Peuteuy

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    <title>Peuteuy</title>
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      <text bytes="5521" sha1="16wsdgtwvkcq8r34qvyogvnhha61si6" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox 
| color = lightgreen
| name = Peuteuy
| image = Parkia speciosa.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = peuteuy, sabagian dibuka pikeun mintonkeun [[siki]]na
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Mimosoideae]]
| genus = ''[[Parkia]]''
| species = '''''P. speciosa'''''
| binomial = ''Parkia speciosa'
| binomial_authority = [[Justus Carl Hasskarl|Hassk.]]
}}

'''Peuteuy''', (''Parkia speciosa'') mangrupa [[tutuwuhan]] ti [[familia|kulawarga]] peuteuy-peuteuyan ([[Fabaceae]]), [[subfamilia|sub kulkawarga]] peuteuy-peuteuyan ([[Mimosoidae]]).&lt;ref name=Dapur/&gt; Tutuwuhan ieu sumebar lega di Indonésia bagian kulon. Sikina, anu disebut &quot;peuteuy&quot; ogé, didahar sabot masih ngora, boh atah boh dikulub.&lt;ref name=Hatta&gt;{{Cite book | title =Budi Daya Petai Dan Aspek Ekonominya| first =Hatta| last =Sunanta| publisher =Kanisius| location =Jakarta| year =1992| NO ISBN=9789794138045}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Dapur&gt;{{Cite book | title =Variasi Masakan Petai &amp; Jengkol| first =TimDapur | last =Dapur| publisher =Demedia| location =Jakarta| year =2008| NO ISBN=9789791471213}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Bunga Petai (Parkia speciosa).jpg|jempol|right|200px|Pendul (kembang peuteuy)]]
Tangkal peuteuy luhurna bisa ngahontal 20m sarta saeutik dahanna. [[Daun]]na ''majemuk'', kasusun sajajar. [[Kembang]] majemuk, kasusun ku bongkol (has Mimosoidae).&lt;ref name=Hatta/&gt; Kembang mecenghul biasana deukeut tungtung régang.&lt;ref name=Hatta/&gt; Buahna badag, manjang, wanda [[buah peuteuy]]. Ti hiji bongkol bisa kapanggih nepi ka welasan buah. Dina hiji buah aya nepi ka 20 [[siki]], anu boga warna héjo sabot ngora sarta kabuntel ''selaput'' rada kandel boga warna coklat hérang. Buah peuteuy baris jadi garing sarta ngaleupaskeun siki-sikina lamun asak.&lt;ref name=Hatta/&gt;

Siki peuteuy, anu bauna has sarta rada sarupa jeung bau [[jéngkol]], didahar atah atawa dijadikeun bahan campuran sajumlah asakan. [[Sambell goréng ati]] henteu pepek tanpa peuteuy.&lt;ref name=Hatta/&gt;

== Karakteristik Botanis ==
Tangkal peuteuy mangrupa tutuwuhan taunan (perennial), watangna miboga diaméter nepi ka  50-100 cm kalayan kulit tangkal anu warnana abu-abu semu cokelat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch Indië |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/249112#page/231/mode/1up |year=1916 |publisher=Ruygrok &amp; Co. |location=Batavia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Daun''': Mangrupa daun majemuk ganda (bipinnate) anu disusun ku 10-18 pasang sirip.
* '''Kembang''': Kembangna mangrupa bonggol (inflorescence) anu ngagantung dina gagang panjang, diwangun ku kembang jantan sarta kembang hermafrodit anu warnana semu konéng.
* '''Buah''': Buahna mangrupa polong (legume) anu panjangna 35–55 cm sarta rubakna 3–5 cm. Polong ieu biasana ngagantung sarta miboga wangun anu melengkung atanapi murilit (spiral).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?id=309 |title=Parkia speciosa - PROSEA |publisher=Plant Resources of South-East Asia |access-date=2024-05-22 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kandungan Fitokimia sarta Nutrisi ==
Siki peuteuy miboga bau anu has alatan kandungan sanyawa walirang (sulfur), saperti ''cyclic polysulfides'' (trithiolane, tetrathiane, sarta pentathiepane). Bau ieu ogé dipangaruhan ku ayana asam jéngkolat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kamisah |first1=Y. |title=Parkia speciosa Hassk.: A Potential Agricultural Product |journal=Journal of Medicinal Plants Research |url=https://academicjournals.org/journal/JMPR/article-full-text-pdf/E2D07C040997 |year=2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=43-48}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Sanyawa antioksidan anu aya dina peuteuy ditalungtik miboga poténsi pikeun ngajaga kaséhatan sél tina radikal bébas sarta mantuan nurunkeun kadar gula darah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Suhaila |first1=M. |title=Antioxidant and Antitumor-Promoting Activities of Some Malaysian Herbs |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00048a032 |year=1994 |volume=42 |issue=12 |pages=2739–2742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dumasar kana panalungtikan laboratorium, peuteuy ngandung tilu jenis gula alami: [[sukrosa]], [[fruktosa]], sarta [[glukosa]]. Salian ti éta, peuteuy ogé beunghar ku serat sarta rupa-rupa mineral saperti [[kalium]], [[zat beusi]], sarta [[fosfor]]. Dina widang médis, peuteuy ditalungtik miboga sipat antidiabétik, antioksidan, sarta antibaktéri.

== Mangpaat Kuliner sarta Ékonomi ==
Di Indonésia, peuteuy didahar dina rupa-rupa tahapan asakna. Siki anu ngora kénéh sering dijantenkeun lalab atah, sedengkeun anu tos asak biasa diolah janten sambel goréng, campuran opor, atanapi tumis. Di Thailand, peuteuy anu katelah ku nami ''sataw'' (สะตอ) sering dicampurkeun jeung kari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/parkia-speciosa |title=Parkia speciosa - an overview |publisher=ScienceDirect Topics |access-date=2024-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Sacara ékonomi, peuteuy mangrupa salah sahiji hasil leuweung non-kai anu miboga pasar anu stabil. Hargana tiasa turun-naék gumantung kana usum kembangna, nanging paménta pasar tetep luhur sapanjang taun.

==Dicutat tina==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Kategori:Sayuran]]
[[Kategori:Fabaceae]]
[[Kategori:Bungbuahan]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan industri]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]]
[[Kategori:Lalab]]
{{commons category}}</text>
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    <title>Tangkil</title>
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| color = lightgreen
| name = Tangkil
| image = Gnetum gnemon.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Tangkil
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Gnetophyta]]
| classis = [[Gnetopsida]]
| ordo = [[Gnetales]]
| familia = [[Gnetaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Gnetum]]''
| species = '''''G. gnemon'''''
| binomial = ''Gnetum gnemon''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''Tangkil''' (''Gnetum gnemon'' L.) atawa dina [[basa Indonésia]] disebut '''melinjo''' nyaéta hiji [[spésiés]] tatangkalan nu sikian nu ''terbuka'' (Gymnospermae) nu wujudna [[tangkal]] sarta asalna ti [[Asia]] tropis jeung Pasifik Kulon.&lt;ref name=Edy&gt;{{Cite book | title =Teknologi Tepat Guna MEMBUAT EMPING STICK MELINJO| first =Edy| last =Soetanto| publisher =Kanisius| location =Jakarta| year =2008| NO ISBN=9789796722778}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangkil  dipikawanoh ogé kalawan ngaran ''belinjo'', ''mlinjo'' ([[basa Jawa]]), atawa ''bago'' ([[basa Malayu]] sarta [[basa Tagalog]]). Tangkil réa dipelak di pakarangan minangka pangiuhan atawa pangwates pakarangan sarta utamana dimangpaatkeun &quot;buah&quot; jeung daunna.&lt;ref name=Joko&gt;{{Cite book | title =Pembibitan &amp; Budi Daya Melinjo| first =Joko| last =Mulyanto| publisher =Kanisius| location =Jakarta| year =2008| NO ISBN=9789794973301}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=HEYNE &gt;{{Cite book | author = K. HEYNE  | year = 1913| chapter = DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË | pages = 36 | editor = Fulconis, R. | title = TEVENS SYNTHETISCHE CATALOGUS DER VERZAMELINGEN VAN HET MUSEUM VOOR TECHNISCHE- EN HANDELSBOTANIE TE BUITENZORG | location = Newyork| publisher = [[Library new york botanical garden]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Gambaran botani==

Tangkil mangrupa tatangkalan taunan nu ngawangun tangkal anu mibanda [[tutuwuhan dua iamh|dua imah]] (''dioecious'', aya individu [[jalu]] jeung [[bikang]]).&lt;ref name=Joko/&gt; Tangkalna kukuh sarta bisa dimangpaatkeun jadi bahan wangunan. Daunna nunggal sarta wujudna lonyod jeung tungtungna mintul.&lt;ref name=Edy/&gt; Tangkil henteu ngahasilkeun [[kembang]] sarta [[buah]] sajati alatan lain kaasup tuwuhan nu kembangan.&lt;ref name=Edy/&gt; Anu dianggap buah sabenerna mah nyaéta [[siki]] anu kabungkus ku salapis [[aril]] anu dagingan.&lt;ref name=Joko/&gt;

==Pamangpaatan==

Tangkil arang dibudidayakeun sacara inténsif. Kaina bisa dipaké jadi bahan pikeun papan.&lt;ref name=Edy/&gt; Daun ngorana dipaké pikeun bahan sayuran (contona dina [[sayur asem]]).&lt;ref name=Edy/&gt; &quot;Kembang&quot; (jalu atawa bikang) sarta sikina anu masih laleutik (''pentil'') atawa anu geus asak dijadikeun ogé sayuran. Siki tangkil ogé dijadikeun bahan baku [[emping]].&lt;ref name=Joko/&gt;

Minangka sumber pangan, siki tangkil ngandung kadar [[urea]] nu rada luhur antukna leuwih hadé ulah ngadaharna kaleuleuwihan.&lt;ref name=Joko/&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
[[Gambar:Melinjo.jpg|Siki tangkil anu kabungkus [[aril]].]]
[[Gambar:Sayur asem vegetable soup.jpg|[[Sayur asem]] maké siki tangkil (di bagian kénca handap, bentukan saperti kapsul) minangka salah sahiji sayuran palengkepna.]]
[[Gambar:Gnetum gnemon Botgardbln1105c.JPG|''Pentil'', [[baga]] tangkil.]]
[[Image:Gnetum gnemon male.jpg|''Kroto'', purusa tangkil.]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Kategori:Gnetaceae]]
[[Kategori:Sayuran]]
[[Kategori:Bungbuahan]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Industri]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Produksi]]</text>
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    <title>Kacapi</title>
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      <text bytes="4958" sha1="mkeikvyrxcvdrz3m6dj9bdmmicuia13" xml:space="preserve">'''Kacapi''' mangrupa waditra kasenian [[Sunda]] anu biasa dipaké minangka pakakas utama dina kasenian [[Tembang Sunda]] atawa Mamaos Cianjuran, ieu pakakas téh biasana sok dikolaborasikeun jeung waditra nu ngaranna [[kacapi suling|suling]], antukna biasa disebut kacapi suling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Cet. 1|title=Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch genootschap der kunsten|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ&amp;hl=id&amp;pg=PA182#v=onepage&amp;q=Ch&amp;f=true|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|date=2000|location=[Perpustakaan Nasional Austria]|last=Verhandelingen|last2=Lands drukkerij}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Salian ti éta, kacapi ogé biasa dipaké dina mirig kawih anu saterusna dimekarkeun ku [[Mang Koko]]. Salian ti éta, kacapi ogé biasana dipaké dina hiji pagelaran anu disebut mantun. Ieu pagelaran téh dilaksanakeun ku Juru Pantun dina pidangan [[Carita Pantun]]. Dina pagelaran mantun biasana kacapi anu digunakeun téh ngagunakeun laras [[saléndro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Cet. 1|title=Ensiklopedi Sunda : alam, manusia, dan budaya, termasuk budaya Cirebon dan Betawi|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45463431|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|date=2000|location=[Jakarta]|isbn=9794192597|oclc=45463431|last=Rosidi, Ajip, 1938-|last2=Pustaka Jaya (Firm)}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kecap ''kacapi'' dina [[basa Sunda]] ogé biasa dihartikeun kana sebutan hiji tangkal, nyaéta tangkal [[sentul]]. Éta tangkal téh anu biasa dipaké pikeun nyieun pakakas kasenian anu disebut kacapi téa.

==Wangun==

Nurutkeun wangunna, aya dua rupa kacapi, nyaéta Kacapi Parahu atawa Kacapi Gelung jeung Kacapi Siter. 

'''Kacapi Parahu''' nyaéta hiji kotak [[résonansi]] anu bagéan handapna henteu ditutupan, ieu hal téh sangkan jadi tempat kaluarna sora. Sisi-sisina ieu wangun kacapi téh dijieun sarupa jeung parahu. Dina mangsa ka tukang, ieu kacapi téh dijieun langsung tina kai, ku cara dipahat.

'''Kacapi Siter''' mangrupa kotak résonansi kalayan widangna anu rata tur sajajar. Sarupa jeung kacapi parahu, liangna ditempatkeun dina bagéan handap. Sisi bagéan luhur sarta handapna ngawangun [[trapésium]].

Dua rupa kacapi di luhur téh, unggal senarna ditalikeun kana hiji sekrup leutik nu aya dina sisi luhur beulah katuhuna. Saterusna nada atawa sora dina éta kacapi téh bisa disaluyukeun dina sistem sora/nada anu biasa disebut laras, ngawengku laras: [[pélog]], [[sorog]]/[[madénda]], atawa [[saléndro]].

Kiwari, kotak résonansi kacapi dijieun ku cara dielém sisi-sisina dirapetkeun antara genep widang papan.

==Kagunaan ==

Nurutkeun kagunaannana dina marengan juru tembang, kacapi anu digunakeun téh biasana ngawengku nyaéta [[Kacapi indung]] jeung Kacapi Anak atawa [[Kacapi Rincik]].

'''[[Kacapi indung|Kacapi Indung]]''' ngaluluguan lagu ku cara méré intro, ''bridges'', sarta ''interlude'', ogé nangtukeun témpo. Ieu wangun kacapi téh biasana  ngawengku 18 atawa 20 senar. ({{Audio|Catrik2w-ind.ogg|Déngékeun jentréngan tina hiji kacapi indung.}})

'''[[Kacapi Rincik]]''' biasana marengan Kacapi Indung ku cara ngeusian rohang antara nada/sora ku frékuénsi-frékuénsi anu luhur, hususna dina lagu-lagu anu boga métrum tetep kawas dina [[kacapi suling]] atawa [[Sekar Panambih|sekar panambih]], ieu wangun kacapi téh biasana miboga senar anu jumlahna nepi ka 15. ({{Audio|Catrik2w.ogg|Déngékeun jentréngan tina hiji kacapi indung jeung hiji kacapi rincik.}})

== Laras Kacapi ==
Umumna, kacapi boga opat laras, nyaéta laras degung, madénda, mandalung, jeung saléndro. Laras ieu dibedakeun tina tangga nada anu digunakeun. Cara nabeuh kacapi ti tiap laras relatif sarua.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
Kacapi laras Degung koleksi jurusan Karawitan ISBI Bandung.webm|Sora kacapi laras degung
Kacapi laras Madenda koleksi jurusan Karawitan ISBI Bandung.webm|Sora kacapi laras madénda
Kacapi laras Mandalung koleksi jurusan Karawitan ISBI Bandung.webm|Sora kacapi laras mandalung
Kacapi laras Salendro koleksi jurusan Karawitan ISBI Bandung.webm|Sora kacapi laras saléndro
&lt;/gallery&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
== Galéri ==

[[Gambar:Kacapi Laras Degung koleksi Jurusan Karawitan ISBI Bandung.wav|jmpl|Sora ti kacapi laras degung]]
[[Gambar:Kacapi Laras Madenda koleksi Jurusan Karawitan ISBI Bandung.wav|jmpl|Sora ti kacapi laras madénda]]
[[Gambar:Kacapi Laras Mandalung koleksi Jurusan Karawitan ISBI Bandung.wav|jmpl|Sora ti kacapi laras mandalung]]
[[Gambar:Kacapi Laras Salendro koleksi Jurusan Karawitan ISBI Bandung.wav|jmpl|Sora ti kacapi laras saléndro]]
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
kacapi-tuners.jpg|Wincikan unsur nada dina hiji Kacapi Parahu
kacapi-bridges.jpg|Conto gambar Kacapi Parahu
kacapi-rincik-covered.jpg|Kacapi Indung jeung Kacapi Rincik
Kacapi koleksi Jurusan Karawitan ISBI Bandung.jpg|Kacapi koleksi di [[Institut Seni Budaya Indonésia Bandung|ISBI Bandung]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Seni Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Waditra petik]]
[[Kategori:Kacapi| ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7618" sha1="3yit1en1is841mutngevaeuda25dv50" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|name = ''Ageratum conyzoides''
|image = Ageratum conyzoides 1.jpg
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
|tribus = [[Eupatorieae]]
|genus = ''[[Ageratum]]''
|species = '''''A. conyzoides'''''
|binomial = ''Ageratum conyzoides''
|binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753 not Hieron. 1895 nor Sieber ex Steud. 1840&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Ageratum+conyzoides&amp;commonname= Tropicos search for ''Ageratum conyzoides'']&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms_ref=
|synonyms=
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=&lt;small&gt;Synonymy&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum album'' &lt;small&gt;Hort.Berol. ex Hornem.&lt;/small&gt; 
|''Ageratum arsenei'' &lt;small&gt;B.L.Rob.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum brachystephanum'' &lt;small&gt;Regel&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum ciliare'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum ciliare'' &lt;small&gt;Lour.&lt;/small&gt; 
|''Ageratum coeruleum'' &lt;small&gt;Desf. 1804, rejected name not Sieber ex Baker 1876&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum cordifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Roxb.&lt;/small&gt; 
|''Ageratum hirsutum'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum hirsutum'' &lt;small&gt;Poir.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum humile'' &lt;small&gt;Larran.&lt;/small&gt; 
|''Ageratum humile'' &lt;small&gt;Salisb.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum humile'' &lt;small&gt;Larrañaga &lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum iltisii'' &lt;small&gt;R.M.King &amp; H.Rob.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum latifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Cav.&lt;/small&gt; 
|''Ageratum microcarpum'' &lt;small&gt;(Benth. ex Benth.) Hemsl.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum muticum'' &lt;small&gt;Griseb.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum obtusifolium'' &lt;small&gt;Lam.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum odoratum'' &lt;small&gt;Vilm.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Ageratum odoratum'' &lt;small&gt;Bailly&lt;/small&gt; 
|''Ageratum suffruticosum'' &lt;small&gt;Regel&lt;/small&gt;
|''Cacalia mentrasto'' &lt;small&gt;Vell. Conc.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Caelestina latifolia'' &lt;small&gt;(Cav.) Benth. ex Oerst.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Caelestina microcarpa'' &lt;small&gt;Benth. ex Oerst.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Caelestina suffruticosa'' &lt;small&gt;Sweet&lt;/small&gt;
|''Carelia brachystephana'' &lt;small&gt;(Regel) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
|''Carelia conyzoides'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
|''Carelia mutica'' &lt;small&gt;(Griseb.) Kuntze&lt;/small&gt; 
|''Eupatorium conyzoides'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) E. H. Krause&lt;/small&gt; 
|''Eupatorium paleaceum'' &lt;small&gt;Sessé &amp; Moc.&lt;/small&gt;
|''Sparganophorus obtusifolius'' L&lt;small&gt;ag.&lt;/small&gt;
}}}}
'''Babadotan''' atawa dodombaan; ngaran Latén ''Agerotum conyzoides, L'' nyaéta [[tutuwuhan]] liar tapi leuwih dipikawanoh minangka pepelakan pangganggu ([[gulma]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Buku1&quot;&gt;{{Cite  book|title =Buku Pintar Tanaman Obat: 431 jenis tanaman penggempur aneka penyakit| last= Damayanti| first= Dewi| coauthors =dr Prapti utami, Novi Widianti, Nina Wulandari, Agung Sugiarto, Tinton Dwi Putra| year= 2008|page=63|location=Jakarta| publisher=AgroMedia| isbn=9789790061941|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=iO0ldwKoXvQC&amp;pg=PA21&amp;dq=bawang+batak+khasiat&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwinj4f98pXvAhVYAXIKHSO8B40Q6AEwAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=bawang%20batak%20khasiat&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt;	&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://tokodeli.com/obat-herbal/bandotan-ageratum-conyzoides/ Bandotan]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara umum, [[tutuwuhan]] ieu tumuwuh [[liar]] jeung [[eurih]], bisa kapanggih di pakarangan [[imah]], sisi jalan atawa [[susukan]], komo di [[kebon]] atawa di [[huma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot; /&gt;
Babadotan kaasup tutuwuhan terna sausum, tumuwuh ngadeg jeung cabangan.&lt;ref name=”Flo”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=cjnqDwAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PT115&amp;dq=pohon%20bingbin&amp;hl=id&amp;pg=PT116#v=onepage&amp;q=pohon%20bingbin&amp;f=false| title =Flora dan Fauna Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang| last =Abdul| first =Haris Mustari| publisher =Aditya dwigumelar| location =Jakarta| year =2019|ISBN=9786024408046|pages =108}} Disungsi4 Januari 2021&lt;/ref&gt; jangkung Babadotan ngahontal 30–90&amp;nbsp;cm. Batangna buleud aya rambutan panjang sarta lamun keuna [[taneuh]] bakal ngaluarkeun [[akar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=“Antanan ”&gt;{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862| pages =28|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA213&amp;dq=KEHKEL&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&amp;q=d&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi) 11 April  2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daunna aya cupatan kaayaana pahareup hareup. Daunna lonyod sarta puhuna buleud nyungcung,sisina rérégéan, aya buluan jeung mibanda kelir [[héjo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot; /&gt;
Babadotan mibanda hasiat pikeun ubar, babadotan kaasup kana suku Asteracéae.&lt;ref name=&quot;tu&quot;&gt;[http://balittro.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=79:babadotan-ageratum-conyzoides-tanaman-multi-fungsi&amp;catid=19:artikel&amp;Itemid=9 balittro]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciri fisik ==
[[Gambar:Ageratum conyzoides(1).jpg|kiri|jmpl|Babadotan]]
Tutuwuhan ieu tumuwuh ngadeg atawa nangkub handapna, jangkungna kurang leuwih 30–90&amp;nbsp;cm, jeung cabangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;&gt;{{id}}[http://www.asgar.or.id/kesehatan-health/makanan-dan-minuman-sehat/khasiat-dan-manfaat-tanaman-bandotan/ Khasiat dan manfaat bandotan] diakses 17 Juli 2015&lt;/ref&gt;
Babadotan mibanda tangkal [[buleud]] jeung [[bulu]] panjang, lamun keuna kana [[taneuh]] bakal ngaluarkeun [[akar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt;
[[Tutuwuhan]] ieu miboga [[daun]] cupatan, ayana pahareup-hareup tur ''nyilang'' (''Compositae''), Daunna [[lonyod]] sarta boga ''pangkal'' buleud nyungcung,sisina rérégéan, aya buluan jeung warnana hejo, panjangna 1–10&amp;nbsp;cm, lebar 0,5–6&amp;nbsp;cm, dua beungeut daunna aya buluan panjang jeung aya kelenjar anu aya dina beungeut handap tina daun, warnana héjo.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt;
Kembang bandotan kaasup majemuk ngumpul 3 atawa leuwih, anu kaluar tina tungtung cupat jeung kelirna bodas. Panjang bonggol kembangna 6–8&amp;nbsp;mm, cupatna aya buluan.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt; [[Buah]] [[hideung]] jeung leutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt; Daerah distribusi, [[habitat]] jeung [[budidaya]] Babadotan bisa dilobakeun ku [[siki]].&lt;ref name=”Priyadi”&gt;{{Cite book | title = Five Hundred Plant Species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: A Checklist Including Sundanese Names, Distribution, and Use| last = Hari Priyadi, Gen Takao, Irma Rahmawati, Bambang Supriyanto, Wim Ikbal Nursal, Ismail Rahman| first =Priyadi | publisher =CIFOR | location =Bogor| year =2010|ISBN=9786028693226 |pages = 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kandungan Zat jeung hasiat obat tina babadotan ==
[[Komposisi]] tina babadotan nyaéta ngandung ''organacid'', ''pectic substance'', ''[[asam amino]]'', ,,[[minyak asiri]] kumarin, ageratochromene, friedelin, ß-sitosterol, stigmasterol, tanin'', [[walirang]], jeung kalium klorida.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt; Akar Babadotan ngandung alkaloid, minyak atsiri, sarta coumarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt;
Tutuwuhan Bandotan boga hasiat nyageurkeun [[muriang]] ''(antipyretics), [[stimulan]]'', [[obat kuat]], antitoxic, ngaleungitkeun [[bareuh]], paluruh kahampangan (diuretik), pikeun ngeureunkeun perdarahan (hemostatic), peluruh kareseban (emenagog), sarta palumuh Hitut (kaiminatit).
Sedengkeun daun babadotan bisa dipaké ogé minangka inséktisida sayur. Salian ''Ageratum L. conyzoide.s'', aya babadotan variétas séjén anu boga sipat nu sarua, nyaéta ''Ageratum haoustonianum mill''. Ekstrak daun Babadotan (5% jeung 10%) bisa manjangkeun daur estrus jeung ngalambatkeun perkembangan folikel mencit bikang (parawan jeung non-parawan).&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[kategori: Tutuwuhan ubar]]
[[Kategori:Asteraceae]]</text>
      <sha1>3yit1en1is841mutngevaeuda25dv50</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Irung</title>
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      <text bytes="478" sha1="1svlqrkvn8fpy4gqgy0yls9shghxx3a" xml:space="preserve">'''Irung''' nyaéta salah sahiji organ anu aya dina awak [[manusa]]. &lt;ref&gt; Wahyudi sofyan,spk (2000) &quot;Irung&quot;. Jakarta penerbit kiblat.&lt;/ref&gt; 
Irung miboga pungsi pikeun ngangseu atawa ngambeu&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=bqZYAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA144&amp;dq=harupat&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjChriyla3PAhWFq48KHRHiAvU4ChDoAQgnMAM#v=onepage&amp;q=harupat&amp;f=false Irung]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}
{{Anatomi manusa}}
[[Kategori:Organ tubuh]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]]</text>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0; text-align: center; font-size: 115%; padding: 6px;&quot; | Irung
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:3D Medical Animation Nose Top section.jpg|235px|Animasi médis 3D bagian luhur irung manusa]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Animasi médis 3D bagian luhur irung manusa&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #e2efda; text-align: center; padding: 4px;&quot; | Téhnis / Anatomi
|-
| '''Latin''' || nasus
|-
| '''Yunani''' || ῥίς (rhís)
|-
| '''Sistem''' || [[Sistem réspirasi]]
|-
| '''Artéri''' || [[Artéri étmoidalis anterior]], [[artéri étmoidalis posterior]], [[artéri sfénopalatina]], [[artéri labialis superior]], [[artéri fasialis]]
|-
| '''Véna''' || [[Véna fasialis]], [[véna oftalmika]]
|-
| '''Saraf''' || [[Saraf olfaktorius]] (CN I), [[saraf trigéminus]] (CN V)
|-
| '''Limfa''' || Kelenjar getah bening submandibular
|}
'''Irung''' nyaéta salah sahiji organ anu aya dina awak [[manusa]]. &lt;ref&gt; Wahyudi sofyan,spk (2000) &quot;Irung&quot;. Jakarta penerbit kiblat.&lt;/ref&gt; 
Irung miboga pungsi pikeun ngangseu atawa ngambeu&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=bqZYAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA144&amp;dq=harupat&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjChriyla3PAhWFq48KHRHiAvU4ChDoAQgnMAM#v=onepage&amp;q=harupat&amp;f=false Irung]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}
{{Anatomi manusa}}
[[Kategori:Organ tubuh]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]]</text>
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|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:3D Medical Animation Nose Top section.jpg|235px|Animasi médis 3D bagian luhur irung manusa]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Animasi médis 3D bagian luhur irung manusa&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #e2efda; text-align: center; padding: 4px;&quot; | Téhnis / Anatomi
|-
| '''Latin''' || nasus
|-
| '''Yunani''' || ῥίς (rhís)
|-
| '''Sistem''' || [[Sistem réspirasi]]
|-
| '''Artéri''' || [[Artéri étmoidalis anterior]], [[artéri étmoidalis posterior]], [[artéri sfénopalatina]], [[artéri labialis superior]], [[artéri fasialis]]
|-
| '''Véna''' || [[Véna fasialis]], [[véna oftalmika]]
|-
| '''Saraf''' || [[Saraf olfaktorius]] (CN I), [[saraf trigéminus]] (CN V)
|-
| '''Limfa''' || Kelenjar getah bening submandibular
|}
'''Irung''' nyaéta salah sahiji organ anu aya dina awak [[manusa]]. &lt;ref&gt; Wahyudi sofyan,spk (2000) &quot;Irung&quot;. Jakarta penerbit kiblat.&lt;/ref&gt; 
Irung miboga pungsi pikeun ngangseu atawa ngambeu&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=bqZYAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA144&amp;dq=harupat&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjChriyla3PAhWFq48KHRHiAvU4ChDoAQgnMAM#v=onepage&amp;q=harupat&amp;f=false Irung]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Salaku organ pangindra sareng ''struktur'' réspirasi (ngambekan) dina [[sasatoan]] anu mibanda tulang tonggong ([[vertebrata]]). Irung kabagi dua tayalian ''rongga''/lolongkrang irung di jero [[Sirah|sirah]], sareng irung luar dina palebah raray. Bagian irung luar nyicingan liang irung, atawa ''nares'', nyaéta sapasang saluran anu nyayogikeun tempat ngaliwatanna hawa irung pikeun ngambekan.&lt;ref&gt;Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, A. Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W. M. (2019). ''Gray's Anatomy for Students'' (édisi ka-4). Elsevier, kc. 912–915. ISBN 978-0323393041. (Diaksés 10 Novémber 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika liang irung ngaliwatan ''rongga'' irung, bagian éta ngagedéan, katelah ''fosa nasal'', sarta ngandung ''kerangka'' karang irung (turbinat) katut ''selaput Lendir'' pangambeu (''mukosa olfaktorius''). Rongga irung ogé nyambung kana ''sinus paranasal'' (lolongkrang hawa buntu anu fungsina pikeun nyaluyukeun tekenan jeung ngabasakeun hawa). Ti rongga irung, saluran ideran liang irung diteruskeun kana tikoro (''faring''), nyaéta klép atawa simpangan jalur anu ngahubungkeun sistem ngambekan jeung sistem padaharan.&lt;ref&gt;Netter, Frank H. (2018). ''Atlas of Human Anatomy: With Innervation and The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations'' (édisi ka-7). Elsevier, kc. 45–48. ISBN 978-0323393225. (Diaksés 10 Novémber 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}
{{Anatomi manusa}}
[[Kategori:Organ tubuh]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]]</text>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0; text-align: center; font-size: 115%; padding: 6px;&quot; | Irung
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:3D Medical Animation Nose Top section.jpg|235px|Animasi médis 3D bagian luhur irung manusa]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Animasi médis 3D bagian luhur irung manusa&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #e2efda; text-align: center; padding: 4px;&quot; | Téhnis / Anatomi
|-
| '''Latin''' || nasus
|-
| '''Yunani''' || ῥίς (rhís)
|-
| '''Sistem''' || [[Sistem réspirasi]]
|-
| '''Artéri''' || [[Artéri étmoidalis anterior]], [[artéri étmoidalis posterior]], [[artéri sfénopalatina]], [[artéri labialis superior]], [[artéri fasialis]]
|-
| '''Véna''' || [[Véna fasialis]], [[véna oftalmika]]
|-
| '''Saraf''' || [[Saraf olfaktorius]] (CN I), [[saraf trigéminus]] (CN V)
|-
| '''Limfa''' || Kelenjar getah bening submandibular
|}
'''Irung''' nyaéta salah sahiji organ anu aya dina awak [[manusa]]. &lt;ref&gt; Wahyudi sofyan,spk (2000) &quot;Irung&quot;. Jakarta penerbit kiblat.&lt;/ref&gt; 
Irung miboga pungsi pikeun ngangseu atawa ngambeu&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=bqZYAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA144&amp;dq=harupat&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjChriyla3PAhWFq48KHRHiAvU4ChDoAQgnMAM#v=onepage&amp;q=harupat&amp;f=false Irung]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Salaku organ pangindra sareng ''struktur'' réspirasi (ngambekan) dina [[sasatoan]] anu mibanda tulang tonggong ([[vertebrata]]). Irung kabagi dua tayalian ''rongga''/lolongkrang irung di jero [[Sirah|sirah]], sareng irung luar dina palebah raray. Bagian irung luar nyicingan liang irung, atawa ''nares'', nyaéta sapasang saluran anu nyayogikeun tempat ngaliwatanna hawa irung pikeun ngambekan.&lt;ref&gt;Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, A. Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W. M. (2019). ''Gray's Anatomy for Students'' (édisi ka-4). Elsevier, kc. 912–915. ISBN 978-0323393041. (Diaksés 10 Novémber 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika liang irung ngaliwatan ''rongga'' irung, bagian éta ngagedéan, katelah ''fosa nasal'', sarta ngandung ''kerangka'' karang irung (turbinat) katut ''selaput Lendir'' pangambeu (''mukosa olfaktorius''). Rongga irung ogé nyambung kana ''sinus paranasal'' (lolongkrang hawa buntu anu fungsina pikeun nyaluyukeun tekenan jeung ngabasakeun hawa). Ti rongga irung, saluran ideran liang irung diteruskeun kana tikoro (''faring''), nyaéta klép atawa simpangan jalur anu ngahubungkeun sistem ngambekan jeung sistem padaharan.&lt;ref&gt;Netter, Frank H. (2018). ''Atlas of Human Anatomy: With Innervation and The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations'' (édisi ka-7). Elsevier, kc. 45–48. ISBN 978-0323393225. (Diaksés 10 Novémber 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Irung dina Ngolah Hawa==
Salaku bagéan anu munggaran antara lingkungan luar jeung [[bayah]] ''internal'' sasatoan anu hipu, irung nyaluyukeun hawa anu antukna asup, boh salaku fungsi pangaturan suhu (''termoregulasi'') jeung panyaringan nalika engapan, ogé minangka pangrojong kana panca indra pangambeu.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Your Nose, the Guardian of Your Lungs|url=https://www.bmc.org/otolaryngology-head-neck-surgery/resources/your-nose-guardian-your-lungs|access-date=2020-06-29|publisher=[[Boston Medical Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Bulu|Bulu-bulu]] di jero liang irung nyaring [[hawa]] anu asup, minangka garis pertahanan munggaran ngalawan [[Partikel éleménter|partikel]] [[lebu]], [[haseup]], jeung sagala hal séjénna anu poténsial ngahalangan anu bisa ngaganggu ngarenghap, sarta minangka panyaring tina panyakit anu nyebarna ngaliwatan hawa. Salian ti boga fungsi minangka saringan, mukus (lendir) anu diproduksi di jero irung ogé mantuan usaha awak dina ngajaga [[Suhu|suhu]], sarta nyumbang kalembaban kana komponén penting dina sistem ambekan. Struktur kapilér dina irung ngabantuan manaskeun jeung ngabasakeun hawa anu asup kana awak; engkéna, pancén ieu dina mertahankeun kalembaban téh méré kondisi anu cocog pikeun ''alveoli'' sangkan bisa tukeur gas O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; jeung CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (nyaéta prosés pernapasan) sacara merenah di jero [[bayah]]. Salila prosés ngaluarkeun napas (ekshalasi), jaringan kapiler ogé mantuan nyerep deui sabagian kalembaban, lolobana mah salaku fungsi tina pangaturan suhu deui.&lt;ref&gt;OpenStax (2020). ''Anatomy and Physiology - Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System'', bab 22.1. (Diaksés 5 April 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}
{{Anatomi manusa}}
[[Kategori:Organ tubuh]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]]</text>
      <sha1>9vxgwpup1arh7me4xhx9tts7thy37xb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>732031</id>
      <parentid>732030</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T00:22:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732031</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5671" sha1="kcgl1kb3thscbcvh1db89m6udlbvr8h" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;float: right; clear: right; width: 300px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 88%; padding: 4px; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0; text-align: center; font-size: 115%; padding: 6px;&quot; | Irung
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:3D Medical Animation Nose Top section.jpg|235px|Animasi médis 3D bagian luhur irung manusa]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Animasi médis 3D bagian luhur irung manusa&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #e2efda; text-align: center; padding: 4px;&quot; | Téhnis / Anatomi
|-
| '''Latin''' || nasus
|-
| '''Yunani''' || ῥίς (rhís)
|-
| '''Sistem''' || [[Sistem réspirasi]]
|-
| '''Artéri''' || [[Artéri étmoidalis anterior]], [[artéri étmoidalis posterior]], [[artéri sfénopalatina]], [[artéri labialis superior]], [[artéri fasialis]]
|-
| '''Véna''' || [[Véna fasialis]], [[véna oftalmika]]
|-
| '''Saraf''' || [[Saraf olfaktorius]] (CN I), [[saraf trigéminus]] (CN V)
|-
| '''Limfa''' || Kelenjar getah bening submandibular
|}
'''Irung''' nyaéta salah sahiji organ anu aya dina awak [[manusa]]. &lt;ref&gt; Wahyudi sofyan,spk (2000) &quot;Irung&quot;. Jakarta penerbit kiblat.&lt;/ref&gt; 
Irung miboga pungsi pikeun ngangseu atawa ngambeu&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=bqZYAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA144&amp;dq=harupat&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjChriyla3PAhWFq48KHRHiAvU4ChDoAQgnMAM#v=onepage&amp;q=harupat&amp;f=false Irung]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Salaku organ pangindra sareng ''struktur'' réspirasi (ngambekan) dina [[sasatoan]] anu mibanda tulang tonggong ([[vertebrata]]). Irung kabagi dua tayalian ''rongga''/lolongkrang irung di jero [[Sirah|sirah]], sareng irung luar dina palebah raray. Bagian irung luar nyicingan liang irung, atawa ''nares'', nyaéta sapasang saluran anu nyayogikeun tempat ngaliwatanna hawa irung pikeun ngambekan.&lt;ref&gt;Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, A. Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W. M. (2019). ''Gray's Anatomy for Students'' (édisi ka-4). Elsevier, kc. 912–915. ISBN 978-0323393041. (Diaksés 10 Novémber 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika liang irung ngaliwatan ''rongga'' irung, bagian éta ngagedéan, katelah ''fosa nasal'', sarta ngandung ''kerangka'' karang irung (turbinat) katut ''selaput Lendir'' pangambeu (''mukosa olfaktorius''). Rongga irung ogé nyambung kana ''sinus paranasal'' (lolongkrang hawa buntu anu fungsina pikeun nyaluyukeun tekenan jeung ngabasakeun hawa). Ti rongga irung, saluran ideran liang irung diteruskeun kana tikoro (''faring''), nyaéta klép atawa simpangan jalur anu ngahubungkeun sistem ngambekan jeung sistem padaharan.&lt;ref&gt;Netter, Frank H. (2018). ''Atlas of Human Anatomy: With Innervation and The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations'' (édisi ka-7). Elsevier, kc. 45–48. ISBN 978-0323393225. (Diaksés 10 Novémber 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Irung dina Ngolah Hawa==
Salaku bagéan anu munggaran antara lingkungan luar jeung [[bayah]] ''internal'' sasatoan anu hipu, irung nyaluyukeun hawa anu antukna asup, boh salaku fungsi pangaturan suhu (''termoregulasi'') jeung panyaringan nalika engapan, ogé minangka pangrojong kana panca indra pangambeu.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Your Nose, the Guardian of Your Lungs|url=https://www.bmc.org/otolaryngology-head-neck-surgery/resources/your-nose-guardian-your-lungs|access-date=2020-06-29|publisher=[[Boston Medical Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Bulu|Bulu-bulu]] di jero liang irung nyaring [[hawa]] anu asup, minangka garis pertahanan munggaran ngalawan [[Partikel éleménter|partikel]] [[lebu]], [[haseup]], jeung sagala hal séjénna anu poténsial ngahalangan anu bisa ngaganggu ngarenghap, sarta minangka panyaring tina panyakit anu nyebarna ngaliwatan hawa. Salian ti boga fungsi minangka saringan, mukus (lendir) anu diproduksi di jero irung ogé mantuan usaha awak dina ngajaga [[Suhu|suhu]], sarta nyumbang kalembaban kana komponén penting dina sistem ambekan. Struktur kapilér dina irung ngabantuan manaskeun jeung ngabasakeun hawa anu asup kana awak; engkéna, pancén ieu dina mertahankeun kalembaban téh méré kondisi anu cocog pikeun ''alveoli'' sangkan bisa tukeur gas O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; jeung CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (nyaéta prosés pernapasan) sacara merenah di jero [[bayah]]. Salila prosés ngaluarkeun napas (ekshalasi), jaringan kapiler ogé mantuan nyerep deui sabagian kalembaban, lolobana mah salaku fungsi tina pangaturan suhu deui.&lt;ref&gt;OpenStax (2020). ''Anatomy and Physiology - Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System'', bab 22.1. (Diaksés 5 April 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Struktur dina sato nu ngarénghap ku bayah ==
[[File:Malayan Tapir Profile.jpg|thumb|right|178px|Irung tapir]]
Dina sasatoan [[Ampibi|amfibi]] jeung lauk anu paru-paru-an ''(lungfish)'', liang irung muka kana kantong-kantong leutik anu satuluyna muka kana palebah hareup hateup cangkem ngaliwatan ''[[koana]]'' (''choana''). Kantong-kantong ieu ngandung séah leutik épitél olfaktorius, anu dina kasus sesili (''caecilians''), ogé ngajajar kana sajumlahing péntil atawa susuratan tatangga. Sanajan struktur umumna mirip jeung amfibi, liang irung lauk paru-paru henteu dianggo pikeun ngambekan, sabab sato ieu ngarénghap ngaliwatan cangkemna. Amfibi ogé miboga ''organ vomeronasal'', anu dijajaran ku épitél ''olfaktorius'', tapi béda jeung ''amniot'', ieu biasana mangrupa kantong basajan anu—kajaba dina [[salamander]]—hampir teu boga hubungan jeung sésa sistem rongga irung.&lt;ref&gt;Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). ''The Vertebrate Body''. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International, kc. 453–458. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}
{{Anatomi manusa}}
[[Kategori:Organ tubuh]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]]</text>
      <sha1>kcgl1kb3thscbcvh1db89m6udlbvr8h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Salédri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732050</id>
      <parentid>654538</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:47:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732050</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4008" sha1="1784c8hzk82a91xdicezc7p7m0drdn1" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| image = Illustration Apium graveolens0.jpg
| color = hijau
| width = 250px
| name = Salédri
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Apiales]]
| familia = [[Apiaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Apium]]''
| species = '''''A. graveolens'''''
| binomial = ''Apium graveolens''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
'''Salédri''' (''Apium graveolens'') nyaéta [[tutuwuhan]] anu asupna kana [[sayuran]] tur bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun [[ubar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;&gt;[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&amp;id=127 Seledri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021203438/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&amp;id=127 |date=2011-10-21 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 14 Oktober 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Salédri bisa tumuwuh di dataran luhur atawa di dataran handap, [[perkebunan]] salédri di [[Indonesia]] ayana di [[Brastagi]], [[Sumatera Utara]] jeung di [[Jawa Barat]] ngawengku [[Pacét]], [[Pangaléngan]] jeung [[Cipanas]] anu hawana tiis.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt; Di [[Indonesia]] [[daun]] salédri dimangpaatkeun pikeun [[sambara]] [[papasakan]] atawa panglengkep dina [[sayur]] [[sop]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt; Pikeun urang [[Romawi]] [[Kuna]] salédri digunakeun sabagé 'karangan bunga'.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt; Numutkeun para ahli [[sajarah]] [[botani]], daun saledri geus dimangpaatkeun sabagé [[sayuran]] ti [[abad XVII]] atawa taun [[1640]], sarta dimangpaatkeun jadi [[ubar]] dina taun [[1942]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;

