Twins, Moto3, Sidecar, sarta kelas motor klasik.<ref>[https://www.mcui-uc.org.uk/data/files/2025ulstersuperbikechampionshiprules.pdf MCUI (Ulster Centre) Short Circuit Championship 2025], Motorcycle Union of Ireland (Ulster Centre), 2025.</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> q0vcahdc7v4924zmasv714ppyq5askm 10 109565 731958 2026-11-08T15:51:20Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731958 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=pressrelease |type={{{type|Press release}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> dc7jh4mfc1esneiuadgnyjbeiwjnamt 10 109566 731959 2026-11-08T15:52:43Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 731959 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=podcast }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> io86sneenq81wl3hza1mnl9fhlmxf2l 10 109567 731960 2026-11-08T15:54:03Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731960 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=podcast }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> dz9bg7vn6cvump0uhxw8bb4toi2zqar 10 109568 731961 2026-11-08T15:55:35Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 731961 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=newsgroup }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> 31jvi71gw5mp0w57zq0bx7t1gcs3lm4 10 109569 731962 2026-11-08T15:56:52Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kotrétan citakan anyar 731962 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1/kotrétan|citation |CitationClass=newsgroup }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> 8yvoa84b0z3mimjb8qixdb1wmxq3k0y 0 109570 731990 2026-11-09T03:37:01Z Hayati Mayang Arum 12262 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji gajah indungna anu aya di Pusat Latihan Gajah (PLG) di Taman Nasional Way Kambas (TNWK).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> D == Rujukan == 731990 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji gajah indungna anu aya di Pusat Latihan Gajah (PLG) di Taman Nasional Way Kambas (TNWK).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> D == Rujukan == lbesld52n0la3kt73jbtwp1dakdccx2 731991 731990 2026-11-09T03:37:53Z Hayati Mayang Arum 12262 731991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di T[[aman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> D == Rujukan == ncu6tea6rvhfh97x0c70fcb6a6cz9oz 731992 731991 2026-11-09T03:41:43Z Hayati Mayang Arum 12262 731992 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di T[[aman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> Kartijah disebut Kartinina Gajah lantaran inyana mindneg jadi indung pulung pikeun anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah Sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya Érin jeung Yongki.[https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung?open_from=Tagar_Page] == Rujukan == 2qylhkegp2faumuve0wibyo6xv4j7nc 731993 731992 2026-11-09T03:42:33Z Hayati Mayang Arum 12262 731993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> Kartijah disebut Kartinina Gajah lantaran inyana mindneg jadi indung pulung pikeun anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah Sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya Érin jeung Yongki.[https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung?open_from=Tagar_Page] == Rujukan == cipx1zju63tctf4bxodhxt9jjtz8uvv 731994 731993 2026-11-09T03:48:23Z Hayati Mayang Arum 12262 731994 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> Kartijah disebut Kartinina Gajah lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah Sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya Érin jeung Yongki.[https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung?open_from=Tagar_Page] == Riwayat Hirup == Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/en-kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, the Adoptive Mother of a Sumatran Elephant in Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> == Rujukan == tfab4lgyk9e39u32xphb99hluqxnqp8 732003 731994 2026-11-09T09:09:35Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 +pranala jeung reflist 732003 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> Kartijah disebut "Kartinina Gajah" lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> == Riwayat hirup == Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} dy2pxqzm20xdwzkqzh6lwzmlhcmp8xa 732004 732003 2026-11-09T09:13:27Z Akbar Soepadhi 23282 added [[Category:Individu gajah di Indonésia]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 732004 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> Kartijah disebut "Kartinina Gajah" lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}</ref> == Riwayat hirup == Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]] c0svdg3qrikt98lmxyzs7v7dwxzjg4i 14 109571 731996 2026-11-09T04:24:36Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Kategori:CS1 sumber basa Latin (la)]] ka [[Kategori:CS1 sumber basa Latén (la)]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo. 731996 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[:Kategori:CS1 sumber basa Latén (la)]] pak7ukuzw7u31i0376esk4pb111guz2 14 109572 731999 2026-11-09T04:26:41Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks basa Latin]] ka [[Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks basa Latén]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo. 731999 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[:Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks basa Latén]] jqz3st4nk21ymnr90685t45yq0c7peu 14 109573 732005 2026-11-09T10:11:46Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 732005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori téks salian ti basa Sunda}} 73bhtgdmo7r76srstkaub3zq391h3nl 14 109574 732007 2026-11-09T10:24:22Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 732007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori téks salian ti basa Sunda}} 73bhtgdmo7r76srstkaub3zq391h3nl 14 109575 732008 2026-11-09T10:31:00Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 732008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori téks salian ti basa Sunda}} 73bhtgdmo7r76srstkaub3zq391h3nl 14 109576 732010 2026-11-09T10:34:33Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 732010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori téks salian ti basa Sunda}} 73bhtgdmo7r76srstkaub3zq391h3nl 0 109577 732012 2026-11-09T10:47:20Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Port Numbay]] ka [[Kota Jayapura]] maké pindahan: [[WP:COMMONNAME|Ngaran umum]]: pindah ka ngaran nu leuwih umum. 732012 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Kota Jayapura]] kbx5nr5r12ps95wyam6rymxa50kz4i6