==Kandungan==
Dina unggal 100gr salédri ngandung: 
# 20 [[kalori]],&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;
# [[protéin]] 1 gram,&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;
# [[lemak]] 0,1 gram,&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;
# [[hidrat arang]] 4,6 gram,&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;
# [[kalsium]] 50&amp;nbsp;mg &lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;
# [[fosfor]] 40&amp;nbsp;mg &lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;
# [[besi]] 1&amp;nbsp;mg &lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;
# [[Vitamin A]] 130 SI &lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;
# [[Vitamin B1]] 0,03&amp;nbsp;mg &lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;
# [[Vitamin C]] 11&amp;nbsp;mg &lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;

==Jenis==
# Salédri [[daun]] atau salédri iris (A. gravéolens kelompok secalinum) anu biasa diarah [[daun]]na pikeun [[sambara]] dina masakan [[Indonesia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka dua&quot;&gt;[http://tanamanobat.uphero.com/Seledri.html Seledri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102020552/http://tanamanobat.uphero.com/Seledri.html |date=2012-11-02 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 14 Oktober 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
# Salédri [[tangkai]] (A. gravéolens Kelompok dulce) anu [[watang]] [[daun]]na gedé sarta bauna seungit, biasa dipaké [[salad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka dua&quot;/&gt;
# Salédri [[umbi]] (A. gravéolens Kelompok rapaceum), anu ngabentuk [[beuti]] dina beungeut taneuh, biasana dipaké dina sop, disemur, atawa ''schnitzel''. Ieu beuti téh ngandung [[provitamin A]] jeung [[K]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka dua&quot;/&gt;

==Mangpaat==
Salian ti dijadikeun [[sambara]], salédri ogé bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun [[ubar]] [[hiperténsi]], [[nyeri panon]], [[reumatik]], [[mengi]], ogé bisa ngaleubeutkeun [[buuk]], jeung ngungkulan [[beungeut]] nu loba ngandung [[minyak]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka hiji&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber ka tilu&quot;&gt;[http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pangan_kesehatan/tanaman_obat/lipi_pdii/seledri.htm Seledri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004140413/http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pangan_kesehatan/tanaman_obat/lipi_pdii/seledri.htm |date=2011-10-04 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 14 Oktober 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=” Sa”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=MNOMDgAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Sirih%20tanah&amp;hl=id&amp;pg=PA10#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false| title = Savitri| last = Savitri| first =Astrid | publisher =Bibit Publisher| location =Indonesia| year =2016|ISBN=9786026805232|pages =11}} Disungsi10 Januari 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Apiaceae]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan bungbu]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]]
[[Kategori:Apiales]]</text>
      <sha1>1784c8hzk82a91xdicezc7p7m0drdn1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Suku</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732015</id>
      <parentid>731984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T12:22:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2096" sha1="3dlwqaf80lctye0atjrh2d519pcttr5" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar: human male foot.jpg|thumb|300px|right|suku manusa]]
'''Suku''' ([[kecap lemes|lemes]]: '''sampéan''', [[kecap lemes pisan|lemes pisan]]: '''dampal''', [[kecap cohag|cohag]]: '''cokor''') nyaéta anggota [[awak]] [[jelema]] atawa [[sato]] gunana pikeun nagtung jeung [[leumpang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;&gt;R.A Darnadibrata, .Kamus Basa Sunda. Kiblat 2006. Bandung.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Babagian Suku ==
* Bincurang bagian suku antara [[tuur]] jeung pigeulang suku bagian hareup.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;&gt;{{id}}Rachmat Taufiq Hidayat, spk. Peperenian Urang Sunda. PT Kiblat Buku Utama. Bandung 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Bitis bagian suku antara [[tuur]] jeung pigeulang suku bagian tukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Buah bitis bagian nu menjekul dina [[bitis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Cacariuan [[tulang]] dina sambungan [[tuur]] beulah hareup, bagunna siga cariu.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Cécéngkolan bagian suku antara bitis jeung [[keuneung]], atawa bagian nu legok tukangeun [[tuur]] antara [[pingping]] jeung bitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Dampal suku bagian suku panghandapna anu napak kana titincakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Indung suku nyaéta [[ramo]] suku panggedéna.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Kacapuri nyaéta puhu suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Keuneung bagian suku antara [[cécéngkolan]] jeung dampal suku tukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Kuku]] bagian saperti tanduk dina [[ramo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Mumuncangan]] bagian suku anu ngabenggul sagedé [[muncang]], gigireun pigeulang suku jeung cecekolan kénca-katuhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Pigeulang suku bagian suku antara [[bincurang]] jeung [[tonggong]] suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Pingping]] bagian suku antara puhu pingping jeung [[tuur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Puhu pingping bagian suku pangluhurna anu tepung jeung awak.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Tonggong suku bagian suku handapeun pigeulang, tukangeun dampal suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Tuur]] bagian suku lebah sambungan tulang, handapeun pingping luhuren bitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Anatomi manusa}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Suku]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]]</text>
      <sha1>3dlwqaf80lctye0atjrh2d519pcttr5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>732016</id>
      <parentid>732015</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T12:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2096" sha1="qo5a0dm868z5mw0rby7mq5aqyerisxe" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar: human male foot.jpg|thumb|300px|right|suku manusa]]
'''Suku''' ([[kecap lemes|lemes]]: '''sampéan''', [[kecap lemes pisan|lemes pisan]]: '''dampal''', [[kecap cohag|cohag]]: '''cokor''') nyaéta anggota [[awak]] [[jelema]] atawa [[sato]] gunana pikeun nagtung jeung [[leumpang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;&gt;R.A Darnadibrata, .Kamus Basa Sunda. Kiblat 2006. Bandung.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Babagian Suku ==
* Bincurang bagian suku antara [[tuur]] jeung pigeulang suku bagian hareup.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;&gt;{{id}}Rachmat Taufiq Hidayat, spk. Peperenian Urang Sunda. PT Kiblat Buku Utama. Bandung 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Bitis bagian suku antara [[tuur]] jeung pigeulang suku bagian tukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Buah bitis bagian nu menjekul dina [[bitis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Cacariuan [[tulang]] dina sambungan [[tuur]] beulah hareup, bagunna siga cariu.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Cécéngkolan bagian suku antara bitis jeung [[keuneung]], atawa bagian nu legok tukangeun [[tuur]] antara [[pingping]] jeung bitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Dampal suku bagian suku panghandapna anu napak kana titincakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Indung suku nyaéta [[ramo]] suku panggedéna.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Kacapuri nyaéta puhu suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Keuneung bagian suku antara [[cécéngkolan]] jeung dampal suku tukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Kuku]] bagian saperti tanduk dina [[ramo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Mumuncangan]] bagian suku anu ngabenggul sagedé [[muncang]], gigireun pigeulang suku jeung cecekolan kénca-katuhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Pigeulang suku bagian suku antara [[bincurang]] jeung [[tonggong]] suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Pingping]] bagian suku antara puhu pingping jeung [[tuur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Puhu pingping bagian suku pangluhurna anu tepung jeung awak.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Tonggong suku bagian suku handapeun pigeulang, tukangeun dampal suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Tuur]] bagian suku lebah sambungan tulang, handapeun pingping luhuren bitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
{{Anatomi manusa}}
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Suku]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]]</text>
      <sha1>qo5a0dm868z5mw0rby7mq5aqyerisxe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>732017</id>
      <parentid>732016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T12:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2123" sha1="9i7sdabcutx6qly4ykko65ier64x8v4" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar: human male foot.jpg|thumb|300px|right|suku manusa]]
'''Suku''' ([[kecap lemes|lemes]]: '''sampéan''', [[kecap lemes pisan|lemes pisan]]: '''dampal''', [[kecap cohag|cohag]]: '''cokor''') nyaéta anggota [[awak]] [[jelema]] atawa [[sato]] gunana pikeun nagtung jeung [[leumpang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber2&quot;&gt;R.A Darnadibrata, .Kamus Basa Sunda. Kiblat 2006. Bandung.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Babagian Suku ==
*[[Bincurang]] bagian suku antara [[tuur]] jeung pigeulang suku bagian hareup.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;&gt;{{id}}Rachmat Taufiq Hidayat, spk. Peperenian Urang Sunda. PT Kiblat Buku Utama. Bandung 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Bitis]] bagian suku antara [[tuur]] jeung pigeulang suku bagian tukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Buah bitis bagian nu menjekul dina [[bitis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Cacariuan [[tulang]] dina sambungan [[tuur]] beulah hareup, bagunna siga cariu.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Cécéngkolan bagian suku antara bitis jeung [[keuneung]], atawa bagian nu legok tukangeun [[tuur]] antara [[pingping]] jeung bitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Dampal suku]] bagian suku panghandapna anu napak kana titincakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Indung suku]] nyaéta [[ramo]] suku panggedéna.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Kacapuri]] nyaéta puhu suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Keuneung]] bagian suku antara [[cécéngkolan]] jeung dampal suku tukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Kuku]] bagian saperti tanduk dina [[ramo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Mumuncangan]] bagian suku anu ngabenggul sagedé [[muncang]], gigireun pigeulang suku jeung cecekolan kénca-katuhu.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Pigeulang suku bagian suku antara [[bincurang]] jeung [[tonggong]] suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Pingping]] bagian suku antara puhu pingping jeung [[tuur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*Puhu pingping bagian suku pangluhurna anu tepung jeung awak.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Tonggong]] suku bagian suku handapeun pigeulang, tukangeun dampal suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
*[[Tuur]] bagian suku lebah sambungan tulang, handapeun pingping luhuren bitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;sumber1&quot;/&gt;
{{Anatomi manusa}}
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Suku]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi manusa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Randamidang</title>
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      <text bytes="7468" sha1="7gxc6qjd5ulanw8905ki82qzkl3beo2" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{taxobox
|image = Cosmos caudatus Blanco2.287-cropped.jpg
|name = '''Randamidang'''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicot]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterid]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
|genus = ''[[Cosmos (tutuwuhan)|Cosmos]]''
|species = '''''C. caudatus'''''
|binomial = ''Cosmos caudatus''
|binomial_authority = [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]
|synonyms = ''Bidens caudatus''
|}}
'''Randamidang''' ('''''Cosmos caudatus''''') nyaéta hiji spésiés [[tutuwuhan]] tina genus [[Cosoms (tutuwuhan)|Cosmos]]. Randa midang  asalna ti nagara Amerika anu miboga iklim tropis, tuluy sumebar ka wilayah [[Asia]], nepi ka nagara [[Indonésia]]. Ngaran binomalna [[Cosmos Caudatus]]. Inohong anu miboga jasa pikeun méré ngaran ka ieu kembang nyaéta  [[Karl Sigmund]] Kunth di taun 1820. Di Indonesia, éta kembang ahéng ku ngaran [[Kenikir]], sedengkeun ku urang Malayu disebutna  Ulam Raja, pon kitu deui urang Sunda méré ngaran [[Randa Midang]] pikeun sesebutan [[Cosmos Caudatus Kunth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seafast.ipb.ac.id/tpc-project/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/buku-kenikir-rev1.pdf|title=Tanaman Kenikir|last=Fast|first=Sea|website=seafat.ipb.ac.id|publisher=IPB|accessdate=12/02/2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013195625/http://seafast.ipb.ac.id/tpc-project/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/buku-kenikir-rev1.pdf |date=2017-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciri mandiri ==
[[Gambar:Unidentified flower, Mangunharjo Orchard, Dlingo, Yogyakarta.JPG|thumb|Kembang randamidang]]Randa midang miboga jangkung 75-100 jeung bau anu has. Batang ngadeg kalayan ajeg, wangunna pasagi. Daun silih silang kawas lambang cakra  pahareup-hareup sarta miboga panjang 15–25&amp;nbsp;cm, warnana héjo. Kembangna réa, wangunna bongkol (gépéng), panjangna ±25&amp;nbsp;cm, makuta kabagi jadi 8 daun sarta miboga panjang ±1&amp;nbsp;cm, warnana beureum. [[Benang sari]] wangunna kawas tabung, hulu sari warnana coklat adu manis jeung  hideung. Putik wangunna kawas miboga buuk, lamun ngora kénéh warnana héjo, sanggeus kolot warnanana jadi coklat. Sikina heuras, miboga rupa kawas jarum anu panjangna ±1&amp;nbsp;cm, warnana hideung. Akar ngarancabang miboga warna bodas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://repository.ump.ac.id/3749/3/DITA%20PUSPITA%20BAB%20II.pdf|title=KENIKIR|last=Puspita|first=Dita|website=ump.ac.id|publisher=UMP|accessdate=12/02/2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zat ==
Ieu tutuwuhan téh ngandung sawatara zat, di anarana:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://repository.ump.ac.id/3749/3/DITA%20PUSPITA%20BAB%20II.pdf|title=Kenikir|last=Puspita|first=Dita|website=ump.ac.id|publisher=UMP|accessdate=12/02/2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Tokoferol]]
* [[Polifenol]]
* [[Hidtoksieugenol]]
* [[Flavonoid]]
* [[Saponin]]
* [[Terpenoid]]
* [[Mineral]]
* [[Kalsium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Kuersetin]]

== Mangpaat ==
* '''Sistem imunitas pikeun awak''' 
&lt;blockquote&gt;Daun Randa Midang miboga [[Vitamin]] A jeung [[vitamin]] E mangpaatna bisa ngaronjatkeun sistem imunitas pikeun awak. Salian ti eta, Randa Midang ogé miboga [[Vitamin C]] mangpaatna pikeun ngaronjatkeun sistem [[Métabolisme]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://manfaat.co.id/10-manfaat-daun-kenikir-bagi-kesehatan-tubuh-anda|title=20+ Manfaat Daun Kenikir bagi Kesehatan Tubuh Anda - Manfaat.co.id|date=2015-02-03|newspaper=Manfaat.co.id|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
* '''Kasehatan tulang'''
&lt;blockquote&gt;[[Mineral]] [[Kalsium]] jeung [[magnesium]] anu aya dina Randa Midang miboga mangpaat pikeun nyieun tulang sangkan kuat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
* '''Bau baham'''
&lt;blockquote&gt;[[Koniferil alcohol]] anu aya dina danun Randa Midang miboga pancén pikeun ngusir kokotor (bakteri jeung kuman) anu kabawa ngaliwatan kadaharan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
* '''Ngaronjatkeun napsu dahar'''
&lt;blockquote&gt;[[Kuarsetin]] anu aya dina Randa Midang miboga mangpaat pikeun ngaronjatkeun napsu dahar pikeun budak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Ubar  ==

=== ''Maag'' ===
[[Tokoferol polifenol]] jeung [[hidrosieugnol]] moboga pancén pikeun nguatkeun [[otot Sphingter]] anu aya dina lambung. Pancénna pikeun narima kadaharan kalayan teu nyieun bahla kana lambung.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.khasiatmanfaatdaun.com/2017/09/khasiat-daun-kenikir.html|title=Apa Fungsi atau Khasiat Daun Kenikir Untuk Kanker &amp; Asam urat?|last=Lavanaa|first=Asgar|website=Khasiat Manfaat Daun|accessdate=2018-02-14}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209054204/http://www.khasiatmanfaatdaun.com/2017/09/khasiat-daun-kenikir.html |date=2018-02-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cara:
# Kulub daun Randa Midang
# Tuluy pisahkeun cai jeung daun daun Randa midang
# Caina inum
# Lakukeun sacara rutin dua kali dina sapoé

=== Lemah jajantung ===
Mangpaat [[antioksidan]] jeung [[flavonoid]] miboga pancén pikeun ngubaran [[sel-sel]] anu geus ruksak. Sedengkeun pikeun jantung éta jat miboga mangpaat pikeun ngalancarkeun lajuna getih ku cara nyieun kuat [[otot jantung]] jeung  [[pembuluh darah]].

Cara:
# Kulub daun Randa Midang
# Tuluy pisahkeun cai jeung daun daun Randa midang
# Caina inum
# Lakukeun sacara rutin dua kali dina sapoé

=== Gondongeun ===
[[Polifenol]] jeung [[tokoferol]] miboga mangpaat pikeun radang nalika gondongeun.

Cara:
# Kumbah daun Randa Midang
# Tutu daun Randa Midang anu geus dibersihkeun
# Tambah cuka kalayan takeran 1:1
# Oles kana beuheung anu gondongeun

=== Bareuh Pinareup ===
[[Terpenoid]] jeung [[antiflamasi]] miboga mangpaat pikeun ngubaran bareuh dina pinareup (hususna ibu-ibu anu miboga fase mere [[ASI]] ka budak)

Cara:
# Kumbah daun randa midang
# Sanggeus dikumbah, duruk daun randa midang sangkan tutung
# Sanggeus diduruk, simpen éta daun kana bagéan pinareup anu bareuh
# Lakukeun sacara rutin

=== Ubar Kanker ===
[[Saponin]], [[terpenoid]], [[flavonoid]] jeung [[antioksidan]] mampuh ngalawan kanker.

Cara:
# Kulub daun Randa Midang
# Tuluy pisahkeun cai jeung daun daun Randa midang
# Caina inum
# Lakukeun sacara rutin dua kali dina sapoé

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons category|Cosmos caudatus}}
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=COCA21 SDA Plants Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109190721/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=COCA21 |date=2012-11-09 }}
*[http://www.picable.com/Nature/Flowers/Cosmos-Caudatus-Again.266359 Photo: Flower]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215232814/http://www.picable.com/Nature/Flowers/Cosmos-Caudatus-Again.266359 |date=2012-02-15 }}
*[http://www.picable.com/Food/Vegetables/Cosmos-Caudatus-ulam-Raja.227053 Photo: Leaves]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215232826/http://www.picable.com/Food/Vegetables/Cosmos-Caudatus-ulam-Raja.227053 |date=2012-02-15 }}
*[http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FTEA006672&amp;pgs=&amp;cookieSet=1 Aluka Profile]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite journal |author=Shui G, Leong LP, Wong SP |title=Rapid screening and characterisation of antioxidants of ''Cosmos caudatus'' using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry |journal=J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. |volume=827 |issue=1 |pages=127–38 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16087413 |doi=10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.029 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570-0232(05)00492-7}}

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Cosmos (tutuwuhan)]]
[[Kategori:Asteraceae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hiris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47834</id>
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        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
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|name = Hiris (Gude)
|image = Cajanus caja 080716-1078 ayot.jpg
|image_caption = Gude, ''Cajanu caja''&lt;br&gt;dari [[Amanatun Utara, Timor Tengah Selatan|Ayotupas]], [[Timor Tengah Selatan]]
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]]
|ordo = [[Fabales]]
|familia = [[Fabaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Cajanus]]''
|species = '''''C. cajan'''''
|binomial = ''Cajanus cajan''
|binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Charles Frederick Millspaugh|Millsp.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{aut|Millspaugh, C.F.}}  1900.  
''Publications of the Field Columbian Museum''. Botanical series.  '''2'''(1): 53. Chicago, IL.&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms=
* ''Cytisus cajan'' &lt;small&gt;L. (1753)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{aut|Linne, C. von}}.  1753.  ''Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, ...''  [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358745#page/181/mode/1up '''2''': 739].  Holmiae : Impensis Laurentii Salvii&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Cytisus pseudocajan'' &lt;small&gt;[[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]] (1772)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{aut|Jacquin, N.J. von}}.  1772.  [http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753003324966 ''Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis'' v. '''2'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513051335/http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753003324966 |date=2022-05-13 }}: 54.  Vindobonae : Typis Leopoldi Joannis Kaliwoda, aulae imperialis typographi.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Cajanus flavus'' &lt;small&gt;[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC.]] (1813)&lt;/small&gt;, nom. illeg.
* ''Cajanus indicus'' &lt;small&gt;[[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel|Spreng.]] (1826)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{aut|Sprengel, C.P.J.}}.  1826.  ''Systema vegetabilium [Caroli Linnaei ... ]. Editio decima sexta.  [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15254#page/249/mode/1up vol. '''III''': 248]. Gottingae, Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Cytisus guineensis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Heinrich Cristian Friedrich Schumacher|Schumach.]] &amp; Thonn. (1827)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{aut|Schumacher, H.C.F.}}  1827.  ''Beskrivelse af Guineeiske Planter som ere Fundne af Danske Botanikere, Isaet af Etatsraad Thonning ved F. C. Schumacher. Kjöbenhavn'' [http://archive.org/stream/beskrivelseafgui00schu#page/348/mode/2up p.349]&lt;/ref&gt;
|synonyms_ref =&lt;ref&gt;{{The Plant List: [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-2524 ''Cajanus cajan'' (L.) Millsp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409020537/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-2524 |date=2023-04-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; |accessdate=21 November 2013}}
'''Hiris''' atawa '''Gude''', '''kacang gude''', atau '''kacang bali''' ('''''Cajanus cajan''''') nyaéta sarupaning [[tangkal]]  [[kacang-kacangan]] anu hirupna nahun  (perenial). [[Siki]]na bisa didahar sarta mangrupa sumber [[pangan]] séjéna. Ieu tangkal kawilang tahan kana iklim panas ku lantaran éta tangkal hiris dipaké tangkal ''penghijauan'' di daérah anu mibanda lahan garing, di sabaraha tempat dipelak digalengan [[sawah]] atawa pager hirup anu ngurilingan sisi [[kebon]].

Di [[Indonesia]], ieu tangkal katelah  ''binatung'' ([[Makassar]]),&lt;ref name=vlsm/&gt; ''fouhate'' ([[Bahasa Ternate|Ternaté]] jeung [[Tidore]]),&lt;ref name=prosea&gt;{{cite web |date= |title=Cajanus cajan Druce. |publisher=Prosea - Prohati |url=http://www.proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=185 |accessdate=27 April 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413020811/http://proseanet.org/prohati2/browser.php?docsid=185 |archivedate=13 April 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Hiris'', ''kacang kai'', ''kacang gude'' ([[Bahasa Jawa|Jawa]]), ''kacang bali'' ([[Bahasa Melayu]]), ''kacang hiris'' ([[Bahasa Sunda|Sunda]]), ''kance'' ([[Bahasa Bugis|Bugis]]), ''kekace'', ''undis'' ([[Bahasa Bali|Bali]]), ''kacang iris'', ''kacang turis'', ''lebui'', ''legui'', ''puwe jai'' ([[Halmahéra]]), ''tulis'' ([[Roté]]), ''tunis'' ([[Timor]]), ''ritik lias'' ([[Batak]] [[Karo]]), jeung ''koloure ''(Tomia-Wakatobi).&lt;ref name=iptek&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&amp;id=114 |title=Gude |publisher=IPTEKnet |accessdate=27 April 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515064604/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?mnu=2&amp;id=114 |archivedate=15 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gambaran ==
[[File:Cajanus cajan Blanco1.167-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Gambar Hiris dijieun ku Blanco]]
[[File:Cajanus cajan MHNT.BOT.2015.2.47.jpg|thumb|left|180px|''Cajanus cajan'']]
Hiris mangrupa [[perdu]] jangkung nepi ka 3 [[meter|m]].&lt;ref name=sastra/&gt; Ieu tangkal henteu mibanda umur panjang kurang leuwih 1-5 [[taun]] salila hirupna.&lt;ref name=prosea/&gt; dina [[tangkal]]na aya [[bulu]]-bulu anu lemes, tur mibanda dahan anu kawilang loba. Tangkalna buleud tur aya guratan dina saluareun kulitna kelirna [[héjo]] nepi ka rada kacoklatan. [[Daun]]na sapasang, unggal pasang mibanda tilu palapah. Ieu daunna ogé mibanda bulu-bulu anu lemes, wujudna lonyod &lt;ref name=iptek/&gt; [[kulit]] [[dahan]]na mibanda kelir héjo. [[kembang]]na jiga [[kukupu]] ngaranggeuy aya sababaraha [[kembang]] dina saranggeuy panjangna kurang leuwih 15-30 [[cm]], kelirna semu ''jiga'' layung nepikeun ka rada kacoklatan .&lt;ref name=sastra/&gt;  [[serbuk sari]] mibanda kelir [[konéng]], [[putik]]na ngan hiji, melengkung, mahkotana ogé konéng .&lt;ref name=vlsm/&gt; [[Buah]]na polong, mibanda ukuran kurang leuwih 7,5 [[cm]],&lt;ref name=sastra/&gt; lempeng/aya ogé anu melengkung jiga [[arit]]. Sikina laleutik di mana masih ngora mibanda kelir [[bodas]], robah kelir sikina jadi gading dina mangsa gumading, nepi ka [[coklat]], di mana geus kolot &lt;ref name=prosea/&gt;. [[Akar]]na tunggang, sarta mibanda kelir [[bodas]] rada rumeuk.&lt;ref name=vlsm&gt;{{cite web |date=14 November 2001 |title=Cajanus cajan Millspaugh. |publisher=[[Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia|Departemen Kesehatan]] |url=http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-050.pdf |accessdate=27 April 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207052904/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-050.pdf |archivedate=7 December 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Starr 080610-8265 Cajanus cajan.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Siki buah Hiris di mana geus kolot]]
Siki [[buah]] hiris sirungan dina 2-3 minggu ti saprak dipelakeun dina [[taneuh]]. Umur 56-210 [[poé]] Kaluar [[kembang]]. Tangkal hiris kagolongkeun déwasa di mana geus nincak umur  95-256 poé dina kaayaan normal [[usum]] [[hujan]] jeung beurang leuwih lila ieu tangkal gancang pisan kembangan. Tapi di [[Indonésia]] mah, [[usum]] kembangan jeung buahan bisa waé sapanjang taun.

== Habitat ==
[[File:Cajanu caja 080716-1074 ayot.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Polong (Buah hiris ngora)]]
Dilaporkeun ku [[Setijati Sastrapradja]] jeung baturna dina taun [[1981]], gude/hiris mimiti kapanggih di [[Afrika]]. Kaduana di [[India]] anu mangrupa puseur tina rupa-rupa pepelakan. Kiwari, ieu tangkal hiris loba kapanggih di nagara-nagara [[tropis]] ogé [[subtropis]].&lt;ref name=sastra&gt;{{aut|Sastrapradja, Setijati; Lubis, Siti Harti Aminah; Djajasukma, Eddy; Soetarno, Hadi; Lubis, Ischak}} (1981). Proyek Penelitian Potensi Sumber Daya Ekonomi:Sayur-Sayuran '''6''':36{{spaced ndash}}37. Jakarta: LIPI bekerja sama dengan Balai Pustaka. [[OCLC]] 66307472.|accessdate=1 Agustus 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun catetan [[Prosea]], hiris/gude asal muasalna ti [[India]], satuluyna nyebar nepi ka [[Asia Tenggara]]. Gude nepi ka Afrika dina taun 2000 SM bisa ogé saméméhna ti éta, nepi ka nagara [[Amerika]] ngaliwatan [[budak]]-budak beulian ti Afrika , jeung disawang ieu hiris ngaliwan ogé [[Atlantik]] jeung[[Pasifik]]. Kiwari ieu tangkal téh loba jadi pepelakan di nagara [[tropis]], kaasup di jerona [[Anakbenua India]] jeung [[Afrika Selatan]], meureun mimiti tina abad ka-17 Masehi.&lt;ref name=Inshadow&gt;{{aut|Carney, J. A.; Rosomoff, R. N.}} (2009). ''In the Shadow of Slavery. Africa’s Botanical legacy in the Atlantic World''. Berkeley:University of California Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

Catetan-catetan séjén mertelakeun kamungkinan ieu tangkal asalna ti [[India]]. Di dieu aya tangkal liar anu mangrupa kulawarrgana (''Mansi'') tempatna di leuweung  [[tropis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{aut|Van der Maeson, L. J. G.}} (1995). &quot;Pigeonpea ''Cajanus cajan''&quot;, hal. 251–5 &lt;u&gt;dalam&lt;/u&gt; {{aut|Smartt, J.; Simmonds, N. W.}} (eds.), ''Evolution of Crop Plants''. [[Essex]]:Longman.&lt;/ref&gt; Papanginggah arkéologis ngeunaan ieu kacang bali sahenteuna aya dina dua situs [[Neolitik]] di [[Odisha]], [[Gopalpur]] jeung [[Golbai Sassan]] umurna kurang leuwih 3.400 jeung 3.000 taun anu geus kaliwat, jeung hiji situs di [[India kidul]], [[Sanganakallu]] jeung [[Tuljapur Garhi]], ogé mibanda umur kurang leuwih 3,400 taun kaliwat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite doi|10.1179/174963106x123232}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti [[India]], nepi keun ka [[Afrika wétan]] jeung [[Afrika Kulon]]. Dinamangsa kapanggih ku urang [[Eropa]], nya di dieu pisan dingaranan ''Congo Pea'' (Kacang Kongo).&lt;ref name=Inshadow/&gt;

Di [[Indonésia]], tangkal hiris geus dibudidayakeun sahenteuna di pulo [[Jawa]]ti [[abad ka-6]] maséhi. [[Budidaya]] hiris dina ukuran loba tacan pernah dilakukeun, tapi kacang hiris ieu umumna dihasilkeun di pulo Jawa, [[Bali]], [[Nusa Tenggara ]], [[Sulawesi]], jeung  [[Wakatobi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;p49&quot;&gt;{{aut|Mas'ud, Syharir}} ''[http://balitsereal.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/images/stories/p49.pdf Kajian Perusak Polong Sebagai Hama Utama pada Kacang Gude di Sulawesi Selatan]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' hal.373{{spaced ndash}}379. &lt;u&gt;dalam&lt;/u&gt; Prosiding Pekan Serealia Nasional. ISBN 978-979 8940-29-3.&lt;/ref&gt; Utamana di jawa beulah wetan loba huma-huma ogé kebon anu kaayaana 2000 [[mdpl]].&lt;ref name=sastra/&gt; Heyne nétélakeun yén ieu tangkal bisa jadi kalawan subur dina  1650 [[mdpl]]. Tangkal hiris bisa dibudidayakeun  di nagara-nagara anu mibanda iklim tropis atawa subtropis. Baheula di dataran [[Sunda]], tangkal hiris bisa jadi sanajan dipelakeun dina [[taneuh]] anu kawilang garing &lt;ref name=Heyne/&gt; Di [[Jawa]], tangkal hiris dijieu pepelakan anu ngabantu pikeun nyukupan kabutuhan pangan jeung gemuk héjo. Bisa jadi dipelakeun ti mimiti dataran lebak nepikeun ka dataran luhur 2000 [[mdpl]]. Dina hirupna mikabutuh pisan kana cahaya panon poé jeung kurang kuat di mana taneuh beueus.&lt;ref name=Setiawan&gt;{{aut|[[Setiawan Dalimartha|Dalimartha, Setiawan]]}} (1999). ''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=7Xnukm8r-Y4C&amp;pg=PA65 Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia]'' '''1''':65{{spaced ndash}}67. [[Jakarta]]:Trubus Agriwidya. ISBN 979-661-051-5.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kagunaan jeung mangpaat ==
[[Polong]] hiris anu ngora kénéh dipaké [[lalab]], [[sayur]] atawa [[rujak]]. [[Siki]]na saméméh dikonsumsi biasana digoréng heula, sakapeung bisa ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun ubar, dijieun [[témpé]] jeung [[tahu]] gagantina [[kadelé]], atawa diolah ku jalan disangray.&lt;ref&gt;{{efn|Catatan penggunaan kacang gude sudah lebih awal dibuat oleh [[Karel Heyne]] (1916 dalam ''De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië'' [Tumbuhan berguna dari Hindia Belanda]), dia mengutip pernyataan H.C.H. De Bie (Januari 1915) dari ''Pemimpin Pengoesaha Tanah'' ([[EYD]]:Pemimpin Pengusaha Tanah) yang mempergunakan daun kacang gude yang direbus dan polong mudanya yang dipakai untuk semacam [[tempe]]&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=Heyne&gt;{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]]}} (1916). ''[http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/332/mode/2up De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië] [Tumbuhan berguna dari Hindia Belanda]''. '''2''':332. [[Batavia]]:Ruygrok.&lt;/ref&gt; Di Anak benua India, kacang hiris diarah sikina tuluy diolah jadi hiji kadaharan anukatelah  ''dhal'. Baheula  Heyne dina taun [[1916]], ''dhal'' dianggap kurang kagunaana; ku lantaran éta kacang hiris dijieun kadaharan panutup anu dibéré rasa amis
.&lt;ref name=Heyne/&gt; Daun ngorana bisa dilalab saméméhna diléob atawa diseupan heula.&lt;ref name=Setiawan/&gt; [[Kembang]] jeung [[siki]]na ogé sakapeung disayur. Dahan jeung [[tangkal]] dipaké pikeun suluh atawa dijieun karinjang. Mangpaat séjén tangkal hiris nyaéta mangrupa pepelakan palawija pikeun iuh-iuh pikeun tangkal valina, ogé panahan angin. Di [[Madagaskar]], daunna dipaké ogé pikeun parab [[hileud]] sutra.

Kandungan [[kimia]] jeung [[gizi]]na, dipikanyaho: daunna ngandung [[flavonoid]], [[saponin]], jeung [[polifenol]]. Sedengkeun dahan jeung tangkalna  flavonoida, saponin, jeung [[tanin]].&lt;ref name=Setiawan/&gt; Menurut situs ''Globinmed.com'', disebutkan lebih lengkap kandungan [[gizi]]na:2'-o-methylcajanone, 7-hydroxy-methoxyisolaflavone, alpha-copaene, beta-himachalene, cajaminose, cajanin, asam cajaninistilbene, cajaquinone, lupéol, orientin, asam fitat, pinostrobin, vitexin, jeung sajabana.&lt;ref name=globinmed&gt;{{cite web |title=''Cajanus cajan'' |work=Globinmed |url=http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=85412:cajanus-cajan&amp;catid=199:safety-of-herbal&amp;Itemid=139 |accessdate=21 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202150924/https://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=85412:cajanus-cajan&amp;catid=199:safety-of-herbal&amp;Itemid=139 |archivedate=2 December 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Energi]] yang terkandung berkisar 1450 kJ/100 g. [[Biji]] segar mengandung [[vitamin]], terutama [[provitamin A]] dan [[vitamin B kompleks]].&lt;ref name=detail&gt;{{aut|van der Maesen, L.J.G.}} (1989).&quot;''Cajanus cajan'' (L.) Millsp&quot;. In: {{aut|van der Maesen, L.J.G. &amp; Somaatmadja, S.}} (Editor). &quot;Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 1: Pulses.&quot; Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands, hal. 39-42 &lt;u&gt;dalam&lt;/u&gt; {{cite web |url=http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&amp;id=1 |title=''Cajanus cajan'' |work=E-Prosea Detail |accessdate=1 Agustus 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610195911/http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&amp;id=1 |archivedate=2015-06-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hiris bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun ubar ararateul, Heyne nalungtik  di [[Buitenzorg]] (kiwari [[Bogor]]) daun hiris diléob tuluy caina diinum  .&lt;ref name=sastra/&gt;&lt;ref name=Heyne/&gt; Daun hiris ogé dipaké pikeun ngubaran geuring kuneng, sariawan dina baham, sesek nafas, jeung gangguan padaharan. Di [[Jawa]], daun hiris dipaké pikeun ngubaran galingging, jeung [[herpes]]. Akar tangkal hiris ogé mujarab pikeun ngubaran cacingeun, batuk berdahak, jeung raheut. Aya ogé sikina dipaké pikeun ngubaran bagéan awak anu bareuh .&lt;ref name=Setiawan/&gt; Disababaraha tempat di [[Afrika]], ieu tangkal hiris dipaké pikeun ngubaran kasakit padaharan. Malahan di [[Madagaskar]] ieu tangkal téh dipaké pikeun ngosok huntu. séjén ti éta tangkal hiris bisa digunakeun pikeun ngubaran infeksi [[mata]], nyeri ceuli, Jeung akarna dipaké ngubaran panyakit  [[sipilis]].&lt;ref name=globinmed/&gt;

== Melak hiris ==
Hiris mangrupa pepelakan sumber [[pangan]] anu loba kagunanana, di [[Indonésia]] ([[Jawa Timur]]jeung [[Pulau Sunda]]) ogé [[Filipina]]gude mangrupa tangkal anu mindeng dipelak di daérah anu garing, dipelak disisi [[kebon]] jeung [[sawah]]-sawah. Dipelak tina sikina. Bisa dipelak babarengan jeung [[sorgum]], [[suuk]] atawa [[kapas]].&lt;ref name=detail/&gt;  panyakit atawa [[Hama]] tangkal gude anu mindeng ngaganggu nyaéta [[spesies]] ''[[Heliothis]]'' jeung [[lalat buah]] ''[[Agromyza]]''. Sedengkeun, di Sulawesi beulah kaler, kacang gude diganggu ku hama [[polong]], nyaéta ''[[Maruca testulalis]]'' jeung''[[Helicoverpa]]'' sp. Sok padahal ieu, beubeunangan tatanén kacang hiris ieu mangrupa panambah pikeun nyubadanan kabutuhan kadaharan atawa pangan.&lt;ref name=p49/&gt; Disebutkeun ku  [[Rumphius]] anu dilaporkeun ku Heyne- di mana  &quot;[[hileud]] buah jeung daun bakal daratang dina mangsa asup kana usum [[hujan]]. Tangkal hiris buahan genep bulan ti saprak dipelak.&lt;ref name=Heyne/&gt;&lt;ref name=detail/&gt;

== Taksonomi ==
Dilaporkeun ku ''Heyne'', hiris kabagi jadi sababaraha [[forma]], jeung dibédakeun dumasar kana kelir [[kulit]] buah [[[[siki]]]], utamana:&lt;ref name=Heyne/&gt;
* Abu-abu [[bodas]];
* [[Konéng]];
* [[coklat]] jeung ;
* [[hideung]]

==Dicutat tina==
'''Catatan bawah'''
{{notelist}}

'''Referensi'''
{{reflist|30em}}
{{commons category|Cajanus cajan}}
[[Kategori:Bungbuahan]]
[[Kategori:Fabaceae]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]]
[[Kategori:Lalab]]</text>
      <sha1>70y3hb890tgzl0k6zfucwpkao1yk94o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Poaceae</title>
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        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
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      <text bytes="17256" sha1="lyhelfpibegkab93vnx2pqg7xn456kt" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Poaceae''
| image = Starr 080220-3052 Unknown poaceae.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Poales]]
| familia = [[CPoaceae]]
}}
'''Poacéae''', asalna mah disebut '''Graminae''', nyaéta salah sahiji kulawarga tina [[tutuwuhan kembangan]] [[monokotil]] (Monocotyledonéae), nu mangrupa hiji sumber divisi tina urutan [[poales]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://www.britannica.com/plant/Poaceae Poaceae] (diakses 3 Pebruari 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet? Clacification of poaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318041757/http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet |date=2016-03-18 }} (diakses 3 Pebruari 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; Tutuwuhan ieu sok disebut ogé salaku '''jujukutan'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;/&gt; Ieu mangrupa salah sahiji di antara lima kulawarga tutuwuhan kembangan nu pangluhurna dina hal jumlah spésés, ngan ieu jelas kulawarga [[flora]] pang lobana jeung pohara pentingna di [[bumi]].{{fact}} Diwangun ku leuwih ti 10.000 spésiés.&lt;ref name=&quot;tilu&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://eol.org/pages/8223/overview Overview]  (diakses 3 Pebruari 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Habitat==
Poacéae tumuwuh di sakabéh [[benua]], di padang pasir boh habitat [[cai]] tawar atawa [[laut]], nepi ka dina tempat pangluhurna.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;/&gt; Komunitas tutuwuhan nu didominasi ku jujukutan nyumbang antara 24 persén tina vegetasi bumi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;/&gt; Poacéae sumebar di sakabéh dunya, iwal ti [[Greenland]] jeung [[antartika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;/&gt;

==Poaceae dina Kahirupan Manusa==
Poacéae ogé mangrupa sumber nu pangpentingna dina dunia dahareun.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt; Jeung mangrupa kelompok pangpentingna sacara ekonomi, nu penting téh kaasup [[serealia]], [[jukut]], tiwu, jeung tutuwuhan bumbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt; Spésiés tina ieu tutuwuhan nepi ka geus diolah pikeun jadi tutuwuhan [[pangan]] pokok (seréalia jeung gula misalna), pakan pikeun [[sato ingon]], [[biofuel]], nepi ka bahan wangunan, [[kertas]] jeung [[lansekap]] hias.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt;

==Babagian Genus==
#Genus  Achnatherum P. Béauv. – needlegrass P
#Genus  ×Achnella Barkworth – ricegrass P
#Genus  Acrachne Chiov. – goosegrass P
#Genus  Acroceras Stapf – acroceras P
#Genus  Aegilops L. – goatgrass P
#Genus  Aegopogon Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd. – relaxgrass P
#Genus  Aeluropus Trin. – Indian walnut P
#Genus  ×Agroelymus E.G. Camus ex A. Camus – agroelymus P
#Genus  ×Agropogon Fourn. – agropogon P
#Genus  Agropyron Gaertn. – whéatgrass P
#Genus  Agrostis L. – bentgrass P
#Genus  Aira L. – hairgrass P
#Genus  Allolepis Söderst. &amp; Decker – Texas salt P
#Genus  Alloteropsis J. Presl – summergrass P
#Genus  Alopecurus L. – foxtail P
#Genus  Amblyopyrum Eig – amblyopyrum P
#Genus  ×Ammocalamagrostis P. Fourn. P
#Genus  Ammophila Host – béachgrass P
#Genus  Ampelodesmos Link – Mauritanian grass P
#Genus  Amphibromus Nees – wallaby grass P
#Genus  Amphicarpum Kunth – maidencane P
#Genus  Ancistrachne S.T. Blake P
#Genus  Andropogon L. – bluestem P
#Genus  Anthaenantia P. Béauv. – silkyscale P
#Genus  Anthephora Schreb. – oldfield grass P
#Genus  Anthoxanthum L. – hornwort P
#Genus  Apera Adans. – silkybent P
#Genus  Apluda L. – Mauritian grass P
#Genus  Arctagrostis Griseb. – polargrass P
#Genus  ×Arctodupontia Tzvelev – arctodupontia P
#Genus  Arctophila Rupr. ex Andersson – pendantgrass P
#Genus  Aristida L. – threéawn P
#Genus  Arrhenatherum P. Béauv. – oatgrass P
#Genus  Arthraxon P. Béauv. – carpetgrass P
#Genus  Arthrostylidium Rupr. – climbing bamboo P
#Genus  Arundinaria Michx. – cane P
#Genus  Arundinella Raddi – rabo de gato P
#Genus  Arundo L. – giant reed P
#Genus  Astrebla F. Muell. ex Benth. P
#Genus  Austrostipa S.W.L. Jacobs &amp; J. Everett P
#Genus  Avellinia Parl. P
#Genus  Avena L. – oat P
#Genus  Avenula (Dumort.) Dumort. – oatgrass P
#Genus  Axonopus P. Béauv. – carpetgrass P
#Genus  Bambusa Schreb. – bamboo P
#Genus  Beckmannia Host – sloughgrass P
#Genus  Blepharidachne Hack. – desertgrass P
#Genus  Blepharoneuron Nash – dropseed P
#Genus  Borinda Stapleton – borinda P
#Genus  Bothriochloa Kuntze – béardgrass P
#Genus  Bouteloua Lag. – grama P
#Genus  Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. – signalgrass P
#Genus  Brachyachne Stapf P
#Genus  Brachyelytrum P. Béauv. – shorthusk P
#Genus  Brachypodium P. Béauv. – false brome P
#Genus  Briza L. – quakinggrass P
#Genus  Bromidium Nees &amp; Meyen – tropical bent P
#Genus  Bromus L. – brome P
#Genus  Calamagrostis Adans. – reedgrass P
#Genus  ×Calammophila Brand – calammophila P
#Genus  Calamovilfa (A. Gray) Hack. ex Scribn. &amp; Southworth – sandreed P
#Genus  Calyptochloa C.E. Hubb. P
#Genus  Castellia Tinéo P
#Genus  Catabrosa P. Béauv. – whorlgrass P
#Genus  Catapodium Link – ferngrass P
#Genus  Cathestecum J. Presl – false grama P
#Genus  Celtica F.M. Vázquez &amp; Barkworth P
#Genus  Cenchrus L. – sandbur P
#Genus  Cent#theca Desv. P
#Genus  Centr#p#dia (R. Br.) Rchb. P
#Genus  Chasmanthium Link – w##d#ats P
#Genus  Chl#ris Sw. – windmill grass P
#Genus  Chrys#p#g#n Trin. – false béardgrass P
#Genus  Chusquéa Kunth – chusquéa bamb## P
#Genus  Cinna L. – w##dreed P
#Genus  Clad#raphis Franch. – bristly l#vegrass P
#Genus  Cleistachne Benth. P
#Genus  Cleist#genes Keng P
#Genus  C#el#rachis Br#ngn. – j#inttail grass P
#Genus  C#ix L. – J#b's téars P
#Genus  C#léanthus Seidel – m#ssgrass P
#Genus  C#rtaderia Stapf – pampas grass P
#Genus  C#ryneph#rus P. Béauv. – clubawn grass P
#Genus  C#ttéa Kunth – c#tta grass P
#Genus  Crypsis Ait#n – pricklegrass P
#Genus  Ctenium Panzer – t##thache grass P
#Genus  Cutandia Willk. – Memphisgrass P
#Genus  Cymb#p#g#n Spreng. – lem#n grass P
#Genus  Cyn#d#n Rich. – Bermudagrass P
#Genus  Cyn#surus L. – d#gstail grass P
#Genus  Cyrt#c#ccum Stapf P
#Genus  Dactylis L. – #rchardgrass P
#Genus  Dactyl#ctenium Willd. – cr#wf##t grass P
#Genus  Danth#nia DC. – #atgrass P
#Genus  Danth#ni#psis Stapf P
#Genus  Dasy#chl#a Willd. ex Rydb. – w##llygrass P
#Genus  Dasypyrum (C#ss. &amp; Durieu) T. Dur. – m#squit#grass P
#Genus  Dendr#calamus Nees P
#Genus  Deschampsia P. Béauv. – hairgrass P
#Genus  Desm#stachya (Stapf) Stapf P
#Genus  Diarrhena P. Béauv. – béakgrain P
#Genus  Dichanthelium (Hitchc. &amp; Chase) G#uld – r#sette grass P
#Genus  Dichanthium Willem. – bluestem P
#Genus  Dichelachne Endl. – plumegrass P
#Genus  Diect#mis Kunth – f#ldedléaf grass P
#Genus  Digitaria Haller – crabgrass P
#Genus  Dimeria R. Br. P
#Genus  Dinebra Jacq. – viper grass P
#Genus  Dissanthelium Trin. – Catalina grass P
#Genus  Diss#ch#ndrus (Hillebr.) Kuntze – false brittlegrass P
#Genus  Distichlis Raf. – saltgrass P
#Genus  ×Dup#a J. Cay. &amp; S.J. Darbyshire – dup#a P
#Genus  Dup#ntia R. Br. – tundragrass P
#Genus  Echin#chl#a P. Béauv. – c#ckspur grass P
#Genus  Echin#p#g#n P. Béauv. P
#Genus  Ectr#sia R. Br. – ectr#sia P
#Genus  Ehrharta Thunb. – veldtgrass P
#Genus  Eleusine Gaertn. – g##segrass P
#Genus  Eli#nurus Humb. &amp; B#npl. ex Willd. – balsamscale grass P
#Genus  ×Elyh#rdeum Mansf. ex Zizin &amp; Petr#wa – barley P
#Genus  ×Elyleymus Baum – wildrye P
#Genus  Elymus L. – wildrye P
#Genus  Elytrigia Desv. P
#Genus  Ennéap#g#n Desv. ex P. Béauv. – féather pappusgrass P
#Genus  Enter#p#g#n Nees – umbrellagrass P
#Genus  Ent#lasia Stapf – ent#lasia P
#Genus  Eragr#stis v#n W#lf – l#vegrass P
#Genus  Erem#chl#a Büse – centipede grass P
#Genus  Erem#pyrum (Ledeb.) Jaubert &amp; Spach – false whéatgrass P
#Genus  Eriachne R. Br. P
#Genus  Eri#chl#a Kunth – cupgrass P
#Genus  Eri#chrysis P. Béauv. – m#c# de pav# P
#Genus  Eri#neur#n Nash – w##llygrass P
#Genus  Euclasta Franch. – m#ck bluestem P
#Genus  Eulalia Trin. P
#Genus  Eulali#psis H#nda – sabaigrass P
#Genus  Eustachys Desv. – fingergrass P
#Genus  Festuca L. – fescue P
#Genus  ×Festul#lium Asch. &amp; Graebn. – festul#lium P
#Genus  Fingerhuthia Nees – Zulu fescue P
#Genus  Garn#tia Br#ngn. – lawngrass P
#Genus  Gastridium P. Béauv. – nit grass P
#Genus  Gaudinia P. Béauv. – fragile #at P
#Genus  Gigant#chl#a Kurz ex Munr# – gigant#chl#a P
#Genus  Glyceria R. Br. – mannagrass P
#Genus  Gymn#p#g#n P. Béauv. – skelet#ngrass P
#Genus  Gynerium Willd. ex P. Béauv. – wildcane P
#Genus  Hackel#chl#a Kuntze – pitscale grass P
#Genus  Hainardia Greuter – barbgrass P
#Genus  Hak#nechl#a Makin# ex H#nda – Hak#ne grass P
#Genus  Helict#trich#n Besser ex Schult. &amp; Schult. f. – alpine #atgrass P
#Genus  Hemarthria R. Br. – j#intgrass P
#Genus  Hesper#stipa (Elias) Barkw#rth – needle and thréad P
#Genus  Heteranthelium H#chst. ex Jaub. &amp; Spach P
#Genus  Heter#p#g#n Pers. – tanglehéad P
#Genus  Hier#chl#e R. Br. – sweetgrass P
#Genus  Hilaria Kunth – curly-mesquite P
#Genus  H#lcus L. – velvetgrass P
#	Genus  H#m#lepis Chase – panicgrass P
#	Genus  H#m#ph#lis C.E. Hubb. P
#	Genus  H#rdelymus (Jess.) Harz P
#	Genus  H#rdeum L. – barley P
#	Genus  Hygr#ryza Nees – watergrass P
#	Genus  Hymenachne P. Béauv. – marsh grass P
#	Genus  Hyparrhenia Anderss#n ex F#urn. – thatching grass P
#	Genus  Hyp#gynium Nees – West Indian bluestem P
#	Genus  Ichnanthus P. Béauv. – bedgrass P
#	Genus  Imperata Cirill# – satintail P
#	Genus  Isachne R. Br. – bl##dgrass P
#	Genus  Ischaemum L. – murainagrass P
#	Genus  Iseilema Anderss#n P
#	Genus  Ix#ph#rus Schltdl. – Central America grass P
#	Genus  Jarava Ruiz &amp; Pav. – rice grass P
#	Genus  Kalinia H.L. Bell &amp; C#lumbus – kalinia grass P
#	Genus  Karr##chl#a C#nert &amp; Türpe – S#uth African #atgrass P
#	Genus  K#eleria Pers. – Junegrass P
#	Genus  Lagurus L. – harestail grass P
#	Genus  Lamarckia M#ench – g#ldent#p grass P
#	Genus  Lasiacis (Griseb.) Hitchc. – smallcane P
#	Genus  Lasiurus B#iss. P
#	Genus  Leersia Sw. – cutgrass P
#	Genus  Lept#chl#a P. Béauv. – spranglet#p P
#	Genus  Lept#chl##psis Yates – limest#ne grass P
#	Genus  Lept#c#ryphium Nees – lanilla P
#	Genus  Lepturus R. Br. – thintail P
#	Genus  Leuc#p#a Griseb. – spike fescue P
#	Genus  ×Leydeum Barkw#rth – hybrid ryegrass P
#	Genus  Leymus H#chst. – wildrye P
#	Genus  Limn#déa L.H. Dewey – #zark grass P
#	Genus  Lithachne P. Béauv. – diente de perr# P
#	Genus  L#li#lum Krecz. &amp; B#br. P
#	Genus  L#lium L. – ryegrass P
#	Genus  L#phatherum Br#ngn. – l#phatherum P
#	Genus  L#udetia H#chst. P
#	Genus  Luzi#la Juss. – watergrass P
#	Genus  Lycurus Kunth – w#lfstail P
#	Genus  Lygeum L#efl. ex L. – lygeum P
#	Genus  Melica L. – melicgrass P
#	Genus  Melinis P. Béauv. – stinkgrass P
#	Genus  Merxmuellera C#nert P
#	Genus  Mib#ra Adans. – sandgrass P
#	Genus  Micr#chl#a R. Br. – smallgrass P
#	Genus  Micr#laena R. Br. – weeping grass P
#	Genus  Micr#pyrum Link P
#	Genus  Micr#stegium Nees – br#wnt#p P
#	Genus  Milium L. – milletgrass P
#	Genus  Miscanthus Anderss#n – silvergrass P
#	Genus  Mnesithéa Kunth – j#inttail grass P
#	Genus  M#linia Schrank – m##rgrass P
#	Genus  M#nanth#chl#e Engelm. – sh#regrass P
#	Genus  Muhlenbergia Schreb. – muhly P
#	Genus  Munr#a T#rr., #rth. c#ns. – false buffal#grass P
#	Genus  Nardus L. – matgrass P
#	Genus  Nassella (Trin.) Desv. – needlegrass P
#	Genus  Neeragr#stis Bush – creeping l#vegrass P
#	Genus  Ne#l#leba Widjaja – ne#l#leba P
#	Genus  Ne#stapfia Burtt Davy – C#lusagrass P
#	Genus  Neyraudia H##k. f. – neyraudia P
#	Genus  #chth#chl#a Edgew. P
#	Genus  #lyra L. – carrycill# P
#	Genus  #phiur#s C.F. Gaertn. P
#	Genus  #plismenus P. Béauv. – basketgrass P
#	Genus  #rcuttia Vasey – #rcutt grass P
#	Genus  #ryza L. – rice P
#	Genus  #ryz#psis Michx. – ricegrass P
#	Genus  #tt#chl#a Dandy P
#	Genus  #xychl#ris M. Lazarides P
#	Genus  #xytenanthera Munr# – #xytenanthera P
#	Genus  Panicum L. – panicgrass P
#	Genus  Papp#ph#rum Schreb. – pappusgrass P
#	Genus  Paraph#lis C.E. Hubbard – sicklegrass P
#	Genus  Pasc#pyrum Á. Löve – whéatgrass P
#	Genus  Paspalidium Stapf – watercr#wn grass P
#	Genus  Paspalum L. – cr#wngrass P
#	Genus  Patis #hwi – ricegrass P
#	Genus  Pennisetum Rich. ex Pers. – f#untaingrass P
#	Genus  Per#tis Ait#n P
#	Genus  Phalaris L. – canarygrass P
#	Genus  Phan#pyrum (Raf.) Nash – savannah-panicgrass P
#	Genus  Pharus L. – stalkgrass P
#	Genus  Phippsia (Trin.) R. Br. – icegrass P
#	Genus  Phleum L. – tim#thy P
#	Genus  Phragmites Adans. – reed P
#	Genus  Phyll#stachys Sieb#ld &amp; Zucc. – bamb## P
#	Genus  Piptather#psis R#masch., P.M. Peters#n &amp; R. J. S#reng – ricegrass P
#	Genus  Piptatherum P. Béauv. – ricegrass P
#	Genus  Pipt#chaetium J. Presl – spéargrass P
#	Genus  Plectrachne Henrard P
#	Genus  Plei#blastus Nakai – dwarf bamb## P
#	Genus  Pleuraphis T#rr. – galleta grass P
#	Genus  Pleur#p#g#n R. Br. – semaph#regrass P
#	Genus  P#a L. – bluegrass P
#	Genus  P#g#natherum P. Béauv. P
#	Genus  P#lyp#g#n Desf. – rabbitsf##t grass P
#	Genus  P#lyt#ca R. Br. P
#	Genus  P#lytrias Hack. – Java grass P
#	Genus  Psathyr#stachys Nevski – wildrye P
#	Genus  ×Pseudelymus Barkw#rth &amp; D.R. Dewey – f#xtail whéatgrass P
#	Genus  Pseud#r#egneria (Nevski) Á. Löve – whéatgrass P
#	Genus  Pseud#sasa Makin# ex Nakai – arr#w bamb## P
#	Genus  Psilurus Trin. P
#	Genus  Ptilagr#stis Griseb. – false needlegrass P
#	Genus  Puccinellia Parl. – alkaligrass P
#	Genus  ×Pucciphippsia Tzvelev – pucciphippsia P
#	Genus  Redfieldia Vasey – bl#w#ut grass P
#	Genus  Reimar#chl#a Hitchc. – reimar grass P
#	Genus  R#straria Trin. – hairgrass P
#	Genus  R#ttb#ellia L. f. – itchgrass P
#	Genus  Rytid#sperma Steud. – wallaby grass P
#	Genus  Saccharum L. – sugarcane P
#	Genus  Sacci#lepis Nash – cupscale grass P
#	Genus  Sasa Makin# &amp; Shib. – br#adléaf bamb## P
#	Genus  ×Sched#lium H#lub – fescue ryegrass P
#	Genus  Sched#nnardus Steud. – tumblegrass P
#	Genus  Sched#n#rus P. Béauv. – fescue P
#	Genus  Schismus P. Béauv. – Mediterranéan grass P
#	Genus  Schizachne Hack. – false melic P
#	Genus  Schizachyrium Nees – little bluestem P
#	Genus  Schiz#stachyum Nees – P#lynesian '#he P
#	Genus  Schmidtia M#ench P
#	Genus  Scler#chl#a P. Béauv. – hardgrass P
#	Genus  Scler#p#g#n Phil. – burr#grass P
#	Genus  Scler#stachya A. Camus P
#	Genus  Sc#l#chl#a Link – rivergrass P
#	Genus  Scribneria Hack. – Scribner's grass P
#	Genus  Secale L. – rye P
#	Genus  Sehima F#rssk. P
#	Genus  Semiarundinaria Makin# P
#	Genus  Sesleria Sc#p. P
#	Genus  Setaria P. Béauv. – bristlegrass P
#	Genus  Setari#psis Scribn. ex Millsp. – setari#psis P
#	Genus  Shibataéa Makin# ex Nakai P
#	Genus  Sin#calamus McClure – wideléaf bamb## P
#	Genus  Sn#wdenia C.E. Hubb. P
#	Genus  S#rghastrum Nash – Indiangrass P
#	Genus  S#rghum M#ench – s#rghum P
#	Genus  Spartina Schreb. – c#rdgrass P
#	Genus  Sphen#ph#lis Scribn. – wedgescale P
#	Genus  Spinifex L. P
#	Genus  Sp#di#p#g#n Trin. P
#	Genus  Sp#r#b#lus R. Br. – dr#pseed P
#	Genus  Steinchisma Raf. – gaping grass P
#	Genus  Sten#taphrum Trin. – St. Augustine grass P
#	Genus  Stipa L. P
#	Genus  Stipagr#stis Nees P
#	Genus  Swallenia Söderst. &amp; Decker – dunegrass P
#	Genus  Taeniatherum Nevski – medusahéad P
#	Genus  Tetrachne Nees P
#	Genus  Tetrap#g#n Desf. P
#	Genus  Thaumast#chl#a C.E. Hubb. P
#	Genus  Themeda F#rssk. – kangar## grass P
#	Genus  Thin#pyrum Á. Löve – whéatgrass P
#	Genus  Thuaréa Pers. – Kur#iwa grass P
#	Genus  Thyrid#lepis S.T. Blake P
#	Genus  Thysan#laena Nees – tiger grass P
#	Genus  T#rrey#chl#a Church – false mannagrass P
#	Genus  Trachyp#g#n Nees – crinkléawn grass P
#	Genus  Tragus Haller – bur grass P
#	Genus  Trib#lium Desv. – trib#lium P
#	Genus  Trichl#ris F#urn. ex Benth. – false Rh#des grass P
#	Genus  Trich#laena Schrad. P
#	Genus  Trich#neura Anderss#n – Silveus' grass P
#	Genus  Tridens R#em. &amp; Schult. – tridens P
#	Genus  Tri#dia R. Br. P
#	Genus  Triplasis P. Béauv. – sandgrass P
#	Genus  Trip#g#n R#em. &amp; Schult. – fiveminute grass P
#	Genus  Tripsacum L. – gamagrass P
#	Genus  Triraphis R. Br. – needlegrass P
#	Genus  Trisetum Pers. – #atgrass P
#	Genus  ×Tritic#secale Wittm. ex A. Camus – triticale P
#	Genus  Triticum L. – whéat P
#	Genus  Tuct#ria J. Reeder – spiralgrass P
#	Genus  Uni#la L. – séa#ats P
#	Genus  Ur#chl#a P. Béauv. – signalgrass P
#	Genus  Vahl#déa Fr. – hairgrass P
#	Genus  Vasey#chl#a Hitchc. – Texasgrass P
#	Genus  Ventenata K#eler – N#rth Africa grass P
#	Genus  Vetiveria B#ry – vetivergrass P
#	Genus  V#ssia Wall. &amp; Griffith – hipp# grass P
#	Genus  Vulpia C.C. Gmel. – fescue P
#	Genus  White#chl#a C.E. Hubb. P
#	Genus  Willk#mmia Hack. – willk#mmia P
#	Genus  Zéa L. – c#rn P
#	Genus  Zingeria P.A. Smirn. P
#	Genus  Zizania L. – wildrice P
#	Genus  Zizani#psis Döll &amp; Asch. – cutgrass P
#	Genus  Z#ysia Willd. – lawngrass P
{{Div col end}}

==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Poales]]
[[Kategori:Poaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>lyhelfpibegkab93vnx2pqg7xn456kt</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Poales</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732064</id>
      <parentid>677657</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:35:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
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      <text bytes="2159" sha1="demay833cux2t3rsrd6h93l0ityz1qq" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Poales
| image = Close view of the yellow flowers of a grass plant.jpg
| image_caption = ''Poales''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Tracheophyta]]
| subdivisio = [[Angiospermae]]
| classis = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| ordo = Poales
}}

'''Poales''' nyaéta salah sahiji ''[[ordo]]'' [[tutuwuhan]] tina kelompok [[tutuwuhan kembangan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://www.theplantlist.org Poales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523171514/http://www.theplantlist.org/ |date=2019-05-23 }}  (diakses 8 Maret 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; Kulawarga jujukutan ([[Poaceae]]) mangrupa salah sahiji anggotana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://www.britannica.com/plant/Poales Poales]  (diakses 8 Maret 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; Ordo poales diwangun ku 18 kulawarga jeung antara 18.000 spésiés tutuwuhan [[monokotil]] (jujukutan: 9700 spésiés).&lt;ref name=&quot;tilu&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://succulent-plant.com/families/poales.html Families of Poales]  (diakses 8 Maret 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; Kelompok ''poales'' mangrupa kelompok tutuwuhan kembangan kuna, sahenteuna geus aya 115 juta taun ka tukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;tilu&quot;/&gt; Kembangna biasana laleutik jeung sok diserbukan ku angin, sok dikelompokkeun dina jenis répréoduksi kembang spikate atawa kelompok nu tara katempo, sanajan aya sababaraha kelompok nu leuwih katémbong.&lt;ref name=&quot;tilu&quot;/&gt;

==Babagian==
''Ordo ''ieu diwangun ku sababaraha garis katurunan nu sacara tradisional geus diaku salaku kelompok, anggota kelompok ieu sok pindah tina hiji kelompok ka kelompok séjén.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt; Kelompok utama nu kaasup kana Poales nyaéta:&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt; 
#kelompok jujukutan (kulawarga [[poaceae]], [[restionaceae]], [[asteraceae]], [[centrolepidaceae]], [[ecdeiocoleaceae]], [[flagellariaceae]], jeung [[joinvilleaceae]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt; 
#kelompok Cattail (keluarga typhacéae dan sparganiacéae), jeung&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt;
#kelompok alang (juncacéae, cyperacéae, dan thurniacéae).&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt;
Salian ti éta, kaasup ogé kulawarga xyridacéae, eriocaulacéae, bromeliacéae, mayacacéae, jeung rapatéacéae.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt;

==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Magnoliophyta]]
[[Kategori:Poaceae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asterales</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732056</id>
      <parentid>652980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:55:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
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      <text bytes="2150" sha1="8nh57njyjbge44u1zqc2f5euwhsl12c" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = ''Asterales''
| image = Chrysanthemum japonense1.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = (''Chrisanthemum'') anggota ordo asterales
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = Asterales
}}

'''Asterales''' nyaéta salah sahiji ordo [[tutuwuhan]] nu aya dina kelompok utama [[tutuwuhan kembangan]] (''Angiospermae'').&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://www.theplantprofiler.com/asterales-the-daisy-family/ asterales the daisy family]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diakses 9 Maret 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; Compositae atawa [[Asteraceae]] mangrupa anggota tina ieu ordo.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;/&gt; Ieu tutuwuhan miboga [[kembang]] komposit nu diwangun ku loba kuntum leutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;/&gt; Aya sapuluh kulawarga séjéna nu patali kénéh jeung Asteracéae.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;/&gt; Asterales mangrupa ordo tutuwuhan kembangan nu diwangun ku 11 kulawarga jeung kira-kira 26.870 spésiés, kaasup 25.000 spésiés tina kulawarga Asteracéae ([[aster]], onak, [[kembang panon poé]]) jeung 2.000 spésiés [[Campanulaceae]] (kembang torompét).&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://succulent-plant.com/families/asterales.html Asterales] (diakses 9 Maret 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tilu&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://www.britannica.com/plant/Asterales Asterales] (diakses 9 Maret 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;
Asterales sumebar lega di sabagian gedé dunya jeung biasana mangrupa tutuwuhan hérba jeung sababaraha semak jeung nu balaradag kawas tangkal.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt; Karakteristik umumna mangrupa [[morfologi]] benang sari nu unik, nyéta batang benang sarina biasana ngawangun kumpulan padet atawa ngahiji kana tabung konsentris.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt; Dina asterales, molekul panyimpenan oligosakarida inulin ngagentian tipung.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt; 
Dina ordo Asterales, aya tutuwuhan pangan nu penting, kawas ''Helianthus annuus'' ([[kembang panon poé]]), ''Lactuca sativa'' ([[Salada]]), Cichorium sp. ([[sawi bodas]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt; Dina ordo ieu aya ogé nu kaasup rempah-rempah, parasa jeung tutuwuhan obat.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt;

==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Angiospermae]]
[[Kategori:Asteraceae]]</text>
      <sha1>8nh57njyjbge44u1zqc2f5euwhsl12c</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Apiales</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732048</id>
      <parentid>728320</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:45:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
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      <text bytes="1655" sha1="ap3sajrtiqx0u3dea0ou3w9cd7kehor" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = ''Apiales''
| image = Carott 20041012 2598.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ([[bortol]] nu mangrupa anggota apiales)
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = Apiales
}}

'''Apiales''' nyaéta salah sahiji ordo [[tutuwuhan]] tina kelompok utama [[Angiospermae]] (tutuwuhan kembangan).&lt;ref name=&quot;hiji&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet? Apiales classification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318041757/http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet |date=2016-03-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318041757/http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet |date=2016-03-18 }} (diakses 9 Maret 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; Apiales mangrupa ordo tutuwuhan kembangan nu miboga kulawarga asli kaasup [[Araliaceae]] (kulawarga ginséng) jeung [[Apiaceae]] (Kulawarga [[bortol]]) jeung 8 kulawarga nu kapanggih anyaran.&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://succulent-plant.com/families/apiales.html Apiales] (diakses 9 Maret 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; Spésiés sukulen dina ordo ieu kapanggih dina génus [[Cussonia]] (tutuwuhan [[engkol]]) dina kulawarga [[Araceae]] jeung Crithmum maritimum dina kulawarga Apiacéae).&lt;ref name=&quot;dua&quot;/&gt; Apiales mangrupa organisme nu miboga nini moyang tunggal.&lt;ref name=&quot;tilu&quot;&gt;{{en}}[http://www.britannica.com/plant/Apiales Apiales] (diakses 9 Maret 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; Atawa garis katurunan tutuwuhan kembangan sympetalous, dina kelompok euasterids II tina Angiosperm Filogeni grup III (APG III) sintim klasifikasi botani.&lt;ref name=&quot;tilu&quot;/&gt;

==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Angiospermae]]
[[Kategori:Apiales]]</text>
      <sha1>ap3sajrtiqx0u3dea0ou3w9cd7kehor</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sintrong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>50206</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732054</id>
      <parentid>674959</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:52:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
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      <text bytes="5660" sha1="l620fpj2akrtrv61axwwdp732nq9p54" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{taxobox
|name = Sintrong
|image = Crasso crepid 100302-0338 ipb.jpg
|image_caption = Sintrong, ''Crassocephalum crepidioides''&lt;br /&gt;[[Dramaga, Bogor|Darmaga]], [[Bogor]]
|image_width = 230px
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
|tribus = [[Senecioneae]]
|genus = [[Crassocephalum]]
|species = '''''C. crepidioides'''''
|binomial = ''Crassocephalum crepidioides''
|binomial_authority = (Benth.) S. Moore
|synonyms = 
''Daftar sumber'':&lt;ref name=Dalimartha&gt;[[Setiawan Dalimartha|Dalimartha, Setiawan]] (2006). ''Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia''. '''4'''. hal.73 &amp; 82-83. [[Jakarta]]:Puspa Swara. ISBN 979-1133-14-X.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Erecthites hieraciifolia'' &lt;small&gt;[L.] Raf. ex DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Gynura crepidioides'' &lt;small&gt;Benth&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Senecio hieraciifolia'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
|}}

'''Sintrong''' (''Crassocephalum crepidioides'') nyaéta jukut tina anggota  ''Asteraceae'', kaasup jukut liar bisa kapanggih di buruan, sisi [[jalan]], [[kebon]] atawa tegalan. Dina basa  [[Indonésia]] ieu jukut disebut ''bagini'', ''jambrong'', ''puyung''  atawa  ''taplek'' [[Jawa]] &lt;ref name=Dalimartha/&gt; hirup subur dina [[taneuh]] anu mibanda luhur kurang leuwih  200 m dpl, dina basa [[Inggris]] jukut sintrong disebut  ''ebolo'',  ''thickhead'',  ''redflower ragleaf'' .

==Ciri mandiri==
[[File:Crasso crepid 041007-028 jbrt.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Kembang Sintrong]]
Tangkalna lempeng, jangkung bisa nepika saméter, umpama daunna digesek bakal ngaluarkeun bau anu has, [[tangkal]]na hipu tur guguratan gampang  potong lamun ditaruk atawa dipetik.&lt;ref name=&quot;steenis1981&quot;&gt;{{aut|[[Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis|Steenis, CGGJ van]].  1981.}} ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. Hal. 417&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Daun]]na héjo wujudna lonyod sakapeung rada buleud mencos ka tungtung gedéna kurang leuwih 8–20 × 3–6&amp;nbsp;cm, sakuriling sisi daun rérégéan, gurat-gurat tulang daun anu aya dina beulah handapeun daun katembong dina daun beulah luhurna. Pucuk daun héjo ngora tur ukuranna leuwih leutik ti batan [[daun]] déwasa.

[[Kembang]]na loba buleud  ''silindris'' kurang leuwih 13–16 × 5–6&amp;nbsp;mm mangrupa kudu/bonggol warna héjo di luhurna [[beureum]] anu di jerona dieusi ku entepan siki laleutik anu dilimpudan ku bulu barodas kawas [[kapas]], dina mangsana mangkak ligar dipinuhan ku bulu bodas kawas kapas, [[siki]]na anu geus kolot bakal lésot tina pendul kembang hiber kabawa [[angin]] atawa murang ku [[hujan]]an.&lt;ref name=&quot;steenis1981&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;soerjani&quot;&gt;{{aut|[[Mohamad Soerjani|Soerjani, M.]], [[AJGH Kostermans]] dan [[Gembong Tjitrosoepomo|G. Tjitrosoepomo]]}} (Eds.). 1987. ''Weeds of Rice in Indonesia''. [[Balai Pustaka]], Jakarta. p. 72–73 (illust.)&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tempat Hirup==
Sintrong asalna ti wewengkon [[Afrika]] [[tropis]], kiwari geus sumebar ka sabudeureun wilayah [[tropika]] di [[Asia]]. Di Indonésia, jukut sintrong anu kaasup kana kategori gulma dina catetan anu aya, mimitina kapanggih di deukeut daérah Médan dina taun  1926. Ti dinya dibawa ka daérah  Jawa, tuluy hirup liar kalawan gancang ka sakuliah nusantara.
 
Mindeng kapanggih hirup di taneuh-taneuh subur anu teu kaurus, sisi susukan atawa sisi jalan, pakebonan sakapeung aya ogé dina galengan [[sawah]], siki-sikina nyebar ku alatan  katiup angin. Sanajan gancang ngarekahan jeung kembangan sapanjang taun. Tangkal sintrong kaasup gulma anu gampang diperuhkeun.

==Mangpaat==
Sintrong sagigireun dimangpaatkeun pikeun lalab ogé bahan sayureun pikeun sawaréh warga  di [[Jawa Barat]],  dipaké maraban ingon-ingon utamana [[kelenci]], [[domba]] jeung [[embé]].
Di [[Afrika]], sagigireun dimangpaatkeun pikeun bahan sayureun &lt;ref&gt;[https://callmecrysant.wordpress.com/2009/06/17/oseng-daun-sintrong/ Oseng daun sintrong]&lt;/ref&gt;, sintrong ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun [[ubar]] saperti ubar nyeri beuteung nyeri sirah, raheut, jeung réa-réa deui.

Sintrong mibanda saeutik  ''astringen'', ogé mibanda sipat ''antiradang'', ''hemostatis'', ''tonikum'',[[Téh]] atawa herba sintrong bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun ubar galingging, [[amandel]], jeung [[eksim]]. Mangpaat séjéna ogé pikeun maraban ingon-ingon. Aya ogé akibat goréng atawa bahayana, nyaéta disangka mibanda   ''alkaloida pirolizidina''  anu matak ngabalukarkeun [[''kangker'']], saperti tangkal ''[[sambung nyawa]]'' anu bisa ngabalukarkeun karuksakan kana organ [[haté]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fu1&quot;&gt;Fu, P.P., Yang, Y.C., Xia, Q., Chou, M.C., Cui, Y.Y., Lin G., &quot;Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements&quot;, ''Journal of Food and Drug Analysis'', Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 198-211 [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;q=cache:Rpy0OFYQGecJ:www.nlfd.gov.tw/en/ch/MultiMedia_FileDownload.ashx%3Fguid%3D304d1580-c6aa-4502-900e-cab744c31985+author:%22Fu%22+intitle:%22Pyrrolizidine+alkaloids-tumorigenic+components+in+...%22+]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Dicutat tina ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Tutumbu kaluar==
#[http://sumedangsharing.blogspot.co.id/2015/09/khasiat-manfaat-tanaman-sintrong.html Mangpaat daun sintrong]
#[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintrong Sintrong]
#[http://anekaresepmasakanpraktis.com/resep-sayur-bobor-sintrong.html Olahan daun sintrong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813095756/http://anekaresepmasakanpraktis.com/resep-sayur-bobor-sintrong.html |date=2017-08-13 }}

{{pondok}}
{{commonscat|Crassocephalum crepidioides]]
[[Kategori:Asteraceae]]
[[Kategori:Jukut]]
[[Kategori:Ubar]]
[[Kategori:Gulma]]
[[Kategoti:Lalab]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gigantochloa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{taxobox
|name = ''Gigantochloa''
|image = Gigantochloa albociliata - Jardin d'Éden.JPG
|image_caption = ''[[Gigantochloa albociliata]]''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
|ordo = [[Poales]]
|familia = [[Poaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Bambusoideae]]
|supertribus = [[Bambusodae]]
|tribus = [[Bambuseae]]
|subtribus = [[Bambusinae]]
|genus = '''''Gigantochloa'''''
|genus_authority = [[Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz|Kurz]] ex [[Munro]]
|type_species_authority=(Hassk.) Kurz.
|type_species= ''[[Gigantochloa atter]]''  &lt;ref&gt;lectotype designated by Holttum, Taxon 5: 28-30 (1956)&lt;/ref&gt; 
}}

'''''Gigantochloa''''' nyaéta [[genus]] [[awi]] gedé [[Asia]] jeung [[Papuasia]] [[Tropis]] ti [[kulawarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] [[Poaceae|jujukutan]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/87381#page/128/mode/1up Kurz, Wilhelm Sulpiz ex Munro, William. 1868.  Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 123-126] descriptions in Latin, commentary in English&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40014163 Tropicos, ''Gigantochloa'' Kurz ex Munro ]&lt;/ref&gt; Sumebarna di [[Cina]] kidul, [[Asia Tenggara]], [[Subbuana India]], jeung [[Nugini]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=113533 Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 46 &lt;big&gt;巨竹属&lt;/big&gt; ju zhu shu ''Gigantochloa'' Kurz ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London. 26: 123. 1868. ]&lt;/ref&gt;

;Spésiés&lt;ref name=h&gt;[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=451541 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Gigantochloa The Plant List search for ''Gigantochloa''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215161354/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Gigantochloa |date=2020-02-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Priyadi, H., Takao, G., Rahmawati, I., Supriyanto, B., Nursal, W. I., Rahman, I. (2010). Five hundred plant species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: a checklist including Sundanese names, distribution and use. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonésia. ISBN 978-602-8693-22-6 [http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPriyadi1001.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{columns-list|4|
# [[Gigantochloa achmadii|''G.&amp;nbsp;achmadii'']]
# [[Gigantochloa albociliata|''G.&amp;nbsp;albociliata'']]
# [[Gigantochloa albopilosa|''G.&amp;nbsp;albopilosa'']]
# [[Gigantochloa albovestita|''G.&amp;nbsp;albovestita'']]
# [[Gigantochloa andamanica|''G.&amp;nbsp;andamanica'']]
# [[Gigantochloa apus|''G.&amp;nbsp;apus'']] - [[awi tali]]
# [[Gigantochloa aspera|''G.&amp;nbsp;aspera'']]
# [[Gigantochloa atter|''G.&amp;nbsp;atter'']]
# [[Gigantochloa atroviolacea|''G.&amp;nbsp;atroviolacea'']]
# [[Gigantochloa aya|''G.&amp;nbsp;aya'']]
# [[Gigantochloa baliana|''G.&amp;nbsp;baliana'']]
# [[Gigantochloa balui|''G.&amp;nbsp;balui'']]
# [[Gigantochloa calcicola|''G.&amp;nbsp;calcicola'']]
# [[Gigantochloa cochinchinensis|''G.&amp;nbsp;cochinchinensis'']]
# [[Gigantochloa compressa|''G.&amp;nbsp;compressa'']]
# [[Gigantochloa densa|''G.&amp;nbsp;densa'']]
# [[Gigantochloa dinhensis|''G.&amp;nbsp;dinhensis'']]
# [[Gigantochloa felix|''G.&amp;nbsp;felix'']]
# [[Gigantochloa hasskarliana|''G.&amp;nbsp;hasskarliana'']]
# [[Gigantochloa hayatae|''G.&amp;nbsp;hayatae'']]
# [[Gigantochloa heteroclada|''G.&amp;nbsp;heteroclada'']]
# [[Gigantochloa hirtinoda|''G.&amp;nbsp;hirtinoda'']]
# [[Gigantochloa holttumiana|''G.&amp;nbsp;holttumiana'']]
# [[Gigantochloa hosseusii|''G.&amp;nbsp;hosseusii'']]
# [[Gigantochloa kachinensis|''G.&amp;nbsp;kachinensis'']]
# [[Gigantochloa kathaensis|''G.&amp;nbsp;kathaensis'']]
# [[Gigantochloa kuring|''G.&amp;nbsp;kuring'']]
# [[Gigantochloa kurzii|''G.&amp;nbsp;kurzii'']]
# [[Gigantochloa latifolia|''G.&amp;nbsp;latifolia'']]
# [[Gigantochloa levis|''G.&amp;nbsp;levis'']]
# [[Gigantochloa ligulata|''G.&amp;nbsp;ligulata'']]
# [[Gigantochloa longiprophylla|''G.&amp;nbsp;longiprophylla'']]
# [[Gigantochloa luteostriata|''G.&amp;nbsp;luteostriata'']]
# [[Gigantochloa macrostachya|''G.&amp;nbsp;macrostachya'']]
# [[Gigantochloa magentea|''G.&amp;nbsp;magentea'']]
# [[Gigantochloa manggong|''G.&amp;nbsp;manggong'']]
# [[Gigantochloa membranoidea|''G.&amp;nbsp;membranoidea'']]
# [[Gigantochloa mogaungensis|''G.&amp;nbsp;mogaungensis'']]
# [[Gigantochloa multiculmis|''G.&amp;nbsp;multiculmis'']]
# [[Gigantochloa multifloscula|''G.&amp;nbsp;multifloscula'']] &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100383122 Tropicos]&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Gigantochloa nigrociliata|''G.&amp;nbsp;nigrociliata'']]
# [[Gigantochloa papyracea|''G.&amp;nbsp;papyracea'']]
# [[Gigantochloa parviflora|''G.&amp;nbsp;parviflora'']]
# [[Gigantochloa parvifolia|''G.&amp;nbsp;parvifolia'']]
# [[Gigantochloa poilanei|''G.&amp;nbsp;poilanei'']]
# [[Gigantochloa pruriens|''G.&amp;nbsp;pruriens'']]
# [[Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea|''G.&amp;nbsp;pseudoarundinacea'']]
# [[Gigantochloa pubinervis|''G.&amp;nbsp;pubinervis'']]
# [[Gigantochloa pubipetiolata|''G.&amp;nbsp;pubipetiolata'']]
# [[Gigantochloa ridleyi|''G.&amp;nbsp;ridleyi'']]
# [[Gigantochloa robusta|''G.&amp;nbsp;robusta'']]
# [[Gigantochloa rostrata|''G.&amp;nbsp;rostrata'']]
# [[Gigantochloa scortechinii|''G.&amp;nbsp;scortechinii'']]
# [[Gigantochloa scribneriana|''G.&amp;nbsp;scribneriana'']]
# [[Gigantochloa serik|''G.&amp;nbsp;serik'']]
# [[Gigantochloa tekserah|''G.&amp;nbsp;tekserah'']]
# [[Gigantochloa tenuispiculata|''G.&amp;nbsp;tenuispiculata'']]
# [[Gigantochloa thoi|''G.&amp;nbsp;thoi'']]
# [[Gigantochloa tomentosa|''G.&amp;nbsp;tomentosa'']]
# [[Gigantochloa toungooensis|''G.&amp;nbsp;toungooensis'']]
# [[Gigantochloa velutina|''G.&amp;nbsp;velutina'']]
# [[Gigantochloa verticillata|''G.&amp;nbsp;verticillata'']] - [[awi temen]]
# [[Gigantochloa vietnamica|''G.&amp;nbsp;vietnamica'']]
# [[Gigantochloa vinhphuica|''G.&amp;nbsp;vinhphuica'']]
# [[Gigantochloa wallichiana|''G.&amp;nbsp;wallichiana'']]
# [[Gigantochloa wanet|''G.&amp;nbsp;wanet'']]
# [[Gigantochloa wrayi|''G.&amp;nbsp;wrayi'']]
# [[Gigantochloa wunthoensis|''G.&amp;nbsp;wunthoensis'']]
# [[Gigantochloa yunzalinensis|''G.&amp;nbsp;yunzalinensis'']]
}}
;kungsi diasupkeun&lt;ref name=h/&gt;
tempo ''[[Bambusa]] [[Dendrocalamus]] [[Neololeba]] [[Pseudoxytenanthera]]'' 
{{columns-list|2|
* ''G. auriculata - [[Bambusa vulgaris]]''
* ''G. heterostachya - [[Bambusa heterostachya]]'' 
* ''G. latispiculata - [[Bambusa heterostachya]]'' 
* ''G. maxima - [[Bambusa bambos]]'' 
* ''G. merrilliana - [[Dendrocalamus merrillianus]]'' 
* ''G. novoguineensis - [[Neololeba atra]]''
* ''G. sinuata - [[Dendrocalamus sinuatus]]''
* ''G. stocksii - [[Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii]]''
* ''G. tabindaing - [[Bambusa villosula]]''
}}
==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Awi]]
[[Kategori:Poaceae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hui cilembu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732052</id>
      <parentid>675294</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:51:13Z</timestamp>
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| name = Hui Cilembu
| image = Ipomoea batatas (Sweet Potato) Flower.jpg
| image_caption = Kembang Hui
| image2 = Ipomoea batatas 006.JPG
| image2_caption = Beuti Hui Cilembu
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
| ordo = [[Solanales]]
| familia = [[Convolvulaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Ipomoea]]''
| species = '''''I. batatas'''''
| binomial = ''Ipomoea batatas''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]
}}

'''Hui cilembu''' (''Ipomoea batatas Poir'') nyaéta variétas hui anu asalna tina kulawarga ''[[Convolvulus batatas Linn]]''.&lt;ref name=Rashtra/&gt; Hui cilembu kaasup kana pepelakan utama anu loba dipelak tur direkahkeun, sanajan asal muasal ieu tangkal tacan kanyahoan kalawan écés.&lt;ref name=science.gov&gt;{{Cite web | url = https://www.science.gov/topicpages/s/sweet+potatoes+ipomoea.html| title = Sample records for sweet potatoes ipomoea| date = 2002-01-01 | accessdate = 2017-08-04 | work = science.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utamana di daérah [[Jawa Barat]] hui variétas ieu loba dipelak tur direkahkeun di [[Désa]] [[Cilembu, Pamulihan, Sumedang|Cilembu, Tanjungsari, Sumedang]].&lt;ref name= Setijati /&gt; Ieu hui mibanda rasa amis kareueut tur dagingna anu pulen, utamana beunang nyeupan atawa ngabubuy (''oven'').&lt;ref name=Ajip&gt;{{Cite book | title = Ensiklopedi Sunda: alam, manusia, dan budaya, termasuk budaya Cirebon dan Betawi| last =  Rosidi| first = Ajip | publisher =Pustaka Jaya| location = [[Jakarta]] | year = 2000| ISBN=9789794192597 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hui cilembu paling dipikaresep ku lantaran rasana, loba didagangkeun dina kaayaan asak beunang ''ngoven'' atawa atah kénéh.&lt;ref name= Setijati &gt;{{Cite book | title = Perjalanan Panjang Tanaman Indonesia| last = D. Sastrapradja| first = Setijati | publisher =Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia| location = [[Jakarta]] | year = 2012| ISBN=9789794618301 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=simping&gt;{{cite book|title=Agribisnis Kreatif: Pilar Wirausaha Masa Depan, Kekuatan Dunia Baru Menuju Kemakmuran Hijau|first=Iwan|Last=Setiawan|Pages=267|isbn=9789790025288|publisher=Penebar Swadaya Group|year=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cara Ngolah ==
Hui cilembu sagigireun beutina mangpaat pikeun dikonsumsi, cara ngolahna bisa dibeuleum, dikulub atawa diseupan.&lt;ref name=Rashtra/&gt; Hui cilembu ogé mibanda kagunaan séjén pikeun ubar saperti:
Pikeun ubar luar, daunna beunang ngabebek ditaplokeun kana bagéan awak anu keuna ku [[reumatik]] jeung bareuh ku lantaran katakol atawa kadupak.&lt;ref name=Rashtra/&gt; Ogé bisa dipaké pikeun ngubaran borok dina sakabéh kulit.&lt;ref name=Rashtra&gt;{{Cite book | title = Direct Uses Of Medicinal Plants And Their Identification| last = Vardhana| first = Rashtra | publisher = Sarup &amp; Sons| location = [[Jakarta]] | year = 2008|ISBN=9788176258333 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangkal jeung daun ngora (pucuk) bisa dipaké nyayur jeung lalab, ngubaran ''[[emesis]]'', ''[[pencahar]]'', jeung nangkal rupa-rupa racun.&lt;ref name=Rashtra/&gt;

== Kandungan Nutrisi ==

=== '''Kalori''' ===
Hiji uih cilembu nu ukuran sedeng jeung panjangna 5 inci jeung diameter 2 inci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Sahabat Nestle. [https://www.sahabatnestle.co.id/content/view/nutrisi-lengkap-ubi-cilembu.html Nutrisi Lengkap Ubi Cilembu]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Diakés ping 3 Oktober 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika dibeuleum jero kulitna, teu maké mantéga atawa minyak, hui ieu ngandung 103 kalori tina 100gram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hui cilembu mangrupa pillihan nu alus pikeun nu keur diét atawa jadi kadaharan pikeun budak leutik ku sabab teu ngandung lemak jeung kolesterol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[The American Dietetic Association]] ngarékoméndasikeun pikeun ngasupkeun hui cilembu atawa nyampurkeun hui cilembu jadi kadaharan sapopoé. Salian ti dibeuleum, bisa ogé diolah jadi kadaharan lain, saperti jadi ''smoothies'', atawa bahan dasar roti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ngandung loba serat ===
Dina 100 gram hui cilembu, ngandung nepi ka 4 gram serat atawa kira-kira 24% ti kabutuhan serat nu dirékoméndasikeun sopopoé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The American Héart Association nyarankeun loba ngonsumsi kadaharan nu ngandung loba serat pikeun nurunkeun [[kolesterol]], ''[[kadar gula darah]]'' jeung nurunkeun résiko ''[[stroke]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== '''Antioksidan''' ===
Hui cilembu ngandung loba ''[[pigmen karotenoid]]'' nu ngakibatkeun warna dagingna orén. Numutkeun [[situs WHfoods]], ngandung [[Vitamin A]] nu alus pikeun kasehatan mata, hui cilembu ngandung leuwih loba Vitamin A dibandingkeun jeung jenis hui lianna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Salian ti Vitamin A, hui cilembu ogé ngandung [[Vitamin C]] nu nyukupan 52% ti kabutuhan sapopoé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dina sababaraa panalungtikan, hui kabukti jadi sumber [[karoten]] nu leuwih loba ti batan sayuran nu daunna héjo. Gawé bareng jeung [[betakoroten]], kadua [[antioksidan]] ieu bisa ngaleungitkeun radikal bebas tina awak jeung ''anti-inflamasi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Numutkeun ''[[National Cancer Institute]],'' hui cilembu gé bisa ngurangan résiko [[kanker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== '''Kaya Mineral''' ===
Hui cilembu ngandung sumber mineral saperti tambaga, mangan, kalium, jeung fosfor. Dina 200 gram hui cilembu nyumbang 50% mangan, 36% tambaga, 26% kalium, jeung 15% fosfor tina kabutuhan nu dirékoméndasikeun sapopoé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{pondok}}
==Tutumbu Kaluar==
*{{Citebook|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=-t_ICgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA343&amp;dq=bridelia+stipularis&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjT3-jphu7TAhUcSY8KHV-cCAsQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&amp;q=bridelia%20stipularis&amp;f=false|title=Medicinal Plants Of The Asia-pacific: Drugs For The Future?
|last=Christophe|first=Wiart|date=January 2006|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789814480338|ref=harv}}

[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Beubeutian]]
[[Kategori:Convolvulaceae]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]]
[[Kategori:Kadaharan urang Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Tropis]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Produksi]]
[[Kategori:Lalab]]</text>
      <sha1>14xn060wi5uxb4oujniad3htnylmc92</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:Unicode data</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>88231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732032</id>
      <parentid>684534</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T02:20:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>732032</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="18009" sha1="qsurfs20jboj5ejuj5ps85xjotbbrt3" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

local floor = math.floor

local function errorf(level, ...)
	if type(level) == &quot;number&quot; then
		return error(string.format(...), level + 1)
	else -- level is actually the format string.
		return error(string.format(level, ...), 2)
	end
end

local function binary_range_search(codepoint, ranges)
	local low, mid, high
	low, high = 1, ranges.length or require &quot;Module:TableTools&quot;.length(ranges)
	while low &lt;= high do
		mid = floor((low + high) / 2)
		local range = ranges[mid]
		if codepoint &lt; range[1] then
			high = mid - 1
		elseif codepoint &lt;= range[2] then
			return range, mid
		else
			low = mid + 1
		end
	end
	return nil, mid
end
p.binary_range_search = binary_range_search

--[[
local function linear_range_search(codepoint, ranges)
	for i, range in ipairs(ranges) do
		if range[1] &lt;= codepoint and codepoint &lt;= range[2] then
			return range
		end
	end
end
--]]

-- Load a module by indexing &quot;loader&quot; with the name of the module minus the
-- &quot;Module:Unicode data/&quot; part. For instance, loader.blocks returns
-- [[Module:Unicode data/blocks]]. If a module cannot be loaded, false will be
-- returned.
local loader = setmetatable({}, {
	__index = function (self, key)
		local success, data = pcall(mw.loadData, &quot;Module:Unicode data/&quot; .. key)
		if not success then
			data = false
		end
		self[key] = data
		return data
	end
})

-- For the algorithm used to generate Hangul Syllable names,
-- see &quot;Hangul Syllable Name Generation&quot; in section 3.12 of the
-- Unicode Specification:
-- https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch03.pdf
-- binary_range_search assumes these are ordered by codepoint. Do not place them in a random order!
local name_hooks = {
	{     0x00,     0x1F, &quot;&lt;control-%04X&gt;&quot; }, -- C0 control characters
	{     0x7F,     0x9F, &quot;&lt;control-%04X&gt;&quot; }, -- DEL and C1 control characters
	{   0x3400,   0x4DBF, &quot;CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- CJK Ideograph Extension A
	{   0x4E00,   0x9FFF, &quot;CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- CJK Ideograph
	{   0xAC00,   0xD7A3, function (codepoint) -- Hangul Syllables
		local Hangul_data = loader.Hangul
		local syllable_index = codepoint - 0xAC00

		return (&quot;HANGUL SYLLABLE %s%s%s&quot;):format(
			Hangul_data.leads[floor(syllable_index / Hangul_data.final_count)],
			Hangul_data.vowels[floor((syllable_index % Hangul_data.final_count)
				/ Hangul_data.trail_count)],
			Hangul_data.trails[syllable_index % Hangul_data.trail_count]
		)
	end },
	-- High Surrogates, High Private Use Surrogates, Low Surrogates
	{   0xD800,   0xDFFF, &quot;&lt;surrogate-%04X&gt;&quot; },
	{   0xE000,   0xF8FF, &quot;&lt;private-use-%04X&gt;&quot; }, -- Private Use

	-- CJK Compatibility Ideographs
	{   0xF900,   0xFA6D, &quot;CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; },
	{   0xFA70,   0xFAD9, &quot;CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; },
	{   0xFE00,   0xFE0F, function (codepoint) -- Variation Selectors
		return (&quot;VARIATION SELECTOR-%d&quot;):format(codepoint - 0xFE00 + 1)
	end},
	{  0x13460,  0x143FA, &quot;EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH-%04X&quot; }, -- Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A
	{  0x17000,  0x187FF, &quot;TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- Tangut Ideograph
	{  0x18800,  0x18AFF, function (codepoint)
		return (&quot;TANGUT COMPONENT-%03d&quot;):format(codepoint - 0x187FF)
	end },
	{  0x18B00,  0x18CDA, &quot;KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-%04X&quot; }, -- Khitan Small Script
	{  0x18CFF,  0x18CFF, &quot;KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-%04X&quot; }, -- Khitan Small Script
	{  0x18D00,  0x18D20, &quot;TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- Tangut Ideograph Supplement
	{  0x18D80,  0x18DF2, function (codepoint)
		return (&quot;TANGUT COMPONENT-%03d&quot;):format(codepoint - 0x18A7F)
	end },
	{  0x18E00,  0x19191, &quot;JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- Jurchen
	{  0x1B170,  0x1B2FB, &quot;NUSHU CHARACTER-%04X&quot; }, -- Nushu
	{  0x20000,  0x2A6DF, &quot;CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- CJK Ideograph Extension B
	{  0x2A700,  0x2B81E, &quot;CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- CJK Ideograph Extension C, D
	{  0x2B820,  0x2CEAD, &quot;CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- CJK Ideograph Extension E
	{  0x2CEB0,  0x2EBE0, &quot;CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- CJK Ideograph Extension F
	{  0x2EBF0,  0x2EE5D, &quot;CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- CJK Ideograph Extension I
	{  0x2F800,  0x2FA1D, &quot;CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement (Supplementary Ideographic Plane)
	{  0x30000,  0x3134A, &quot;CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- CJK Ideograph Extension G
	{  0x31350,  0x33479, &quot;CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-%04X&quot; }, -- CJK Ideograph Extension H, J
	{  0x3D000,  0x3FC3F, &quot;SMALL SEAL CHARACTER-%04X&quot; }, -- Seal
	{  0xE0100,  0xE01EF, function (codepoint) -- Variation Selectors Supplement
		return (&quot;VARIATION SELECTOR-%d&quot;):format(codepoint - 0xE0100 + 17)
	end},
	{  0xF0000,  0xFFFFD, &quot;&lt;private-use-%04X&gt;&quot; }, -- Plane 15 Private Use
	{ 0x100000, 0x10FFFD, &quot;&lt;private-use-%04X&gt;&quot; }  -- Plane 16 Private Use
}
name_hooks.length = #name_hooks

local name_range_cache

local function generate_name(data, codepoint)
	if type(data) == &quot;string&quot; then
		return data:format(codepoint)
	else
		return data(codepoint)
	end
end

--[[
-- Checks that the code point is a number and in range.
-- Does not check whether code point is an integer.
-- Not used
local function check_codepoint(funcName, argIdx, val)
	require 'libraryUtil'.checkType(funcName, argIdx, val, 'number')
	if codepoint &lt; 0 or 0x10FFFF &lt; codepoint then
		errorf(&quot;Codepoint %04X out of range&quot;, codepoint)
	end
end
--]]

function p.is_noncharacter(codepoint)
	-- U+FDD0-U+FDEF and all code points ending in FFFE or FFFF are Unassigned
	-- (Cn) and specifically noncharacters:

	-- https://www.unicode.org/faq/private_use.html#nonchar4
	return 0xFDD0 &lt;= codepoint and (codepoint &lt;= 0xFDEF
			or floor(codepoint % 0x10000) &gt;= 0xFFFE)
end

-- https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch04.pdf, section 4.8
function p.lookup_name(codepoint)
	if p.is_noncharacter(codepoint) then
		return (&quot;&lt;noncharacter-%04X&gt;&quot;):format(codepoint)
	end

	if name_range_cache -- Check if previously used &quot;name hook&quot; applies to this code point.
			and codepoint &gt;= name_range_cache[1]
			and codepoint &lt;= name_range_cache[2] then
		return generate_name(name_range_cache[3], codepoint)
	end
	
	local range = binary_range_search(codepoint, name_hooks)
	if range then
		name_range_cache = range
		return generate_name(range[3], codepoint)
	end

	local data = loader[('names/%03X'):format(codepoint / 0x1000)]
	
	if data and data[codepoint] then
		return data[codepoint]
	
	-- Unassigned (Cn) consists of noncharacters and reserved characters.
	-- The character has been established not to be a noncharacter,
	-- and if it were assigned, its name would already been retrieved,
	-- so it must be reserved.
	else
		return (&quot;&lt;reserved-%04X&gt;&quot;):format(codepoint)
	end
end

function p.lookup_image(codepoint)
	local data = loader[('images/%03X'):format(codepoint / 0x1000)]
	
	if data then
		return data[codepoint]
	end
end

local planes = {
	[ 0] = &quot;Basic Multilingual Plane&quot;;
	[ 1] = &quot;Supplementary Multilingual Plane&quot;;
	[ 2] = &quot;Supplementary Ideographic Plane&quot;;
	[ 3] = &quot;Tertiary Ideographic Plane&quot;;
	[14] = &quot;Supplementary Special-purpose Plane&quot;;
	[15] = &quot;Supplementary Private Use Area-A&quot;;
	[16] = &quot;Supplementary Private Use Area-B&quot;;
}

-- Load [[Module:Unicode data/blocks]] if needed and assign it to this variable.
local blocks

local function block_iter(blocks, i)
	i = i + 1
	local data = blocks[i]
	if data then
		 -- Unpack doesn't work on tables loaded with mw.loadData.
		return i, data[1], data[2], data[3]
	end
end

-- An ipairs-type iterator generator for the list of blocks.
function p.enum_blocks()
	local blocks = loader.blocks
	return block_iter, blocks, 0
end

function p.lookup_plane(codepoint)
	local i = floor(codepoint / 0x10000)
	return planes[i] or (&quot;Plane %u&quot;):format(i)
end

function p.lookup_block(codepoint)
	local blocks = loader.blocks
	local range = binary_range_search(codepoint, blocks)
	if range then
		return range[3]
	else
		return &quot;No Block&quot;
	end
end

function p.get_block_info(name)
	for i, block in ipairs(loader.blocks) do
		if block[3] == name then
			return block
		end
	end
end

function p.is_valid_pagename(pagename)
	local has_nonws = false

	for cp in mw.ustring.gcodepoint(pagename) do
		if (cp == 0x0023) -- #
		or (cp == 0x005B) -- [
		or (cp == 0x005D) -- ]
		or (cp == 0x007B) -- {
		or (cp == 0x007C) -- |
		or (cp == 0x007D) -- }
		or (cp == 0x180E) -- MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR
		or ((cp &gt;= 0x2000) and (cp &lt;= 0x200A)) -- spaces in General Punctuation block
		or (cp == 0xFFFD) -- REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
		then
			return false
		end

		local printable, result = p.is_printable(cp)
		if not printable then
			return false
		end

		if result ~= &quot;space-separator&quot; then
			has_nonws = true
		end
	end

	return has_nonws
end

local function manual_unpack(what, from)
	if what[from + 1] == nil then
		return what[from]
	end
	
	local result = {}
	from = from or 1
	for i, item in ipairs(what) do
		if i &gt;= from then
			table.insert(result, item)
		end
	end
	return unpack(result)
end

local function compare_ranges(range1, range2)
	return range1[1] &lt; range2[1]
end

-- Creates a function to look up data in a module that contains &quot;singles&quot; (a
-- code point-to-data map) and &quot;ranges&quot; (an array containing arrays that contain
-- the low and high code points of a range and the data associated with that
-- range).
-- &quot;loader&quot; loads and returns the &quot;singles&quot; and &quot;ranges&quot; tables.
-- &quot;match_func&quot; is passed the code point and either the data or the &quot;dots&quot;, and
-- generates the final result of the function.
-- The varargs (&quot;dots&quot;) describes the default data to be returned if there wasn't
-- a match.
-- In case the function is used more than once, &quot;cache&quot; saves ranges that have
-- already been found to match, or a range whose data is the default if there
-- was no match.
local function memo_lookup(data_module_subpage, match_func, ...)
	local dots = { ... }
	local cache = {}
	local singles, ranges

	return function (codepoint)
		if not singles then
			local data_module = loader[data_module_subpage]
			singles, ranges = data_module.singles, data_module.ranges
		end

		if singles[codepoint] then
			return match_func(codepoint, singles[codepoint])
		end

		local range = binary_range_search(codepoint, cache)
		if range then
			return match_func(codepoint, manual_unpack(range, 3))
		end
		
		local range, index = binary_range_search(codepoint, ranges)
		if range then
			table.insert(cache, range)
			table.sort(cache, compare_ranges)
			return match_func(codepoint, manual_unpack(range, 3))
		end
		
		if ranges[index] then
			local dots_range
			if codepoint &gt; ranges[index][2] then
				dots_range = {
					ranges[index][2] + 1,
					ranges[index + 1] and ranges[index + 1][1] - 1 or 0x10FFFF,
					unpack(dots)
				}
			else -- codepoint &lt; range[index][1]
				dots_range = {
					ranges[index - 1] and ranges[index - 1][2] + 1 or 0,
					ranges[index][1] - 1,
					unpack(dots)
				}
			end
			table.sort(cache, compare_ranges)
		end
		
		return match_func(codepoint)
	end
end

-- Get a code point's combining class value in [[Module:Unicode data/combining]],
-- and return whether this value is not zero. Zero is assigned as the default
-- if the combining class value is not found in this data module.
-- That is, return true if character is combining, or false if it is not.
-- See https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/#Canonical_Combining_Class_Values for
-- more information.
p.is_combining = memo_lookup(
	&quot;combining&quot;,
	function (codepoint, combining_class)
		return combining_class and combining_class ~= 0 or false
	end,
	0)

function p.add_dotted_circle(str)
	return (mw.ustring.gsub(str, &quot;.&quot;,
		function(char)
			if p.is_combining(mw.ustring.codepoint(char)) then
				return '◌' .. char
			end
		end))
end

local lookup_control = memo_lookup(
	&quot;control&quot;,
	function (codepoint, ccc)
		return ccc or &quot;assigned&quot;
	end,
	&quot;assigned&quot;)
p.lookup_control = lookup_control

function p.is_assigned(codepoint)
	return lookup_control(codepoint) ~= &quot;unassigned&quot;
end

function p.is_printable(codepoint)
	local result = lookup_control(codepoint)
	return (result == &quot;assigned&quot;) or (result == &quot;space-separator&quot;), result
end

function p.is_whitespace(codepoint)
	local result = lookup_control(codepoint)
	return (result == &quot;space-separator&quot;), result
end

p.lookup_category = memo_lookup(
	&quot;category&quot;,
	function (codepoint, category)
		return category
	end,
	&quot;Cn&quot;)

local lookup_script = memo_lookup(
	&quot;scripts&quot;,
	function (codepoint, script_code)
		return script_code or 'Zzzz'
	end,
	&quot;Zzzz&quot;)
p.lookup_script = lookup_script

function p.get_best_script(str)
	-- Check type of argument, because mw.text.decode coerces numbers to strings!
	require &quot;libraryUtil&quot;.checkType(&quot;get_best_script&quot;, 1, str, &quot;string&quot;)
	
	-- Convert HTML character references (including named character references,
	-- or character entities) to characters.
	str = mw.text.decode(str, true)
	
	local scripts = {}
	for codepoint in mw.ustring.gcodepoint(str) do
		local script = lookup_script(codepoint)
		
		-- Ignore &quot;Inherited&quot;, &quot;Undetermined&quot;, or &quot;Uncoded&quot; scripts.
		if not (script == &quot;Zyyy&quot; or script == &quot;Zinh&quot; or script == &quot;Zzzz&quot;) then
			scripts[script] = true
		end
	end
	
	-- If scripts does not contain two or more keys,
	-- return first and only key (script code) in table.
	if not next(scripts, next(scripts)) then
		return next(scripts)
	end -- else return majority script, or else &quot;Zzzz&quot;?
end

function p.is_Latin(str)
	require &quot;libraryUtil&quot;.checkType(&quot;get_best_script&quot;, 1, str, &quot;string&quot;)
	str = mw.text.decode(str, true)
	
	-- Search for the leading bytes that introduce the UTF-8 encoding of the
	-- code points U+0340-U+10FFFF. If they are not found and there is at least
	-- one Latin-script character, the string counts as Latin, because the rest
	-- of the characters can only be Zyyy, Zinh, and Zzzz.
	-- The only scripts found below U+0370 (the first code point of the Greek
	-- and Coptic block) are Latn, Zyyy, Zinh, and Zzzz.
	-- See the codepage in the [[UTF-8]] article.
	if not str:find &quot;[\205-\244]&quot; then
		for codepoint in mw.ustring.gcodepoint(str) do
			if lookup_script(codepoint) == &quot;Latn&quot; then
				return true
			end
		end
	end
	
	local Latn = false
	local i = 0;																-- indexer for use in error messages
	
	for codepoint in mw.ustring.gcodepoint(str) do
		i = i + 1;																-- bump the indexer
		local script = lookup_script(codepoint)
		
		if script == &quot;Latn&quot; then
			Latn = true
		elseif not (script == &quot;Zyyy&quot; or script == &quot;Zinh&quot;
				or script == &quot;Zzzz&quot;) then
			return false, i														-- abandon as not Latn; identify the offending character's position
		end
	end
	
	return Latn, (not Latn and i) or nil										-- when &lt;Latn&gt; false, return offending charactor's position as second return value; nil else
end

-- Checks that a string contains only characters belonging to right-to-left
-- scripts, or characters of ignorable scripts.
function p.is_rtl(str)
	require &quot;libraryUtil&quot;.checkType(&quot;get_best_script&quot;, 1, str, &quot;string&quot;)
	str = mw.text.decode(str, true)
	
	-- Search for the leading bytes that introduce the UTF-8 encoding of the
	-- code points U+0580-U+10FFFF. If they are not found, the string can only
	-- have characters from a left-to-right script, because the first code point
	-- in a right-to-left script is U+0591, in the Hebrew block.
	if not str:find &quot;[\214-\244]&quot; then
		return false
	end
	
	local result = false
	local rtl = loader.scripts.rtl
	for codepoint in mw.ustring.gcodepoint(str) do
		local script = lookup_script(codepoint)
		
		if rtl[script] then
			result = true
		elseif not (script == &quot;Zyyy&quot; or script == &quot;Zinh&quot;
				or script == &quot;Zzzz&quot;) then
			return false
		end
	end
	
	return result
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ R T L _ F R A M E &gt;------------------------------------------------------

external entry from an {{#invoke:}} to determine if a string of text is rtl.  Strips html and html-like tags so
that those tags don't corrupt the is-rtl-is-not-rtl determination; this added for the cases where the rtl text
has &lt;br /&gt; tags.

]]

function p.is_rtl_frame (frame)
	local str = frame.args[1];													-- get the string from the {{#invoke:}} frame
	str = str:gsub ('%b&lt;&gt;', '');												-- strip any html and html-like tags
	return p.is_rtl (str);														-- return if whatever remains rtl; false else
end


local function get_codepoint(args, arg)
	local codepoint_string = args[arg]
		or errorf(2, &quot;Parameter %s is required&quot;, tostring(arg))
	local codepoint = tonumber(codepoint_string, 16)
		or errorf(2, &quot;Parameter %s is not a code point in hexadecimal base&quot;,
			tostring(arg))
	if not (0 &lt;= codepoint and codepoint &lt;= 0x10FFFF) then
		errorf(2, &quot;code point in parameter %s out of range&quot;, tostring(arg))
	end
	return codepoint
end

local function get_func(args, arg, prefix)
	local suffix = args[arg]
		or errorf(2, &quot;Parameter %s is required&quot;, tostring(arg))
	suffix = mw.text.trim(suffix)
	local func_name = prefix .. suffix
	local func = p[func_name]
		or errorf(2, &quot;There is no function '%s'&quot;, func_name)
	return func
end

-- This function allows any of the &quot;lookup&quot; functions to be invoked. The first
-- parameter is the word after &quot;lookup_&quot;; the second parameter is the code point
-- in hexadecimal base.
function p.lookup(frame)
	local func = get_func(frame.args, 1, &quot;lookup_&quot;)
	local codepoint = get_codepoint(frame.args, 2)
	local result = func(codepoint)
	if func == p.lookup_name then
		-- Prevent code point labels such as &lt;control-0000&gt; from being
		-- interpreted as HTML tags.
		result = result:gsub(&quot;&lt;&quot;, &quot;&amp;lt;&quot;)
	end
	return result
end

function p.is(frame)
	local func = get_func(frame.args, 1, &quot;is_&quot;)
	
	-- is_Latin and is_valid_pagename take strings.
	if func == p.is_Latin or func == p.is_valid_pagename or func == p.is_rtl then
		return (func(frame.args[2]))
	else -- The rest take code points.
		local codepoint = get_codepoint(frame.args, 2)
		return (func(codepoint)) -- Adjust to one result.
	end
end

function p.lookup_kCantonese(codepoint)
	local data = loader[('Unihan/kCantonese/%02X'):format(floor(codepoint / 0x1000))]
	if data then
		return data[codepoint]
	end
end

return p</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Antanan lembut</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>102263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732049</id>
      <parentid>675442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:45:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732049</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5510" sha1="6kunf06ze533pbuhd365nh3gcyck2ou" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|color = lightgreen
|name =hydrocotyle splendens
|image = Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides.JPG
|image_caption = Antanan lembut
|regnum =Plantae
|divisio =
|ordo = Apiales
|familia = Araliaceae
|genus = Hydrocotyle
|species = H. sibthorpioides
|binomial =
|binomial_authority =
|synonyms =
Chondrocarpus sibthorpioides Sweet
*Hydrocotyle keelungensis Liu, Chao &amp; Chuang
*Hydrocotyle monticola Hook. f.
*Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb. ex DC.
*Hydrocotyle tenella Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
*Hydrocotyle tuberifera Ohwi

|}}

'''Antanan lembut'''; antanan leutik; ''hydrocotyle splendens'' nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga ''Araliaceae''.&lt;ref name=“Antanan”&gt;{{Cite book | title =Aanteekeningen over het nut, door de bewoners van Java aan eenige planten van dat eiland toegeschreven| first =Justus | last =Putu Dharma| publisher =Karl Hasskarl| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1845| pages =3|ISBN=|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zBUEAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA77&amp;lpg=PA77&amp;dq=leucoxylon+Buxifolium&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=hGPU38nyTo&amp;sig=ACfU3U08H3qADX0Dg9OEZ_FyHzO2Ir26pQ&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi-0vPGvNPmAhXPXSsKHe72AhwQ6AEwD3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 16 Mei 2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antanan lembut sok disebut ogé kakatuncaran. &lt;ref name=”Flo1”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=OjU-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA735&amp;dq=hydrocotyle+splendens&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiDrOT2ztDwAhU56nMBHR9yB1w4FBDoATABegQICBAD#v=onepage&amp;q=hydrocotyle%20splendens&amp;f=false| title =Flora van Nederlandsch Indië| last =Anton Wilhelm Miquel| first =Friedrich | publisher =Van der Post| location =Perpustakaan Negeri Bavarian| year =1855|ISBN=|pages =735}} Disungsi17 Mei 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Antanan lembut loba kapanggih hirup naplok dina galengan [[sawah]] , tambakan [[balong]], sisi susukan,  sisi jalan, ogé kapanggih hirup ngampar di tegalan jeung kebon. Antanan, mikaresep taneuh anu beueus tapi negrak tina cahaya panon poé. Areuy na ngampar luhureun taneuh, dauna laleutik kelirna héjo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Antanan téh tutuwuhan pituin ti [[Asia Tenggara]] , tina kulawarga Apiaceae. Tapi aya usulan pikeun dipindahkeun kana kulawarga ''Araliaceae''. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Chandler|first1=G. T.|last2=Plunkett|first2=G. M.|date=2004-02-01|title=Evolution in Apiales: nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony|url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/144/2/123/2420241/Evolution-in-Apiales-nuclear-and-chloroplast|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=144|issue=2|pages=123–147|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00247.x|issn=0024-4074|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ngaran séjén==
Antanan mibanda ngaran anu béda-béda di unggal daérah, kayaning : ''Peugaga'' ([[Acéh]] ), ''jalukap'' ([[Banjar]] ), ''Kajalukap'' ([[dayak]]), ''daun kaki kuda'' ([[Melayu]] ), ''ampagaga'' ([[Batak]] ), ''antanan, dulang'' ''sontak''([[Sunda]] ), ''gagan-gagan, rendeng, cowek-cowekan, pane gowang'' ([[Jawa]] ), ''piduh'' ([[Bali]] ), ''bebele'' ([[Lombok]] ), ''sandanan'' ([[Irian]]) ''broken copper coin, semanggen'' ([[Indramayu]],Cirebon), pagaga ([[Makassar]] ), ''daun tungke'' ([[Bugis]] ), ''Pigago'' ([[Minang]] ), ''daun tapak kudo'' ([[Solok]] ), ''jelukap/jalukap'' ([[Kutai]] /Borneo). &lt;ref name=”Flo”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=GETYBQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=pegagan&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiH1KGu7tHwAhXzX3wKHRXWDXoQ6AEwAXoECAAQAw#v=onepage&amp;q=pegagan&amp;f=false| title =Flora van Nederlandsch Indië| last =Winarto, Ir. Maria Surbakti| first =Ir. W.P. | publisher =AgroMedia| location =Jakarta | year =2003|ISBN=9789793357133|pages =3}} Disungsi17 Mei 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=“Justus”&gt;{{Cite book | title =Aanteekeningen over het nut, door de bewoners van Java aan eenige planten van dat eiland toegeschreven| first =Justus| last =Karl Hasskarl| publisher = J. Müller| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1845| pages =3|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zBUEAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=id&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true|accessdate=(disungsi – 8 Mei 2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Guna jeung mangpaat==
#Antanan di India sok digaringkeun, tuluy di tinyuh ku cai panas, cenah  ieu dipercaya pikeun ngajaga sangkan panjang ingetan. &lt;ref name=”Flo”/&gt;
#Antanan seger bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun lalab, kalayan mibanda hasiat pikeun meresihan [[getih]] tur jeung meresihan peujit/padaharan. &lt;ref name=”Atl”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=vmrbQE4jfYcC&amp;pg=PA155&amp;dq=pegagan&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiSu-2I8tHwAhXXgtgFHZ46CfwQ6AEwCHoECAcQAw#v=onepage&amp;q=pegagan&amp;f=false| title =Atlas tumbuhan obat Indonesia, Volume 2| last =Dalimartha| first =Setiawan| publisher =Niaga Swadaya | location =Jakarta | year =2000|ISBN=9789796610655|pages =155}} Disungsi17 Mei 2021&lt;/ref&gt;
#Sarta kagunaan séjén tina antanan, ngubaran raheut, wasir, darah tinggi, TBC, anti oksida, jeung sajabana. &lt;ref name=”Atl”/&gt;&lt;ref name=”Gul”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tivpDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=pegagan&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiF0uWu9NHwAhVBAXIKHV48DTQ4ChDoATACegQICBAD#v=onepage&amp;q=pegagan&amp;f=false| title =Gulma Ajaib Penakluk Aneka Penyakit| last =Rahmat K| first =Fauzi | publisher =Dpublish| location =Jakarta | year =2000|ISBN=9786230209703|pages =26}} Disungsi17 Mei 2021&lt;/ref&gt;


==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist |2}} 
{{pondok}} 
{{commons}} 
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis]] 
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan ubar]] 
[[Kategori :Araliaceae]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Apiales]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hoé balukbuk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732061</id>
      <parentid>621466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T08:00:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732061</origin>
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      <text bytes="2384" sha1="siaz9lo3a5jc19zkqdyvjr2vnt6w4p3" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox| color = lightgreen| name = Hoé balukbuk | image =File:Calamus andamanicus-1-JNTBGRI-kerala-India.jpg| image_size = 250px| image_caption =| regnum = Plantae| divisio =Tracheophytes| classis =Angiosperms| ordo =Arecales | familia =Arecaceae| genus = Calamus| species =  Calamus Burckianus| binomial =| binomial_authority =| synonyms ={{Collapsible list||}}}}

'''Hoé balukbuk'''; ''Calamus Burckianus'' nyaéta  tangkal hoé anu asalna tina kulawarga Arecaceae. &lt;ref name=&quot;heyn&quot;&gt;{{Cite  book|title =Denuttigeplanten| last= K| first= Heyn| coauthors =Denuttigeplanten| year= 1913|page=74|location=Library Newyork Botanical Garden| publisher=Ruygrok &amp; Co Batavia| isbn=|url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/73/mode/1up?view=theater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Habita==
Ieu hoé  kapanggih hirup  di [[Jawa Kulon]] di dataran handap nepi ka pa[[gunung]]an anu jangkungna 50-800 méter dpl.  Hoé balukbuk lolobana kapanggih tumuwuh di tempat-tempat anu lungkawing.  &lt;ref name=”San”/&gt;

==Morfologi ==
Hirup dina dapura/''rumpun'' nu lobana  kurang leuwih aya 10 tangkal dina sadapur, tangkalna panjang kelirna semu [[coklat]] bisa ngahontal  40 méter, diaméter tangkal 2,5 cm kalawan panjang unggal bukuna 50 cm. &lt;ref name=”San”/&gt;

Palapah daun paranjang  tiasa ngahontal 300 cm, panjang daunna 60 cm sareng rubak 2-4 cm, ngéntép sapertos daun [[Kalapa]].  &lt;ref name=”San”/&gt;

[[Kembang]]na  majemuk, palebah puhu jeung luarna ditutupan ku salumpit.  Kembang némbongan bijil tina tungtung [[tangkal]].  [[Buah]] anu asak kelirna [[beureum]] semu konéng sarta ukuran buahna antara 2,3 -2,85 cm. &lt;ref name=”San”/&gt;

==Guna jeung mangpaat ==
Mangpaat hoé balukbuk dipaké bahan pikeun nyieun [[korsi]], [[gagang]] [[sapu]] jeung anyaman lianna.  Tungtung tangkalna anu ngora  (humbut) sok dipaké ku masarakat pikeun [[sayur]]an.&lt;ref name=”San”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=jA6ZDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;dq=rotan+balukbuk&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjs6f73r9T1AhX-SmwGHQM0A44Q6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=rotan%20balukbuk&amp;f=false| title =Sanusi| last =Sanusi| first =Djamal | publisher =Firstbox Media| location =Jakarta| year =2019|ISBN=-|pages =28}} Disungsi26 Januari 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dicutat tina ==
{{reflist |2}} 
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan industri]] 
[[Kategori :Asteraceae]] 
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis]] 
[[Kategori: Asteraceae]]
{{Pondok}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>732068</id>
      <parentid>732061</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:43:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732068</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2407" sha1="dxm5ljs84xmzbg7y6sdy8a7dz2wbv09" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox| color = lightgreen| name = Hoé balukbuk | image =File:Calamus andamanicus-1-JNTBGRI-kerala-India.jpg| image_size = 250px| image_caption =| regnum = Plantae| divisio =Tracheophytes| classis =Angiosperms| ordo =Arecales | familia =Arecaceae| genus = Calamus| species =  Calamus Burckianus| binomial =| binomial_authority =| synonyms ={{Collapsible list||}}}}

'''Hoé balukbuk'''; ''Calamus Burckianus'' nyaéta  tangkal hoé anu asalna tina kulawarga Arecaceae. &lt;ref name=&quot;heyn&quot;&gt;{{Cite  book|title =Denuttigeplanten| last= K| first= Heyn| coauthors =Denuttigeplanten| year= 1913|page=74|location=Library Newyork Botanical Garden| publisher=Ruygrok &amp; Co Batavia| isbn=|url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/73/mode/1up?view=theater}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Habita==
Ieu hoé  kapanggih hirup  di [[Jawa Kulon]] di dataran handap nepi ka pa[[gunung]]an anu jangkungna 50-800 méter dpl.  Hoé balukbuk lolobana kapanggih tumuwuh di tempat-tempat anu lungkawing.  &lt;ref name=”San”/&gt;

==Morfologi ==
Hirup dina dapura/''rumpun'' nu lobana  kurang leuwih aya 10 tangkal dina sadapur, tangkalna panjang kelirna semu [[coklat]] bisa ngahontal  40 méter, diaméter tangkal 2,5 cm kalawan panjang unggal bukuna 50 cm. &lt;ref name=”San”/&gt;

Palapah daun paranjang  tiasa ngahontal 300 cm, panjang daunna 60 cm sareng rubak 2-4 cm, ngéntép sapertos daun [[Kalapa]].  &lt;ref name=”San”/&gt;

[[Kembang]]na  majemuk, palebah puhu jeung luarna ditutupan ku salumpit.  Kembang némbongan bijil tina tungtung [[tangkal]].  [[Buah]] anu asak kelirna [[beureum]] semu konéng sarta ukuran buahna antara 2,3 -2,85 cm. &lt;ref name=”San”/&gt;

==Guna jeung mangpaat ==
Mangpaat hoé balukbuk dipaké bahan pikeun nyieun [[korsi]], [[gagang]] [[sapu]] jeung anyaman lianna.  Tungtung tangkalna anu ngora  (humbut) sok dipaké ku masarakat pikeun [[sayur]]an.&lt;ref name=”San”&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=jA6ZDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA27&amp;dq=rotan+balukbuk&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjs6f73r9T1AhX-SmwGHQM0A44Q6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=rotan%20balukbuk&amp;f=false| title =Sanusi| last =Sanusi| first =Djamal | publisher =Firstbox Media| location =Jakarta| year =2019|ISBN=-|pages =28}} Disungsi26 Januari 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dicutat tina ==
{{reflist |2}} 
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan industri]] 
[[Kategori :Asteraceae]] 
[[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis]] 
[[Kategori: Asteraceae]]
[[Kategori:Arecaceae]]
{{Pondok}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kareumbi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732065</id>
      <parentid>729167</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:36:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732065</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2813" sha1="mhncj62lhb0sasusmf8d1ie5e7ua59h" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = ''Homalanthus populneus''
| status = 
| image = 
| image_caption = 
| domain = 
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Tracheophyta]]
| classis = [[Tanom nga bulak (tanom)|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
| familia = [[Euphorbiaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Homalanthus]]''
| species = '''''Homalanthus populneus'''''
| binomial = ''Homalanthus populneus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Eduard Ferdinand Geiseler|Geiseler]]) [[Ferdinand Albin Pax|Pax]]
| range_map = 
| range_map_caption = 
| image2 = 
| image2_caption = 
| synonyms = ''Homalanthus sulawesianus'' &lt;small&gt;Airy Shaw&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Homalanthus populneus minor'' &lt;small&gt;([[Johannes Müller Argoviensis|Müll.Arg.]]) [[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Homalanthus populneus laevis'' &lt;small&gt;([[Francisco Manuel Blanco|Blanco]]) [[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Homalanthus populneus genuinus'' &lt;small&gt;Pax, not validly publ.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Homalanthus leschenaultianus'' &lt;small&gt;[[Adrien Henri Laurent de Jussieu|A.Juss.]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Homalanthus populneum minus'' &lt;small&gt;[[Johannes Müller Argoviensis|Müll.Arg.]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Homalanthus populneum'' &lt;small&gt;([[Eduard Ferdinand Geiseler|Geiseler]]) [[Johannes Müller Argoviensis|Müll.Arg.]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Homalanthus populifolium'' &lt;small&gt;[[Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt|Reinw.]] ex [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Homalanthus populnea'' &lt;small&gt;[[Eduard Ferdinand Geiseler|Geiseler]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Homalanthus laevis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Francisco Manuel Blanco|Blanco]]&lt;/small&gt;                }}

'''Kareumbi''' ('''''Homalanthus populneus''''') nyaéta hiji spésiés tangkal kai ti kulawarga [[Poaceae]]. Jangkungna bisa nepi ka 12 m,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Homalanthus populneus - Useful Tropical Plants|url=http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Homalanthus+populneus|website=tropical.theferns.info|access-date=2021-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; pituin Asia Tenggara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jamun|first=Rosalia|last2=Hendra|first2=Medi|last3=Hariani|first3=Nova|date=2020-07-30|title=KEANEKARAGAMAN TUMBUHAN OBAT DI SUKU MANGGARAI KECAMATAN NDOSO KABUPATEN MANGGARAI BARAT NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR (NTT)|url=https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/PMP/article/view/40810|journal=Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=271–299|doi=10.26418/jpmipa.v11i2.40810|issn=2579-7530|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202203109/https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/PMP/article/view/40810|archive-date=2022-12-02|accessdate=2022-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Kapuloan Kanari]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Jawa]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Pilipina]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Thailan]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Malaysia]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Hawaii]]
[[Kategori:Homalanthus]]
[[Kategori:Poaceae]]
{{pondok}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bulbophyllum angustifolium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>104125</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732072</id>
      <parentid>632776</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:53:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732072</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1149" sha1="qyeqgaysctaim1d9rlp19v5p1ll544w" xml:space="preserve">{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox|name=Bulbophyllum angustifolium|status=|status_system=|status_ref=|image=Bullbopyllum angusti folium.jpg|image_caption=|regnum=[[Plantae]]|unranked_divisio=[[Angiospermae]]|unranked_classis=[[Monocots]]|ordo=[[Asparagales]]|familia=[[Orchidaceae]]|genus=''[[Bulbophyllum]]''|species=Bulbophyllum angustifolium|binomial=Bulbophyllum angustifolium|binomial_authority=(Blume) Lindl. 1830|synonyms=}}
'''''Bulbophyllum angustifolium''''' nyaeta spesies tutuwuhan nu kaasup dian famili ''[[Orchidaceae]]''. Spesies ieu kaasup oge bagean tina ordo ''[[Asparagales]]''. Spesies ''Bulbophyllum angustifolium'' sendiri mangrupakeun bagean tina genus ''[[Bulbophyllum]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:618320-1|title=Bulbophyllum angustifolium (Blume) Lindl. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|website=Plants of the World Online|language=en|accessdate=2023-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngaran ilmiah ti [[Spésiés|spesies]] ie mimiti munggaran ku (Blume) Lindl taun 1830.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Proyek Makrab 2023]]
[[Kategori:Orchidaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>qyeqgaysctaim1d9rlp19v5p1ll544w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Melampodium divaricatum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>106340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732060</id>
      <parentid>677931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:59:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732060</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3474" sha1="b1v7pgmhaj5p8o2kear9qehdixmashb" xml:space="preserve">{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Melampodium divaricatum
| image = File:Melampodium divaricatum-herba-A2613.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Melampodium divaricatum di Kebon Raya Cibodas, Cianjur. 
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| classis = [[Equisetopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asterales]]
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Melampodium]]''
| species = '''''M. divaricatum'''''
| binomial = ''Melampodium divaricatum''
| binomial_authority = ([[Rich.|Rich.]]) [[DC.]]
}}'''''Melampodium divaricatum''''' nyaéta tutuwuhan nu asalna ti sababaraha wewengkon, di antarana [[Méksiko]], [[Amérika Tengah]], [[Amérika (buana)|Amérika]] Kalér jeung Kidul, [[Karibia]], [[Brasil]], [[Myanmar]], [[Kuba]], jeung [[Pilipina|Pilipina.]] Di [[Indonésia]], tutuwuhan ieu dikenal salaku '''kembang panonpoé leutik''' nu dimangpaatkeun salaku ubar tradisional pikeun nyageurkeun [[bohak]]. Carana nyieunna nyaéta ku ngerempeh atawa numuk daun sakuduna, teras ditapelkeun kana bagian awak anu bohak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:156179-2|title=Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|website=Plants of the World Online|language=en|accessdate=2025-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.socfindoconservation.co.id/plant/746|title=Melampodium divaricatum|website=www.socfindoconservation.co.id|accessdate=2025-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciri-ciri ==
Tutuwuhan ieu bisa tumuwuh kalayan hadé dina sagala rupa jenis taneuh, tapi leuwih resep kana [[taneuh lempung]] anu mibanda kalembaban rata, [[drainase]] alus, sarta kéna [[panonpoé]] pinuh. Sanajan butuh kalembaban anu konsistén, tutuwuhan ieu leuwih resep kana bagian taneuh anu rada garing. Salian ti éta, éta tutuwuhan cukup tahan kana cuaca usum panas anu panas jeung lembab, sanajan batangna nu leuwih jangkung sok rawan rubuh dina usum panas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tutuwuhan ieu gaduh batang nu cabangna [[dikotomis]], ramping, bertangkai, aya bintik [[bungur]] sarta pulvinous dina node. Cabang ngora bisa boh bulu hampang atawa henteu buluan, kalayan alur hampang sarta node jeung ruas anu écés. Daunna saderhana, silih tatangkalan, biasana tumuwuh dina batang dikotomis, wangunna utuh, elips, lonjong, atawa lanset kalayan ukuran kira-kira 2,5–7 x 0,5–3,5 cm, sarta mibanda permukaan hispid. 

Teras, bentuk kembangna [[heterogamous]] kalayan bonggol anu mibanda dua atawa leuwih cabang. Kembang pita warna [[Konéng (warna)|konéng]] caang, sedengkeun kembang cakramna konéng dugi ka rada poék, kasusun dina wangun ngagimbung atawa cembung. Buahna nyaéta achenes anu sering kapayungan ku bract involucral subtending, rada pipih, melengkung, mibanda ornamen kuat, ukuranana kira-kira 3,5 x 2 mm, sarta henteu mibanda pappus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Budidaya ==
Tutuwuhan ieu gampang dibudidaya ngagunakeun [[siki]] anu bisa dipanén dina jumlah loba. Leuwih hadé, siki disemai heula supaya tumuwuh kalayan optimal, tuluy dipindahkeun ka tempat anu dipikahoyong.

== Mangpaat ==
Tutuwuhan ieu tiasa ngubaran bohak, muriang, malaria, beuteung kembung, nyeri beuteung, kolik, nyeri sendi, nyeri otot, jantung ngadepruk, pusing, rematik, panyakit konéng, jeung anuria. Salian éta, tutuwuhan ieu gaduh sipat diuretik jeung karminatif.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Artikel WikiTutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WikiTutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Asteraceae]]</text>
      <sha1>b1v7pgmhaj5p8o2kear9qehdixmashb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senna spectabilis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>106342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732059</id>
      <parentid>677969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T07:58:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732059</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2142" sha1="h9uexfc46pyxdrezqg6pq5l9q3r6yd4" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Senna spectabilis
| image = File:Senna spectabilis-pohon-Raflinoer32.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = 
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Senna]]''
| species = '''''Senna spectabilis'''''
| binomial = ''Senna spectabilis''
| binomial_authority = ([[H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby.|H. S. Irwin &amp; Barneby.]]) [[DC.]]
}}

'''''Senna spectabilis''''' mangrupa tutuwuhan nu bentukna tangkal loba tagkai bagéan tina famili ''Fabaceae'' (suku polong-polongan).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://plantamor.com/species/profile/senna/spectabilis#google_vignette&amp;gsc.tab=0|title=Senna spectabilis|website=plantamor.com|accessdate=2025-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;''Senna spectabilis'' nyaèta spesies tangkal leutik nepi ka ukuran sedeng (kira-kira ukuranna 10 meter) tangkalna ngabogaan loba tangkai. Asalna ti Amerika Tengah jeung Selatan, jeung geus bisa ngarèkahan di loba bagèan daérah tropis anu lembab., khususna Filipina, Afrika Timur jeung Afrika Selatan. Tutuwuhan ieu téreh ngarékahan utamana di daerah anu taneuh na jéro, tahan ku séneu jeung ku rayap, sarta kuat ku taneuh asam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Datiles|first=M. J|last2=Acevedo-Rodríguez|first2=P|date=2014-04-02|title=Senna spectabilis (whitebark senna)|url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.11464|journal=CABI Compendium|volume=CABI Compendium|pages=11464|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.11464}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tutuwuhan jenis ieu gampang di budidayakeun lantaran tutuwuhan ieu tahan ku hama jeung panyakit, sarta lewih tahan halodo lamun di bandingkeun jeung jenis ''senna'' lainna.

Regenerasi tutuwuhan ieu téréh nyebabkeun bisa jadi potensi gulma. Ukuran kaina nu leutik umumna sok digunakeun keur suluh, tiang bangunan, jeung bahan utilitas umum. Penelitian lanjutan masih diperlukeun ngeunaan pengolahan budaya ''S. spectabilis.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Artikel WikiTutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WikiTutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Amérika]]
[[Katego4i:Asteraceae]]</text>
      <sha1>h9uexfc46pyxdrezqg6pq5l9q3r6yd4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Palem jepang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>106343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732069</id>
      <parentid>678142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:45:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2621" sha1="odhu1dpctlt4h5yok04vshzvzz92b9n" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
| name = ''Ptychosperma macarthurii''
| image = Ptychosperma macarthurii-daun-Lany pirna.jpg
| image_caption = Palem jepang
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Tracheophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Arecales]]
| familia = [[Arecaceae]]
| genus = ''Ptychosperma''
| species = '''''Ptychosperma macarthurii'''''
| binomial = ''Ptychosperma macarthurii''
| binomial_authority = H.Wendl. ex H.J.Veitch (1884)
}}

[[Gambar:Ptychosperma macarthurii-buah-Lany pirna.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Wangun buah '''''Ptychosperma macarthurii''''' koléksi Kebon Raya Cibodas, Cianjur.]]
'''Palem jepang''' atawa '''''Ptychosperma macarthurii''''' nyaéta salah sahiji tangkal anu asalna tina kulawarga ''(Arecaceae)'', asli [[Australia]] jeung [[Papua Nugini]]. Tangkal ieu tumuwuh di daérah dataran rendah atawa hutan hujan dataran rendah dina élévasi 50 m.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tiberius Jimbo (Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute)|date=2022-03-10|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Ptychosperma macarthurii|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/64375/67556771|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciri mandiri ==
Palem [[jepang]] miboga ciri-ciri tangkal jangkungna nepi ka 7 m&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, kalayan batangna tumuwuh sacara rumpun anu rapet atawa jarang. Sebaranna nepi ka 6-10 kaki. Wangun tajukna [[palem]] anu tegak. Warna daunna héjo, sedengkeun lamun keur musim gugur warna daunna teu robah. Miboga tipeu daun majemuk menyirip anu ganjil, tepi daunna utuh ngalekuk. Wangun daunna lonjong jeung liniér. Panjang helaian daun 8-12 inci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST535|title=ENH-693/ST535: Ptychosperma macarthurii: Macarthur Palm|website=Ask IFAS - Powered by EDIS|language=en|accessdate=2025-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kembangna tuwumuh dina bulan Oktober nepi ka Nopémber, sedengkeun buahna dina awal taun nyaéta bulan Januari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Warna kembangna bodas, krém, atawa abu-abu nu henteu ngenjréng. Wangun buahna buleud tur lonjong, miboga kulit buah anu ngandung daging, panjangna 0.5-1 inchi, warnana beureum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Kusabab Palem jepang tumuwuh di daérah anu tiis jeung miboga daun anu majemuk. Palem jepang cocog pikeun taman tropis atawa dijadikeun tutuwuhan hias, bisa dipelak dina pot kusabab tumuwuhna gancang. Palem jepang  geus sumebar ka sabudereun dunya pikeun bisa dipelak di jero atawa di luar rohangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Artikel WikiTutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Kopdar WikiTutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Arecaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>odhu1dpctlt4h5yok04vshzvzz92b9n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:Unicode data/datasets</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>106658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732033</id>
      <parentid>684728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T02:22:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>732033</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="455" sha1="fuk5mu9jp5tdvjo2p47fs3dsmttw7ay" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local unpack = unpack or table.unpack -- Lua 5.2 compatibility

function export.dataset(dataset_name)
	local dataset = mw.ext.data.get(dataset_name)
	
	if not dataset then error(&quot;Dataset &quot; .. dataset_name .. &quot; not found&quot;) end
	local data = dataset.data
	local result = {}
	
	for _, item in ipairs(data) do
		local charcode_hex, filename = unpack(item)
		result[tonumber(charcode_hex)] = filename
	end
	
	return result
end

return export</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Awi gombong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732067</id>
      <parentid>705051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:39:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732067</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2549" sha1="lpzne5vvu0dwk4urh0r2cgfea8qp6kk" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:25em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%; float:right; margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; background:#e2e2e2; padding:5px;&quot; | Awi Gombong
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[File:Gigantoc pseudoar 151222-0008 kng.JPG|230px]]&lt;br/&gt;''Watang awi gombong anu badag sarta kuat''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2; width:40%;&quot; | Ngaran Ilmiah
| ''[[Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea]]''
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Kulawarga
| [[Poaceae]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Ciri Has
| Watang badag, buku panjang, kuat
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Mangpaat Utama
| Konstruksi, jati bari, pakakas musik
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left; background:#f2f2f2;&quot; | Status Budaya
| Tutuwuhan has [[Sunda]] / Nusantara
|}

'''Awi Gombong''' (''Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea'') nyaéta salah sahiji jinis [[awi]] anu miboga ukuran watang kacida badagna sarta loba kapanggih di sabudeureun Tatar [[Sunda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne&quot;&gt;Heyne, K. (1987). ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'', jil. 1. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan. hlm. 297.&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu awi téh jadi andelan masarakat pikeun rupa-rupa kaperluan konstruksi imah jeung pakakas rumah tangga.

== Ciri Fisik ==
Awi gombong miboga ciri-ciri anu ngabédakeunana jeung awi séjén:
* '''Ukuran''': Jangkungna bisa nepi ka 7-30 méter kalawan diaméter watangna antara 10-15 cm.
* '''Watang''': Warna watangna héjo kolot sarta miboga dindin (kulit) anu kandel.
* '''Buku''': Jarak antara buku ka buku (ruas) lumayan panjang, kira-kira 40-60 cm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bamboos&quot;&gt;Widjaja, E.A. (2001). ''Identifikasi Jenis-jenis Bambu di Jawa''. Bogor: Balitbang Botani Puslitbang Biologi LIPI.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunaan ==
Kusabab kakuatanana, awi gombong sering dipaké pikeun:
# '''Konstruksi''': Dipaké pikeun tihang imah, [[pager]], atawa dadasar jambatan (sasak).
# '''Pakakas Musik''': Bahan utama pikeun nyieun [[calung]], [[angklung]] (hususna bagian badag), jeung [[suling]].
# '''Pakakas Rumah Tangga''': Dipaké pikeun nyieun [[Éngrang]] (tajog), jati bari (mebel), jeung rupa-rupa wadah.
# '''Bahan Kadaharan''': [[Iwung]] (tunas) awi gombong ogé bisa dikonsumsi jadi rupa-rupa olahan sayur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prosea&quot;&gt;Dransfield, S. &amp; Widjaja, E.A. (Eds). (1995). ''Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 7: Bamboos''. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Awi]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Kabudayaan Sunda]]
[[Kategori:Poaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>lpzne5vvu0dwk4urh0r2cgfea8qp6kk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arecales</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108055</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732070</id>
      <parentid>707191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:48:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732070</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2989" sha1="pcfrlh91u3gq0nc4wkuwbngk49ur0bj" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Arecales
| image = Beetle palm with nut bunch.jpg
| image_caption = Tangkal pinang (Areca catechu), salasahiji conto utama tina ordo Arecales.
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| cladus = [[Angiosperms]]
| cladus = [[Monocots]]
| cladus = [[Commelinids]]
| ordo = '''Arecales'''
| ordo_authority = [[Bromhead]] (1840)
| subdivision_ranks = Kulawarga (Familia)
| subdivision = 
* [[Arecaceae]] (Palem-paleman)
* [[Dasypogonaceae]]
}}

'''Arecales''' nyaéta salasahiji [[ordo]] tina tutuwuhan kembangan anu asup kana kelompok [[monokotil]] &lt;ref name=&quot;APG2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=APG IV |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2016 |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ieu ordo téh miboga hiji kulawarga utama anu kacida jembarna sarta penting sacara ékonomi, nyaéta [[Arecaceae]] atanapi kulawarga palem-paleman &lt;ref name=&quot;Jussieu1789&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=A.L. |title=Genera Plantarum |year=1789 |publisher=Herissant |location=Paris |page=37}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Arecales sumebar sacara alami di wilayah [[tropis]] sarta subtropis di sakuliah dunya &lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne386&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=K. |title=De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/386/mode/1up |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok &amp; Co. |location=Batavia |page=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Étimologi ==
Ngaran '''Arecales''' dicandak tina ngaran [[genus]] utamana, nyaéta ''[[Areca]]'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Wittstein1852&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Wittstein |first=G.C. |title=Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch |year=1852 |publisher=Ansbach |page=63}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kecap ''Areca'' sorangan asalna tina basa [[Malabar]] (India) anu nujul kana tangkal pinang &lt;ref name=&quot;Wittstein1852&quot; /&gt;. Istilah ieu sacara resmi diwanohkeun dina klasifikasi botani ku '''Edward Bromhead''' dina taun 1840 &lt;ref name=&quot;APG2016&quot; /&gt;.

== Ciri Umum ==
Tutuwuhan dina ordo Arecales miboga ciri-ciri morfologi anu mandiri:
* '''Tangkal:''' Biasana mangrupa tangkal tunggal (teu mibanda dahan) anu tumuwuh kaluhur, miboga titik tumuwuh dina tungtungna &lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne386&quot; /&gt;.
* '''Daun:''' Daunna rubak sarta miboga wangun saperti kipas atanapi bulu (pinatus) &lt;ref name=&quot;Jussieu1789&quot; /&gt;.
* '''Buah:''' Buahna biasana mangrupa buah batu (drupa) atanapi buah buni, saperti dina [[Kalapa]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne386&quot; /&gt;.

== Mangpaat ==
Dina budaya Sunda sarta Nusantara, anggota Arecales miboga mangpaat anu kacida gedéna:
# '''Pangan:''' Ngahasilkeun santen sarta minyak tina [[Kalapa]], sarta gula tina cipati [[Kawung]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne386&quot; /&gt;.
# '''Wangunan:''' Daun kawung atanapi kalapa sering dianggo pikeun hateup imah, sarta tangkalna dianggo pikeun tihang &lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne386&quot; /&gt;.
# '''Karajinan:''' Serat tina palapahna (injuk) tiasa dijantenkeun sapu atanapi tali &lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne386&quot; /&gt;.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Arecales]]
[[Kategori:Monokotil]]
[[Kategori:Biologi]]
[[Kategori:Arecaceae]]</text>
      <sha1>pcfrlh91u3gq0nc4wkuwbngk49ur0bj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asparagales</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732071</id>
      <parentid>707195</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732071</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3441" sha1="0ahtylg4oxvgjz2sl0gexvp9jals4wv" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Asparagales
| image = Illustration Asparagus officinalis0b.jpg
| image_caption = Ilustrasi botani ''Asparagus officinalis'', salasahiji spésiés utama dina ordo Asparagales.
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| cladus = [[Angiosperms]]
| cladus = [[Monocots]]
| ordo = '''Asparagales'''
| ordo_authority = [[Link]] (1829)
| subdivision_ranks = Kulawarga (Familia)
| subdivision = 
* [[Amaryllidaceae]] (Bawang-bawangan)
* [[Asparagaceae]]
* [[Iridaceae]]
* [[Orchidaceae]] (Anggrék-anggrékan)
* [[Xanthorrhoeaceae]]
* (sarta 9 kulawarga sanésna)
}}

'''Asparagales''' nyaéta salasahiji [[ordo]] tutuwuhan kembangan anu asup kana kelompok [[monokotil]] &lt;ref name=&quot;APG2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=APG IV |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2016 |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ieu ordo téh mangrupakeun kelompok anu kacida gedéna, ngawengku leuwih tina 26.000 spésiés tutuwuhan &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chase, M. W. |title=A phylogenetic classification of the land plants |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2009 |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=122–127}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Salah sahiji kulawarga anu paling kawéntar dina ieu ordo nyaéta [[Orchidaceae]] (anggrék) sarta [[Amaryllidaceae]] anu ngawengku rupa-rupa bawang &lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne430&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=K. |title=De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/430/mode/1up |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok &amp; Co. |location=Batavia |page=430}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Étimologi ==
Ngaran '''Asparagales''' dicandak tina [[genus]] utamana, nyaéta ''[[Asparagus]]'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Wittstein1852&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Wittstein |first=G.C. |title=Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch |year=1852 |publisher=Ansbach |page=79}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kecap ''Asparagus'' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''aspharagos'' (ἀσφάραγος) anu hartina &quot;sirung anu anyar tumuwuh&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Wittstein1852&quot; /&gt;. Istilah ieu sacara resmi dianggo dina klasifikasi botani ku '''Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link''' dina taun 1829 &lt;ref name=&quot;APG2016&quot; /&gt;.

== Ciri Has ==
Tutuwuhan dina ordo Asparagales miboga sababaraha ciri morfologi anu mandiri:
* '''Siki:''' Kulit sikina biasana miboga pigmén hideung anu disebut ''phytomelan'' (iwal ti dina kulawarga Orchidaceae) &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase2009&quot; /&gt;.
* '''Daun:''' Daunna biasana panjang sarta lancip (linéar), kalayan urat daun anu sajajar &lt;ref name=&quot;Jussieu1789&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=A.L. |title=Genera Plantarum |year=1789 |publisher=Herissant |location=Paris |page=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''Kembang:''' Bagian-bagian kembangna biasana aya dina kelipatan tilu, sarta miboga struktur anu variatif pisan &lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne430&quot; /&gt;.

== Mangpaat ==
Dina kahirupan manusa, anggota Asparagales miboga mangpaat anu kacida loba:
# '''Sayuran:''' Sirung [[Asparagus]] sering dijantenkeun bahan kadaharan anu mahal hargana &lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne430&quot; /&gt;.
# '''Bungbu Dapur:''' Ngawengku rupa-rupa bawang saperti [[Bawang Beureum]], bawang bodas, sarta bawang daun &lt;ref name=&quot;Heyne430&quot; /&gt;.
# '''Hiasan:''' Ngahasilkeun rupa-rupa kembang hias anu éndah saperti [[Anggrék]], [[Lili]], sarta [[Lidah Buaya]] (Aloe vera) &lt;ref name=&quot;Chase2009&quot; /&gt;.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Asparagales]]
[[Kategori:Monokotil]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan hias]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Orchidaceae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pinophyta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732024</id>
      <parentid>708353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T15:20:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Habitat sarta Pituin */</comment>
      <origin>732024</origin>
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      <text bytes="3281" sha1="6ep5poq9hvhp3huwttia756jq7lola9" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Pinophyta (Konifér)
| image = Conifer cone1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Runjung (cone), organ réproduksi utama dina Pinophyta.
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = '''Pinophyta'''
| subdivision_ranks = Ordo
| subdivision = 
* [[Pinales]]
* [[Cordaitales]] †
* [[Vojnovskyales]] †
* [[Voltziales]] †
}}

'''Pinophyta''' (Aksara Sunda: ᮕᮤᮔᮧᮕᮤᮒ), atanapi anu langkung katelah ku nami '''Konifér''' (ᮊᮧᮔᮤᮖᮦᮁ), mangrupa salah sahiji divisio tina tutuwuhan siki kabuka ([[Gymnospermae]]). Ciri utamana nyaéta miboga organ réproduksi mangrupa [[runjung]] (ᮛᮥᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮀ) sarta daunna anu lolobana mangrupa jarum atanapi sisit.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/conifer |title=Conifer: Plant Group |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karakteristik ==
Tutuwuhan dina kelompok Pinophyta umumna mangrupa tatangkalan anu miboga kai (''woody plants''). Ieu sababaraha ciri mandirina:
* Siki Kabuka: Sikina henteu kabungkus ku bungbuahan (ovarium), nanging napel dina sisit runjung.
* Daun Jarum: Kaseueuran miboga daun anu heureut kawas jarum (sapertos pinus) atanapi kawas sisit (sapertos cemara).
* Résin: Lolobana ngahasilkeun geutah résin (ᮌᮩᮒᮂ ᮛᮦᮞᮤᮔ᮪) anu seungit sarta mangpaat pikeun nahan serangan hama.

== Habitat sarta Pituin ==
Asal-usul (Pituin)
Kelompok Pinophyta mangrupa kelompok tutuwuhan purba anu parantos aya ti jaman [[Karbon]] (sakitar 300 juta taun ka tukang). Sanajan ayeuna didominasi ku spésiés ti belahan bumi kalér (Éropa, Amérika Kalér, sarta Asia), sababaraha kulawarga sapertos [[Podocarpaceae]] sarta [[Araucariaceae]] mangrupa pituin (ᮕᮤᮒᮥᮄᮔ᮪) ti belahan bumi kidul, kaasup wilayah [[Nusantara]].

==Habitat==
Pinophyta miboga daya tahan anu kuat dina rupa-rupa habitat:
* Wewengkon Tiis: Lolobana konifér hirup di wewengkon iklim sedeng sarta kutub (taiga).
* Pagunungan Tropis: Di wewengkon tropis sapertos [[Jawa]] sarta [[Papua]], ieu tutuwuhan biasana hirup di wilayah pagunungan (ᮕᮌᮥᮔᮥᮍᮔ᮪) anu luhur (600–3.000 mdpl).

== Klasifikasi ==
Panalungtikan ngeunaan ieu divisio parantos lami dimumulé ku para ahli botani, kaasup [[Carl Ludwig Blume]] dina bukuna ''Enumeratio Plantarum Javae'' (1827).&lt;ref name=&quot;blume&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Blume |first=Carl Ludwig |title=Enumeratio plantarum Javae et insularum adjacentium |year=1827 |publisher=Apud J.W. van Leeuwen |location=Lugduni Batavorum |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aENaAAAAcAAJ |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guna jeung Mangpaat ==
Dumasar kana catetan [[Karel Heyne]], kelompok tutuwuhan Pinophyta miboga ajén ékonomi (ᮃᮏᮦᮔ᮪ ᮆᮊᮧᮔᮧᮙᮤ) anu kacida gedéna:
* Kai:Kaina dianggo salaku bahan wangunan, pulp kertas, sarta jati imah.
* Résin sarta Turpentin: Diolah tina geutah pinus pikeun kaperluan industri cet sarta vernis.&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Heyne |first=Karel |title=De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië |year=1913 |publisher=Ruygrok &amp; Co |location=Batavia |url=https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten01heyn/page/35/mode/1up |page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Pinophyta]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gandrum timorénsé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108674</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732066</id>
      <parentid>710107</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T11:38:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinototosugiarto</username>
        <id>11449</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>732066</origin>
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      <text bytes="3776" sha1="l5qauonqu8xfppta038lfoc2ccq5s99" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Sorghum timorense.jpg|jmpl|286x286px|Gandrum timorénsé]]
'''Gandrum timorénsé''' ''(sorghum timorense)'', anu ilaharna katelah ku sebutan ''Downs sorghum'', mangrupa tutuwuhan jukut tropis taunan asal [[Asia]] jeung Australasia anu asli ti [[Pulo Timor]], sarta [[Australia]] di bagian kaler wilayah Teritorial Kalér, [[Queensland]], jeung [[Australia Kulon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=403201|title=Sorghum timorense (Kunth) Büse GRIN-Global|website=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov|accessdate=2026-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; (tumuwuh subur di wewengkon ti mimiti [[Kimberley]] nepi ka [[Pilbara]]).

Gandrum timorénsé kaasup kana famili [[Poaceae]], ordo [[Poales]], kelas [[Liliopsida]]. Dumasar kana data anu kakumpul, spésiés ieu geus kacatet lobana 20 kali di [[Indonésia]], sumebar di 0 propinsi. Catetan munggaran kacatet dina taun 1803.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gbif.co.id/spesies/sorghum-timorense|title=Sorghum timorense (Sorghum timorense)|last=Nusantara|first=Biodiversitas|website=Biodiversitas Nusantara|language=id|accessdate=2026-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Data distribusi ieu némbongkeun akumulasi tina rupa-rupa kagiatan kalangsungan (survéi), panalungtikan, jeung kontribusi ''citizen science'' (élmu masarakat). Pola distribusi anu kacatet bisa jadi teu sagemblengna ngagambarkeun panyebaran alami spésiés, sabab kapangaruhan ku inténsitas panalungtikan di unggal wilayah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Trén observasi taunan ''Sorghum timorense'' kaitung rada stabil dina période pamungkas dibandingkeun jeung taun saacanna, kalayan catetan munggaran dina taun 1803.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Morfologi Tangkal, Daun, jeung Kembang ==
Tangkalna (panjangna 30–300 cm × diaméter 7–13 mm) tumuwuh jejeg atawa bengkung dumadakan, lemes atawa siga anu aya lapisan tipis kawas bubuk bodas, tapi aya buuk lemes nepi ka nembongkeun bulu salunget dina bagian buku-bukuna (buku tangkal), sarta boga saeutik régang gigir. Akarna henteu kaluar tina buku tangkal, tapi sabagian bisa aya di luhureun taneuh keur nahan sangkan tangkalna nangtung pageuh. Palapis daunna (palapah) aya anu gundul (euweuh buluan) atawa aya bulu lemes pisan, sakapeung mah euweuh bulu dina bagean luhurna, atawa buluan kandel. Ligula (panjangna 1.3–3.5 mm) euweuh bulu sikatna. Lambaran daunna lemes atawa aya buluan saeutik (panjangna 30–60 cm × lébar 5–10 mm), bisa lempeng atawa ngagulung, sarta tungtungna nyungcung leutik jiga benang. Lamun permukaan lambaran daunna aya buluan, éta bulu téh kaluar tina bintil-bintil leutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp09529.htm|title=RBG Kew: GrassBase - Sorghum timorense Description|website=www.kew.org|accessdate=2026-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kembangna téh mangrupa rorompok kembang (infloresénsi) wujud malai anu ngariung kentel atawa rada mekar (panjangna 15–40 cm), di mana unggal régangna tungtungna mangrupa sagagang kembang (rasém) tunggal. Sumbu utama malaina mah lemes. Régang malaina aya nu nyiku atawa rata, katembongna kawas nu pinuh ku kerak leutik, sarta jabrig ku bulu panjang anu hipu, jeung boga bagian bongkot (''pulvini'') anu ngabareuhan; bagian kélék régangna aya nu gundul atawa buluan, jeung bagian tungtungna mah buluan. Régang utama dina malai (panjangna 2–11 cm) euweuh régang leutik deui.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Dina sagagang kembang (rasém) ukur aya saeutik kembang leutik anu subur (''fertile spikelets'', sakitar dua nepi ka 10 kembang subur per gagang). Tangkal utama (panjangna 5–6 mm antarbuku) bentukna lempeng, aya bulu sikat dina bagian gigirna, gampang potong dina bagian bukuna, sarta tungtungna ngetrok modél miring dumadakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Kategori:Poaceae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kartijah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>109570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732038</id>
      <parentid>732004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:41:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hayati Mayang Arum</username>
        <id>12262</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>732038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1362" sha1="gzptxqp3dk853tmt1sbx77k6bylkitv" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngbogaan karakter anu bageur, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah Suli).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>732039</id>
      <parentid>732038</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:57:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hayati Mayang Arum</username>
        <id>12262</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>732039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2268" sha1="fl3d2hwekz1fvtt26anwm592r7vtb8r" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] sumatra legéndaris atawa gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngbogaan karakter anu bageur, piindung, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah [[Suli]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Kartijah mangrupa gajah senior anu dipikareueus di TNWK, sarta mangrupa gajah munggaran anu nyicingan PLG Way Kambas. Sapanjang hirupna, Kartijah hampir teu ngabogaan riwayat kaséhatan anu parah. Bobot awakna leuwih ti tilu ton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/305617/gajah-jinak-agam-kartijah-semarakkan-kirab-asian-games|title=Gajah jinak Agam-Kartijah Semarakkan Kirab Asian Games|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Lampung|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 2018, Kartijah kungsi dipilih ku balai TNWK pikeun mapag ''Kirab Api Obor [[Asian Games]]'' ka-18 di kota [[Bandarlampung]], babarengan jeung gajah [[Agam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kartijah kungsi ngabogaan anak, anu kahiji ngaranna [[Adi]], kadua [[Gusti]] (paéh teu lila ti sabada gubrag ka dunya), anu katilu ngaranna [[Joni]].  

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>732040</id>
      <parentid>732039</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T04:58:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hayati Mayang Arum</username>
        <id>12262</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>732040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2272" sha1="1wg3yfw1scxel04agff9qh3jzgl8s5k" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] sumatra legéndaris atawa gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngbogaan karakter anu bageur, piindung, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah [[Suli]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Kartijah mangrupa gajah senior anu dipikareueus di TNWK, sarta mangrupa gajah munggaran anu nyicingan PLG [[Way Kambas]]. Sapanjang hirupna, Kartijah hampir teu ngabogaan riwayat kaséhatan anu parah. Bobot awakna leuwih ti tilu ton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/305617/gajah-jinak-agam-kartijah-semarakkan-kirab-asian-games|title=Gajah jinak Agam-Kartijah Semarakkan Kirab Asian Games|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Lampung|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 2018, Kartijah kungsi dipilih ku balai TNWK pikeun mapag ''Kirab Api Obor [[Asian Games]]'' ka-18 di kota [[Bandarlampung]], babarengan jeung gajah [[Agam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kartijah kungsi ngabogaan anak, anu kahiji ngaranna [[Adi]], kadua [[Gusti]] (paéh teu lila ti sabada gubrag ka dunya), anu katilu ngaranna [[Joni]].  

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2329" sha1="c7w05tx4hgnzq8xl34s24fb7ebbyhis" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] sumatra legéndaris atawa gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngbogaan karakter anu bageur, piindung, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah [[Suli]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Kartijah mangrupa gajah senior anu dipikareueus di TNWK, sarta mangrupa gajah munggaran anu nyicingan PLG [[Way Kambas]]. Sapanjang hirupna, Kartijah hampir teu ngabogaan riwayat kaséhatan anu parah. Kartijah kaitung kana gajah anu séhat tur awakna wedel. Bobot awakna leuwih ti tilu ton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/305617/gajah-jinak-agam-kartijah-semarakkan-kirab-asian-games|title=Gajah jinak Agam-Kartijah Semarakkan Kirab Asian Games|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Lampung|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 2018, Kartijah kungsi dipilih ku balai TNWK pikeun mapag ''Kirab Api Obor [[Asian Games]]'' ka-18 di kota [[Bandarlampung]], babarengan jeung gajah [[Agam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kartijah kungsi ngabogaan anak, anu kahiji ngaranna [[Adi]], kadua [[Gusti]] (paéh teu lila ti sabada gubrag ka dunya), anu katilu ngaranna [[Joni]].  

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2597" sha1="8qgir93z8x83jwx0gw86d8qtmewcucp" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] sumatra legéndaris atawa gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngbogaan karakter anu bageur, piindung, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah [[Suli]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Kartijah mangrupa gajah senior anu dipikareueus di TNWK, sarta mangrupa gajah munggaran anu nyicingan PLG [[Way Kambas]]. Sapanjang hirupna, Kartijah hampir teu ngabogaan riwayat kaséhatan anu parah. Kartijah kaitung kana gajah anu séhat tur awakna wedel. Bobot awakna leuwih ti tilu ton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/305617/gajah-jinak-agam-kartijah-semarakkan-kirab-asian-games|title=Gajah jinak Agam-Kartijah Semarakkan Kirab Asian Games|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Lampung|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kartijah mimitina mangrupa gajah liar, tur kapanggih sarta dilatih ti bubudak kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kaunikan Kartijah katitén ku mahout-mahoutna, di antarana nyaéta ngabogaan karakter anu bageur, jadi panutan jeung panyalindungan pikeun gajah-gajah séjénna.  

Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 2018, Kartijah kungsi dipilih ku balai TNWK pikeun mapag ''Kirab Api Obor [[Asian Games]]'' ka-18 di kota [[Bandarlampung]], babarengan jeung gajah [[Agam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kartijah kungsi ngabogaan anak, anu kahiji ngaranna [[Adi]], kadua [[Gusti]] (paéh teu lila ti sabada gubrag ka dunya), anu katilu ngaranna [[Joni]].  

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3026" sha1="f4wr5o8hvzg1uggjardixa6znuah3b0" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] sumatra legéndaris atawa gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngbogaan karakter anu bageur, piindung, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah [[Suli]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Kartijah mangrupa gajah senior anu dipikareueus di TNWK, sarta mangrupa gajah munggaran anu nyicingan PLG [[Way Kambas]]. Sapanjang hirupna, Kartijah hampir teu ngabogaan riwayat kaséhatan anu parah. Kartijah kaitung kana gajah anu séhat tur awakna wedel. Bobot awakna leuwih ti tilu ton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/305617/gajah-jinak-agam-kartijah-semarakkan-kirab-asian-games|title=Gajah jinak Agam-Kartijah Semarakkan Kirab Asian Games|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Lampung|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kartijah mimitina mangrupa gajah liar, tur kapanggih sarta dilatih ti bubudak kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kaunikan Kartijah katitén ku mahout-mahoutna, di antarana nyaéta ngabogaan karakter anu bageur, jadi panutan jeung panyalindungan pikeun gajah-gajah séjénna.  

Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 2018, Kartijah kungsi dipilih ku balai TNWK pikeun mapag ''Kirab Api Obor [[Asian Games]]'' ka-18 di kota [[Bandarlampung]], babarengan jeung gajah [[Agam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kartijah kungsi ngabogaan anak, anu kahiji ngaranna [[Adi]], kadua [[Gusti]] (paéh teu lila ti sabada gubrag ka dunya), anu katilu ngaranna [[Joni]].  

Kahirupan Kartijah anu geus cukup umur, teu ujug-ujug bisa hirup lugina. Inyana kungsi ngalaman jadi gajah atraksi jeung gajah tunggang. Malah dina taun 2018, nalika keur kakandungan gé masih ngajalankeun kahirupanna salau gajah atraksi jeung gajah tunggang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.tribunnews.com/2018/11/15/dua-gajah-bernama-kartijah-dan-bunga-di-taman-nasional-way-kambas-sedang-bunting?page=all|title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3034" sha1="iig0yvwyv7b0excset9n1yufolih0f0" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] sumatra legéndaris atawa gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngbogaan karakter anu bageur, piindung, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah [[Suli]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Kartijah mangrupa gajah senior anu dipikareueus di TNWK, sarta mangrupa gajah munggaran anu nyicingan PLG [[Way Kambas]]. Sapanjang hirupna, Kartijah hampir teu ngabogaan riwayat kaséhatan anu parah. Kartijah kaitung kana gajah anu séhat tur awakna wedel. Bobot awakna leuwih ti tilu ton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/305617/gajah-jinak-agam-kartijah-semarakkan-kirab-asian-games|title=Gajah jinak Agam-Kartijah Semarakkan Kirab Asian Games|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Lampung|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kartijah mimitina mangrupa gajah liar, tur kapanggih sarta dilatih ti bubudak kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kaunikan Kartijah katitén ku mahout-mahoutna, di antarana nyaéta ngabogaan karakter anu bageur, jadi panutan jeung panyalindungan pikeun gajah-gajah séjénna.  

Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 2018, Kartijah kungsi dipilih ku balai TNWK pikeun mapag ''Kirab Api Obor [[Asian Games]]'' ka-18 di kota [[Bandarlampung]], babarengan jeung gajah [[Agam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kartijah kungsi ngabogaan anak, anu kahiji ngaranna [[Adi]], kadua [[Gusti]] (paéh teu lila ti sabada gubrag ka dunya), anu katilu ngaranna [[Joni]].  

Kahirupan Kartijah anu geus cukup umur, teu ujug-ujug bisa hirup lugina. Inyana kungsi ngalaman jadi [[gajah atraksi]] jeung [[gajah tunggang]]. Malah dina taun 2018, nalika keur kakandungan gé masih ngajalankeun kahirupanna salau gajah atraksi jeung gajah tunggang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.tribunnews.com/2018/11/15/dua-gajah-bernama-kartijah-dan-bunga-di-taman-nasional-way-kambas-sedang-bunting?page=all|title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3046" sha1="9hwqolfg1lcw1h5b444e96104aguhyi" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] sumatra legéndaris atawa gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi indung pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngbogaan karakter anu bageur, piindung, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah [[Suli]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Kartijah mangrupa gajah senior anu dipikareueus di TNWK, sarta mangrupa gajah munggaran anu nyicingan PLG [[Way Kambas]]. Sapanjang hirupna, Kartijah hampir teu ngabogaan riwayat kaséhatan anu parah. Kartijah kaitung kana gajah anu séhat tur awakna wedel. Bobot awakna leuwih ti tilu ton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/305617/gajah-jinak-agam-kartijah-semarakkan-kirab-asian-games|title=Gajah jinak Agam-Kartijah Semarakkan Kirab Asian Games|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Lampung|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kartijah mimitina mangrupa gajah liar, tur kapanggih sarta dilatih ti bubudak kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kaunikan Kartijah katitén ku mahout-mahoutna, di antarana nyaéta ngabogaan karakter anu bageur, jadi panutan jeung panyalindungan pikeun gajah-gajah séjénna.  

Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 2018, Kartijah kungsi dipilih ku balai TNWK pikeun mapag ''Kirab Api Obor [[Asian Games]]'' ka-18 di kota [[Bandarlampung]], babarengan jeung gajah [[Agam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kartijah kungsi ngabogaan anak, anu kahiji ngaranna [[Adi]], kadua [[Gusti]] (paéh teu lila ti sabada gubrag ka dunya), anu katilu ngaranna [[Joni]].  

Kahirupan Kartijah anu geus cukup umur, teu ujug-ujug bisa hirup lugina. Inyana kungsi ngalaman jadi [[gajah atraksi]] jeung [[gajah tunggang]]. Malah dina taun 2018, nalika Kartijah keur reuneuh gedé ogé masih ngajalankeun kahirupanna salau gajah atraksi jeung gajah tunggang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.tribunnews.com/2018/11/15/dua-gajah-bernama-kartijah-dan-bunga-di-taman-nasional-way-kambas-sedang-bunting?page=all|title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3064" sha1="r4pe5zexj0bd69wqmo7cu7t6nn8v1pw" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] sumatra legéndaris atawa gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi [[indung]] pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngabogaan karakter anu bageur, piindung, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah [[Suli]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Kartijah mangrupa gajah senior anu dipikareueus di TNWK, sarta mangrupa gajah munggaran anu nyicingan PLG [[Way Kambas]]. Sapanjang hirupna, Kartijah hampir teu ngabogaan riwayat kaséhatan anu parah. Kartijah kaitung kana gajah anu séhat tur awakna wedel. Bobot awakna leuwih ti tilu ton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/305617/gajah-jinak-agam-kartijah-semarakkan-kirab-asian-games|title=Gajah jinak Agam-Kartijah Semarakkan Kirab Asian Games|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Lampung|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kartijah mimitina mangrupa gajah liar, tur kapanggih sarta dilatih ti bubudak kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kaunikan Kartijah katitén ku mahout-mahoutna, di antarana nyaéta ngabogaan karakter anu bageur, sarta jadi panutan jeung tempat panyalindungan pikeun gajah-gajah séjénna.  

Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 2018, Kartijah kungsi dipilih ku balai TNWK pikeun mapag ''Kirab Api Obor [[Asian Games]]'' ka-18 di kota [[Bandarlampung]], babarengan jeung gajah [[Agam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kartijah kungsi ngabogaan anak, anu kahiji ngaranna [[Adi]], kadua [[Gusti]] (paéh teu lila ti sabada gubrag ka dunya), anu katilu ngaranna [[Joni]].  

Kahirupan Kartijah anu geus cukup umur, teu ujug-ujug bisa hirup lugina. Inyana kungsi ngalaman jadi [[gajah atraksi]] jeung [[gajah tunggang]]. Malah dina taun 2018, nalika Kartijah keur reuneuh gedé ogé masih ngajalankeun kahirupanna salau gajah atraksi jeung gajah tunggang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.tribunnews.com/2018/11/15/dua-gajah-bernama-kartijah-dan-bunga-di-taman-nasional-way-kambas-sedang-bunting?page=all|title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Riwayat hirup */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3065" sha1="nsgl88dzb3hogg5zbw52k9z10m4vf18" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartijah''' (Kartini Gajah) mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah]] sumatra legéndaris atawa gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi [[indung]] pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngabogaan karakter anu bageur, piindung, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah [[Suli]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Kartijah mangrupa gajah senior anu dipikareueus di TNWK, sarta mangrupa gajah munggaran anu nyicingan PLG [[Way Kambas]]. Sapanjang hirupna, Kartijah hampir teu ngabogaan riwayat kaséhatan anu parah. Kartijah kaitung kana gajah anu séhat tur awakna wedel. Bobot awakna leuwih ti tilu ton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/305617/gajah-jinak-agam-kartijah-semarakkan-kirab-asian-games|title=Gajah jinak Agam-Kartijah Semarakkan Kirab Asian Games|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Lampung|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kartijah mimitina mangrupa gajah liar, tur kapanggih sarta dilatih ti bubudak kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kaunikan Kartijah katitén ku mahout-mahoutna, di antarana nyaéta ngabogaan karakter anu bageur, sarta jadi panutan jeung tempat panyalindungan pikeun gajah-gajah séjénna.  

Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 2018, Kartijah kungsi dipilih ku balai TNWK pikeun mapag ''Kirab Api Obor [[Asian Games]]'' ka-18 di kota [[Bandarlampung]], babarengan jeung gajah [[Agam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kartijah kungsi ngabogaan anak, anu kahiji ngaranna [[Adi]], kadua [[Gusti]] (paéh teu lila ti sabada gubrag ka dunya), anu katilu ngaranna [[Joni]].  

Kahirupan Kartijah anu geus cukup umur, teu ujug-ujug bisa hirup lugina. Inyana kungsi ngalaman jadi [[gajah atraksi]] jeung [[gajah tunggang]]. Malah dina taun 2018, nalika Kartijah keur reuneuh gedé ogé masih ngajalankeun kahirupanna salaku gajah atraksi jeung gajah tunggang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.tribunnews.com/2018/11/15/dua-gajah-bernama-kartijah-dan-bunga-di-taman-nasional-way-kambas-sedang-bunting?page=all|title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3317" sha1="s1eo6s03n2rzr421w3bg2jx4osxh1rc" xml:space="preserve">'''Kartini Gajah''' ('''Kartijah''') mangrupa ngaran salah sahiji [[Gajah sumatra|gajah sumatra]] legéndaris atawa gajah indungna anu aya di [[Pusat Latihan Gajah]] (PLG) di [[Taman Nasional Way Kambas]] (TNWK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/label/kartijah-atau-kartini-gajah|title=kartijah atau kartini gajah|last=Nusantara|first=PT Kompas Media|website=kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kartijah disebut &quot;Kartinina Gajah&quot; lantaran inyana mindeng jadi [[indung]] pulung pikeun ngasuh anak-anak gajah anu kaleungitan indungna di TNWK. Kartijah ngabogaan karakter anu bageur, piindung, lemah lembut, tur deudeuhan. Teu héran upama anak-anak gajah ngarasa betah tur daék diasuh ku Kartijah. Boh éta anak gajah anu indungna maot, boh anak gajah liar anu ditinggalkeun ku indungna atawa dianiaya ku jelema. Salah sahiji anak gajah anu diasuhna nyaéta aya [[Érin (gajah)|Érin]] (anak gajah ''rescue)'' jeung [[Yongki (gajah)|Yongki]] (anak gajah [[Suli (gajah)|Suli]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/kartijah-induk-angkat-gajah-sumatera-di-way-kambas-lampung|title=Kartijah, Induk Angkat Gajah Sumatera di Way Kambas, Lampung|last=Oktavia|first=Vina|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Riwayat hirup ==
Kartijah mangrupa gajah senior anu dipikareueus di TNWK, sarta mangrupa gajah munggaran anu nyicingan PLG [[Way Kambas]]. Sapanjang hirupna, Kartijah hampir teu ngabogaan riwayat kaséhatan anu parah. Kartijah kaitung kana gajah anu séhat tur awakna wedel. Bobot awakna leuwih ti tilu ton. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lampung.antaranews.com/berita/305617/gajah-jinak-agam-kartijah-semarakkan-kirab-asian-games|title=Gajah jinak Agam-Kartijah Semarakkan Kirab Asian Games|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=Antara News Lampung|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kartijah mimitina mangrupa gajah liar, tur kapanggih sarta dilatih ti bubudak kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kaunikan Kartijah katitén ku mahout-mahoutna, di antarana nyaéta ngabogaan karakter anu bageur, sarta jadi panutan jeung tempat panyalindungan pikeun gajah-gajah séjénna.  

Dina taun 2026, Kartijah geus nicak umur ka 45 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 2018, Kartijah kungsi dipilih ku balai TNWK pikeun mapag ''Kirab Api Obor [[Asian Games]]'' ka-18 di kota [[Kota Bandar Lampung|Bandar Lampung]], babarengan jeung gajah [[Agam (gajah)|Agam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kartijah kungsi ngabogaan anak, anu kahiji ngaranna [[Adi]], kadua [[Gusti]] (paéh teu lila ti sabada gubrag ka dunya), anu katilu ngaranna [[Joni]].  

Kahirupan Kartijah anu geus cukup umur, teu ujug-ujug bisa hirup lugina. Inyana kungsi ngalaman jadi [[gajah atraksi]] jeung [[gajah tunggang]]. Malah dina taun 2018, nalika Kartijah keur reuneuh gedé ogé masih ngajalankeun kahirupanna salaku gajah atraksi jeung gajah tunggang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dua Gajah Bernama Kartijah dan Bunga di Taman Nasional Way Kambas Sedang Bunting|url=https://lampung.tribunnews.com/2018/11/15/dua-gajah-bernama-kartijah-dan-bunga-di-taman-nasional-way-kambas-sedang-bunting|newspaper=Tribun Lampung|access-date=2026-11-10|language=id-ID|editor-last=Sulis|editor-first=Heribertus|date=15 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Individu gajah di Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gunung Raung</title>
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        <id>27597</id>
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      <comment>Nyieun kaca anyar '''Gunung Raung''' mangrupakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe aseupan ([[stratovulkan]]) nu perenahna di tungtung wétan [[Pulo Jawa]], [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/travel/destination/fakta-tentang-gunung-raung-c1c2-01-n8w97-gq3l0r|title=10 Fakta tentang Gunung Raung|last=Munawaroh|first=Lya|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datagunung.com/gunung/Raung/info|title=Informasi...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1542" sha1="tk6th19jtib1v8gy9rgh4wgllhg0b8n" xml:space="preserve">'''Gunung Raung''' mangrupakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe aseupan ([[stratovulkan]]) nu perenahna di tungtung wétan [[Pulo Jawa]], [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/travel/destination/fakta-tentang-gunung-raung-c1c2-01-n8w97-gq3l0r|title=10 Fakta tentang Gunung Raung|last=Munawaroh|first=Lya|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datagunung.com/gunung/Raung/info|title=Informasi Gunung Raung|website=datagunung.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara administratif, kawasan Gunung Raung ngawengku tilu wewengkon kabupatén di Provinsi [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]], nyaéta [[Kabupatén Banyuwangi|Kabupatén Banyuwang]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i, [[Kabupatén Bondowoso]], jeung [[Kabupatén Jember]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-6202549/gunung-raung-dan-sejarah-letusannya|title=Gunung Raung dan Sejarah Letusannya|last=detikJatim|first=Tim|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu gunung mangrupa bagian tina kompléks [[Pagunungan Ijén]] jeung statusna salaku titik pangjangkungna di éta gugusan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ku puncak pangjangkungna nu nepi ka 3.344 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Gunung Raung mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna katilu di Jawa Wétan sanggeus [[Gunung Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Arjuno]], sarta mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna kaopat di sakuliah Pulo Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>732018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T13:06:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Syahira Rizkia</username>
        <id>27597</id>
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      <text bytes="2818" sha1="nlxvnchgo889ndy0gi0gu4oqvgsp6kx" xml:space="preserve">'''Gunung Raung''' mangrupakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe aseupan ([[stratovulkan]]) nu perenahna di tungtung wétan [[Pulo Jawa]], [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/travel/destination/fakta-tentang-gunung-raung-c1c2-01-n8w97-gq3l0r|title=10 Fakta tentang Gunung Raung|last=Munawaroh|first=Lya|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datagunung.com/gunung/Raung/info|title=Informasi Gunung Raung|website=datagunung.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara administratif, kawasan Gunung Raung ngawengku tilu wewengkon kabupatén di Provinsi [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]], nyaéta [[Kabupatén Banyuwangi|Kabupatén Banyuwang]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i, [[Kabupatén Bondowoso]], jeung [[Kabupatén Jember]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-6202549/gunung-raung-dan-sejarah-letusannya|title=Gunung Raung dan Sejarah Letusannya|last=detikJatim|first=Tim|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu gunung mangrupa bagian tina kompléks [[Pagunungan Ijén]] jeung statusna salaku titik pangjangkungna di éta gugusan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ku puncak pangjangkungna nu nepi ka 3.344 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Gunung Raung mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna katilu di Jawa Wétan sanggeus [[Gunung Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Arjuno]], sarta mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna kaopat di sakuliah Pulo Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Ngaran &quot;Raung&quot; asalna tina kecap basa lokal nu hartina &quot;ngagaur (ngaum) kalawan tarik&quot;. Ieu panamaan ngarujuk kana sora déntuman jeung gumuruh gandéng nu mindeng dikaluarkeun ku ieu gunung basa aktivitas vulkanikna keur naék atawa basa bitu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Sacara historis jeung kultural, Gunung Raung boga patalina nu raket jeung peradaban di tungtung wétan Jawa. Ieu gunung mindeng dilandi salaku &quot;Indung ti Gumuk&quot;, di mana masarakat satempat yakin yén Raung téh indung ti pasir-pasir leutik nu sumebar di wewengkon Jember. Letusan-letusan (érupsi) nu rongkah baheula dipercaya aya patalina jeung sajarah runtuhna peradaban lokal, kaasup Karajaan Macan Putih nu mangrupa bagian ti [[Karajaan Blambangan]]. Lacak peradaban purba kawas fondasi wangunan jeung artéfak kuno nu kakubur ku material vulkanik, sarta titinggal situs pamujaan Hindu ti abad ka-17 nepi ka ka-18, loba kapanggih di wewengkon suku gunung jeung mindeng dihubungkeun kana legénda [[Pangéran Tawangulun]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yukbanyuwangi.co.id/cerita-lama-yang-terlupakan-asal-usul-gunung-raung.html|title=Cerita Lama yang Terlupakan, Asal Usul Gunung Raung|last=admin|website=Paket Wisata Banyuwangi - Yukbanyuwangi|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
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        <username>Syahira Rizkia</username>
        <id>27597</id>
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      <text bytes="3949" sha1="6vti1ks3a25m3cqnlo93bkhybh8oa99" xml:space="preserve">'''Gunung Raung''' mangrupakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe aseupan ([[stratovulkan]]) nu perenahna di tungtung wétan [[Pulo Jawa]], [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/travel/destination/fakta-tentang-gunung-raung-c1c2-01-n8w97-gq3l0r|title=10 Fakta tentang Gunung Raung|last=Munawaroh|first=Lya|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datagunung.com/gunung/Raung/info|title=Informasi Gunung Raung|website=datagunung.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara administratif, kawasan Gunung Raung ngawengku tilu wewengkon kabupatén di Provinsi [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]], nyaéta [[Kabupatén Banyuwangi|Kabupatén Banyuwang]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i, [[Kabupatén Bondowoso]], jeung [[Kabupatén Jember]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-6202549/gunung-raung-dan-sejarah-letusannya|title=Gunung Raung dan Sejarah Letusannya|last=detikJatim|first=Tim|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu gunung mangrupa bagian tina kompléks [[Pagunungan Ijén]] jeung statusna salaku titik pangjangkungna di éta gugusan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ku puncak pangjangkungna nu nepi ka 3.344 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Gunung Raung mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna katilu di Jawa Wétan sanggeus [[Gunung Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Arjuno]], sarta mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna kaopat di sakuliah Pulo Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Ngaran &quot;Raung&quot; asalna tina kecap basa lokal nu hartina &quot;ngagaur (ngaum) kalawan tarik&quot;. Ieu panamaan ngarujuk kana sora déntuman jeung gumuruh gandéng nu mindeng dikaluarkeun ku ieu gunung basa aktivitas vulkanikna keur naék atawa basa bitu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Sacara historis jeung kultural, Gunung Raung boga patalina nu raket jeung peradaban di tungtung wétan Jawa. Ieu gunung mindeng dilandi salaku &quot;Indung ti Gumuk&quot;, di mana masarakat satempat yakin yén Raung téh indung ti pasir-pasir leutik nu sumebar di wewengkon Jember. Letusan-letusan (érupsi) nu rongkah baheula dipercaya aya patalina jeung sajarah runtuhna peradaban lokal, kaasup Karajaan Macan Putih nu mangrupa bagian ti [[Karajaan Blambangan]]. Lacak peradaban purba kawas fondasi wangunan jeung artéfak kuno nu kakubur ku material vulkanik, sarta titinggal situs pamujaan Hindu ti abad ka-17 nepi ka ka-18, loba kapanggih di wewengkon suku gunung jeung mindeng dihubungkeun kana legénda [[Pangéran Tawangulun]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yukbanyuwangi.co.id/cerita-lama-yang-terlupakan-asal-usul-gunung-raung.html|title=Cerita Lama yang Terlupakan, Asal Usul Gunung Raung|last=admin|website=Paket Wisata Banyuwangi - Yukbanyuwangi|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Géografi jeung karakteristik fisik ==
Gunung Raung kawentar pisan ku kaldéra garing raksasana nu statusna salaku kaldéra pangbadagna di Pulo Jawa, sakaligus pangbadagna kadua di Indonésia sanggeus [[kaldéra Gunung Tambora]] di Nusa Tenggara Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Kaldéra Gunung Raung wangunna ngabuleud ku diaméter nepi ka 2 nepi ka 2,2 kilométer jeung jerona kira-kira 500 méter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenpar.go.id/atraksi/pendakian_jalur_klasik_gunung_raung|title=Atraksi Pendakian Jalur Klasik Gunung Raung|website=jadesta.kemenpar.go.id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lantaran struktur kawahna nu nembrak jeung lega, upama kajadian érupsi, material lava pijar biasana ngan bakal katahan di jero dasar kawah sarta langka ngalumbér (mélbér) nepi ka kaluar ngaliwatan biwir kaldéra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Aya opat puncak utama nu aya di sapanjang igir kaldéra babatuan Gunung Raung, nyaéta Puncak Bendera, Puncak 17 (3.159 mdpl), Puncak Tusuk Gigi (3.300 mdpl), jeung titik nu paling jangkung ngaranna Puncak Sejati (3.344 mdpl).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
      <sha1>6vti1ks3a25m3cqnlo93bkhybh8oa99</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>732021</id>
      <parentid>732020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-09T13:14:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Syahira Rizkia</username>
        <id>27597</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>732021</origin>
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      <text bytes="5583" sha1="2z2rhxb6ywg46za4na1f22uy3ukb4i1" xml:space="preserve">'''Gunung Raung''' mangrupakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe aseupan ([[stratovulkan]]) nu perenahna di tungtung wétan [[Pulo Jawa]], [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/travel/destination/fakta-tentang-gunung-raung-c1c2-01-n8w97-gq3l0r|title=10 Fakta tentang Gunung Raung|last=Munawaroh|first=Lya|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datagunung.com/gunung/Raung/info|title=Informasi Gunung Raung|website=datagunung.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara administratif, kawasan Gunung Raung ngawengku tilu wewengkon kabupatén di Provinsi [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]], nyaéta [[Kabupatén Banyuwangi|Kabupatén Banyuwang]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i, [[Kabupatén Bondowoso]], jeung [[Kabupatén Jember]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-6202549/gunung-raung-dan-sejarah-letusannya|title=Gunung Raung dan Sejarah Letusannya|last=detikJatim|first=Tim|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu gunung mangrupa bagian tina kompléks [[Pagunungan Ijén]] jeung statusna salaku titik pangjangkungna di éta gugusan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ku puncak pangjangkungna nu nepi ka 3.344 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Gunung Raung mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna katilu di Jawa Wétan sanggeus [[Gunung Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Arjuno]], sarta mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna kaopat di sakuliah Pulo Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Ngaran &quot;Raung&quot; asalna tina kecap basa lokal nu hartina &quot;ngagaur (ngaum) kalawan tarik&quot;. Ieu panamaan ngarujuk kana sora déntuman jeung gumuruh gandéng nu mindeng dikaluarkeun ku ieu gunung basa aktivitas vulkanikna keur naék atawa basa bitu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Sacara historis jeung kultural, Gunung Raung boga patalina nu raket jeung peradaban di tungtung wétan Jawa. Ieu gunung mindeng dilandi salaku &quot;Indung ti Gumuk&quot;, di mana masarakat satempat yakin yén Raung téh indung ti pasir-pasir leutik nu sumebar di wewengkon Jember. Letusan-letusan (érupsi) nu rongkah baheula dipercaya aya patalina jeung sajarah runtuhna peradaban lokal, kaasup Karajaan Macan Putih nu mangrupa bagian ti [[Karajaan Blambangan]]. Lacak peradaban purba kawas fondasi wangunan jeung artéfak kuno nu kakubur ku material vulkanik, sarta titinggal situs pamujaan Hindu ti abad ka-17 nepi ka ka-18, loba kapanggih di wewengkon suku gunung jeung mindeng dihubungkeun kana legénda [[Pangéran Tawangulun]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yukbanyuwangi.co.id/cerita-lama-yang-terlupakan-asal-usul-gunung-raung.html|title=Cerita Lama yang Terlupakan, Asal Usul Gunung Raung|last=admin|website=Paket Wisata Banyuwangi - Yukbanyuwangi|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Géografi jeung karakteristik fisik ==
Gunung Raung kawentar pisan ku kaldéra garing raksasana nu statusna salaku kaldéra pangbadagna di Pulo Jawa, sakaligus pangbadagna kadua di Indonésia sanggeus [[kaldéra Gunung Tambora]] di Nusa Tenggara Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Kaldéra Gunung Raung wangunna ngabuleud ku diaméter nepi ka 2 nepi ka 2,2 kilométer jeung jerona kira-kira 500 méter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenpar.go.id/atraksi/pendakian_jalur_klasik_gunung_raung|title=Atraksi Pendakian Jalur Klasik Gunung Raung|website=jadesta.kemenpar.go.id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lantaran struktur kawahna nu nembrak jeung lega, upama kajadian érupsi, material lava pijar biasana ngan bakal katahan di jero dasar kawah sarta langka ngalumbér (mélbér) nepi ka kaluar ngaliwatan biwir kaldéra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Aya opat puncak utama nu aya di sapanjang igir kaldéra babatuan Gunung Raung, nyaéta Puncak Bendera, Puncak 17 (3.159 mdpl), Puncak Tusuk Gigi (3.300 mdpl), jeung titik nu paling jangkung ngaranna Puncak Sejati (3.344 mdpl).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sajarah vulkanologi ==
Aktivitas vulkanik Gunung Raung utamana tipe ''Strombolian'', nyaéta érupsi nu skalana leutik nepi ka sedeng tapi lumangsung tuluy-tumuluy ngamuntahkeun material pijar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Sajarah nyatet yén aktivitas érupsi ieu gunung geus lumangsung inténs saprak abad ka-16:

=== Abad ka-16 nepi ka ka-18 ===
Érupsi kahiji nu kacatet sacara historis lumangsung dina taun 1586, mangrupa érupsi rongkah nu ngalantarankeun karuksakan masif jeung korban jiwa di sabudeureun lamping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Aktivitas déstruktif nu sarua kajadian deui dina taun 1597. Taun 1638, érupsina micu aliran caah lahar panas skala badag ngaliwatan Kali Setail jeung Kali Klatak. Érupsi dina taun 1730 ngalontarkeun material vulkanik katut lebu (abu) nu jangkauanna lega pisan, deui-deui ngarawat korban jiwa di pamukiman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Abad ka-19 nepi ka ka-20 ===
Runtuyan érupsi kajadian antara taun 1812–1815, micu hujan lebu nu kandel nepi ka wewengkon Besuki, Situbondo, jeung Probolinggo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Di abad ka-20, salah sahiji érupsi pangparoksismalna kajadian dina bulan Pébruari 1956 nu ngahasilkeun tihang méga lebu jangkungna 12 kilométer tur kalacak nepi ka Surabaya jeung Bali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Abad ka-21 ===
Aktivitas vulkanik diteruskeun di éra modérn. Érupsi signifikan nu micu panutupan aktivitas pandakian jeung panerbangan kajadian dina taun 2015 sarta awal 2021. Érupsi panganyarna kajadian tanggal 27 Juli 2022, ngalontarkeun kolom lebu nepi ka jangkungna 1.500 méter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
      <sha1>2z2rhxb6ywg46za4na1f22uy3ukb4i1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>732022</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-09T13:15:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Syahira Rizkia</username>
        <id>27597</id>
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      <text bytes="5774" sha1="kirb2tc2w9rij19gtjf8hc2egb9vy86" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Gunung Raung dilihat dari Gunung Ijen.jpg|jmpl|320x320px|Gunung Raung]]
'''Gunung Raung''' mangrupakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe aseupan ([[stratovulkan]]) nu perenahna di tungtung wétan [[Pulo Jawa]], [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/travel/destination/fakta-tentang-gunung-raung-c1c2-01-n8w97-gq3l0r|title=10 Fakta tentang Gunung Raung|last=Munawaroh|first=Lya|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datagunung.com/gunung/Raung/info|title=Informasi Gunung Raung|website=datagunung.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara administratif, kawasan Gunung Raung ngawengku tilu wewengkon kabupatén di Provinsi [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]], nyaéta [[Kabupatén Banyuwangi|Kabupatén Banyuwang]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i, [[Kabupatén Bondowoso]], jeung [[Kabupatén Jember]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-6202549/gunung-raung-dan-sejarah-letusannya|title=Gunung Raung dan Sejarah Letusannya|last=detikJatim|first=Tim|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu gunung mangrupa bagian tina kompléks [[Pagunungan Ijén]] jeung statusna salaku titik pangjangkungna di éta gugusan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ku puncak pangjangkungna nu nepi ka 3.344 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Gunung Raung mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna katilu di Jawa Wétan sanggeus [[Gunung Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Arjuno]], sarta mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna kaopat di sakuliah Pulo Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Ngaran &quot;Raung&quot; asalna tina kecap basa lokal nu hartina &quot;ngagaur (ngaum) kalawan tarik&quot;. Ieu panamaan ngarujuk kana sora déntuman jeung gumuruh gandéng nu mindeng dikaluarkeun ku ieu gunung basa aktivitas vulkanikna keur naék atawa basa bitu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Sacara historis jeung kultural, Gunung Raung boga patalina nu raket jeung peradaban di tungtung wétan Jawa. Ieu gunung mindeng dilandi salaku &quot;Indung ti Gumuk&quot;, di mana masarakat satempat yakin yén Raung téh indung ti pasir-pasir leutik nu sumebar di wewengkon Jember. Letusan-letusan (érupsi) nu rongkah baheula dipercaya aya patalina jeung sajarah runtuhna peradaban lokal, kaasup Karajaan Macan Putih nu mangrupa bagian ti [[Karajaan Blambangan]]. Lacak peradaban purba kawas fondasi wangunan jeung artéfak kuno nu kakubur ku material vulkanik, sarta titinggal situs pamujaan Hindu ti abad ka-17 nepi ka ka-18, loba kapanggih di wewengkon suku gunung jeung mindeng dihubungkeun kana legénda [[Pangéran Tawangulun]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yukbanyuwangi.co.id/cerita-lama-yang-terlupakan-asal-usul-gunung-raung.html|title=Cerita Lama yang Terlupakan, Asal Usul Gunung Raung|last=admin|website=Paket Wisata Banyuwangi - Yukbanyuwangi|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Géografi jeung karakteristik fisik ==
Gunung Raung kawentar pisan ku kaldéra garing raksasana nu statusna salaku kaldéra pangbadagna di Pulo Jawa, sakaligus pangbadagna kadua di Indonésia sanggeus [[kaldéra Gunung Tambora]] di Nusa Tenggara Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Kaldéra Gunung Raung wangunna ngabuleud ku diaméter nepi ka 2 nepi ka 2,2 kilométer jeung jerona kira-kira 500 méter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenpar.go.id/atraksi/pendakian_jalur_klasik_gunung_raung|title=Atraksi Pendakian Jalur Klasik Gunung Raung|website=jadesta.kemenpar.go.id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lantaran struktur kawahna nu nembrak jeung lega, upama kajadian érupsi, material lava pijar biasana ngan bakal katahan di jero dasar kawah sarta langka ngalumbér (mélbér) nepi ka kaluar ngaliwatan biwir kaldéra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Aya opat puncak utama nu aya di sapanjang igir kaldéra babatuan Gunung Raung, nyaéta Puncak Bendera, Puncak 17 (3.159 mdpl), Puncak Tusuk Gigi (3.300 mdpl), jeung titik nu paling jangkung ngaranna Puncak Sejati (3.344 mdpl).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sajarah vulkanologi ==
[[Gambar:Letusan gunung raung pada februari 2021.jpg|kiri|jmpl|307x307px|Gunung Raung nalika bitu taun 2021]]
Aktivitas vulkanik Gunung Raung utamana tipe ''Strombolian'', nyaéta érupsi nu skalana leutik nepi ka sedeng tapi lumangsung tuluy-tumuluy ngamuntahkeun material pijar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Sajarah nyatet yén aktivitas érupsi ieu gunung geus lumangsung inténs saprak abad ka-16:

=== Abad ka-16 nepi ka ka-18 ===
Érupsi kahiji nu kacatet sacara historis lumangsung dina taun 1586, mangrupa érupsi rongkah nu ngalantarankeun karuksakan masif jeung korban jiwa di sabudeureun lamping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Aktivitas déstruktif nu sarua kajadian deui dina taun 1597. Taun 1638, érupsina micu aliran caah lahar panas skala badag ngaliwatan Kali Setail jeung Kali Klatak. Érupsi dina taun 1730 ngalontarkeun material vulkanik katut lebu (abu) nu jangkauanna lega pisan, deui-deui ngarawat korban jiwa di pamukiman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Abad ka-19 nepi ka ka-20 ===
Runtuyan érupsi kajadian antara taun 1812–1815, micu hujan lebu nu kandel nepi ka wewengkon Besuki, Situbondo, jeung Probolinggo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Di abad ka-20, salah sahiji érupsi pangparoksismalna kajadian dina bulan Pébruari 1956 nu ngahasilkeun tihang méga lebu jangkungna 12 kilométer tur kalacak nepi ka Surabaya jeung Bali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Abad ka-21 ===
Aktivitas vulkanik diteruskeun di éra modérn. Érupsi signifikan nu micu panutupan aktivitas pandakian jeung panerbangan kajadian dina taun 2015 sarta awal 2021. Érupsi panganyarna kajadian tanggal 27 Juli 2022, ngalontarkeun kolom lebu nepi ka jangkungna 1.500 méter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
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        <username>Syahira Rizkia</username>
        <id>27597</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7497" sha1="1jv31p7o5r8yddlucxag3lkp2a0ir8n" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Gunung Raung dilihat dari Gunung Ijen.jpg|jmpl|320x320px|Gunung Raung]]
'''Gunung Raung''' mangrupakeun hiji gunung api aktif tipe aseupan ([[stratovulkan]]) nu perenahna di tungtung wétan [[Pulo Jawa]], [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/travel/destination/fakta-tentang-gunung-raung-c1c2-01-n8w97-gq3l0r|title=10 Fakta tentang Gunung Raung|last=Munawaroh|first=Lya|website=IDN Times|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datagunung.com/gunung/Raung/info|title=Informasi Gunung Raung|website=datagunung.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara administratif, kawasan Gunung Raung ngawengku tilu wewengkon kabupatén di Provinsi [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa]] [[Jawa Wétan|Wétan]], nyaéta [[Kabupatén Banyuwangi|Kabupatén Banyuwang]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i, [[Kabupatén Bondowoso]], jeung [[Kabupatén Jember]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-6202549/gunung-raung-dan-sejarah-letusannya|title=Gunung Raung dan Sejarah Letusannya|last=detikJatim|first=Tim|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu gunung mangrupa bagian tina kompléks [[Pagunungan Ijén]] jeung statusna salaku titik pangjangkungna di éta gugusan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ku puncak pangjangkungna nu nepi ka 3.344 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Gunung Raung mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna katilu di Jawa Wétan sanggeus [[Gunung Semeru|Gunung Seméru]] jeung [[Gunung Arjuno]], sarta mangrupa gunung pangjangkungna kaopat di sakuliah Pulo Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Étimologi ==
Ngaran &quot;Raung&quot; asalna tina kecap basa lokal nu hartina &quot;ngagaur (ngaum) kalawan tarik&quot;. Ieu panamaan ngarujuk kana sora déntuman jeung gumuruh gandéng nu mindeng dikaluarkeun ku ieu gunung basa aktivitas vulkanikna keur naék atawa basa bitu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Sacara historis jeung kultural, Gunung Raung boga patalina nu raket jeung peradaban di tungtung wétan Jawa. Ieu gunung mindeng dilandi salaku &quot;Indung ti Gumuk&quot;, di mana masarakat satempat yakin yén Raung téh indung ti pasir-pasir leutik nu sumebar di wewengkon Jember. Letusan-letusan (érupsi) nu rongkah baheula dipercaya aya patalina jeung sajarah runtuhna peradaban lokal, kaasup Karajaan Macan Putih nu mangrupa bagian ti [[Karajaan Blambangan]]. Lacak peradaban purba kawas fondasi wangunan jeung artéfak kuno nu kakubur ku material vulkanik, sarta titinggal situs pamujaan Hindu ti abad ka-17 nepi ka ka-18, loba kapanggih di wewengkon suku gunung jeung mindeng dihubungkeun kana legénda [[Pangéran Tawangulun]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yukbanyuwangi.co.id/cerita-lama-yang-terlupakan-asal-usul-gunung-raung.html|title=Cerita Lama yang Terlupakan, Asal Usul Gunung Raung|last=admin|website=Paket Wisata Banyuwangi - Yukbanyuwangi|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Géografi jeung karakteristik fisik ==
Gunung Raung kawentar pisan ku kaldéra garing raksasana nu statusna salaku kaldéra pangbadagna di Pulo Jawa, sakaligus pangbadagna kadua di Indonésia sanggeus [[kaldéra Gunung Tambora]] di Nusa Tenggara Barat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Kaldéra Gunung Raung wangunna ngabuleud ku diaméter nepi ka 2 nepi ka 2,2 kilométer jeung jerona kira-kira 500 méter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenpar.go.id/atraksi/pendakian_jalur_klasik_gunung_raung|title=Atraksi Pendakian Jalur Klasik Gunung Raung|website=jadesta.kemenpar.go.id|accessdate=2026-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lantaran struktur kawahna nu nembrak jeung lega, upama kajadian érupsi, material lava pijar biasana ngan bakal katahan di jero dasar kawah sarta langka ngalumbér (mélbér) nepi ka kaluar ngaliwatan biwir kaldéra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Aya opat puncak utama nu aya di sapanjang igir kaldéra babatuan Gunung Raung, nyaéta Puncak Bendera, Puncak 17 (3.159 mdpl), Puncak Tusuk Gigi (3.300 mdpl), jeung titik nu paling jangkung ngaranna Puncak Sejati (3.344 mdpl).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Sajarah vulkanologi ==
[[Gambar:Letusan gunung raung pada februari 2021.jpg|kiri|jmpl|307x307px|Gunung Raung nalika bitu taun 2021]]
Aktivitas vulkanik Gunung Raung utamana tipe ''Strombolian'', nyaéta érupsi nu skalana leutik nepi ka sedeng tapi lumangsung tuluy-tumuluy ngamuntahkeun material pijar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Sajarah nyatet yén aktivitas érupsi ieu gunung geus lumangsung inténs saprak abad ka-16:

=== Abad ka-16 nepi ka ka-18 ===
Érupsi kahiji nu kacatet sacara historis lumangsung dina taun 1586, mangrupa érupsi rongkah nu ngalantarankeun karuksakan masif jeung korban jiwa di sabudeureun lamping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Aktivitas déstruktif nu sarua kajadian deui dina taun 1597. Taun 1638, érupsina micu aliran caah lahar panas skala badag ngaliwatan Kali Setail jeung Kali Klatak. Érupsi dina taun 1730 ngalontarkeun material vulkanik katut lebu (abu) nu jangkauanna lega pisan, deui-deui ngarawat korban jiwa di pamukiman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Abad ka-19 nepi ka ka-20 ===
Runtuyan érupsi kajadian antara taun 1812–1815, micu hujan lebu nu kandel nepi ka wewengkon Besuki, Situbondo, jeung Probolinggo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Di abad ka-20, salah sahiji érupsi pangparoksismalna kajadian dina bulan Pébruari 1956 nu ngahasilkeun tihang méga lebu jangkungna 12 kilométer tur kalacak nepi ka Surabaya jeung Bali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Abad ka-21 ===
Aktivitas vulkanik diteruskeun di éra modérn. Érupsi signifikan nu micu panutupan aktivitas pandakian jeung panerbangan kajadian dina taun 2015 sarta awal 2021. Érupsi panganyarna kajadian tanggal 27 Juli 2022, ngalontarkeun kolom lebu nepi ka jangkungna 1.500 méter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Pandakian jeung ékologi ==
Gunung Raung diaku salaku salah sahiji tujuan pandakian ku médan pangékstrémna jeung paling nangtang di Indonésia. Aya opat rute pandakian resmi nu ilahar dipaké, nyaéta Jalur Kalibaru, Jalur Sumberwringin, Jalur Glenmore, jeung Jalur Jambewangi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Jalur Sumberwringin nu aya di Kabupatén Bondowoso mindeng diidéntifikasi salaku rute pandakian klasik, meuntasan titik-titik pangreureuhan historis kawas Pondok Motor, Pondok Ojek, Pondok Sumur, Pondok Tonyok, Pondok Demit, Pondok Mayit, nepi ka Pondok Angin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Pandakian muru Puncak Sejati idéalna merlukeun waktu 3 poé 2 peuting. Saméméh nepi ka puncak pangjangkungna, pandaki kudu ngaliwatan jalur tonggong kaldéra nu pibahayaeun pisan jeung populér ku sebutan Jambatan Sirotol Mustaqim. Ieu titik mangrupa jalur satapak batu nu heureut pisan, ékstrém, lungkawing, jeung diapit ku jungkrang jero di kadua sisina. Lantaran kaayaan géografis ieu, nanjak ka Gunung Raung merlukeun mawa sasadiaan fisik nu prima, perlengkapan pangaman ékstra, sarta kamampuh dasar naék gawir (''rock climbing'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Tina segi ékologi, kawasan handap jeung tengah lamping Gunung Raung kaliputan ku leuweung tropis lembab nu leubeut. Ieu wewengkon leuweung jadi habitat pikeun rupa-rupa sato leuweung kawas bagong, maung kumbang, monyét, jeung cangkurileung, sarta rupa-rupa jenis manuk. Luyu jeung nambahna katinggian ngadeukeutan wates kaldéra, végétasi lalaunan ipis robah jadi jukut padang, amparan kembang édélweis, rungkun-rungkun, nepi ka ahirna ngan nyésakeun material babatuan vulkanik nu garing merang deukeut puncak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:Unicode data/Hangul</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>109579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732034</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T02:28:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Modul anyar</comment>
      <origin>732034</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="963" sha1="3nkgw7i7ttbjq883k4e90d809x4s1n8" xml:space="preserve">-- Data used to generate the names of characters in the Hangul Syllables block
-- (U+AC00 to U+D7A3).
local Hangul = {}

-- The following leads, vowels, and trails come from here:
-- http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Jamo.txt
Hangul.leads = {
	[0] = &quot;G&quot;, &quot;GG&quot;, &quot;N&quot;, &quot;D&quot;, &quot;DD&quot;, &quot;R&quot;, &quot;M&quot;, &quot;B&quot;, &quot;BB&quot;, &quot;S&quot;, &quot;SS&quot;,
	&quot;&quot;, &quot;J&quot;, &quot;JJ&quot;, &quot;C&quot;, &quot;K&quot;, &quot;T&quot;, &quot;P&quot;, &quot;H&quot;
}
-- not actually used:
Hangul.lead_count = #Hangul.leads + 1

Hangul.vowels = {
	[0] = &quot;A&quot;, &quot;AE&quot;, &quot;YA&quot;, &quot;YAE&quot;, &quot;EO&quot;, &quot;E&quot;, &quot;YEO&quot;, &quot;YE&quot;, &quot;O&quot;, &quot;WA&quot;,
	&quot;WAE&quot;, &quot;OE&quot;, &quot;YO&quot;, &quot;U&quot;, &quot;WEO&quot;, &quot;WE&quot;, &quot;WI&quot;, &quot;YU&quot;, &quot;EU&quot;, &quot;YI&quot;,
	&quot;I&quot;
}
Hangul.vowel_count = #Hangul.vowels + 1

Hangul.trails = {
	[0] = &quot;&quot;, &quot;G&quot;, &quot;GG&quot;, &quot;GS&quot;, &quot;N&quot;, &quot;NJ&quot;, &quot;NH&quot;, &quot;D&quot;, &quot;L&quot;, &quot;LG&quot;, &quot;LM&quot;, &quot;LB&quot;,
	&quot;LS&quot;, &quot;LT&quot;, &quot;LP&quot;, &quot;LH&quot;, &quot;M&quot;, &quot;B&quot;, &quot;BS&quot;, &quot;S&quot;, &quot;SS&quot;, &quot;NG&quot;, &quot;J&quot;, &quot;C&quot;, &quot;K&quot;,
	&quot;T&quot;, &quot;P&quot;, &quot;H&quot;
}
Hangul.trail_count = #Hangul.trails + 1

--For the term &quot;final&quot;, see [[Syllable#Chinese model]].
Hangul.final_count = Hangul.vowel_count * Hangul.trail_count

return Hangul</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Modul:Unicode data/Hangul/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>732035</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T02:30:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Subkaca dokuméntasi anyar</comment>
      <origin>732035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="431" sha1="rx7vzku5diecwscxwur25ybu9icxlw9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
Ngandung data nu dipaké ku [[Modul:Unicode data]] pikeun ngahasilkeun ngaran karakter dina blok Unicode [[Engang Hangul]].

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|kotrétan | |
&lt;!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --&gt;
[[Kategori:Modul data Unicode|Hangul]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Modul:Unicode data/scripts</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>109581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732036</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T02:47:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Modul anyar</comment>
      <origin>732036</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="35327" sha1="ditmeg3k6is98ubyvukgadga1mvkixm" xml:space="preserve">--[=[
-- Official Unicode script values for individual codepoints and ranges of
-- codepoints.

-- https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/Scripts.txt provided
-- the script names, and https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/PropertyValueAliases.txt
-- provided script codes corresponding to the names (see [[Script (Unicode)]]).
--]=]

local data = {
	singles = {
		[0x000AA] = &quot;Latn&quot;,
		[0x000BA] = &quot;Latn&quot;,
		[0x000D7] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x000F7] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x00374] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0037E] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0037F] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x00384] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x00385] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x00386] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x00387] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0038C] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x00605] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0060C] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0061B] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0061F] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x00640] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x00670] = &quot;Zinh&quot;,
		[0x006DD] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0085E] = &quot;Mand&quot;,
		[0x008E2] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x009B2] = &quot;Beng&quot;,
		[0x009D7] = &quot;Beng&quot;,
		[0x00A3C] = &quot;Guru&quot;,
		[0x00A51] = &quot;Guru&quot;,
		[0x00A5E] = &quot;Guru&quot;,
		[0x00AD0] = &quot;Gujr&quot;,
		[0x00B9C] = &quot;Taml&quot;,
		[0x00BD0] = &quot;Taml&quot;,
		[0x00BD7] = &quot;Taml&quot;,
		[0x00DBD] = &quot;Sinh&quot;,
		[0x00DCA] = &quot;Sinh&quot;,
		[0x00DD6] = &quot;Sinh&quot;,
		[0x00E3F] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x00E84] = &quot;Laoo&quot;,
		[0x00EA5] = &quot;Laoo&quot;,
		[0x00EC6] = &quot;Laoo&quot;,
		[0x010C7] = &quot;Geor&quot;,
		[0x010CD] = &quot;Geor&quot;,
		[0x010FB] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x01258] = &quot;Ethi&quot;,
		[0x012C0] = &quot;Ethi&quot;,
		[0x0171F] = &quot;Tglg&quot;,
		[0x01804] = &quot;Mong&quot;,
		[0x01805] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x01940] = &quot;Limb&quot;,
		[0x01CD3] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x01CE1] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x01CED] = &quot;Zinh&quot;,
		[0x01CF4] = &quot;Zinh&quot;,
		[0x01CFA] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x01D2B] = &quot;Cyrl&quot;,
		[0x01D78] = &quot;Cyrl&quot;,
		[0x01DBF] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x01F59] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x01F5B] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x01F5D] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x02071] = &quot;Latn&quot;,
		[0x0207F] = &quot;Latn&quot;,
		[0x02126] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x02132] = &quot;Latn&quot;,
		[0x0214E] = &quot;Latn&quot;,
		[0x02D27] = &quot;Geor&quot;,
		[0x02D2D] = &quot;Geor&quot;,
		[0x02D7F] = &quot;Tfng&quot;,
		[0x03005] = &quot;Hani&quot;,
		[0x03006] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x03007] = &quot;Hani&quot;,
		[0x030A0] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x031EF] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x032FF] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0A7E2] = &quot;Latn&quot;,
		[0x0A92E] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0A92F] = &quot;Kali&quot;,
		[0x0A95F] = &quot;Rjng&quot;,
		[0x0A9CF] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0AB5B] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0AB65] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x0FB3E] = &quot;Hebr&quot;,
		[0x0FEFF] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x0FF70] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x101A0] = &quot;Grek&quot;,
		[0x101FD] = &quot;Zinh&quot;,
		[0x102E0] = &quot;Zinh&quot;,
		[0x1039F] = &quot;Ugar&quot;,
		[0x1056F] = &quot;Aghb&quot;,
		[0x10808] = &quot;Cprt&quot;,
		[0x1083C] = &quot;Cprt&quot;,
		[0x1083F] = &quot;Cprt&quot;,
		[0x1091F] = &quot;Phnx&quot;,
		[0x1093F] = &quot;Lydi&quot;,
		[0x1107F] = &quot;Brah&quot;,
		[0x110CD] = &quot;Kthi&quot;,
		[0x11288] = &quot;Mult&quot;,
		[0x1133B] = &quot;Zinh&quot;,
		[0x11350] = &quot;Gran&quot;,
		[0x11357] = &quot;Gran&quot;,
		[0x1138B] = &quot;Tutg&quot;,
		[0x1138E] = &quot;Tutg&quot;,
		[0x113C2] = &quot;Tutg&quot;,
		[0x113C5] = &quot;Tutg&quot;,
		[0x118FF] = &quot;Wara&quot;,
		[0x11909] = &quot;Diak&quot;,
		[0x11D3A] = &quot;Gonm&quot;,
		[0x11FB0] = &quot;Lisu&quot;,
		[0x11FFF] = &quot;Taml&quot;,
		[0x16FE0] = &quot;Tang&quot;,
		[0x16FE1] = &quot;Nshu&quot;,
		[0x16FE4] = &quot;Kits&quot;,
		[0x18CFF] = &quot;Kits&quot;,
		[0x1B000] = &quot;Kana&quot;,
		[0x1B123] = &quot;Hira&quot;,
		[0x1B132] = &quot;Hira&quot;,
		[0x1B155] = &quot;Kana&quot;,
		[0x1D4A2] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x1D4BB] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x1D546] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0x1E08F] = &quot;Cyrl&quot;,
		[0x1E2FF] = &quot;Wcho&quot;,
		[0x1E5FF] = &quot;Onao&quot;,
		[0x1EE24] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE27] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE39] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE3B] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE42] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE47] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE49] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE4B] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE54] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE57] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE59] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE5B] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE5D] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE5F] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE64] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1EE7E] = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		[0x1F200] = &quot;Hira&quot;,
		[0x1FAC8] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
		[0xE0001] = &quot;Zyyy&quot;,
	},
	
	ranges = {
		{ 0x00000, 0x00040, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x00041, 0x0005A, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0005B, 0x00060, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x00061, 0x0007A, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0007B, 0x000A9, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x000AB, 0x000B9, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x000BB, 0x000BF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x000C0, 0x000D6, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x000D8, 0x000F6, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x000F8, 0x002B8, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x002B9, 0x002DF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x002E0, 0x002E4, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x002E5, 0x002E9, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x002EA, 0x002EB, &quot;Bopo&quot; },
		{ 0x002EC, 0x002FF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x00300, 0x0036F, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00370, 0x00373, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x00375, 0x00377, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x0037A, 0x0037D, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x00388, 0x0038A, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x0038E, 0x003A1, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x003A3, 0x003E1, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x003E2, 0x003EF, &quot;Copt&quot; },
		{ 0x003F0, 0x003FF, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x00400, 0x00484, &quot;Cyrl&quot; },
		{ 0x00485, 0x00486, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00487, 0x0052F, &quot;Cyrl&quot; },
		{ 0x00531, 0x00556, &quot;Armn&quot; },
		{ 0x00558, 0x0058F, &quot;Armn&quot; },
		{ 0x00591, 0x005C9, &quot;Hebr&quot; },
		{ 0x005D0, 0x005EA, &quot;Hebr&quot; },
		{ 0x005EF, 0x005F4, &quot;Hebr&quot; },
		{ 0x00600, 0x00604, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x00606, 0x0060B, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x0060D, 0x0061A, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x0061C, 0x0061E, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x00620, 0x0063F, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x00641, 0x0064A, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x0064B, 0x00655, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00656, 0x0066F, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x00671, 0x006DC, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x006DE, 0x006FF, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x00700, 0x0070D, &quot;Syrc&quot; },
		{ 0x0070F, 0x0074A, &quot;Syrc&quot; },
		{ 0x0074D, 0x0074F, &quot;Syrc&quot; },
		{ 0x00750, 0x0077F, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x00780, 0x007B1, &quot;Thaa&quot; },
		{ 0x007C0, 0x007FA, &quot;Nkoo&quot; },
		{ 0x007FD, 0x007FF, &quot;Nkoo&quot; },
		{ 0x00800, 0x0082D, &quot;Samr&quot; },
		{ 0x00830, 0x0083E, &quot;Samr&quot; },
		{ 0x00840, 0x0085B, &quot;Mand&quot; },
		{ 0x00860, 0x0086A, &quot;Syrc&quot; },
		{ 0x00870, 0x00891, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x00897, 0x008E1, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x008E3, 0x008FF, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x00900, 0x00950, &quot;Deva&quot; },
		{ 0x00951, 0x00954, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00955, 0x00963, &quot;Deva&quot; },
		{ 0x00964, 0x00965, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x00966, 0x0097F, &quot;Deva&quot; },
		{ 0x00980, 0x00983, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x00985, 0x0098C, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x0098F, 0x00990, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x00993, 0x009A8, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x009AA, 0x009B0, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x009B6, 0x009B9, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x009BC, 0x009C4, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x009C7, 0x009C8, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x009CB, 0x009CE, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x009DC, 0x009DD, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x009DF, 0x009E3, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x009E6, 0x009FE, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x00A01, 0x00A03, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A05, 0x00A0A, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A0F, 0x00A10, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A13, 0x00A28, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A2A, 0x00A30, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A32, 0x00A33, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A35, 0x00A36, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A38, 0x00A39, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A3E, 0x00A42, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A47, 0x00A48, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A4B, 0x00A4D, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A59, 0x00A5C, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A66, 0x00A76, &quot;Guru&quot; },
		{ 0x00A81, 0x00A83, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00A85, 0x00A8D, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00A8F, 0x00A91, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00A93, 0x00AA8, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00AAA, 0x00AB0, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00AB2, 0x00AB3, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00AB5, 0x00AB9, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00ABC, 0x00AC5, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00AC7, 0x00AC9, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00ACB, 0x00ACD, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00AE0, 0x00AE3, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00AE6, 0x00AF1, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00AF9, 0x00AFF, &quot;Gujr&quot; },
		{ 0x00B01, 0x00B03, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B05, 0x00B0C, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B0F, 0x00B10, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B13, 0x00B28, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B2A, 0x00B30, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B32, 0x00B33, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B35, 0x00B39, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B3C, 0x00B44, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B47, 0x00B48, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B4B, 0x00B4D, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B53, 0x00B57, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B5C, 0x00B5D, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B5F, 0x00B63, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B66, 0x00B77, &quot;Orya&quot; },
		{ 0x00B82, 0x00B83, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00B85, 0x00B8A, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00B8E, 0x00B90, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00B92, 0x00B95, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00B99, 0x00B9A, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00B9E, 0x00B9F, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00BA3, 0x00BA4, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00BA8, 0x00BAA, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00BAE, 0x00BB9, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00BBE, 0x00BC2, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00BC6, 0x00BC8, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00BCA, 0x00BCD, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00BE6, 0x00BFA, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x00C00, 0x00C0C, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C0E, 0x00C10, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C12, 0x00C28, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C2A, 0x00C39, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C3C, 0x00C44, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C46, 0x00C48, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C4A, 0x00C4D, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C55, 0x00C56, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C58, 0x00C5A, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C5C, 0x00C5D, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C60, 0x00C63, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C66, 0x00C6F, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C77, 0x00C7F, &quot;Telu&quot; },
		{ 0x00C80, 0x00C8C, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00C8E, 0x00C90, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00C92, 0x00CA8, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00CAA, 0x00CB3, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00CB5, 0x00CB9, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00CBC, 0x00CC4, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00CC6, 0x00CC8, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00CCA, 0x00CCD, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00CD5, 0x00CD6, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00CDC, 0x00CDE, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00CE0, 0x00CE3, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00CE6, 0x00CEF, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00CF1, 0x00CF3, &quot;Knda&quot; },
		{ 0x00D00, 0x00D0C, &quot;Mlym&quot; },
		{ 0x00D0E, 0x00D10, &quot;Mlym&quot; },
		{ 0x00D12, 0x00D44, &quot;Mlym&quot; },
		{ 0x00D46, 0x00D48, &quot;Mlym&quot; },
		{ 0x00D4A, 0x00D4F, &quot;Mlym&quot; },
		{ 0x00D54, 0x00D63, &quot;Mlym&quot; },
		{ 0x00D66, 0x00D7F, &quot;Mlym&quot; },
		{ 0x00D81, 0x00D83, &quot;Sinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00D85, 0x00D96, &quot;Sinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00D9A, 0x00DB1, &quot;Sinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00DB3, 0x00DBB, &quot;Sinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00DC0, 0x00DC6, &quot;Sinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00DCF, 0x00DD4, &quot;Sinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00DD8, 0x00DDF, &quot;Sinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00DE6, 0x00DEF, &quot;Sinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00DF2, 0x00DF4, &quot;Sinh&quot; },
		{ 0x00E01, 0x00E3A, &quot;Thai&quot; },
		{ 0x00E40, 0x00E5B, &quot;Thai&quot; },
		{ 0x00E81, 0x00E82, &quot;Laoo&quot; },
		{ 0x00E86, 0x00E8A, &quot;Laoo&quot; },
		{ 0x00E8C, 0x00EA3, &quot;Laoo&quot; },
		{ 0x00EA7, 0x00EBD, &quot;Laoo&quot; },
		{ 0x00EC0, 0x00EC4, &quot;Laoo&quot; },
		{ 0x00EC8, 0x00ECE, &quot;Laoo&quot; },
		{ 0x00ED0, 0x00ED9, &quot;Laoo&quot; },
		{ 0x00EDC, 0x00EDF, &quot;Laoo&quot; },
		{ 0x00F00, 0x00F47, &quot;Tibt&quot; },
		{ 0x00F49, 0x00F6C, &quot;Tibt&quot; },
		{ 0x00F71, 0x00F97, &quot;Tibt&quot; },
		{ 0x00F99, 0x00FBC, &quot;Tibt&quot; },
		{ 0x00FBE, 0x00FCC, &quot;Tibt&quot; },
		{ 0x00FCE, 0x00FD4, &quot;Tibt&quot; },
		{ 0x00FD5, 0x00FD8, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x00FD9, 0x00FDA, &quot;Tibt&quot; },
		{ 0x01000, 0x0109F, &quot;Mymr&quot; },
		{ 0x010A0, 0x010C5, &quot;Geor&quot; },
		{ 0x010D0, 0x010FA, &quot;Geor&quot; },
		{ 0x010FC, 0x010FF, &quot;Geor&quot; },
		{ 0x01100, 0x011FF, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x01200, 0x01248, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x0124A, 0x0124D, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x01250, 0x01256, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x0125A, 0x0125D, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x01260, 0x01288, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x0128A, 0x0128D, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x01290, 0x012B0, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x012B2, 0x012B5, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x012B8, 0x012BE, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x012C2, 0x012C5, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x012C8, 0x012D6, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x012D8, 0x01310, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x01312, 0x01315, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x01318, 0x0135A, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x0135D, 0x0137C, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x01380, 0x01399, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x013A0, 0x013F5, &quot;Cher&quot; },
		{ 0x013F8, 0x013FD, &quot;Cher&quot; },
		{ 0x01400, 0x0167F, &quot;Cans&quot; },
		{ 0x01680, 0x0169C, &quot;Ogam&quot; },
		{ 0x016A0, 0x016EA, &quot;Runr&quot; },
		{ 0x016EB, 0x016ED, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x016EE, 0x016F8, &quot;Runr&quot; },
		{ 0x01700, 0x01715, &quot;Tglg&quot; },
		{ 0x01720, 0x01734, &quot;Hano&quot; },
		{ 0x01735, 0x01736, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x01740, 0x01753, &quot;Buhd&quot; },
		{ 0x01760, 0x0176C, &quot;Tagb&quot; },
		{ 0x0176E, 0x01770, &quot;Tagb&quot; },
		{ 0x01772, 0x01773, &quot;Tagb&quot; },
		{ 0x01780, 0x017DD, &quot;Khmr&quot; },
		{ 0x017E0, 0x017E9, &quot;Khmr&quot; },
		{ 0x017F0, 0x017F9, &quot;Khmr&quot; },
		{ 0x01800, 0x01801, &quot;Mong&quot; },
		{ 0x01802, 0x01803, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x01806, 0x01819, &quot;Mong&quot; },
		{ 0x01820, 0x01878, &quot;Mong&quot; },
		{ 0x01880, 0x018AA, &quot;Mong&quot; },
		{ 0x018B0, 0x018F5, &quot;Cans&quot; },
		{ 0x01900, 0x0191E, &quot;Limb&quot; },
		{ 0x01920, 0x0192B, &quot;Limb&quot; },
		{ 0x01930, 0x0193B, &quot;Limb&quot; },
		{ 0x01944, 0x0194F, &quot;Limb&quot; },
		{ 0x01950, 0x0196D, &quot;Tale&quot; },
		{ 0x01970, 0x01974, &quot;Tale&quot; },
		{ 0x01980, 0x019AB, &quot;Talu&quot; },
		{ 0x019B0, 0x019C9, &quot;Talu&quot; },
		{ 0x019D0, 0x019DA, &quot;Talu&quot; },
		{ 0x019DE, 0x019DF, &quot;Talu&quot; },
		{ 0x019E0, 0x019FF, &quot;Khmr&quot; },
		{ 0x01A00, 0x01A1B, &quot;Bugi&quot; },
		{ 0x01A1E, 0x01A1F, &quot;Bugi&quot; },
		{ 0x01A20, 0x01A5E, &quot;Lana&quot; },
		{ 0x01A60, 0x01A7C, &quot;Lana&quot; },
		{ 0x01A7F, 0x01A89, &quot;Lana&quot; },
		{ 0x01A90, 0x01A99, &quot;Lana&quot; },
		{ 0x01AA0, 0x01AAD, &quot;Lana&quot; },
		{ 0x01AB0, 0x01AF0, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x01B00, 0x01B4C, &quot;Bali&quot; },
		{ 0x01B4E, 0x01B7F, &quot;Bali&quot; },
		{ 0x01B80, 0x01BBF, &quot;Sund&quot; },
		{ 0x01BC0, 0x01BF3, &quot;Batk&quot; },
		{ 0x01BFC, 0x01BFF, &quot;Batk&quot; },
		{ 0x01C00, 0x01C37, &quot;Lepc&quot; },
		{ 0x01C3B, 0x01C49, &quot;Lepc&quot; },
		{ 0x01C4D, 0x01C4F, &quot;Lepc&quot; },
		{ 0x01C50, 0x01C7F, &quot;Olck&quot; },
		{ 0x01C80, 0x01C8A, &quot;Cyrl&quot; },
		{ 0x01C90, 0x01CBA, &quot;Geor&quot; },
		{ 0x01CBD, 0x01CBF, &quot;Geor&quot; },
		{ 0x01CC0, 0x01CC7, &quot;Sund&quot; },
		{ 0x01CD0, 0x01CD2, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x01CD4, 0x01CE0, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x01CE2, 0x01CE8, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x01CE9, 0x01CEC, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x01CEE, 0x01CF3, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x01CF5, 0x01CF7, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x01CF8, 0x01CF9, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x01D00, 0x01D25, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x01D26, 0x01D2A, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01D2C, 0x01D5C, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x01D5D, 0x01D61, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01D62, 0x01D65, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x01D66, 0x01D6A, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01D6B, 0x01D77, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x01D79, 0x01DBE, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x01DC0, 0x01DFF, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x01E00, 0x01EFF, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x01F00, 0x01F15, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01F18, 0x01F1D, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01F20, 0x01F45, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01F48, 0x01F4D, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01F50, 0x01F57, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01F5F, 0x01F7D, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01F80, 0x01FB4, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01FB6, 0x01FC4, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01FC6, 0x01FD3, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01FD6, 0x01FDB, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01FDD, 0x01FEF, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01FF2, 0x01FF4, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x01FF6, 0x01FFE, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x02000, 0x0200B, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0200C, 0x0200D, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x0200E, 0x02064, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02066, 0x02070, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02074, 0x0207E, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02080, 0x0208F, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02090, 0x0209F, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x020A0, 0x020C4, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x020D0, 0x020F0, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x02100, 0x02125, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02127, 0x02129, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0212A, 0x0212B, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0212C, 0x02131, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02133, 0x0214D, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0214F, 0x0215F, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02160, 0x02188, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x02189, 0x0218B, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02190, 0x02429, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02440, 0x0244A, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02460, 0x027FF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02800, 0x028FF, &quot;Brai&quot; },
		{ 0x02900, 0x02B73, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02B76, 0x02BFF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02C00, 0x02C5F, &quot;Glag&quot; },
		{ 0x02C60, 0x02C7F, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x02C80, 0x02CF3, &quot;Copt&quot; },
		{ 0x02CF9, 0x02CFF, &quot;Copt&quot; },
		{ 0x02D00, 0x02D25, &quot;Geor&quot; },
		{ 0x02D30, 0x02D67, &quot;Tfng&quot; },
		{ 0x02D6F, 0x02D70, &quot;Tfng&quot; },
		{ 0x02D80, 0x02D96, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x02DA0, 0x02DA6, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x02DA8, 0x02DAE, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x02DB0, 0x02DB6, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x02DB8, 0x02DBE, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x02DC0, 0x02DC6, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x02DC8, 0x02DCE, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x02DD0, 0x02DD6, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x02DD8, 0x02DDE, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x02DE0, 0x02DFF, &quot;Cyrl&quot; },
		{ 0x02E00, 0x02E5D, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02E60, 0x02E63, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x02E80, 0x02E99, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x02E9B, 0x02EF3, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x02F00, 0x02FD5, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x02FF0, 0x03004, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x03008, 0x03020, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x03021, 0x03029, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x0302A, 0x0302D, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x0302E, 0x0302F, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x03030, 0x03037, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x03038, 0x0303B, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x0303C, 0x0303F, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x03041, 0x03096, &quot;Hira&quot; },
		{ 0x03099, 0x0309A, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x0309B, 0x0309C, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0309D, 0x0309F, &quot;Hira&quot; },
		{ 0x030A1, 0x030FA, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x030FB, 0x030FC, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x030FD, 0x030FF, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x03105, 0x0312F, &quot;Bopo&quot; },
		{ 0x03131, 0x0318E, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x03190, 0x0319F, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x031A0, 0x031BF, &quot;Bopo&quot; },
		{ 0x031C0, 0x031E5, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x031F0, 0x031FF, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x03200, 0x0321E, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x03220, 0x0325F, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x03260, 0x0327E, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x0327F, 0x032CF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x032D0, 0x032FE, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x03300, 0x03357, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x03358, 0x033FF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x03400, 0x04DBF, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x04DC0, 0x04DFF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x04E00, 0x09FFF, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x0A000, 0x0A48C, &quot;Yiii&quot; },
		{ 0x0A490, 0x0A4C6, &quot;Yiii&quot; },
		{ 0x0A4D0, 0x0A4FF, &quot;Lisu&quot; },
		{ 0x0A500, 0x0A62B, &quot;Vaii&quot; },
		{ 0x0A640, 0x0A69F, &quot;Cyrl&quot; },
		{ 0x0A6A0, 0x0A6F7, &quot;Bamu&quot; },
		{ 0x0A700, 0x0A721, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0A722, 0x0A787, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0A788, 0x0A78A, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0A78B, 0x0A7DD, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0A7F1, 0x0A7FF, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0A800, 0x0A82C, &quot;Sylo&quot; },
		{ 0x0A830, 0x0A839, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0A840, 0x0A877, &quot;Phag&quot; },
		{ 0x0A880, 0x0A8C5, &quot;Saur&quot; },
		{ 0x0A8CE, 0x0A8D9, &quot;Saur&quot; },
		{ 0x0A8E0, 0x0A8FF, &quot;Deva&quot; },
		{ 0x0A900, 0x0A92D, &quot;Kali&quot; },
		{ 0x0A930, 0x0A953, &quot;Rjng&quot; },
		{ 0x0A960, 0x0A97C, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x0A980, 0x0A9CD, &quot;Java&quot; },
		{ 0x0A9D0, 0x0A9D9, &quot;Java&quot; },
		{ 0x0A9DE, 0x0A9DF, &quot;Java&quot; },
		{ 0x0A9E0, 0x0A9FE, &quot;Mymr&quot; },
		{ 0x0AA00, 0x0AA36, &quot;Cham&quot; },
		{ 0x0AA40, 0x0AA4D, &quot;Cham&quot; },
		{ 0x0AA50, 0x0AA59, &quot;Cham&quot; },
		{ 0x0AA5C, 0x0AA5F, &quot;Cham&quot; },
		{ 0x0AA60, 0x0AA7F, &quot;Mymr&quot; },
		{ 0x0AA80, 0x0AAC2, &quot;Tavt&quot; },
		{ 0x0AADB, 0x0AADF, &quot;Tavt&quot; },
		{ 0x0AAE0, 0x0AAF6, &quot;Mtei&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB01, 0x0AB06, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB09, 0x0AB0E, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB11, 0x0AB16, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB20, 0x0AB26, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB28, 0x0AB2E, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB30, 0x0AB5A, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB5C, 0x0AB64, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB66, 0x0AB69, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB6A, 0x0AB6B, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB6C, 0x0AB6D, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0AB70, 0x0ABBF, &quot;Cher&quot; },
		{ 0x0ABC0, 0x0ABED, &quot;Mtei&quot; },
		{ 0x0ABF0, 0x0ABF9, &quot;Mtei&quot; },
		{ 0x0AC00, 0x0D7A3, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x0D7B0, 0x0D7C6, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x0D7CB, 0x0D7FB, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x0F900, 0x0FA6D, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x0FA70, 0x0FAD9, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x0FB00, 0x0FB06, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0FB13, 0x0FB17, &quot;Armn&quot; },
		{ 0x0FB1D, 0x0FB36, &quot;Hebr&quot; },
		{ 0x0FB38, 0x0FB3C, &quot;Hebr&quot; },
		{ 0x0FB40, 0x0FB41, &quot;Hebr&quot; },
		{ 0x0FB43, 0x0FB44, &quot;Hebr&quot; },
		{ 0x0FB46, 0x0FB4F, &quot;Hebr&quot; },
		{ 0x0FB50, 0x0FD3D, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x0FD3E, 0x0FD3F, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FD40, 0x0FDCF, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x0FDF0, 0x0FDFF, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x0FE00, 0x0FE0F, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x0FE10, 0x0FE19, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FE20, 0x0FE2D, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x0FE2E, 0x0FE2F, &quot;Cyrl&quot; },
		{ 0x0FE30, 0x0FE52, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FE54, 0x0FE66, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FE68, 0x0FE6B, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FE70, 0x0FE74, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x0FE76, 0x0FEFC, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x0FF01, 0x0FF20, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FF21, 0x0FF3A, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0FF3B, 0x0FF40, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FF41, 0x0FF5A, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x0FF5B, 0x0FF65, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FF66, 0x0FF6F, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x0FF71, 0x0FF9D, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x0FF9E, 0x0FF9F, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FFA0, 0x0FFBE, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x0FFC2, 0x0FFC7, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x0FFCA, 0x0FFCF, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x0FFD2, 0x0FFD7, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x0FFDA, 0x0FFDC, &quot;Hang&quot; },
		{ 0x0FFE0, 0x0FFE6, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FFE8, 0x0FFEE, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x0FFF9, 0x0FFFD, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x10000, 0x1000B, &quot;Linb&quot; },
		{ 0x1000D, 0x10026, &quot;Linb&quot; },
		{ 0x10028, 0x1003A, &quot;Linb&quot; },
		{ 0x1003C, 0x1003D, &quot;Linb&quot; },
		{ 0x1003F, 0x1004D, &quot;Linb&quot; },
		{ 0x10050, 0x1005D, &quot;Linb&quot; },
		{ 0x10080, 0x100FA, &quot;Linb&quot; },
		{ 0x10100, 0x10102, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x10107, 0x10133, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x10137, 0x1013F, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x10140, 0x1018E, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x10190, 0x1019C, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x101D0, 0x101FC, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x10280, 0x1029C, &quot;Lyci&quot; },
		{ 0x102A0, 0x102D0, &quot;Cari&quot; },
		{ 0x102E1, 0x102FB, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x10300, 0x10323, &quot;Ital&quot; },
		{ 0x1032D, 0x1032F, &quot;Ital&quot; },
		{ 0x10330, 0x1034A, &quot;Goth&quot; },
		{ 0x10350, 0x1037A, &quot;Perm&quot; },
		{ 0x10380, 0x1039D, &quot;Ugar&quot; },
		{ 0x103A0, 0x103C3, &quot;Xpeo&quot; },
		{ 0x103C8, 0x103D5, &quot;Xpeo&quot; },
		{ 0x10400, 0x1044F, &quot;Dsrt&quot; },
		{ 0x10450, 0x1047F, &quot;Shaw&quot; },
		{ 0x10480, 0x1049D, &quot;Osma&quot; },
		{ 0x104A0, 0x104A9, &quot;Osma&quot; },
		{ 0x104B0, 0x104D3, &quot;Osge&quot; },
		{ 0x104D8, 0x104FB, &quot;Osge&quot; },
		{ 0x10500, 0x10527, &quot;Elba&quot; },
		{ 0x10530, 0x10563, &quot;Aghb&quot; },
		{ 0x10570, 0x1057A, &quot;Vith&quot; },
		{ 0x1057C, 0x1058A, &quot;Vith&quot; },
		{ 0x1058C, 0x10592, &quot;Vith&quot; },
		{ 0x10594, 0x10595, &quot;Vith&quot; },
		{ 0x10597, 0x105A1, &quot;Vith&quot; },
		{ 0x105A3, 0x105B1, &quot;Vith&quot; },
		{ 0x105B3, 0x105B9, &quot;Vith&quot; },
		{ 0x105BB, 0x105BC, &quot;Vith&quot; },
		{ 0x105C0, 0x105F3, &quot;Todr&quot; },
		{ 0x10600, 0x10736, &quot;Lina&quot; },
		{ 0x10740, 0x10755, &quot;Lina&quot; },
		{ 0x10760, 0x10767, &quot;Lina&quot; },
		{ 0x10780, 0x10785, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x10787, 0x107B0, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x107B2, 0x107BF, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x10800, 0x10805, &quot;Cprt&quot; },
		{ 0x1080A, 0x10835, &quot;Cprt&quot; },
		{ 0x10837, 0x10838, &quot;Cprt&quot; },
		{ 0x10840, 0x10855, &quot;Armi&quot; },
		{ 0x10857, 0x1085F, &quot;Armi&quot; },
		{ 0x10860, 0x1087F, &quot;Palm&quot; },
		{ 0x10880, 0x1089E, &quot;Nbat&quot; },
		{ 0x108A7, 0x108AF, &quot;Nbat&quot; },
		{ 0x108E0, 0x108F2, &quot;Hatr&quot; },
		{ 0x108F4, 0x108F5, &quot;Hatr&quot; },
		{ 0x108FB, 0x108FF, &quot;Hatr&quot; },
		{ 0x10900, 0x1091B, &quot;Phnx&quot; },
		{ 0x10920, 0x10939, &quot;Lydi&quot; },
		{ 0x10940, 0x10959, &quot;Sidt&quot; },
		{ 0x10980, 0x1099F, &quot;Mero&quot; },
		{ 0x109A0, 0x109B7, &quot;Merc&quot; },
		{ 0x109BC, 0x109CF, &quot;Merc&quot; },
		{ 0x109D2, 0x109FF, &quot;Merc&quot; },
		{ 0x10A00, 0x10A03, &quot;Khar&quot; },
		{ 0x10A05, 0x10A06, &quot;Khar&quot; },
		{ 0x10A0C, 0x10A13, &quot;Khar&quot; },
		{ 0x10A15, 0x10A17, &quot;Khar&quot; },
		{ 0x10A19, 0x10A35, &quot;Khar&quot; },
		{ 0x10A38, 0x10A3A, &quot;Khar&quot; },
		{ 0x10A3F, 0x10A48, &quot;Khar&quot; },
		{ 0x10A50, 0x10A58, &quot;Khar&quot; },
		{ 0x10A60, 0x10A7F, &quot;Sarb&quot; },
		{ 0x10A80, 0x10A9F, &quot;Narb&quot; },
		{ 0x10AC0, 0x10AE6, &quot;Mani&quot; },
		{ 0x10AEB, 0x10AF6, &quot;Mani&quot; },
		{ 0x10B00, 0x10B35, &quot;Avst&quot; },
		{ 0x10B39, 0x10B3F, &quot;Avst&quot; },
		{ 0x10B40, 0x10B55, &quot;Prti&quot; },
		{ 0x10B58, 0x10B5F, &quot;Prti&quot; },
		{ 0x10B60, 0x10B72, &quot;Phli&quot; },
		{ 0x10B78, 0x10B7F, &quot;Phli&quot; },
		{ 0x10B80, 0x10B91, &quot;Phlp&quot; },
		{ 0x10B99, 0x10B9C, &quot;Phlp&quot; },
		{ 0x10BA9, 0x10BAF, &quot;Phlp&quot; },
		{ 0x10C00, 0x10C48, &quot;Orkh&quot; },
		{ 0x10C80, 0x10CB2, &quot;Hung&quot; },
		{ 0x10CC0, 0x10CF2, &quot;Hung&quot; },
		{ 0x10CFA, 0x10CFF, &quot;Hung&quot; },
		{ 0x10D00, 0x10D27, &quot;Rohg&quot; },
		{ 0x10D30, 0x10D39, &quot;Rohg&quot; },
		{ 0x10D40, 0x10D65, &quot;Gara&quot; },
		{ 0x10D69, 0x10D85, &quot;Gara&quot; },
		{ 0x10D8E, 0x10D8F, &quot;Gara&quot; },
		{ 0x10E60, 0x10E7E, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x10E80, 0x10EA9, &quot;Yezi&quot; },
		{ 0x10EAB, 0x10EAD, &quot;Yezi&quot; },
		{ 0x10EB0, 0x10EB1, &quot;Yezi&quot; },
		{ 0x10EC2, 0x10EC7, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x10EC9, 0x10EEE, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x10EF0, 0x10EFF, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x10F00, 0x10F27, &quot;Sogo&quot; },
		{ 0x10F30, 0x10F59, &quot;Sogd&quot; },
		{ 0x10F70, 0x10F89, &quot;Ougr&quot; },
		{ 0x10FB0, 0x10FCB, &quot;Chrs&quot; },
		{ 0x10FE0, 0x10FF6, &quot;Elym&quot; },
		{ 0x11000, 0x1104D, &quot;Brah&quot; },
		{ 0x11052, 0x11075, &quot;Brah&quot; },
		{ 0x11080, 0x110C2, &quot;Kthi&quot; },
		{ 0x110D0, 0x110E8, &quot;Sora&quot; },
		{ 0x110F0, 0x110F9, &quot;Sora&quot; },
		{ 0x11100, 0x11134, &quot;Cakm&quot; },
		{ 0x11136, 0x11147, &quot;Cakm&quot; },
		{ 0x11150, 0x11176, &quot;Mahj&quot; },
		{ 0x11180, 0x111DF, &quot;Shrd&quot; },
		{ 0x111E1, 0x111F4, &quot;Sinh&quot; },
		{ 0x11200, 0x11211, &quot;Khoj&quot; },
		{ 0x11213, 0x11241, &quot;Khoj&quot; },
		{ 0x11280, 0x11286, &quot;Mult&quot; },
		{ 0x1128A, 0x1128D, &quot;Mult&quot; },
		{ 0x1128F, 0x1129D, &quot;Mult&quot; },
		{ 0x1129F, 0x112A9, &quot;Mult&quot; },
		{ 0x112B0, 0x112EA, &quot;Sind&quot; },
		{ 0x112F0, 0x112F9, &quot;Sind&quot; },
		{ 0x11300, 0x11303, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x11305, 0x1130C, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x1130F, 0x11310, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x11313, 0x11328, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x1132A, 0x11330, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x11332, 0x11333, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x11335, 0x11339, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x1133C, 0x11344, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x11347, 0x11348, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x1134B, 0x1134D, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x1135D, 0x11363, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x11366, 0x1136C, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x11370, 0x11374, &quot;Gran&quot; },
		{ 0x11380, 0x11389, &quot;Tutg&quot; },
		{ 0x11390, 0x113B5, &quot;Tutg&quot; },
		{ 0x113B7, 0x113C0, &quot;Tutg&quot; },
		{ 0x113C7, 0x113CA, &quot;Tutg&quot; },
		{ 0x113CC, 0x113D5, &quot;Tutg&quot; },
		{ 0x113D7, 0x113D8, &quot;Tutg&quot; },
		{ 0x113E1, 0x113E2, &quot;Tutg&quot; },
		{ 0x11400, 0x1145B, &quot;Newa&quot; },
		{ 0x1145D, 0x11461, &quot;Newa&quot; },
		{ 0x11480, 0x114C7, &quot;Tirh&quot; },
		{ 0x114D0, 0x114D9, &quot;Tirh&quot; },
		{ 0x11580, 0x115B5, &quot;Sidd&quot; },
		{ 0x115B8, 0x115DD, &quot;Sidd&quot; },
		{ 0x11600, 0x11644, &quot;Modi&quot; },
		{ 0x11650, 0x11659, &quot;Modi&quot; },
		{ 0x11660, 0x1166C, &quot;Mong&quot; },
		{ 0x11680, 0x116B9, &quot;Takr&quot; },
		{ 0x116C0, 0x116C9, &quot;Takr&quot; },
		{ 0x116D0, 0x116E3, &quot;Mymr&quot; },
		{ 0x11700, 0x1171A, &quot;Ahom&quot; },
		{ 0x1171D, 0x1172B, &quot;Ahom&quot; },
		{ 0x11730, 0x11746, &quot;Ahom&quot; },
		{ 0x11800, 0x1183B, &quot;Dogr&quot; },
		{ 0x118A0, 0x118F2, &quot;Wara&quot; },
		{ 0x11900, 0x11906, &quot;Diak&quot; },
		{ 0x1190C, 0x11913, &quot;Diak&quot; },
		{ 0x11915, 0x11916, &quot;Diak&quot; },
		{ 0x11918, 0x11935, &quot;Diak&quot; },
		{ 0x11937, 0x11938, &quot;Diak&quot; },
		{ 0x1193B, 0x11946, &quot;Diak&quot; },
		{ 0x11950, 0x11959, &quot;Diak&quot; },
		{ 0x119A0, 0x119A7, &quot;Nand&quot; },
		{ 0x119AA, 0x119D7, &quot;Nand&quot; },
		{ 0x119DA, 0x119E4, &quot;Nand&quot; },
		{ 0x11A00, 0x11A47, &quot;Zanb&quot; },
		{ 0x11A50, 0x11AA2, &quot;Soyo&quot; },
		{ 0x11AB0, 0x11ABF, &quot;Cans&quot; },
		{ 0x11AC0, 0x11AF8, &quot;Pauc&quot; },
		{ 0x11B00, 0x11B0A, &quot;Deva&quot; },
		{ 0x11B60, 0x11B67, &quot;Shrd&quot; },
		{ 0x11BC0, 0x11BE1, &quot;Sunu&quot; },
		{ 0x11BF0, 0x11BF9, &quot;Sunu&quot; },
		{ 0x11C00, 0x11C08, &quot;Bhks&quot; },
		{ 0x11C0A, 0x11C36, &quot;Bhks&quot; },
		{ 0x11C38, 0x11C45, &quot;Bhks&quot; },
		{ 0x11C50, 0x11C6C, &quot;Bhks&quot; },
		{ 0x11C70, 0x11C8F, &quot;Marc&quot; },
		{ 0x11C92, 0x11CA7, &quot;Marc&quot; },
		{ 0x11CA9, 0x11CB6, &quot;Marc&quot; },
		{ 0x11D00, 0x11D06, &quot;Gonm&quot; },
		{ 0x11D08, 0x11D09, &quot;Gonm&quot; },
		{ 0x11D0B, 0x11D36, &quot;Gonm&quot; },
		{ 0x11D3C, 0x11D3D, &quot;Gonm&quot; },
		{ 0x11D3F, 0x11D47, &quot;Gonm&quot; },
		{ 0x11D50, 0x11D59, &quot;Gonm&quot; },
		{ 0x11D60, 0x11D65, &quot;Gong&quot; },
		{ 0x11D67, 0x11D68, &quot;Gong&quot; },
		{ 0x11D6A, 0x11D8E, &quot;Gong&quot; },
		{ 0x11D90, 0x11D91, &quot;Gong&quot; },
		{ 0x11D93, 0x11D98, &quot;Gong&quot; },
		{ 0x11DA0, 0x11DA9, &quot;Gong&quot; },
		{ 0x11DB0, 0x11DDB, &quot;Tols&quot; },
		{ 0x11DE0, 0x11DE9, &quot;Tols&quot; },
		{ 0x11DF0, 0x11DF1, &quot;Beng&quot; },
		{ 0x11EE0, 0x11EF8, &quot;Maka&quot; },
		{ 0x11F00, 0x11F10, &quot;Kawi&quot; },
		{ 0x11F12, 0x11F3A, &quot;Kawi&quot; },
		{ 0x11F3E, 0x11F5A, &quot;Kawi&quot; },
		{ 0x11FC0, 0x11FF1, &quot;Taml&quot; },
		{ 0x12000, 0x12399, &quot;Xsux&quot; },
		{ 0x12400, 0x12543, &quot;Xsux&quot; },
		{ 0x12550, 0x125A7, &quot;Xsux&quot; },
		{ 0x125A8, 0x1264B, &quot;Pcun&quot; },
		{ 0x1264C, 0x12686, &quot;Xsux&quot; },
		{ 0x12F90, 0x12FF2, &quot;Cpmn&quot; },
		{ 0x13000, 0x13455, &quot;Egyp&quot; },
		{ 0x13460, 0x143FA, &quot;Egyp&quot; },
		{ 0x14400, 0x14646, &quot;Hluw&quot; },
		{ 0x16100, 0x16139, &quot;Gukh&quot; },
		{ 0x16800, 0x16A38, &quot;Bamu&quot; },
		{ 0x16A40, 0x16A5E, &quot;Mroo&quot; },
		{ 0x16A60, 0x16A69, &quot;Mroo&quot; },
		{ 0x16A6E, 0x16A6F, &quot;Mroo&quot; },
		{ 0x16A70, 0x16ABE, &quot;Tnsa&quot; },
		{ 0x16AC0, 0x16AC9, &quot;Tnsa&quot; },
		{ 0x16AD0, 0x16AED, &quot;Bass&quot; },
		{ 0x16AF0, 0x16AF5, &quot;Bass&quot; },
		{ 0x16B00, 0x16B45, &quot;Hmng&quot; },
		{ 0x16B50, 0x16B59, &quot;Hmng&quot; },
		{ 0x16B5B, 0x16B61, &quot;Hmng&quot; },
		{ 0x16B63, 0x16B77, &quot;Hmng&quot; },
		{ 0x16B7D, 0x16B8F, &quot;Hmng&quot; },
		{ 0x16D40, 0x16D79, &quot;Krai&quot; },
		{ 0x16E40, 0x16E9A, &quot;Medf&quot; },
		{ 0x16EA0, 0x16EB8, &quot;Berf&quot; },
		{ 0x16EBB, 0x16ED3, &quot;Berf&quot; },
		{ 0x16F00, 0x16F4A, &quot;Plrd&quot; },
		{ 0x16F4F, 0x16F87, &quot;Plrd&quot; },
		{ 0x16F8F, 0x16F9F, &quot;Plrd&quot; },
		{ 0x16FE2, 0x16FE3, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x16FF0, 0x16FF6, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x17000, 0x18AFF, &quot;Tang&quot; },
		{ 0x18B00, 0x18CDA, &quot;Kits&quot; },
		{ 0x18D00, 0x18D20, &quot;Tang&quot; },
		{ 0x18D80, 0x18DF2, &quot;Tang&quot; },
		{ 0x18E00, 0x19191, &quot;Jurc&quot; },
		{ 0x191A0, 0x191D2, &quot;Jurc&quot; },
		{ 0x1AFF0, 0x1AFF3, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x1AFF5, 0x1AFFB, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x1AFFD, 0x1AFFE, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x1B001, 0x1B11F, &quot;Hira&quot; },
		{ 0x1B120, 0x1B122, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x1B124, 0x1B128, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x1B150, 0x1B152, &quot;Hira&quot; },
		{ 0x1B164, 0x1B168, &quot;Kana&quot; },
		{ 0x1B170, 0x1B2FB, &quot;Nshu&quot; },
		{ 0x1BC00, 0x1BC6A, &quot;Dupl&quot; },
		{ 0x1BC70, 0x1BC7C, &quot;Dupl&quot; },
		{ 0x1BC80, 0x1BC88, &quot;Dupl&quot; },
		{ 0x1BC90, 0x1BC99, &quot;Dupl&quot; },
		{ 0x1BC9C, 0x1BC9F, &quot;Dupl&quot; },
		{ 0x1BCA0, 0x1BCA3, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1CC00, 0x1CCFC, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1CD00, 0x1CEB3, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1CEBA, 0x1CED0, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1CED2, 0x1CED4, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1CEDD, 0x1CEFD, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1CF00, 0x1CF2D, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x1CF30, 0x1CF46, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x1CF50, 0x1CFC3, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D000, 0x1D0F5, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D100, 0x1D126, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D127, 0x1D128, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x1D129, 0x1D166, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D167, 0x1D169, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x1D16A, 0x1D17A, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D17B, 0x1D182, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x1D183, 0x1D184, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D185, 0x1D18B, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x1D18C, 0x1D1A9, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D1AA, 0x1D1AD, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x1D1AE, 0x1D1FF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D200, 0x1D245, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x1D250, 0x1D25A, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D25B, 0x1D25C, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
		{ 0x1D25D, 0x1D281, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D2C0, 0x1D2D3, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D2E0, 0x1D2F3, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D300, 0x1D356, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D360, 0x1D378, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D400, 0x1D454, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D456, 0x1D49C, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D49E, 0x1D49F, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D4A5, 0x1D4A6, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D4A9, 0x1D4AC, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D4AE, 0x1D4B9, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D4BD, 0x1D4C3, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D4C5, 0x1D505, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D507, 0x1D50A, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D50D, 0x1D514, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D516, 0x1D51C, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D51E, 0x1D539, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D53B, 0x1D53E, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D540, 0x1D544, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D54A, 0x1D550, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D552, 0x1D6A6, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D6A8, 0x1D7CB, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D7CE, 0x1D7FF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1D800, 0x1DA8B, &quot;Sgnw&quot; },
		{ 0x1DA9B, 0x1DA9F, &quot;Sgnw&quot; },
		{ 0x1DAA1, 0x1DAAF, &quot;Sgnw&quot; },
		{ 0x1DB00, 0x1DB1C, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1DF00, 0x1DF81, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x1DF90, 0x1DF96, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x1DFCD, 0x1DFF2, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x1DFF3, 0x1DFF4, &quot;Grek&quot; },
		{ 0x1DFF5, 0x1DFFF, &quot;Latn&quot; },
		{ 0x1E000, 0x1E006, &quot;Glag&quot; },
		{ 0x1E008, 0x1E018, &quot;Glag&quot; },
		{ 0x1E01B, 0x1E021, &quot;Glag&quot; },
		{ 0x1E023, 0x1E024, &quot;Glag&quot; },
		{ 0x1E026, 0x1E02A, &quot;Glag&quot; },
		{ 0x1E030, 0x1E06D, &quot;Cyrl&quot; },
		{ 0x1E100, 0x1E12C, &quot;Hmnp&quot; },
		{ 0x1E130, 0x1E13D, &quot;Hmnp&quot; },
		{ 0x1E140, 0x1E149, &quot;Hmnp&quot; },
		{ 0x1E14E, 0x1E14F, &quot;Hmnp&quot; },
		{ 0x1E290, 0x1E2AE, &quot;Toto&quot; },
		{ 0x1E2C0, 0x1E2F9, &quot;Wcho&quot; },
		{ 0x1E4D0, 0x1E4F9, &quot;Nagm&quot; },
		{ 0x1E5D0, 0x1E5FA, &quot;Onao&quot; },
		{ 0x1E6C0, 0x1E6DE, &quot;Tayo&quot; },
		{ 0x1E6E0, 0x1E6F5, &quot;Tayo&quot; },
		{ 0x1E6FE, 0x1E6FF, &quot;Tayo&quot; },
		{ 0x1E7E0, 0x1E7E6, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x1E7E8, 0x1E7EB, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x1E7ED, 0x1E7EE, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x1E7F0, 0x1E7FE, &quot;Ethi&quot; },
		{ 0x1E800, 0x1E8C4, &quot;Mend&quot; },
		{ 0x1E8C7, 0x1E8D6, &quot;Mend&quot; },
		{ 0x1E900, 0x1E94B, &quot;Adlm&quot; },
		{ 0x1E950, 0x1E959, &quot;Adlm&quot; },
		{ 0x1E95E, 0x1E95F, &quot;Adlm&quot; },
		{ 0x1EC71, 0x1ECB4, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1ED01, 0x1ED3D, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE00, 0x1EE03, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE05, 0x1EE1F, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE21, 0x1EE22, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE29, 0x1EE32, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE34, 0x1EE37, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE4D, 0x1EE4F, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE51, 0x1EE52, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE61, 0x1EE62, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE67, 0x1EE6A, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE6C, 0x1EE72, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE74, 0x1EE77, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE79, 0x1EE7C, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE80, 0x1EE89, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EE8B, 0x1EE9B, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EEA1, 0x1EEA3, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EEA5, 0x1EEA9, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EEAB, 0x1EEBB, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1EEF0, 0x1EEF1, &quot;Arab&quot; },
		{ 0x1F000, 0x1F02B, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F030, 0x1F093, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F0A0, 0x1F0AE, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F0B1, 0x1F0BF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F0C1, 0x1F0CF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F0D1, 0x1F0F5, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F100, 0x1F1AE, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F1E6, 0x1F1FF, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F201, 0x1F202, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F210, 0x1F23B, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F240, 0x1F248, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F250, 0x1F251, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F260, 0x1F265, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F300, 0x1F6D9, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F6DC, 0x1F6EC, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F6F0, 0x1F6FC, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F700, 0x1F7DB, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F7E0, 0x1F7EB, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F7F0, 0x1F80B, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F810, 0x1F847, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F850, 0x1F859, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F860, 0x1F887, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F890, 0x1F8AD, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F8B0, 0x1F8BB, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F8C0, 0x1F8C1, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F8D0, 0x1F8D8, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1F900, 0x1FA57, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1FA60, 0x1FA6D, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1FA70, 0x1FA7C, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1FA80, 0x1FAC6, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1FACC, 0x1FADD, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1FADF, 0x1FAEB, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1FAEF, 0x1FAFA, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1FB00, 0x1FB92, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x1FB94, 0x1FBFA, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0x20000, 0x2A6DF, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x2A700, 0x2B81E, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x2B820, 0x2CEAD, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x2CEB0, 0x2EBE0, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x2EBF0, 0x2EE5D, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x2F800, 0x2FA1D, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x30000, 0x3134A, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x31350, 0x33479, &quot;Hani&quot; },
		{ 0x3D000, 0x3FC3F, &quot;Seal&quot; },
		{ 0xE0020, 0xE007F, &quot;Zyyy&quot; },
		{ 0xE0100, 0xE01EF, &quot;Zinh&quot; },
	},
	-- Scripts.txt gives full names; here we consider them aliases to save space.
	aliases = {
		Adlm = &quot;Adlam&quot;,
		Aghb = &quot;Albania Kaukasus&quot;,
		Ahom = &quot;Ahom&quot;,
		Arab = &quot;Arab&quot;,
		Armi = &quot;Aram Kakaisaran&quot;,
		Armn = &quot;Arménia&quot;,
		Avst = &quot;Avésta&quot;,
		Bali = &quot;Bali&quot;,
		Bamu = &quot;Bamum&quot;,
		Bass = &quot;Bassa Vah&quot;,
		Batk = &quot;Batak&quot;,
		Beng = &quot;Béngali&quot;,
		Berf = &quot;Beria Erfe&quot;,
		Bhks = &quot;Bhaiksuki&quot;,
		Bopo = &quot;Bopomofo&quot;,
		Brah = &quot;Brahmi&quot;,
		Brai = &quot;Braille&quot;,
		Bugi = &quot;Buginese&quot;,
		Buhd = &quot;Buhid&quot;,
		Cakm = &quot;Chakma&quot;,
		Cans = &quot;Aborigin Kanada&quot;,
		Cari = &quot;Carian&quot;,
		Cham = &quot;Cham&quot;,
		Cher = &quot;Cherokee&quot;,
		Chrs = &quot;Korasmi&quot;,
		Copt = &quot;Koptik&quot;,
		Cpmn = &quot;Siprus Minoan&quot;,
		Cprt = &quot;Siprus&quot;,
		Cyrl = &quot;Kiril&quot;,
		Deva = &quot;Déwanagari&quot;,
		Diak = &quot;Akuru Dives&quot;,
		Dogr = &quot;Dogra&quot;,
		Dsrt = &quot;Deseret&quot;,
		Dupl = &quot;Duployan&quot;,
		Egyp = &quot;Hieroglif Mesir&quot;,
		Elba = &quot;Elbasan&quot;,
		Elym = &quot;Elymaic&quot;,
		Ethi = &quot;Étiopia&quot;,
		Gara = &quot;Garay&quot;,
		Geor = &quot;Géorgia&quot;,
		Glag = &quot;Glagolitik&quot;,
		Gong = &quot;Gunjala Gondi&quot;,
		Gonm = &quot;Masaram Gondi&quot;,
		Goth = &quot;Gotik&quot;,
		Gran = &quot;Grantha&quot;,
		Grek = &quot;Yunani&quot;,
		Gujr = &quot;Gujarati&quot;,
		Gukh = &quot;Gurung Khema&quot;,
		Guru = &quot;Gurmukhi&quot;,
		Hang = &quot;Hangul&quot;,
		Hani = &quot;Han&quot;,
		Hano = &quot;Hanunoo&quot;,
		Hatr = &quot;Hatran&quot;,
		Hebr = &quot;Ibrani&quot;,
		Hira = &quot;Hiragana&quot;,
		Hluw = &quot;Hieroglif Anatolia&quot;,
		Hmng = &quot;Pahawh Hmong&quot;,
		Hmnp = &quot;Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong&quot;,
		Hrkt = &quot;Katakana Atawa Hiragana&quot;,
		Hung = &quot;Hungaria Kuna&quot;,
		Ital = &quot;Italia Kuna&quot;,
		Java = &quot;Jawa&quot;,
		Jurc = &quot;Jurchen&quot;,
		Kali = &quot;Kayah Li&quot;,
		Kana = &quot;Katakana&quot;,
		Kawi = &quot;Kawi&quot;,
		Khar = &quot;Kharoshthi&quot;,
		Khmr = &quot;Khmer&quot;,
		Khoj = &quot;Khojki&quot;,
		Kits = &quot;Aksara Leutik Khitan&quot;,
		Knda = &quot;Kannada&quot;,
		Krai = &quot;Kirat Rai&quot;,
		Kthi = &quot;Kaithi&quot;,
		Lana = &quot;Tai Tham&quot;,
		Laoo = &quot;Lao&quot;,
		Latn = &quot;Latén&quot;,
		Lepc = &quot;Lepcha&quot;,
		Limb = &quot;Limbu&quot;,
		Lina = &quot;Linéar A&quot;,
		Linb = &quot;Linéar B&quot;,
		Lisu = &quot;Lisu&quot;,
		Lyci = &quot;Likia&quot;,
		Lydi = &quot;Lidia&quot;,
		Mahj = &quot;Mahajani&quot;,
		Maka = &quot;Makasar&quot;,
		Mand = &quot;Mandaik&quot;,
		Mani = &quot;Manichaean&quot;,
		Marc = &quot;Marchen&quot;,
		Medf = &quot;Medefaidrin&quot;,
		Mend = &quot;Mende Kikakui&quot;,
		Merc = &quot;Kursif Méroitik&quot;,
		Mero = &quot;Hieroglif Méroitik&quot;,
		Mlym = &quot;Malayalam&quot;,
		Modi = &quot;Modi&quot;,
		Mong = &quot;Mongolian&quot;,
		Mroo = &quot;Mro&quot;,
		Mtei = &quot;Meetei Mayek&quot;,
		Mult = &quot;Multani&quot;,
		Mymr = &quot;Myanmar&quot;,
		Nagm = &quot;Nag Mundari&quot;,
		Nand = &quot;Nandinagari&quot;,
		Narb = &quot;Arab Kalér Kuna&quot;,
		Nbat = &quot;Nabataean&quot;,
		Newa = &quot;Newa&quot;,
		Nkoo = &quot;NKo&quot;,
		Nshu = &quot;Nushu&quot;,
		Ogam = &quot;Ogham&quot;,
		Olck = &quot;Ol Chiki&quot;,
		Onao = &quot;Ol Onal&quot;,
		Orkh = &quot;Turki Kuna&quot;,
		Orya = &quot;Oriya&quot;,
		Osge = &quot;Osage&quot;,
		Osma = &quot;Osmanya&quot;,
		Ougr = &quot;Uyghur Kuna&quot;,
		Palm = &quot;Palmyrene&quot;,
		Pauc = &quot;Pau Cin Hau&quot;,
		Pcun = &quot;Proto Cuneiform&quot;,
		Perm = &quot;Perm Kuna&quot;,
		Phag = &quot;Phags Pa&quot;,
		Phli = &quot;Pahlavi Prasasti&quot;,
		Phlp = &quot;Pahlavi Jabur&quot;,
		Phnx = &quot;Fénisia&quot;,
		Plrd = &quot;Miao&quot;,
		Prti = &quot;Parthia Prasasti&quot;,
		Rjng = &quot;Rejang&quot;,
		Rohg = &quot;Rohingya Hanifi&quot;,
		Runr = &quot;Runik&quot;,
		Samr = &quot;Samaritan&quot;,
		Sarb = &quot;Arab Kidul Kuna&quot;,
		Saur = &quot;Saurashtra&quot;,
		Seal = &quot;Seal&quot;,
		Sgnw = &quot;SignWriting&quot;,
		Shaw = &quot;Shavian&quot;,
		Shrd = &quot;Sharada&quot;,
		Sidd = &quot;Siddham&quot;,
		Sidt = &quot;Sidetic&quot;,
		Sind = &quot;Khudawadi&quot;,
		Sinh = &quot;Sinhala&quot;,
		Sogd = &quot;Sogdian&quot;,
		Sogo = &quot;Sogdian Kuna&quot;,
		Sora = &quot;Sora Sompeng&quot;,
		Soyo = &quot;Soyombo&quot;,
		Sund = &quot;Sunda&quot;,
		Sunu = &quot;Sunuwar&quot;,
		Sylo = &quot;Syloti Nagri&quot;,
		Syrc = &quot;Suriah&quot;,
		Tagb = &quot;Tagbanwa&quot;,
		Takr = &quot;Takri&quot;,
		Tale = &quot;Tai Le&quot;,
		Talu = &quot;Tai Lue Anyar&quot;,
		Taml = &quot;Tamil&quot;,
		Tang = &quot;Tangut&quot;,
		Tavt = &quot;Tai Viet&quot;,
		Tayo = &quot;Tai Yo&quot;,
		Telu = &quot;Telugu&quot;,
		Tfng = &quot;Tifinagh&quot;,
		Tglg = &quot;Tagalog&quot;,
		Thaa = &quot;Thaana&quot;,
		Thai = &quot;Thai&quot;,
		Tibt = &quot;Tibét&quot;,
		Tirh = &quot;Tirhuta&quot;,
		Tnsa = &quot;Tangsa&quot;,
		Todr = &quot;Todhri&quot;,
		Tols = &quot;Tolong Siki&quot;,
		Toto = &quot;Toto&quot;,
		Tutg = &quot;Tulu Tigalari&quot;,
		Ugar = &quot;Ugaritic&quot;,
		Vaii = &quot;Vai&quot;,
		Vith = &quot;Vithkuqi&quot;,
		Wara = &quot;Warang Citi&quot;,
		Wcho = &quot;Wancho&quot;,
		Xpeo = &quot;Pérsia Kuna&quot;,
		Xsux = &quot;Cuneiform&quot;,
		Yezi = &quot;Yezidi&quot;,
		Yiii = &quot;Yi&quot;,
		Zanb = &quot;Zanabazar Square&quot;,
		Zinh = &quot;Turunan&quot;,
		Zyyy = &quot;Umum&quot;,
		Zzzz = &quot;Teu dipikanyaho&quot;,
	},
}

-- Required for binary search function in [[Module:Language/scripts]].
-- Cannot get length of module loaded with mw.loadData.
data.ranges.length = #data.ranges

data.rtl = {}

for _, script in ipairs(mw.loadData &quot;Module:Lang/data&quot;.rtl_scripts) do
	-- [[Module:Lang/data]] has script codes in lowercase;
	-- this module has script codes with the first letter capitalized.
	data.rtl[script:gsub(&quot;^%a&quot;, string.upper)] = true
end

return data</text>
      <sha1>ditmeg3k6is98ubyvukgadga1mvkixm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:Exponential search</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>109582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>732037</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-10T02:50:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Modul anyar</comment>
      <origin>732037</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1119" sha1="7ahts70xwc2uexjcc2dg97o2cribev6" xml:space="preserve">-- This module provides a generic exponential search algorithm.
require[[strict]]

local checkType = require('libraryUtil').checkType
local floor = math.floor

local function midPoint(lower, upper)
	return floor(lower + (upper - lower) / 2)
end

local function search(testFunc, i, lower, upper)
	if testFunc(i) then
		if i + 1 == upper then
			return i
		end
		lower = i
		if upper then
			i = midPoint(lower, upper)
		else
			i = i * 2
		end
		return search(testFunc, i, lower, upper)
	else
		upper = i
		i = midPoint(lower, upper)
		return search(testFunc, i, lower, upper)
	end
end

return function (testFunc, init)
	checkType('Exponential search', 1, testFunc, 'function')
	checkType('Exponential search', 2, init, 'number', true)
	if init and (init &lt; 1 or init ~= floor(init) or init == math.huge) then
		error(string.format(
			&quot;nilai init tidak valid: '%s' terdeteksi dalam argumen #2 hingga &quot; ..
			&quot;'Exponential search' (nilai ''init'' harus bilangan bulat/integer positif)&quot;,
			tostring(init)
		), 2)
	end
	init = init or 2
	if not testFunc(1) then
		return nil
	end
	return search(testFunc, init, 1, nil)
end</text>
      <sha1>7ahts70xwc2uexjcc2dg97o2cribev6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>